3. Nasution, et al., (2007)
Sistem ekonomi Islam merupakan sebuah sistem ekonomi yang berdasarkan ajaran dan nilai-nilai Islam yakni berasal dari Al-Qur’an, sunah, ijma, dan qiyas dan lain-lain.

4. Mr. Syarifuddin Prawiranegara
Sistem ekonomi Islam merupakan terbentuknya sebuah sistem perekonomian setelah prinsip ekonomi dijadikan pedoman kerja, dipengaruhi dan dibatasi oleh ajaran Islam. Sistem ekonomi Islam juga dapat dipahami sebagai pengaruh yang dipancarkan oleh ajaran-ajaran Islam terhadap prinsip ekonomi yang menjadi pedoman bagi setiap kegiatan ekonomi, yang bertujuan menciptakan alat-alat untuk memuaskan berbagai keperluan manusia.⁸

5. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah al-‘Arabi
Ekonomi syariah merupakan kumpulan dasar umum ekonomi yang disimpulkan dari *itlaf*, Al-Qur’an dan sunah serta konstruksi sebuah perekonomian yang bangun berlandaskan dasar tersebut disesuaikan dengan lingkungan dan masa.⁹

6. Prof. Dr. Zainuddin Ali
Ekonomi syariah merupakan norma hukum Islam yang terkumpul dari Al-Qur’an dan hadis yang mengatur perekonomian umat manusia.

7. Muhammad Abdul Mannan
Ekonomi syariah merupakan bidang keilmuan sosial yang membahas terkait dengan masalah ekonomi umat disertai dengan nilai-nilai ajaran Islam.¹⁰

Dari berbagai konsep yang dipaparkan oleh para ahli tersebut di atas, secara garis besar dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekonomi Islam merupakan disiplin keilmuan yang mempelajari perilaku manusia dalam memenuhi

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⁸Afif Arrosyid, “Islam dan Moral Ekonomi dalam Pemikiran Sjafruddin Prawiranegara”, *Masyrif: Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis, dan Manajemen*, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2021, hlm. 31-32.
⁹Dewi Maharani dan Muhammad Yusuf, “Implementasi Prinsip-prinsip Muamalah dalam Transaksi ekonomi: Alternatif Mewujudkan Aktivitas Ekonomi Halal”, *Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syari’ah*, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020, hlm. 133.
¹⁰Muhaimin dan Muchlasin, “Perspektif Muhammad Abdul Mannan tentang Kegiatan Ekonomi Islam”, *Adz-Dzahab*, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2022, hlm. 116.

Bab 1 | | Konsep Dasar Ekonomi Islam
3

3. 纳苏蒂安等人 (2007)
伊斯兰经济体系是基于伊斯兰教义和价值观的经济体系，即源自《古兰经》、圣训、公议和类比等。

4. 谢里夫丁·普拉维拉内加拉先生
伊斯兰经济体系是在经济原则成为工作指南，并受到伊斯兰教义影响和限制后形成的经济体系。伊斯兰经济体系也可以理解为伊斯兰教义对经济原则产生的影响，这些原则是每项经济活动的指南，旨在创造满足人类各种需求的工具。⁸

5. 穆罕默德·阿卜杜拉·阿拉比博士
伊斯兰教法经济学是从 *itlaf*、《古兰经》和圣训中总结出来的一套经济学基本原则，并且是一个基于这些原则，并根据环境和时代进行调整的经济结构。⁹

6. 扎因丁·阿里教授、博士
伊斯兰教法经济学是汇集自《古兰经》和圣训的伊斯兰法律规范，旨在规范人类的经济活动。

7. 穆罕默德·阿卜杜勒·曼南
伊斯兰教法经济学是一个社会科学领域，探讨与社群经济问题相关的内容，并结合伊斯兰教义的价值观。¹⁰

从上述专家提出的各种概念来看，大致可以得出结论：伊斯兰经济学是一门研究人类在满足其生活需求方面的行为，并以伊斯兰教义为基础的学科。

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⁸阿菲夫·阿罗西德，“伊斯兰教与谢里夫丁·普拉维拉内加拉思想中的经济道德”，《马斯里夫：经济、商业与管理杂志》，第2卷，第1期，2021年，第31-32页。
⁹黛维·马哈拉尼和穆罕默德·优素福，“经济交易中伊斯兰交易原则的实施：实现清真经济活动的替代方案”，《伊斯兰教法经济法律杂志》，第3卷，第1期，2020年，第133页。
¹⁰穆海明和穆赫拉辛，“穆罕默德·阿卜杜勒·曼南关于伊斯兰经济活动的观点”，《黄金》，第7卷，第1期，2022年，第116页。

第1章 | 伊斯兰经济学基本概念
3

3. Nasution, et al., (2007)
The Islamic economic system is an economic system based on Islamic teachings and values, namely those originating from the Al-Qur’an, Sunnah, Ijma, Qiyas, and others.

4. Mr. Syarifuddin Prawiranegara
The Islamic economic system is the formation of an economic system after economic principles are made working guidelines, influenced and limited by Islamic teachings. The Islamic economic system can also be understood as the influence emanated by Islamic teachings on economic principles that serve as guidelines for every economic activity, aiming to create the means to satisfy various human needs.⁸

5. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah al-‘Arabi
Sharia economics is a collection of general economic principles derived from *itlaf*, the Al-Qur’an and Sunnah, as well as the construction of an economy built upon these foundations, adapted to the environment and era.⁹

6. Prof. Dr. Zainuddin Ali
Sharia economics consists of Islamic legal norms compiled from the Al-Qur’an and Hadith that regulate the economy of humankind.

7. Muhammad Abdul Mannan
Sharia economics is a field of social science that discusses economic problems of the people, accompanied by the values of Islamic teachings.¹⁰

From the various concepts presented by the experts above, it can be broadly concluded that Islamic economics is a scientific discipline that studies human behavior in fulfilling their life needs based on Islamic teachings.

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⁸Afif Arrosyid, “Islam and Economic Morality in the Thought of Sjafruddin Prawiranegara”, *Masyrif: Journal of Economics, Business, and Management* , Vol. 2, No. 1, 2021, pp. 31-32.
⁹Dewi Maharani and Muhammad Yusuf, “Implementation of Muamalah Principles in Economic Transactions: An Alternative to Realizing Halal Economic Activities”, *Journal of Sharia Economic Law*, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020, p. 133.
¹⁰Muhaimin dan Muchlasin, “Muhammad Abdul Mannan's Perspective on Islamic Economic Activities”, *Adz-Dzahab*, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2022, p. 116.

Chapter 1 | | Basic Concepts of Islamic Economics
3


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Konflik kepentingan sering terjadi ketika seorang pengarang, mitra bestari, dan editor memiliki hubungan personal dan finansial yang mempengaruhi secara tidak wajar keputusan dan tindakannya. Hubungan-hubungan tersebut sering disebut komitmen ganda, karena dengan hubungan seperti itu, editor dan mitra bestari dihadapkan pada persoalan bagaimana harus meningkatkan mutu tulisan dalam jurnal sementara harus tetap ingin menjaga relasi dengan orang atau institusi pemberi dana. Relasi tersebut dapat mempengaruhi kredibilitas jurnal, pengarang, dan ilmu itu sendiri. Menghadapi persoalan ini berikut diberikan beberapa pedoman etis:

Pengarang wajib mengungkapkan relasi finansial dan personal yang mempengaruhi karyanya. Tujuannya adalah untuk melihat seberapa jauh bias finansial dan personal atas karya-karyanya. Pengarang dapat memuat hal tersebut dalam tulisannya pada halaman notifikasi konflik kepentingan, setelah halaman judul, yang menyatakan bahwa tidak ada kepentingan lain yang melandasi penelitian terkait dan adanya tujuan ilmiah yang jelas.

Pengarang wajib mendeskripsikan peranan sponsor dalam desain penelitian, koleksi, analisis dan interpretasi data, dalam menulis laporan penelitian, dan keputusan untuk mengirimkan makalah untuk publikasi. Jika memang tidak ada, juga harus ada pernyataan tentang hal tersebut. Editor jurnal dapat

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80 | Dr. Azharsyah Ibrahim, SE.Ak, M.S.O.M.

当编辑和同行评审员必须就某篇稿件对其期刊的适用性做出决定时，利益冲突会得到处理。

当作者、同行评审员和编辑存在会不当影响其决定和行为的个人和财务关系时，利益冲突便经常发生。这些关系常被称为双重承诺，因为在这种关系下，编辑和同行评审员面临着一个问题：如何在提高期刊文章质量的同时，仍希望与资助个人或机构保持关系。此类关系可能会影响期刊、作者和科学本身的信誉。面对这些问题，以下提供一些伦理指南：

作者有义务披露影响其作品的财务和个人关系。目的是审视其作品在多大程度上受到财务和个人偏见的影响。作者可以在其文稿中标题页之后的利益冲突声明页上说明这一点，声明相关研究没有其他潜在利益，并且具有明确的科学目的。

作者必须说明赞助方在研究设计、数据收集、分析和解读、撰写研究报告以及决定提交论文发表所起的作用。如果确实没有，也应就此作出声明。期刊编辑可以

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80 | 阿扎尔夏·易卜拉欣博士，会计经济学学士，运营管理理学硕士

Conflicts of interest are addressed when editors and peer reviewers must make decisions regarding the eligibility of a manuscript for their journal.

Conflicts of interest often arise when an author, peer reviewer, or editor has personal and financial relationships that unduly influence their decisions and actions. These relationships are often referred to as dual commitments, because with such relationships, editors and peer reviewers face the dilemma of how to improve the quality of manuscripts in the journal while still wanting to maintain relationships with individuals or funding institutions . Such relationships can affect the credibility of the journal, the author, and science itself . To address this issue, the following ethical guidelines are provided:

Authors are obliged to disclose financial and personal relationships that influence their work . The purpose is to see the extent of financial and personal bias in their works . Authors can include this information in their manuscript on a conflict of interest disclosure page, after the title page, stating that no other interests underlie the related research and that there is a clear scientific objective.

Authors are obliged to describe the role of sponsors in the research design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation, in writing the research report, and in the decision to submit the paper for publication . If none exists, a statement to that effect must also be made . Journal editors may

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80 | Dr. Azharsyah Ibrahim, SE.Ak, M.S.O.M.


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46

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## 1.1.2. Mục tiêu phát triển du lịch gắn liền với nông nghiệp và cộng đồng

Ⅰ. Mở ra các cơ hội kinh doanh cho người dân nông nghiệp, cộng đồng địa phương cư trú dọc đường 9 (hành lang sông Đắckrông)

Ⅱ. Kéo dài thời gian lưu trú của khách du lịch khi đến thăm quan khu vực.

Ⅲ. Tạo việc làm, đặc biệt cho phụ nữ và đồng bào dân tộc thiểu số.

Ⅳ. Bảo tồn di sản văn hóa và thiên nhiên tại hành lang Đông-Tây (đường 9) bằng việc thiết lập các hệ thống quản lý và cơ sở hạ tầng phù hợp.

Ⅴ. Thúc đẩy sự tham gia của khu vực kinh tế tư nhân.

Ⅵ. Xây dựng các tài liệu thuyết minh và hiện vật trưng bày nhằm gia tăng giá trị, hiểu biết và trân trọng.

# 1.2. VÁI TRÒ, VỊ TRÍ CỦA THÔN K'LU ĐỐI VỚI PHÁT TRIỂN SẢN PHẨM DU LỊCH SINH THÁI NÔNG NGHIỆP

Thôn K'lu thực sự thiếu các điểm du lịch hấp dẫn và độc đáo thu hút khách du lịch. Triển vọng phát triển du lịch của thôn K'lu có thể thấy thông qua tiềm năng phát triển du lịch mở rộng của hành lang sông Đắckrông (hành lang kinh tế Đông – Tây) bao gồm thị trấn Đắckrông, Rào Quán, thôn K'lu, cầu Đắckrông, căn cứ Khe Sanh và cửa khẩu quốc tế Lao Bảo. Thôn K'lu có vị trí chiến lược nằm tại điểm giao cắt giữa đường cao tốc Xuyên Á và đường Hồ Chí Minh, tạo nên triển vọng phát triển du lịch vô cùng to lớn cho thôn. Những điểm du lịch chính trong thôn bao gồm thôn K'lu, suối nước nóng K'lu, cầu Đắckrông, rừng K'lu và khu di tích chiến tranh (như căn cứ Khe Sanh). Các gói du lịch tiềm năng có thể khai thác tại thôn gồm trải nghiệm các hoạt động văn hóa dân tộc tại thôn K'lu, tắm suối mát và suối nước nóng K'lu, gói du lịch sinh thái xuyên rừng K'lu; các hoạt động du lịch trên sông Đắckrông và thăm quan ngắm cảnh các khu di tích lịch sử chiến tranh và khu DMZ.

# 1.3. CÁC VẤN ĐỀ QUAN TÂM ĐỐI VỚI PHÁT TRIỂN SẢN PHẨM DU LỊCH NÔNG NGHIỆP, SINH THÁI & CỘNG ĐỒNG TẠI THÔN K'LU, HUYỆN ĐẮCKRÔNG

Những vấn đề quan tâm chính trong quá trình phát triển sản phẩm du lịch nông nghiệp, sinh thái&cộng đồng tại thôn K'lu, h. Đắckrông được trình bày trong Bảng 1.

