Disability-adjusted life year  for birth asphyxia and birth trauma per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002 [ 8 ]      no data      less than 150      150–300      300–450      450–600      600–750      750–900      900–1050      1050–1200      1200–1350      1350–1500      1500–1750      more than 1750


Fetal homicide  laws in the United States:     "Homicide" or "murder"      Other crime against fetus      Depends on age of fetus      Assaulting mother      No law on feticide


A seven-week-old caesarean section  scar  and  linea nigra  visible on a 31-year-old mother: Longitudinal incisions are still sometimes used.


Transvaginal ultrasonography  of a uterus years after a caesarean section, showing the characteristic scar formation in its anterior part


Suturing of the uterus after extraction


Closed incision for  low transverse abdominal incision  after stapling has been completed


Several caesarean sections  Is: supra-umbilical incision  Im: median incision  IM: Maylard incision  IP: Pfannenstiel incision


Removal of the baby


Illustration depicting caesarean section


A baby being removed from its dying mother's womb


A caesarean section performed by indigenous healers in Kahura, Uganda. As observed by medical missionary  Robert William Felkin  in 1879.


Saint Caesarius of Terracina , invoked for the success of caesarean delivery


Fictional 15th-century depiction of the birth of Julius Caesar


The Holyoke Caudle Cup, silver c. 1690,  by  John Coney ,  Fogg Art Museum


A silver caudle spoon, Dutch, 17th-century


Richard Dagley 's illustration "Taking caudle" of  Thomas Gaspey 's poem. The new mother reclines in a four-poster bed, recouping her energy. A member of the household sits at the foot of the bed, entertaining a visitor, who keeps her bonnet on; both of them are drinking caudle. A maidservant shows the baby to the visitor, while a dog and cat look on.


Formal caudle party after the birth of King  Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands  in 1967


Caudle cup in  Worcester porcelain , 1805


An earthenware caudle cup depicting  King Charles II of England , 1660s,  Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art


Vacuum extraction of baby.


The  Dumbarton Oaks birthing figure


Presentation in the Temple , a representation of the  presentation of Jesus at the Temple  upon which the churching of women is based. ( Hans Memling ,  c.  1470 ,  Museo del Prado .  Madrid ).


A Woman's Solemn Churching after Childbirth  ( Christen Dalsgaard , 1860). Depicted is a  Church of Denmark  (Lutheran) ceremony.


inscription on bench used for churching women, Mariager church, Denmark


Bartolomeo di Fruosino , 1420, a typical verso with heraldry and a baby boy,  who is urinating


Birthing scene, apparently not Biblical. As women tend to the child, expensively dressed female guests are already arriving.


Triumph of Fame  on the Medici–Tornabuoni  desco da parto  painted for the birth of  Lorenzo de' Medici , 1449


A less common example from  Siena , with the  Choice of Hercules  by  Girolamo di Benvenuto , around 1500


The story of  Diana  and  Actaeon .  San Francisco Legion of Honor Museum


A doula (left) applying pressure to a pregnant person during labor


Epidural infusion pump with opioid ( sufentanil ) and anesthetic ( bupivacaine ) in a locked box


Sagittal  section of the spinal column (not drawn to scale).  Yellow : spinal cord;  blue :  pia mater ;  red : arachnoid;  light blue :  subarachnoid space ;  pink :  dura mater ;  pale green : epidural space;  taupe : vertebral bones;  teal : interspinous ligaments.


Simulation of the insertion of an epidural needle between the spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae. A syringe is connected to the epidural needle and the epidural space is identified by a technique to assess loss of resistance.


Spanish doctor  Fidel Pagés  visiting injured soldiers at the Docker Hospital in Melilla in 1909


Etching  (Germany, c. 1731) illustrating the uncleanliness of the mother after giving birth, according to Jewish law. The  Book of Leviticus  states that a mother should be considered unclean for 40 days after giving birth to a boy and for 80 days after giving birth to a girl. The scene shows a mother in bed eating, surrounded by women and children. Her baby is rocked in a crib. In the foreground, three children ladle water from a jar. In the background is a tented community.


Lithotomy position.


Intact umbilicus one hour postpartum, an extended-delayed cord severance


Jeannine Parvati Baker , yoga master


Location of fetus and placenta in the uterus


Postpartum water immersion  shortly after home birth, with umbilical nonseverance


A mother in  Florence  lying-in, from a painted  desco da parto  or birth tray of  c.  1410 . As women tend to the child, expensively-dressed female guests are already arriving.


Richard Dagley 's illustration "Taking caudle" of  Thomas Gaspey 's poem. The new mother reclines in a four-poster bed, recouping her energy. A member of the household sits at the foot of the bed, entertaining a visitor, who keeps her bonnet on; both of them are drinking caudle. A maidservant shows the baby to the visitor, while a dog and cat look on.


McRoberts maneuver (1) in combination with suprapubic pressure (2)


This image shows the progression of pregnancy over the three trimesters.


An illustration of normal head-first presentation.  The membranes have ruptured and the cervix is fully dilated.


Newborn rests as caregiver checks breath sounds.


Clinical midwifery facilitator training midwives


"Babies" for student practice


A woman giving birth on a birth chair, from a work by German physician  Eucharius Rößlin


Icon Birth of Mary (detail). Russia, 17th century


Ancient Roman relief carving of a  midwife


18th-century etching of  William Hunter  attending a pregnant woman. The caption notes that "not until a strenuous fight with the midwives was it customary for obstetricians to be present at confinements."


Midwife's case and contents, Scunthorpe Maternity Hospital, 1920s/30s (North Lincolnshire Museum)


The  Annunciation  by  Guido Reni  (1621)


Isis, in the form of a bird, copulates with the deceased Osiris. At either side are Horus, although he is as yet unborn, and Isis in human form. [ 7 ]


Banishment of Hagar , Etching. À Paris chez Fr. Fanet, Éditeur, Rue des Saints Pères n° 10. 18th century. Sarah is seen on the left side, looking


The Birth of  Minerva  by  René-Antoine Houasse  (before 1688)


Roman statue showing Mithras born from the rock from the Diocletian Baths Museum


Ancient  Boeotian   bell-krater  showing Zeus impregnating  Danaë  in the form of a shower of gold, circa 450-425 BC


The Shepherd Faustulus Bringing Romulus and Remus to His Wife  by  Nicolas Mignard  (1654)


Māyā  miraculously giving birth to Siddhārtha.  Sanskrit ,  palm-leaf manuscript .  Nālandā ,  Bihar , India.  Pāla period


Romanian   icon  of the Nativity.


Mary and Jesus in old  Persian Shi'a miniature .


Monstrous births and  omens  in the  Nuremberg Chronicle .


A two-headed cow.


Sixteenth-century oil painting,  Painting of a handicapped man .


"The Monthly Nurse"


Nurse Tremlow, monthly nurse, in retirement


A monthly nurse, who looks after a mother and a newborn baby


Isabella of Hainault  rests after having given birth to the future  Louis VIII of France .


A mother and her newborn rest in bed, breastfeeding


Chinese painting of a woman breastfeeding her baby, surrounded by supporters


Pork knuckle with ginger and black vinegar


A mother in  Florence  lying-in, from a painted  desco da parto  or birth tray of c. 1410. As women tend to the child, expensively dressed female guests are already arriving.


X-ray of a woman's pelvis after a pubiotomy, circa 1908. Two gaps where the pelvic bone was cut are visible.


An example of Implant (Implanon)


An example of IUD (Mirena)


Cross-sectional  micrograph  of the human umbilical cord.  H&E stain . Labelled   allantoic duct  is also known as the  urachus .


Vaginal ultrasonography  of an embryo of a  gestational age  of eight weeks and three days. The embryo is surrounded by the thin membranes of the  amniotic sac , the umbilical cord is seen in the center, attaching the embryo to the  placenta .


A  knotted cord  on a newborn baby


The umbilical cord is about to be cut with scissors via caesarean section


Umbilical cord clamp


A day-old baby with the cord stump still attached.


A 7 cm (2.75 in) long detached umbilical cord.


A woman delivers her child unassisted at home.


Doctor giving woman a prenatal exam


Jeannine Parvati-Baker, unassisted childbirth proponent


Vacuum-assisted delivery


Kiwi vacuum extractor


Sequence of images showing the stages of a  normal vaginal delivery  (NVD)


Sequence of images showing stages of an  instrumental vaginal delivery


Erotic  Kama  sculptures depicting human sexuality


External male genitals (depilated)


The male reproductive system [ 35 ]


External female genitals (depilated)


The female reproductive system [ 57 ]


A  women's liberation  march in Washington, D.C., in August 1970, from  Farragut Square  to  Lafayette Park [ 81 ]


A  Gay Liberation  march in London, UK,  c.  1972 . A Gay Liberation Front banner is visible. Location is believed to be Trafalgar Square. [ 82 ]


The Flirtation ,  Eugene de Blaas , 1904 [ 151 ]


A comparison of a desirable waist-to-hip ratio (0.7) and an undesirable waist-to-hip ratio (0.9)


Kama Sutra  illustration depicting human sexual activity in which a woman is on top of a man


A rolled-up male  condom


A Japanese  shunga  depicting a male and a female in sexual activity


A 19th century illustration by  Édouard-Henri Avril  depicting two men engaged in sexual activity


A 1925  Gerda Wegener  painting,  Les delassements d'Eros , depicting two women engaged in sexual activity


A 1921 art depicting BDSM of  male dominance  and  female submission .


Illustration depicting an adulterous wife, circa 1800


Public punishment of adulterers in Venice, 17th century


Susannah accused of adultery , by  Antoine Coypel


Le supplice des adultères , by Jules Arsène Garnier, showing two adulterers being punished


Anne Boleyn  was found guilty of adultery and treason and executed in 1536. There is controversy among historians as to whether she had actually committed adultery. [ 21 ]


Man and woman undergoing public exposure for adultery in Japan, around 1860


'Thou shalt not commit adultery' (Nathan confronts David); bronze bas-relief on the door of the  La Madeleine, Paris ,  Paris .


An  Aztec  adulterer being stoned to death;  Florentine Codex


According to legend, after being accused of adultery,  Cunigunde of Luxembourg  proved her innocence by walking over red-hot ploughshares.


Joan II of Navarre  – her paternity and succession rights were disputed her whole life because her mother  Margaret of Burgundy  was claimed to have committed adultery.


Inca  woman and man to be stoned for adultery, by  Huamán Poma


Jesus and the woman taken in adultery  by  Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld , 1860, where Jesus said that the man who was without sin should throw the first stone.


Title page of the first edition of  Gustave Flaubert 's  Madame Bovary  (Lévy, Paris, 1857).


Adultery  graffiti  in  Bristol , by  Banksy


Legality and decriminalization of adultery in the United States      Adultery is a  felony      Adultery is a  misdemeanor        Adultery decriminalized between 2010 and the present      Adultery decriminalized between 1990 and 2010      Adultery decriminalized before 1990        Adultery never criminalized, or unknown date of decriminalization


Table from the 2010  DrugScience  study ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts. This study rated alcohol the most harmful drug overall, and the only drug more  harmful to others  than to the users themselves. [ 1 ]


A  0-0-1-3  media campaign poster specifically highlighting that  responsible alcohol use  may prevent risky sexual behavior that often results in unplanned pregnancy


Most sexual assaults occur when the victim has consumed alcohol, rather than " spiked " drinks. [ 38 ]


Court decision declaring stealthing as rape or sexual assault      Law prohibiting stealthing


Bedroom on the  Detmold Open-air Museum  premises


Modern day beds


Tutankhamun 's gilded bed from the 14th century BC, a bier from his tomb, fashioned to resemble the goddess  Sekhmet , the fierce lioness who was the protector of the kings in life and death, Cairo Museum


These stone boxes in  Skara Brae  are thought to have held bedding. The stone-built settlement was inhabited between  c.  3180  BC  to about  c.  2500 BC


Headrest with two images of the god  Bes ,  c.  1539 –1190 BC,  Brooklyn Museum [ 17 ]


Southampton  Medieval Merchant's House  bedroom


Napoleon 's bed (château de Compiègne)


A 10 feet (3.0 m) high ancient bed at the  Bangladesh National Museum


The  Great Bed of Ware , one of the largest beds in the world


Lit à la polonaise  (Polish style bed), [ 23 ]   Royal Castle  in  Warsaw , 18th century.


