46

---

ve kırılmadan sonra taşıma gücü kaybı yavaş bir biçimde azalır, süneklik aniden oluşmaz. Yapı çatladıktan sonra bir süre eski yük taşıma gücünü korur (Kanıt 2005).

Sönüm oranı yapı elemanlarındaki gerilme düzeyi ve periyot gibi faktörlere bağlıdır. Yapıların sönüm oranı, yapının dıştan gelen dinamik etkiyi giderek harcaması olarak nitelenebilir. Genellikle kısa periyotlu yapıların sönüm oranı küçüktür. Depremde hasar gören bir yapı çatladığında çatlak yüzeyler arasındaki sürtünmeden dolayı yapının sönüm oranı artar ve yüksek bir düzeye ulaşır. Yığma yapılar hem kısa periyotlu hem de düşük sönümlü olmalarından dolayı depremde yüksek yatay kuvvetlere maruz kalırlar ve hasar gördükleri vakit hem periyotlarında hem de sönüm oranlarında artış olur. Bu yüzden yapıya gelen deprem kuvvetlerinin azalması söz konusu olur ancak bu önemli mertebeye ulaşmaz (Kanıt 2006).

Harman tuğlasından örülmüş bir duvarı ele alalım. Bu duvarı oluşturan tüm elemanların, yani tuğla ve bağlayıcı harcın mekanik özellikleri duvarın genel mekanik özelliklerini etkileyecektir. Genelde kırsal yörelerde insanların evlerini inşa ettikleri tuğlalar fabrikalarda belirli standartlarda değil, yerel ocaklarda üretilmektedir. Bu nedenle tuğlalar için uygun standardı yakalamak her zaman mümkün olmamaktadır. Kullanılan harç da değişkenlik göstermektedir. Harcı oluşturan bileşenlerin oranı tamamen ustanın/kalfanın deneyimine kalmıştır. Öte yandan kırsal yörelerde insanlar evlerini inşa ederken harç yerine çamur kullanmaktadır. Kil bazlı olan çamur, zamanla parça parça dökülmekte ve bağlayıcı özelliğini yitirmektedir. Duvarı ören şahsın duvar örgü tekniklerini iyi bilmesi gerekmektedir. Bina köşelerindeki örgü hataları yüzünden deprem sırasında bazı yığma yapılarda ağır hasar meydana gelebilmektedir (Çöğürcü 2007).

Kargir duvarların kesme kuvveti etkisinde davranışını tespit edebilmek için çeşitli testler yapılmaktadır. Mevcut bir yığma yapı için, bir köşesinden numune alıp o numune üzerinde deneyler yaparak o yapı hakkında bir sonuca varmak doğru bir yaklaşım olmaz. Kargir bir duvarın kesme kuvvetini belirlemek için pseudo dinamik test ve yarı statik test (quaso static test) yöntemleri uygulanabilir.

46

---

并且在断裂后，承载能力的损失会缓慢减少，延性不会突然产生。结构开裂后，它会在一段时间内保持其原有的承载能力 (Kanıt 2005)。

阻尼比取决于结构构件中的应力水平和周期等因素。结构的阻尼比可以被描述为结构逐渐消耗外来动态影响的能力。通常，短周期结构的阻尼比较小。当在地震中受损的结构开裂时，由于裂缝表面之间的摩擦，结构的阻尼比会增加并达到较高水平。砌体结构由于其周期短和阻尼低，在地震中会承受较高的水平力，并且在受损时，其周期和阻尼比都会增加。因此，作用在结构上的地震力会减小，但这并不会达到显著的程度 (Kanıt 2006)。

让我们以一个用烧制砖砌筑的墙体为例。构成这面墙的所有元素，即砖和粘结砂浆的力学性能，将影响墙体的整体力学性能。通常，在农村地区，人们用来建造房屋的砖块并非在工厂按特定标准生产，而是在当地的窑厂生产的。因此，砖块要达到合适的标准并非总是可能的。所使用的砂浆也各不相同。构成砂浆的组分比例完全取决于工匠/技工的经验。另一方面，在农村地区，人们在建造房屋时使用泥浆代替砂浆。这种以粘土为基础的泥浆会随着时间的推移而剥落，并失去其粘结性能。砌墙者需要熟知墙体砌筑技术。由于建筑物角落的砌筑缺陷，一些砌体结构在地震期间可能会发生严重损坏 (Çöğürcü 2007)。

为了确定圬工墙体在剪力作用下的行为，会进行各种测试。对于现有的砌体结构，从一个角落取样并在该样本上进行试验来对该结构得出结论，这并非一种正确的方法。为了确定圬工墙体的剪力，可以采用拟动力试验和准静态试验 (quaso static test) 的方法。

46

---

and after failure, the loss of load-bearing capacity decreases slowly; ductility does not occur suddenly. After the structure cracks, it retains its previous load-bearing capacity for a while (Kanıt 2005).

The damping ratio depends on factors such as the stress level in structural elements and the period. The damping ratio of structures can be described as the gradual dissipation of external dynamic effects by the structure. Generally, structures with short periods have a small damping ratio. When a structure damaged in an earthquake cracks, the damping ratio of the structure increases and reaches a high level due to friction between the crack surfaces. Masonry structures, being both short-period and low-damping, are exposed to high lateral forces during an earthquake, and when damaged, both their periods and damping ratios increase. Therefore, a reduction in the earthquake forces acting on the structure occurs, but this does not reach a significant level (Kanıt 2006).

Let us consider a wall built with fired bricks. The mechanical properties of all elements forming this wall, i.e., the bricks and the binding mortar, will affect the overall mechanical properties of the wall. Generally, in rural areas, the bricks people use to build their houses are not produced in factories to specific standards but in local kilns. Therefore, it is not always possible to achieve the appropriate standard for bricks. The mortar used also varies. The proportion of the components forming the mortar is entirely left to the experience of the master craftsman/journeyman. On the other hand, in rural areas, people use mud instead of mortar when building their houses. Clay-based mud crumbles over time and loses its binding property. The person building the wall needs to be well-versed in masonry bonding techniques. Due to bonding errors at building corners, severe damage can occur in some masonry structures during an earthquake (Çöğürcü 2007).

Various tests are conducted to determine the behavior of masonry walls under the effect of shear force. For an existing masonry structure, taking a sample from one of its corners and conducting tests on that sample to reach a conclusion about the structure is not a correct approach. To determine the shear strength of a masonry wall, pseudo-dynamic test and quasi-static test (quaso static test) methods can be applied.


\#벨기에

*god 멤버 박준형이 여행 프로그램에서 인종차별을*
*당해 이슈가 된 적이 있으며 동양인만 있을 때*
*가게에서 와이파이 차단, 먹고있는 음식을 치워버리기도 한다고..*

\#比利时

*god组合成员朴俊炯曾在旅行节目中遭受种族歧视，*
*此事曾引发争议，并且据说当只有东亚人在场时，*
*商店会切断WiFi，甚至会把他们正在吃的食物收走…*

\#Belgium

*god member Park Joon-hyung experienced racial discrimination on a travel program*
*This became a controversial issue at the time, and when there were only Asians present,*
*they would block the Wi‑Fi in the store and even take away the food people were eating..*


# Inhalt
## Vorwort     4
## Zusammenfassung     5
### I. Suffizienz: Vorbehalte und wie ihnen zu begegnen ist     6
### II. Wirtschaftswachstum: Warum sich so große Hoffnungen mit ihm verbinden, und wie viel Wachstum zu erwarten ist     9
### III. Arbeitslosigkeit: Kann Wirtschaftswachstum sie beseitigen?     14
### IV. Ein Blick auf andere Länder     17
### V. Führt Suffizienz zu einem geringeren Wirtschaftsvolumen? Kostet sie Arbeitsplätze?     21
### VI. Wie kann neue Erwerbsarbeit entstehen?     24
### VII. Ein kurzes Fazit     27
## Literatur     28

# 目录
## 前言     4
## 摘要     5
### 一、充分就业：存在的顾虑及其应对方法     6
### 二、经济增长：为何人们对其寄予厚望，以及可预期的增长幅度     9
### 三、失业问题：经济增长能否消除这一现象？     14
### 四、其他国家的视角     17
### 五、节约是否会导致经济规模缩小？会减少就业岗位吗？     21
### 六、如何创造新的就业机会？     24
### 七、简要结论     27
## 参考文献     28

# Contents
## Foreword     4
## Summary     5
### I. Sufficiency: Reservations and How to Address Them     6
### II. Economic Growth: Why it is associated with Great Hopes, and How Much Growth can be Expected     9
### III. Unemployment: Can Economic Growth Eliminate It?     14
### IV. A Look at Other Countries     17
### V. Does Sufficiency Lead to a Lower Economic Volume? Does It Cost Jobs?     21
### VI. How Can New Gainful Employment Emerge?     24
### VII. A Brief Conclusion     27
## References     28


รวม 15 พิกัด
นอนเต็นท์วิวหมอก
*เขาค้อ-ภูทับเบิก*

精选15个地点
帐篷露营观云海
*考柯山 普塔布克*

A Collection of 15 Locations
Tent Camping with Misty Views
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SKAMLINGSBANKEN VISITOR CENTRE DESAIN TERINTEGRASI DENGAN  LANSKAP BERGELOMBANG

CEBRA ARCHITECTURE
DENMARK

ARSITEKTURPEDIA

斯卡姆林斯班肯游客中心：与起伏景观融为一体的设计

CEBRA 建筑事务所
丹麦

建筑百科

SKAMLINGSBANKEN VISITOR CENTRE: INTEGRATED DESIGN WITH THE UNDULATING LANDSCAPE
CEBRA ARCHITECTURE
DENMARK
ARCHITECTUREPEDIA


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Kantongan, RT. 1/RW .11, Kantongan B, Merdikorejo, Kec. Tempel, Kabupaten Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55552

Noto浮游生物

坎通安，第1邻组/第11社区组，坎通安B区，默迪科雷霍，坦佩尔区，斯莱曼县，日惹特区 55552

NOTO PLANKTON

Kantongan, Neighborhood Association 1/Citizens' Association 11, Kantongan B, Merdikorejo, Tempel District, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta 55552


526

---

4.3 hingga 5.00     Sangat Tinggi

---

Jadual 2 menunjukkan latar belakang responden dalam kajian ini.
| Demografi | Deskripsi | Kekerapan | Peratus (%) |
|-----------------------|-------------|-----------|-------------|
| Jantina | Lelaki | 12 | 20.0 |
|  | Perempuan | 48 | 80.0 |
| Bangsa | Melayu | 50 | 83.3 |
|  | Cina | 8 | 13.3 |
|  | India | 2 | 3.3 |
| Umur | 18-20 tahun | 10 | 16.7 |
|  | 21-25 tahun | 46 | 76.7 |
|  | 26-30 tahun | 4 | 6.7 |
| Semester | Semester 5 | 20 | 33.3 |
|  | Semester 6 | 6 | 10.0 |
|  | Semester 7 | 27 | 45.0 |
|  | Semester 8 dan ke atas | 7 | 11.7 |
|  |Jumlah| 60 |100 |

# DAPATAN KAJIAN

Tahap Pengetahuan Guru Pelatih Terhadap Penggunaan Pendekatan Belajar Melalui Bermain di TADIKA

Jadual 3 tahap pengetahuan guru pelatih terhadap penggunaan pendekatan belajar melalui bermain di TADIKA

|  | Peratusan (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|------|---------------|-----|----------------|----|----|---|---|
|Item |STS| TS|TP|S|SS | Min | Sisihan Piawai |
| B1. Saya mengetahui bahawa pendekatan belajar melalui bermain adalah satu pendekatan yang terancang dan berstruktur bagi memberi peluang kepada kanak-kanak untuk belajar dalam suasana yang bebas, selamat, mengembirakan dan bermakna. | - | 1 | 3 | 19 | 37 | 4.53 | .675 |

526

---

4.3 to 5.00     Very High

---

Table 2 shows the background of the respondents in this study.
| Demographics | Description | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
|-----------------------|-------------|-----------|-------------|
| Gender | Male | 12 | 20.0 |
|  | Female | 48 | 80.0 |
| Race | Malay | 50 | 83.3 |
|  | Chinese | 8 | 13.3 |
|  | Indian | 2 | 3.3 |
| Age | 18-20 years | 10 | 16.7 |
|  | 21-25 years | 46 | 76.7 |
|  | 26-30 years | 4 | 6.7 |
| Semester | Semester 5 | 20 | 33.3 |
|  | Semester 6 | 6 | 10.0 |
|  | Semester 7 | 27 | 45.0 |
|  | Semester 8 and above | 7 | 11.7 |
|  |Total | 60 |100 |

# RESEARCH FINDINGS

Level of Knowledge of Trainee Teachers Regarding the Use of Play-Based Learning Approach in Kindergartens

Table 3: Level of knowledge of trainee teachers regarding the use of the play-based learning approach in kindergartens

|  | Percentage (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|------|---------------|-----|----------------|----|----|---|---|
|Item |Strongly Disagree | Disagree |Uncertain |Agree |Strongly Agree | Mean | Standard Deviation |
| B1. I know that the play-based learning approach is a planned and structured approach to provide opportunities for children to learn in an environment that is free, safe, enjoyable, and meaningful. | - | 1 | 3 | 19 | 37 | 4.53 | .675 |


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ЧЕЛНЫ ХЛЕБ
КОНКУРС
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WAWAN FOODIE

Kedai Dessert Tersorok  di Plentong, JB

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WAWAN FOODIE

Hidden Dessert Shop in Plentong, JB


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CODE : TP404

Testpaper.com.my

EDISI 2025/2026
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2025/2026 EDITION
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1
JOURNÉE À
1562 KCALS

matin - midi - collation - soir

1
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1562 千卡

早餐 - 午餐 - 点心 - 晚餐

1
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morning - lunch - snack - evening


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카페가린여울

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Mokhaeng·Yongtan-dong
Cafe Garinyeoul

A cafe next to the railroad tracks with a scenic river view of the Namhan River


なり，その後，再びしたいに遅くなる$ ^{3,21,22)} $.老齢化に伴う反応時間の増大は,簡単反応時間だけでなく,複雑な選択反応におけるほど著しい$ ^{21)} $.

男性より女性のほうが，簡単反応時間が 10～30 msec 長くなることも,しばしば報告されている$ ^{16,21)} $.

同一個人でも、その人の生理的・心理的状態によって反応時間は異なる.練習,疲労,動機づけ,覚醒,注意,飲酒などによって影響される$ ^{3,22)} $.

