e. 身につけたい分野（複数回答）

# ｆ．実現できたらいいと思うもの（複数回答）
| ① | 外国人と英語でコミュニケーションを図りたい。| 224名 | (83.3%) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ② | 海外旅行で英語を使ってみたい。 | 210名 | (78.1%) |
| ③ | 英語の映画を字幕なしで理解したい。 | 210名 | (78.1%) |
| ④ | 英語の本が読めるようになりたい。 | 154名 | (57.2%) |
| ⑤ | 英字新聞が読めるようになりたい。 | 87名 | (32.3%) |
| ⑥ | 海外で英語を使って仕事をしてみたい。 | 77名 | (28.6%) |
| ⑦ | 国内で英語を使って仕事をしてみたい。 | 72名 | (26.8%) |
| ⑧ | BBCやCNNなどの海外放送を理解したい。 | 54名 | (20.1%) |
| ⑨ | インターネットの英語を読めるようになりたい。 | 49名 | (18.2%) |
| ⑩ | eメールを英語で出してみたい。 | 46名| (17.1%) |

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e. Fields you want to develop skills in (multiple answers allowed)

# ｆ．Things you would like to be able to do (multiple answers allowed)
| ① | I want to communicate with foreigners in English. | 224 people | (83.3%)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ② | I want to try using English when traveling abroad. | 210 people | (78.1%) |
| ③ | I want to understand English movies without subtitles. | 210 people | (78.1%) |
| ④ | I want to be able to read English books. | 154 people | (57.2%) |
| ⑤ | I want to be able to read English-language newspapers. | 87 people | (32.3%) |
| ⑥ | I want to try working abroad using English. | 77 people | (28.6%) |
| ⑦ | I want to try working in my own country using English. | 72 people | (26.8%) |
| ⑧ | I want to understand overseas broadcasts such as BBC or CNN. | 54 people | (20.1%) |
| ⑨ | I want to be able to read English on the internet. | 49 people | (18.2%) |
| ⑩ | I want to try sending emails in English. | 46 people | (17.1%) |

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50


Adiantam ainda que o processo de enfermagem constitui uma ferramenta dinâmica e flexível que permite a utilização destes quatro tipos de conhecimento.

Rapps *et al.* (2001), por seu lado, através de um estudo que realizaram, concluíram que o conhecimento académico não constituía um bom indicador da qualidade das decisões clínicas tomadas pelos enfermeiros.

De facto, como referem Seymour *et al.* (2003), não obstante o esforço educativo, político e filosófico empreendidos nas duas últimas décadas para o desenvolvimento da investigação na enfermagem, existem poucas indicações de que os enfermeiros clínicos utilizam o conhecimento obtido pela investigação para fundamentar as suas práticas.

Neste mesmo sentido, Thompson (2003) afirma que, para a vasta maioria das decisões clínicas em situações quotidianas, a evidência para o processo de decisão é o “conhecimento experiencial”. Além disso, refere, a confiança neste conhecimento base significa que os enfermeiros devem utilizar atalhos (*shortcuts*) cognitivos ou heurísticas para processarem a informação quando tomam decisões. Contudo, argumenta, este conhecimento verifica-se como necessário mas não suficiente para o processo de decisão.

Igualmente, Thompson & Thompson (2003) concluíram, através de um estudo realizado com o objetivo de identificar as fontes de informação que os enfermeiros consideram úteis para a redução da incerteza associada às suas decisões clínicas, que o conhecimento produzido pela investigação, por si só, assume um papel de menor preponderância naquelas decisões.

Há já duas décadas, Benner (1984) salientava a importância da experiência para o desenvolvimento da perícia na enfermagem. Através do seu estudo fenomenológico, com enfermeiros de unidades de cuidados intensivos e com alunos finalistas do curso de enfermagem, demonstrou que o modelo de aquisição de competências de Dreyfus & Dreyfus (1980) podia ser aplicado à enfermagem. Desenvolveu, por isso, o modelo conhecido por “modelo de aquisição de competências de Benner”, no qual sugere que a aquisição do nível de perito pressupõe a passagem obrigatória pelas etapas intermédias do contínuo entre principiante e perito: principiante avançado, competente e proficiente.

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他们还指出，护理过程是一种动态且灵活的工具，允许使用这四种类型的知识。

Rapps *等人* (2001) 则通过他们进行的一项研究得出结论，学术知识并非衡量护士所做临床决策质量的良好指标。

事实上，正如Seymour *等人* (2003) 所指出的，尽管在过去二十年中为发展护理研究付出了教育、政治和哲学上的努力，但很少有迹象表明临床护士会利用研究获得的知识来支持其实践。

同样，Thompson (2003) 指出，对于日常工作中绝大多数的临床决策而言，决策过程的依据是“经验性知识”。此外，他提到，对这种基础知识的依赖意味着护士在做决策时必须使用认知捷径 (*shortcuts*) 或启发法来处理信息。然而，他认为，这种知识对于决策过程是必要的，但并非充分条件。

同样，Thompson & Thompson (2003) 通过一项旨在确定护士认为有助于减少其临床决策不确定性的信息来源的研究得出结论，由研究产生的知识本身在这些决策中起着次要作用。

二十年前，Benner (1984) 就强调了经验对于发展护理专业技能的重要性。通过她对重症监护室护士和护理专业应届毕业生的现象学研究，她证明了Dreyfus & Dreyfus (1980) 的技能习得模型可以应用于护理领域。因此，她发展了被称为“本纳技能习得模型”的模型，在该模型中，她提出，要达到专家水平，必须经历从新手到专家的连续过程中的中间阶段：高级新手、胜任者和精通者。

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They further state that the nursing process constitutes a dynamic and flexible tool that allows the use of these four types of knowledge.

Rapps *et al.* (2001), in turn, through a study they conducted, concluded that academic knowledge was not a good indicator of the quality of clinical decisions made by nurses.

In fact, as Seymour *et al.* (2003) mention, despite the educational, political, and philosophical efforts undertaken in the last two decades for the development of nursing research, there are few indications that clinical nurses use knowledge obtained from research to inform their practices.

In this same vein, Thompson (2003) states that, for the vast majority of clinical decisions in everyday situations, the evidence for the decision-making process is “experiential knowledge.” Furthermore, the author notes, reliance on this foundational knowledge means that nurses must use cognitive (*shortcuts*) or heuristics to process information when making decisions. However, the author argues, this knowledge proves to be necessary but not sufficient for the decision-making process.

Likewise, Thompson & Thompson (2003) concluded, through a study conducted with the aim of identifying the sources of information that nurses consider useful for reducing the uncertainty associated with their clinical decisions, that knowledge produced by research, in itself, plays a less significant role in those decisions.

Two decades ago, Benner (1984) highlighted the importance of experience for the development of expertise in nursing. Through her phenomenological study with intensive care unit nurses and final-year nursing students, she demonstrated that the Dreyfus & Dreyfus (1980) model of skill acquisition could be applied to nursing. Therefore, she developed the model known as the “Benner model of skill acquisition,” in which she suggests that achieving the expert level presupposes mandatory passage through the intermediate stages of the novice-to-expert continuum: advanced beginner, competent, and proficient.

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LOOP POOL TEJO KOLAM RENANG  SCULPTURAL DI MUARA SUNGAI TAGUS, PORTUGAL

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Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi • Journal of Social Security • 2018/2

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grubueğitimdir.Kadınların eğitim düzeyi arttıkça sigortalı çalışma olasılıkları artmaktadır. Eğitim değişken grubu arasında en yüksek marjinal etki ön/lisans değişkenindedir. Bu durum eğitimin önemli olduğu ve eğitim düzeyi arttıkça sigortalı çalışma tercihinin artacağı şeklinde yorumlanmaktadır.

Sektör değişken grubunun marjinal etkileri de oldukça kuvvetlidir. Sektör karşılaştırması yapıldığında kayıt dışı çalışma olasılığının en düşük olduğu sektör inşaat sektörüdür. İnşaat sektörünü finans ve hizmet sektörleri takip etmektedir. Bahsi geçen sektörler nitelikli işgücü talep ettiğinden bu değişkenlere ilişkin marjinal etkiler eğitimin arkasından, ikinci sırada gelecek şekilde yorumlanmıştır.

Yoksul değişkeni ise marjinal etkiler incelendiğinde üçüncü sırada yer almaktadır. Bu durum ekonomik olarak dezavantajlı grupta yer alan kadınların sigortalı çalışma olasılıklarının da daha düşük olduğunu göstermektedir. Böylesi bir ilişki dezavantajlı kesimde yer alan kadınlar için bir kısır döngüye işaret etmekte ve zincirin kırılmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu grupta yer alan kadınlar politika yapıcıların öncelikli hedefleri arasında yer almalıdır.

Tablo 10, yalnızca çalışan değil tüm kadınların modele dâhil edildiği ve tercihlerin sigortalı çalışma, sigortasız çalışma ve çalışmama şeklinde sırasız üç tercihten oluştuğu modele ilişkin multinomial lojistik regresyon tahmin sonuçlarını sunmaktadır.

İkinci modele ilişkin bağımlı değişken üç kategoriden oluşmaktadır. Söz konusu bağımlı değişkene ilişkin özet istatistikler veri ve yöntem kısmında Tablo 3’de sunulmuştur. Buna göre üçlü bir tercih yapısı ve sigortalı çalışma, kayıt dışı çalışma ve çalışmama seçenekleri söz konusudur. Referans kategori olarak kayıt dışı çalışma kategorisi tercih edilmiştir. Bu durumda kadınların kayıt dışı çalışma seçeneği ile kıyaslanan tercihleri yorumlanabilecektir.

Tablo 10 multinomial lojistik regresyon yöntemi ile tahmin edilen söz konusu modele ilişkin sonuçları sunmaktadır. İlk olarak multinomial lojistik regresyon modelinin geçerliliği olabilirlik oran istatistiği ile incelendiğinde  X² = 38874,44  McFadden düzeltilmiş pseudo R² = 0.181 ve p değeri = 0,000 < α = 0,05 olduğundan modelin anlamlı olduğu söylemek mümkündür. Multi;nominal lojistik regresyon analizinde katsayılarına ilişkin koşullu olasılık değerlerinin (K.O.D) elde edilmesi mümkündür ve bu değerler olasılıkları yorumlamada büyük kolaylık sağlamaktadır. Katsayılar ilişkinin yönü ile ilgili bilgi verirken, koşullu olasılık değerleri ilgili kategoriyi tercih etme olasılığının karşılaştırılmasında kullanılmaktadır.

Tablo 10’da sunulan katsayılar ve anlamlılıkları incelendiğinde, çoğu değişkenin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve beklenen işarete sahip olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Sigortasız çalışma tercihi ile karşılaştırıldığında yaş ve sigortalı çalışma arasında pozitif, çalışmama arasında negatif bir ilişki bulunduğu gözlenmektedir. Yani kadınların yaşı arttıkça sigortasız çalışmaktansa sigortalı çalışmayı, çalışmamaktansa sigortasız çalışmayı tercih etme olasılıkları artmaktadır. Yaşın karesi değişkeninin işaretinin her iki durumda da tersine dönmesi, u şekilli bir ilişkiye işaret etmektedir.