*Bảng-1: Các vấn đề quan tâm chính trong quá trình phát triển sản phẩm du lịch nông nghiệp, sinh thái&cộng đồng tại thôn K'lu*

| Lĩnh vực phát triển | Vấn đề | Giải pháp |
|---------------------|---------|-----------|
| Những thách thức khi thu hút khách du lịch đến thôn K'lu (điểm đến du lịch còn mới mẻ) | Thiếu các điểm du lịch hấp dẫn và nét độc đáo (USPs) mặc dù thôn có vị trí chiến lược và suối nước nóng tự nhiên | Khi quảng bá du lịch suối nước nóng và giá trị văn hóa của thôn K'lu cần kết hợp với các điểm di tích lịch sử chiến tranh tại khu vực DMZ. |
|  | Khu vực hầu như chưa có khách du lịch đến tham quan | Đòi hỏi phải xúc tiến và quảng bá một cách hiệu quả |

46

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## 1.1.2. 发展与农业和社区相关的旅游目标

I. 为居住在9号公路沿线（达克隆河走廊）的农民和当地社区创造商业机会

II. 延长游客在该地区的逗留时间。

III. 创造就业机会，特别是为妇女和少数民族同胞。

IV. 通过建立适当的管理系统和基础设施，保护东西走廊（9号公路）的文化和自然遗产。

V. 促进私营经济部门的参与。

VI. 开发解说材料和展品，以增加价值、理解和欣赏。

# 1.2. 克鲁村在发展农业生态旅游产品中的作用和地位

克鲁村确实缺乏吸引游客的独特旅游景点。克鲁村的旅游发展前景可以通过达克隆河走廊（东西经济走廊）的旅游发展潜力看出，该走廊包括达克隆镇、饶观、克鲁村、达克隆桥、溪山基地和老保国际口岸。克鲁村地理位置优越，位于亚洲高速公路和胡志明路的交汇处，为该村带来了巨大的旅游发展前景。村内的主要旅游景点包括克鲁村、克鲁温泉、达克隆桥、克鲁森林和战争遗址区（如溪山基地）。村里可以开发的潜在旅游套餐包括在克鲁村体验民族文化活动、在克鲁凉泉和温泉沐浴、克鲁森林生态旅游套餐；达克隆河上的旅游活动以及参观战争历史遗址和非军事区。

# 1.3. 关于达克隆县克鲁村农业、生态和社区旅游产品开发所关注的问题

在达克隆县克鲁村开发农业、生态和社区旅游产品过程中主要关注的问题见表1。

*表-1：克鲁村农业、生态和社区旅游产品开发过程中的主要关注问题*

| 发展领域 | 问题 | 解决方案 |
|---------------------|---------|-----------|
| 吸引游客到克鲁村（一个新兴旅游目的地）的挑战 | 尽管该村地理位置优越且拥有天然温泉，但缺乏吸引人的旅游景点和独特卖点 | 在推广克鲁村的温泉旅游和文化价值时，需要与该地区的战争历史遗址相结合。 |
|  | 该地区几乎没有游客前来参观 | 需要进行有效的推广和宣传 |

46

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## 1.1.2. Objectives for tourism development linked to agriculture and community

Ⅰ. Open up business opportunities for agricultural residents and local communities residing along Route 9 (Dakrong River corridor)

Ⅱ. Extend the length of stay for tourists visiting the area.

Ⅲ. Create employment, especially for women and ethnic minorities.

Ⅳ. Preserve cultural and natural heritage in the East-West corridor (Route 9) by establishing appropriate management systems and infrastructure.

Ⅴ. Promote the participation of the private economic sector.

Ⅵ. Develop interpretative materials and exhibits to enhance value, understanding, and appreciation.

# 1.2. ROLE AND POSITION OF K'LU VILLAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRI-ECOTOURISM PRODUCTS

K'lu Village currently lacks attractive and unique tourist spots to draw visitors. The tourism development prospects for K'lu Village can be seen through the potential for expanded tourism development along the Dakrong River corridor (East-West Economic Corridor), which includes Dakrong Town, Rao Quan, K'lu Village, Dakrong Bridge, Khe Sanh Combat Base, and the Lao Bao International Border Gate. K'lu Village is strategically located at the intersection of the Trans-Asia Highway and the Ho Chi Minh Highway, presenting significant tourism development opportunities for the village. Key tourist attractions within the village include K'lu Village itself, the K'lu hot springs, Dakrong Bridge, K'lu forest, and war historical sites (such as the Khe Sanh Combat Base). Potential tour packages that could be developed in the village include experiencing ethnic cultural activities in K'lu Village, bathing in cool streams and the K'lu hot springs, an eco-tourism package through K'lu forest, tourism activities on the Dakrong River, and sightseeing tours of war historical sites and the DMZ area.

# 1.3. KEY CONCERNS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL, ECO-TOURISM & COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM PRODUCTS IN K'LU VILLAGE, DAKRONG DISTRICT

The main concerns in the process of developing agricultural, eco-tourism & community-based tourism products in K'lu Village, Dakrong Dist. are presented in Table 1.

*Table-1: Key concerns in the process of developing agricultural, eco-tourism & community-based tourism products in K'lu Village*

| Development Area | Issue | Solution |
|---------------------|---------|-----------|
| Challenges in attracting tourists to K'lu Village (a relatively new tourist destination) | Lack of attractive tourist spots and unique selling propositions (USPs) despite the village's strategic location and natural hot springs | When promoting hot spring tourism and the cultural values of K'lu Village, it is necessary to combine them with war historical sites in the DMZ area. |
|  | The area has hardly received any tourist visits | Requires effective promotion and marketing |


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Übersicht und Untersuchungsansatz

---

2008 bis 2011 auf Basis neuer Erhebungen deutlich nach oben revidiert.$ ^{43} $ Dies hat am rezenten Rand dazu geführt, dass die bisher als stagnierend eingeschätzte Entwicklung ebenfalls in Richtung Wachs-tum angepasst wurde.

Die statistischen Daten zu den FuE-Aktivitäten der deutschen Wirtschaft werden von der SV Wissen-schaftsstatistik jeweils für ungerade Berichtsjahre auf der Basis einer Vollerhebung ermittelt,$ ^{44} $ In die-sem Sinne werden alle Unternehmen, bei denen erfahrungsgemäß FuE durchgeführt wird oder eine FuE-Aktivität anzunehmen ist, um Bereitstellung ihrer statistischen Angaben gebeten. In den „Zwi-schenjahren" – den geraden Erhebungsjahren – wird das FuE-Verhalten durch eine Kurzerhebung bei ausgewählten Unternehmen durchgeführt. Aus den Angaben dieser Unternehmen werden die Ergeb-nisse der ungeraden Jahre für die geraden Jahre fortgeschrieben. Da die Kurzerhebung nur einige Kerndaten zum FuE-Geschehen des jeweiligen Jahres bereitstellt, wird für differenzierte strukturelle Analysen auf die zweijährlichen Daten der Vollerhebung zurückgegriffen. Aktueller Datenstand ist die Vollerhebung für das Jahr 2011. Eckdaten aus der Kurzerhebung 2013 mit Daten für das Jahr 2012 er-gänzen die Auswertung.

Die sektorale Struktur des FuE-Einsatzes (Abschnitt 4) erfolgt vollständig auf Grundlage der Systema-tik der Wirtschaftszweige 2008 (WZ 2008 bzw. ISIC 4). Damit kommt in diesem Bericht erstmals auch die neue Liste forschungsintensiver Industrien und Güter (*„NIW/ISI/ZEW-Listen 2012"*) zum Tragen.$ ^{45} $ Danach ist auf der Ebene der 2-Steller-Wirtschaftszweige, auf der viele nationale insbeson-dere aber internationale FuE-Daten vorliegen, besonders eine Änderung gegenüber der zuvor verwen-deten vorläufigen Liste (Übergangsliste) forschungsintensiver Industrien$ ^{46} $ festzuhalten. Bei internati-onaler Betrachtung zählen die Wirtschaftszweige „Chemie", „Elektrotechnik" und „sonstiger Fahr-zeugbau" nicht mehr zu den forschungsintensiven Industrien. Da diese in Deutschland aber weiterhin forschungsintensiv produzieren, werden sie nicht einfach unter den übrigen, international nicht for-schungsintensive Industrien subsummiert, sondern gesondert als Untergruppe der „übrigen, aber in Deutschland forschungsintensiven Wirtschaftszweigen" ausgewiesen.

Folgende Technologieklassen werden auf der Grundlage der 2-Steller WZ 2008 ausgewiesen:

*International forschungsintensive Industrie*

*Internationale Spitzentechnologie*

- Pharmazeutische Industrie (WZ 21)

- Datenverarbeitung, Elektronik, Optik (WZ 26)

- Luft- und Raumfahrzeugbau (WZ 30.3)

*International Hochwertige Technik*

- Maschinenbau (WZ 28)

- Automobilbau (WZ 29)

---

$ ^{43} $ Vgl. National Science Foundation (2013).

$ ^{44} $ Zum Erhebungsrhythmus und den jeweiligen Erhebungsansätzen vgl. Schasse, Kladroba, Stenke (2012).

$ ^{45} $ Vgl. Gehrke, Frietsch, Neuhäusler, Rammer (2013).

$ ^{46} $ Vgl. Gehrke, Frietsch, Rammer u.a. (2010).

13

概述与研究方法

---

从2008年至2011年，基于新的调查数据，相关数据被显著向上修正。$ ^{43} $ 这导致了近期以来，迄今被评估为停滞不前的发展趋势也相应地向增长方向调整。

德国经济的研发活动统计数据由科学统计部在每个奇数报告年份通过全面调查的方式收集。$ ^{44} $ 在此意义上，所有根据经验进行研发或推测存在研发活动的企业，都会被要求提供其统计数据。在“中间年份”——即偶数调查年份——研发行为通过对选定企业的简略调查来了解。根据这些企业的数据，奇数年份的结果会被推算更新至偶数年份。由于简略调查仅提供当年研发情况的部分核心数据，因此详细的结构分析需依赖于每两年一次的全面调查数据。当前的数据基于2011年的全面调查。2013年简略调查中关于2012年的主要数据补充了本次评估。

研发投入的部门结构（第4节）完全基于2008年经济活动分类体系（WZ 2008 或 ISIC 4）。因此，本报告首次采用了新的研发密集型产业和产品清单（*“NIW/ISI/ZEW清单2012”*）。$ ^{45} $ 据此，在拥有大量国内尤其是国际研发数据的两位数代码经济部门层面上，特别需要指出与先前使用的研发密集型产业临时清单（过渡清单）$ ^{46} $ 相比的一项变更。从国际视角看，“化学”、“电气工程”和“其他车辆制造”等经济部门不再属于研发密集型产业。但由于这些产业在德国仍进行研发密集型生产，因此它们不会简单地归入其他国际上非研发密集型的产业，而是被单独列为“其他但在德国属于研发密集型的经济部门”的子类别。

根据两位数代码的WZ 2008，列出以下技术类别：

*国际研发密集型产业*

*国际尖端技术*

- 制药业 (WZ 21)

- 数据处理、电子、光学 (WZ 26)

- 航空航天器制造 (WZ 30.3)

*国际高端技术*

- 机械制造 (WZ 28)

- 汽车制造 (WZ 29)

---

$ ^{43} $ 参见国家科学基金会 (2013年)。

$ ^{44} $ 关于调查周期和各自的调查方法，参见Schasse, Kladroba, Stenke (2012年)。

$ ^{45} $ 参见Gehrke, Frietsch, Neuhäusler, Rammer (2013年)。

$ ^{46} $ 参见Gehrke, Frietsch, Rammer 等人 (2010年)。

13

Overview and Research Approach

---

revised significantly upwards from 2008 to 2011 based on new surveys.$ ^{43} $ This has recently led to the development, previously assessed as stagnant, also being adjusted towards growth.

The statistical data on R&D activities in the German economy are collected by the SV Science Statistics for odd-numbered reporting years on the basis of a full survey.$ ^{44} $ In this sense, all companies that are known to conduct R&D or where R&D activity can be assumed are asked to provide their statistical data. In the "interim years" – the even-numbered survey years – R&D behavior is assessed through a short survey of selected companies. The results from the odd-numbered years are then projected for the even-numbered years using the data from these companies. Since the short survey only provides some core data on R&D activities for the respective year, the biennial data from the full survey are used for differentiated structural analyses. The current dataset is the full survey for the year 2011. Key data from the 2013 short survey, with data for the year 2012, supplement the evaluation.

The sectoral structure of R&D input (Section 4) is based entirely on the German Classification of Economic Activities, 2008 edition (WZ 2008 or ISIC 4). This report therefore also uses the new list of research-intensive industries and goods (*„NIW/ISI/ZEW-Listen 2012"*) for the first time.$ ^{45} $ Accordingly, at the level of 2-digit economic sectors, for which a lot of national, but especially international, R&D data are available, one change in particular compared to the previously used provisional list (transitional list) of research-intensive industries $ ^{46} $ should be noted. From an international perspective, the "Chemical industry," "Electrical engineering," and "Manufacture of other transport equipment" sectors are no longer considered research-intensive industries. However, since these continue to be research-intensive in Germany, they are not simply subsumed under the other, internationally non-research-intensive industries, but are reported separately as a subgroup of "other, but research-intensive in Germany, economic sectors."

The following technology classes are identified based on the 2-digit WZ 2008:

*Internationally Research-Intensive Industries*

*International Cutting-edge Technology*

- Pharmaceutical industry (WZ 21)

- Data processing, electronics, optics (WZ 26)

- Aircraft and spacecraft construction (WZ 30.3)

*International High-Quality Technology*

- Machine building (WZ 28)

- Automobilbau (WZ 29)

---

$ ^{43} $ Cf. National Science Foundation (2013).

$ ^{44} $ For the survey rhythm and respective survey approaches, cf. Schasse, Kladroba, Stenke (2012).

$ ^{45} $ Cf. Gehrke, Frietsch, Neuhäusler, Rammer (2013).

$ ^{46} $ Cf. Gehrke, Frietsch, Rammer et al. (2010).

13


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สันหลังมังกรบ่อเจ็ดลูก สตูล

泰式摩西分海 祈福消债‼
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History of West Java

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阿利坎特15家带泳池的餐厅


272
Тесты

---
6. Повышение цены товара приводит к увеличению вы-ручки от реализации:

   а) в случае неэластичного спроса на товар;

 б) при эластичном спросе на товар;

 в) когда издержки на производство товара изменяются пропорционально его объему;

г) во всех случаях.