# 2-7. 選択肢数（情報量）

選択反応時間は，一般に選択肢の数が多くなるほど大になる. Hyman$ ^{6)} $は,等確率で点灯される1~8個の光を用い,そのいずれかが点灯するかによって,それぞれ異なった反応（異なった無意味音節の発声）をする選択反応事態で実験した(Exp. Ⅰ).その結果では,選択反応時間は選択肢数（n）の対数（2を底とする）の一次関数として増大した.

$$ R=a \log _{2} n+b\qquad{･･････(1)} $$

すなわち,選択反応時間は選択肢に含まれている情報量の一次関数となる.彼は,さらに各選択肢の出現確率が偏った場合についても,同様の関係が成立することを確かめた(Exp. Ⅱ).すなわち,各選択肢(i)の出現確率を $ {p}_{i} $ とすると，

$$ \mathrm{RT}=\mathrm{a} \sum \mathrm{p}_{i} \log \mathrm{p}_{1}+\mathrm{b}\qquad{･･････(2)} $$

となった.また,一般に,選択肢数が同一であっても,それらの出現確率が偏れば情報量は少なくなるが,平均反応時間はそれに従って短くなった.

さらに,各選択肢の出現確率を,その一つ前の試行で呈示された選択肢に依存して変化させると (Exp.Ⅲ),選択肢の含む情報量が減少するが,平均反応時間もそれに応じて減少した.図5は,1人の被験者のこれら3種の条件下における実験結果である.反応時間は，情報量に対して直線的に増大している.

図 5 情報量と選択反応時間 (Hyman, 1953)

# 2-8.  弁別因難度

一般に,2つの刺激の差異を区別して反応する場合，その刺激が互いに類似していて区別しにくいほど反応時間は長くなる.Takada$ ^{20)} $は,カード上の左右に描かれた2本の水平線分の長さを比較し,いずれが長いかによって分類して2つの箱に入れる作業の所要時間を測定し，カード1枚当たりの所要時間が情報量(h)に対し直線的に増大することを見いだした(図6).ここで,hは2線分の長さx, yに対して

$$ h=-\log _{2} \log _{2} \frac{x}{y}(x>y)\qquad{･･････(3)} $$

の関係にある値であり,2刺激の弁別の際に処理される情報量であると仮定されている.すなわち, xとyの差が小さく, x/yが1に近いほど情報量(h)は大きくなり,反応時間は長くなるという結果であった.

# 2-9. 反応の正確度

一般に,反応の正確度を高めるほど反応速度が遅くなり，反応を速めるほど正確度が低下する.この関係を，速度と正確度の補償関係（speed-accuracy trade-off) という. Lappin & Disch$ ^{9)} $は，2刺激-2 反応の選択反応時間(RT)に関して,反応の正確度として信号検出理論のd'を用いると,RTとd'の間に次の一次関数が成立することを見いだしている.

$$ \mathrm{d}^{\prime}=\mathrm{m}(\mathrm{RT}-\mathrm{k})\qquad{･･････(4)} $$

彼らは,自由に反応させて求めた多数の選択反応時間をその長短に応じて層別化し,それぞれの反応時間帯でと

図 6 弁別因難度と選択反応時間 (Takada, 1960)

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特集·反応時間研究の歴史と現状 61

然而，之后又会再次出现反应延迟的情况$ ^{3,21,22)} $。伴随老龄化出现的反应时延长，不仅体现在简单反应时上，在复杂的选择反应中表现得更为显著$ ^{21)} $。

还有报告指出，相较于男性，女性的简单反应时间往往要长10～30毫秒$ ^{16,21)} $。

即使是同一个人，其反应时间也会因自身的生理和心理状态而有所不同，会受到练习、疲劳、动机、觉醒程度、注意力以及饮酒等因素的影响$ ^{3,22)} $。

2-7. 选项数量（信息量）

选择反应时间一般来说会随着选择项数量的增多而变长。海曼$ ^{6)} $使用以等概率点亮的1～8个光源进行实验，根据其中任意一个光源点亮的情况，让被试做出不同的反应（发出不同的无意义音节），以此构建选择反应情境并开展实验（实验Ⅰ）。实验结果显示，选择反应时间随着选择项数量（n）以2为底的对数呈一次函数关系增加。

$$ R=a \log _{2} n+b\qquad{･･････(1)} $$

也就是说，选择反应时是选项所包含信息量的一次函数。他进一步验证了在各选项出现概率不均等的情况下，上述关系依然成立（实验 Ⅱ）。即若设各选项 (i) 的出现概率为$ {p}_{i} $，则：

$$ \mathrm{RT}=\mathrm{a} \sum \mathrm{p}_{i} \log \mathrm{p}_{1}+\mathrm{b}\qquad{･･････(2)} $$

此外，一般情况下，即便选择项数量相同，若它们出现的概率出现偏差，信息量会减少，而平均反应时间也会相应缩短。

进一步地，若让各选择项的出现概率根据前一次试验中呈现的选择项而变化（实验Ⅲ），虽然选择项所包含的信息量会减少，但平均反应时间也会随之减少。图5展示了一名被试在上述三种条件下的实验结果。可以看出，反应时间随着信息量的增加呈直线上升趋势。

图5 信息量与选择反应时间（海曼，1953）

2-8. 辨别难度

一般来说，当需要对两个刺激的差异进行辨别并做出反应时，若这两个刺激彼此相似、难以区分，那么反应时间就会变长。Takada$ ^{20)} $开展了一项实验，让被试比较卡片上左右两侧所画的两条水平线段的长度，并根据哪条线段更长将其分类放入两个箱子中，测量完成这一任务所需的时间，结果发现每张卡片所需的时间随着信息量（h）的增加呈直线上升趋势（图6）。其中，h是基于两条线段长度x、y的值，其关系为：

$$ h=-\log _{2} \log _{2} \frac{x}{y}(x>y)\qquad{･･････(3)} $$

该值被假定为在辨别两个刺激时所处理的信息量。也就是说，实验结果显示，x与y的差值越小，x/y越接近1，信息量（h）就越大，反应时间也就越长。

2 - 9. 反应的准确度

一般来说，提高反应的准确度会使反应速度变慢，而加快反应速度则会导致准确度降低。这种关系被称为速度与准确度的权衡关系（speed - accuracy trade - off）。Lappin & Disch $ ^{9)} $针对2刺激 - 2反应的选择反应时间（RT）展开研究，发现若用信号检测理论中的d'作为反应准确度的指标，RT与d'之间存在如下一次函数关系：

$$ \mathrm{d}^{\prime}=\mathrm{m}(\mathrm{RT}-\mathrm{k})\qquad{･･････(4)} $$

他们将自由反应条件下测得的众多选择反应时间按照长短进行分层，并分别统计各反应时间区间内的

图6 辨别难度与选择反应时间（高田，1960）

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特辑·反应时间研究的历史与现状 61

Then, after that, it tend to become delayed again$ ^{3,21,22)} $. The increase in reaction time associated with aging is more pronounced not only in simple reaction time but also in complex choice reactions$ ^{21)} $.

It has also been frequently reported that simple reaction time is 10 to 30 msec longer in women than in men$ ^{16,21)} $.

Even for the same individual, reaction time varies depending on their physiological and psychological state. It is affected by factors such as practice, fatigue, motivation, arousal, attention, and alcohol consumption$ ^{3,22)} $.

# 2-7. Number of Alternatives (Amount of Information)

Choice reaction time generally increases as the number of alternatives increases. Hyman$ ^{6)} $ conducted an experiment in a choice reaction task (Exp. Ⅰ) where 1 to 8 lights were illuminated at equal probability, and participants made different responses (uttering different nonsense syllables) depending on which light was illuminated. The results showed that choice reaction time increased as a linear function of the logarithm (base 2) of the number of alternatives (n).

$$ R=a \log _{2} n+b\qquad{･･････(1)} $$

In other words, choice reaction time is a linear function of the amount of information contained in the alternatives. He further confirmed that the same relationship holds when the presentation probabilities of each alternative are unequal (Exp. Ⅱ). That is, letting $ p_{i} $ be the presentation probability of each alternative (i):

$$ \mathrm{RT}=\mathrm{a} \sum \mathrm{p}_{i} \log \mathrm{p}_{1}+\mathrm{b}\qquad{･･････(2)} $$

Moreover, in general, even when the number of alternatives is the same, if their presentation probabilities are unequal, the amount of information decreases, and the mean reaction time shortens accordingly.

Furthermore, when the presentation probability of each alternative was made dependent on the alternative presented in the immediately preceding trial (Exp. Ⅲ), the amount of information contained in the alternatives decreased, and the mean reaction time also decreased correspondingly. Figure 5 shows the experimental results for one subject under these three conditions. Reaction time increases linearly with the amount of information.

Figure 5 Amount of Information and Choice Reaction Time (Hyman, 1953)

# 2-8. Discrimination Difficulty

In general, when responding by distinguishing the difference between two stimuli, reaction time becomes longer the more similar the stimuli are and the harder they are to discriminate. Takada$ ^{20)} $ measured the time required to compare the lengths of two horizontal line segments drawn on the left and right sides of a card, sort them into two boxes based on which was longer, and found that the time per card increased linearly with the amount of information (h) (Figure 6). Here, h is defined for the lengths x and y of the two line segments as:

$$ h=-\log _{2} \log _{2} \frac{x}{y}(x>y)\qquad{･･････(3)} $$

This value is assumed to represent the amount of information processed during the discrimination of the two stimuli. In other words, the smaller the difference between x and y and the closer x/y is to 1, the larger the amount of information (h) and the longer the reaction time.

# 2-9. Response Accuracy

In general, the higher the response accuracy, the slower the response speed, and the faster the response, the lower the accuracy. This relationship is known as the speed-accuracy trade-off. Lappin & Disch$ ^{9)} $ found that for two-stimulus two-response choice reaction time (RT), a linear function holds between RT and d' (from signal detection theory) when used as a measure of response accuracy:

$$ \mathrm{d}^{\prime}=\mathrm{m}(\mathrm{RT}-\mathrm{k})\qquad{･･････(4)} $$

They stratified a large number of choice reaction times obtained under free-response conditions according to their duration, and within each reaction time interval,

Figure 6 Discrimination Difficulty and Choice Reaction Time (Takada, 1960)

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Special Feature: History and Current Status of Reaction Time Research 61


V.ray

Indonesia
MENGENAL DESAIN
RUMAH A-FRAME
PENGERTIAN,SEJARAH,KARAKTERISTIK

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V.ray

印度尼西亚
了解设计
A字框架房屋
定义、历史、特征

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V.ray

Indonesia
GETTING TO KNOW DESIGN
A-FRAME HOUSE
DEFINITION, HISTORY, CHARACTERISTICS

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Alfred Marshall, Principes d'économie politique

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Livre sixième

Valeur, ou distribution et échange

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Retour à la table des matières

阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔，《政治经济学原理》

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第六卷

价值，或分配与交换

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返回目录

Alfred Marshall, Principles of Economics

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Book Six

Value, or Distribution and Exchange

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Return to the table of contents


CFGS | Educación Infantil
Desarrollo Cognitivo y Motor

Mc Graw Hill

Gema Larrey Lázaro
Gema López García
Alejandra Mozos Pernías
Raquel Medina Buendía
María López García

高等职业教育 | 幼儿教育
认知和运动发展

麦格劳·希尔

杰玛·拉雷·拉萨罗
杰玛·洛佩斯·加西亚
亚历杭德拉·莫索斯·佩尼亚斯
拉克尔·梅迪纳·布恩迪亚
玛丽亚·洛佩斯·加西亚

CFGS | Early Childhood Education
Cognitive and Motor Development

McGraw Hill

Gema Larrey Lázaro
Gema López García
Alejandra Mozos Pernías
Raquel Medina Buendía
María López García


Das sind die 14 schönsten Städte Europas

这些是欧洲14座最美丽的城市

These are Europe's 14 most beautiful cities


Seminar Penyelidikan Pendidikan 2017
Mac 20-22 di IPBL, Kuching, Sarawak

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Labis, Johor terhadap komunikasi interpersonal pengetua dan hubungannya dengan kepuasan kerja guru. Dapatan kajian ini menunjukkan pengetua cenderung mengamalkan pendekatan pragmatik dalam hubungan interpersonal dengan guru berbanding pendekatan humanistik. Namun, kedua-dua pendekatan ini adalah pada tahap yang tiggi. Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara gaya komunikasi interpersonal pengetua dengan kepuasan kerja guru.

Begitu juga dengan kajian oleh Zairihan Binti Che Haroon (2001) yang mendapati tahap kepuasan kerja 99.1% guru di empat sekolah menengah di Kelantan adalah pada tahap yang tinggi. Kajian ini juga selari dengan kajian oleh Supardi (2010), di mana tahap kepuasan kerja di Sekolah Dasar Negeri Kota Depok Jawa Barat adalah tinggi dan memuaskan berdasarkan suasana kerja sekolah yang sangat kondusif serta bersifat positif dan terbuka, seterusnya membawa kepada semangat kerja yang tinggi dalam kalangan guru. Manakala kajian yang dilakukan oleh Gougen (1990) di Amerika Syarikat mendapati komunikasi di antara guru dan pengetua berdasarkan jantina mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja guru. Pengetua perempuan didapati mempunyai amalan komunikasi yang lebih baik berbanding pengetua lelaki.

Komunikasi berkesan merupakan satu elemen yang sangat ditekankan dalam menghubungkan ketua sesebuah organisasi dengan subordinat dibawahnya. Komunikasi berkesan guru besar dalam pengurusan organisasi sekolah amatlah menitikberatkan perhubungan interpersonal guru besar dan pekerja bawahannya. Devito (1992) menekankan komunikasi interpersonal yang efektif dapat dilihat berdasarkan pendekatan model humanistik dan juga model pragmatik. Merujuk kepada model humanistik, amalan komunikasi guru besar lebih menekankan ciri-ciri interpersonal yang bersifat kemanusiaan yang harus ada dalam dirinya, manakala model pragmatik lebih menjurus kepada amalan komunikasi guru besar dalam pengurusan organisasi sekolah.

Devito (1992), menyatakan bahawa model humanistik terdiri daripada lima unsur yang dapat mewujudkan hubungan interpersonal yang bermakna seperti jujur, memenuhi keperluan jiwa, serta dapat memuaskan kedua-dua pihak dalam menyelesaikan masalah komunikasi berkesan. Terdapat 5 elemen ataupun unsur yang terdapat dalam model humanistik iaitu keterbukaan, empati, sokongan, sikap positif, dan kesaksamaan. Menurut Devito (1992) juga, model pragmatik ini adalah amalan komunikasi interpersonal guru besar yang lebih tertumpu kepada perilaku atau interaksi dan kebersamaan, serta sifat-sifat umum bagi mencapai tujuan yang diinginkan dalam komunikasi guru besar dengan guru. Model ini juga mengandungi 5 elemen ataupun unsur pragmatik iaitu keyakinan sosial, kebersamaan, pengurusan interaksi, daya ekspresif, dan orientasi luar.