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社会保障杂志 • 社会保障杂志 • 2018 年第 2 期

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该组是教育。随着女性教育水平的提高，她们从事正规工作的可能性也随之增加。在教育变量组中，边际效应最高的是副学士/学士学位变量。这种情况被解释为教育很重要，并且随着教育水平的提高，从事正规工作的偏好也会增加。

行业变量组的边际效应也非常强。在行业比较中，非正规就业可能性最低的行业是建筑业。建筑业之后是金融业和服务业。由于上述行业需要高素质劳动力，这些变量的边际效应被解释为仅次于教育，位居第二。

在边际效应方面，贫困变量位居第三。这表明经济上处于弱势群体的女性参加正规工作的可能性也较低。这种关系对于处于弱势群体的女性来说意味着一个恶性循环，并使其难以打破这一链条。因此，这一群体的女性应成为政策制定者的优先目标。

表10呈现了多项逻辑回归的估计结果，该模型不仅包括在职女性，还包括所有女性，并且她们的偏好由三个无序选择组成：正规工作、非正规工作和不工作。

第二个模型的因变量由三个类别组成。关于该因变量的描述性统计数据在数据与方法部分的表3中呈现。因此，存在一个三元选择结构，选项包括正规工作、非正规就业和不工作。非正规就业类别被选为参照类别。在这种情况下，可以解释女性相对于非正规就业选项的选择偏好。

表10展示了通过多项逻辑回归方法估计的该模型的结果。首先，通过似然比统计量检验多项逻辑回归模型的有效性，结果显示 X² = 38874,44，麦克法登校正伪 R² = 0.181，p 值 = 0,000 < α = 0,05，因此可以说该模型是显著的。在多项逻辑回归分析中，可以获得系数的条件概率值，这些值在解释概率时提供了极大的便利。系数提供了关于关系方向的信息，而条件概率值用于比较选择相关类别的概率。

当观察表10中呈现的系数及其显著性时，可以说大多数变量在统计上是显著的并且具有预期的符号。与非正规工作选择相比，观察到年龄与正规工作之间存在正相关关系，而与不工作之间存在负相关关系。也就是说，随着女性年龄的增长，她们更倾向于选择正规工作而非非正规工作，以及更倾向于选择非正规工作而非不工作。年龄的平方变量在两种情况下符号都反转，这表明存在U形关系。

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Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi • Journal of Social Security • 2018/2

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The group is education. As women's education level increases, their likelihood of registered employment increases. Among the education variable group, the highest marginal effect is in the associate/bachelor's degree variable. This situation is interpreted as education being important and the preference for registered employment increasing as the education level rises.

The marginal effects of the sector variable group are also quite strong. When a sector comparison is made, the sector with the lowest probability of informal employment is the construction sector. The construction sector is followed by the finance and service sectors. Since the aforementioned sectors demand qualified labor, the marginal effects related to these variables are interpreted as coming second after education.

The poverty variable, when marginal effects are examined, ranks third. This situation indicates that women in economically disadvantaged groups also have a lower probability of registered employment. Such a relationship points to a vicious cycle for women in disadvantaged segments and makes it difficult to break the chain. Therefore, women in this group should be among the priority targets of policymakers.

Table 10 presents the multinomial logistic regression estimation results for the model where not only working women but all women are included, and their preferences consist of three unordered choices: registered employment, informal employment, and not working.

The dependent variable for the second model consists of three categories. Summary statistics for this dependent variable are presented in Table 3 in the data and method section. Accordingly, there is a three-choice structure with options for registered employment, informal employment, and not working. The informal employment category was chosen as the reference category. In this case, women's preferences compared to the informal employment option can be interpreted.

Table 10 presents the results for the aforementioned model estimated using the multinomial logistic regression method. Firstly, when the validity of the multinomial logistic regression model is examined with the likelihood ratio statistic, since X² = 38874,44, McFadden's adjusted pseudo R² = 0.181, and p-value = 0,000 < α = 0,05, it is possible to say that the model is significant. In multinomial logistic regression analysis, it is possible to obtain conditional probability values (CPV) for the coefficients, and these values greatly facilitate the interpretation of probabilities. While coefficients provide information about the direction of the relationship, conditional probability values are used to compare the probability of choosing the relevant category.

When the coefficients and their significance presented in Table 10 are examined, it is possible to say that most variables are statistically significant and have the expected sign. Compared to the choice of informal employment, a positive relationship is observed between age and registered employment, and a negative relationship is observed between age and not working. That is, as women's age increases, their likelihood of choosing registered employment over informal employment increases, and their likelihood of choosing informal employment over not working increases. The reversal of the sign of the age squared variable in both cases indicates a U-shaped relationship.

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технической точки зрения. По своим параметрам они должны соответствовать предполагаемой интенсивности движения транспортных средств и ожидаемому грузообороту. В проектах внутрихозяйственного землеустройства проводят, как правило, укрупненные расчеты экономического обоснования размещения дорог. Это размещение влияет на различные процессы производства и организацию территории хозяйства. Более точное обоснование производят во время подготовки сметно-финансовой документации в рабочих проектах.

При проектировании дорог учитывают следующие экономические показатели:

капиталовложения на строительство дорог и дорожных сооружений;

ежегодные издержки производства и потери, связанные со строительством и эксплуатацией дорог и изменением условий обслуживания производства;

коэффициент экономической эффективности (срок окупаемости) капиталовложений.

Обычно принимают вариант с наибольшим коэффициентом абсолютной эффективности капиталовложений. Этот коэффициент должен также превышать и определенный нормативный уровень:

$$ E_{a} = \frac{C_{сущ} - C_{np}}{K} \rightarrow \max, E_{a} \geq E_{H} $$

где $ E_{a} $ и $ E_{H} $ — коэффициенты расчетной абсолютной и нормативной эффективности капиталовложений, $ C_{сущ} $ и $ C_{np} $ — ежегодные издержки производства и потери, связанные со строительством и эксплуатацией дорог, с изменением условий обслуживания производства, существующие и по проекту, К — капиталовложения на строительство дорог и дорожных сооружений

Если значение $ E_{a} $ превышает нормативный срок окупаемости (для отраслей транспорта и связи он равен 0,05), капиталовложения на строительство внутрихозяйственных дорог являются эффективными и соответствующий вариант их размещения по территории хозяйства принимается к рассмотрению.

Для расчета величины капиталовложений по каждому из вариантов необходимо знать длину дорог, их технические категории и удельные капиталовложения на 1 км протяженности в зависимости от типа конструкции дорожных одежд. Перемножив указанные величины, получают стоимость строительства всей дороги. К ней добавляют затраты на строительство дорожных сооружений (мостов, переходов, водоотводных и

从技术角度来看。就其参数而言，它们应与预期的交通工具通行强度和预计的货物周转量相匹配。在企业内部土地规划项目中，通常会对道路布局进行简化的经济合理性计算。这种布局会影响到各种生产过程和企业区域的组织。在编制概算财务文件的施工图设计阶段，会进行更精确的论证。

在设计道路时，要考虑以下经济指标：

道路和道路构造物建设的资本投入；
与道路建设和运营以及生产服务条件变化相关的年度生产费用和损失；
资本投入的经济效率系数（回收期）。

通常选择资本投入绝对效率系数最大的方案。该系数还必须超过一定的标准水平：

$$ E_{a} = \frac{C_{сущ} - C_{np}}{K} \rightarrow \max, E_{a} \geq E_{H} $$

其中，$ E_{a} $ 和 $ E_{H} $ 分别为资本投入的计算绝对效率系数和标准效率系数； $ C_{сущ} $ 和 $ C_{np} $ 分别为与道路建设和运营、生产服务条件变化相关的现有和设计的年度生产费用和损失；K为道路和道路构造物建设的资本投入

如果 $ E_{a} $ 的值超过标准回收期（对于运输和通信行业，该值为0.05），那么企业内部道路建设的资本投入是有效的，其在企业区域内的布局方案将被考虑采纳。

要计算每个方案的资本投入规模，需要知道道路长度、其技术等级以及根据路面结构类型确定的每1公里长度的单位资本投入。将上述数值相乘，得到整条道路的建设成本。再加上道路构造物（桥梁、跨线桥、排水设施和

From a technical point of view. In terms of their parameters, they must correspond to the anticipated intensity of vehicular traffic and the expected freight turnover. In on-farm land management projects, as a rule, consolidated calculations for the economic justification of road placement are carried out. This placement affects various production processes and the territorial organization of the farm. A more precise justification is made during the preparation of cost estimate and financial documentation in detailed designs.

When designing roads, the following economic indicators are considered:

Capital investments in the construction of roads and road structures;
Annual production costs and losses associated with the construction and operation of roads and changes in production service conditions;
Coefficient of economic efficiency (payback period) of capital investments.

Usually, the option with the highest coefficient of absolute efficiency of capital investments is chosen. This coefficient must also exceed a certain normative level:

$$ E_{a} = \frac{C_{сущ} - C_{np}}{K} \rightarrow \max, E_{a} \geq E_{H} $$

where $ E_{a} $ and $ E_{H} $ are the coefficients of calculated absolute and normative efficiency of capital investments;  $ C_{сущ} $ and $ C_{np} $ are the annual production costs and losses associated with the construction and operation of roads, and with changes in production service conditions, for the existing situation and the project, respectively; K represents the capital investments in the construction of roads and road structures.

If the value of $ E_{a} $ exceeds the normative payback period (for transport and communication sectors, it is 0.05), capital investments in the construction of on-farm roads are effective, and the corresponding option for their placement on the farm's territory is accepted for consideration.

To calculate the amount of capital investments for each option, it is necessary to know the length of the roads, their technical categories, and specific capital investments per 1 km of length, depending on the type of road pavement structure. By multiplying these values, the construction cost of the entire road is obtained. To this are added the costs for the construction of road structures (bridges, crossings, drainage systems, and


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kepemilikan, dan buruknya distribusi kekayaan (barang dan jasa) di tengah-tengah masyarakat. Karena itu, asalah dasar yang dihadapi manusia untuk hidup lebih sejahtera yaitu:

1). Adanya konflik antar aspek tujuan hidup
2). Keterbatasan kemampuan manusia.
3). Distribusi Sumber daya ekonomi yang tidak merata.

1). Konflik Antar Tujuan Hidup

Menurut Islam kelangkaan (*scarcity*) dalam ilmu ekonomi konvensional terjadi karena prilaku manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya. Dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya, manusia dihadapkan pada adanya konflik antar tujuan hidup, atau konflik antar kepentingan. Semua orang dimungkinkan untuk mencapai tujuan hidup jangka pendek yaitu mendapatkan material sebanyak mungkin. Karena semua manusia ingin memperoleh materi yang banyak, maka menyebabkan barang dan jasa yang tersedia atau yang dapat dibuat atau diproduksi manusia tidak cukup atau menjadi langka, dan kelangkaannya bersifat relatif.

Mungkin saja seseorang mempunyai tujuan hidup yaitu bahagia di akhirat saja, sehingga orang tersebut tidak berusaha untuk memproduksi atau mencari barang dan jasa yang lebih banyak dari yang dibutuhkannya. Hal tersebutlah yang menim-bulkan kelangkaa. Fakta sebenarnya yaitu bahwa apa yang dibutuhkan oleh manusia semua tersedia dan memang disedia-kan oleh Allah sebanyak-banyaknya, tinggal bagaimana manusia berusaha untuk membuat atau memproduksinya. Karena kemam-puan manusia itu terbatas maka terjadilah keterbatasan atau kelangkaan dalam memproduksi barang dan jasa. Karena itu, kelangkaan dalam ekonomi Islam bersifat relatif.