7. Наиболее распространенным методом установления це-ны является:

а) агрегатный;

б) параметрический;

 в) на основе анализа безубыточности;

 г) метод «затраты плюс фиксированная прибыль»;

 д) на основе текущих цен.

8. Этапы установления исходной цены (расставьте их в логическом порядке):

а) выбор метода ценообразования;

б) определение целей и задач ценообразования;

в) оценка издержек производства;

 г) определение спроса на товар;

д) анализ цен и товаров конкурентов.

9. При выводе на рынок нового продукта используются ценовые стратегии:

а) проникновения;

 б) вытеснения;

в) преимущественной цены;

г) скользящей падающей цены;

д) «снятия сливок».

10. Франко-цены используются:

 а) для товаров промышленного назначения;

б) включения в оптовую цену расходов по доставке про-дукции;

в) учета дополнительных расходов, которые появляют-ся при доставке;

г) обозначения пункта или места, в котором ответствен-ность за товар переходит от продавца к покупателю.

11. Этапы жизненного цикла продукции (расположите их в логическом порядке):

а) утилизация;

 б) подготовка производства;

 в) изготовление;

г) маркетинг;

272
测试

---
6. 商品价格上涨会导致销售收入增加的情况是：

а) 在商品需求缺乏弹性的情况下；

б) 在商品需求具有弹性的情况下；

в) 当商品生产成本随其产量成比例变化时；

г) 在所有情况下。

7. 最普遍的定价方法是：

а) 综合法；

б) 参数法；

в) 基于盈亏平衡分析法；

г) “成本加固定利润”法；

д) 基于现行价格法。

8. 初始定价的步骤（请按逻辑顺序排列）：

а) 选择定价方法；

б) 确定定价的目标和任务；

в) 评估生产成本；

г) 确定商品需求；

д) 分析竞争对手的价格和商品。

9. 将新产品推向市场时采用的定价策略有：

а) 渗透定价；

б) 排挤定价；

в) 优先价格；

г) 滑动递减价格；

д) “撇脂”定价。

10. 离岸价格（FOB价格）用于：

а) 工业用途的商品

б) 将产品运输费用计入批发价；

в) 核算运输过程中产生的额外费用；

г) 指明商品责任从卖方转移给买方的地点或位置。

11. 产品生命周期的阶段（请按逻辑顺序排列）：

а) 回收处理；

б) 生产准备；

в) 制造；

г) 市场营销；

272
Tests

---
6. An increase in the price of a product leads to an increase in sales revenue:

а) in the case of inelastic demand for the product;

б) with elastic demand for the product;

в) when the costs of producing the product change proportionally to its volume;

г) in all cases.

7. The most common method of price setting is:

а) aggregate;

б) parametric;

в) based on break-even analysis;

г) the "cost-plus fixed profit" method;

д) based on current prices.

8. Stages of setting the initial price (arrange them in logical order):

а) selection of the pricing method;

б) determination of pricing goals and objectives;

в) assessment of production costs;

г) determination of demand for the product;

д) analysis of competitors' prices and products.

9. When introducing a new product to the market, pricing strategies used are:

а) penetration;

б) ouster;

в) premium pricing;

г) sliding price;

д) "skimming".

10. Free on Board (FOB) prices are used:

а) for industrial goods;

б) to include product delivery costs in the wholesale price;

в) to account for additional expenses that arise during delivery;

г) to designate the point or place where responsibility for the goods transfers from the seller to the buyer.

11. Stages of the product life cycle (arrange them in logical order):

а) disposal;

б) production preparation;

в) manufacturing;

г) marketing;


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荣耀独归上帝

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Glory to God alone

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Ilustraciones de Enrique Lorenzo

sm

足球小子们系列

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إدارة مخاطر السيولة في البنوك الإسلامية - دراسة حالة بنك البركة الجزائري للفترة(2008-2017) ،
(ص.ص 209-224)

---

الجدول رقم(2): نسبة الأصول السائلة إلى الودائع و مصادر التمويل قصيرة الأجل خلال الفترة 2008-2017

| نسبة الأصول السائلة إلى الودائع و مصادر التمويل قصيرة الأجل | السنوات |
|---:|---:|
| %23.42 | 2008 |
| %44.07 | 2009 |
| %63.01 | 2010 |
| %65.79 | 2011 |
| %94.73 | 2012 |
| %91.25 | 2013 |
| %78.75 | 2014 |
| %58.19 | 2015 |
| %52.83 | 2016 |
| %47.90 | 2017 |

المصدر: من إعداد الباحثين اعتمادا على التقارير السنوية لبنك البركة الجزائري لسنوات الدراسة و قاعدة بيانات بنك سكوب

الشكل رقم (2) يوضح نسبة الأصول السائلة إلى الودائع و مصادر التمويل قصيرة الأجل خلال الفترة 2008-2017

نسبة الأصول السائلة إلى الودائع و مصادر التمويل قصيرة الأجل

نسبة الأصول السائلة إلى الودائع و مصادر

المصدر: من إعداد الباحثين اعتمادا على التقارير السنوية لبنك البركة الجزائري لسنوات الدراسة و قاعدة بيانات بنك سكوب

الجدول رقم(3): نسبة الأصول السائلة إلى إجمالي الودائع و السلفات خلال الفترة 2008-2017

| نسبة الأصول السائلة إلى إجمالي الودائع و الحسابات | السنوات |
|---------:|------------------------------------------:|
| %32,71 | 2008 |
| %52,12 | 2009 |
| %44,07 | 2010 |
| %36,19 | 2011 |
| %70,23 | 2012 |
| %68,05 | 2013 |
| %58,72 | 2014 |
| %46,47 | 2015 |
| %44,65 | 2016 |
| %40,04 | 2017 |

المصدر: من إعداد الباحثين اعتمادا على التقارير السنوية لبنك البركة الجزائري لسنوات الدراسة و
قاعدة بيانات بنك سكوب

---

222

(pp. 209-224), Liquidity Risk Management in Islamic Banks: A Case Study of Al Baraka Bank Algeria for the Period (2008-2017)

---

Table No. (2): Ratio of Liquid Assets to Deposits and Short-Term Financing Sources during the Period 2008-2017

| Ratio of Liquid Assets to Deposits and Short-Term Financing Sources | Years |
|---:|---:|
| 23.42% | 2008 |
| 44.07% | 2009 |
| 63.01% | 2010 |
| 65.79% | 2011 |
| 94.73% | 2012 |
| 91.25% | 2013 |
| 78.75% | 2014 |
| 58.19% | 2015 |
| 52.83% | 2016 |
| 47.90% | 2017 |

Source: Prepared by the researchers based on the annual reports of Al Baraka Bank Algeria for the study years and BankScope database

Figure No. (2) illustrates the ratio of liquid assets to deposits and short-term financing sources during the period 2008-2017

Source: Prepared by the researchers based on the annual reports of Al Baraka Bank Algeria for the study years and BankScope database

Table No. (3): Ratio of Liquid Assets to Total Deposits and Advances during the Period 2008-2017

| Ratio of Liquid Assets to Total Deposits and Accounts | Years |
|---------:|------------------------------------------:|
| 32.71% | 2008 |
| 52.12% | 2009 |
| 44.07% | 2010 |
| 36.19% | 2011 |
| 70.23% | 2012 |
| 68.05% | 2013 |
| 58.72% | 2014 |
| 46.47% | 2015 |
| 44.65% | 2016 |
| 40.04% | 2017 |

Source: Prepared by the researchers based on the annual reports of Al Baraka Bank Algeria for the study years and BankScope database.

---

222


| на 500 гол. в год (210 скотомест) | - | 574 | 95,4 | 0,45 | 0,90 | 0,0018 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|

В состав ежегодных издержек производства включаются:

амортизационные отчисления и расходы, связанные с эксплуатацией зданий, сооружений, оборудования и других основных фондов;

транспортные расходы на перевозку грузов и рабочих;

заработная плата административно-управленческого персонала, другие элементы общепроизводственных и общехозяйственных расходов, изменяющиеся при осуществлении проекта;

дополнительные производственные затраты, связанные с изменением уровня специализации и концентрации производства.

Амортизационные отчисления определяются по нормам амортизации, устанавливаемым в зависимости от видов и материалов построек, сроков их службы, типов оборудования. Они исчисляются в процентах — по новым объектам от сметной стоимости, по существующим зданиям и сооружениям (в том числе неиспользуемым) от балансовой стоимости. Так, общая норма амортизационных отчислений для зданий облегченной каменной кладки с железобетонными перекрытиями составляет 4,7 %, деревянных, каркасных и щитовых зданий — 7,1 %.

В состав эксплуатационных затрат входят расходы на текущий ремонт объектов, электроэнергию, отопление, охрану, обслуживание оборудования (оплату технического персонала) и др. Они также определяются в процентах от общей капитальной стоимости вновь строящихся и существующих построек и сооружений. При проведении укрупненных расчетов эту величину можно принять равной 5 %.

В связи с изменением количества и местоположения населенных пунктов и производственных центров на территории хозяйства изменяются и транспортные затраты. Они включают в себя расходы по перевозке урожая и кормов с полей на усадьбы, различных грузов с усадеб на поля (семенного и

| 年产500头 (210个栏位) | - | 574 | 95.4 | 0.45 | 0.90 | 0.0018 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|

年度生产成本包括：

建筑物、构筑物、设备及其他固定资产的折旧费用及运营相关支出；

货物和工人的运输费用；

行政管理人员的工资，以及在项目实施过程中发生变化的其他制造费用和管理费用；

与生产专业化水平、生产集中度调整相关的额外生产成本。

折旧摊销根据建筑物的类型和材料、其使用寿命以及设备类型确定的折旧率进行计算。对于新项目，按估算成本的百分比计算；对于现有建筑物和构筑物（包括未使用的），按账面价值的百分比计算。例如，带有钢筋混凝土楼板的轻型砖石结构建筑的总折旧率为4.7%，木结构、框架结构和预制板结构建筑的总折旧率为7.1%。

运营成本包括设施的日常维修费用、电力、供暖、安保费用、设备维护费用（技术人员的薪酬）等。这些费用也按新建和现有建筑物及构筑物总资本价值的百分比计算。在进行概算时，该值可取5%。

由于农场区域内居民点和生产中心的数量和位置发生变化，运输成本也随之变化。这些成本包括将农作物和饲料从田地运往农庄的运输费用，以及将各种物资从农庄运往田地（种子和

| for 500 head per year (210 livestock places) | - | 574 | 95.4 | 0.45 | 0.90 | 0.0018 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|

The production costs include:

depreciation charges and expenses related to the operation of buildings, structures, equipment, and other fixed assets;

transportation costs for hauling goods and workers;

administrative and general staff salaries, plus other shared production and administrative expenses incurred during project execution;

additional production costs associated with changes in the level of specialization and concentration of production.

Depreciation charges are determined based on depreciation rates, which are set depending on the type and materials of buildings, their service life, and equipment types. They are calculated as a percentage: for new facilities, based on the estimated cost; for existing buildings and structures (including unused ones), based on the book value. For example, the total depreciation rate for lightweight masonry buildings with reinforced concrete floors is 4.7%, and for wooden, frame and panel buildings, it is 7.1%.

Operational costs include expenses for routine maintenance of facilities, electricity, heating, security, equipment servicing (payment to technical staff), etc. They are also determined as a percentage of the total capital cost of newly constructed and existing buildings and structures. For aggregated calculations, this value can be taken as 5 %.

As the number and location of settlements and production centers in the farm's territory change, transportation costs also change. These costs include expenses for transporting crops and feed from fields to farms, and various goods from farms to fields (seed and


МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ

ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

ТАГАНРОГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ

РАДИОТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

---

С. В. Гриненко

КОНСПЕКТ ЛЕКЦИИ

по курсу

Экономика недвижимости

*Для студентов экономических специальностей*

---

Таганрог 2004

俄罗斯联邦教育部

国立教育机构

高等专业教育

塔甘罗格国立

无线电技术大学

---

С. В. 格里年科

讲义

课程

房地产经济学

*为经济专业学生*

---

塔甘罗格 2004

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

TAGANROG STATE

RADIO ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY

---

S. V. Grinenko

LECTURE NOTES

for the course

Real Estate Economics

*For students of economic specializations*

---

Taganrog 2004


-выделение затрат.

*Метод субподряда* основан на том, что строитель-генподрядчик нанимает субподрядчиков для выполнения части строительных работ. Затем рассчиты-ваются суммарные затраты по всем субподрядчикам.

*Метод разбивки по профилю* аналогичен предыдущему и основан на рас-чете затрат на наем различных специалистов.

*Метод выделения затрат* предполагает использование разных единиц сравнения для оценки разных компонент здания, после чего эти оценки сумми-руются.

---

40

-成本分摊。

*分包法*的基础是，建筑总承包商雇佣分包商来完成部分建筑工程。然后计算所有分包商的总成本。

*按专业分项法* 与前述方法类似，并基于雇佣不同专业人员的成本计算。

*成本分摊法* 指的是使用不同的比较单位来评估建筑物的不同组成部分，之后将这些评估值汇总。

---

40

-Cost allocation.

*Subcontracting Method* is based on the general contractor hiring subcontractors to perform part of the construction work. Then, the total costs for all subcontractors are aggregated.

*Trade Breakdown Method* is similar to the previous one and is based on calculating the costs of hiring various specialists.

*Cost Allocation Method* involves using different units of comparison to assess different components of the building, after which these estimates are summed up.
---

40


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DATEN UND PROGNOSEN

---

Abb. 2.3
Reales Bruttoinlandsprodukt im Euroraum
Saison- und kalenderbereinigter Verlauf

$ ^{a} $Veränderung gegenüber dem Vorquartal in %.$ ^{ b} $Zahlenangaben: Veränderung gegenüber dem Vorjahr.
Quelle: Eurostat; Berechnungen des ifo Instituts;
ab 4. Quartal 2018: Prognose des ifo Instituts.
© ifo Institut

land und den Niederlanden sind aufgrund des weitge-hend geräumten Arbeitsmarktes nur noch geringere Rückgänge zu erwarten.