Manakala Teori Dua Faktor oleh Herzberg (1959), terdiri daripada Faktor Pendorong dan Faktor ‘Hygiene’. Faktor pendorong terdiri daripada pencapaian, pengiktirafan, minat dalam kerja, tanggungjawab, dan perkembangan professional individu. Faktor ‘Hygiene’ pula merangkumi polisi dan dasar organisasi, pentadbiran, penyeliaan, keadaan tempat kerja, hubungan kakitangan, gaji, dan jaminan kerja. Menurut teori Herzberg, faktor pendorong dapat mempengaruhi prestasi kerja seseorang seterusnya meningkatkan kepuasan kerjanya. Teori ini amatlah sesuai untuk guru besar memahami konsep kepuasan kerja dan ketidakpuasan kerja guru-guru sekolah rendah Zon Bandar Kapit, dimana terdapat faktor yang mendorong tahapkepuasan kerja guru seperti faktor demografi iaitu umur dan pengalaman bekerja, serta yang paling penting sekali ialah pengaruh daripada amalan komunikasi interpersonal guru besar itu sendiri.

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2017年教育研究研讨会
3月20-22日在砂拉越古晋IPBL

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柔佛州拉美士关于校长的人际沟通及其与教师工作满意度的关系。研究结果表明，校长在与教师的人际关系中倾向于采用实用主义方法，而非人文主义方法。然而，这两种方法均处于较高水平。校长的人际沟通风格与教师的工作满意度之间存在显著关系。

Zairihan Binti Che Haroon (2001)的研究也得出了类似的结论，他发现吉兰丹州四所中学的99.1%教师的工作满意度处于较高水平。该研究也与Supardi (2010)的研究一致，其研究显示西爪哇省德波市国立小学的教师工作满意度很高且令人满意，这是基于学校工作氛围非常有利、积极和开放，从而使得教师们拥有高昂的工作热情。而Gougen (1990)在美国进行的研究发现，基于性别的教师与校长之间的沟通会影响教师的工作满意度。女性校长被发现在沟通实践方面优于男性校长。

有效沟通是连接组织领导者与其下属的一个非常强调的要素。校长在学校组织管理中的有效沟通非常注重校长与其下属员工的人际关系。Devito (1992)强调，有效的人际沟通可以通过人文主义模型和实用主义模型的方法来观察。参考人文主义模型，校长的沟通实践更侧重于其自身应具备的人性化人际交往特征，而实用主义模型则更侧重于校长在学校组织管理中的沟通实践。

Devito (1992)指出，人文主义模型包含五个能够建立有意义人际关系的要素，如诚实、满足心灵需求，以及能够在解决有效沟通问题时令双方满意。人文主义模型中有5个元素或要素，即开放性、同理心、支持、积极态度和公平性。根据Devito (1992)的观点，这种实用主义模型是校长人际沟通的一种实践，更侧重于行为或互动和共同性，以及在校长与教师的沟通中达成期望目标的一般性质。该模型也包含5个实用主义元素或要素，即社交自信、共同性、互动管理、表达力和外部导向。

而Herzberg (1959)的双因素理论，则包括激励因素和保健因素。激励因素包括成就、认可、工作兴趣、责任和个人职业发展。保健因素则包括组织政策与规定、行政管理、监督、工作条件、员工关系、薪资和工作保障。根据Herzberg的理论，激励因素能够影响个人的工作表现，进而提高其工作满意度。该理论非常适用于校长理解加帛市辖区小学教师工作满意度和工作不满意度的概念，其中存在一些驱动教师工作满意度的因素，如人口统计学因素（即年龄和工作经验），以及最重要的是校长自身人际沟通实践的影响。

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583

Educational Research Seminar 2017
March 20–22 at IPBL, Kuching, Sarawak

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Labis, Johor, on principals' interpersonal communication and its relationship with teacher job satisfaction. The findings of this study indicate that principals tend to adopt a pragmatic approach in interpersonal relationships with teachers rather than a humanistic approach. However, both approaches are at a high level. There is a significant relationship between principals' interpersonal communication styles and teacher job satisfaction.

Similarly, a study by Zairihan Binti Che Haroon (2001) found that the job satisfaction level of 99.1% of teachers in four secondary schools in Kelantan was high. This study is also in line with research by Supardi (2010), where job satisfaction levels at State Elementary Schools in Depok City, West Java were high and satisfactory due to a highly conducive, positive, and open school work environment, which in turn led to high morale among teachers. Meanwhile, a study conducted by Gougen (1990) in the United States found that gender-based communication between teachers and principals influenced teacher job satisfaction. Female principals were found to have better communication practices than male principals.

Effective communication is a highly emphasized element in linking an organization’s leader with their subordinates. Effective communication by headmasters in school organizational management places strong emphasis on interpersonal relationships between headmasters and their subordinates. Devito (1992) emphasizes that effective interpersonal communication can be examined through the humanistic model and the pragmatic model. With reference to the humanistic model, headmasters’ communication practices emphasize the humanistic interpersonal qualities they should possess, whereas the pragmatic model focuses more on their communication practices within school organizational management.

Devito (1992) states that the humanistic model consists of five elements that can build meaningful interpersonal relationships, such as honesty, meeting psychological needs, and satisfying both parties in resolving effective communication issues. The five elements of the humanistic model are openness, empathy, supportiveness, positive attitude, and equality. According to Devito (1992), the pragmatic model involves headmasters’ interpersonal communication practices that focus more on behaviour, interaction and solidarity, as well as general characteristics to achieve desired goals in headmaster–teacher communication. This model also contains five pragmatic elements: social confidence, solidarity, interaction management, expressiveness, and other-orientation.

Meanwhile, Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory (1959) comprises Motivator Factors and Hygiene Factors. Motivator factors include achievement, recognition, interest in the work itself, responsibility, and individual professional growth. Hygiene factors, on the other hand, cover organizational policy and administration, supervision, working conditions, interpersonal relations, salary, and job security. According to Herzberg's theory, motivator factors can influence a person’s work performance and thus increase job satisfaction. This theory is highly suitable for headmasters to understand the concepts of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction among primary school teachers in the Kapit Urban Zone, where factors influencing teacher job satisfaction include demographic factors such as age and work experience, and most importantly, the influence of the headmaster’s own interpersonal communication practices.

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dapat memperbaiki kondisi finansial secara umum. Hal terpenting yang tidak boleh dilupakan adalah aktor dalam pasar bebas dilarang melanggar hak dan kepentingan orang lain. Karena dengan saling menghargai dan menghormati hak sesama tersebut dapat mewujudkan cita-cita dari tatanan sosial yang harmonis dan fair. Kepedulian yang timbul dalam diri pribadi untuk selalu menghargai hak dan kepentingan pihak lain disebut sebagai pengendalian moral pada semua prosedur dalam perdagangan bebas.

3. Persaingan Etos Kerja

Sendi kapitalisme tampak jelas dari adanya persaingan yang dianggap sebagai seleksi alamiah untuk membuktikan perbedaan antarpebisnis yang tangguh dan lemah. Selain itu, persaingan juga terlihat pada pembagian kerja yang tegas. Pernyataan ini didukung oleh argumen Smith yang menganggap bahwa pembagian kerja merupakan salah satu komponen yang memengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi. Adapun persaingan yang dimaksud berbentuk persaingan antara para penjual barang sejenis yang berupaya menarik daya beli konsumen, atau persaingan antara tenaga kerja untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan, dan persaingan di antara perusahaan/pihak majikan untuk merekrut tenaga kerja yang profesional sesuai dengan kualitas SDM yang dibutuhkan.

Contohnya adalah, harga tinggi yang ditetapkan oleh suatu perusahaan, tentunya akan memberikan profit yang lebih besar. Maka perusahaan lain akan memproduksi barang sejenis dengan tujuan ingin meraih profit yang besar pula. Persaingan antarperusahaan berakibat pada banyaknya barang yang *disupply* tidak sesuai dengan *demand*. Sehingga terjadi penurunan harga sampai pada batas wajar. Inilah yang menjadi sebab pelaku usaha beralih pada industri yang lain. Oleh karena itu, sumber industri tetap efisien.

Sistem ekonomi kapitalis mempunyai perincian sebagai berikut:

1. Ciri-ciri

a. Hak pribadi diakui secara luas
   b. Mekanisme pasar mengatur sistem perekonomian
   c. Justifikasi terhadap individu sebagai makhluk *homo-economicus*
      (hanya mengedepankan kepentingan atau keuntungan pribadi)

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62  Pengantar Ekonomi Islam

能够从整体上改善财务状况。最不可遗忘的重要一点是，自由市场中的参与者禁止侵犯他人的权利和利益。因为通过相互尊重和重视他人的权利，能够实现和谐且公平的社会秩序这一愿景。个人内心产生的始终尊重他人权利和利益的关切，被称为自由交易所有流程中的道德约束。

3. 工作伦理竞争

资本主义的关键体现于竞争的存在，这种竞争被视为证明企业间强弱差异的自然选择。此外，竞争也体现在明确的劳动分工上。这一论断得到了斯密论点的支持，斯密认为劳动分工是影响经济增长的组成部分之一。这里所指的竞争形式包括同类商品销售者之间为吸引消费者购买力而进行的竞争，或是劳动者之间为获得工作的竞争，以及企业/雇主之间为招聘符合所需人力资源质量的专业劳动力而进行的竞争。

例如，某家企业设定的高价格无疑会带来更大的利润。那么其他企业会生产同类商品，目的是也想获取高额利润。企业间的竞争导致供应的商品数量与 *demand*（需求）不匹配。从而使价格下降直至合理范围。这就是经营者转向其他行业的原因。因此，产业资源始终保持高效。

资本主义经济体系有如下细则：

1. 特征
a. 私人权利得到广泛承认
b. 市场机制调控经济体系
c. 将个体正当化为“经济人”（*homo-economicus*）
（只推崇个人利益或收益）

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62  伊斯兰经济学导论

can improve overall financial conditions. The most important thing that must not be forgotten is that actors in a free market are prohibited from violating the rights and interests of others. Because through mutual respect for each other's rights, the aspiration for a harmonious and fair social order can be realized. The concern that arises within individuals to always respect the rights and interests of other parties is referred to as moral control in all free trade procedures.

3. Work Ethic Competition

The cornerstone of capitalism is evident in the existence of competition, which is considered a natural selection to differentiate between strong and weak businesspeople. Furthermore, competition is also evident in a clear division of labor. This statement is supported by Smith's argument, who considered the division of labor as one of the components influencing economic growth. The competition in question takes the form of competition among sellers of similar goods striving to attract consumer purchasing power, competition among workers to obtain jobs, and competition among companies/employers to recruit professional labor according to the required quality of Human Resources (SDM).

For example, a high price set by a company will undoubtedly yield a larger profit. Consequently, other companies will produce similar goods aiming to achieve large profits as well. Inter-company competition results in the quantity of goods *supplied* not matching the *demand*. This leads to a price decrease to a reasonable level. This is what causes business actors to shift to other industries. Therefore, industry resources remain efficient.

The capitalist economic system has the following details:

1. Characteristics

a. Private rights are widely recognized
b. Market mechanisms regulate the economic system
c. Justification of the individual as a *homo-economicus* being
(only prioritizes personal interests or gains)

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62 Introduction to Islamic Economics


21:24

5G

67

XUS GONZÁLEZ

EL CORSARIO

21:24

5G

67

苏斯·冈萨雷斯

海盗

21:24

5G

67

Xus González

The Corsair


Cocktail Lunch
Nel weekend aperitivo anche a pranzo

鸡尾酒午餐
周末午餐亦可享用开胃酒

Cocktail Lunch
On weekends, aperitif also at lunchtime


CNN PORTUGAL

CNN PORTUGAL

"Os árbitros são fracos, é verdade, os nomeadores são vulneráveis, mas há muita gente nos clubes a fugir às suas responsabilidades"

葡萄牙有线电视新闻网

葡萄牙有线电视新闻网

“裁判们水平不高，这是事实，任命方也存在漏洞，但是俱乐部里有很多人在逃避自己的责任”

CNN PORTUGAL

CNN PORTUGAL

"The referees are weak, it's true, those who appoint them are vulnerable, but there are many people in the clubs evading their responsibilities"


membuka peluang bagi siapa pun dari latar belakang yang beragam untuk melakukan kegiatan ekonomi.

Perbedaan yang diciptakan seseorang berdasarkan kekayaan harta benda yang melampaui batas tidak dibenarkan dalam Islam. Tetapi, hanya diperbolehkan untuk mempertahankannya dalam batas wajar. Sehingga Islam mengontrol pertumbuhan harta kekayaan pada setiap individu guna mencegah terjadinya penimbunan harta kekayaan dan mengajurkan untuk membelanjakan harta tersebut untuk kemaslahatan umat.

Dalam perekonomian Islam, pada harta orang kaya mengandung di dalamnya hak orang miskin, sehingga sepatutnya hak tersebut disalurkan. Keberadaan anggota masyarakat miskin menjadi tanggung jawab orang kaya agar tidak ada yang terlantar dan kelaparan. Sebaliknya, apabila si kaya tidak bertanggung jawab dengan menimbun kekayaan tanpa mengeluarkan hak orang lain atas hartanya, akibatnya mereka mendapat kemurkaan Allah Swt. Bahkan aparat pemerintah dapat turut campur untuk mengambil sebagian hartanya untuk didistribusikan pada yang berhak.

Tujuan pendistribusian harta kekayaan di atas sebagai pendidikan akhlak, agar melahirkan kesadaran dalam diri setiap orang terkait urgensi keadilan sosial bagi masyarakat dan kewajiban memberikan hak orang lain, serta memenuhi tanggung jawab masing-masing. Regulasi undang-undang memberikan kepastian peredaran harta secara berkesinambungan di masyarakat dan mencegah penimbunan harta. Faktanya, pendidikan akhlak disertai sanksi hukum yang diberikan tidak serta merta menimbulkan kesadaran sebagaimana yang diharapkan. Hal ini dikarenakan masih ada orang yang menimbun harta melebihi keperluannya yang membuat ketidakseimbangan di masyarakat. Dalam hal ini pemerintah berhak dan berkuasa untuk mengembalikan keseimbangan tersebut. Tindakan ini diperlukan karena ketidakadilan ditolak dalam Islam dan ancaman bagi orang yang melakukan adalah sanksi yang cukup berat.