Patent #322,177 , on 14 July 1885 issued to  Sarah E. Goode  for a cabinet bed


Drawing of a candle-lit mourning bed ( Trauergerüst ) for abbess Franziska Christine von Pfalz-Sulzbach, 1776


Chinese style beds


Mountain gorilla  breastfeeding an infant


The breast: cross-section scheme of the  mammary gland .  Chest wall Pectoralis muscles Lobules Nipple Areola Milk duct Fatty tissue Skin


Breasts during early pregnancy, showing enlarged  areolar glands


Normal  histology  of the breast.


Breast development in puberty is measured with the five-stage Tanner scale


A biological male with HRT induced developed breasts.


Postpartum breasts showing veins visible on surface


Breast with visible  stretch marks


A baby breastfeeding


Conventional mastectomy  (top) ; skin sparing mastectomy and  latissimus dorsi  myocutaneous flap reconstruction, prior to nipple reconstruction and tattooing  (bottom) .


Femen  member participating in a protest


A  Cretan snake goddess  from the  Minoan civilization ,  c.  1600  BC


A bare-breasted  Himba  woman of northern Namibia wears a traditional headdress and skirt


Buttocks of a male


Buttocks of a female


A physical couch on the set of the  pornography  website Backroom Casting Couch


An actress and a casting director in  The Casting Couch  ( c.  1924)


A study funded by the US  National Institute of Drug Abuse  found that "Among more than 1,400 adult females, childhood sexual abuse was associated with increased likelihood of drug dependence, alcohol dependence, and psychiatric disorders. The associations are expressed as  odds ratios : for example, women who experienced nongenital sexual abuse in childhood were 2.83 times more likely to develop drug dependence as adults than were women who were not abused." [ 43 ]


Illustration from  Tacuinum Sanitatis , a medieval handbook by  Ibn Butlan  on health and wellness


Pope John XII  (d. 964), who may have died during consensual sex with a mistress


2019  Asijiki Coalition  protest in front of the  Parliament of South Africa  holding  red umbrellas  and signs saying "sex work is work". They thanked President  Cyril Ramaphosa  for his efforts to decriminalise sex work. [ 1 ]


Decriminalization – No criminal penalties for prostitution      Legalization (regulation) – Prostitution legal and regulated      Abolitionism – Prostitution is legal, but organized activities such as brothels and pimping are illegal; prostitution is  not  regulated      Neo-abolitionism ( Nordic model ) – Illegal to buy sex and for 3rd party involvement, legal to sell sex      Prohibitionism – Prostitution illegal in all aspects (selling and buying)      Legality varies with local laws


Page 1/2 of an original copy of the  World Charter for Prostitutes' Rights  (1985)


Legality of brothel prostitution in Nevada by county:     Permitted, at least 1 active brothel      Permitted, no active brothels      Not permitted


Legal status of  sex work (prostitution) in Australia  by state or territory according to model:     Decriminalisation: sex work is regarded as regular work and operates outside of criminal law      Legalisation / regulation: sex work is legal and regulated, but operates within criminal law, with most activities exempt from criminal penalties      Abolitionism: sex work is legal but not regulated, and organised activities such as brothels and pimping are illegal


Demisexual  pride flag


Adolescent birth rate per 1000 women, 2007–2012


Erotic  Kama  statues at the  Khajuraho Temple , India; the image portrays in the centre a female and male entwined in  maithuna , whilst at each side a gazing male and female  masturbate .


Psyche and Love  by  William-Adolphe Bouguereau ,1889


Symbolic dance  by  Jan Ciągliński , late 19th-century  lesbian erotica  ( National Museum  in  Warsaw , Poland)


The human  menstrual cycle


The  Trobriand people  with  Bronisław Malinowski


A rooster with a  comb


An infant  Old World monkey


A hysterically yawning woman (institutionalized)


Water massages as a treatment for hysteria ( c.  1860 )


Female patient with sleep hysteria


A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière  (1887), depicting  Jean-Martin Charcot  showing the hysteria patient  Marie Wittman


The number of French psychiatric theses on hysteria [ 31 ]


Bonobos  treat sexual activity as a very versatile form of  social interaction , with purposes ranging from stress reduction to conflict resolution. Females tend to collectively dominate males by forming alliances and use sexuality to control males.


Empress  Catherine the Great , a crucial figure at the time of the  Enlightenment , is popularly remembered for  her sexual promiscuity .


Ca. 1815 French satire on  cuckoldry , which shows both men and women wearing horns


Cherries are considered a sensual and sexually symbolic food in many cultures.


The  Black Series  by Argentinian collective  Mondongo  uses cookies and biscuits to create pornographic images.


Chocolates are a traditional gift for  Valentine's Day .


Bikini bottom made out of edible candy beads


An example of  food play  fetishism


Voodoo Doughnut 's variant on the  Boston cream doughnut  is a "cock and balls doughnut" that has cream-filled "balls".


Erotic  Kama  sculptures depicting human sexuality


German prostitute


Tools


Poster for a Love-In in  New Orleans , 1969


Jean-Martin Charcot.


Ypres, 1917. In the lower left, a shell-shock sufferer.


Female mate guarding in humans


The breast: cross-section scheme of the  mammary gland :  Chest wall Pectoralis muscles Lobules Nipple Areola Milk duct Fatty tissue Skin


nipple of an human male


Infant  latched on  to a nipple to  breastfeed


Silicone teat or nipple, used for  bottle feeding


Prior to  puberty , the nipples on girls are very similar to boys.


Duplessis 's portrait of  Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy  baring a nipple dates from 18th-century France.


A  Namibian  woman going  topless


Organs and tissues involved in triggering the female orgasm


Schematic representation of the phases of female sexual arousal and female orgasm


Images of the female vulva in various stages of the sexual response cycle


"The Majesty of Seth said to the Majesty of Horus, How beautiful are thy buttocks! How flourishing (?).... The Majesty of Horus said, Wait that I may tell it... to their palace. The Majesty of Horus said to his mother Isis... Seth desires (?) to have intercourse with me. And she said to him, Take care, do not approach him for that; when he mentions it to thee a second time, say thou to him, It is altogether too difficult for me because of (my) nature (?), since thou art too heavy for me; my strength will not be equal to thine, thou shalt say to him. Then, when he shall have given thee strength, do thou place thy fingers between thy buttocks. Lo, it will give... Lo, he will enjoy it exceedingly (?)... this seed which has come forth from his generative organ, without letting the sun see it... Come thou." [ 82 ]   [ 83 ]


Jupiter  and  Juno , by  Annibale Carracci


Ishtar , Mesopotamian goddess of sexual love and war. The goddess has been associated with sexuality, love, and fertility. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]


Xi Shi  ( 西施 ), born 506 BC, was one of the  Four Great Beauties  of  ancient China . [ 8 ]


The  Mannerist  movement was not afraid to exaggerate body proportions for an effect considered attractive;  Juno  in a niche,  engraving  by  Jacopo Caraglio , probably of a drawing by  Rosso Fiorentino , 1526


Les Deux Perles   Fernand Le Quesne  (The two pearls, 1889). This painting was intended to "contrast a Caucasian with an African beauty". In the painting, the black woman represents the beauty of a black pearl and the white woman represents the beauty of a white pearl. [ 83 ]


A statue of Venus standing in a  contrapposto  pose with her weight borne predominantly on one leg. As shown here, this posture accentuates the curvature of her figure.


Arnold Schwarzenegger , one of the most notable figures in bodybuilding, 1974


A  University of Toronto  study found that the facial proportions of  Jessica Alba  were close to the  average of all female profiles .


Namie Amuro  inspired the small-face fad in Japan which caused Japanese women to buy beauty products such as masks and creams to try to obtain a small face like hers. [ 183 ]


An 1889 U.S. newspaper ad for  arsenic  complexion wafers decried blotches, moles, pimples, freckles, and "all female irregularities". [ 184 ]  Arsenic was known to be poisonous during the  Victorian era . [ 185 ]


A remake of a drawing used to research perceptions of the most attractive size of posterior and breasts for white and black women


Factors influencing  Interpersonal attraction


Bangladeshi  bride exemplifying wedding day beauty


The Proposal  by  William-Adolphe Bouguereau  (1872)


Red-outline heart icon


Young men engage in hugging, a form of physical intimacy.


Percentage of births to unmarried women, selected countries, 1980 and 2007 [ 1 ]


John Wilmot , a notorious libertine [ 25 ]


Giacomo Casanova  was famously promiscuous.


Empress  Catherine II  is remembered in popular culture for her sexual promiscuity.


Prostitute  c.  1890.


The Procuress  by  Dirck van Baburen  (1622)


A prostitute and her customer illustrated on an  ancient Greek   wine cup ; the act of prostitution is indicated by the coin purse above the figures.


Fresco  from the  Pompeii  brothel


Brothel scene;  Brunswick Monogrammist , 1537;  Gemäldegalerie, Berlin


Femmes de Maison , painting by  Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec ,  c.  1893—1895


An  oiran  preparing herself for a client,  ukiyo-e  print by Suzuki Haronubu (1765)


Prostitutes on display in  Yoshiwara  during the  Meiji Period , Japan


Women in an early San Francisco bordello in 1870


News report about three brothels operating in Albuquerque, New Mexico that were raided by police in 1922


A detail from plate 1 of  William Hogarth 's (1697–1764)  The Harlot's Progress , showing brothel-keeper  Elizabeth Needham , on the right, procuring a young woman who has just arrived in London


Legalization – prostitution legal and regulated    Decriminalization – No criminal penalties for prostitution    Abolitionism – prostitution is legal, but organized activities such as brothels and pimping are illegal; prostitution is  not  regulated      Neo-abolitionism – illegal to buy sex and for 3rd party involvement, legal to sell sex      Prohibitionism – prostitution illegal      Legality varies with local laws


Stickers affixed to a  payphone  in São Paulo, 2006


Prostitution Information Centre in  Amsterdam


Kisaeng  women from outcast or slave families.


A liberated  Chinese  girl who had been  forced in to sexual slavery by the Japanese military  sits on a stretcher and speaks to a  Royal Air Force  officer. [ 152 ]


A prostitute in Amsterdam's  red-light district  talks with a potential customer.


Boat based window prostitute in Utrecht


Pascha brothel  in  Cologne , Germany, the largest brothel in Europe. [ 194 ]  During the  2006 FIFA World Cup , the poster with the  Saudi Arabian flag  and  Iranian flag  blacked out after protests and threats.


Tart cards  in a British  phone box  advertising  call girls , 2005


A  political cartoon  from 1787 jesting about the notion of taxation affecting prostitutes


Statue to honor the  sex workers  of the world. Installed March 2007 in  Amsterdam , Oudekerksplein, in front of the  Oude Kerk , in Amsterdam's red-light district  De Wallen . Titled  Belle , the inscription to the piece says "Respect sex workers all over the world."