Die Inflationsrate wird voraussichtlich mit 1,8% in diesem und in den beiden kommenden Jahren leicht unter dem Zielwert der EZB liegen. In den nächsten Monaten dürfte sich der Preisanstieg zunächst wieder etwas verlangsamen, da die Teuerung von Energieträ-gern sich derzeit abschwächt. Rohöl der Sorte Brent kostete Anfang Dezember knapp unter 60 US-Dollar pro Barrel und damit deutlich weniger als noch im Oktober, als es in der Spitze bei 85 US-Dollar per Bar-rel lag. Im weiteren Verlauf dürfte es allerdings infolge steigender Beschäftigung und stärkerer Lohnzu-wächse zu einer Zunahme der um Energiepreiseffekte bereinigten Kerninflationsrate kommen. Im Jahres-durchschnitt 2019 dürfte die Kernrate bei 1,7% liegen und im nächsten Jahr auf 1,8% steigen. Im Vergleich der größten Länder des Euroraums gibt es weiterhin Unterschiede. Die allgemeine Preissteigerung wird in Deutschland in den kommenden beiden Jahren vor-aussichtlich am kräftigsten ausfallen. Frankreich und Spa-nien bilden das Mittelfeld. Die Teuerung in Italien bleibt wohl aufgrund der schwachen Kon-junktur und der vergleichs-weise hohen Arbeitslosigkeit weiterhin gering.

Abb. 2.4
Revision der Prognose der Veränderung des realen Bruttoinlandsprodukts
Differenz zur ifo Konjunkturprognose Herbst 2018; in Prozentpunkten

Quelle: Berechnungen des ifo Instituts.
© ifo Institut

2.5. RISIKEN

Die Risiken für die Konjunktur-aussichten im Euroraum domi-nieren weiterhin die Chancen. Zwar besteht die Möglichkeit, dass sich die zukünftige kon-junkturelle Entwicklung bes-ser darstellt als in dieser Pro-gnose unterstellt. Ein Grund dafür könnte zum Beispiel die wirtschaftlich stimulie-rende Wirkung des jüngst stark gefallenen Ölpreises sein. Allerdings überwiegen die Risikofaktoren, die die Konjunktur im Euroraum stärker dämpfen könn-ten, als in dieser Prognose unterstellt. Dazu zählen ein »harter« Brexit, der Haushaltsstreit zwischen Italien und der Europäischen Kommission sowie Risiken im Zusammenhang mit dem globalen Handelsstreit und der Lage in den Schwellenländern (vgl. Abschnitt 1.3).

Zunächst schien die für den 11. Dezember im *House-of-Commons* angesetzte Abstimmung über das Brexit-Abkommen den Verbleib des Vereinigten Königreichs in der EU-Zollunion bis 2020 zu sichern. Mit der Verschiebung der Abstimmung haben sich die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines »harten« Brexit sowie mög-liche Verwerfungen im Handel zwischen dem Verei-nigten Königreich und der EU wieder deutlich erhöht, was sich letztendlich in einem erheblichen Anstieg der Unsicherheit niederschlagen dürfte. Zwar wird in der vorliegenden Prognose unterstellt, dass das Vereinigte Königreich die Europäische Union 2019 geordnet verlässt und es zu keinen Beschränkungen im grenzüberschreitenden Warenverkehr kommt. Sollte es hingegen doch zu einem ungeordneten Ausscheiden des Vereinigten Königreichs aus der Europäischen Union kommen, dürfte die Wieder-einführung von Grenzkont-rollen und Zöllen gravierende Folgen für die britische Konjunktur und damit auch für den Euroraum haben. Internatio-nale produktions- und Liefer-ketten würden beeinträchtigt werden, was zu kurzfristigen Verwerfungen und einem nur schwer quantifizierbaren Ein-

---

40 ifo Schnelldienst 24/2018 71. Jahrgang 20. Dezember 2018

数据与预测

---

图 2.3
欧元区实际国内生产总值
经季节和日历调整的趋势

$ ^{a} $与上一季度相比的变化率。$ ^{ b} $数据：与上一年相比的变化。
来源：欧盟统计局；ifo 经济研究所计算；
自2018年第四季度起：ifo 经济研究所预测。
© ifo 经济研究所

德国和荷兰，由于劳动力市场已基本饱和，预计仅会出现较小幅度的下降。

预计今年及未来两年，通货膨胀率将为1.8%，略低于欧洲中央银行的目标值。未来几个月，由于能源价格涨势目前正在减弱，物价上涨速度可能会暂时再次放缓。布伦特原油12月初的价格略低于每桶60美元，远低于10月份曾达到的每桶85美元的峰值。然而，在接下来的过程中，由于就业改善和工资增长加快，剔除能源价格影响的核心通货膨胀率可能会上升。2019年全年平均核心通胀率预计为1.7%，2020年将升至1.8%。在欧元区最大的几个国家中，情况仍存在差异。未来两年，德国的总体物价涨幅预计将最为强劲。法国和西班牙处于中间水平。由于经济疲软以及失业率相对较高，意大利的通货膨胀可能仍将保持在较低水平。

图 2.4
实际国内生产总值变化预测的修正与 ifo 经济研究所2018年秋季经济预测的差异；以百分点计

来源：ifo 经济研究所计算。
© ifo 经济研究所

2.5. 风险

欧元区经济前景的风险仍然大于机遇。尽管未来经济发展有可能好于本预测的预期。例如，近期油价大幅下跌可能带来的经济刺激效应便是一个原因。然而，那些可能比本预测所假设的更能抑制欧元区经济的风险因素仍占主导地位。其中包括“硬”脱欧、意大利与欧盟委员会之间的预算争议，以及与全球贸易争端和新兴市场国家局势相关的风险（参见1.3节）。

最初，原定于12月11日在*英国下议院*就脱欧协议进行的投票似乎能确保英国在2020年前仍留在欧盟关税同盟内。随着投票的推迟，“硬”脱欧的可能性以及英国与欧盟之间贸易可能出现的混乱显著增加，这最终可能导致不确定性大幅上升。尽管本预测假设英国将在2019年有序脱离欧盟，并且跨境货物运输不会受到限制。然而，如果英国真的无序脱离欧盟，重新实行边境管制和关税可能会对英国经济乃至欧元区产生严重后果。国际生产和供应链将受到影响，这会导致短期混乱和一个难以量化的影响——

---

40 ifo Schnelldienst 24/2018 第71卷 2018年12月20日

DATA AND FORECASTS

---

Fig. 2.3
Real Gross Domestic Product in the Euro Are Seasonally and calendar-adjusted trend

$ ^{a} $Change compared to the previous quarter in %.
$ ^{ b} $Figures: Change compared to the previous year.
Source: Eurostat; Calculations of the ifo Institute;
from Q4 2018: Forecast by the ifo Institute.

© ifo Institute

Germany and the Netherlands, only minor declines are expected due to the largely cleared labor market.

The inflation rate is expected to be 1.8% this year and in the next two years, slightly below the ECB's target value. In the coming months, the price increase is likely to slow down again initially, as the inflation of energy sources is currently weakening. Brent crude oil cost just under 60 US dollars per barrel in early December, significantly less than in October when it peaked at 85 US dollars per barrel. However, in the further course, an increase in the core inflation rate, adjusted for energy price effects, is expected due to rising employment and stronger wage growth. In the annual average of 2019, the core rate is likely to be 1.7% and rise to 1.8% next year. There continue to be differences in the comparison of the largest countries in the Euro Area. The general price increase in Germany is expected to be the strongest in the coming two years. France and Spain form the mid-range. Inflation in Italy is likely to remain low due to the weak economy and comparatively high unemployment.

Fig. 2.4
Revision of the forecast for the change in real Gross Domestic Product
Difference to the ifo Economic Forecast Autumn 2018; in percentage points

Source: Calculations of the ifo Institute.
© ifo Institute

2.5. RISKS

Risks to the economic outlook in the euro area continue to outweigh opportunities. Admittedly, there is a possibility that future economic development could be better than assumed in this forecast. One reason for this could be, for example, the economically stimulating effect of the recently sharply fallen oil price. However, the risk factors that could dampen the economy in the Euro Area more severely than assumed in this forecast predominate. These include a "hard" Brexit, the budget dispute between Italy and the European Commission, as well as risks associated with the global trade dispute and the situation in emerging economies (see Section 1.3).

Initially, the vote on the Brexit agreement scheduled for December 11th in the *House of Commons* seemed to secure the United Kingdom's continued membership in the EU Customs Union until 2020. With the postponement of the vote, the probability of a "hard" Brexit and possible distortions in trade between the United Kingdom and the EU have significantly increased again, which is ultimately likely to result in a considerable rise in uncertainty. Admittedly, the present forecast assumes that the United Kingdom will leave the European Union in an orderly manner in 2019 and that there will be no restrictions on cross-border goods traffic. However, should the United Kingdom disorderly exit the European Union, the reintroduction of border controls and tariffs would likely have serious consequences for the British economy and thus also for the Euro Area. International production and supply chains would be affected, leading to short-term disruptions and an impact that is difficult to quantify...

---

40 ifo Schnelldienst 24/2018 71st Volume December 20, 2018


Üsküdar’da bir kış günü  Günbatımı zamanı

于斯屈达尔的一个冬日 日落时分


Доброго утречка всем!

доброго утра!   удачного дня!

早上好啊，各位！

早上好！祝你一天顺利！

A cheery good morning to all!

Good morning! Have a great day!


莱奥波尔多·阿拉斯

庭长夫人

e


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14/2

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When customers order MEIBUTSU or DAITOKUSEN assorted sashimi


*SNEAK UPDATE*

1 ปีมีครั้งเดียว
งานกาชาดประจำปี 67
จัดเต็มแสงสี 12 วัน 12 คืน
JUL 17

11 22 ธ.ค. 67  สวนลุมพินี ลง MRT สีลม ทางออก 1

*抢先快讯*

一年一度
佛历2567年红十字会年度博览会
绚烂声光，连续12天12夜
7月17日

佛历2567年12月11日至22日 伦披尼公园 地铁隆站下车，1号出口

*SNEAK UPDATE*

Once a Year only
Annual Red Cross Fair 2024
A Full Spectacle of Lights and Colors, 12 Days and 12 Nights
JUL 17

11-22 Dec 2024  Lumphini Park, get off at MRT Silom, Exit 1


5 idées de repas équilibrés
*moins de 15€ de courses / personne*

5个均衡膳食方案
*每人食材采购花费少于15€

5 Balanced Meal Ideas
*less than €15 of groceries per person*


Lunch sedap di
Siakap Goreng Sg. Kerak
Kg. Sungai Kerak, Marang, Terengganu

美味的午餐在
双溪克拉炸金目鲈
甘榜双溪克拉，马江，登嘉楼

Delicious lunch at
Kerak River Fried Seabass
Kerak River Village, Marang, Terengganu


EN ESTA CASA
VIVIÓ DE 1933 A 1969
EL JURISTA
JOSÉ
CASTÁN TOBEÑAS
Y EN ELLA ESCRIBIÓ VARIOS
DE SUS LIBROS DE
DERECHO CIVIL

Ayuntamiento de Madrid
1993

Blog Conmemorativos en Madrid @ Juan Alcor
http://conmemorativosenmadrid.blogspot.com.es/

在这座房子里
1933 年至 1969 年期间
法学家
何塞·卡斯塔恩·托贝尼亚斯
在此居住
并在此撰写了多部
民法著作

马德里市政府
1993

马德里纪念博客 @ 胡安·阿尔科尔
http://conmemorativosenmadrid.blogspot.com.es/

In this house, the jurist José Castán Tobeñas lived from 1933 to 1969, and in it he wrote several of his civil law books

City Council of Madrid
1993

Commemorative Blogs in Madrid @ Juan Alcor
http://conmemorativosenmadrid.blogspot.com.es/


СМОТРИТЕ НА
START

Да тут с первой минуты понятно, кто есть кто, но вот с персонажем Бичевина все намного интереснее, я его первый раз в такой роли вижу, ему идет)
@dariia8419

Судя по отзывам, смотреть надо без мужа)
@oxana_mls

敬请观看
开始

是的，从第一分钟就能明白谁是谁，但比切文这个角色就更有意思了，我第一次看到他演这样的角色，很适合他）
@dariia8419

从评论来看，最好不要和丈夫一起看）
@oxana_mls

WATCH ON
START

Yeah, it's clear from the very first minute who's who, but Bichevin's character is much more interesting; it's the first time I've seen him in such a role, and it suits him)
@dariia8419

Judging by the reviews, you should watch it without your husband)
@oxana_mls


秋の行楽シーズン 離島で非日常を 楽しんでみませんか？

日 本 国 内 に は た く さ ん の魅 力 的 な 観 光 地 が あ り ま す が、「離島」 は、 海 や 山 の 豊 か な 自 然 に 触 れ る だ け で な く、島 に 渡 る そ の 旅 路 自 体 が ワ ク ワ ク する 特 別 な 体 験 と な り ま す。今 回 は、日 本 各 地 か ら 厳 選 し た お す す め の 離 島 を ご 紹  介 し ま す。

秋季出游时节，何不在离岛尽享别样日常呢？

日本国内虽有众多魅力十足的观光胜地，但「离岛」不仅能让人感受大海与高山的丰饶自然，其前往岛屿的旅途本身，亦是一段激动人心的特别体验。此次，我们将从日本各地精选并向您介绍一些推荐的离岛。

Autumn Travel Season: Why Not Enjoy an Extraordinary Getaway on a Remote Island?

While Japan has many attractive tourist destinations, 「remote islands」 offer not only an opportunity to immerse yourself in the rich natural environments of the sea and mountains, but the very journey to the island itself becomes a thrilling and special experience. This time, we will introduce our selection of recommended remote islands from across Japan.