Adakalanya dalam memenuhi kebutuhan akan barang dan jasa yang diinginkan, seseorang melakukannya dengan jalan pintas yaitu mengambilnya dari orang lain (distribusinya tidak benar) dengan cara yang tidak jujur (menipu, mencuri, atau menjual dengan cara yang tidak benar, memaksa, korupsi dan lain-lain). Dalam hal ini, bisa saja orang tersebut meningkatkan

---

*Bab 5. Motif, Tujuan dan Masalah Dasar Ekonomi Islam*

79

79

所有权以及社会中财富（商品和服务）分配不善。因此，人类为了过上更繁荣的生活所面临的基本问题是：

1). 生活目标各方面之间存在冲突
2). 人类能力的局限性。
3). 经济资源分配不均。

1). 生活目标之间的冲突

根据伊斯兰教义，传统经济学中的稀缺性 (*稀缺性*) 是由于人类满足其需求的行为造成的。在满足需求的过程中，人们面临着生活目标之间的冲突，或利益冲突。每个人都有可能实现短期生活目标，即尽可能多地获得物质。因为所有人都想获得大量物质，导致可用的或人类能够制造/生产的商品和服务不足或变得稀缺，并且其稀缺性是相对的。

也许某人的生活目标仅仅是后世的幸福，因此这个人不努力生产或寻找超出其需求的更多商品和服务。这就是造成稀缺的原因。事实是，人类所需的一切都是可用的，并且确实由安拉尽可能多地提供了，只取决于人类如何努力去制造或生产它们。因为人类的能力是有限的，所以在生产商品和服务方面就会出现局限性或稀缺性。因此，伊斯兰经济学中的稀缺性是相对的。

有时，在满足对所需商品和服务的需求时，有人会走捷径，即从他人那里获取（其分配不正当），通过不诚实的方式（欺骗、偷窃、或以不正当方式销售、强迫、腐败等）。在这种情况下，这个人可能会增加

---

*第5章 伊斯兰经济学的动机、目标和基本问题*

79

79

ownership, and the poor distribution of wealth (goods and services) within society. Therefore, the fundamental problems faced by humans to live more prosperously are:

1). The existence of conflict between aspects of life's goals
2). The limitation of human capabilities.
3). Uneven distribution of economic resources.

1). Conflict Between Life's Goals

According to Islam, scarcity (*scarcity*) in conventional economics occurs due to human behavior in fulfilling their needs. In fulfilling their needs, humans are faced with conflicts between life's goals, or conflicts of interest. It is possible for everyone to achieve the short-term life goal of obtaining as much material as possible. Because all humans want to acquire a lot of material, it causes the available goods and services, or those that can be made or produced by humans, to be insufficient or become scarce, and its scarcity is relative.

It is possible that a person has a life goal of happiness in the hereafter only, so that person does not strive to produce or seek more goods and services than they need. This is what causes scarcity. The actual fact is that what humans need is all available and indeed provided by Allah in abundance; it just depends on how humans strive to make or produce it. Because human capabilities are limited, therefore, limitations or scarcity occur in producing goods and services. Therefore, scarcity in Islamic economics is relative.

Sometimes, in fulfilling the desired needs for goods and services, a person does so by taking shortcuts, namely by taking from others (the distribution is incorrect) through dishonest means (deceiving, stealing, or selling incorrectly, coercing, corruption, etc.). In this case, that person might increase

---

*Chapter 5. Motives, Objectives, and Fundamental Problems of Islamic Economics*

79

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112 한국정책학회보 제15권 3호(2006.9)

---
것들이다.

각 접근법의 장이점을 감안하여 정책연구에의 적용 가능성을 타진해 본다면, 보다 근본적인 정책결정 관한의 배분문제를 다루는 경우에는 참여자 중심 접근법이 적절할 것이다. 예컨대, Freiwald(2001)의 연구에서와 같이 인터넷상의 명예훼손문제를 해결하는 가장 적절한 방안으로, 인터넷 제공업체들간의 경쟁에 기초한, 시장과정, 그 업체들에 대해 정부가 규제를 가하는 정치과정, 그리고 명예훼손에 대한 소송을 통해 문제를 해결하는 사법심사과정 가운데 하나를 선택해야 하는 경우를 들 수 있다. 반면 정부 부처가 규제적인 정책수단, 예컨대 규제, 보조금, 부담금, 직접제공 등 가운데 하나를 선택하는 경우에는 거래비용접근법이 적절하게 이용될 수 있을 것이다. 반면 Aoki의 접근법은 경제제체들의 차이점을 설명하는 이론인 만큼 정책연구에의 적용 가능성은 다른 접근법들에 비해 상대적으로 낮다고 할 수 있다. 결국 이 접근법들의 비교를 통해 얻을 수 있는 시사점은 특정한 접근법이 정책연구에서 절대적으로 우위에 있다고 볼 수 없고, 비교대상 제도가 무엇인가에 따라 가장 적절한 분석법이 달라질 수 있다는 점일 것이다.

IV. 정책연구의 방법론적 확장

비교제도분석법을 정책연구에 적용하기 위해서는 우선적으로 정책이 개념을 규정할 필요가 있다. 정책을 개념적으로 어떻게 정의할 것인가에 대해서는 다양한 입장이 있지만, 본 연구의 목적에 비추어 여기서는 정책을 "어떤 특정한 상황 하에서 정부가 어떠한 사회를 만들어 가겠다고 하는 정부간여의 행동에 관한 상호 관련된 일련의 의사결정"으로 정의한다(노화준, 1995). 이 정의는 하나의 정책은 사회적 가치를 배분하는 의사결정과 행동의 방이라는 Easton의 주장점과 정책이란 어떤 하나의 특정한 상황 하에서 목적들과 이들을 실현할 수단들을 선택하는데 대한 일련의 상호 관련된 의사결정으로 규정한 Jenkins의 정의를 포관하는 것이다(노화준, 1995).

본 연구에서 제시한 정책연구를 위한 비교제도분석법은 위에 제시된 정책이 개념 하에서 발전된 것이다. 그 분석법의 모습을 구체화하기 위해서 해결해야 할 네 가지 과제는 첫째, 비교의 대상이 되는 제도가 무엇인가에 대한 제도범위의 규명이 필요할 것이다. 둘째, 제도이 상대적 역량을 비교하기 위해서 어떠한 기준을 고려할 것인가를 결정해야 할 것이다.$ ^{2)} $ 셋째, 제도를 서로 비교할 때 어떠한 부분에 초점을 맞추어 비교할 것인가를 결정할 필요가 있

---
2)예를 들면, 효율성, 형평성, 자유, 기회의 균등, 정의, 공평성 등의 일반적으로 경쟁연구의 기준으로 고려되는 여러 가지 기준들을 고려할 수 있다.

112 韩国政策学会报 第15卷 第3号(2006年9月)

---
就是这些。

考虑到各种方法的优缺点，探讨其在政策研究中的应用可能性时，对于处理更根本性的政策决定相关分配问题，参与者中心的方法将是合适的。例如，像弗赖瓦尔德(Freiwald, 2001)的研究一样，在解决网络名誉诽谤问题时，需要在基于网络服务提供商之间竞争的市场过程、政府对这些企业进行管制的政治过程，以及通过对名誉诽谤的诉讼来解决问题的司法审查过程中选择其一的情况。相反，在政府部门选择规制性政策工具，例如管制、补贴、负担金、直接提供等其中之一时，交易成本方法可以被恰当地使用。另一方面，青木昌彦(Aoki)的方法是解释经济体制差异的理论，因此其在政策研究中的应用可能性相对其他方法较低。最终，通过比较这些方法可以得出的启示是，不能认为特定方法在政策研究中具有绝对优势，最合适的分析方法会根据比较对象的制度不同而有所不同。

IV. 政策研究的方法论扩展

为了将比较制度分析法应用于政策研究，首先需要界定政策的概念。关于如何从概念上定义政策，存在多种立场，但鉴于本研究的目的，在此将政策定义为“在特定情况下，政府为建设某种社会而采取的政府干预行为相关的一系列相互关联的决策”(卢和骏, 1995)。这个定义包含了伊斯顿(Easton)的观点，即一项政策是分配社会价值的决策和行为的一部分，以及詹金斯(Jenkins)的定义，即政策是在特定情况下选择目标及实现这些目标的手段的一系列相互关联的决策(卢和骏, 1995)。

本研究提出的用于政策研究的比较制度分析法是在上述政策概念下发展起来的。为具体化该分析法的形态，需要解决的四个课题是：第一，需要明确作为比较对象的制度范围。第二，需要决定为了比较制度的相对能力应考虑哪些标准。$ ^{2)} $ 第三，在相互比较制度时，有必要决定应侧重于哪些部分进行比较

---
2)例如，效率性、公平性、自由、机会均等、正义、公正性等通常作为政策研究标准而考虑的多种标准都可以被考虑。

112 Journal of Korean Policy Studies Vol. 15, No. 3 (Sep. 2006)

---
These are examples.

Considering the pros and cons of each approach, if we explore their applicability to policy research, the participant-centered approach would be appropriate when dealing with more fundamental allocation issues related to policy decisions. For example, as in Freiwald's (2001) study, one can cite cases where one must choose among a market-based process (based on competition among internet service providers), a political process (where the government imposes regulations on those providers), and a judicial review process (which resolves issues through litigation for defamation) as the most appropriate way to resolve online defamation issues. On the other hand, when a government department chooses among regulatory policy instruments—such as regulations, subsidies, levies, or direct provision—the transaction cost approach could be appropriately used. Meanwhile, as Aoki's approach is a theory explaining the differences between economic systems, its applicability to policy research can be said to be relatively lower compared to other approaches. Ultimately, the implication that can be drawn from comparing these approaches is that no specific approach can be seen as absolutely superior in policy research, and the most appropriate analytical method can vary depending on what the comparative institutional framework is.

IV. Methodological Expansion of Policy Research

To apply the comparative institutional analysis method to policy research, it is first necessary to define the concept of policy. Although there are various perspectives on how to conceptually define policy, in light of the purpose of this study, policy is defined here as "a series of interrelated decisions regarding government intervention actions aimed at shaping a certain society under specific circumstances" (Noh Hwa-joon, 1995). This definition encompasses Easton's perspective that a policy is a matter of decisions and actions allocating societal values, and Jenkins' definition, which defines policy as a series of interrelated decisions about choosing objectives and the means to achieve them under specific circumstances (Noh Hwa-joon, 1995).

The comparative institutional analysis method for policy research presented in this study was developed under the concept of policy presented above. The four tasks that need to be addressed to substantiate the form of this analytical method are: First, it will be necessary to define the scope of the institutions that are the objects of comparison. Second, it will be necessary to decide what criteria to consider for comparing the relative capabilities of institutions.$ ^{2)} $ Third, when comparing institutions with each other, it is necessary to decide which aspects to focus on for comparison

---
For example, various criteria generally considered as standards for policy research can be considered, such as efficiency, equity, freedom, equality of opportunity, justice, and fairness.


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STORIA *Tako Amekawa*  DISEGNI *Hinoki Kino* CHARA DESIGN *Wan Hachipisu*

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第7次时间循环

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原作 *Tako Amekawa* 作画 *Hinoki Kino* 角色设计 *WanHachipisu*

3
7th TIME LOOP

*The carefree life of a clever noblewoman who marries her bitterest enemy*

STORIA *Tako Amekawa*  DISEGNI *Hinoki Kino* CHARA DESIGN *Wan Hachipisu*


Hoàng T. P. Thảo, Nguyễn K. V. Nhu. HCMCOUJS-Kinh tế và Quản trị Kinh doanh, 16(3), 36-49 43

# *4.2. Thống kê mô tả các biến quan sát*

Từ kết quả thống kê mô tả các biến, tất cả các biến được đánh giá trải rộng từ 1 đến 5 (hoàn toàn không đồng ý đến hoàn toàn đồng ý), nhưng khi xét chung trên tổng số 320 mẫu quan sát thì trị số trung bình của các biến đều nằm trong khoảng điểm từ 3 đến 4 tương ứng với mức độ đồng ý với thang đo từ "trung lập" đến "đồng ý."