 4. Keadilan dalam Pertukaran

Pada zaman Rasulullah Saw., prinsip keadilan diterapkan dengan tegas terhadap pelbagai bentuk perdagangan. Beliau menjaga setiap bentuk

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54  Pengantar Ekonomi Islam

为来自不同背景的所有人提供参与经济活动的机会。

伊斯兰教不允许人们因财富而形成过度的贫富差距，但允许在合理范围内保有财产。因此，伊斯兰教控制每个个体的财富增长，以防止财富囤积，并鼓励将财富用于造福穆斯林社群。

在伊斯兰经济中，富人的财富中包含了穷人的权利，因此这些权利理应得到分配。贫困社群成员的存在是富人的责任，不应有人流离失所、忍饥挨饿。相反，如果富人不负责任地囤积财富而不分配他人对其财富应有的权利，他们将会招致真主安拉的愤怒。甚至政府官员也可以介入，没收其部分财富以分配给应得之人。

上述财富分配的目的是进行道德教育，以使每个人都意识到社会公正对社会的重要性，以及给予他人权利和履行各自责任的义务。法律法规确保了财富在社会中的持续流通，并防止财富囤积。事实上，道德教育辅以法律制裁并不一定能如期般唤醒人们的意识。这是因为仍然有人囤积超出其需求的财富，从而在社会中造成失衡。在这种情况下，政府有权利和权力恢复这种平衡。这一行动是必要的，因为伊斯兰教反对不公正，而那些实施不公义行为者将面临严厉的制裁。

4. 交易中的公正

在先知穆罕默德（愿主福安之）的时代，公正原则被严格应用于各种形式的贸易中。他守护每一种形式

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54 伊斯兰经济学导论

opens opportunities for anyone from diverse backgrounds to engage in economic activities.

Disparity created by someone based on excessive wealth beyond limits is not permitted in Islam. However, it is only allowed to maintain it within reasonable bounds. Thus, Islam controls the growth of wealth for each individual to prevent the hoarding of wealth and encourages spending that wealth for the welfare of the ummah.

In Islamic economics, the wealth of the rich contains the rights of the poor within it, so those rights should be distributed. The existence of poor members of society is the responsibility of the rich so that no one is neglected and starves. Conversely, if the rich are not responsible by hoarding wealth without releasing the rights of others to their wealth, then they incur the wrath of Allah Swt. Even the government apparatus can intervene to take part of their wealth to distribute it to those who are entitled.

The purpose of the above wealth distribution is as moral education, to generate awareness in each person regarding the urgency of social justice for society and the obligation to provide the rights of others, as well as to fulfill their respective responsibilities. Legal regulations provide certainty for the continuous circulation of wealth in society and prevent the hoarding of wealth. In fact, moral education accompanied by legal sanctions does not immediately create the desired awareness. This is because there are still people who hoard wealth beyond their needs, which creates imbalance in society. In this case, the government has the right and authority to restore that balance. This action is necessary because injustice is rejected in Islam and the threat for those who commit it is quite severe.

4. Justice in Exchange

In the time of the Prophet Muhammad Saw., the principle of justice was strictly applied to various forms of trade. He safeguarded every form

---
54 Introduction to Islamic Economics


RAYA PUN BOLEH
JANGAN LUPA JAGA DIRI

Blood Pressure

140

90

79

M M

INSULIN INJECTION

10 ml/vial

MC

INSULIN INJECTION

PHM

开斋节也可以
别忘了照顾好自己

血压

140

90

79

M M

胰岛素注射液

10 毫升/瓶

MC

胰岛素注射液

PHM

Even During Raya, You Can
Don't Forget to Take Care of Yourself

Blood Pressure

140

90

79

M M

INSULIN INJECTION

10 ml/vial

MC

INSULIN INJECTION

PHM


Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi ISSN:1302-8944  Yıl: 2018  Sayı: 48  Sayfa: 111-135

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eğitimi, kalıcı öğrenmeyi sağlamakta ve sınıf içi öğrenmeyi desteklemektedir (Martin, 2004).

Bilim müzeleri, ziyaretçilerin dokunabildiği, çeşitli deneyler yapabildiği, eğlenerek çevresinde olup biten doğa olaylarını anlayabilmelerini sağlayan etki ve katkı alanı geniş yapılardır. Fen konuları günlük yaşamla iç içedir. Dolayısıyla bilim merkezleri ve bilim müzeleri, özellikle soyut fen kavramlarının günlük yaşam içinde eğlenilerek öğrenilmesine yardımcı olurlar. Kısacası bu tür ortamlar, öğrencilerin bilimle ilgili doğrudan deneyim kazanabilecekleri, karşılaştıkları problemleri gözlem ve deneyler ile çözme fırsatı yakalayabilecekleri yerlerdir. Böylece öğrenciler, sınıf ortamında öğrendikleri konuları okul dışı ortamlarda bizzat yaparak-yaşayarak öğrenme fırsatı bulabilecek ve daha kalıcı öğrenmeyi gerçekleştirecektir.

Okul ve okul dışında öğrenmeler birbiri ile iç içe ve birbirini desteklemelidir. Yapılan araştırmalarda, fen öğretiminin etkisi olan okul dışı öğrenme ortamlarından biri de sanayi kuruluşlarıdır (Braund & Reis, 2006). Bu çalışmada da görüşme yapılan öğretmen adaylarının yazılı, okul dışı öğrenme ortamı olarak sanayi kuruluşlarını belirtmişlerdir. Bu bağlamda sanayi kuruluşları etkin fen öğretim ortamları olarak kullanılabilir.

Öğrenciler, sanayi kuruluşlarını ziyaretleri sırasında özellikle günlük yaşamda kullandıkları sanayi ürünlerinin nasıl üretildiğini öğrenme fırsatı bulurlar. Ayrıca üretim aşamasında hangi süreçlerden geçildiği ve bunların okulda öğrenilen fen kavramları ile olan ilişkisi, bu kuruluşlara yapılan ziyaret sırasında öğrenilerek pekiştirilir (Laçin Şimşek, 2011). Örneğin 8. sınıf fen bilimleri dersi öğretim programındaki enerji dönüşümleri ve çevre bilimi ünitesindeki “Güç santrallerinde elektrik enerjisinin nasıl üretildiğini açıklar.” kazanımı, hidroelektrik ve termik santraller ziyaret edilerek öğretilebilir. Bu bağlamda sanayi kuruluşlarında, sanayi ürünlerinin üretim aşamasını gözlemlemeye aktif katılım önemlidir. Bu süreçte diğer öğrenciler ile etkileşimi ve fikir alışverişi fen kavramlarını ve prensiplerini anlamalarına katkı sağlayacaktır. Böylece, öğrencilerin hem bireysel sorumluluğunu hem de grup sorumluluğunu yerine getirebilme becerilerinin desteklenmesi sağlanabilir.

Öğretmen adaylarının çok azı planetaryum (1), hayvanat bahçesi (2), milli parklar (4) ve botanik bahçelerini (4) okul dışı öğrenme ortamları olarak dile getirmişlerdir. Güneşin, yıldızların ve diğer gezegenlerin hareketlerinin sanal bir ortamda oluşturulduğu planetaryumlar, öğrencilerin temel astronomi bilgileri edinmesine katkı sağlayan okul dışı öğrenme alanlarındandır. Ayrıca

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124

穆罕默德·阿基夫·埃尔索伊大学教育学院杂志 ISSN:1302-8944 年份: 2018 期号: 48 (Sayı: 48) 页码: 111-135

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教育，确保持久学习并支持课堂学习 (Martin, 2004)。

科学博物馆是影响广泛、贡献良多的场所，在这里，参观者可以触摸、进行各种实验，并在娱乐中理解周围发生的自然现象。科学学科与日常生活紧密相连。因此，科学中心和科学博物馆尤其有助于在日常生活中通过娱乐方式学习抽象的科学概念。简而言之，这类环境是学生可以获得与科学相关的直接经验，并有机会通过观察和实验解决所遇到问题的地方。这样，学生将有机会在校外环境中通过亲身体验来学习在课堂上学到的知识，从而实现更持久的学习。

校内学习和校外学习应该相互交织、相互支持。研究表明，对科学教学有影响的校外学习环境之一是工业机构 (Braund & Reis, 2006)。在这项研究中，接受访谈的准教师们也书面指出了工业机构作为校外学习环境。在此背景下，工业机构可以作为有效的科学教学环境。

学生在参观工业机构期间，尤其有机会了解日常生活中使用的工业产品是如何生产的。此外，在参观这些机构的过程中，学生可以学习并巩固生产阶段所经历的流程及其与在学校学到的科学概念之间的联系 (Laçin Şimşek, 2011)。例如，八年级科学课程教学大纲中能源转换和环境科学单元的“解释发电厂如何生产电能”这一学习目标，可以通过参观水力发电厂和火力发电厂来进行教学。在此背景下，积极参与观察工业机构中工业产品的生产阶段非常重要。在此过程中，与其他学生的互动和思想交流将有助于他们理解科学概念和原理。这样，可以支持学生履行个人责任和集体责任的能力。

很少有准教师提到天文馆 (1)、动物园 (2)、国家公园 (4) 和植物园 (4) 作为校外学习环境。天文馆是在虚拟环境中模拟太阳、恒星和其他行星运动的地方，是帮助学生获取基本天文学知识的校外学习场所之一。

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124

Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of the Faculty of Education ISSN:1302-8944 Year: 2018 Issue: 48 Pages: 111-135

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education, ensures permanent learning and supports in-class learning (Martin, 2004).

Science museums are structures with a wide sphere of influence and contribution, where visitors can touch, conduct various experiments, and understand the natural phenomena occurring around them while having fun. Science topics are intertwined with daily life. Therefore, science centers and science museums especially help in learning abstract science concepts through enjoyable experiences in daily life. In short, such environments are places where students can gain direct experience related to science and find opportunities to solve problems they encounter through observation and experiments. Thus, students will find the opportunity to learn the subjects they learned in the classroom environment by doing and experiencing them firsthand in out-of-school settings and will achieve more permanent learning.

In-school and out-of-school learning should be intertwined and mutually supportive. In studies conducted, industrial organizations are one of the out-of-school learning environments that have an impact on science teaching (Braund & Reis, 2006). In this study as well, teacher candidates who were interviewed specified industrial organizations in writing as out-of-school learning environments. In this context, industrial organizations can be used as effective science teaching environments.

During their visits to industrial organizations, students find the opportunity to learn, in particular, how the industrial products they use in daily life are produced. Furthermore, the processes involved in the production phase and their relationship with science concepts learned at school are learned and reinforced during visits to these organizations (Laçin Şimşek, 2011). For example, the learning outcome "Explains how electrical energy is produced in power plants." from the energy transformations and environmental science unit in the 8th-grade science curriculum can be taught by visiting hydroelectric and thermal power plants. In this context, active participation in observing the production stages of industrial products in industrial organizations is important. In this process, interaction and exchange of ideas with other students will contribute to their understanding of science concepts and principles. Thus, the development of students' abilities to take both individual and group responsibility can be supported.

Very few teacher candidates mentioned planetariums (1), zoos (2), national parks (4), and botanical gardens (4) as out-of-school learning environments . Planetariums, where the movements of the Sun, stars, and other planets are created in a virtual environment, are among the out-of-school learning areas that contribute to students acquiring basic astronomy knowledge. Furthermore

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124


FINAL DE TARDE NA BARRA NORTE
A diversão das crianças é garantida!

巴拉北区的傍晚时分
孩子们的欢乐有保障！

LATE AFTERNOON AT BARRA NORTE
Children's fun is guaranteed!


在阿里恰的马特里奇亚诺餐厅


うん、 いける。

日本製粉

バターラーメン

嗯，好吃。

日本制粉

黄油拉面

Yeah, this is good.

Nippon Flour Mills

Butter Ramen


malaysiakini  Kini News Lab
Rainforest Investigations Network

Walaupun gagalˌ pembalakan untuk memperluaskan ladang tetap diteruskan. 539 hektar hutan ditebang antara Januari 2020 hingga Februari 2024.

当今大马 Kini新闻实验室
雨林调查网络

尽管失败，为扩大种植园的伐木活动仍在继续。从2020年1月到2024年2月，共有539公顷的森林被砍伐。

Malaysiakini Kini News Lab
Rainforest Investigations Network

Despite failure, logging to expand plantations continued. 539 hectares of forest were felled between January 2020 and February 2024.


Hexenfinger  zuckerfrei & kalorienreduziert

38 kcal / Stck.

女巫手指 无糖 & 低热量

38 千卡 / 块

Witch's Fingers sugar-free & calorie-reduced

38 kcal / piece


海外

\ い ち ど 行 っ て 見 て み た い /
白色の絶景

海外 (海外)

\ 好想去一次看一看啊 /
白色的绝景

Overseas

\ I'd love to go and see it at least once! /
Breathtaking White Scenery


Relevanz und Nutzen 35

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bildungsangeboten. Gelingt es den Hochschulen in Zukunft besser, gemeinsam mit den Unternehmen mehr Möglichkeiten zu einem berufsbegleitenden lebenslangen Lernen zu schaffen, so wird dies die Bereitschaft zu Investitionen in die akademische Bildung nachhaltig steigern.

Nutzen von Unternehmenskooperationen aus Sicht von Professoren

Im Auftrag der EU-Kommission befragte das Science-to-Business Marketing Research Centre der Fach-hochschule Münster im Jahr 2011 insgesamt 6.280 Professoren und Hochschulmanager in 33 europä-ischen Ländern zur Zusammenarbeit von Hochschulen und Unternehmen (Science-to-Business Mar-keting Research Centre, 2011). Rund 40 Prozent der befragten Hochschullehrer kooperieren regelmäßig mit Unternehmen. Zu den drei häufigsten der insgesamt acht Kooperationsfelder der Hochschullehrer zählen Forschung und Entwicklung sowie Praxiserfahrungen für Studierende (Praktika, duale Studien-formen oder gemeinsame Seminare) und die Vermarktung von Forschungsergebnissen. Befragt zum Nutzen der Kooperationen nennen die Hochschullehrer an erster Stelle die verbesserte Beschäftigungs-fähigkeit der Studierenden.

Als fast ebenso wichtig werden verbesserte Lernerfahrungen für die Studierenden angesehen. Die Kooperationen mit Unternehmen nutzen demnach in erster Linie den Studierenden. Dabei sind die Beschäftigungsperspektiven und die Praxiserfahrungen von zentraler Bedeutung. Einen hohen Nutzen sehen die Hochschullehrer auch für Unternehmen. Sie können durch Kooperationen ihre Leistungs- und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit stärken. Relevant für Professoren ist wiederum die Möglich-keit, Drittmittel zu akquirieren und die eigene Forschung und Reputation zu stärken. Zwei Aussagen fanden weniger Zustimmung: Für Kooperationen mit Unternehmen erhalten Professoren mehr Anerkennung innerhalb der eigenen Hochschule und Professoren verbessern damit ihre eigenen Karrierechancen.