Pada konteks ajaran Islam dalam aktivitas ekonomi uang bersifat dinamis, artinya keberadaan uang akan terus mengalir atau lebih familiar dengan *flow concept*. Sedangkan dalam sistem perekonomian kapitalis, uang dipandang sebagai komoditas.

Itu sebabnya, al-Ghazali berpendapat bahwa “uang ibarat cermin yang tidak mempunyai warna, tetapi dapat merefleksikan semua warna”. Artinya, uang tidak memiliki harga namun dapat merepresentasikan nilai keseluruhan benda. Sebagaimana adagium klasik menyebutkan bahwa uang tidak berguna secara langsung (*direct utility function*), maknanya uang hanya dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif transaksi atas suatu barang, lalu barang yang telah dibeli yang akan memberikan kegunaan.$ ^{10} $

Ekonomi Islam membuat suatu konsep bahwa uang adalah milik masyarakat (*money is good public*). Sehingga uang tidak akan produktif ketika ditimbun oleh sekelompok orang, perilaku menimbun uang mengakibatkan kurangnya jumlah uang yang beredar sehingga berdampak pula pada perekonomian yang stagnan. Ketika individu menumpuk uang dengan sengaja tidak diedarkan atau dipergunakan, maka tindakan tersebut akan mencegah proses kelancaran perdagangan. Implikasinya adalah proses pertukaran dalam perekonomian menjadi terhambat. Disamping itu, harta atau uang yang di tumpuk dapat memotivasi individu bersifat tamak, rakus, dan malas beramal (zakat, infak, dan sedekah). Konsekuensi dari sifat tercela inilah yang juga akan menghambat kontinuitas aktivitas ekonomi. Dengan demikian, Islam melarang keras penimbunan/penumpukan harta, serta menguasai kekayaan oleh golongan tertentu. Pendapat Imam al-Ghazali yang disandarkan pada firman Allah menganggap bahwasanya individu yang gemar memobilisasi uang merupakan seorang penjahat, sebab menumpuk artinya menimbun uang berarti menarik uang secara sementara dari peredaran.$ ^{11} $

Jumlah uang yang beredar akan semakin berkurang ketika seorang individu menyimpannya dan tidak diberdayakan pada sektor produktif (*idle asset*), dalam konsep Islam nominal uang akan berkurang karena

---

$ ^{10} $Mufid, *Kaidah Fikih Ekonomi & Keuangan Kontemporer: Pendekatan Tematis & Praktis*, (Jakarta: Kencana 2019), hlm. 176.
$ ^{11} $Anwar Saiful, *Pengantar Falsafah Ekonomi …*, hlm. 95.

158 Pengantar Ekonomi Islam

在伊斯兰教义的经济活动背景下，货币具有动态性，意味着货币的存在将持续流动，或者更熟悉地称为*流动概念*。而在资本主义经济体系中，货币被视为一种商品。

因此，安萨里认为：“货币就像一面没有颜色的镜子，但能反映所有颜色”。意思是，货币没有价格，但能代表所有事物的整体价值。正如古老的格言所说，货币不具有直接效用，这意味着货币只能用作某种商品的交易替代品，然后购买的商品才会提供效用。$ ^{10} $

伊斯兰经济学提出了一个概念，即货币属于社会 (*money is good public*)。因此，当货币被一部分人囤积时，它就不会具有生产力，囤积货币的行为会导致流通中的货币数量减少，从而对停滞的经济产生影响。当个人故意囤积货币而不使其流通或使用时，这种行为会阻碍贸易的顺利进行。其结果是经济中的交换过程受阻。此外，囤积的财富或货币会使个人变得贪婪、吝啬，并且懒于施舍（天课、施舍和慈善）。这种可鄙品质的后果也将阻碍经济活动的持续性。因此，伊斯兰教严禁囤积/积聚财富，以及财富被特定群体所控制。伊玛目安萨里 (Imam al-Ghazali) 的观点依据安拉的启示，认为那些喜欢囤积货币的人是罪犯，因为囤积意味着暂时将货币从流通中撤出。$ ^{11} $

当个人储蓄货币而不将其用于生产性部门（*闲置资产*）时，流通中的货币数量将会减少，在伊斯兰概念中，货币的名义价值会因为

---

$ ^{10} $穆菲德，*《当代经济与金融法学原理：主题与实践方法》*，(雅加达：Kencana出版社，2019年)，第176页。
$ ^{11} $安瓦尔·赛义夫，*《经济哲学导论…》*，第95页。

158 伊斯兰经济学导论

In the context of Islamic teachings in economic activities, money is dynamic, meaning the existence of money will continuously flow or is more familiarly known as the *flow concept*. Whereas in the capitalist economic system, money is viewed as a commodity.

That is why al-Ghazali opined that “money is like a mirror that has no color, but can reflect all colors”.  Meaning, money does not have a price but can represent the overall value of things. As a classic adage states that money is not directly useful (*direct utility function*), meaning money can only be used as an alternative for transactions of goods, and then the purchased goods will provide utility.$ ^{10} $

Islamic economics establishes a concept that money belongs to society (*money is good public*). Thus, money will not be productive when hoarded by a group of people; the act of hoarding money results in a shortage of circulating money, thereby also impacting a stagnant economy. When individuals intentionally hoard money and do not circulate or use it, such actions will hinder the smooth process of trade. The implication is that the exchange process in the economy becomes obstructed. Besides that, hoarded wealth or money can motivate individuals to be greedy, avaricious, and reluctant to perform acts of charity (zakat, infaq, and sadaqah). The consequence of these reprehensible traits will also impede the continuity of economic activity. Therefore, Islam strictly prohibits the hoarding/accumulation of wealth, as well as the control of wealth by certain groups. Imam al-Ghazali's opinion, based on the word of Allah, considers that individuals who are fond of immobilizing money are criminals, because hoarding means accumulating money, which means temporarily withdrawing money from circulation.$ ^{11} $

The amount of money in circulation will further decrease when an individual saves it and does not utilize it in productive sectors (*idle asset*), in the Islamic concept, the nominal value of money will decrease because

---

$ ^{10} $Mufid, *Contemporary Economic & Financial Jurisprudence Principles: A Thematic & Practical Approach*, (Jakarta: Kencana 2019), p. 176.
$ ^{11} $ Anwar Saiful, *Introduction to Economic Philosophy …*, p. 95.

158 Introduction to Islamic Economics


02 白川郷

日本の原風景ともいうべき美しい景観をなすこの合掌造り集落。伝統文化の体験施設や歴史資料館等では、昔ながらの生活の知恵を垣間見ることができます。

02 白川乡

这片合掌造村落构成了堪称日本原始风景的美丽景观。在传统文化体验设施和历史资料馆等处，可以窥见自古以来的生活智慧。

02 Shirakawa-go

This gassho-style village is a beautiful landscape that can be described to be the original scenery of Japan. At traditional cultural experience facilities and historical museums, you can get a glimpse of the wisdom of old life.


SPIRALSCHNEIDER
KOCHBUCH
Koche mit dem Spiralschneider die leckersten Rezepte der Welt

BEATE WELSER

螺旋切割器
食谱 (KOCHBUCH)
用螺旋切割器烹饪世界上最美味的食谱

贝特·韦尔瑟

SPIRALIZER
COOKBOOK
Cook the world's tastiest recipes with the spiralizer

BEATE WELSER


たぬきこ
② 田貫湖（静岡県）
空気が澄んだ冬場は、雪化粧した富士山が湖面に映る「逆さ富士」を楽しむことが出来る田貫湖。富士宮市で富士山観光といえばココ！

田贯湖
② 田贯湖（静冈县）
在空气澄净的冬季，是可以欣赏到白雪皑皑的富士山倒映于湖面形成的“倒富士”的田贯湖。说到富士宫市的富士山观光，就属这里了！

Tanukiko
② Lake Tanuki (Shizuoka Prefecture)
Lake Tanuki is a place where, in the clear air of winter, you can enjoy the 'Inverted Fuji' (Sakasa Fuji) – a snow-capped Mount Fuji reflected on the lake's surface. When it comes to Mount Fuji sightseeing in Fujinomiya City, this is the spot!


Şanlıurfa Mı?

Hep Taş Toprak..

Ne Buldun Orada?

Part:2

是尚勒乌尔法吗？

都是石头和泥土..

你在那里找到了什么？

第2部分

Is it Şanlıurfa?

It's all just rocks and earth..

What did you find there?

Part:2


Wie der Kredit wirklich in die Welt kommt

... und was die Standardlehrwerke der Volkswirtschaftslehre alles falsch machen

Fabian Lindner

——————

Rezensierte Bücher:

Mankiw/Taylor

Grundzüge der Volkswirtschaftslehre

Mankiw, N.G./Taylor, M.P. (2012): Grundzüge der Volkswirtschaftslehre, 5. Auflage, Stuttgart: Schäffer-Poeschel, 1133 Seiten. Im Folgenden zitiert als MT.  (Abb: Schäffer-Poeschel)

Volkswirtschaftslehre

Krugman, P./ Wells, R. (2010): Volkswirtschaftslehre, Stuttgart: Schäffer-Poeschel, 1166 Seiten. Im Folgenden zitiert als KW.  (Abb: Schäffer-Poeschel)

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186

信贷如何真正进入世界
……以及标准经济学教科书都犯了哪些错误

法比安·林德纳

——————

评述书籍：

《经济学原理》

曼昆，N.G.／泰勒，M.P. (2012)：《经济学原理》，第5版，斯图加特：舍费尔-珀歇尔出版社，1133页。下文引用为MT。(图：舍费尔-珀歇尔出版社)

《经济学》

克鲁格曼，P.／韦尔斯，R. (2010)：《经济学》，斯图加特：舍费尔-珀歇尔出版社，1166页。下文引用为KW。(图：舍费尔-珀歇尔出版社)

---

186

How Credit Really Enters the World

... and What Standard Textbooks of Economics Get All Wrong

Fabian Lindner

——————

Reviewed Books:

Principles of Economics

Mankiw, N.G./Taylor, M.P. (2012): Principles of Economics, 5th Edition, Stuttgart: Schäffer-Poeschel, 1133 pages. Cited below as MT.  (Fig.: Schäffer-Poeschel)

Economics

Krugman, P./Wells, R. (2010): Economics, Stuttgart: Schäffer-Poeschel, 1166 pages. Cited below as KW.  (Fig.: Schäffer-Poeschel)

---

186


POKE

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CIVITANOVA MARCHE (MC)

ITALY FOOD PORN MARCHE

POKE

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Yaya 波奇新菜单

奇维塔诺瓦马尔凯 (马切拉塔省)

意大利 美食诱惑 马尔凯

POKE

5527040

YAYA POKE'S NEW MENU

CIVITANOVA MARCHE (MC)

ITALY FOOD PORN MARCHE


*Boitown*

BOITOWN

부담없이 뿌리기 좋은
학생 겨울 향수
@@기본 베이스로 맞는듯ㅋㅋㅋ

*冰希黎*

冰希黎

适合随手喷洒无负担
学生党冬季香水
@@感觉拿来当基础香用很合适哈哈哈

*Boitown*

BOITOWN

Great for Carefree Spraying
Winter Perfumes for Students
@@Feels like this is the standard base scent, LOL


@HTOUREXPERIENCIAS

5
Melhores pizzarias  de Nápoles!

Escolhidas por quem  entende: os locais!

@HTOUREXPERIENCIAS

5
那不勒斯最佳比萨店！

由懂行的人精选：当地人！

@HTOUREXPERIENCIAS

5
Best Pizzerias in Naples!

Chosen by those in the know: the locals!


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# CAPITOLO 6- ANALISI DI UN CAMPIONE DI IMPRESE TECH QUOTATE

## 6.0 PREMESSA

Nel presente capitolo entreremo nel cuore dell’analisi del campione di aziende selezionato. Saranno dapprima indicati i periodi temporali oggetto di confronto e le motivazioni che hanno portato a tale scelta, così come i criteri che hanno portato alla scelta del campione di imprese. Seguirà quindi l’analisi dell’andamento di varie voci, aggregati di bilancio e indici, nonché una
parte finale dedicata all’informativa relativa all’avviamento e all’*impairment* test fornita in nota integrativa e la controparte esposta nella relazione della società di revisione indipendente.

---

77

# 第6章 上市科技公司样本分析

## 6.0 引言

在本章中，我们将深入分析所选定的公司样本。首先将指明用于比较的时间段和进行此选择的原因，以及选择公司样本所依据的标准。随后将分析各种项目、财务报表总额和指数的趋势，最后一部分将专门讨论附注中提供的有关商誉和*减值*测试的信息，以及独立审计公司报告中对应的陈述。

---

77

# CHAPTER 6 - ANALYSIS OF A SAMPLE OF LISTED TECH COMPANIES

## 6.0 INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, we will delve into the core of the analysis of the selected sample of companies. The time periods subject to comparison and the reasons that led to this choice will be indicated first, as well as the criteria that led to the selection of the sample of companies.This will then be followed by an analysis of the trends of various items, financial statement aggregates, and ratios, as well as a final section dedicated to the disclosures concerning goodwill and the *impairment* test provided in the notes to the financial statements, and the corresponding information presented in the independent auditor's report.