Đánh giá chung về trị số trung bình của các biến thuộc trách nhiệm xã hội của doanh nghiệp dao động từ 3.57 đến 3.80. Trong đó CSR hướng về nhân viên có trị số trung bình cao nhất 3.80, CSR hướng về khách hàng có trị số trung bình thấp nhất 3.57; CSR hướng về các cộng đồng địa phương có trị số trung bình 3.75; CSR hướng về đối tác kinh doanh có trị số trung bình 3.69; động lực làm việc của nhân viên có trị số trung bình 3.90; hiệu quả công việc có trị số trung bình 3.80. Điều này cho thấy mức độ tán thành với các hoạt động trách nhiệm xã hội của doanh nghiệp cũng như động lực làm việc và hiệu quả công việc chưa thật cao, nhiều nhân viên còn hoài nghi và chưa tin tưởng hoàn vào các hoạt động trách nhiệm xã hội của doanh nghiệp, từ đó dẫn đến động lực làm việc và hiệu quả công việc chưa được phát huy tối đa.

# *4.3. Phân tích độ tin cậy của thang đo*

Qua kết quả kiểm định độ tin cậy của thang đo và phân tích nhân tố khám phá (EFA) thu được kết quả như Bảng 1. Thang đo các yếu tố thuộc CSR gồm 04 nhân tố được đo bằng 15 biến quan sát. Kết quả phân tích nhân tố EFA cho thấy có 04 nhân tố được trích tại Eigenvalue lớn hơn 01. Các hệ số tải nhân tố của 04 nhân tố thuộc CSR dao động từ 0.693-0.876. Hai biến phụ thuộc là hai nhân tố Động lực làm việc và Hiệu quả công việc được biểu hiện qua 11 biến quan sát, các hệ số tải nhân tố của hai nhân tố này dao động từ 0.725 đến 0.816, không có biến quan sát nào bị loại vì hệ số tải nhỏ hơn 0.50 (Nguyen, 2012). Tất cả hệ số Cronbach's Alpha của các biến độc lập và phụ thuộc trong mô hình nghiên cứu thay đổi trong khoảng từ 0.808 đến 0.900. Như vậy, các thang đo đều đạt chuẩn về độ tin cậy, giá trị phân biệt và hội tụ, 26 biến quan sát đạt chuẩn sẵn sàng cho các phân tích hồi quy đa biến và đơn biến.

## Bảng 1
Kết quả thống kê mô tả và phân tích nhân tố

| Kí hiệu | Các khái niệm chính | Giá trị trung bình | Hệ số tải nhân tố |
|---------|---------------------|-------------------|-------------------|
| CSRE | *CSR hướng về nhân viên*  Hệ số Cronbach's Alpha = 0.844 | 3.80 | |
| CSRE1 | Công ty luôn cung cấp hệ thống tiền lương công bằng | 3.77 | 0.799 |
| CSRE2 | Công ty luôn đảm bảo an toàn, cải thiện môi trường làm việc tốt hơn | 3.79 | 0.732 |
| CSRE3 | Người quản lý luôn thẳng thắn, trung thực và giao thân thiện với nhân viên | 3.82 | 0.730 |
| CSRE4 | Nhân viên luôn được tham gia vào các quy trình ra quyết định | 3.77 | 0.721 |
| CSRE5 | Công ty luôn tạo điều kiện phát triển cá nhân và nghề nghiệp cho nhân viên | 3.84 | 0.700 |
| CSRC | *CSR hướng về khách hàng*  Hệ số Cronbach's Alpha = 0.835 | 3.57 | |
| CSRC1 | Công ty luôn thực hiện các thủ tục giải quyết khiếu nại của khách hàng | 3.54 | 0.876 |

Hoang T. P. Thao, Nguyen K. V. Nhu. 胡志明市师范大学经济与工商管理系，第 16 卷第 3 期，36-49 页，第 43 页。

# *4.2. 观测变量的描述性统计*

根据变量的描述性统计结果，所有变量的评分范围均为1至5分（1分表示完全不同意，5分表示完全同意）。但总体而言，在320个观测样本中，变量的平均值在3至4分之间，对应于从“中立”到“同意”的程度。

与企业社会责任相关的变量的平均值总体评估范围为3.57至3.80。其中，面向员工的企业社会责任平均值最高，为3.80；面向客户的企业社会责任平均值最低，为3.57；面向当地社区的企业社会责任平均值为3.75。企业社会责任（CSR）对商业伙伴的平均值为3.69；员工积极性的平均值为3.90；工作绩效的平均值为3.80。这表明，员工对企业社会责任活动的认可度以及对工作积极性和工作绩效的认可度均不高。许多员工仍然持怀疑态度，并未完全信任企业社会责任活动，从而导致工作积极性和工作绩效未能得到充分发挥。

# *4.3. 量表信度分析*

表1列出了量表信度检验和探索性因子分析（EFA）的结果。企业社会责任因素量表由4个因子组成，通过15个观测变量进行测量。EFA因子分析结果显示，提取了4个特征值大于1的因子。这4个企业社会责任因素的因子载荷系数介于0.693至0.876之间。工作动机和工作效率这两个因变量由11个观测变量表示；它们的因子载荷系数介于0.725至0.816之间。没有观测变量因因子载荷系数小于0.50而被排除（Nguyen，2012）。研究模型中所有自变量和因变量的克朗巴赫α系数均在0.808至0.900之间。因此，所有量表均符合信度、区分效度和收敛效度的标准，26个观测变量符合标准，可以进行多元和单变量回归分析。

## 表1
描述性统计和因子分析结果

| 符号 | 关键概念 | 平均值 | 因子载荷系数 |
|---------|---------------------|-------------------|-------------------|
| CSRE | 以员工为导向的企业社会责任* 克朗巴赫α系数 = 0.844 | 3.80 |  |
| CSRE1 | 公司始终提供公平的薪酬体系 | 3.77 | 0.799 |
| CSRE2 | 公司始终确保安全并改善工作环境 | 3.79 | 0.732 |
| CSRE3 | 管理人员始终坦诚、正直、友好地对待员工 | 3.82 | 0.730 |
| CSRE4 | 员工始终参与决策过程 | 3.77 | 0.721 |
| CSRE5 | 公司始终为员工创造个人和职业发展机会 | 3.84 | 0.700 |
| CSRC | *以客户为导向的企业社会责任* 克朗巴赫α系数 = 0.835 | 3.57 |  |
| CSRC1 | 公司始终贯彻解决客户投诉的程序 | 3.54 | 0.876 |

Hoang T. P. Thao, Nguyen K. V. Nhu. HCMCOUJS-Economics and Business Administration, 16(3), 36-49 43

# *4.2. Descriptive Statistics of Observed Variables*

From the results of descriptive statistics of the variables, all variables were rated from 1 to 5 (completely disagree to completely agree), but when considered generally across the total of 320 observed samples, the average value of the variables was in the range of 3 to 4 points, corresponding to the level of agreement on the scale from "neutral" to "agree."

The overall assessment of the average values of the variables related to corporate social responsibility ranged from 3.57 to 3.80. In which CSR directed towards employees had the highest average value of 3.80, CSR directed towards customers had the lowest average value of 3.57; CSR directed towards local communities had an average value of 3.75; CSR towards business partners has an average value of 3.69; employee motivation has an average value of 3.90; and job performance has an average value of 3.80. This indicates that the level of approval of corporate social responsibility activities, as well as work motivation and job performance, is not yet very high. Many employees remain skeptical and do not fully trust corporate social responsibility activities, thus leading to a failure to maximize work motivation and job performance.

# *4.3. Reliability Analysis of the Scale*

The results of the reliability test of the scale and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) are shown in Table 1. The scale of CSR factors consists of 4 factors measured by 15 observed variables. The EFA factor analysis results show that 4 factors were extracted with Eigenvalues greater than 1. The factor loading coefficients of the 4 CSR factors ranged from 0.693 to 0.876. The two dependent variables, Work Motivation and Work Efficiency, were represented by 11 observed variables, with factor loading coefficients ranging from 0.725 to 0.816. No observed variables were excluded because their loading coefficients were less than 0.50 (Nguyen, 2012). All Cronbach's Alpha coefficients of the independent and dependent variables in the research model ranged from 0.808 to 0.900. Thus, all scales met the standards for reliability, discriminant validity, and convergence, and 26 observed variables met the standards and were ready for multivariate and univariate regression analyses.

## Table 1
Descriptive Statistics and Factor Analysis Results

| Symbols | Key Concepts | Mean Value | Factor Loading Coefficient |
|---------|---------------------|-------------------|-------------------|
| CSRE | Employee-Oriented CSR* Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient = 0.844 | 3.80 |  |
| CSRE1 | The company always provides a fair compensation system | 3.77 | 0.799 |
| CSRE2 | The company always ensures safety and improves the working environment | 3.79 | 0.732 |
| CSRE3 | Managers are always straightforward, honest, and friendly with employees | 3.82 | 0.730 |
| CSRE4 | Employees are always involved in decision-making processes | 3.77 | 0.721 |
| CSRE5 | The company always creates opportunities for personal and professional development for its employees | 3.84 | 0.700 |
| CSRC | *Customer-oriented CSR* Cronbach's Alpha coefficient = 0.835 | 3.57 |  |
| CSRC1 | The company always implements procedures for resolving customer complaints | 3.54 | 0.876 |


性を調節する分解阻害分子であると考えられる. そして，βアミロイドという老人斑の構成タンパク質は，この前駆体分子が正常とは異なる切断を受けて生成される（セルコー, 1992）. このβアミロイドの機能には，神経突起伸長作用と神経毒性作用という二面性がある（Yankner, et al., 1990）. また，βアミロイドの一部分には神経栄養効果があることも報告されている.

前駆体タンパク質の予定外の切断によって，予想もしなかった新しい機能が次次と構成されてしまうことがよくわかる. そして，この新しい機能が創造的発展ばかりに寄与するのではなく，非創造的な崩壊にも寄与するところが生命の本質と言えるのである.

補足：＜プリオンの多様性＞
単一タンパク質であるプリオンの機能はまさに多様である. αヘリックスとβシートという二つの異なる構造を持つことは，すでに述べたとおりである. それ以外にも，病気の発症が早い場合と遅い場合，あるいは接種動物が眠気を催す場合と過度の活動性が現れる場合というように，その症状は多面性を呈する（プルシナー, 1995）. その原因として，分子レベルからすでに多型という特性を持つために，その影響が生体レベルに拡大される際には，大きなバリエーションが生じてしまうことが考えられる.

核酸分子の切断と再構成—発展と崩壊の要素過程

タンパク質と同様に，RNAも大きな前駆体が切断されて短い分子になる. そこで，まず，タンパク質合成のしくみについて簡単に述べておこう.
タンパク質合成の際は，3種類のRNAが働く. DNAの転写産物であるmRNA，リボソームと呼ばれる酵素の構成成分の一つであるrRNA，それにアミノ酸の運搬役であるtRNAである. rRNAとtRNAが，ほとんどの細胞で大きな前駆体から切断されて成熟分子になることが明らかにされた時，mRNAについてもその成熟過程のしくみを追求する試みがなされた（ダーネル, 1984).