Lesbian pride flag


Germany Pride Parade


Romeo and Juliet  in 1870 oil painting by  Ford Madox Brown  considered to be the archetypal romantic couple, depicting the play's iconic balcony scene.


Red-outline heart icon


Tristan and Iseult  in  Codex Manesse,  an early 14th century Medieval illuminated manuscript by  Bernger von Horheim


La Belle Dame sans Merci  1893, by  John William Waterhouse


Roman copy of a Greek sculpture by  Lysippus  depicting  Eros , the Greek personification of romantic love


Word usage of 'Sex Determination' vs 'Sex Assignment'.


The  Phall-O-Meter  satirizes clinical assessments of appropriate clitoris and penis length at birth, and the definition of ambiguous genitalia. It is based on research published by  Suzanne Kessler .


Wire-based special effects in  Moonraker  (1979)


Sex life


Artistic depiction of a  sex position


Nathan confronts  David  over his sex scandal with Bathsheba the wife of Uriah the Hittite, saying "by this deed you have given occasion to the enemies of the LORD to blaspheme" ( 2 Samuel 12 :14).


Gender Differences in Jealousy When Looking at Actual Infidelity


Ukrainian activist group  Femen  calling for a sex strike to protest against sexual exploitation of women.


Marble stele of  Lysistrate


Leymah Gbowee , awarded with 2011  Nobel Peace Prize


The  red light district  in  Amsterdam


World map of prostitution laws      Decriminalization  – No criminal penalties for prostitution      Legalization (regulation) – Prostitution legal and regulated      Abolitionism – Prostitution is legal, but organized activities such as brothels and pimping are illegal; prostitution is  not  regulated      Neo-abolitionism ( Nordic model ) – Illegal to buy sex and for 3rd party involvement, legal to sell sex      Prohibitionism – Prostitution illegal in all aspects (selling and buying)      Legality varies with local laws


An Ancient Greek urn depicts a prostitute and her client.


Sex workers demonstrating for better working conditions at the 2009 Marcha Gay in Mexico City


A sex worker in Berlin in 2001


Susie Bright , a writer and activist, one of the first persons to be referred to as a sex-positive feminist


Nina Hartley , a pornographic film actress who promotes sex positivity


Carol Queen , a sexologist and sex-positive feminist


Women acting as  bondage riggers  for other women


Tristan Taormino , a sex positive feminist


Havelock Ellis , a pioneering figure in the movement towards sexual emancipation in the late 19th century


Hirschfeld's books were burned by the Nazis in Berlin for being "un-German".


Sex positions for pregnant women


While different consent policies have differing views on whether non-verbal cues count as consent, some rules do permit seeking consent through non-verbal communication.


Performers of Catharsis Productions act out scenarios in which a man acts inappropriately toward a woman during the play 'Sex Signals.' The goal of the play is to also help armed forces members understand what consent is and that 'no means no'.


A flyer posted at  Oberlin College  encourages students to establish ongoing and reciprocal consent during sexual activity.


A  FEMEN  activist holds a sign reading "Non=Non", French for "no=no", at a 2012 protest.


A logo for the "yes means yes" campaign.


World overview of  sexual violence legislation .     Consent-based legislation; marital rape illegal      Coercion-based legislation; marital rape illegal      Consent-based legislation, but marital rape legal      Coercion-based legislation, and marital rape legal      Mixed legislation; rape without coercion considered a lesser crime; marital rape illegal      Coercion-based on vaginal sex, consent-based on anal and oral sex; marital rape illegal


Jaclyn Friedman is a sexual consent educator known for editing  Yes Means Yes: Visions of Female Sexual Power and a World Without Rape .


Affirmative consent approaches are not always practiced in  BDSM , because in some BDSM encounters, participants agree to " consensual non-consent ."


Philip Henry states that non-consensual groping of bottoms and crotches is tolerated in some gay bars.


Participation in the  Belém do Pará Convention , the  Maputo Protocol  and the  Istanbul Convention  combined:     Signed and ratified      Acceded or succeeded      Former party      Only signed      Not signed      Not a member state of the AU, CoE or OAS [ a ]


European overview of sexual violence legislation:     Coercion-based legislation      Coercion-based legislation; consent-based amendment pending      Consent-based legislation      Mixed legislation; rape without coercion considered a lesser crime


World overview of sexual violence legislation:     Consent-based legislation; marital rape illegal      Coercion-based legislation; marital rape illegal      Consent-based legislation, and marital rape legal      Coercion-based legislation, and marital rape legal      Mixed legislation; rape without coercion considered a lesser crime; marital rape illegal      Coercion-based on vaginal sex, consent-based on anal and oral sex; marital rape illegal


Coercion-based law (all penetrative sex)      Consent-based law (anal and oral sex)      Consent-based law (vaginal, anal and oral sex)      Mixed legislation; coerced sexual penetration treated as a separate, more severe crime


Coercion-based law (non-penetrative sex)      Consent-based law (non-penetrative sex)


global human trafficking from countries of origin and destination  Countries of origin  Yellow: Moderate number of persons Orange: High number of persons Red: Very high number of persons  Countries of destination  Light blue: High number of persons Blue: Very high number of persons


Image from ancient mural at Pompeii of couple performing oral sex


Erotic scene painted scene on pottery in Louvre


Image of Aztec God of homosexuality  Xochipilli .


A man holding a sign in protest of laws allowing the practice of  conversion therapy  in 2009. Conversion therapy has been criticized for causing feelings of shame, guilt, and sexual repression among  gay ,  lesbian , and  bisexual  individuals.


Prevalence of FGM in Africa


This image depicts some particular issues that can arise within a romantic relationship. It also portrays how certain tones of a relationship can change. Sometimes this is the unspoken language between a man and a woman. This photo relates to the common stereotypes that can be seen in relationships.


One of the illustrations to  De figuris Veneris  by  Édouard-Henri Avril . It portrays a male masturbating by manually stimulating his own penis while  sexually fantasizing .


Erogenous zones listed on a man and woman


Sexual stimulation of a nipple


Bondage  can be a sexual fantasy and is often practiced by those participating in  BDSM


Caressing between people with  Down syndrome


Dubé and colleagues' (2021) biopsychosocial model for space sexology


Strippers at a strip club in  Zona Rosa, Mexico City  (2011)


Male stripper performing in San Francisco in 2009


Historical marker at the original  Condor Club  site. Full text: "The Condor; Where it all began; The birthplace of the world's first topless & bottomless entertainment; Topless – June 19, 1964 Bottomless – September 3, 1969 Starring Ms. Carol Doda; San Francisco, California"


Sigmund Freud, 1926


Renoir's  Bathers Playing with a Crab , circa 1897


Björn Andrésen  in the  film adaptation  of  Death in Venice


Jambhala (Kubera) deity in Tibet (18th–19th century)


Maithuna , Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India.


Vajradhara in union with consort


Buddhist Mahasiddhas practicing tantric yoga


Italian model  Raffaella Fico  claimed in a 2008 interview that she would auction off her virginity, though the claim was not serious, and she never did so.


Lingam -yoni at the  Cát Tiên sanctuary , Lâm Đồng province, Vietnam


A  jatalinga  with  yoni .


6th-century Lajja Gauri icon from  Madhya Pradesh . In this and other early icons, her head is symbolically substituted with a large lotus-flower, her yoni visible in the depicted splayed position as if she is giving birth. [ 49 ]


8th-century Kamakhya Temple, Guwahati,  Assam : its sanctum has no  murti , but houses a rock with a yoni-shaped fissure with a natural water spring. It is a major  Shaktism -tradition pilgrimage site. [ 54 ]


Yoni mudra used in Yoga practice. [ 20 ]


Italian singer  Gianna Nannini  was 56 years old when she gave birth in 2010.


Gustav Klimt , 1903,  Hoffnung I  ( Hope I )


Venus of Willendorf , c. 25,000 BC, Austria


Titian 's  Diana and Callisto , 1559, shows the moment when  Callisto 's pregnancy is discovered.


Visitation  by  Rogier van der Weyden  (1430s, now  Leipzig ) with open laces on Elizabeth


Madonna del Parto  by  Piero della Francesca , c. 1460, with unlacing at the front and side


English "pregnancy portrait" of an unknown lady, attributed to  Marcus Gheeraerts II , c. 1595 [ 25 ]


Praskovia Kovalyova  by an artist of the  Argunov  family, 1803. She died in childbirth, so the painting may be a posthumous version of an earlier head and shoulders.


William Hogarth ,  A Woman Swearing a Child to a Grave Citizen  c.1729


Hoffnung II  (" Hope II "),  Gustav Klimt , 1907-08


Page from the earliest manuscript of  Muscio  on midwifery, 9–11th century


Bartolomeo di Fruosino , 1420, a typical  desco da parto  (verso) with heraldry and a  baby boy urinating , to encourage positive thoughts during pregnancy, and even the birth of such a child


Baby shower cake decorated with a crib


Cake and  finger foods  are often served at baby showers.


Gifts on a table at a baby shower


Baby shower shortbread biscuits


A diaper cake is a party decoration made from  baby diapers , elaborately arranged to look like a fancy tiered cake.


A buffet at a baby shower. The "cake" in the center of the table is made from disposable diapers.


Plaster belly cast of pregnant torso


Applying plaster for a belly cast


Micrograph showing decidualization of the  endometrium  due to exogenous  progesterone  ( oral contraceptive pill ).  H&E stain .


The human  fetus  moves throughout its entire  development .


An embryo of a  gestational age  of 9 weeks and 0 days. The head is directed to the right in the image. The heart is discerned in the center of the embryo. A hand is visible slightly above.


An uncut gender reveal cake decorated with pink and blue on a white base, using both pink and blue to represent ambiguity before the reveal


A gender reveal event using blue-colored  smoke bombs  to represent the expectation of a male child


American football -themed gender reveal party featuring "Team Pink" vs. "Team Blue".


A gender reveal cake sliced open, with a pink middle layer suggesting a baby girl


The 2020  El Dorado Fire  was ignited by gender reveal  pyrotechnics , burned 22,744 acres (9,204 ha) of forest and killed one firefighter


Placental circulation


Structure and location


Linea nigra as seen in a pregnant woman


Pelvis and back body posture during pregnancy


Normal histology of the breast during lactation.


areolar enlargement in early pregnancy


Uterine Compression of IVC and Pelvic Veins. Displacement of PMI by Uterus


Maternal Blood Volume


Illustration of  fundal height  at various points during pregnancy


Genitourinary Changes in Pregnancy


As measured by a  force platform , parameters used to measure postural stability. Adapted from McCrory et al. 2010


c. 2002 USA


Vera Farmiga  wearing formal evening wear at the Metropolitan Opera's 2010-11 Season Opening Night


c. 2013 U.S. Coast Guard maternity


Volume rendered   CT scan  of a pregnancy at 37 weeks of  gestational age .


Obstetric ultrasonography  showing a fetus at 14 weeks of  gestational age , through the  median plane .


Radiocontrast -enhanced median plane  CT scan  of a pregnancy at 37 weeks of  gestational age .


Plain abdominal Xray of a pregnant women


MRI of a fetus with  Pentalogy of Cantrell .


Doctor performing treatment for melasma with  potassium titanyl phosphate   laser


Micrograph showing navicular cell in extremely high magnification


Chorioamnionitis


Bird's nest in grass


Groundhog  gathering nesting material for its warm  burrow


Wood rat ( Neotoma lepida ) nest at  Joshua Tree National Park


Tawny mining bee  ( Andrena fulva ) nest entrance


A campaign ribbon used to promote the recognition of Pregnancy and Infant Loss Remembrance Day [ 26 ]


Pregnancy as represented in 1991 on the  More Demi Moore  cover of  Vanity Fair .