Abbildung: Nutzen von Kooperationen aus Professorensicht

Umfrage bei europäischen Hochschullehrern (N = 2.394), Mittelwerte einer zehnstufigen Skala von 1 = stimme überhaupt nicht zu bis 10 = stimme in höchstem Maße zu

Quelle: Science-to-Business Marketing Research Centre, 2011

相关性和效用 35

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教育机会。如果高校未来能够更好地与企业共同创造更多在职终身学习的机会，这将持续提升投资学术教育的意愿。

从教授视角看企业合作的效用

受欧盟委员会委托，明斯特应用技术大学科学与商业营销研究中心 (Science-to-Business Marketing Research Centre) 于2011年就高校与企业的合作问题，对33个欧洲国家的共6280名教授和高校管理者进行了调查（科学与商业营销研究中心，2011年）。约40%的受访高校教师经常与企业合作。在高校教师总共八个合作领域中，最常见的三个领域包括研发、为学生提供实践经验（实习 、双元制学习形式  或联合研讨会）以及研究成果的商业化。当被问及合作的益处时，高校教师首先提到的是学生就业能力的提高。

学生学习体验的改善被认为几乎同样重要。因此，与企业的合作主要使学生受益。其中，就业前景和实践经验至关重要。高校教师也认为企业能从中获得巨大益处。通过合作，企业可以增强其绩效和竞争力。对教授而言，获得第三方资金以及加强自身研究和声誉的可能性也很重要。有两项说法的认同度较低：通过与企业合作，教授能在其所在高校获得更多认可，以及教授能借此改善自身的职业发展机会。

图示：从教授视角看合作的效用

欧洲高校教师调查 (N = 2.394)，十级量表的平均值，1 = 完全不同意 至 10 = 非常同意

来源：科学与商业营销研究中心，2011年

Relevance and Benefits 35

---

educational offerings. If universities succeed in the future in creating more opportunities for lifelong learning alongside work, in collaboration with companies, this will sustainably increase the willingness to invest in academic education.

## Benefits of Corporate Cooperations from the Perspective of Professors

On behalf of the European Commission, the Science-to-Business Marketing Research Centre of the Münster University of Applied Sciences surveyed a total of 6,280 professors and university managers in 33 European countries in 2011 regarding the collaboration between universities and companies (Science-to-Business Marketing Research Centre, 2011).

Around 40 percent of the surveyed university lecturers cooperate regularly with companies.Among the three most common of the total of eight cooperation fields for university lecturers are research and development, practical experience for students (internships, dual study programs, or joint seminars), and the commercialization of research results. When asked about the benefits of cooperations, university lecturers primarily cite the improved employability of students.

Improved learning experiences for students are considered almost equally important.  Thus, cooperations with companies primarily benefit the students. In this context, employment prospects and practical experience are of central importance.University lecturers also see significant benefits for companies.  Through cooperations, they can strengthen their performance and competitiveness. Relevant for professors, in turn, is the opportunity to acquire third-party funding and strengthen their own research and reputation. Two statements received less agreement: Professors receive more recognition within their own university for cooperations with companies, and professors thereby improve their own career prospects.

**Figure:** Benefits of Cooperations from the Professors' Perspective

Survey of European university lecturers (N = 2.394), mean values on a ten-point scale from 1 = strongly disagree to 10 = strongly agree.

Source: Science-to-Business Marketing Research Centre, 2011


明けましておめでとうございます。
今年もどうぞよろしくお願いします。

謝宗倫先生の日本語航海図

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谢宗伦老师的日语航海图

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普拉内斯 阿利坎特
*14-19 五月*


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伊斯坦布尔的波斯尼亚美食早午餐

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جورجي أمادو

عودة البحار

'كوميديا مبهجة'
*The New Yorker*

من الأدب البرازيلي

ترجمة
ممدوح عدوان

رواية

乔治·阿马多

大海归来

'一部令人愉悦的喜剧'
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出自巴西文学

翻译
马姆杜·阿德万

小说

Jorge Amado

The Return of the Seas

'A delightful comedy'
*The New Yorker*

From Literature Brazilian

Translation
Mamdouh Adwan

Novel


4/2003
*W-trends*

---

Um das Know-how von Frauen besser als bisher für den Arbeitsmarkt zu mobilisieren, wird man mehr Flexibilisierungspotenziale sichten müssen, zumal die Qualifikation von Frauen in den nachwachsenden Altersjahrgän-gen in manchen Bereichen jene der Männer bereits überholt, zumindest aber damit gleichgezogen hat.

Lediglich 1 Prozent der Unternehmen in Deutschland praktiziert alle 26 der hier abgefragten familienfreundlichen Maßnahmen. Knapp ein Fünftel der Unternehmen hat keine der abgefragten Maßnahmen umgesetzt (Abbil-dung 3). Bezogen auf die Unternehmensgröße, ist eindeutig festzustellen, dass die Großunternehmen weit mehr familienfreundliche Maßnahmen ein-setzen als die kleinen und mittelgroßen Unternehmen. Alle Unternehmen ab 250 Mitarbeitern praktizieren mindestens sechs familienfreundliche Maß-nahmen, 80 Prozent setzen sogar mehr als sechs ein. 66 Prozent der Kleinst-unternehmen mit bis zu neun Mitarbeitern sowie 63,3 Prozent der Unter-nehmen mit zehn bis zu 249 Beschäftigten haben zwischen einer und sechs familienfreundliche Maßnahmen eingeführt.

Abbildung 3

Verbreitung familienfreundlicher Maßnahmen

-Anzahl der Unternehmen nach Zahl der praktizierten familienfreundlichen Maßnahmen, in Prozent-

Ein Umfang von 16 bis zu 25 Maßnahmen wurde in keinem der befragten Unternehmen praktiziert.
Quelle: Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft Köln.

---

12

2003年4月
*W-趋势*

---

为了比以往更好地调动女性的专业技能服务于劳动力市场，人们将必须挖掘更多的灵活性潜力，尤其是因为在某些领域，年轻一代女性的专业水平已经超过男性，或者至少与男性持平。

在德国，仅有1%的企业实施了全部26项被调查的家庭友好措施。近五分之一的企业没有实施任何被调查的措施（图3）。就企业规模而言，可以明确看出，大型企业采用的家庭友好措施远多于中小型企业。所有员工人数达到250人及以上的企业都至少实施了六项家庭友好措施，80%的企业甚至实施了超过六项。66%的员工人数不超过九人的微型企业以及63.3%的员工人数在十至二百四十九人之间的企业，已经引入了一到六项家庭友好措施。

图3

家庭友好措施的普及情况

-按已实施家庭友好措施数量划分的企业数量，百分比-

在接受调查的企业中，没有一家企业实施了16至25项措施。
资料来源：科隆德国经济研究所。

---

12

April 2003
*W-trends*

---

To mobilize women’s expertise for the labor market better than before, one will need to tap more potential for flexibility, especially since the qualifications of women in the younger age groups have already surpassed those of men in some areas, or at least have caught up with them.

Only 1 percent of companies in Germany implement all 26 of the family-friendly measures surveyed here. Just under one fifth of companies have not implemented any of the surveyed measures (Figure 3). In terms of company size, it is clearly evident that large companies implement far more family-friendly measures than small and medium-sized enterprises. All companies with 250 or more employees practice at least six family-friendly measures; 80 percent even implement more than six. 66 percent of micro-enterprises with up to nine employees and 63.3 percent of companies with 10 to 249 employees have introduced between one and six family-friendly measures.

Figure 3

Prevalence of family-friendly measures

-Number of companies by the number of implemented family-friendly measures, in percent-

No company surveyed implemented a range of 16 to 25 measures.
Source: Cologne Institute for Economic Research.

---

12


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Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Tài chính - Marketing

Số 71 – Tháng 10 Năm 2022

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11 trên thế giới với giá trị thiệt hại là 4.037.704 triệu USD và giữ vị trí thứ 5 trên tổng nhóm nước có mức thiệt hại cao nhất. Thêm vào đó, thiệt hại bình quân GDP là 0,6782%, đứng thứ 10 trên thế giới. Biến đổi khí hậu trở thành một trong những nhân tố tác động mạnh mẽ và trực tiếp tới các nông hộ, ảnh hưởng mạnh đến sinh kế của nông hộ. Di cư cung cấp một lựa chọn để giảm bớt bất an và nghèo đói mặc dù nó không thể tạo thành một giải pháp thoát nghèo ở nông thôn. Trong khi đó, vốn xã hội là một trong năm loại vốn sinh kế cốt lõi trong cấu trúc kiến tạo nên sinh kế của hộ gia đình. Các loại tài sản sinh kế (5 loại vốn sinh kế theo DFID (1999) hay 6 loại tài sản theo Winters và cộng sự (2001)), vốn xã hội cũng đểu được xem là một trong các thành tố cốt lõi ảnh hưởng đến các quyết định sinh kế của hộ và chịu ảnh hưởng lớn bởi các bối cảnh sinh kế (DFID, 1999; Winters và cộng sự, 2001)particularly the livelihoods of the poor. It was developed over a period of several months by the Sustainable Rural Livelihoods Advisory Committee, building on earlier work by the Institute of Development Studies (amongst others. Do đó, để làm rõ tác động của các yếu tố trong ảnh hưởng khí hậu và các trạng thái vốn xã hội của hộ đến một trong các quyết định sinh kế quan trọng của hộ, quyết định di cư.

# 2. Cơ sở lý thuyết và mô hình nghiên cứu

## *2.1. Di cư và dịch chuyển lao động*

Theo định nghĩa từ tổ chức di cư quốc tế (IOM), di chuyển lao động hay dịch chuyển của người lao động có thể là di chuyển nghề nghiệp (di chuyển dọc theo bậc thang nghề nghiệp), hoặc di chuyển theo địa lý (di chuyển qua các vị trí địa lý). Thuật ngữ "dịch chuyển lao động" có cùng nghĩa với "di cư lao động" nhưng ngày nay được sử dụng thường xuyên hơn để phản ánh bản chất năng động và đa hướng của di cư hiện đại, cho thấy rằng những người di chuyển vì mục đích việc làm có thể làm như vậy nhiều lần, có thể di chuyển qua các quốc gia đến khác nhau và việc làm của họ ở nước ngoài có thể không nhất thiết dẫn đến việc định cư ở một quốc gia khác, giữ nơi cư trú chính của họ ở quốc gia xuất xứ của họ. Sự di cư của các cá nhân từ bang này sang bang khác, hoặc trong quốc gia cư trú của chính mình, cho mục đích làm việc gọi là di cư lao động (Brown, 2008).

Di chuyển theo địa lý, ngành, và nghề nghiệp là các thành phần của dịch chuyển lao động được bao gồm trong khái niệm của Mincer và Jovanovic (1979). Do sự dịch chuyển lao động từ khu vực nông nghiệp sang phi nông nghiệp và từ nông thôn ra thành thị, thị trường lao động bắt đầu phát triển và xuất hiện từ cư (Cai và cộng sự, 2014; Mincer & Jovanovic, 1981; Su và cộng sự, 2018). Những người di cư được định nghĩa là những người đã rời khỏi chỗ ở từ 6 tháng trở lên. Di cư từ nông thôn ra thành thị là một quá trình phát triển tất yếu trong quá trình chuyển đổi từ nền kinh tế nông nghiệp sang nền kinh tế công nghiệp (Valtonen, 1996).

## *2.2. Ảnh hưởng của vốn xã hội và biến đổi khí hậu đến di cư*

Khung phân tích sinh kế bền vững (DFID) cơ quan phát triển quốc tế Anh đưa ra vào năm 1999, nhấn mạnh đến các bối cảnh sinh kế có thể ảnh hưởng đến sinh kế của hộ. Theo đó, DFID đặc biệt nhấn mạnh và các bối cảnh tổn thương từ các cú sốc, các xu hướng và tính mùa vụ (DFID, 1999). Các cú sốc về sức khỏe, tự nhiên, kinh tế gắn liền với các sự kiện biến đổi khí hậu. Trong đó, DFID cho rằng, các bối cảnh này là dễ tổn thương, đặc biệt đối với các hộ nghèo và nó nằm bên ngoài khả năng kiểm soát của hộ và DFID nhấn mạnh đến các yếu tố tiêu cực trong bối cảnh sống của hộ gia đình tác động đến sinh kế của hộ.

Đồng thời, dưới quan điểm của DFID, nguồn vốn sinh kế của hộ là điều kiện xác định khả năng hộ có thể lựa chọn chiến lược sinh kế cho mình, với 5 loại vốn của hộ bao gồm: vốn con người, vốn xã hội, vốn tự nhiên, vốn vật chất, vốn tài chính. Trong khung phân tích này, vốn xã hội có vai trò khá đặc biệt, quan điểm của DFID cho rằng vốn xã hội không chỉ đóng vai trò là một nguồn tài sản sinh kế để cho hộ lựa chọn chiến lược sinh kế mà vốn xã hội còn tác động đến các loại vốn sinh kế còn lại của hộ gia đình. Vốn xã hội trong khung phân tích sinh kế DFID được đề xuất xem xét đo lường ở 3 khía cạnh: mạng lưới (ngang hàng hoặc trên dưới, ngang-dọc), thành viên các tổ chức, các mối quan hệ niềm tin, các hình thức trao đổi.