補足：＜生物の進化と概念の発展＞
こうした探求過程から，重要な示唆を得ることができる. まず，生命が構造や機能を進化させてきた軸と，私達が概念を構成していく軸を一致させることが必要で

---

第10章 細胞多型と分子多型 263

被认为是调节其活性的分解抑制分子。并且，构成老年斑的β-淀粉样蛋白，是由其前体分子受到与正常不同的切割而产生的（塞尔科, 1992）。这种β-淀粉样蛋白的功能具有神经突起伸长作用和神经毒性作用的两面性（扬克纳等, 1990）。此外，也有报告称β-淀粉样蛋白的一部分具有神经营养效果。

由此可见，前体蛋白质的意外切割，会导致意想不到的新功能接连不断地形成。并且，这种新功能不仅有助于创造性的发展，也促成非创造性的崩溃，这可以说是生命的本质。

补充：<朊病毒的多样性>
作为单一蛋白质的朊病毒，其功能确实是多种多样的。 如前所述，它具有α螺旋和β折叠这两种不同的结构。除此之外，其症状也呈现出多面性，例如疾病发作有早有晚，或者接种动物有时出现嗜睡，有时则表现出过度活跃（普鲁西纳, 1995）。其原因在于，由于从分子水平上就具有多态性这一特性，当其影响扩大到生物体水平时，便会产生巨大的变异。

核酸分子的切割与重构——发展与崩溃的关键过程

与蛋白质类似，RNA也是由大的前体被切割成较短的分子。因此，首先简单叙述一下蛋白质合成的机制。
在蛋白质合成时，有3种RNA发挥作用。它们是DNA的转录产物mRNA，被称为核糖体的酶的构成成分之一rRNA，以及氨基酸的转运载体tRNA。当研究证实，在绝大多数细胞中 rRNA 和 tRNA 均由大型前体切割形成成熟分子时，科研人员也开始探索 mRNA 成熟过程的具体机制（达内尔，1984）。

补充：<生物的进化与概念的发展>
从这类研究探索过程中，我们能够获得重要启示。首先，需要将生命进化其结构与功能的核心脉络，与人类构建认知概念的脉络相统一。

---

第10章 细胞多态性与分子多态性 263

It is considered to be a degradation-inhibiting molecule that regulates activity. Then, β-amyloid, a protein component of senile plaques, is generated when this precursor molecule undergoes abnormal cleavage (Selkoe, 1992) . This β-amyloid has a dual nature in its function, exhibiting both neurite outgrowth-promoting and neurotoxic effects (Yankner, et al., 1990). Furthermore, it has also been reported that a portion of β-amyloid has neurotrophic effects.

It becomes clear that unexpected new functions are successively constituted by the unscheduled cleavage of precursor proteins. And, it can be said that the essence of life lies in the fact that these new functions contribute not only to creative development but also to non-creative decay.

Supplement: <Diversity of Prions>
The functions of prions, which are single proteins, are truly diverse. As already mentioned, they possess two different structures: α-helices and β-sheets. Beyond that, their symptoms exhibit multifaceted characteristics, such as early or late onset of disease, or instances where inoculated animals exhibit drowsiness versus excessive activity (Prusiner, 1995). It is conceivable that because prions already possess polymorphic characteristics at the molecular level, significant variations arise when their effects are magnified to the organismal level.

Cleavage and Reconfiguration of Nucleic Acid Molecules—Elementary Processes of Development and Decay

Similar to proteins, RNA also becomes shorter molecules through the cleavage of large precursors. Therefore, let us first briefly describe the mechanism of protein synthesis.
During protein synthesis, three types of RNA are involved. These are mRNA, which is a transcript of DNA; rRNA, one of the components of enzymes called ribosomes; and tRNA, which transports amino acids. When it was revealed that rRNA and tRNA are cleaved from large precursors to become mature molecules in most cells, attempts were made to investigate the mechanism of mRNA maturation as well (Darnell, 1984).

Supplement: <Evolution of Life and Development of Concepts>
From such exploratory processes, important insights can be gained. First, it is necessary to align the axis along which life has evolved its structures and functions with the axis along which we construct concepts

---

Chapter 10 Cellular Polymorphism and Molecular Polymorphism 263


@meogeulkka

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Picking Your Pizza Preference


Господи... Не верю
своим глазам
Они еще существуют!
Дети без телефонов...

我的天啊... 我不敢相信
自己的眼睛
他们竟然还存在！
没有手机的孩子们...

My God...
I can't believe my eyes
They still exist!
Children without phones...


www.zew.de

www.zew.eu

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Innovationsverhalten der deutschen Wirtschaft

Indikatorenbericht zur Innovationserhebung 2007

B. Aschhoff, T. Doherr, C. Köhler, B. Peters, C. Rammer,
T. Schubert und F. Schwiebacher

---

ZEW

Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung GmbH

infas

Fraunhofer

ISI

Institut System- und Innovationsforschung

Mannheim, Januar 2008

www.zew.de

www.zew.eu

---

德国经济的创新行为

2007年创新调查指标报告

B. 阿施霍夫，T. 多赫尔，C. 克勒，B. 彼得斯，C. 拉默，
T. 舒伯特，F. 施维巴赫尔

---

ZEW

欧洲经济研究中心有限责任公司

应用社会科学研究所

弗劳恩霍夫

ISI

系统与创新研究所

曼海姆，2008年1月

www.zew.de

www.zew.eu

---

Innovation Behavior of the German Economy
Indicator Report on the Innovation Survey 2007

B. Aschhoff, T. Doherr, C. Köhler, B. Peters, C. Rammer,
T. Schubert and F. Schwiebacher

---

ZEW
Centre for European Economic Research GmbH

infas

Fraunhofer
ISI
Institute for Systems and Innovation Research

Mannheim, January 2008


一场拥有数个世纪历史的体验


น้ำตกเจ็ดสาวน้อย
สระบุรี คนละ 20฿

七仙女瀑布
北标府 每人 20฿

Chet Sao Noi Waterfall
Saraburi 20฿ per person


Контрольные вопросы и задания

147

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11. Прокомментируйте изложенные в главе стратегические цели ин-теграции России в мировую экономическую систему.

12. Какими моделями государственного воздействия на экономическую деятельность определяется экономическая политика?

复习题与练习

147

---

11. 请评论本章阐述的俄罗斯融入世界经济体系的战略目标

12. 经济政策是由哪些国家干预经济活动的模式决定的？

**Review Questions and Assignments**

147

---

11. Comment on the strategic goals of Russia's integration into the world economic system, as outlined in the chapter.

12. By what models of state influence on economic activity is economic policy determined?


"belki dönersin diye hiç kimseyi sevmedim.."

"因为想着你或许会回来，我谁也没有爱过.."

"I loved no one, thinking maybe you would come back.."


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解决方案

餐盒
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INNOVATIVE, EFFORTLESS AND DELICIOUS
Solution

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160

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Şekil 5.27  Model duvar numunesinde -60 kN'da oluşan çatlaklar

-60 kN'da oluşan kılcal çatlak şekilleri, Şekil 5.28'de verilmiştir.

a) Ön duvarın sağ tarafındaki çatlak

b) Ön duvarda mesnet levhasının sol üst kısmındaki çatlaklar

c) Ön duvarda mesnet levhasının sağ alt kısmındaki çatlaklar

d) Ön duvarla yan duvarın birleştiği bölgedeki çatlaklar

e) Arka duvarda oluşan çatlaklar

f) Arka duvarla sağ yan duvarın iç kısmındaki çatlak

Şekil 5.28  Model duvarda -60 kN'daki çatlak durumları

160

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图 5.27 模型墙体试件中在-60千牛时形成的裂缝。

在-60千牛时形成的毛细裂缝形态，如图 5.28 所示。

a) 前墙右侧的裂缝
b) 前墙支撑板左上部分的裂缝
c) 前墙支撑板右下部分的裂缝
d) 前墙与侧墙连接区域的裂缝
e) 后墙形成的裂缝
f) 后墙与右侧墙内侧的裂缝

图 5.28 模型墙体中在-60千牛时的裂缝状况。

160

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Figure 5.27 Cracks formed in the model wall specimen at -60 kN

The capillary crack patterns formed at -60 kN are given in Figure 5.28.

a) Crack on the right side of the front wall

b) Cracks in the upper left part of the support plate on the front wall

c) Cracks in the lower right part of the support plate on the front wall

d) Cracks in the region where the front wall and the side wall meet

e) Cracks formed on the back wall

f) Crack on the inner side of the back wall and the right side wall

Figure 5.28 Crack conditions in the model wall at -60 kN


Оценим целесообразность введения свекловичного севооборота на лучших землях на примере хозяйства, находящегося в сырьевой зоне сахарного завода и имеющего большие площади сахарной свеклы.

По проекту внутрихозяйственного землеустройства хозяйство специализируется на производстве зерна, сахарной свеклы, кормов, молока и мяса. Общая площадь земель на год землеустройства составила 2851,4 га, в том числе 2518,5 га сельскохозяйственных угодий и 2339 га пашни. На территории хозяйства расположен один населенный пункт (130 дворов, 334 жителя, из них 144 трудоспособных).

Основные почвы на территории хозяйства, — выщелоченные и типичные черноземы. Слабо- и среднесмытые земли занимают Л1. %, эрозионно опасные — более 50 % пашни, поэтому необходима система противоэрозионных мероприятий.

При проектировании севооборотов было рассмотрено два варианта. В первом из них на лучших землях хозяйства с небольшой крутизной склонов и малой эродированностью запроектирован полевой севооборот на площади 525,2 га с чередованием культур: 1. пар; 2. озимая пшеница; 3. сахарная свекла; 4. гречиха. Вблизи населенного пункта и животноводческих ферм организован орошаемый участок для возделывания многолетних трав на площади 204,1 га и кормовой севооборот на площади 75,6 га (1. многолетние травы; 2. озимые на зеленый корм + повторно кукуруза на зеленый корм; 3. корнеплоды; 4. однолетние травы с подсевом многолетних трав).

На остальной территории (1542,4 га) предусмотрен полевой севооборот: 1. пар + зернобобовые; 2—3. озимые; 4. кукуруза на силос и зеленый корм; 5. ячмень; 6. горох; 7. озимые; 8. рожь ++ яровые зерновые.

Во втором варианте также имеется орошаемый участок площадью 204,1 га и кормовой севооборот на 75,6 га, а на остальной территории вводится 10-польный севооборот на площади 2067,6 га с такой ротацией: 1. пар чистый + однолетние травы на сено; 2. озимая пшеница; 3. озимая рожь

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402

我们将以一个位于糖厂原料区、拥有大面积糖用甜菜种植地的农场为例，评估在优质土地上引入甜菜轮作的合理性。

根据农场内部土地规划项目，该农场专门从事谷物、糖用甜菜、饲料、牛奶和肉类的生产。土地规划年度的总土地面积为 2851.4 公顷，其中包括 2518.5 公顷农业用地和 2339 公顷耕地。农场境内有一个居民点（130 户，334 名居民，其中 144 名为劳动力）。

农场境内的主要土壤为淋溶黑钙土和典型黑钙土。轻度和中度侵蚀土地占比因扫描模糊无法识别（原文标注Л1. %），易侵蚀土地占耕地面积的 50% 以上，因此需建立一套防侵蚀措施体系。

在设计轮作制度时，审议了两种方案。第一种方案在农场坡度较小、侵蚀程度较低的优质土地上，规划了面积 525.2 公顷的大田轮作，作物轮作顺序为：1. 休闲地；2. 冬小麦；3. 糖用甜菜；4. 荞麦。在居民点和畜牧场附近，规划了面积 204.1 公顷的灌溉区用于种植多年生牧草，以及面积 75.6 公顷的饲料轮作（1. 多年生牧草；2. 冬播青饲作物 + 复种青饲玉米；3. 块根作物；4. 套播多年生牧草的一年生牧草）。

在其余土地（1542.4 公顷）上，规划了如下大田轮作：1. 休闲地 + 豆科作物；2—3. 冬播作物；4. 青贮和青饲玉米；5. 大麦；6. 豌豆；7. 冬播作物；8. 黑麦 ++ 春播谷物。

第二种方案中，同样设有面积 204.1 公顷的灌溉区和面积 75.6 公顷的饲料轮作，其余土地引入面积 2067.6 公顷的十区轮作制，轮作顺序如下：1. 净休闲 + 一年生干草；2. 冬小麦；3. 冬黑麦

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402

Let's assess the feasibility of introducing a sugar beet crop rotation on the best lands, using the example of a farm located in the raw material zone of a sugar factory with large areas of sugar beet.