Forced prostitution  was used by the Japanese Army during  World War II .  Rangoon ,  Burma . 8 August 1945. A young  ethnic Chinese  woman from one of the  Imperial Japanese Army 's " comfort battalions "  is interviewed by an  Allied  officer.


The Ancient Greek physician  Galen 's belief that women could not conceive without pleasure influenced medical and legal thinking for centuries.


Logo of the POP study.


Logo of the POPS2.


Logo of the POPStar study.


Age and female fertility : Cumulative percentage and average age for women reaching  subfertility ,  sterility ,  irregular menstruation  and  menopause . [ 6 ] [ needs update ]


Chance of  fertilization  by menstrual cycle day relative to ovulation. [ 8 ]


Pregnancy rates in  ovulation induction , as functions of the size of the leading follicle as measured by  transvaginal ultrasonography  at days 11 - 13 (bottom scale), as well as the thickness of the  endometrial  lining (4 different curves). [ 9 ]


The outer layer of  trophoblast  cells invade the  endometrium


Preimplantation factor deactivates p53, preventing apoptosis


Pregnancy gingivitis is characterized of bleeding and swelling of gum tissue.


Fetal memory is integral to mother-infant attachment.


Evidence shows that newborns in the neonatal period, like above, are habituated to auditory stimuli experienced while a fetus.


The frontal lobe (highlighted in red) is one part of the fetus's brain that can be negatively affected by decreased levels of oxygen due to intrauterine hypoxia.


Choline, a neurotransmitter important for spatial memory.


Crystal Methamphetamine is an example of a recreational drug that can have serious negative consequences on fetal memory development if used during pregnancy.


Alcoholic beverages are the most commonly abused recreational drug and include beer, wine and spirits.


Cocaine.


The hippocampus (red), which is vital to attention and verbal memory, has been shown to be a reduced in size in patients with prenatal methamphetamine exposure.


Micrograph  of products of conception. Chorionic villi (right of image) and cartilage, i.e. fetal parts (left of image).  H&E stain .


On  gross pathology , the presence of  chorionic villi  (left) is diagnostic of products of conception, whereas  decidua  (right) is not.


Marriages preceded by pregnancy by age in Japan (2010).


This 1897 political cartoon portrays the  U.S.   annexation of Hawaii  as "Another shotgun wedding, with neither party willing".


Embryo at 4 weeks after fertilization. [ 3 ]


A 10mm embryo from an  ectopic pregnancy , still in the oviduct. This embryo is about five weeks old (or from the seventh week of menstrual age).


A six-week embryonic age or eight-week gestational age intact human embryo.


This embryo is also from an  ectopic pregnancy , this one in the cornu (the part of the uterus to which the  Fallopian tube  is attached). The features are consistent with a developmental age of seven weeks (reckoned as the ninth week of pregnancy).


Fetus at 8 weeks after fertilization. [ 6 ]


Fetus at 10 weeks


Fetus at 18 weeks after fertilization. [ 9 ]


Fetus at 38 weeks after fertilization. [ 12 ]


Pregnant trans man Zack Elías and his transgender wife,  Diane Rodríguez .


Lili Elbe  in October 1930, a year before her death from a  rejected  uterus transplant


Figure 1. Immunohistochemical localization of uterine serpin in endometrial glands of an ovariectomized ewe treated with progesterone for 60 days.


A Baubo  terracotta figurine  of the Priene type, holding a  lyre . From  Priene ,  Anatolia .


A face-in-body Baubo figurine


Woman with a butch haircut, 2009 Vancouver  pride parade


Lesbian Butch/Femme Society march in New York City's  Gay Pride Parade  (2007).


Butch-Femme symbol by Daddy Rhon


Butch lesbian (left) and femme lesbian (right)


1903 depiction of women in "femme" and "butch" apparel


At the Pride in Amsterdam, 2009


Phyllis and Aristotle , a fictional tale written in the 13th century, as depicted by artist  Giovanni Buonconsiglio  in the early 1500s


Erotic photograph,  c.  1930s , showing a dominant female music teacher caning the buttocks of a submissive female student with a  violin bow


A professional dominatrix and a submissive male perform for the audience at a  sex show  in Austria.


A dominatrix wearing typical  fetish fashion  themed  latex  dress,  fishnet stockings  and  stiletto heels . She is holding a  spanking paddle .


A dominatrix wearing face mask and  pasties  at  Venus Berlin , 2019


A woman shopping a luxury brand: Louis Vuitton (LV)


Facial rejuvenation  ( face-lift ) procedure includes elevation of low eyebrows, eyelid operations and restoration of the natural fullness of the lips


East Asian blepharoplasty , a surgery designed to add a crease to the eyelid, has become one of the most common facial surgical procedures in Asian countries


Map of female sex tourism [ 1 ]   [ 2 ]    Countries of origin: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Slovenia, Sweden, United States, UK.    Countries of destination: Albania, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Croatia, Cuba, Ecuador, Greece, Haiti, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Morocco, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Spain, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam.


Photo of the "Battlefield Manko" sculpture by Megumi Igarashi


A figurine of  Manko-chan  made by Igurashi on display in the  Vagina Museum  in London.


Rokudenashiko's virtual museum


Photo of the "Manko kayak" sculpture by Megumi Igarashi


Micrograph showing the yolk sac component of a mixed germ cell tumour. H&E stain.


Micrograph of an H&E stained section of a peripheral PNET.


Blue nevus


Micrograph of a small-cell carcinoma showing cells with nuclear moulding, minimal amount of cytoplasm and stippled chromatin.


Micrograph of a mucinous adenocarcinoma


Micrograph of fibroepithelial polyp


Madonna on stage during  The Celebration Tour  in 2023


Madonna on stage in her 2012  MDNA Tour


Madonna recruited people from the gay  porn industry  such as  Joey Stefano  and  Chi Chi LaRue  ( pictured ) to appear in various of her works. [ 28 ]


Madonna uses perceptions of  sexual fluidity  as part of her stage personas. [ 39 ] [ 40 ]


In many of Madonna's representations, men were the sex objects. [ 49 ]


Madonna in 2012 during  the MDNA Tour . While she drew praise, others have criticized her  exhibitionism  during her entire career, [ 70 ]  intensified while aging.


Madonna during  the Celebration Tour  in 2023


A representation of Madonna subduing a man. It's channeling her outfit during the  Confessions Tour  in the equestrian segment.


Some industry fellows blamed Madonna for the path she catalysed, and others like  Tove Lo  ( pictured ) praised her for paving the way. [ 116 ]


Madonna's feminism and sexuality influenced numerous artists, including a number of female rappers [ 127 ]  such as  Lil' Kim  ( pictured ). [ 128 ] Kyra Belan


A Mexican Madonna wax figure, depicted with a provocative style. Some considered her the "Poster Girl" for "sexy", according to  Grazia . [ 79 ]


Madonna was also negatively called a  succubus ,  Medusa  or  Whore of Babylon . In the image, the singer depicted as Medusa


Madonna  during her  Rebel Heart Tour  (2016), where showed pole dancing nuns and simulated sex shows. The concert was rated R18 by the  Media Development Authority  (MDA), which caused some songs to be removed from the set list in Singapore. [ 153 ]


According to the art historian Linda Seidel, the  Arnolfini Portrait  by  Jan van Eyck  depicts a man who has come to consummate his marriage in order to be able to claim his wife's dowry, a custom developed as a consequence of the establishment of  Monte delle doti . [ 1 ]


Female baboons and many other primates experience sexual swellings that advertise their fertility during estrus. Humans do not display any such obvious physical signals of fertility, but may still experience a subtle estrus-like state.


Hormonal changes across the ovulatory cycle. Researchers hypothesize that changes in estradiol (blue) and progesterone (black) primarily drive changes in mating-related thoughts and behaviors.


Female humans and other primates find faces with high levels of symmetry and masculinity more attractive, especially at high fertility.


A woman with a thigh gap


Beate serving as a test pilot, in front of a  Bücker Bü 131 Jungmann  in 1937


A Beate Uhse shop in Hamburg, Germany


A 1906 illustration of a Gartner cyst on the vaginal wall


Venus of Willendorf


Venus of Hohle Fels , the earliest known Venus figurine


Vénus impudique , 1907 drawing


Venus of Dolní Věstonice , the earliest discovered use of ceramics [ 16 ]  (29,000 – 25,000 BCE)


A woman on the beach in  Costa Brava  in 1959


Educación Sexual  by  Hildegart Rodríguez Carballeira . This Spanish sex education guide was published in 1931 in Madrid, eight years before Francoism.


Woman performing  fellatio


A 17th century sculpture depicting a woman performing oral sex on two men. From the wall of the Uma Maheshwor Temple at  Kirtipur .


A 19th-century depiction of  cunnilingus


Painting of a man performing oral sex on a woman


Two bonobos mating


Elvis Presley performing " Jailhouse Rock "


Processes in the human  biological life cycle :  1.  maturity ; 2.  spermatogenesis  and  oogenesis ;  3. vaginal intercourse with  internal fertilization ;  4.  zygote ; 5.  embryonic development ;  6.  childbirth ; 7.  adolescence .


Sex positions :  1. Sitting position; 2.  Woman on top ; 3.  Lateral coital position ; 4.  Spoons position ; 5.  Doggy style ;  6.  Missionary position ; 7. Variant of the missionary position;  8. Sleigh ride; 9. Flanquette; 10. Standing position.


Penile penetration  of the vagina touching the  G-spot  with the glans of the penis.


Well perfused  labia  and  clitoral erection . Whether or not the clitoral glans is stimulated by the penis depends on the clitoris-urethral meatus distance (CUMD) and on the positions and movements.


Painting from the  Kamasutra :  Coitus with  nipple stimulation .


The vagina becomes wider and longer when the woman is sexually aroused. In the absence of arousal, even a penis that is not particularly large can bump at the  cervix  or into the  vaginal fornix  causing pain.


Injury of the vaginal fornix by too rough and deep penile penetration.


Rocking


Pairing [ 83 ]


Ten illustrations of sexual positions involving  penile-vaginal penetration


A love scene sculpture from the  Sunga  period ( c.  1st century BCE )


Tondo of an  Attic   red-figure   kylix  by the  Triptolemos Painter ,  c.  470 BC ,  Tarquinia  National Museum


A rear-penetration position, commonly referred to as ' doggy style '


Doggy style in the lying position


The  'cowgirl' position


A couple performing sexual intercourse from a seated position, called the  lotus position  or  lotus flower


One partner stands while holding up the other without a support, called the  Suspended Congress  in the  Kama Sutra  and  Ekiben  in Japanese


Anal sex between two men in the missionary position


The T-square position


A man and a woman having sex in the  piledriver  position


Modern drawing of fellatio


19th-century depiction of cunnilingus (detail) by  Paul Avril


The 69 position


Woman performing anilingus on another woman


Drawing by  Franz von Bayros  showing an act of fingering


Double penetration


Threesome in Ancient Greece


Two men and two women ringed in a circular foursome sex position performing four combinations of oral sex: M–F, F–F, F–M, M–M


Penile-vaginal penetration occurring in the  missionary position , depicted by  Édouard-Henri Avril


Combined oral contraceptives . Introduced in 1960, "the Pill" has played an instrumental role in family planning for decades.


A community health worker explains to a woman in Madagascar different methods for family planning.