---

3

《金融营销研究》杂志 (Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Tài chính Marketing)

第71期 – 2022年10月 (Số 71 – Tháng 10 Năm 2022)

---

全球第11位，损失价值40,377.04亿美元，在损失最严重的国家组中排名第5。此外，GDP平均损失为0.6782%，居世界第10位。气候变化已成为对农户产生强烈而直接影响的因素之一，严重影响农户的生计。尽管移民不能构成农村摆脱贫困的解决方案，但它也是减轻不安定和贫困的一种必要选择。与此同时，社会资本是构成家庭生计结构的五个核心生计资本之一。各种生计资产（根据英国国际发展部（DFID）（1999）的5种生计资本或温特斯及其同事（2001）的6种资产），社会资本也被认为是影响农户生计决策的核心组成部分之一，并深受生计背景的影响（DFID，1999；温特斯及其同事，2001），特别是贫困人口的生计。它是由可持续农村生计咨询委员会历时数月，在发展研究所以及其他机构早期工作的基础上发展起来的。因此，为了阐明气候影响中的各种因素和农户社会资本状况对农户重要生计决策的强烈影响。

# 2. 理论基础与研究模型

## *2.1. 移民与劳动力流动*

根据国际移民组织（IOM）的定义，劳动力迁移或劳动者流动可以是职业流动（沿职业阶梯的纵向流动），也可以是地理流动（跨地理位置的流动）。“劳动力流动”一词与“劳务移民”含义相同，但如今更常用于反映现代移民的动态和多向性本质，表明为就业目的而迁移的人可能会多次迁移，可能会在不同目的地国家之间流动，其在国外的工作不一定会导致在另一个国家定居，其主要居住地仍在原籍国。个人出于工作目的，从一个州迁移到另一个州，或在自己居住的国家内迁移，称为劳务移民（布朗，2008）。

地域、行业和职业流动是明瑟和乔万诺维奇（1979）概念中所包含的劳动力流动的组成部分。由于劳动力从农业部门向非农业部门、从农村向城市流动，劳动力市场开始发展并脱胎于旧有模式（蔡等，2014；明瑟和乔万诺维奇，1981；苏等，2018）。移民被定义为离开其居住地6个月或更长时间的人。从农村到城市的移民是从农业经济向工业经济转型过程中的必然发展过程（瓦尔托宁，1996）。

## *2.2. 社会资本和气候变化对移民的影响

英国国际发展部（DFID）于1999年提出的可持续生计分析框架强调了可能影响农户生计的各种生计背景。据此，DFID特别强调了冲击、趋势和季节性等脆弱性背景（DFID，1999）。健康、自然、经济冲击与气候变化事件密切相关。其中，DFID认为，这些背景是脆弱的，特别是对贫困户而言，并且超出了农户的控制能力。DFID强调了家庭生活背景中对农户生计产生负面影响的因素。

同时，根据DFID的观点，农户的生计资本是决定其选择生计策略能力的条件，其5种资本包括：人力资本、社会资本、自然资本、物质资本和金融资本。在此分析框架中，社会资本具有相当特殊的作用，DFID的观点认为，社会资本不仅作为农户选择生计策略的一种生计资产，而且还影响家庭其他类型的生计资本。DFID生计分析框架中提出的社会资本建议从3个方面进行衡量：网络（横向或纵向，横纵向）、组织成员资格、信任关系、交换形式。

---

3

Journal of Financial and Marketing Research

No. 71 – October 2022

---

11th in the world with damage valued at 4,037,704 million USD and ranked 5th among the group of countries with the highest levels of damage. In addition, the average GDP damage is 0.6782%, ranking 10th in the world. Climate change has become one of the factors that strongly and directly impacts farming households, greatly affecting their livelihoods. Migration is also a necessary option to reduce insecurity and poverty, although it cannot constitute a solution for poverty escape in rural areas. Meanwhile, social capital is one of the five core livelihood capital types in the structure that shapes household livelihoods. Livelihood asset types (5 types of livelihood capital according to DFID (1999) or 6 types of assets according to Winters et al. (2001)), social capital is also considered one of the core components affecting household livelihood decisions and is greatly influenced by livelihood contexts (DFID, 1999; Winters et al., 2001)particularly the livelihoods of the poor. It was developed over a period of several months by the Sustainable Rural Livelihoods Advisory Committee, building on earlier work by the Institute of Development Studies (amongst others. Therefore, to clarify the strong impact of factors related to climate influence and household social capital states on important household livelihood decisions, particularly the decision to migrate.

# 2. Theoretical Basis and Research Model

## *2.1. Migration and Labor Mobility*

According to the definition from the International Organization for Migration (IOM), labor movement or worker mobility can be occupational mobility (moving along the career ladder) or geographical mobility (moving across geographical locations). The term "labor mobility" has the same meaning as "labor migration" but is used more frequently today to reflect the dynamic and multidirectional nature of modern migration, suggesting that individuals who move for employment purposes may do so multiple times, may move through different destination countries, and their employment abroad may not necessarily lead to settlement in another country, while maintaining their primary residence in their country of origin. The migration of individuals from one state to another, or within their own country of residence, for work purposes is called labor migration (Brown, 2008).

Geographical, sectoral, and occupational mobility are components of labor mobility included in the concept of Mincer and Jovanovic (1979). Due to labor mobility from the agricultural to non-agricultural sectors and from rural to urban areas, the labor market began to develop and evolve from traditional structures (Cai et al., 2014; Mincer & Jovanovic, 1981; Su et al., 2018). Migrants are defined as individuals who have left their place of residence for 6 months or more. Rural-to-urban migration is an inevitable development process during the transition from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy (Valtonen, 1996).

## *2.2. The Influence of Social Capital and Climate Change on Migration*

The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (DFID), introduced by the UK's Department for International Development in 1999, emphasizes livelihood contexts that can affect household livelihoods. Accordingly, DFID particularly emphasizes vulnerability contexts arising from shocks, trends, and seasonality (DFID, 1999). Health, natural, and economic shocks are linked to climate change events. In this regard, DFID argues that these contexts are vulnerable, especially for poor households, and lie outside their control, and DFID emphasizes the negative factors in the living contexts of households that impact their livelihoods.

At the same time, from DFID's perspective, a household's livelihood capital is the condition that determines its ability to choose livelihood strategies for itself, with its five types of capital including: human capital, social capital, natural capital, physical capital, and financial capital. In this analytical framework, social capital plays a rather special role; DFID's view is that social capital not only acts as a livelihood asset for households to choose livelihood strategies but also affects the other types of livelihood capital of the household. Social capital in the DFID livelihood analytical framework is proposed to be considered and measured in 3 aspects: networks (peer or hierarchical, horizontal-vertical), membership in organizations, relationships of trust, and forms of exchange.

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3


"Kalau hidupmu terasa berat periksa lagi, siapa tau ada yang salah dari cara bersyukurmu"

by Taman Safari Indonesia in collaboration with Aquaria KLCC

“如果生活让你感到沉重，请再审视一下，也许是你的感恩方式出了问题。”

由印尼野生动物园与吉隆坡城中城水族馆合作

"If your life feels heavy, check again; perhaps there's something amiss with your way of being grateful"

by Taman Safari Indonesia in collaboration with Aquaria KLCC


küçük anlar için yaşamaya başladığın zaman

当你开始为了微瞬间刻而活时

When you start living for the little moments


..البيرجر
..شي ما جربتوه

..مصدر لحومنا

المعدلل

TMT
THE MEAT TREAT

APPROVED
APPROVED
APPROVED

مروج
MOROUJ

لتجارة المواشي و الأعلاف ش.م.ك.م

Livestock & Fodders Trading K.S.C.C

..汉堡包
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SAMPLE
SHOP.TESTPAPER.COM.MY

---

| TARIKH  | 09 APRIL 2025 | RABU | TEMA: DIRI SAYA | SAYA |
| :--| :--| :--| :--| :--|
| MASA /TUNJANG | STANDARD PEMBELAJARAN / OBJEKTIF / KRITERIA KEJAYAAN / AKTIVITI |  | KESEPADUAN / BAHAN / ABM | IMPAK & |
| EARLY CONVERSATION 7:30 7.50 10 MINIT| 1. Pupils say the greetings, recite doa, attendance, talk about the day, date and today's weather,
2. Sing the "Good Morning" song: https://youtu.be/TFVjU-dslM8?si=KgZTEOHf23B 8jy9 |  | Nilai : Kegembiraan | Kehadiran murid: |
|AP 7.50 - 8.40 50 MINIT | STANDARD PEMBELAJARAN:
KE 3.1.2 Menyatakan unsur seni yang terdapat pada objek buatan manusia
OBJEKTIF
Di akhir pengajaran dan pembelajaran murid dapat:
1.Menyatakan sekurang-kurangnya 2 unsur warna yang terdapat pada objek buatan manusia dengan betul.
2.Mewarnakan gambar yang disediakan dengan menggunakan warna yang sesuai berdasarkan objek buatan manusia.
Aktiviti : Unsur Seni : Warna
Set lnduksi:
1. Guru membawa murid ke kawasan sekitar sekolah dan menunjukkan bendera Malaysia.
2. Murid mengenal pasti dan menyebut warna asas yang terdapat pada bendera (merah, biru, kuning).
3. Guru bertanya soalan seperti:
"Apakah warna yang terdapat pada bendera ini?"
"Siapa tahu apakah warna baju sekolah kita?" |  | KESEPADUAN TUNJANG  FK 1.1.3 Menggunakan  kemahiran motor halus  melalui aktiviti yang  melibatkan alatan
ALAT/BAHAN BANTU MENGAJAR:
Gambar bendera Malaysia Kad gambar objek buatan manusia
Kad warna asas (merah, biru, kuning)
Lembaran kerja mewama Krayon atau pensel warna  | IMPAK:
PENTAKSIRAN:   |

样本
SHOP.TESTPAPER.COM.MY

---

| 日期  | 2025年4月9日 | 星期三 | 主题：我自己 | 我 |
| :--| :--| :--| :--| :--|
| 时间 / 学习领域 | 学习标准 / 目标 / 成功标准 / 活动 |  | 融合 / 材料 / 教具 | 成效与 |
| 晨间谈话 7:30 7.50 10 分钟| 1. 学生问好、诵读祈祷文、点名考勤，交流当日日期与天气
2. 齐唱《早安歌》：https://youtu.be/TFVjU-dslM8?si=KgZTEOHf23B8jy9 |  | 价值观：欢乐愉悦 | 学生出勤情况： |
|上午 7.50 - 8.40 50 分钟  | 学习标准：
KE 3.1.2 说出人造物品中含有的艺术元素
目标
教学结束后学生能够：
1.正确说出人造物品里至少2种色彩元素。
2.参照人造物品，选用合适颜色为配图涂色。
活动：艺术元素：色彩
导入环节：
1. 教师带领学生在校内周边参观，展示马来西亚国旗。
2. 学生识别并说出国旗基础颜色（红、蓝、黄）。
3. 教师提问：
“这面旗帜上有哪些颜色？”
“谁知道我们的校服是什么颜色？” |  | 领域融合 FK 1.1.3 通过工具类活动锻炼精细动作能力
教具/辅助材料：
马来西亚国旗图片、人造物品识图卡
基础色卡（红、蓝、黄）
涂色练习单、蜡笔或彩色铅笔 | 成效：
评估： |

SAMPLE
SHOP.TESTPAPER.COM.MY

---

| DATE  | 09 APRIL 2025 | WEDNESDAY | THEME: MYSELF  | I  |
| :--| :--| :--| :--| :--|
| TIME / STRAND  | LEARNING STANDARD / OBJECTIVE / SUCCESS CRITERIA / ACTIVITY |  | INTEGRATION / MATERIALS / TEACHING AIDS  | IMPACT & |
| EARLY CONVERSATION 7:30 7.50 10 MINUTES | 1. Pupils greet each other, recite prayers, take attendance, talk about the day, date and today's weather,
2. Sing the "Good Morning" song: https://youtu.be/TFVjU-dslM8?si=KgZTEOHf23B8jy9 |  | Value : Happiness | Student attendance: |
|AP 7.50 - 8.40 50 MINUTES  | LEARNING STANDARD:
KE 3.1.2 State the art elements found in man-made objects
OBJECTIVE
 At the end of teaching and learning, pupils will be able to:
 1. State at least 2 colour elements found in man-made objects correctly.
 2. Colour the given pictures with suitable colours based on man-made objects.
Activity : Elements of Art : Colour
Induction Set:
 1. The teacher takes pupils around the school and shows the Malaysian flag.
 2. Pupils identify and name the basic colours on the flag (red, blue, yellow).
 3. The teacher asks questions such as:
 "What colours are on this flag?"
 "Who knows the colour of our school uniform?" |  | STRAND INTEGRATION
 FK 1.1.3 Develop fine motor skills through activities using tools
TEACHING AIDS/MATERIALS:
Picture of the Malaysian flag
Picture cards of man-made objects
Basic colour cards (red, blue, yellow)
Colouring worksheets
Crayons or colour pencils | IMPACT:
ASSESSMENT: |


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Hong Kong merupakan negara yang masih percaya dengan seni mistik Feng Shui dan tetap menjadi praktik umum hingga sekarang. Tahukah kalian, roof top gedung HSBC Hong Kong Central dipercaya sebagai 2 batang yang mampu membelokkan energi buruk. Hal ini karena bangunan tersebut menghadap ke gedung Bank of China, yang dibangun dengan ujung yang tajam diyakini dapat memotong dan mencairkan energi baik.

汇丰银行

文华东方

中国银行

GENERAL POST OFFICE 郵政總局

事实依据
香港是一个至今仍信奉风水玄学、且风水习俗依然十分普遍的地区。大家知道吗，香港中环汇丰总行大厦的楼顶设有两根装置，被认为能够偏转不良气场。这是因为该建筑正对着中银大厦，而中银大厦带有尖锐棱角的造型，在风水上被视作会 “斩断”、冲散吉气。

HSBC

MANDARIN ORIENTAL

BANK OF CHINA

GENERAL POST OFFICE

BIPI FACT
Hong Kong is a region that still believes in the mystical art of Feng Shui, and this remains a common practice to this day. Do you know that the rooftop of the HSBC building in Central, Hong Kong is believed to be two rods capable of deflecting bad energy? This is because that building faces the Bank of China building, which was constructed with sharp tips that are believed to cut and disperse good energy.


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KỶ YẾU HỘI THẢO KHOA HỌC KẾ TOÁN XANH TRONG XU THẾ PHÁT TRIỂN BỀN VỮNG

---

Đức và Áo để nghiên cứu, kết quả cho thấy, tỷ lệ nợ có tác động đến việc áp dụng IFRS vì có thể chủ nợ yêu cầu tuân thủ một số thỏa thuận cụ thể.

Khác với các kết quả nghiên cứu ở trên, một số nghiên cứu cho rằng đòn bẩy không ảnh hưởng hoặc ảnh hưởng không đáng kể đến việc áp dụng IFRS. Murphy (1999) sử dụng thang đo tổng nợ trên vốn chủ sở hữu, kết quả cho thấy, nợ không ảnh hưởng đến việc áp dụng IFRS ở 44 công ty lớn niêm yết trên sàn chứng khoán Thụy Sĩ (22 công ty áp dụng IFRS và 22 công ty không áp dụng IFRS). Kolsi & Zehri (2013) sử dụng thang đo tỷ lệ nợ dài hạn chia cho tổng tài sản để nghiên cứu 700 doanh nghiệp của 74 quốc gia đang phát triển (32 quốc gia áp dụng IFRS và 32 quốc gia không áp dụng IFRS) kết quả nghiên cứu cũng tương tự. Ibiamke & Ateboh-Briggs (2014) đã nghiên cứu 60 doanh nghiệp lớn niêm yết tại Nigeria để đánh giá tác động của đòn bẩy (tổng nợ và tỷ lệ tổng nợ trên vốn chủ sở hữu) trước và sau khi áp dụng IFRS, kết quả cũng cho rằng, đòn bẩy không ảnh hưởng đến việc áp dụng IFRS.

Như vậy, có thể thấy tác động của hệ số đòn bẩy đến việc áp dụng IFRS qua các nghiên cứu là không đồng nhất vì nhiều lý do khác nhau về cách sử dụng thước đo và đặc điểm của mỗi quốc gia. Tuy nhiên, yếu tố đòn bẩy tài chính vẫn được nhiều nghiên cứu lựa chọn để đánh giá sự tác động của nó tới việc áp dụng IFRS.

Tóm lại, ngoài những nhân tố kể trên, một số nhân tố khác thuộc về doanh nghiệp có ảnh hưởng tới việc áp dụng IFRS như: chi phí áp dụng (Bassemir, 2018; Bùi Thị Oanh và cộng sự, 2020), loại hình sở hữu và hợp tác quốc tế (Al-Htaybat, 2018); sự tham gia của người nước ngoài trong quản lý (Ball và cộng sự, 2015); đầu tư của nhà đầu tư nước ngoài (Saudagaran & Diga, 2003; Lee & Fargher, 2010),...