According to the on-farm land management project, the farm specializes in the production of grain, sugar beet, fodder, milk, and meat. The total land area for the year of land management was 2851.4 ha, including 2518.5 ha of agricultural land and 2339 ha of arable land. One settlement is located on the farm's territory (130 households, 334 residents, of whom 144 are able-bodied).

The main soils on the farm's territory are leached and typical chernozems. Weakly and moderately eroded soils account for an unreadable percentage (marked Л1. % in the original), while erosion-prone lands make up more than 50% of the arable land, so a system of anti-erosion measures is required.

When designing crop rotations, two options were considered. In the first, on the farm's best lands with gentle slopes and low erodibility, a field crop rotation was designed on 525.2 ha with the following crop sequence: 1. fallow; 2. winter wheat; 3. sugar beet; 4. buckwheat. Near the settlement and livestock farms, an irrigated plot for perennial grasses was established on 204.1 ha, along with a fodder crop rotation on 75.6 ha (1. perennial grasses; 2. winter crops for green fodder + follow-up corn for green fodder; 3. root crops; 4. annual grasses with undersowing of perennial grasses).

On the remaining territory (1542.4 ha), a field crop rotation is planned: 1. fallow + grain legumes; 2—3. winter crops; 4. corn for silage and green fodder; 5. barley; 6. peas; 7. winter crops; 8. rye ++ spring cereals.

In the second option, there is also an irrigated plot of 204.1 ha and a fodder crop rotation of 75.6 ha, and on the remaining territory, a 10-field crop rotation is introduced on 2067.6 ha with the following rotation: 1. bare fallow + annual grasses for hay; 2. winter wheat; 3. winter rye

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402


152| Retrospektive Berechnungen der Schuldenschranke und technische Fragen

---
**247.** Als weiterer Indikator für den Grad des Gleichlaufs der Konjunktur dienen die Standardab-weichungen der Zuwachsraten des jeweiligen Bruttoinlandsprodukts der einzelnen Bundesländer. Hier zeigt sich, dass die Standardabweichungen der westdeutschen Bundesländer konstant niedrig bei etwa eins liegen (Schaubild 20). Der Vergleichswert für die einzelnen Bundesstaaten der Ver-einigten Staaten liegt demgegenüber bei gut drei (JG 2005 Schaubild 64). Die ostdeutschen Bun-desländer weisen untereinander im Durchschnitt kaum höhere Standardabweichungen auf als die westdeutschen Bundesländer. Für alle deutschen Bundesländer ergibt sich im Zeitraum der Jah-re 1992 bis 1995 eine deutlich größere Varianz der Zuwachsraten des Bruttoinlandsprodukts als im restlichen Zeitraum. Seit dem Jahr 1996 sind jedoch keine wesentlichen Unterschiede mehr zwi-schen den ostdeutschen Bundesländern auf der einen Seite und den westdeutschen Bundesländern auf der anderen Seite festzustellen.

Schaubild 20

Standardabweichungen der Zuwachsraten des Bruttoinlandsprodukts für Deutschland

1) Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Schleswig-Holstein.-2) Branden-burg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen.

Quelle für Grundzahlen: VGR der Länder
© Sachverständigenrat

**248.** Die betrachteten Indikatoren offenbaren, dass ein stark positiver Konjunkturzusammenhang zwischen den westdeutschen Bundesländern und Gesamtdeutschland besteht, so dass die Verwen-dung eines **gemeinsamen Konjunkturfaktors** für Gesamtdeutschland und die westdeutschen Bundesländer gerechtfertigt erscheint. Zwischen den ostdeutschen Bundesländern und dem ge-samten Bundesgebiet liegt für den gesamten Zeitraum der Jahre 1991 bis 2005 kein Gleichlauf der Konjunktur vor. Allerdings ergibt sich für den gesamten Betrachtungszeitraum ein sehr enger Kon-junkturzusammenhang zwischen den einzelnen ostdeutschen Bundesländern und der Gesamtheit der ostdeutschen Bundesländer, so dass die Konstruktion eines ostdeutschen Konjunkturfaktors zu erwägen wäre. Da aber der Grad des Konjunkturzusammenhangs der ostdeutschen Bundesländer

152| 债务刹车回顾性计算和技术问题

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**247.** 另一个衡量经济周期同步程度的指标是各联邦州各自国内生产总值增长率的标准差。此处显示，西德各联邦州的标准差持续较低，约为1（图表20）。相比之下，美国各州的可比值则高达3以上（JG 2005 图表64）。东德各联邦州之间的平均标准差几乎不高于西德各联邦州。对于所有德国联邦州而言，在1992年至1995年期间，国内生产总值增长率的方差明显大于其余时期。然而，自1996年以来，东德各联邦州与西德各联邦州之间已无明显差异。

图表 20

德国国内生产总值增长率的标准差

1) 巴登-符腾堡州、巴伐利亚州、不来梅州、汉堡州、黑森州、下萨克森州、北莱茵-威斯特法伦州、莱茵兰-普法尔茨州、萨尔州、石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因州。2) 勃兰登堡州、梅克伦堡-前波美拉尼亚州、萨克森州、萨克森-安哈尔特州、图林根州。

基础数据来源：各州国民经济核算
© 德国经济专家委员会

**248.** 所考察的指标显示，西德各联邦州与整个德国之间存在强烈的正向经济周期关联，因此，为整个德国和西德各联邦州使用一个**共同的经济周期因素**似乎是合理的。在1991年至2005年的整个时期内，东德各联邦州与整个联邦区域之间不存在经济周期的同步性。然而，在整个考察期内，各个东德联邦州与东德联邦州整体之间存在非常紧密的经济周期关联，因此可以考虑构建一个东德的经济周期因素。但由于东德各联邦州的经济周期关联程度

152| Retrospective Calculations of the Debt Brake and Technical Issues

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**247.** The standard deviations of the growth rates of the respective Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the individual federal states serve as a further indicator for the degree of economic synchronicity. This shows that the standard deviations of the West German federal states are consistently low at around one (Chart 20). In contrast, the comparative value for the individual states of the United States is just over three (JG 2005 Chart 64). On average, the East German federal states show hardly any higher standard deviations among themselves than the West German federal states. For all German federal states, there is a significantly larger variance in GDP growth rates in the period from 1992 to 1995 than in the remaining period. Since 1996, however, no significant differences are any longer observable between the East German federal states on the one hand and the West German federal states on the other.

Chart 20

Standard deviations of the Gross Domestic Product growth rates for Germany

1) Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland, Schleswig-Holstein. 2) Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia.

Source for basic data: National Accounts of the Federal States
© German Council of Economic Experts

**248.** The indicators considered reveal that a strong positive economic correlation exists between the West German federal states and Germany as a whole, so that the use of **a common economic factor** for Germany as a whole and the West German federal states appears justified. Between the East German federal states and the entire federal territory, there is no economic synchronicity for the entire period from 1991 to 2005. However, for the entire observation period, a very close economic correlation emerges between the individual East German federal states and the East German federal states as a whole, so that the construction of an East German economic factor should be considered. However, since the degree of economic correlation of the East German federal states


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Pengertian di atas tidak jauh berbeda dengan apa yang disampaikan oleh para peneliti ekonomi Islam. Namun, persamaan definisi tidak menggambarkan atas kesamaan seluruh konsepnya. Hal ini dikarenakan, dalam kajian ekonomi Islam ada ketentuan terhadap barang dan jasa yang digunakan untuk mencukupi kebutuhan umat Islam serta utilitasnya wajib halal. Di samping itu, kebutuhan dan keinginan harus dibenarkan secara syariat Islam. Ketentuan lain dalam aktivitas konsumsi seperti orang lain patut mendapatkan perhatian serta kehidupan yang berlebihan (*mubazir*) dilarang untuk diterapkan dalam kehidupan masyarakat atau keluarga. Muslim yang baik digambarkan sebagai seorang yang bijak dalam menentukan kebutuhan dengan mengedepankan *mashlahah* dari pada utilitas.$ ^{19} $

Menurut Jaribah bin Ahmad al-Harits (2006) Ekonomi Islam menilai bahwa konsumsi merupakan aktivitas yang harus dilakukan dan tidak bisa diabaikan oleh seorang Muslim agar dapat mewujudkan daripada penciptaan manusia yang dikehendaki Allah Swt., yakni merealisasikan pengabdian sepenuhnya hanya kepada-Nya. Oleh karenanya, syariat Islam tentang larangan mengonsumsi sesuatu yang membahayakan jiwa dibenarkan karena perintah tersebut menjaga atau menghindarkan manusia dari kerusakan serta taat atas perintah yang berbentuk kewajiban sebagaimana dibebankan Allah kepada manusia.

Kenikmatan bagi umat Muslim dapat dicapai melalui taat terhadap perintah-Nya dan mempergunakan barang-barang anugerah ciptaan Allah untuk kepuasan diri agar tercapai kemaslahatan umat. Maka perilaku konsumtif yang berlebihan adalah salah satu karakter umat yang tidak mengenal Allah Swt. bahkan Islam mengutuk perbuatannya yaitu *israf* (pemborosan) atau *tabzir* (memanfaatkan sesuatu dengan tidak pantas atau menghamburkan).$ ^{20} $ Sifat boros maksudnya membelanjakan uang dengan berlebihan pada hal-hal yang menyimpang dari ketentuan syariat atau makanan yang berlebihan, pakaian mewah, dan sebagainya. Perilaku konsumsi yang diajarkan Islam pada keluarga dan masyarakat yakni harus seimbang dan penggunaan harta secara wajar. Oleh karena itu, konsumsi bagi umat Islam sebagai indikasi positif dalam kehidupan

---

$ ^{19} $ P3EI Universitas Islam Indonesia, *Ekonomi Islam ...*, hlm. 128.
$ ^{20} $ Ade Nur Rohim dan Prima Dwi Priyatno, “Pola Konsumsi dalam Implementasi Gaya Hidup Halal Consumption Patterns in the Implementation of Halal Lifestyle”, *Maro: Jurnal Ekonomi Syari’ah dan Bisnis*, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2021, hlm. 32.