---

77


*Bảng 3.2. Mục đích sử dụng mạng xã hội của sinh viên Đại học Hải Dương*

| Stt | Mục đích | N | Tỷ lệ (%) | Xếp hạng |
|-----|-----------|---|-----------|-----------|
| 1 | Kết nối và giữ liên lạc bạn bè | 202 | 67,3 | 1 |
| 2 | Chơi game | 5 | 1,7 | 7 |
| 3 | Cập nhật các tin tức mới | 15 | 5,0 | 4 |
| 4 | Chia sẻ những sở thích của mình | 10 | 3,3 | 6 |
| 5 | Tham gia các nhóm trên mạng xã hội | 14 | 4,7 | 5 |
| 6 | Quảng cáo kinh doanh | 29 | 9,7 | 2 |
| 7 | Chat với bạn bè | 25 | 8,3 | 3 |

Qua khảo sát có thể thấy đa phần sinh viên sử dụng MXH với mục đích là kết nối bạn và giữ liên lạc với bạn bè chiếm 67,3%, đứng thứ hai với mục đích kinh doanh và quảng cáo chiếm 9,7%

MXH với tính năng đa dạng, nguồn thông tin phong phú, MXH giúp cho người dùng kết nối và giữ liên lạc với nhau vượt qua trở ngại về không gian và thời gian, giúp mỗi cá nhân tiết kiệm chi phí về vật chất cũng như thời gian trong việc giao lưu kết nối bạn bè, chỉ cần một tin nhắn, một cuộc gọi video có thể nhìn thấy người thân thay thế cho việc viết thư truyền thống. Tiếp nữa MXH còn là kênh quảng cáo và kinh doanh online đang được nhiều người quan tâm không chỉ đối với các doanh nghiệp mà các bạn sinh viên cũng tham gia làm thêm như bán hàng qua MXH. Đây cũng là mục đích mà sinh viên chọn sử dụng MXH Facebook và Zalo là chủ yếu

Bên cạnh mục đích sử dụng của sinh viên, khi được hỏi nguồn thông tin nào sinh viên biết đến các trang MXH

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44

*表3.2 海阳大学学生使用社交媒体的目的*

| 序号 | 目的 | 数量 | 比例（%） | 排名 |
|-----|-----------|---|-----------|-----------|
| 1 | 联系和维持朋友间的联络 | 202 | 67.3 | 1 |
| 2 | 玩游戏 | 5 | 1.7 | 7 |
| 3 | 更新最新资讯 | 15 | 5.0 | 4 |
| 4 | 分享自己的爱好 | 10 | 3.3 | 6 |
| 5 | 加入社交媒体上的群组 | 14 | 4.7 | 5 |
| 6 | 商业广告 | 29 | 9.7 | 2 |
| 7 | 和朋友聊天 | 25 | 8.3 | 3 |

通过调查可以看出，大部分学生使用社交媒体的目的是联系朋友和维持朋友间的联络，占67.3%，排名第二的是商业和广告目的，占9.7%

社交媒体功能多样、信息来源丰富，它帮助用户跨越空间和时间的阻碍相互联系和维持联络，帮助每个人在与朋友交流联络时节省物质和时间成本，只需一条消息、一次视频通话就能见到亲人，替代了传统的书信方式。此外，社交媒体还是一个线上广告和商业渠道，受到许多人关注，不仅对企业如此，学生们也参与兼职，比如通过社交媒体卖货。这也是学生选择使用社交媒体（Facebook和Zalo为主）的目的

除了学生的使用目的，当被问及通过哪些信息来源了解到社交媒体平台时

---

44

*Table 3.2. Purposes of Social Media Use by Students of Hai Duong University*

| No. | Purpose | N | Percentage (%) | Rank |
|-----|-----------|---|-----------|-----------|
| 1 | Connecting and keeping in touch with friends | 202 | 67.3 | 1 |
| 2 | Playing games | 5 | 1.7 | 7 |
| 3 | Keeping up with the latest news | 15 | 5.0 | 4 |
| 4 | Sharing one's interests | 10 | 3.3 | 6 |
| 5 | Participating in groups on social media | 14 | 4.7 | 5 |
| 6 | Business advertising | 29 | 9.7 | 2 |
| 7 | Chatting with friends | 25 | 8.3 | 3 |

Through the survey, it can be seen that most students use social media for the purpose of connecting and keeping in touch with friends, accounting for 67.3%; ranking second is for business and advertising purposes, accounting for 9.7%

Social media, with its diverse features and rich source of information, helps users connect and keep in touch with each other, overcoming obstacles of space and time. It helps each individual save on material costs as well as time in interacting and connecting with friends; just a message or a video call allows one to see loved ones, replacing traditional letter writing. Furthermore, social media is also an online advertising and business channel that is attracting significant interest, not only from businesses but also from students who engage in part-time activities such as selling goods via social media. This is also the main reason why students primarily choose to use social media platforms like Facebook and Zalo.

Besides the students' purposes of use, when asked from which sources of information students learned about social media sites

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44


ある」（世界の名著『現代の科学Ⅰ』中央公論社,522頁）と結論づけている.

このように,メンデル遺伝学のドグマにも例外があった.したがって,上に述べたケースとちょうど鏡像関係にあたるケース——すなわち,無脊椎動物でよく知られている,卵核だけから発生を進める“単為生殖（parthenogenesis）”——についても,私達を含む哺乳動物の場合には,発生異常が見られるはずである.なぜなら,メンデル遺伝学という統一が成立したかと思われたとたんに,その統一を破る例外が次次と明らかになってくるはずだからである.実際に,マウスで次のような実験がなされた.卵細胞の分化過程のある段階に人工的な処理を施すと,卵核が倍加した卵細胞をつくることができる.その卵細胞は,精子との融合なしに分裂を始めた.そして,筋肉,脊髄,骨格,さらには脈打つ心臓までが発生したのである.ところが,発生過程はこれ以上続かずに,やがて不完全な胚は死んでしまった（Gilbert, 1994, p.148）.予想どおり,メンデル遺伝学の例外が次次と明らかになってきた.今日では,その原因は遺伝子レベルの“インプリンティング（しるし）”であることが明らかになっている.これについては後述したい（56-57頁）.
ところで,受精という過程に注目しただけでも,それ自体がすでに“自己と非自己の対立的共存”というパラドックスに満ちていることがわかる.それでは,この種のパラドックスはいったいどこから始まるのであろうか.この疑問に答えるためには,生殖細胞がどのようにして誕生してくるかを検討してみる必要がある.
そこで,次に‘生殖細胞の起源’について考えてみよう.生殖細胞の起源は,私達の体を構成している体細胞の中に求めることができる.ここで,体細胞が体細胞を生み出す“有糸分裂”と呼ばれる通常の分裂様式と,体細胞が生殖細胞を生み出す“減数分裂”と呼ばれる特殊な分裂様式との違いを簡単におさえることから始めよう.

生殖細胞の起源——細胞分裂による‘自己’と‘非自己’の対立的共存の再編
一般に,体細胞には,母親由来と父親由来の23本の染色体（ここにおよそ10万の遺伝子が書き込まれている）がそれぞれ1組ずつ,都合2組そろっている（これを,“二倍体”あるいは“倍数体”と言う）.この体細胞が有糸分裂する場合,二

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第2章 生と死のはざまに在る生命のはじまり 53

结论是“存在的”（《世界名著〈现代科学Ⅰ〉》中央公论社，522页）。

像这样，孟德尔遗传学的教条也存在例外。因此，对于与上述情况正好成镜像关系的案例——即，在无脊椎动物中广为人知的，仅由卵核发育而成的“孤雌生殖”——在我们哺乳动物（包括人类）的情况下，也应该能观察到发育异常。这是因为，就在人们以为孟德尔遗传学这一统一理论已经成立之时，打破这一统一的例外情况本应接二连三地显现出来。实际上，在小鼠身上进行了如下实验。在卵细胞分化过程的某个阶段施加人工处理，可以制造出卵核被激活的卵细胞。该卵细胞在没有与精子融合的情况下开始分裂。并且，肌肉、脊髓、骨骼，乃至跳动的心脏都发育出来了。然而，发育过程未能继续，不久后不完整的胚胎便死亡了（Gilbert, 1994, p.148）。正如预期的那样，孟德尔遗传学的例外接连不断地显现出来。如今，其原因已被阐明是基因层面的“印记”。关于这一点，将在后文详述（56-57页）。
话说回来，仅仅关注受精这一过程，就能明白其本身就已经充满了“自我与非我之对立共存”的悖论。那么，这类悖论究竟从何而始呢？要回答这个问题，有必要探讨一下生殖细胞是如何诞生的。
因此，接下来让我们思考一下‘生殖细胞的起源’。生殖细胞的起源，可以在构成我们身体的体细胞中找到。在此，让我们从简单把握体细胞产生体细胞的被称为“有丝分裂”的普通分裂方式，与体细胞产生生殖细胞的被称为“减数分裂”的特殊分裂方式之间的区别开始。

生殖细胞的起源——通过细胞分裂重组‘自我’与‘非我’的对立共存
通常，体细胞中各有一组来自母亲和父亲的23条染色体（其中记录了大约10万个基因），合计两组（这被称为“二倍体”或“多倍体”）。当这种体细胞进行有丝分裂时，二

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第2章 处于生死之间的生命之始 53

he concludes that "[such things] exist" (in "Great Books of the World, *Modern Science Ⅰ*," Chuokoron-sha, p. 522)

Thus, there were exceptions even to the dogma of Mendelian genetics . Therefore, in a case that is exactly a mirror image of the one described above—namely, "parthenogenesis", which is well-known in invertebrates where development proceeds solely from the egg nucleus—developmental abnormalities should also be observed in mammals, including us. This is because, just when it seemed that the unification of Mendelian genetics had been established, exceptions that break that unification should successively become clear. In fact, the following experiment was conducted in mice. When artificial treatment is applied at a certain stage of the oocyte differentiation process, it is possible to create an oocyte whose nucleus has been activated. That oocyte began to divide without fusion with sperm. And then, muscles, a spinal cord, a skeleton, and even a beating heart developed. However, the developmental process did not continue beyond this point, and eventually, the incomplete embryo died (Gilbert, 1994, p.148). As expected, exceptions to Mendelian genetics successively became clear. Today, the cause of this has been revealed to be "imprinting (marking)" at the genetic level”. This will be discussed later (pp. 56-57).
By the way, even just by focusing on the process of fertilization, one can see that it is already filled with the paradox of "the antagonistic coexistence of self and non-self". Well then, from where exactly does this kind of paradox begin? To answer this question, it is necessary to examine how germ cells come into being.
Therefore, next, let's consider 'the origin of germ cells'. The origin of germ cells can be found within the somatic cells that constitute our bodies. Here, let's start by briefly outlining the difference between the normal mode of division called "mitosis", by which somatic cells produce somatic cells, and the special mode of division called "meiosis".

The Origin of Germ Cells—Reorganization of the Antagonistic Coexistence of 'Self' and 'Non-Self' by Cell Division
Generally, somatic cells contain one set of 23 maternally derived chromosomes (on which approximately 100,000 genes are inscribed) and one set of 23 paternally derived chromosomes, making a total of two sets. (This is called "diploid"or "polyploid") . When this somatic cell undergoes mitosis, the two

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Chapter 2: The Beginning of Life, Existing Between Life and Death 53


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√ Diện tích thử nghiệm: 1ha

√ Cây trồng mục tiêu: Cây trồng mục tiêu: Chè (4 tuổi). Mật độ trồng: 20000 cây/ha.

√ Tập quán bón phân tại địa phương: Bón phân hữu cơ 3-5 tấnkg/ha chia 2 lần vào tháng 1 và tháng 8. Bón thúc: NPK 5-10-3 8000kg/ha, chia 3 lần/năm

√ Tình hình canh tác trước đây: Trồng chè.

9.2. Mô tả chi tiết các công thức nghiên cứu và các chỉ tiêu kỹ thuật cần theo dõi:

9.2.1. *Thử nghiệm và đánh giá chất lượng phân hữu cơ khoáng trên quy mô nhỏ:*

Thử nghiệm sản xuất phân hữu cơ khoáng bằng công nghệ chuẩn đã được xây dựng và thống nhất tại công ty Nicotex với quy mô sản xuất 2- 3 tấn/mẻ cho từng loại phân chuyên dùng cụ thể. Sản phẩm phân hữu cơ khoáng chuyên dùng sẽ được thử nghiệm hiệu quả trên các đối tượng cây trồng bao gồm: cây thanh long, cây bưởi, cây vải, cây cà phê, cây chè, cây lúa, cây lạc và cây rau. Phân hữu cơ khoáng được đánh giá chất lượng theo các chỉ tiêu sau: $ pHH_{2}O $; chất khô; OC; Nts; $ P_{2}O_{5\ ts} $;$ P_{2}O_{5\ dt} $; $ K_{2}O_{ts} $; $ K_{2}O_{dt} $; *Salmonella*; *E. Coli*; trứng giun sán; As; Hg; Cd; Pb; S

Sau khi phân hữu cơ khoáng được sử dụng và thử nghiệm trên cây trồng mục tiêu, tiến hành lấy mẫu và phân tích tính chất đất và chất lượng nông sản để đánh giá hiệu quả của phân hữu cơ khoáng chuyên dùng. Diện tích mỗi loại cây trồng tại địa phương khoảng 1 ha/cây, thí nghiệm được bố trí gồm 3 công thức, mỗi công thức 3 lần lặp lại.

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59

√ 试验面积：1 公顷

√ 目标作物：茶树（4 年生）。种植密度：20,000 株/公顷。

√ 当地施肥习惯：施用有机肥3-5吨/公顷，分2次施用，分别在1月和8月。追肥：NPK 5-10-3 8000公斤/公顷，每年分3次施用。

√ 以往种植情况：种植茶树。

9.2. 详细描述研究方案及需监测的技术指标：

9.2.1. *小规模有机无机复混肥的试验与质量评估：*

采用尼科泰克斯公司已建立并认可的标准工艺，对有机矿物肥料的生产进行测试，每种肥料的产量为 2-3 吨/批次。本试验将测试一种专用有机矿物肥料对多种作物（包括火龙果、柚子、荔枝、咖啡、茶叶、水稻、花生和蔬菜）的有效性。该有机矿物肥料的质量将根据以下指标进行评估：pH值；干物质；有机碳；总氮；总五氧化二磷；干五氧化二磷；总氧化钾；干氧化钾；沙门氏菌；大肠杆菌；虫卵；砷；汞；镉；铅；硫。

在目标作物上施用和试验有机无机复混肥后，将进行取样并分析土壤性质和农产品质量，以评估专用有机无机复混肥的效果。当地每种作物的种植面积约为1公顷/作物，试验设计包括3个处理方案，每个处理方案重复3次。

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59

√ Experimental area: 1 ha

√ Target crop: Tea (4 years old). Planting density: 20,000 plants/ha.