Global maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births (2010) [ 20 ]


Placard showing negative effects of lack of family planning and having too many  children  and  infants  ( Ethiopia )


Placard showing positive effects of family planning (Ethiopia)


Countries by 2019  GDP (nominal) per capita [ 53 ]


Global  carbon dioxide emissions  by jurisdiction


Map of countries by fertility rate (2020), according to the  Population Reference Bureau


Demand for Private Tutoring with and without access to family planning


Demand for family planning satisfied by modern methods as of 2017 [ 62 ]


United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, "Trends in Contraceptive Use Worldwide 2015", New York: United Nations, 2015


A family planning facility in Kuala Terengganu,  Malaysia


Map of population density by country, per square kilometer


A Norwegian family ca 1900, parents plus five children


A family of rural Africa


Graph of  total fertility rate  vs.  GDP (PPP) per capita of the corresponding country , 2015. [ 36 ]   [ 37 ]


Cumulative percentage and average age for women reaching  subfertility ,  sterility ,  irregular menstruation  and  menopause . [ 12 ]


A family planning project in India increases access to family planning and contraceptives to Indian women.


World map of birth sex ratios, 2012


The  one child policy  in  China  has contributed to the imbalanced sex ratios. Image shows a community bulletin board in Nonguang Village,  Sichuan province , China, keeping track of the town's female population, listing recent births by name and noting that several thousand yuan of fines for unauthorized births remain unpaid from the previous year.


An 6-celled  embryo  prior to IVF/PGD analysis


Uruguayan conservative politician and Catholic activist  Juan Zorrilla de San Martín  (1855–1931), surrounded by his family. Twice married, he fathered 16 children during his life.


Parking place for families with children, residential area.  Tomaszów Mazowiecki , Poland


The population pyramid of Ireland in 2023. From ages 5 to 15, there appears to be a significant increase in births, which is likely due to the post-recession baby boom observed in the late 2000s and early 2010s.


The number of births and TFR in Japan


A population pyramid of Russia, before the  Russian Invasion of Ukraine.  From the ages 5–15, there appears to be a significant increase in people, which is likely due to the baby boom observed in the mid-2000s to the late-2010s, similar to Ukraine.


A population pyramid of Ukraine, before the  Russian Invasion of Ukraine.   From the ages 5-15, there appears to be a significant swell in people, which is likely due to the baby boom observed in the mid-2000s to the mid-2010s, similar to Russia.


United States birth rate (births per 1000 population per year). [ 20 ]  The  United States Census Bureau  defines the demographic birth boom as between 1946 and 1964 [ 21 ]  (red).


A chart showing the historical birth rate of the  United Kingdom .  A spike of births can be seen in 1946 and 1960s, reflecting the two baby booms.


"Adam and Eve" by Ephraim Moshe Lilien, 1923


From left to right:  Ion Diaconescu ,  Corneliu Coposu , and  Ion Rațiu  at a 1990 manifestation held in  Bucharest


PNȚCD headquarters in September 2008


Party headquarters in Bucharest in December 2014


The birth and death rate in Romania from 1950 to 2050. Decree 770 was signed by Nicolae Ceaușescu in 1967. The birthrate surged in 1967. It returned to its previous trend, as people found ways to circumvent the decree.


Although abortion in Romania was legalized and the abortion rates were very high, they decreased strongly as more couples started using contraception.


Soviet women's journal founded in 1914.


Reconstruction of a typical 1950s Soviet  living room


Soviet people of mixed ages  queuing  to a  Kharkov  cinema,1981


Allocation of Chamber seats following the  elections of 1867 .     Concordia: 68 seats      Free and Independent Faction (as Concordia allies): 17 seats (estimate)      Whites: 34 seats      Moderates: 30 seats      Independents: 8 seats


June 1870 caricature in the "Red" gazette  Ghimpele , showing the  Epureanu  cabinet (including  Petre P. Carp ) shooting down protesters in  Pitești ; the gibbon "Scarlat", a stand-in for  Carol I , is depicted as ordering the alleged atrocity


April 1874 cartoon in the "Red" magazine  Asmodeu : Romania as a young warrior, stripped down by  boyar  raptors and the  Prussian eagle


Ghimpele  cartoon of March 1877, showing  Mihail Kogălniceanu  undecided between the political camps of  Ion Brătianu ,  Lascăr Catargiu , and  Ion Ghica . Bottom left is the "Center", depicted as a headless calf ready for purchase


Antisemitic cartoon published in  Bobârnacul  after the  Congress of Berlin . It shows  C. A. Rosetti , in  shtreimel ,  kaftan  and  payot , as a patron of the Jews


Critique of the monarchy from the conservative right, in an 1885 issue of  Ciulinul : former " Republic of Ploiești " conspirators groveling before Carol


Founding charter of the Brotherhood of Unified Moldavia, published at Iași in 1919. Featuring a  Moldavian coat of arms  taken from the 1680 Psalter


Charles Vance Millar , whose will sparked the Great Stork Derby


Pope Paul VI  signed  Humanae vitae  on 25 July 1968.


A  mufti  advises a woman whose  son-in-law  cannot consummate his marriage (Ottoman illustration, 1721).


An icon depicting the treaty signing between  Muhammad  and  Saint Catherine's Monastery  allowing interfaith marriage between Muslims and Christians, as discussed in the  Ashtiname of Muhammad [ 54 ]


A depiction of a 13th-century slave market in Yemen, where concubines might be bought


The Stoning of an Adulteress , illustration to a manuscript of  1001 Nights  by  Abu'l Hasan Ghaffari  or his atelier. Tehran, 1853–1857


Nursing infants among images of divinities, plant life, flowing water, and animals promoting fecundity on the  Ara Pacis  (1st century BC), contemporary with the  ius liberorum  of Augustus


Funerary stele  from Roman-era  Thessaloniki  (168–190 CE) depicting a woman and her deceased husband, the couple's three sons, and an older woman who is possibly their grandmother


A  Lebensborn  birth house


Christening of a  Lebensborn  child, c. 1935–1936,  Rhenish Hesse  region


Kidnapping of Polish children during the Nazi-German resettlement operation in  Zamość  county


Polish children in Nazi-German labour camp in Dzierżązna near  Zgierz


Max Sollmann before his  trial  at Nuremberg


Relief showing a Roman marriage ceremony.  Museo di Capodimonte


United States birth rate (births per 1000 population). [ 1 ]  The  US Census Bureau  defines baby boomers as those born between mid-1946 and mid-1964 (shown in red). [ 2 ]


Mother's Day


Andrews Methodist Episcopal Church , the site of the first Mother's Day religious service in 1908, is the  International Mother's Day Shrine .


Northern Pacific Railway  postcard for Mother's Day 1916.


Mother's Day gift in 2007


Mother and daughter and Mother's Day card


Mother's Day cookie cake


Mother's Day cake in  Germany


Commemorative gold medal issued in the  Pahlavi  era on the occasion of Mother's Day, dated 1975.  Obv : Bust of Empress  Farah Pahlavi .  Rev : Mother and children standing around a seated Farah Pahlavi, holding open book


Celebration of the Mother's Day


Balloons  outside, in the week before Mother's Day 2008


Prince Harry ,  Michelle Obama  and  Jill Biden  helping children create Mother's Day cards at the  White House , 9 May 2013


Handmade Mother's Day gifts


Adolf Hitler  became Germany's head of state, with the title of  Führer und Reichskanzler , in 1934.


Joseph Goebbels , Reich Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda


German soldiers march near the  Arc de Triomphe  in Paris, 14 June 1940.


Death and destruction during the  Battle of Stalingrad , October 1942


German refugees in Bedburg, near  Kleve , 19 February 1945


Territorial expansion of German Reich from 1933 to 1941 as explained to Wehrmacht soldiers, a Nazi era map in German


Public execution of 54 Poles in  Rożki, Masovian Voivodeship  (near  Radom ), German-occupied Poland, 1942


Heinrich Himmler , Hitler and  Viktor Lutze  perform the  Nazi salute  at the  Nuremberg Rally , September 1934.


Hitler, Göring, Goebbels and  Rudolf Hess  during a military parade in 1933


Chart showing the  pseudo-scientific  racial divisions used in the racial policies of Nazi Germany


A meeting of the four jurists who imposed Nazi ideology on the legal system of Germany (left to right:  Roland Freisler ,  Franz Schlegelberger ,  Otto Georg Thierack , and  Curt Rothenberger )


A column of tanks and other armoured vehicles of the  Panzerwaffe  near  Stalingrad , 1942


IG Farben  synthetic oil plant under construction at  Buna Werke  (1941). This plant was part of the complex at  Auschwitz concentration camp .


(from left) Hitler;  Robert Ley , head of the  German Labour Front ;  Ferdinand Porsche , armaments manufacturer; and  Hermann Göring , head of the  Four Year Plan  (1942)


Woman with  Ostarbeiter  badge at the  IG Farben  plant in Auschwitz


Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses , April 1933. The posters say "Germans! Defend yourselves! Don't buy from Jews!"


Poster from the Nazi Party's  Office of Racial Policy : "60 000 RM is what this person with hereditary illness costs the community in his lifetime. Fellow citizen, that is your money too."


A wagon piled high with corpses outside the crematorium in the  Buchenwald concentration camp  liberated by the  U.S. Army , 1945


Soviet prisoners of war in  Mauthausen


The Nazi salute in school (1934): children were indoctrinated at an early age.


Young women of the  Bund Deutscher Mädel  (League of German Girls) practising gymnastics in 1941


Statues representing the ideal body were erected in the streets of Berlin for the  1936 Summer Olympics .


Prisoner barracks at  Dachau Concentration Camp , where the Nazis established a dedicated  clergy barracks  for clerical opponents of the regime in 1940 [ 402 ]


A Nazi book burning on 10 May 1933 in Berlin, as books by Jewish and  leftist  authors are burned [ 428 ]


Plans for Berlin called for the  Volkshalle  (People's Hall) and a  triumphal arch  to be built at either end of a wide boulevard.


Leni Riefenstahl  (behind cameraman) at the 1936 Summer Olympics


Defendants in the dock at the Nuremberg trials


"Comrade Lenin Cleanses Earth of Filth" by  Viktor Deni , November 1920


Anti-Polish  Soviet propaganda poster, 1920.


Young Pioneers, with their slogan: "Prepare to fight for the cause of the Communist Party"


"To have more, we must produce more. To produce more, we must know more"


Worker and Kolkhoz Woman  commemorated in a stamp


A stamp featuring Pimenov's "Wedding on a Tomorrow Street"


"We are for peace" on a poster in  Tashkent ,  Uzbek SSR , 1964.


British and Soviet servicemen over body of  swastikaed  dragon


Residents of a town in  Eastern Poland  (now  Western Belarus ) assembled to greet the arrival of the  Red Army  during the  Soviet invasion of Poland  in 1939. The Russian text reads "Long Live the great theory of Marx, Engels, Lenin-Stalin". Such welcomings were organized by the activists of the  Communist Party of West Belarus  affiliated with the  Polish Communist Party , delegalized in Poland by 1938. [ 201 ]


World War II propaganda leaflet dropped from a Soviet airplane on Finnish territory, urging Finnish soldiers to surrender


Folio 56r, Psalm CXXVII


Coat of arms of the City of Edinburgh


NISI DEVS / FRVSTRA / 1648+ , inscription on a house in  Castle Donington ,  Leicestershire


Mary Pride's first book,  The Way Home: Beyond Feminism, Back to Reality  (1985), promotes the Quiverfull movement.


The Christian Quiverfull movement derives its name from  Psalm  127:3–5, where many children are metaphorically referred to as the arrows in a full quiver.


The cover of the 1990  A Full Quiver: Family Planning and the Lordship of Christ  by Rick and Jan Hess.