## *3.2. Các nhân tố vĩ mô*

\* Hệ thống pháp lý

Hệ thống pháp luật là tập hợp tất cả các quy phạm, văn bản pháp luật có sự thống nhất theo những tiêu chí nhất định như tính chất, nội dung, mục đích. Các quốc gia khác nhau có hệ thống pháp luật và mức độ can thiệp của chính phủ khác nhau tác động đến chuẩn mực và các hoạt động kế toán khác nhau (Aboagye-Otchere & Agbeibor, 2012). Vì vậy, việc áp dụng toàn bộ, áp dụng một phần hay không áp dụng IFRS tùy thuộc vào điều kiện và nhu cầu của mỗi quốc gia. Một trong những khó khăn khi áp dụng IFRS là vai trò của cơ quan ban hành chuẩn mực kế toán quốc gia bị suy giảm, mất khả năng thiết lập chuẩn mực kế toán độc lập, chuyển quyền kiểm soát việc ban hành chuẩn mực cho Hội đồng chuẩn mực kế toán quốc tế (Lonergan, 2003; Peng et công sự, 2008).

Chất lượng quản lý và cách thức hoạt động của chính phủ tác động đến sự thích nghi của việc áp dụng IFRS trong doanh nghiệp (Chamisa, 2000). Doupnik & Salter (1995) cho rằng, hệ thống luật pháp có tác động quan trọng đến kế toán vì nó liên quan trực tiếp đến việc đảm bảo các quy định. Việc áp dụng IFRS sẽ có lợi cho doanh nghiệp khi Nhà nước khuyến khích công bố thông tin tài chính minh bạch (Daske và cộng sự, 2008; Li, 2010). Nobes & Stadler (2015); Baig & Khan (2016); Baker và

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| 395

可持续发展趋势下绿色会计科学研讨会论文集

---

对德国和奥地利的研究结果表明，债务比率对国际财务报告准则（IFRS）的采用有影响，因为债权人可能要求遵守某些特定协议。

与上述研究结果不同，一些研究认为杠杆对IFRS的采用没有影响或影响不显著。Murphy（1999）使用总负债与股东权益的比率作为衡量标准，结果表明，债务并未影响瑞士证券交易所上市的44家大公司（22家采用IFRS，22家未采用IFRS）采用IFRS。Kolsi & Zehri（2013）使用长期债务与总资产的比率来研究74个发展中国家（32个国家采用IFRS，32个国家未采用IFRS）的700家企业，研究结果也类似。Ibiamke & Ateboh-Briggs（2014）研究了尼日利亚上市的60家大型企业，以评估采用IFRS前后杠杆（总负债和总负债与股东权益的比率）的影响，结果也表明杠杆对IFRS的采用没有影响。

由此可见，由于衡量方法和各国特点的不同，不同研究中杠杆比率对IFRS采用的影响并不一致。然而，财务杠杆因素仍被许多研究选为评估其对IFRS采用影响的因素。

总之，除了上述因素外，其他一些属于企业层面的因素也会影响IFRS的采用，例如：采用成本（Bassemir, 2018; Bùi Thị Oanh 等, 2020），所有权类型和国际合作（Al-Htaybat, 2018）；外国人参与管理（Ball 等, 2015）；外国投资者投资（Saudagaran & Diga, 2003; Lee & Fargher, 2010）等。

## *3.2. 宏观因素*

\* 法律体系

法律体系是所有具有特定标准（如性质、内容、目的）统一性的法律规范和法律文本的集合。不同国家有不同的法律体系和政府干预程度，这会影响会计准则和不同的会计活动（Aboagye-Otchere & Agbeibor, 2012）。因此，是全部采用、部分采用还是不采用IFRS，取决于每个国家的条件和需求。采用IFRS的困难之一是国家会计准则制定机构的作用减弱，丧失了独立制定会计准则的能力，将准则制定控制权移交给国际会计准则理事会（Lonergan, 2003; Peng 等, 2008）。

政府的管理质量和运作方式影响企业采用IFRS的适应性（Chamisa, 2000）。Doupnik & Salter（1995）认为，法律体系对会计有重要影响，因为它直接关系到法规的保障实施。当国家鼓励透明的财务信息披露时，采用IFRS将对企业有利（Daske 等, 2008; Li, 2010）。Nobes & Stadler（2015）; Baig & Khan（2016）; Baker 和

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| 395

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE ON GREEN ACCOUNTING IN THE TREND OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

---

Germany and Austria for research, the results show that the debt ratio has an impact on the adoption of IFRS because creditors may require compliance with certain specific agreements.

Unlike the research results above, some studies suggest that leverage does not affect or has a negligible effect on the adoption of IFRS.  Murphy (1999) used the total debt to equity ratio, and the results showed that debt does not affect the adoption of IFRS in 44 large companies listed on the Swiss stock exchange (22 companies adopting IFRS and 22 companies not adopting IFRS).  Kolsi & Zehri (2013) used the long-term debt to total assets ratio to study 700 enterprises from 74 developing countries (32 countries adopting IFRS and 32 countries not adopting IFRS), and the research results were also similar. Ibiamke & Ateboh-Briggs (2014) studied 60 large listed enterprises in Nigeria to assess the impact of leverage (total debt and total debt to equity ratio) before and after the adoption of IFRS, and the results also suggested that leverage does not affect the adoption of IFRS.

Thus, it can be seen that the impact of the leverage ratio on the adoption of IFRS across studies is not consistent due to various reasons regarding the use of measurement metrics and the characteristics of each country. However, the financial leverage factor is still chosen by many studies to assess its impact on the adoption of IFRS.

In summary, in addition to the factors mentioned above, some other enterprise-related factors that affect the adoption of IFRS include: adoption costs (Bassemir, 2018; Bùi Thị Oanh et al., 2020), ownership type and international cooperation (Al-Htaybat, 2018); foreign participation in management (Ball et al., 2015); foreign investor investment (Saudagaran & Diga, 2003; Lee & Fargher, 2010),...

## *3.2. Macro factors*

\* Legal system

The legal system is a collection of all legal norms and documents unified according to certain criteria such as nature, content, and purpose. Different countries have different legal systems and levels of government intervention that affect different accounting standards and activities (Aboagye-Otchere & Agbeibor, 2012). Therefore, the full adoption, partial adoption, or non-adoption of IFRS depends on the conditions and needs of each country. One of the difficulties in adopting IFRS is the diminished role of the national accounting standard-setting body, loss of ability to independently establish accounting standards, and transferring control over standard-setting to the International Accounting Standards Board (Lonergan, 2003; Peng et al., 2008).

The quality of governance and the operational methods of the government affect the adaptation of IFRS adoption in enterprises (Chamisa, 2000). Doupnik & Salter (1995) argued that the legal system has a significant impact on accounting as it is directly related to ensuring regulations. The adoption of IFRS will be beneficial for enterprises when the State encourages transparent financial information disclosure (Daske et al., 2008; Li, 2010). Nobes & Stadler (2015); Baig & Khan (2016); Baker and

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| 395


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*Filtreye ihtiyaç duymayan o şehirde yaşıyorsundur*

*你生活在一个不需要滤镜的城市。*

*You live in a city that doesn't need a filter.*


TASTY
*KITCHEN*

COUPLE
COMBO 1
199.000$ ^{đ} $

02 Bún bò TASTY đặc biệt
01 Thức uống đóng chai 250ml

Delivery & Take out
1900 633 818

\* Từ 23.11 - 31.12.2021
\* Freeship tối đa 15K

美味
*厨房*

情侣套餐
套餐1
199,000越南盾

2份 特制美味牛肉粉
1瓶 250ml 瓶装饮料

送货和外卖：1900 633 818

\* 2021年11月23日至12月31日
\* 免费配送最高15K

TASTY
*KITCHEN*

COUPLE
COMBO 1
199,000 VND

02 Special TASTY Beef Noodle Soup
01 Bottled beverage 250ml

Delivery & Takeout
1900 633 818

\* From 23.11 to 31.12.2021
\* Freeship up to 15K


すき家
SUKIYA

ĂN TRƯA THIỆT CHILL
CÓ SUKIYA CHIỀU

すき家

食其家
食其家

午餐超惬意
下午有食其家

食其家

Sukiya
SUKIYA

A TRULY CHILL LUNCH
SUKIYA IN THE AFTERNOON

Sukiya


steviola
Erythrit

Ähnlich verwenden wie Zucker

A B C D E

斯蒂维奥拉
赤藓糖醇

用法与糖类似

A B C D E

Steviola
Erythritol

Use like sugar

A B C D E


Vegas
RESTAURANT

15
شيكل

أي ساندوش دجاج من اختيارك

CHICKEN SANDWICH

CHICKEN

Najah Street, Nablus, Palestine
+972 59-344-5555

维加斯
餐厅

15
谢克尔

任选一款鸡肉三明治

鸡肉三明治

鸡肉

巴勒斯坦纳布卢斯市纳贾街
+972 59-344-5555

Vegas
RESTAURANT

15
Shekels

Any chicken sandwich of your choice

CHICKEN SANDWICH

CHICKEN

Najah Street, Nablus, Palestine
+972 59-344-5555


奥伯斯特多夫 阿尔高阿尔卑斯山


DATÇA'NIN  EN MÜKEMMEL  4 KOYU

Ayrıntılar açıklamada

达特恰最完美的4个海湾

详情见描述

Datça's 4 Most Perfect Bays

Details in the description


Llega el Outlet de cerámica al peso a Alicante

A MERCADORIA

mad

按重量计价的陶瓷特卖会抵达阿利坎特

商品

马德里

The Pay-by-Weight Ceramic Outlet is Coming to Alicante

The Merchandise

mad


قطر
 لستت أماكن


48

H.V. Hội / Tạp chí Khoa học ĐHQGHN, Kinh tế và Kinh doanh, Tập 29, Số 4 (2013) 44–53

thuế nhập khẩu ưu đãi 0%. Thực tế cho thấy AEC và các FTA đã góp phần tăng nhanh giá trị xuất khẩu giữa Việt Nam với ASEAN và với các đối tác của ASEAN. Như vậy, thúc đẩy xuất khẩu là tác động lớn nhất và quan trọng nhất mà các FTA này mang lại. Điểm qua một loạt các FTA đa phương của ASEAN với các đối tác lớn cho thấy, Việt Nam đã được hưởng những tác động tích cực từ hiệu ứng lan tỏa của việc thực hiện tự do hóa thương mại mà lộ trình hướng tới thành lập AEC mang lại. Đó là những cơ hội mở rộng thị trường xuất khẩu từ hiệu ứng của việc cắt giảm thuế theo cam kết trong FTA bởi trong tất cả các cuộc đàm phán FTA, mục tiêu mà Việt Nam luôn hướng tới là khơi thông và thúc đẩy xuất khẩu hàng hóa và dịch vụ của Việt Nam ra thị trường thế giới.

Đối với thương mại dịch vụ, mục tiêu của AEC cũng hướng tới tự do hơn chuyển dịch vụ trong và ngoài khối. Một khi AEC được hình thành, nó sẽ tạo ra cơ hội cho các phân ngành dịch vụ Việt Nam như du lịch, vận tải, tài chính, ngân hàng mở rộng mạng lưới hoạt động ra toàn bộ thị trường ASEAN với chí phí thấp hơn nhiều so với hiện nay. Tuy nhiên, sự thâm nhập sâu của các doanh nghiệp dịch vụ nước ngoài, như các doanh nghiệp logistics, các ngân hàng ở các quốc gia ASEAN-5 với thế mạnh về nguồn vốn, mạng lưới, đã đang vể sản phầm sẽ làm cho thị trường ngân hàng nội địa bão hòa và tạo áp lực cạnh tranh gay gắt đối với các phân ngành dịch vụ trong nước, vốn có quy mô nhỏ và nghèo nàn về sản phẩm.

Hình 2: Xuất khẩu của Việt Nam sang các đối tác chính của ASEAN (đơn vị: tỷ USD).

*Nguồn:* Tổng cục Thống kê và Tổng cục Hải quan, 2013

*Thứ hai*, tác động của AEC tới tăng trưởng xuất khẩu. ASEAN hiện là đối tác thương mại quan trọng hàng đầu của Việt Nam và là động lực giúp nền kinh tế nước ta duy trì tốc độ tăng trưởng và xuất khẩu trong nhiều năm qua, vượt trên cả EU, Nhật Bản, Trung Quốc hay Mỹ. Với lợi thế là một khu vực phát triển năng động, gần gũi về địa lý, quan hệ thương mại giữa Việt Nam và ASEAN có mức tăng trưởng cao. So với năm 2002, thương mại hai chiều Việt Nam và ASEAN năm 2012 đã tăng hơn 5 lần, đạt 37,84 tỷ USD, chiếm 16,6% tổng kim ngạch xuất nhập khẩu của cả nước. Cũng trong giai đoạn này, nhịp độ tăng trưởng xuất khẩu trung bình của Việt Nam sang ASEAN đạt 28,4% và nhập khẩu đạt 27%. Kim ngạch xuất khẩu của Việt Nam sang ASEAN tăng từ 2,43 tỷ USD năm 2002 lên tới 17,08 tỷ USD năm 2012. Từ

48

H.V. Hội / 河内国家大学科学杂志：经济与商业，第29卷，第4期 (2013) 44–53

0%优惠进口税。实践表明，东盟经济共同体和各项自由贸易协定为越南与东盟之间以及越南与东盟伙伴之间的出口额快速增长做出了贡献。因此，促进出口是这些自由贸易协定带来的最大且最重要的影响。回顾东盟与主要伙伴签订的一系列多边自贸协定可以看出，越南已从筹建东盟经济共同体进程中带来的贸易自由化的溢出效应中受益。这些是通过自由贸易协定承诺削减关税效应带来的扩大出口市场的机会，因为在所有自由贸易协定谈判中，越南始终追求的目标是为越南商品和服务出口到世界市场疏通渠道并加以推动。

对于服务贸易，东盟经济共同体的目标也是致力于实现区域内外服务流动的更大自由化。一旦东盟经济共同体成立，它将为越南的旅游、运输、金融、银行等服务子行业创造机会，以远低于目前的成本将其运营网络扩展到整个东盟市场。然而，外国服务企业（如在资本和网络方面具有优势的东盟五国的银行、物流企业）的深入渗透，会导致国内银行市场趋于饱和，并对国内规模小、产品种类贫乏的服务子行业造成激烈的竞争压力。

图2：越南对东盟主要伙伴的出口额（单位：十亿美元）。

*来源：* 统计总局和海关总署，2013

*第二*，东盟经济共同体对出口增长的影响。东盟目前是越南最重要的贸易伙伴，也是越南经济多年来保持增长和出口速度的动力，甚至超过了欧盟、日本、中国或美国。凭借地理位置相近、发展充满活力的区域优势，越南与东盟的贸易关系实现了高增长。与2002年相比，2012年越南与东盟的双边贸易额增长了5倍以上，达到378.4亿美元，占全国进出口总额的16.6%。同期，越南对东盟的平均出口增长率达到28.4%，进口增长率达到27%。越南对东盟的出口额从2002年的24.3亿美元增长到2012年的170.8亿美元。从

48

H.V. Hội / VNU Journal of Science, Economics and Business, Vol. 29, No. 4 (2013) 44–53

0% preferential import tariff. In practice, the AEC and FTAs have contributed to rapidly increasing the export value between Vietnam and ASEAN, and with ASEAN's partners. Thus, promoting exports is the largest and most important impact these FTAs bring. A review of a series of ASEAN's multilateral FTAs with major partners shows that Vietnam benefits from the positive spillover effects of implementing trade liberalization, which the roadmap towards establishing the AEC brings. These are opportunities to expand export markets resulting from the effect of tariff reductions committed in FTAs, because in all FTA negotiations, the goal Vietnam always aims for is to facilitate and promote the export of Vietnamese goods and services to global markets.