√ Local fertilization practices: Organic fertilizer application: 3-5 tons/ha divided into two applications in January and August. Top dressing: NPK 5-10-3 8,000 kg/ha, divided into three applications per year.

√ Previous cultivation practices: Tea cultivation.

9.2. Detailed description of research formulas and technical indicators to be monitored:

9.2.1. *Small-scale testing and evaluation of organic-mineral fertilizer quality:*

Testing the production of organic-mineral fertilizer using the standard technology established and agreed upon at Nicotex company, with a production scale of 2-3 tons/batch for each specific type of fertilizer. The specialized organic-mineral fertilizer will be tested for effectiveness on various crops including: dragon fruit, pomelo, lychee, coffee, tea, rice, peanuts, and vegetables. The quality of the organic-mineral fertilizer will be evaluated according to the following criteria: pH; dry matter; OC; Nts; P2O5 ts; P2O5 dt; K2O ts; K2O dt; Salmonella; E. coli; worm eggs; As; Hg; Cd; Pb; S.

After the organic-mineral fertilizer is used and tested on the target crops, soil properties and agricultural product quality will be sampled and analyzed to assess the effectiveness of the specialized organic-mineral fertilizer. Each crop was planted in the local area on approximately 1 hectare/crop. The experiment was designed with 3 treatments, each with 3 replications.

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59


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Jadual 4

*Instrumen Pengumpulan dan Menganalisis Data*

| Instrumen | Cara Pengumpulan Data  | Cara Menganalisis Data  |
|------|-------|------|
| Analisis Dokumen| Analisis dokumen | Tahap Penguasaan (TP)  |
| (Ujian Pra dan Ujian Pasca) | (Skor hasil karya dalam Bidang Membuat Corak dan Rekaan)| |
| Pemerhatian  | Senarai Semak  | Skala Ya/Tidak  |
| Temubual  | Temubual Berstruktur  | Interpretasi   |

Jadual 5
*Senarai Semak Pemerhatian Aktiviti Melukis Corak*

| Bil | Item-item  | M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 | M5 | M6 | M7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Melukis garisan grid     | /  | /  | /  | /  | /  | /  | /  |
| 2 | Melukis rupa asas        | /  | /  | /  | /  | /  | /  | /  |
| 3 | Melukis corak bebas      | /  | /  | /  | /  | /  | /  | /  |
| 4 | Melukis corak terancang  | /  | X  | /  | /  | /  | X  | X  |

<u>Petunjuk</u>
M = Murid   / = Ya  X = Tidak

Jadual 5 membincangkan analisis daripada dapatan aktiviti melukis corak selepas intervensi terhadap tujuh orang subjek kajian. Dalam ujian pasca ini subjek kajian dikehendaki melaksanakan empat aktiviti iaitu (ⅰ) melukis garisan grid (ⅱ) melukis rupa asas (ⅲ) melukis corak bebas dan (ⅳ) Melukis corak terancang. Item 1, 2 dan 3 menunjukkan kesemua subjek kajian berkemampuan melukis garisan grid, rupa asas dan corak bebas.

Bagi item 1 iaitu melukis garisan grid, semua subjek kajian berjaya membuat aktiviti tersebut. Kesemua subjek kajian menunjukkan mereka menunjukkan kemahiran melukis garisan grid yang sempurna. Pengawalan psikomotor halus subjek kajian berada di tahap yang baik dan mampu melukis garisan grid yang mudah dengan menggunakan set modul.

Item 2 pula kesemua subjek kajian mampu melukis rupa asas yang pelbagai. Sebagai contoh subjek kajian boleh membuat jenis rupa organik dan geometri. rupa geometri seperti bulatan dan bintang. Kawalan tangan memegang pensel subjek kajian adalah bertambah baik dan meyakinkan.

Item 3 iaitu melukis corak bebas menunjukkan semua subjek kajian berjaya melukis corak bebas. Antara corak bebas yang dicuba oleh subjek kajian ialah ulangan rupa bulat, empat segi dan tiga segi. Mereka dapat menguasai kemahiran melukis corak berdasarkan rupa-rupa asas tersebut.

Melukis corak terancang bagi item 4 pula, terdapat hanya empat orang subjek kajian yang berjaya iaitu M1, M3, M4 dan M5. Manakala M2, M6 dan M7 kurang dapat menguasai kemahiran melukis corak terancang dengan betul. Hasil corak yang ditunjukkan tidak menampakkan susunan mengikut garisan grid yang sepatutnya dilukis. Penyelidik mendapati bahawa subjek kajian perlu didedahkan dengan pelbagai susunan corak terancang.

Antara faktor kurangnya penguasaan melukis corak terancang kerana kawalan tangan memegang emboss glue dan dawai C-OL adalah lemah dan perlu berlatih memegang dawai C-OL secara konsisten. Subjek kajian kurang mahir membuat pengulangan rupa-rupa asas dengan tepat di atas kertas yang menyebabkan motif-motif corak tidak berada dalam susunan yang betul.

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342

表 4

*数据收集与分析工具*

| 工具 | 数据收集方法 | 数据分析方法 |
|------|-------|------|
| 文件分析 | 文件分析 | 掌握程度 (TP) |
| (前测和后测) | (图案与设计创作领域作品得分) | |
| 观察 | 清单 | 是/否量表 |
| 访谈 | 结构式访谈 | 诠释 |

表 5
*图案绘制活动观察清单*

| 序号 | 项目 | M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 | M5 | M6 | M7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 绘制网格线 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 2 | 绘制基本形状 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 3 | 绘制自由图案 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 4 | 绘制规划图案 | / | X | / | / | / | X | X |

<u>图例</u>
M = 学生 / = 是 X = 否

表 5 讨论了对七名研究对象进行干预后图案绘制活动结果的分析。在此次后测中，研究对象被要求完成四项活动，即 (ⅰ) 绘制网格线 (ⅱ) 绘制基本形状 (ⅲ) 绘制自由图案以及 (ⅳ) 绘制规划图案。项目 1、2 和 3 显示所有研究对象都有能力绘制网格线、基本形状和自由图案。

对于项目 1 即绘制网格线，所有研究对象都成功完成了这项活动。所有研究对象都展示了他们能够完美绘制网格线的技能。研究对象的精细动作控制能力良好，并能够使用提供的模块工具绘制简单的网格线。

项目 2 中，所有研究对象都能绘制多种基本形状。例如，研究对象可以绘制有机形状和几何形状。几何形状如圆形和星形。研究对象握笔的手部控制能力有所提高，绘制动作也更为沉稳。

项目 3 即绘制自由图案，显示所有研究对象都成功绘制了自由图案。研究对象尝试的自由图案包括圆形、四边形和三角形的重复。他们能够掌握基于这些基本形状绘制图案的技能。

至于项目 4 的绘制规划图案，只有四名研究对象成功，即 M1、M3、M4 和 M5。而 M2、M6 和 M7 则未能很好地掌握正确绘制规划图案的技能。他们所展示的图案成果未能按照本应绘制的网格线进行排列。研究人员发现，研究对象需要接触更多不同类型的规划图案排列方式。

未能掌握绘制规划图案的部分原因在于，手部控制凸点胶水和 C-OL 线的能力较弱，并且需要持续练习握持 C-OL 线。研究对象在纸上准确重复基本形状的技巧不够熟练，导致图案纹样没有处于正确的排列顺序中。

---

342

Table 4

*Data Collection and Analysis Instruments*

| Instrument | Data Collection Method  | Data Analysis Method  |
|------|-------|------|
| Document Analysis | Document analysis | Mastery Level (TP)  |
| (Pre-Test and Post-Test) | (Scores of artwork in the Field of Pattern Making and Design) | |
| Observation  | Checklist  | Yes/No Scale  |
| Interview  | Structured Interview  | Interpretation   |

Table 5
*Observation Checklist for Pattern Drawing Activity*

| No. | Items  | M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 | M5 | M6 | M7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Drawing grid lines     | /  | /  | /  | /  | /  | /  | /  |
| 2 | Drawing basic shapes        | /  | /  | /  | /  | /  | /  | /  |
| 3 | Drawing free patterns      | /  | /  | /  | /  | /  | /  | /  |
| 4 | Drawing planned patterns  | /  | X  | /  | /  | /  | X  | X  |

<u>Legend</u>
M = Student   / = Yes  X = No

Table 5 discusses the analysis of findings from the pattern drawing activity after the intervention on seven research subjects. In this post-test, the research subjects were required to perform four activities: (ⅰ) drawing grid lines, (ⅱ) drawing basic shapes, (ⅲ) drawing free patterns, and (ⅳ) drawing planned patterns. Items 1, 2, and 3 show that all research subjects were capable of drawing grid lines, basic shapes, and free patterns.

For item 1, drawing grid lines, all research subjects successfully completed the activity. All research subjects demonstrated perfect skills in drawing grid lines. The fine psychomotor control of the research subjects was at a good level, and they were able to draw simple grid lines using the module set.

For item 2, all research subjects were able to draw various basic shapes. For example, the research subjects could create organic and geometric shapes. Geometric shapes such as circles and stars. The subjects' hand control in holding a pencil had improved and was convincing.

Item 3, drawing free patterns, showed that all research subjects successfully drew free patterns. Among the free patterns attempted by the research subjects were repetitions of circular, square, and triangular shapes. They were able to master the skill of drawing patterns based on these basic shapes.

For item 4, drawing planned patterns, only four research subjects were successful, namely M1, M3, M4, and M5. Meanwhile, M2, M6, and M7 were less able to master the skill of drawing planned patterns correctly. The resulting patterns did not show arrangement according to the grid lines that should have been drawn. The researcher found that the research subjects need to be exposed to various arrangements of planned patterns.

Among the factors for the lack of mastery in drawing planned patterns were weak hand control in holding emboss glue and C-OL wire, and the need to practice holding C-OL wire consistently. The research subjects were less skilled in accurately repeating basic shapes on paper, which caused the pattern motifs to not be in the correct arrangement.

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342


İstanbul’da Büyüleyici Yeni Sergi
6 Eylül 2024-20 Nisan 2025

伊斯坦布尔迷人的新展览
2024年9月6日-2025年4月20日

Enchanting New Exhibition in Istanbul
September 6, 2024-April 20, 2025


CUBO PIZZA
MACERATA

ITALY  FOOD  PORN   MARCHE

魔方披萨
马切拉塔

意大利美食诱惑
马尔凯大区

Cube Pizza
Macerata

Italy Food Porn
Marche


Donut, Cakoi, Pau Kacang
Permint Jaya, Chendering, Kuala Terengganu

甜甜圈, 油条, 花生包
柏敏再也, 真德灵, 瓜拉登嘉楼

Donuts, Cakoi, Peanut Buns
Permint Jaya, Chendering, Kuala Terengganu


'«Мануc... имеющие наиболее неблагоприятное из всех племен этой части архипелага местополо-р жение, являются, тем не менее, самыми богатыми и обладают самым высоким уровнем жизни»        1 И1 Г (Mead, 1937a, p.212). (||

“马努斯人…其地理位置是这片群岛所有部落中最不利的，但他们却是最富有的，并且享有最高的生活水平” 1 И1 Г (米德, 1937a, p.212)。 (||

"The Manus... who have the most unfavorable location of all the tribes in this part of the archipelago, are, nevertheless, the wealthiest and possess the highest standard of living"        1 И1 Г (Mead, 1937a, p.212). (||


boxbot

МОЩНОСТЬ
2000 Вт


Evlenme Teklifi İçin
Sade/Zarif Öneriler

求婚用的
简约/优雅的建议

For a Marriage Proposal
Simple/Elegant Suggestions


Seminar Penyelidikan Pendidikan 2017

Mac 20-22 di IPBL, Kuching, Sarawak

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berada pada tahap sederhana. Manakala dimensi pengaruh yang ideal (3.1960) dan paling rendah ialah dimensi pertimbangan individu (3.1146) juga berada pada tahap sederhana. Tahap kecenderungan nilai min berdasarkan jadual 2. Hal ini menunjukkan amalan kepimpinan transformasi pengetua daerah Dalat adalah berada pada tahap sederhana (3.2317).

| Dimensi Kepimpinan Transformasi | Purata Skor | Sisihan Piawai | Interpretasi |
|----------------------------------|-------------|----------------|--------------|
| 1 Pertimbangan individu          | 3.1146      | .87717         | Sederhana    |
| 2 Rangsangan Intelektual         | 3.3025      | .73081         | Sederhana    |
| 3 Motivasi Berinspirasi          | 3.3136      | .78146         | Sederhana    |
| 4 Pengaruh Yang Ideal            | 3.1960      | .87870         | Sederhana    |

Jadual 3: Purata Skor, Sisihan Piawai dan Tahap Kepimpinan Transformasi

# Tahap Komitmen Guru Di Sekolah Menengah Di Daerah Dalat.

Jadual 4 menunjukkan purata skor, sisihan piawai dan tahap komitmen guru. Secara keseluruhan tahap komitmen guru adalah berada pada tahap yang sederhana. Nilai purata skor yang paling tinggi ialah komitmen guru secara afektif (3.5988) berada pada tahap sederhana. Seterusnya diikuti oleh komitmen guru secara berterusan (3.4740) juga beraa paa tahap sederhana. Terakhir yang paling rendah ialah komitmen guru secara normatif (3.2915) juga berada pada tahap sederhana. Secara keseluruhan komitmen guru di daerah Dalat ialah berada pada tahap sederhana (3.4548).

| Komitmen Guru | Purata Skor | Sisihan Piawai | Interpretasi |
|---------------|-------------|----------------|--------------|
| 1 Afektif     | 3.5988      | .57321         | Sederhana    |
| 2 Berterusan  | 3.4740      | .57567         | Sederhana    |
| 3 Normatif    | 3.2915      | .89042         | Sederhana    |

Jadual 4: Purata Skor, Sisihan Piawai dan Tahap Komitmen Guru

# Hubungan Amalan Kepimpinan Transformasi Pengetua dan Komitmen Guru Sekolah Menengah di Daerah Dalat

Jadual 5 menunjukkan hubungan antara amalan kepimpinan transformasi pengetua dengan komitmen guru sekolah menengah daerah Dalat. Analisis korelasi menunjukkan hubungan tersebut adalah sederhana (.413). Dapatan ini menunjukkan amalan kepimpinan transformasi pengetua mempunyai kesan yang positif ke atas komitmen kerja (r = 0.413, n = 199, p = 0.000). Oleh itu, Dapatan ini menunjukkan amalan kepimpinan transformasi pengetua mempunyai kesan yang positif ke atas komitmen kerja.