A newspaper photograph from 1919 of  Joseph Patrick Tumulty  with his wife and six children, under the headline " President Wilson 's Private Secretary Is Not an Advocate of Race Suicide"


A promotional flyer for  The Black Stork


This 1908 book by Alice Freeman Lusk challenged and pushed back against  Theodore Roosevelt  and society's traditional  gender roles  for women.


An illustration by Ehrhart showing storks contributing to or working against race suicide (1903).


1943 wartime German stamp showing a mother with her offspring. The ideal number of children per family according to the RDF was not less than four.


Emblem of Philippe Pétain, chief of state of the French State, featuring the motto Travail, Famille, Patrie (Work, Family, Fatherland). The Francisque was only Pétain's personal emblem but was also gradually used as the regime's informal emblem on official documents.


Révolution nationale  propaganda poster promoting the personality cult of Philippe Pétain, 1942


Vichy poster comparing the security of a house built on the principles of the National Revolution with the insecurity of one based on "laziness", "demagogy" and "internationalism"


An English girl helping in an orphanage near  Iași


The Socialist Republic of Romania in 1966


1949 stamp celebrating Romanian-Soviet friendship.


Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej  speaking at a workers' rally in  Nation Square, Bucharest  after the  1946 general election


Armed resistance against the government


Nicolae Ceaușescu , Leader of Romania from 1965 to 1989


Demographics graphs. A huge surge of the birth rate in 1967, as a result of  Decree 770 , is the most prominent feature of these graphs.


23 August demonstration


1979  postage stamp


A queue for cooking oil in Bucharest, 1986


Romanian  ration  card, 1989


A  propaganda  poster on the streets of Bucharest, 1986. The caption reads "65 years since the creation of the Romanian Communist Party", while the background states "Ceaușescu Era" and "The Party. Ceaușescu. Romania."


Civic Center, Bucharest


The Communist government fostered the  personality cult of Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife Elena .


Members of  Șoimii Patriei , a communist youth organization created in 1976 for children aged 4–7


Opening of exposition  Die Frau, Frauenleben und -wirken in Familie, Haus und Beruf  (Women: the life of women, their role in the family, at home and at work) at the  Kaiserdamm , March 18, 1933, with Minister of Propaganda  Joseph Goebbels


Membership badge of the  Deutsches Frauenwerk , a Nazi association for women founded in October 1933


Certificate of the  Cross of Honour of the German Mother  during World War II


German woman secretary, in 1938


Nazi  propaganda photo: A mother, her daughters and her son in the uniform of the  Hitler Youth  pose for the magazine  SS-Leitheft  February 1943.


Statues of the ideal female body in the streets of Berlin, raised on the occasion of the  1936 Summer Olympics


Young women of the  BDM  practising gymnastics in 1941


Members of the BDM at a vacation camp at  Wuxi , in the  Republic of China (1912-1949) , in 1934


Service flag for women's work ( Deutscher Frauenarbeitsdienst )


The caption in the propaganda magazine  Das Deutsche Mädel  (May 1942 issue) states: "bringing all the enthusiasm and life force of their youth, our young daughters of the Work Service make their contribution in the  German territories 'regained' in the East .


Women auxiliaries of the  Wehrmacht  in Paris during the occupation (1940)


SS women camp guards in  Bergen-Belsen concentration camp , 19 April 1945


The Aufseherin of the  Buchenwald  concentration camp,  Ilse Koch , after her arrest


Female slave worker wearing an  Ostarbeiter  badge at the former SS Osti  Arbeitslager  camp in  occupied Poland , January 1945


Bust of  Sophie Scholl  in Munich


Herta Oberheuser  at the trial for doctors, August 20, 1947


Placard showing positive effects of  family planning  (Ethiopia)


A classroom in  South Africa


Ad promoting abstinence in  Ghana :  No Sex Ad  (Anti- HIV/AIDS  ―  signage ).  Abstinence-only sex education  is a form of  sex education  that teaches  not having sex  outside of marriage, most often excluding other types of  sexual and reproductive health  education, such as  birth control  and  safe sex .  Comprehensive sex education , by contrast, covers the use of birth control and sexual abstinence.


Estimated  prevalence  in % of HIV among young adults (15–49) per country as of 2011. [ 110 ]               No data       <0.10       0.10–0.5       0.5–1           1–5       5–15       15–50


Maternal Mortality Rate  worldwide, as defined by the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management, excluding accidental or incidental causes [ 121 ]


Nicolae Ceaușescu , Romanian communist leader, enacted one of the most infamous  natalist  policies of the 20th century


A community bulletin board in Nonguang Village,  Sichuan province , China, keeping track of the town's female population, listing recent births by name and noting that several thousand yuan of fines for unauthorized births remain unpaid from the previous year


Prevalence of FGM


The painting depicts a Chilean woman being kidnapped during a  malón


A map from a 1929 Swedish royal commission report displays the U.S. states that had implemented sterilization legislation by then


Central America  has very strict anti-abortion laws, and  El Salvador  has come to international attention due to its forceful enforcement. [ 188 ] [ 189 ] [ 190 ]


Women march to demand equality in 1970


Legal grounds for abortion  by country          Legal on woman's request      Legally restricted to cases of:          Risk to woman's life ,  her health *,  rape *,  fetal impairment *, or  socioeconomic factors           Risk to woman's life, her health*, rape, or fetal impairment          Risk to woman's life, her health*, or fetal impairment          Risk to woman's life*, her health*, or rape          Risk to woman's life or her health          Risk to woman's life          Illegal with no exceptions          No information      * Does not apply to some countries in that category        Note:       In some countries, abortion laws are modified by other laws, regulations, legal principles or judicial decisions. This map shows their combined effect as implemented by the authorities.


Women in Brazil fight for legalization of safe abortions.


Map of active Zika virus transmission


The people living in squater camps after being displaced due to a Climate change disasters.


This show women crossing through flooded water


Sources. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  Chart showing the number of sterilisations reported to the central authority, the  National Swedish Board of Health  or the  National Board of Health and Welfare , between 1935 and 1979 and the various indications for operations performed between 1941 and 1975. In order to keep a lid on sterilisations, [ 3 ]  eugenicists arranged to collect detailed information. As a consequence, Swedish data is complete when it comes to legal operations since 1941. An unknown number of men were sterilised abroad or illegally in Sweden. This may have been the cause of the lower number of operations during the early 1970s. [ 4 ]  When, from January 1976, permission was no longer needed, the number of sterilisations grew considerably.


A Dublin-bound train preparing for departure from Belfast in May 1971


A world map showing countries by CEDAW enforcement, 2010


Palais des Nations


UN Headquarters


Vasily Polenov :  Le droit du Seigneur  (1874); artist's interpretation of an old man bringing his young daughters to their feudal lord


Voltaire , who in 1762 was the first person to use the term  droit du seigneur


Hector Boece , the first historian to record the  droit du seigneur , in 1527


EGM logo


Mily Treviño-Sauceda, cofounder of Lideres Campesinas


Mily Treviño-Sauceda and Audelia Garcia Cervantes with Lideres Campesinas.


Philippine Population Density Map. Darker areas mean higher populations.


Percentage of population living below poverty line (2003). Darker areas mean more poverty.


Birth control pill


5-day old human embryo called a  blastocyst , which comprises 70–100 cells.


While the  World Health Organization  acknowledges the possible negative side effects of the pill, it still defines it as an  essential medicine .


A rally against the bill, held at  EDSA  on August 4, 2012


Millennium Development Goals at the UN


Feminine hygiene  products are subject to tax in a number of countries.


US states taxing tampons as of June 2024     Tampons taxed      Tampons not taxed      No state sales tax


Zerlina Maxwell, in an editorial for  U.S. News & World Report , cited these figures from the Guttmacher Institute as evidence of a "war on American women". [ 10 ]  The findings, according to the Guttmacher Institute, show that state restrictions on abortion greatly increased in 2011. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ]


Ultrasound of fetus at 14 weeks (profile)


President Barack Obama and Mitt Romney shake hands in the Oval Office


Birth Control Pills


Conference logo


Hillary Clinton  gives a speech during the conference


UN charter logo


Chilean  politicians attending the conference.


Beijing International Convention Center , where the conference was held


Fourth World Conference on Women Commemorative Park in  Huairou District , Beijing


Sexual swelling  in a female  hamadryas baboon  indicates she is ovulating. Unlike other primates, female humans show no obvious outward signs of ovulation.


Drawing showing endometriosis


Laparoscopic  image of endometriotic lesions at the peritoneum of the pelvic wall


Laparoscopic image of endometriotic lesions in the  Pouch of Douglas  and on the right  sacrouterine ligament


Transvaginal ultrasonography  showing a 67 x 40 mm  endometrioma  as distinguished from other types of  ovarian cysts  by a somewhat grainy and not completely  anechoic  content


A Dutch  feminist  practices free bleeding


Hypo gonadal axis


HPG regulation in males, with the inhibin/activin system playing a similar role on GnRH-producing cells


Estradiol, progesterone, LH, and FSH during the menstrual cycle.


Menstrual cycle


Secular trend in decrease in age of menarche in Western European and North American girls After: Boaz (1999) [ 33 ]


Sekihan , a traditional Japanese dish of sticky rice steamed with azuki beans, was sometimes served after menarche.


Progression of the menstrual cycle and some of the hormones contributing to it


An ovary about to release an egg


The anatomy of the uterus


During the menstrual cycle, levels of estradiol (an estrogen) vary by 200 percent. Levels of progesterone vary by over 1200 percent. [ 52 ]


A human primary  ovarian follicle  viewed by  microscopy . The round  oocyte  stained red in the center is surrounded by a layer of  granulosa cells , which are enveloped by the basement membrane and  theca cells . The magnification is around 1000 times. ( H&E stain )


'Satirtha - The Helping Hand' a non profit organization based in North Eastern state of Assam in India is working for a period friendly environment for adolescent girls and women in the region


Celebration of Menstrual Hygiene Day in Uganda


Female leaders in one urban poor community in  Accra  (Ghana) plan and implement menstrual health programs in schools, May 2018.


Celebration of Menstrual Hygiene Day in Bangladesh


Two women dancing. Rock engraving from the Upper Yule River,  Pilbara , Western Australia. [ 33 ]


Group synchrony scores over time with 99%  confidence intervals  from McClintock's study (an approximation of Fig 1). [ 3 ]  In October, the mean onset difference was about 6.5 days and by the end of the study the mean onset difference decreased by almost 2 days.


Bedouin women from Israel


Dogon  women pounding millet


An illustration of menstrual cycle convergence and divergence as described in Yang and Schank. [ 5 ]   For illustration,  A  and  B  have menses duration of four days each.   A  has 28-day cycles and  B  has 30-day cycles.  The first onset of  B  that appears is 14 days earlier than  A' s.  Red vertical lines indicate menses overlap or meet.  In this example, cycles gradually converge and  A  and  B  may "experience" synchrony for five months.


Figure  a . Females competing for good genes should avoid ovulatory synchrony. Moving from one female to the next, a single dominant male under these conditions can exercise a monopoly.  Key : Circle = female. Pointer = ovulation. Triangle = male.


Figure  b . Females in need of male time and energy should synchronise their cycles, preventing any single male from monopolising access.


A golden lion tamarin


Diagram illustrating how the  uterus lining  builds up and breaks down during the menstrual cycle


Menstrual cup  filled with menstrual fluid


Menstrual cycle  and changes in hormone production


Half-used blister pack of a combined oral contraceptive. The white pills are  placebos , mainly for the purpose of reminding the woman to continue taking the pills.