Regarding trade in services, the AEC also aims for freer movement of services within and outside the bloc. Once the AEC is established, it will create opportunities for Vietnamese service sub-sectors such as tourism, transport, finance, and banking to expand their operational networks to the entire ASEAN market at a much lower cost than at present. However, the deep penetration of foreign service enterprises, such as logistics companies and banks from ASEAN-5 countries with strengths in capital and networks, will saturate the domestic banking market and create intense competitive pressure on domestic service sub-sectors, which are small in scale and lack diverse service offerings.

Figure 2: Vietnam's exports to ASEAN's main partners (unit: billion USD).

*Source:* General Statistics Office and General Department of Customs, 2013

*Secondly*, the impact of the AEC on export growth. ASEAN is currently Vietnam's leading trading partner and a driving force helping Vietnam's economy maintain its growth and export pace over many years, surpassing even the EU, Japan, China, or the US. Thanks to dynamic regional development and geographical proximity, trade relations between Vietnam and ASEAN have enjoyed strong growth. Compared to 2002, two-way trade between Vietnam and ASEAN surged more than  fivefold to USD 37.84 billion in 2012 , accounting for 16.6% of the country's total import-export turnover. Also during this period, the average export growth rate of Vietnam to ASEAN reached 28.4%, and imports reached 27%. Vietnam's export turnover to ASEAN increased from 2.43 billion USD in 2002 to 17.08 billion USD in 2012. From


*Bảng 4. Kiểm định độ tin cậy của các biến quan sát về mức độ áp dụng ECMA*

| | Corrected Item-Total Correlation | Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted |
|---|---:|---:|
| MDAD1 | .630 | .838 |
| MDAD2 | .599 | .841 |
| MDAD3 | .497 | .854 |
| MDAD4 | .695 | .829 |
| MDAD5 | .526 | .851 |
| MDAD6 | .761 | .821 |
| MDAD7 | .697 | .827 |

*(Nguồn: Kết quả từ phần mềm SPSS)*
#### 4.2. Phân tích nhân tố khám phá
Phân tích nhân tố cho các biến độc lập
Kết quả từ phần mềm SPSS 22.0 cho biết rằng hệ số KMO = 0,886 > 0,5, kiểm định Bartlett có Sig là 0,000 < 0,05, phương sai trích 78,324% > 50%, các hệ số tải của các biến quan sát đều > 0,5 và các biến quan sát hình thành 2 nhân tố khi hệ số Eigenvalues dừng tại 1. Như vậy phân tích khám phá nhân tố cho các biến độc lập là phù hợp (bảng 5).

*Bảng 5. Kết quả phân tích khám phá nhân tố cho biến độc lập*

| Rotated Component Matrix$ ^{a} $|||
|---|---:|---:|
| | Component|  |
| | 1 | 2 |
| NTNQT1 | .898 | |
| NTNQT2 | .888 | |
| NTNQT3 | .874 | |
| NTNQT4 | .868 | |
| NTNQT5 | .744 | |
| CLMT1 | | .903 |
| CLMT2 | | .860 |
| CLMT3 | | .837 |
| CLMT4 | | .815 |

*(Nguồn: Kết quả từ phần mềm SPSS)*

Phân tích nhân tố cho các biến phụ thuộc (Mức độ áp dụng ECMA)

Phân tích nhân tố cho biến phụ thuộc "Mức độ áp dụng ECMA" cho kết quả: Hệ số KMO = 0,846 > 0,5, kiểm định Bartlett có Sig = 0,000 <0,05, phương sai trích 54,956% > 50%, các hệ

---
158

*表4. 对ECMA应用程度观测变量的信度检验*

| | 校正项与总分相关系数 | 删除题项后的克朗巴哈系数α |
|---|---:|---:|
| MDAD1 | .630 | .838 |
| MDAD2 | .599 | .841 |
| MDAD3 | .497 | .854 |
| MDAD4 | .695 | .829 |
| MDAD5 | .526 | .851 |
| MDAD6 | .761 | .821 |
| MDAD7 | .697 | .827 |

*(来源：SPSS软件结果)*
#### 4.2. 探索性因子分析
自变量的因子分析
SPSS 22.0软件结果显示，KMO系数=0.886 > 0.5，Bartlett检验的Sig值为0.000 < 0.05，方差解释率78.324% > 50%，各观测变量的因子载荷均> 0.5，且当特征值（Eigenvalues）停留在1时观测变量形成2个因子。因此，自变量的探索性因子分析是合适的（表5）。

*表5. 自变量探索性因子分析结果*

| 旋转成分矩阵$ ^{a} $|  |  |
|---|---:|---:|
| | 成分|  |
| | 1 | 2 |
| NTNQT1 | .898 |  |
| NTNQT2 | .888 |  |
| NTNQT3 | .874 |  |
| NTNQT4 | .868 |  |
| NTNQT5 | .744 |  |
| CLMT1 |  | .903 |
| CLMT2 |  | .860 |
| CLMT3 |  | .837 |
| CLMT4 |  | .815 |

*(来源：SPSS软件结果)*

因变量的因子分析（ECMA应用程度）

对因变量“ECMA应用程度”进行因子分析得到结果：KMO系数=0.846 > 0.5，Bartlett检验的Sig值=0.000 < 0.05，方差解释率54.956% > 50%，各系

---
158

*Table 4. Reliability test of observed variables regarding the ECMA adoption level*

| | Corrected Item-Total Correlation | Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted |
|---|---:|---:|
| MDAD1 | .630 | .838 |
| MDAD2 | .599 | .841 |
| MDAD3 | .497 | .854 |
| MDAD4 | .695 | .829 |
| MDAD5 | .526 | .851 |
| MDAD6 | .761 | .821 |
| MDAD7 | .697 | .827 |

*(Source: Results from SPSS software)*
#### 4.2. Exploratory Factor Analysis
Factor analysis for independent variables
Results from SPSS 22.0 software indicate that the KMO coefficient = 0.886 > 0.5, Bartlett's test has a Sig. of 0.000 < 0.05, extracted variance is 78.324% > 50%, the factor loadings of all observed variables are > 0.5, and the observed variables form 2 factors when the Eigenvalues stop at 1. Thus, the exploratory factor analysis for the independent variables is appropriate (Table 5).

*Table 5. Results of exploratory factor analysis for independent variables*

| Rotated Component Matrix$ ^{a} $|  |  |
|---|---:|---:|
| | Component|  |
| | 1 | 2 |
| NTNQT1 | .898 |  |
| NTNQT2 | .888 |  |
| NTNQT3 | .874 |  |
| NTNQT4 | .868 |  |
| NTNQT5 | .744 |  |
| CLMT1 |  | .903 |
| CLMT2 |  | .860 |
| CLMT3 |  | .837 |
| CLMT4 |  | .815 |

*(Source: Results from SPSS software)*

Factor analysis for dependent variables

Factor analysis for the dependent variable "ECMA Adoption Level" yields the following results: KMO coefficient = 0.846 > 0.5, Bartlett's test has a Sig. = 0.000 < 0.05, extracted variance is 54.956% > 50%, the coefficients

---
158


BAB 17
KONSEP DASAR PASAR MODAL SYARIAH

Salah satu aktivitas muamalah yang dianjurkan dalam Islam adalah investasi. Harta manusia dapat produktif dan bermanfaat untuk orang lain melalui investasi. Wadah untuk berinvestasi tersebut salah satunya ialah melalui pasar modal. Pasar modal merupakan tempat di mana instrumen keuangan dapat diperjualbelikan.

Pasar modal menjadi media untuk berinvestasi dan sebagai wadah penyediaan modal bagi para pengusaha yang membutuhkan modal dalam rangka mengembangkan usahanya. Pasar modal juga membantu program pemerintah di suatu negara, di mana modal yang ada di pasar modal dapat membantu kegiatan pembangunan infrastruktur yang ada di negara tersebut. Pasar modal menjadi pilar penting dalam perekonomian dunia saat ini. Banyak perusahaan maupun industri yang menggunakan pasar modal sebagai media untuk menyerap investasi dan media untuk memperkuat posisi keuangannya.

Saat ini perkembangan pasar modal di Indonesia cukup maju. Di mana sudah terdapat banyak berdiri pasar modal. Namun kebanyakan pasar modal yang berdiri di Indonesia saat ini merupakan pasar modal berbasis konvensional yang tentu saja masih banyak hal-hal terkait

---

273

第 17 章
伊斯兰教法资本市场的基本概念

伊斯兰教中推荐的经济活动之一是投资。通过投资，人类的财富可以产生效益并惠及他人。进行此类投资的渠道之一便是通过资本市场。资本市场是金融工具可以进行买卖的场所。

资本市场成为了投资的媒介，也为那些需要资金发展业务的企业家提供了融资平台。资本市场还有助于一个国家的政府项目，资本市场中的资金可以帮助该国的基础设施建设活动。当前，资本市场已成为世界经济的重要支柱。许多公司和行业都利用资本市场作为吸收投资和巩固其财务状况的媒介。

目前印尼资本市场发展已较为成熟。国内已建成多家相关资本市场机构。然而，目前在印度尼西亚建立的大多数资本市场都是传统型资本市场，当然，其中仍有许多相关方面

---

273

CHAPTER 17
BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE SHARIA CAPITAL MARKET

One of the muamalah activities recommended in Islam is investment. Human wealth can be productive and beneficial to others through investment. One such venue for investment is through the capital market. The capital market is a place where financial instruments can be traded.

The capital market serves as a medium for investment and as a platform for providing capital to entrepreneurs who need funds to develop their businesses. The capital market also assists government programs in a country, where the capital available in the market can support infrastructure development activities in that country. The capital market has become an important pillar in the global economy today. Many companies and industries use the capital market as a medium to absorb investment and to strengthen their financial positions.

Currently, the development of the capital market in Indonesia is quite advanced, with many relevant capital market institutions established across the country. Even so, most existing capital markets in Indonesia today are conventional-based markets, and there are still many related matters that remain unresolved under Sharia principles.

---

273


Orang yang Memiliki  Keyakinan Diri yang Tinggi Tidak Merasa Perlu Membuktikan Dirinya Kepada Sesiapa pun

Zui dà de zì xìn

最大的自信

shì bù xū yào xiàng rèn hé rén
是不需要向任何人

zhèng míng zìjǐ
证明自己

RAFIZAH CIAN LIN

自信心强的人不觉得需要向任何人证明自己

Zui dà de zì xìn
最大的自信

shì bù xū yào xiàng rèn hé rén
是不需要向任何人

zhèng míng zìjǐ
证明自己

拉菲扎·茜安·林

Those with High Self-Confidence Do Not Feel the Need to Prove Themselves to Anyone

Zui dà de zì xìn
The greatest self-confidence

shì bù xū yào xiàng rèn hé rén
is having no need

zhèng míng zìjǐ
to prove oneself to anyone.

RAFIZAH CIAN LIN


T'choupi

range sa chambre

à lire à écouter

Nathan

T'choupi

收拾他的房间

可阅读 可聆听

纳唐

T'choupi

Tidies His Room

To Read and Listen

Nathan


NEW iN BARREIRO
A nova carta de cocktails do Camarro Lounge tem um famoso “Raffaello”
NiT

巴雷罗新动态
卡马罗酒廊的新鸡尾酒单上有一款著名的“拉斐尔”
尼特

NEW iN BARREIRO
Camarro Lounge's new cocktail menu features a famous “Raffaello”
NiT


อาหารเช้าราคาถูก เชียงราย
ร้านโจ๊ก ตลาดศิริกรณ์

清莱便宜早餐
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Congee Shop, Sirikorn Market


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一日游
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必游景点
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832A


Riz crémeux
*Lentilles corail & carottes*

香浓米饭
*红扁豆 & 胡萝卜*


AUBERGINES CURRY
*feta et menthe*

AIRFRYER

茄子咖喱
*菲达奶酪和薄荷*

空气炸锅

Eggplant Curry
*feta and mint*

Air Fryer


寒い夜もぐっすり眠れる
癒しナイトアイテム

WONDER Honey
Bath Essence
ナイトルーティーン.....
おやすみ前の
っとアイマスグ
ラベンダーの香り
epro
エブンムンルト
美活スパ

THERATIS TERA
22-25cm
まるでこたつ
おやすみスイッチ
足が冷えて眠れない方に

即使寒冷的夜晚也能安然入睡
治愈系晚安好物

奇迹蜂蜜
沐浴精华
夜晚步骤.....
睡前的
温热眼罩
薰衣草香
epro
艾普森盐
美肌SPA

THERATIS TERA
22-25cm
宛如火炉一样
晚安开关
对于因脚部发冷而难以入睡的人群

Sleep Soundly Even on Cold Nights
Relaxing Night Items

WONDER Honey
Bath Essence
Night Routine .....
Before Bedtime
Warm eye mask
Lavender Scent
epro
Epsom salts
Beauty-Enhancing Spa

THERATIS TERA
22-25cm
Just Like a Kotatsu
Good Night Switch
When your feet get cold And you can't sleep This is for you


天満の天国で明日から波平
ゴ飯＋飲ミと唄反欠
天満

本格芋焼酎

SUPER DRY"

在天满的天国，从明天起是波平
米饭＋酒水与纵情欢唱
天满

正宗芋烧酒

超爽”

Tenma's Paradise: Namihei from Tomorrow!
Meals + Drinks and Hearty Singing
Tenma

Authentic Sweet Potato Shochu

SUPER DRY"


DU LỊCH TỈNH

BÀ RỊA VŨNG TÀU

Thời tiết Vũng Tàu Thứ Năm - 06.02.2025

省旅游

巴地头顿省

头顿市2025年2月6日（周四）天气

Tourism in the Province

Bà Rịa - Vũng Tàu Province

Weather in Vung Tau Thursday, 06 February 2025