Bab 10 | Konsep Dasar Konsumsi Islam 143

上述定义与伊斯兰经济学研究者的表述并无显著差异。然而，定义上的相似性并不意味着所有概念都完全一致。这是因为，在伊斯兰经济学研究中，用于满足穆斯林需求的商品、服务及其效用，必须符合伊斯兰教法（清真）要求。此外，人们的需求与欲望也必须合乎伊斯兰教法。消费活动还遵循其他规范，例如要顾及他人利益，禁止在社会或家庭生活中过度消费、铺张浪费。优秀的穆斯林，应当能够理性判断自身需求，将**公益福祉**置于单纯效用之上。

根据贾里巴·本·艾哈迈德·哈里斯（2006）的观点，伊斯兰经济学认为，消费是穆斯林必须履行、不可忽视的行为，其目的在于实现真主安拉赋予人类的使命，即全身心归信、敬畏真主。因此，伊斯兰教法禁止食用任何危害生命的物品，这一规定是合理的，因为它保护人类免受伤害，并引导人们遵行真主安拉对世人所规定的义务。

对穆斯林而言，幸福与愉悦来自于顺从真主的命令，以及善用真主所创造的万物——既满足自身正当需要，也致力于增进穆斯林社群的福祉。因此，过度消费是不认知真主安拉之人的特征。伊斯兰教明确谴责此类行为，即**过度挥霍（israf）**或**奢靡浪费（tabzir）**。所谓浪费，是指将财物过度用于违背伊斯兰教法的事物，如过量饮食、奢华服饰等。伊斯兰教倡导家庭与社会的消费行为应保持平衡，合理使用财富。由此可见，对穆斯林而言，消费是生活中一种积极的体现。

---

$^{19}$ 印度尼西亚伊斯兰大学伊斯兰经济研究与发展中心（P3EI），《伊斯兰经济学》，第128页。
$^{20}$ 阿德·努尔·罗希姆、普利玛·德维·普里亚特诺，《清真生活方式践行中的消费模式》，《Maro：伊斯兰教法经济与商业期刊》，第4卷第2期，2021年，第32页。

第十章 伊斯兰消费的基本概念 143

The above understanding is not much different from what has been conveyed by Islamic economic researchers. However, the similarity in definition does not illustrate the commonality of all its concepts . This is because, in the study of Islamic economics, there are provisions regarding goods and services used to meet the needs of Muslims, and their utility must be halal . In addition, needs and desires must be justified according to Islamic Sharia. Other provisions in consumption activities are that others deserve consideration, and an excessive lifestyle (*mubazir*) is forbidden to be applied in the life of society or family. A good Muslim is described as someone who is wise in determining needs by prioritizing *mashlahah* over utility.$ ^{19} $

According to Jaribah bin Ahmad al-Harits (2006), Islamic Economics views consumption as an activity that must be performed and cannot be neglected by a Muslim in order to realize the purpose of human creation as willed by Allah Swt., namely, to fully realize complete devotion only to Him Therefore, the Islamic Sharia regarding the prohibition of consuming anything that endangers life is justified because this command protects or prevents humans from harm and ensures obedience to commands that are obligations, as ordained by Allah for humankind.

Enjoyment for Muslims can be achieved through obedience to His commands and by using the gifted goods of Allah's creation for self-satisfaction in order to achieve the welfare of the ummah. Thus, excessive consumptive behavior is a characteristic of people who do not know Allah Swt.; indeed, Islam condemns such actions, namely *israf* (wastefulness) or *tabzir*.$ ^{20} $ Wastefulness means spending money excessively on things that deviate from Sharia provisions, or on excessive food, luxurious clothing, and so on. The consumption behavior taught by Islam for families and society is that it must be balanced, and wealth must be used reasonably. Therefore, consumption for Muslims is a positive indication in life

---

$ ^{19} $ Center for the Study and Development of Islamic Economics (P3EI), Islamic University of Indonesia, *Islamic Economics ...*, p. 128.
$ ^{20} $ Ade Nur Rohim and Prima Dwi Priyatno, “Pola Konsumsi dalam Implementasi Gaya Hidup Halal Consumption Patterns in the Implementation of Halal Lifestyle”, *Maro: Journal of Shari'ah Economics and Business*, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2021, p. 32.

Chapter 10 | Basic Concepts of Islamic Consumption 143


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露台鸡尾酒买一送一
在马德里

Terrace with 2-for-1 on Cocktails
in Madrid


جبتلك اليوم ألذ حشو تع بوراك ساهل
و بنيييين بزاف و زيد مفرمج
تبعي معايا الوصفة سيدتي

*Le bonheur sucré*

今天我为你带来了最美味又简单的薄皮馅饼
而且非常美味，还带有浓郁的芝士
女士，请跟我一起学习这个食谱

*甜蜜的幸福*

Today I brought you the most delicious and easy Bourek filling
And it's incredibly delicious and, what's more, cheesy!
Follow the recipe with me, my lady!

*Sweet Happiness*


@kadir_ezildi

Çok Mutlu Olun

Önümüzde ki bir hafta kafamızda dönecek şarkı; Ali Bey

@aylindemirofficial

@kadir_ezildi

祝你们幸福

接下来一周将在我们脑海中循环播放的歌曲：阿里贝伊

@aylindemirofficial

@kadir_ezildi

Be Very Happy

The song that will be stuck in our heads for the next week: Ali Bey

@aylindemirofficial


Ⅴ

---

# Verzeichnis der Tabellen

Seite

## Tabelle 1 - Anstieg der Arbeitsproduktivität in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland·····5

## Tabelle 2 - Sektorale Produktivitätsentwicklung und Test auf Strukturbruch 1960-1979·····14

## Tabelle 3 - Preisbereinigung der Wertschöpfung nach verschiedenen Methoden·····19

## Tabelle 4 - Bruttowertschöpfung, Arbeitsvolumen und Nettoanlagevermögen nach Sektoren 1960,1970 und 1980·····25

## Tabelle 5 - Produktivitätseffekt des Strukturwandels beim Arbeitseinsatz 1960-1980·····28

## Tabelle 6 - Produktivitätseffekt des Strukturwandels beim Kapitaleinsatz 1960-1980·····29

## Tabelle 7 - Arbeitseinsatz und Kapitalintensität nach Sektoren 1970-1980·····30

## Tabelle 8 - Freisetzungsbedingter Anstieg der Arbeitsprodukti-vität im Unternehmenssektor 1960-1982·····35

## Tabelle 9 - Faktoreinsatz und Faktorpreise im Unternehmenssektor 1960-1980·····39

## Tabelle 10 - Substitutionsbeziehungen zwischen Kapital,Arbeit und Energie im Unternehmenssektor und im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe 1960-1980·····51

## Tabelle 11 - Preisentwicklung und Einsatzanteile verschiedener Energieträger im Unternehmenssektor sowie im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe 1973-1980·····54

## Tabelle 12 - Produktivitätseffekte der Energieverteuerung im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe 1973-1980·····56

## Tabelle 13 - Investitionsanlässe im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe 1971-1985·····58

## Tabelle 14 - Industrielle Aufwendungen für Energieforschung in den Vereinigten Staaten 1972-1980·····59

## Tabelle 15 - Faktorsubstitution in energieintensiven Wirtschaftsbereichen 1973-1978·····60

Ⅴ

---

# 表格目录

页码

## 表1 - 德意志联邦共和国劳动生产率的提高·····5

## 表2 - 1960-1979年部门生产率发展与结构断裂检验·····14

## 表3 - 不同方法下增加值的价格调整·····19

## 表4 - 1960、1970和1980年分部门的总增加值、劳动量与净资本存量·····25

## 表5 - 1960-1980年劳动投入结构变化的生产率效应·····28

## 表6 - 1960-1980年资本投入结构变化的生产率效应·····29

## 表7 - 1970-1980年分部门的劳动投入与资本密集度·····30

## 表8 - 1960-1982年企业部门因劳动力释放带来的劳动生产率提升·····35

## 表9 - 1960-1980年企业部门的要素投入与要素价格·····39

## 表10 - 1960-1980年企业部门与制造业中资本、劳动和能源的替代关系·····51

## 表11 - 1973-1980年企业部门与制造业中各类能源的价格变动及投入占比·····54

## 表12 - 1973-1980年制造业中能源涨价的生产率效应·····56

## 表13 - 1971-1985年制造业的投资动机·····58

## 表14 - 1972-1980年美国工业领域的能源研究支出·····59

## 表15 - 1973-1978年能源密集型经济领域的要素替代·····60

Ⅴ

---

# List of Tables

Page

## Table 1 - Increase in Labor Productivity in the Federal Republic of Germany·····5

## Table 2 - Sectoral Productivity Development and Test for Structural Break 1960-1979·····14

## Table 3 - Price Adjustment of Value Added according to Different Methods·····19

## Table 4 - Gross Value Added, Labor Volume, and Net Fixed Assets by Sectors 1960, 1970, and 1980·····25

## Table 5 - Productivity Effect of Structural Change in Labor Input 1960-1980·····28

## Table 6 - Productivity Effect of Structural Change in Capital Input 1960-1980·····29

## Table 7 - Labor Input and Capital Intensity by Sectors 1970-1980·····30

## Table 8 - Increase in Labor Productivity Due to Labor Release in the Business Sector 1960-1982·····35

## Table 9 - Factor Input and Factor Prices in the Business Sector 1960-1980·····39

## Table 10 - Substitution Relationships between Capital, Labor, and Energy in the Business Sector and in Manufacturing 1960-1980·····51

## Table 11 - Price Development and Input Shares of Various Energy Sources in the Business Sector and in Manufacturing 1973-1980·····54

## Table 12 - Productivity Effects of Energy Price Increases in Manufacturing 1973-1980·····56

## Table 13 - Motives for Investment in Manufacturing 1971-1985·····58

## Table 14 - Industrial Expenditures for Energy Research in the United States 1972-1980·····59

## Table 15 - Factor Substitution in Energy-Intensive Economic Sectors 1973-1978·····60


Arep takon bolo..
"yen untu goyang apik'e Disawer opo dicabut?"

@solo.hitzz

MONAS

大伙儿，想问问..
“如果牙齿松动了，最好是让它自然脱落还是拔掉？”

@solo.hitzz

莫纳斯

Want to ask, folks..
"If a tooth is loose, is it better for it to undergo a 'sawer' ritual or be pulled out?"

@solo.hitzz

MONAS


103

---

Çizelge 3.5 Kullanılan çimentonun özellikleri

|Özellikler |  | TS 19‘da İstenen Değerler | Deneyde Bulunan Değerler |
| :--| :--| :--| :--|
| Priz | Başlama süresi | > 1 saat | 1 saat 30 dak. |
|  |Sona erme süresi | < 10 saat | 4 saat 40 dak. |
| Hacim genişlemesi |  | < 10 mm. | 3 mm. |
| 200 mikron elek üzerindeki miktar |  | < %1 | %0,3 |
| 90 mikron elek üzerindeki miktar |  | < %14 | %9,3 |
| Özgül yüzey |  | % 2400 cm² / g | 2900 cm² / g |
| Basınç dayanımları (kg/cm2) | 7 günlük | > 210 | 224 |
|  | 28 günlük | 325 | 354 |
| Eğilmede çekme dayanımı (kg/cm2) | 7 günlük | 40 | 51 |
|  | 28 günlük | 55 | 64 |

Gerek sıva, gerekse duvar örgü işleminde kullanılan harcın imalatında kullanılan kum, Ankara piyasasından temin edilmiş ve herhangi bir işleme tabi tutulmamıştır. Kullanılan kumun granülometrik özellikleri Çizelge 3.6’da verilmiştir.

Çizelge 3.6 Harç kumunun granülometrik değerleri

| Elek Çapı | Elekten geçen | Elek üstünde Kalan |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 8 | 100 | 0 |
| 4 | 75 | 25 |
| 2 | 54 | 46 |
| 1 | 33 | 67 |
| 0.5 | 17 | 83 |
| 0.25 | 6 | 94 |

103

---

Table 3.5 Properties of the cement used

| Property |  | Values Required by TS 19 | Values Found in Experiment |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Setting | Initial setting time | > 1 hour | 1 hour 30 min. |
|  | Final setting time | < 10 hours | 4 hours 40 min. |
| Volume expansion |  | < 10 mm. | 3 mm. |
| Amount on 200 micron sieve |  | < 1% | 0.3% |
| Amount on 90 micron sieve |  | < 14% | 9.3% |
| Specific surface area |  | 2400 cm² / g | 2900 cm² / g |
| Compressive strength (kg/cm²) | 7-day | > 210 | 224 |
|  | 28-day | 325 | 354 |
| Flexural tensile strength (kg/cm²) | 7-day | 40 | 51 |
|  | 28-day | 55 | 64 |

The sand used in the production of mortar for both plastering and masonry work was procured from the Ankara market and was not subjected to any processing. The granulometric properties of the sand used are given in Table 3.6.