Amra Padatik India, celebration of  Menstrual Hygiene Day  in India


Awareness raising through education is taking place among women and girls to modify or eliminate the practice of  chhaupadi  in  Nepal .


Phylogeny tree of menstruating and select non-menstruating mammals. Each color indicates a convergent evolutionary event: green,  Primates ; blue,  Chiroptera ; orange,  Afrotheria ; yellow,  Rodentia . [ 21 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ]


Alchemic approach to four humors in relation to the four elements and zodiacal signs. Book illustration in  Quinta Essentia  by Leonhart Thurneisser zum Thurn (gen. Leonhard Thurneysser). Inscriptions (clockwise): Flegmat, Sanguin, Coleric, Melanc. Person is androgyne.


The cover of Sara Read's  Menstruation and the Female Body in Early Modern England


The film alternates between clinical panels describing the process of menstruation, and animated sequences that provide viewers with tips on hygiene and behavior.


Robert Plant  of  Led Zeppelin , considered one of the key acts in the development of cock rock, onstage in New York in 1973


A painting of  Zeus  emasculating  Cronus ,  c.  1501


An emasculated Chinese eunuch from the Qing dynasty


Emasculated Skoptsy male (left) and Skoptsy female with breasts cut off (right)


Adolf Hitler  and  Eva Braun  with their dogs at the  Berghof , 1942


1500s depiction of Christ with cloth wrapped around his supposedly erect penis, an example of  ostentatio genitalium .


The Penitent Magdalene  by  Domenico Tintoretto


Jesus and John at the Last Supper , by  Valentin de Boulogne


Artistic portrayal of a male dominant embracing a nude female submissive.


Male dominance in public at  Folsom Street Fair , USA


A  dominatrix  and a male-sub at a  sex show  in Austria.


The  Chandos portrait  of  William Shakespeare , held in the  National Portrait Gallery


Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton


The feminist  psychoanalyst   Karen Horney  (c. 1938).


HIV lymphadenopathy, early phase with follicular hyperplasia, medium power microscopic.


Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) JC viral particles in nucleus, electron micrograph.


Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), high power microscopic.


Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), Luxol fast blue stain, low power microscopic.


Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), gross.


Lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis (LIP) of lung, high power microscopic.


Lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis (LIP) of lung, medium power microscopic.


Lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis (LIP) of lung, low power microscopic.


Malignant lymphoma, brain, high power microscopic.


Malignant lymphoma, brain, low power microscopic.


Malignant lymphoma, small intestine, high power microscopic.


Malignant lymphoma, liver, gross.


Malignant lymphoma, small intestine, gross.


Malignant lymphoma, lymph node, gross.


Kaposi's sarcoma, liver, gross.


Kaposi's sarcoma, stomach, gross.


Kaposi's sarcoma, oral cavity, immunohistochemical with antibody to CD34, microscopic.


Kaposi's sarcoma, skin, hyaline globules, PAS stain, microscopic.


Kaposi's sarcoma, skin, hemosiderin and hyaline globules, microscopic.


Kaposi's sarcoma, skin, extravasation of RBC's, microscopic.


Kaposi's sarcoma, skin, nodule, microscopic.


Kaposi's sarcoma, skin, patch stage, microscopic.


Kaposi's sarcoma, skin, gross.


Isospora belli, stool specimen, AFB stain, microscopic.


Cryptosporidia, electron micrograph.


Cryptosporidiosis, stool specimen, AFB stain,microscopic.


Cryptosporidiosis, small intestine, H and E stain, microscopic.


Gastrointestinal protozoa, diagram.


Herpes simplex virus, esophagus, microscopic.


Herpes simplex virus, diagram.


Toxoplasma gondii, lung, immunohistochemical stain, microscopic.


Toxoplasma gondii, myocardium, microscopic.


Toxoplasma gondii, pseudocysts, microglial nodule, microscopic.


Toxoplasma gondii, diagram.


Toxoplasma gondii, organizing cerebral abscess, gross.


Coccidioides immitis, liver, H&E stain, microscopic.


Coccidioides immitis, lung, H&E stain, microscopic.


Coccidioides immitis, diagram.


Histoplasma capsulatum, liver, PAS stain, microscopic.


Histoplasma capsulatum, liver, H and E stain, microscopic.


Histoplasma capsulatum, granulomas in liver, gross.


Histoplasma capsulatum, diagram.


Cryptococcus neoformans, India ink preparation of cerebrospinal fluid, microscopic.


Cryptococcus neoformans (without capsules), meninges, GMS stain, microscopic.


Cryptococcus neoformans (with capsules), H&E stain, microscopic.


Cryptococcus neoformans, diagram.


Candida albicans, invasive in esophagus, GMS stain, microscopic.


Candida albicans, invasive in esophagus, PAS stain, microscopic.


Candida albicans, invasive in bronchus, H&E stain, microscopic.


Candida albicans, diagram.


Candida albicans, lung, gross.


Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), macrophages filled with mycobacteria, spleen, AFB stain, microscopic.


Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), diagram.


Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), mesenteric lymph nodes, gross.


Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), spleen with miliary granulomas, gross.


Mycobacterium tuberculosis, lung, AFB stain, microscopic.


Mycobacterium tuberculosis, lung, gross.


Cytomegalovirus pneumonitis, immunohistochemical stain, medium and high power microscopic.


Cytomegalovirus, liver, microscopic.


Cytomegalovirus adrenalitis, microscopic.


Cytomegalovirus pneumonia, microscopic.


Cytomegalovirus, appearance of organisms, diagram.


Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, interstitial fibrosis, medium power microscopic.


Pneumocystis jiroveci, exudate with calcification, medium power microscopic.


Pneumocystis jiroveci, disseminated, spleen, CT scan.


Pneumocystis jiroveci, disseminated, gross.


Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, lung, microscopic, immunohistochemical stain.


Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, microscopic, bronchoalveolar lavage, cytologic smear, Pap stain.


Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, microscopic, bronchoalveolar lavage, cytologic smear, Giemsa stain.


Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, high power microscopic, GMS stain.


Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, medium power microscopic, GMS stain.


Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, low power microscopic.


Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia with cavitary change, gross.


Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, gross.


Pneumocystis jiroveci, appearance of organisms, diagram.


Schematic diagram of CD4 receptor and chemokine coreceptor.


Life cycle of HIV, with the points of pharmacologic agent effectiveness, diagram.


Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) subtypes and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) phylogeny, diagram.


Human immunodeficiency virus, schematic diagram of genome.


Human immunodeficiency virus, process of infection, diagram.


Human immunodeficiency virus within lymphoid tissues, diagram.


Human immunodeficiency virus, life cycle, diagram.


Human immunodeficiency virus, structural components, diagram.


Human immunodeficiency virus, electron micrograph.


Human herpes virus


Herpes simplex virions


Epstein–Barr virus


Cytomegalovirus


Kaposi sarcoma


Principle of HSV529


Valtrex brand valaciclovir 500mg tablets


Phase contrast microscopy of clue cells in a vaginal swab


A  pH indicator  to detect vaginal alkalinization (here showing approximately pH 8), and a  microscope slide  to microscopically detect  clue cells


Gram stain of cells from the vagina (the same magnification) with normal bacterial flora (top) and the bacteria that cause vaginosis (bottom).


Some of the  Bifidobacterium animalis  bacteria found in a sample of Activia yogurt:  The numbered ticks on the scale are 10 micrometres apart.


Vaginal douche apparatus with five quart tank from 1905 nursing text


The "fountain syringe" is used for douching, by replacing the attached  enema  nozzle with the vaginal nozzle (shown bottom left). The vaginal nozzle is longer and thicker and has lateral holes


Colony morphology of Mycoplasma on Hayflick agar


Stretchy discharge around  ovulation


Thick discharge around  menstruation


Signs and symptoms of Ebola [ 24 ]


Electron micrograph  of an Ebola virus  virion


Life cycles of the  Ebolavirus


An illustration of safe burial practices


Bushmeat  having been smoked in  Ghana . In Africa, wild animals including fruit bats are hunted for food and are referred to as bushmeat. [ 81 ] [ 82 ]  In equatorial Africa, human consumption of bushmeat has been linked to animal-to-human transmission of diseases, including Ebola. [ 83 ]


Pathogenesis  schematic


VHF isolation precautions poster


British woman wearing protective gear


A hospital isolation ward in  Gulu, Uganda , during the October 2000 outbreak


Cotton factory in Nzara, South Sudan, where the first outbreak occurred


A CDC worker incinerates medical waste from Ebola patients in Zaire in 1976.


Cases of Ebola fever in Africa since 1976


Cases and deaths from April 2014 to July 2015 during the  2013–2015 outbreak


2014 Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa


Researchers looking at slides of cultures of cells that make  monoclonal antibodies . These are grown in a lab and the researchers are analyzing the products to select the most promising.


Ebola virus virion


ZEBOV


Chemical formula  of  favipiravir


Colorized scanning electron micrograph of Ebola virus particles (green)


Training programs for traditional midwives are an effective method of improving the health of mothers and babies.


Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead


Ebola virions


Recombinant formation plasmids


Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, where Duncan was treated


President Obama hugs Nina Pham  at the White House after her treatment at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland.


An  Aeromedical Biological Containment System  (ABCS), the same model used to transport both Nina Pham and Amber Vinson to isolation units


Local transmissions – no deaths:  Texas    Initial cases – deaths:  Texas    Initial cases – no deaths:  New York    Medically evacuated cases – no deaths:  Georgia, Maryland    Medically evacuated cases – deaths:  Nebraska


The 25-bed Monrovia Medical Unit was constructed for health care workers supporting  Operation United Assistance .


Ebola screening of a passenger who arrived from  Sierra Leone  at  Chicago's O'Hare airport


21 day mandatory quarantine for people exposed to people with Ebola:  New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, California      21 day mandatory quarantine for people exposed to people with Ebola without wearing protective gear or otherwise at high risk:  Illinois, Virginia      21 day mandatory twice daily temperature reporting and voluntary in-home quarantine for people exposed to people with Ebola:  Maine      21 day mandatory twice daily health screening or temperature reporting for people who have been in West African Ebola-affected countries:  Florida, Georgia, Maryland, Pennsylvania


Interior of the isolation tent used by  University Hospital  in New Jersey to quarantine Kaci Hickox


Corridor of  NIH  Special Clinical Studies Unit, a specialized biocontainment unit. The negative-pressure  anterooms  on the left lead to negative-pressure patient rooms (not shown in the picture). [ 192 ] [ 193 ]


Location in Africa, Mali


Mali regions with Ebola cases (Kayes, Bamako)


Satellite image of Mali


Protest against euthanasia of Romero Ramos' pet dog


Favipiravir ribofuranosyl triphosphate, the active form inside the body


Synthesis of favipiravir


Favipiravir 800 mg tablets from India


Doctors put on protective gear before entering an Ebola treatment ward in Liberia, August 2014.


Researcher working with the  Ebola virus  while wearing a BSL-4 positive pressure suit


Area where the  West African Ebola virus  started and affected nearby countries, in the end causing more than 28,000 cases with about 45% of the total number ending in fatality


2018 Kivu Ebola outbreak : Number of rVSV-ZEBOV vaccinated persons in the epidemic area DRC [ 61 ]


Ebola outbreak worldwide    Widespread outbreak    Limited outbreak    Isolated cases    Medically evacuated cases


Monthly aggregate Ebola cases in the Western Africa epidemic 2014–15


Monthly aggregate Ebola deaths in the Western Africa epidemic 2014–15


Outbreak distribution map affected part of Western Africa (17 December 2014)


Kenema Hospital, Sierra Leone


Ebola crisis: More UK aid arrives in Sierra Leone


An Ebola treatment unit in Liberia


Malian regions with Ebola cases (Kayes/Bamako), November 2014


Ebola virus particles using electron micrograph


The life cycles of the Ebolavirus


Nigerian doctors training on PPE by WHO


Quarantine travel pass for individuals providing assistance


CDC staff preparing to enter ETU in Liberia


Practising taking blood in PPE


WHO workers gear up to go to Ebola ward Nigeria, 2014


Ebola treatment centre built by the UK in Kerry Town, Sierra Leone, in 2014


Researcher working on Ebola virus


United Nations Development Group


WHO flag


Phylogenetic tree  comparing ebolaviruses and marburgviruses. Numbers indicate percent confidence of branches.