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760

2017年教育研究研讨会

3月20-22日，砂拉越州古晋市教师教育学院
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处于中等水平。其中理想化影响维度得分最高（3.1960），而个体化关怀维度得分最低（3.1146），两者均处于中等水平。根据表2的平均值水平划分，这表明达叻区校长的变革型领导实践整体处于中等水平（3.2317）。

| 变革型领导维度 | 平均分 | 标准差 | 解读 |
|----------------------------------|-------------|----------------|--------------|
| 1 个性化关怀          | 3.1146      | .87717         | 中等    |
| 2 智力激发         | 3.3025      | .73081         | 中等    |
| 3 激励性动机          | 3.3136      | .78146         | 中等    |
| 4 理想化影响力            | 3.1960      | .87870         | 中等    |

表3：变革型领导的平均分、标准差与水平

# 达叻地区中学教师的承诺水平

表4显示了教师敬业度的平均分、标准差和水平。总体而言，教师的敬业水平处于中等水平。其中，情感型敬业度（3.5988）得分最高，持续型敬业度（3.4740）次之，规范型敬业度（3.2915）得分最低，三者均处于中等水平。达叻区教师的整体敬业度为中等水平（3.4548）。

| 教师敬业度 | 平均分 | 标准差 | 解读 |
|---------------|-------------|----------------|--------------|
| 1 情感型    | 3.5988      | .57321         | 中等    |
| 2 持续型    | 3.4740      | .57567         | 中等    |
| 3 规范型    | 3.2915      | .89042         | 中等    |

表4：教师敬业度的平均分、标准差和水平

# 达叻地区中学校长变革型领导实践与教师敬业度的关系

表5显示了达叻地区中学校长变革型领导实践与教师敬业度之间的关系。相关性分析表明，这种关系为中等正相关(.413)。这一发现表明，校长的变革型领导实践对工作敬业度有正向影响 (r = 0.413, n = 199, p = 0.000)。因此，这一发现表明校长的变革型领导实践对工作敬业度有积极作用。

---

760

Education Research Seminar 2017

March 20-22 at IPBL, Kuching, Sarawak

---

is at a moderate level. Meanwhile, the idealized influence dimension (3.1960) and the lowest is the individual consideration dimension (3.1146), are also at a moderate level. The mean score tendency is based on Table 2.  This indicates that the practice of transformational leadership by principals in the Dalat district is at a moderate level (3.2317).

| Transformational Leadership Dimension | Mean Score  | Standard Deviation  | Interpretation  |
|----------------------------------|-------------|----------------|--------------|
| 1 Individual Consideration          | 3.1146      | .87717         | Moderate     |
| 2 Intellectual Stimulation          | 3.3025      | .73081         | Moderate     |
| 3 Inspirational Motivation           | 3.3136      | .78146         | Moderate     |
| 4 Idealized Influence             | 3.1960      | .87870         | Moderate     |

Table 3: Mean Score, Standard Deviation and Level of Transformational Leadership

# Level of Teacher Commitment in Secondary Schools in the Dalat District

Table 4 shows the mean score, standard deviation, and level of teacher commitment.  Overall,  teacher commitment is at a moderate level. The highest mean score is for affective teacher commitment (3.5988), which is at a moderate level.  This is followed by continuance teacher commitment (3.4740), also at a moderate level.  Lastly, the lowest is normative teacher commitment (3.2915), also at a moderate level.   Overall, teacher commitment in the Dalat district is at a moderate level (3.4548).

| Teacher Commitment | Mean Score | Standard Deviation | Interpretation |
|---------------|-------------|----------------|--------------|
| 1 Affective      | 3.5988      | .57321         | Moderate     |
| 2 Continuance   | 3.4740      | .57567         | Moderate     |
| 3 Normative     | 3.2915      | .89042         | Moderate     |

Table 4: Mean Score, Standard Deviation and Level of Teacher Commitment

# Relationship between Principal's Transformational Leadership Practices and Teacher Commitment in Secondary Schools in the Dalat District

Table 5 shows the relationship between the principal's transformational leadership practices and the commitment of secondary school teachers in the Dalat district. Correlation analysis shows that the relationship is moderate (.413). This finding indicates that the principal's transformational leadership practices have a positive effect on work commitment (r = 0.413, n = 199, p = 0.000). Therefore, this finding indicates that the principal's transformational leadership practices have a positive effect on work commitment.

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760


*İstanbul’a yakın Şelale üstünde kurulan tesis*

*建在伊斯坦布尔附近瀑布之上的设施*

*Facility built on the Waterfall near Istanbul*


Schneller Obstkuchen mit Joghurtteig

138 kcal / Stck.

快手酸奶面团水果蛋糕

138千卡/块

Quick Fruit Cake with Yogurt Dough

138 kcal / piece


*Part-2*
RÖNESANS:
*Yeniden Doğuşun Dönüm Noktaları*

·PRINCIPIS·APOST·PAVLVS·V·BVRGHVS·ROMANVS·PONT·MAX·AN·MDC Ⅻ·PONT·Ⅶ

*第二部分*
文艺复兴：
*重生的转折点*

罗马教宗保罗五世，公元 1612 年，任教宗第七年。

*Part-2*
RENAISSANCE:
*Turning Points of the Rebirth*

PRINCIPAL APOST PAUL V BVRGHVS ROMANVS PONT MAX AN MDC Ⅻ PONT Ⅶ


!!คาเฟ่เปิดใหม่ นครปฐม
The bunny's hut cafe

!!佛统府新开咖啡馆
兔子小屋咖啡馆

!!Newly Opened Cafe in Nakhon Pathom
The bunny's hut cafe


23:36    41
cerrar

ÉBANO

AMAR NUNCA FUE TAN PELIGROSO COMO EN ENFRENTADOS, LA NUEVA SAGA DE MERCEDES RON.

7.ª edición

MÁS DE 300.000 EJEMPLARES VENDIDOS

23:36    41
关闭

乌木

爱，从未像在梅赛德斯・罗恩的全新系列《对峙》中这般危险。

第7版

销量超过30万册

23:36    41
Close

EBONY

LOVING WAS NEVER AS DANGEROUS AS IN ENFRENTADOS, THE NEW SAGA BY MERCEDES RON.

7th Edition

MORE THAN 300,000 COPIES SOLD


TÁC ĐỘNG CỦA FDI TỚI TĂNG TRƯỞNG KINH TÉ Ở VIỆT NAM

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gồm hình thức 100% vốn nước ngoài và liên doanh với DNNN hoặc DNTN. Các loại hình đầu tư nước ngoài khác không thể hiện trong mẫu điều tra. Số lượng doanh nghiệp trên đây có thể thay đổi ở phần tính toán định lượng trong từng mô hình cụ thể do tiếp tục loại bỏ một số quan sát thiếu thông tin.

Để so sánh với kết quả đánh giá định tính qua điều tra của CIEM, phân tích định lượng cũng sẽ thực hiện theo 3 nhóm ngành chế biến thực phẩm, dệt may và cơ khí-điện tử. Trong tổng số 23 phân ngành và 12 ngàn doanh nghiệp, nhóm ngành công nghiệp chế biến thực phẩm (mã số 15) có 3.765 doanh nghiệp; nhóm dệt, da giày và may mặc (mã số 17, 18, 19) có 1.687 doanh nghiệp và cơ khí và điện tử (mã số 29, 34, 30, 32, 35) gồm 1.026 doanh nghiệp.

2. 2. FDI và năng suất lao động của doanh nghiệp nói chung
2.2.1. Mô hình

Trước hết nhóm nghiên cứu tiến hành kiểm định các yếu tố tác động tới năng suất của các doanh nghiệp thông qua mô hình được thực hiện trên cơ sở lý thuyết đã mô tả ở Chương Hai, mô hình có dạng như sau:

*nangsuat = f(cuongdovon, quimo, trinhdo, F_hd, Dtinh, Dsohuu, Dluongthuc, D det may, Ddientu)*

Trong mô hình này, biến phụ thuộc *nangsuat* là đại lượng đo năng suất lao động của doanh nghiệp được tính bằng giá trị gia tăng/lao động. Biến *trinhdo* thể hiện chất lượng của lao động trong doanh nghiệp, đo bằng tỷ lệ lao động có bằng cao đẳng và trung cấp dạy nghề trở lên so với số lao động còn lại trong doanh nghiệp. Biến này được kỳ vọng là sẽ có đấu dương và đóng góp vào tăng năng suất lao động của doanh nghiệp. Biến *quimo* biểu thị cho quy mô doanh nghiệp trong ngành, đo bằng tỷ lệ doanh thu của doanh nghiệp trong tổng doanh thu của phân ngành 4 số. Ngoài ra, biến *quimo* còn thể hiện mức độ độc quyền của doanh nghiệp trong ngành và mức độ này có thể được kiểm định được qua mô hình. Giả thuyết ở đây là doanh nghiệp có tỷ trọng doanh thu của trong ngành lớn sẽ có lợi thế về quy mô và vì vậy sẽ có năng suất cao hơn. Nói cách khác biến *quimo* có quan hệ thuận chiều với năng suất lao động. Biến *cuongdovon* đo cường độ sử dụng vốn trên 1 lao

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Trang 58

FDI对越南经济增长的影响

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包括100%外资和与国有企业（DNNN）或私营企业（DNTN）合资的形式。其他类型的外国投资未在调查样本中体现。由于继续剔除一些信息缺失的观察数据，上述企业数量在具体模型的定量计算部分可能会有所变化。

为了与中央经济管理研究院（CIEM）的调查定性评估结果进行比较，定量分析也将按照食品加工、纺织服装和机械电子三大行业组进行。在总共23个子行业和1.2万家企业中，食品加工业（代码15）有3765家企业；纺织、皮革鞋类和服装业（代码17、18、19）有1687家企业；机械和电子业（代码29、34、30、32、35）有1026家企业。

2. 2. FDI与企业总体劳动生产率
2.2.1. 模型

首先，研究小组根据第二章中描述的理论基础，通过模型检验影响企业生产率的因素，模型形式如下：

*nangsuat = f(cuongdovon, quimo, trinhdo, F_hd, Dtinh, Dsohuu, Dluongthuc, D det may, Ddientu)*

在此模型中，因变量*nangsuat*（生产率）是衡量企业劳动生产率的指标，通过增加值/劳动者人数计算。变量*trinhdo*（资质水平）体现企业劳动者的素质，用拥有大专和中等职业教育及以上学历的劳动者与企业其余劳动者的比例来衡量。预期该变量将具有正向影响，并有助于提高企业的劳动生产率。变量*quimo*（规模）表示企业在行业中的规模，用企业营业收入占4位数子行业总营业收入的比例来衡量。此外，变量*quimo*（规模）还体现了企业在行业中的垄断程度，这种程度可以通过模型进行检验。此处的假设是，在行业中营业收入占比较大的企业将具有规模优势，因此生产率会更高。换句话说，变量*quimo*（规模）与劳动生产率正相关。变量*cuongdovon*（资本强度）衡量每单位劳动力的资本使用强度

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第 58 页

THE IMPACT OF FDI ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN VIETNAM

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including the form of 100% foreign-owned capital and joint ventures with State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) or Private Enterprises (PEs). Other forms of foreign investment are not represented in the survey sample. The number of enterprises mentioned above may change in the quantitative calculation section for each specific model due to the continued removal of some observations with missing information.

To compare with the qualitative assessment results from the Central Institute for Economic Management (CIEM) survey, quantitative analysis will also be conducted for 3 industry groups: food processing, textiles and garments, and mechanical-electronics. Out of a total of 23 sub-sectors and 12 thousand enterprises, the food processing industry group (code 15) has 3,765 enterprises; the textile, footwear, and garment group (codes 17, 18, 19) has 1,687 enterprises, and the mechanical and electronics group (codes 29, 34, 30, 32, 35) comprises 1,026 enterprises.

2.2. FDI and labor productivity of enterprises in general
2.2.1. Model

First, the research team conducts a test of the factors affecting the productivity of enterprises through a model developed based on the theoretical framework described in Chapter Two; the model is as follows:

*nangsuat = f(cuongdovon, quimo, trinhdo, F_hd, Dtinh, Dsohuu, Dluongthuc, D det may, Ddientu)*

In this model, the dependent variable *nangsuat* is a measure of enterprise labor productivity, calculated as value added/labor. The variable *trinhdo* represents the quality of labor in the enterprise, measured by the ratio of labor with college degrees and vocational intermediate qualifications or higher to the remaining labor in the enterprise. This variable is expected to have a positive sign and contribute to increasing the enterprise's labor productivity. The variable *quimo* indicates the enterprise's scale within the industry, measured by the ratio of the enterprise's revenue to the total revenue of the 4-digit sub-sector. Additionally, the *quimo* variable also reflects the degree of monopoly of the enterprise in the industry, and this degree can be tested through the model. The hypothesis here is that an enterprise with a large share of revenue in the industry will have an advantage of scale and therefore will have higher productivity. In other words, the *quimo* variable has a positive relationship with labor productivity. The variable *cuongdovon* measures capital intensity per 1 labor unit

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Page 58