A colorized scanning electron micrograph of the virus


Cross-sectional drawing of the Ebola virus particle, with structures of the major proteins shown and labeled at the side. Pale circles represent domains too flexible to be observed in the experimental structure. Drawn by David Goodsell from PDB files 3csy, 4ldd, 4qb0, 3vne, 3fke, and 2i8b.


Marburg virus


Schematic representation of how monoclonal antibodies are generally made from  hybridomas . To make ZMapp, the genes encoding for the antibodies were extracted from the hybridomas,  genetically engineered  to replace mouse components with human components, and  transfected  into tobacco plants. [ 1 ]


The  Nicotiana benthamiana  tobacco plant


Gram stain of  Neisseria gonorrhoeae  showing characteristic diplococci morphology


Cases of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility or resistance to antibiotics (2017-2018).


Old advertisement for penicillin treatment


Basic structures of penicillins(1) and cephalosporins(2) with beta-lactam ring highlighted in red


Notified cases of gonorrhea among men in Nordic countries (2000–2020)


Notified cases of gonorrhea among women in Nordic countries (2000–2020)


Rates of selected STI diagnoses among England residents accessing sexual health services by ethnicity and STI, 2022


Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2020


An infant with gonorrhea of the eyes


Neisseria gonorrhoeae  in pus from a case of gonorrhoea in a man ( Gram stain )


Gram-stained pus from a urethral discharge showing Gram-negative, intracellular diplococci


Penicillin  entered mass production in 1944 and revolutionized the treatment of several venereal diseases.


Disability-adjusted life year  for gonorrhea per 100,000 inhabitants             no data      <13      13–26      26–39      39–52      52–65      65–78          78–91      91–104      104–117      117–130      130–143      >143


Gonorrhea rates, United States, 1941–2007


During World War II, the U.S. government used posters to warn military personnel about the dangers of gonorrhea and other  sexually transmitted infections .


A Gram stain of a urethral exudate showing typical intracellular Gram-negative diplococci, which is diagnostic for gonococcal urethritis [ 17 ]


Thayer–Martin agar is selective for growth of  Neisseria  species. Further testing (oxidase, carbohydrate use and pcr) can be used to differentiate  N. gonorrhoeae  from  N. meningitidis.q


Neisseria gonorrhoeae  use their type IV pili as a motility structure. These are the steps for the type IV pilus twitching motility mechanism.


The growth of  N. gonorrhoeae  colonies on New York City agar, a specialized and selective medium for gonococci


Gram stain of a vaginal swab showing gonococci (in pairs - arrow) inside polymorphonuclear granulocytes


Illustration of pelvic inflammatory disease


Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome with perihepatic adhesions following a chlamydia infection


Mucopurulent cervical discharge seen on a cotton bud


Micrograph  of  salpingitis  – a component of pelvic inflammatory disease.  H&E stain .


Micrograph  showing the viral  cytopathic effect  of herpes (ground glass nuclear inclusions, multi-nucleation).  Pap test .  Pap stain .


Secondary syphilis


World War II  US Army poster warning of venereal disease


A poster from the  Office for Emergency Management ,  Office of War Information , 1941–1945


"Syphilis is a dangerous disease, but it can be cured". Poster encouraging treatment. Published between 1936 and 1938.


Age-standardized,  disability-adjusted life years   WHO  estimates for STIs ( excluding HIV ) per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004: [ 102 ]              No data      < 60      60–120      120–180      180–240      240–300      300–360          360–420      420–480      480–540      540–600      600–1000      > 1000


STI (excluding HIV) deaths per million persons in 2012: [ citation needed ]


A poster that represents a warning against the risks posed by  alcohol  consumption,  promiscuity , and  venereal disease  ( V.D. ).


Abscess of the prostate (red arrow) resulting in urinary retention (blue arrow)


Abscess of the prostate (red arrow) resulting in  urinary retention  (blue arrow)


Micrograph  showing a  neutrophilic  infiltration of prostatic glands - the histologic correlate of acute prostatitis.   H&E stain .


Illustration of venereal granulomata on a dog's penis


In most cases, cells infected with the HPV heal on their own. In some cases, however, the virus continues to spread and becomes an invasive cancer.


Cervix in relation to upper part of vagina and posterior portion of uterus, showing difference in covering epithelium of inner structures


Cervical cancer seen on a T2-weighted sagittal MR image of the pelvis


This large squamous carcinoma (bottom of picture) has obliterated the cervix and invaded the lower uterine segment. The uterus also has a round  leiomyoma  up higher.


Histopathologic image ( H&E stain ) of carcinoma  in situ  (also called CIN3), stage 0: The normal architecture of stratified squamous epithelium is replaced by irregular cells that extend throughout its full thickness. Normal columnar epithelium is also seen.


Cervical screening test vehicle in  Taiwan


Negative visual inspection with acetic acid of the cervix


Positive visual inspection with acetic acid of the cervix for  CIN-1


Cervical cryotherapy


Brachytherapy for cervical cancer


Age-standardized  death from cervical cancer per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 [ 139 ]              no data      <2.4      2.4–4.8      4.8–7.2      7.2–9.6      9.6–12      12–14.4          14.4–16.8      16.8–19.2      19.2–21.6      21.6–24      24–26.4      >26.4


A  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  public service announcement about cervical cancer health disparities in the United States.


Histopathology of follicular cervicitis, H&E stain, with typical features. It is a form of chronic cervicitis, with various causes. [ 7 ]


Inflammation of the cervix  from chlamydia infection characterized by  mucopurulent   cervical  discharge,  redness , and  inflammation


A white, cloudy or watery discharge may emerge from the tip of the  penis .


Conjunctivitis due to chlamydia


Chlamydia trachomatis  inclusion bodies (brown) in a McCoy  cell culture


Disability-adjusted life year  (DALY) for chlamydia per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 [ 50 ]      no data      ≤10      10–20      20–30      30–40      40–50      50–60      60–70      70–80      80–90      90–100      100–110      more than 110


Life cycle


Crab lice on  eyelashes


Crab louse egg on human body hair


Crab lice


Entrance of Futsukaichi Rest Home


Futsukaichi Rest Home


Futsukaichi Rest Home monuments in 2015


Abortion at Futsukaichi Sanatorium in 1947


Caesarean section surgery at Futsukaichi Sanatorium before Autumn 1947


Genital  herpes  ulcers


Hepatic gumma


Moulage  of a gumma in  syphilis  for training students.  University of Tübingen .


The structure of hepatitis B virus


The genome organisation of HBV. The genes overlap.


Hepatitis B virus replication


Ground glass hepatocytes  as seen in a chronic hepatitis B  liver   biopsy .  H&E stain


The five phases of chronic hepatitis B infection as defined by  European Association for the Study of the Liver


Estimate of  disability-adjusted life year  for hepatitis B per 100,000 inhabitants as of 2004             no data      <10      10–20      20–40      40–60      60–80      80–100          100–125      125–150      150–200      200–250      250–500      >500


Hepatitis B incidence rate in 2017. [ 107 ]


Genital herpes affecting the  penis


Herpes infection


The antiviral medication aciclovir


3D reconstruction of the HSV-1 capsid


Herpes simplex virus 2 capsid


A simplified diagram of HSV replication


Micrograph  showing the viral  cytopathic effect  of HSV (multinucleation, ground glass chromatin)


Diagram of the HIV virion


A diagram of the HIV spike protein (green), with the fusion peptide epitope highlighted in red, and a broadly neutralizing antibody (yellow) binding to the fusion peptide


Structure of the RNA genome of HIV-1


Diagram of the immature and mature forms of HIV


The HIV replication cycle


Mechanism of viral entry :  1.  Initial interaction between gp120 and CD4.  2.  Conformational change in gp120 allows for secondary interaction with CXCR4.  3.  The distal tips of gp41 are inserted into the cellular membrane.  4.  gp41 undergoes significant conformational change; folding in half and forming coiled-coils. This process pulls the viral and cellular membranes together, fusing them.


Clathrin-mediated endocytosis


Reverse transcription  of the HIV  genome  into  double-stranded DNA


HIV assembling on the  surface  of an infected  macrophage . The HIV virions have been marked with a green  fluorescent tag  and then viewed under a fluorescent microscope.


Animation demonstrating cell-free spread of HIV


The  phylogenetic tree  of the SIV and HIV


A generalized graph of the relationship between HIV copies (viral load) and CD4 counts over the average course of untreated HIV infection; any particular individual's disease course may vary considerably.     CD4 +  T cell count (cells per µL)      HIV RNA copies per mL of plasma


Left to right: the  African green monkey  source of  SIV , the  sooty mangabey  source of  HIV-2 , and the chimpanzee source of  HIV-1


Electron micrograph  of Human Papilloma Viruses


Basaloid pattern of  squamous cell cancer


Genomic structure of HPV


Rhinoscope used in diagnosis and surveillance


CT scan  in  transverse plane , viewed from below, showing a contrast enhancing right  tonsil  mass due to HPV+OPC


Vial of  HPV vaccine


Transverse radiation contours used in treating cancer seen on above CT scan and in machine set up below


Types of oropharyngeal cancer and associated survival rates


A phylogeny of the subtypes of HTLV and their relationships between endogenous and exogenous retroviruses in the human genome. HERV = human endogenous retrovirus, SFV = simian foamy virus


Figure 1.  Mycosis fungoides , a skin disease showing nodules and plaques composed of lymphocytes spread across the skin, has been associated with HTLV-II infection [ 5 ]


Micrograph  of Kaposi sarcoma.  H&E stain .


Candida albicans


Gram stain of lactobacilli and squamous epithelial cells in vaginal swab


Bacteroides


Fusobacterium


Staphylococcus epidermidis 01


Enterococcus faecalis


Escherichia coli (257 06) Gramnegative rods


Candida albicans  ( Gram stain )


Cellulose sulfate (also known as sulfate cellulose or sulfocellulose)


The chemical structure of dendrimers is typically symmetric around the core, and often adopts a spherical three-dimensional  morphology .


Chemical structure of tenofovir


Chemical structure of PRO 2000


Molluscum lesions on an arm


Gene map  of  Mycoplasma genitalium . Circularly arranged coloured bands are the protein-coding genes and other loci in their position in the DNA. The genome has 580,070  base pairs  (580 kb).


3D model of the  Mycoplasma genitalium  cell obtained with  CellPACKgpu . The horizontal clipping plane shows the cytoplasmic environment on top and the membrane with associated proteins in the bottom. An additional clipping plane carves out a cubic section of the model, magnified on the right. Proteins colored by biological function.


pyelonephritis


Chorioamnionitis


A man with  intellectual disability  secondary to syphilis


Crab lice


Nit comb


Havelock Ellis , a pioneering figure in the movement towards sexual emancipation in the late 19th century


Hirschfeld's books were burned by the Nazis in Berlin for being "un-German".


San Francisco City Clinic , an STI testing center in  San Francisco


HIV-1 subtype prevalence in 2002