Table 3.6 Granulometric values of mortar sand

| Sieve Diameter | Percent Passing | Percent Retained |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 8 | 100 | 0 |
| 4 | 75 | 25 |
| 2 | 54 | 46 |
| 1 | 33 | 67 |
| 0.5 | 17 | 83 |
| 0.25 | 6 | 94 |


Seat:................
장가 닭갈비

Date:........./........../...........

COMBO 1
(Gà Xào Cay, Mì Tương Đen, Cơm Nấm): *169k*

Menu

GÀ XÀO CAY

MÌ TUONG DEN

CƠM NẤM

COMBO 1

169k

COMBO 2
(Gà Xào Cay, Súp Kim Chi, Thịt Heo Chiên Xù, Cơm Nắm): 219k

Menu

GÀ XÀO CAY

SÚP KIM CHI

THỊT HEO CHIÊN XÙ

CƠM NẤM

COMBO 2

219k

Seat:................
Jang-ga Dak-galbi

Date:........./........../...........

COMBO 1
(Spicy Stir-fried Chicken, Black Bean Sauce Noodles, Mushroom Rice: *169k*
Menu

SPICY STIR-FRIED CHICKEN

BLACK BEAN SAUCE NOODLES

MUSHROOM RICE

COMBO 1

169k

COMBO 2
(Spicy Stir-fried Chicken, Kimchi Soup, Breaded Deep-fried Pork, Mushroom Rice: 219k

Menu

SPICY STIR-FRIED CHICKEN

KIMCHI SOUP

BREADED DEEP-FRIED PORK

MUSHROOM RICE

COMBO 2

219k


UN BESO ANTES DE DORMIR

ILUSTRACIONES DE ALICIA PADRÓN

sm

睡前一吻

艾丽西亚·帕德龙 绘

sm

A Kiss Before Bedtime

ILLUSTRATIONS BY ALICIA PADRÓN

sm


A
Lugares para visitar em Gramado

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Gramado

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格拉马杜的游览地

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格拉马杜

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Places to visit in Gramado

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Gramado


Dirumuskan secara jelas
Menggunakan kalimat tanya dengan mengajukan alternatif tindakan yang akan dilakukan
Dapat diuji secara empiris
Mengandung deskripsi tentang kenyataan yang ada dan keadaan yang diinginkan
Disusun dalam bahasa yang jelas dan singkat
Jelas cakupannya
Memungkinkan untuk dijawab dengan mempergunakan metode atau teknik tertentu.
Belum terjawab dalam khazanah ilmu pengetahuan.
Menarik keinginan tahu.
Jawabannya akan bermanfaat, baik untuk keperluan praktis ataupun keperluan ilmu pengetahuan.

Batasan dan Lahan Permasalahan
Spesifik hanya pada variabel yang diselidiki dalam bentuk deskripsi operasional
Argumen yang logika mengapa pembatasan harus rasional
Rumusan alasan yang ditetapkan pada variabel yang tepat dan sesuai dengan sejarah permasalahan

Bentuk Pertanyaan Penelitian yang Baik
*Feasible*: jawaban pertanyaan harus merujuk pada sumber yang pasti/nyata, jelas dan efisien
*Clarity*: mengembangkan persepsi dan konsepsi yang sama untuk semua pembaca

---

116 | Dr. Azharsyah Ibrahim, SE.Ak, M.S.O.M.

清晰地阐述
使用疑问句提出将要采取的可选行动
可进行实证检验
包含对现有实际情况和期望状态的描述
以清晰简洁的语言编写
范围明确
可以使用特定的方法或技术来回答。
尚未在科学知识宝库中得到解答。
引发求知欲。
其答案将有益于实际应用或科学知识。

问题的界限与范围
仅针对以操作性描述形式调研的变量
关于为何限制必须合理的逻辑论证
针对恰当变量并符合问题历史背景的原因阐述

良好研究问题的形式
*可行性*：问题的答案必须参考确定/真实的、清晰且高效的来源
*清晰性*：为所有读者建立相同的感知和概念

---

116 | 阿扎尔沙·易卜拉欣博士，经济学学士（会计学），运营管理理学硕士

Clearly formulated
Uses an interrogative sentence that proposes alternative actions to be taken
Can be empirically tested
Contains a description of the existing reality and the desired state
Composed in clear and concise language
Has a clear scope
Can be answered using specific methods or techniques.
Not yet answered within the current body of knowledge.
Arouses curiosity.
Its answer will be beneficial, both for practical purposes and for the advancement of knowledge.

Limitations and Scope of the Problem
Specific only to the variables under investigation, in the form of operational descriptions
Logical arguments for why limitations must be rational
Formulation of reasons established for appropriate variables consistent with the problem's history

Form of a Good Research Question
*Feasible*: the answer to the question must refer to definite, real, clear, and efficient sources
*Clarity*: develops the same perception and conception for all readers

---

116 | Dr. Azharsyah Ibrahim, SE.Ak, M.S.O.M.


PERSEPSI GURU TERHADAP KANDUNGAN MODUL KURSUS INTENSIF BAHASA ARAB DAN KEMAHIRAN JAWI SELEPAS MENGHADIRI PROGRAM LATIHAN GURU
TEACHER'S PERSPECTIVES WITH THE CONTENT OF ARAB LANGUAGES AND INTEGRATIVE COURSE MODULE AFTER TEACHER TRAINING PROGRAMME

*Mohd Faeez Ilias, Zetty Nurzuliana Rashed, Muhammad Syakir Sulaiman, Ahmad Shafiq Mat Razali
faeez@kuis.edu.my*
*Fakulti Pendidikan, Kolej Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Selangor (KUIS)*

ABSTRAK
Pelaksanaan program latihan dalam sesebuah organisasi pendidikan amat penting bagi memastikan semua ahli mencapai tahap kompeten yang diperlukan oleh majikan. Latihan yang diberikan adalah berdasarkan kepada kemahiran yang akan disumbangkan semula di tempat kerja. Seharusnya latihan yang dianjurkan merujuk kepada modul yang bersesuaian dengan bidang kepakaran dan kemahiran yang akan dikuasai oleh guru di sekolah. Oleh yang demikian, kajian ini dijalankan adalah bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti persepsi peserta terhadap kandungan modul kursus intensif Bahasa Arab dan Kemahiran Jawi sebelum menghadiri Program Latihan Guru anjuran Unit Latihan, Bahagian pendidikan Islam, Jabatan Agama Islam Selangor. Kajian ini dijalankan dengan menggunakan pendekatan secara kuantitatif merujuk kepada Model Penilaian Kirkpatrick dalam pengumpulan data. Satu set soal selidik sebelum bermula program latihan diagihkan kepada 53 orang peserta Kursus Intensif Bahasa Arab Siri 1 dan 52 orang peserta Kursus Kaedah Penulisan Jawi Siri 1. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa kandungan modul yang digunakan dalam program latihan yang dianjurkan bersesuaian dengan tujuan dan matlamat latihan dengan nilai min=3.95, sp=0.658 bagi Kursus Intensif Bahasa Arab Siri 1 dan min=4.52, sp=0.589 bagi Kursus Kaedah Penulisan Jawi Siri 1 pula. Secara umumnya, hasil kajian ini memberi manfaat kepada Jabatan Agama Islam (JAIS) dalam mempertingkatkan penggunaan modul latihan dalam setiap program latihan yang dianjurkan untuk dimanfaatkan oleh guru di sekolah. Pihak pentadbir juga secara tidak langsung dapat meningkatkan menerima impak positif apabila guru-guru mereka dapat mengaplikasikan terus ilmu pengetahuan yang diperolehi melalui program latiahn yang dianjurkan oleh JAIS.

*Kata kunci: Program Latihan Guru, Sekolah Rendah Agama, Kursus Intensif Bahasa Arab, Kemahiran Jawi.*

ABSTRACT
Implementing a training program in an educational organization is essential to ensure that all members reach the competency level required by their employer. The training provided is based on the skills that will be contributed back to the workplace. Organized training should refer to modules appropriate to the areas of expertise and skills that teachers in the school will possess. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the participants' perception of the content of the Arabic Language and Basic Skills course module before attending the Teacher Training Program organized by the Training Unit, Islamic Education Division, Selangor Islamic Religious Department. This study was conducted using a quantitative approach with reference to Kirkpatrick's Evaluation Model in data collection. A set of questionnaires

---
197

教师参加教师培训项目后对阿拉伯语强化课程模块内容及爪夷文技能的认知
教师参加培训项目后对阿拉伯语及综合课程模块内容的教师视角

*莫哈末・法伊兹・伊利亚斯、泽蒂・努尔祖莉安娜・拉希德、穆罕默德・沙基尔・苏莱曼、艾哈迈德・沙菲克・马特・拉扎利
faeez@kuis.edu.my*
*教育学院，雪兰莪国际伊斯兰大学学院*

**摘要**
在教育组织中实施培训项目对于确保所有成员达到雇主要求的能力水平至关重要。所提供的培训基于将回馈到工作场所的技能。组织的培训应参考与学校教师将掌握的专业领域和技能相适配的模块。因此，本研究旨在确定参与者在参加由雪兰莪伊斯兰宗教部伊斯兰教育处培训组举办的教师培训项目前，对阿拉伯语强化课程及爪夷文技能课程模块内容的认知。本研究采用定量方法，参考柯氏评估模型进行数据收集。在培训项目开始前，向第1系列阿拉伯语强化课程的53名参与者和第1系列爪夷文写作方法课程的52名参与者发放了一套调查问卷。研究结果显示，所举办培训项目中使用的模块内容与培训目标相契合，第1系列阿拉伯语强化课程的平均值=3.95、标准差=0.658；第1系列爪夷文写作方法课程的平均值=4.52、标准差=0.589。总体而言，本研究成果有助于雪兰莪伊斯兰宗教部在其举办的每个培训项目中改进培训模块的使用，以惠及学校教师。当教师能够持续应用从雪兰莪伊斯兰宗教部举办的培训项目中获得的知识时，管理者也能间接获得积极影响。

*关键词：教师培训项目；宗教小学；阿拉伯语强化课程；爪夷文技能。*

**摘要**
在教育组织中实施培训项目对于确保所有成员达到雇主要求的能力水平至关重要。所提供的培训基于将回馈到工作场所的技能。组织的培训应参考与学校教师将掌握的专业领域和技能相适配的模块。因此，本研究旨在确定参与者在参加由雪兰莪伊斯兰宗教部伊斯兰教育处培训组举办的教师培训项目前，对阿拉伯语及基础技能课程模块内容的认知。本研究采用定量方法，参考柯氏评估模型进行数据收集。一套调查问卷

---
197

TEACHERS' PERCEPTION OF THE CONTENT OF THE INTENSIVE ARABIC LANGUAGE AND JAWI SKILLS COURSE MODULE AFTER ATTENDING THE TEACHER TRAINING PROGRAM
TEACHER'S PERSPECTIVES WITH THE CONTENT OF ARAB LANGUAGES AND INTEGRATIVE COURSE MODULE AFTER TEACHER TRAINING PROGRAMME

*Mohd Faeez Ilias, Zetty Nurzuliana Rashed, Muhammad Syakir Sulaiman, Ahmad Shafiq Mat Razali
faeez@kuis.edu.my*
*Faculty of Education, International Islamic University College Selangor (KUIS)*

ABSTRACT
Implementing a training program in an educational organization is essential to ensure that all members reach the competency level required by their employer. The training provided is based on the skills that will be contributed back to the workplace. Organized training should refer to modules appropriate to the areas of expertise and skills that teachers in the school will possess. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the participants' perception of the content of the Arabic Language and Basic Skills course module before attending the Teacher Training Program organized by the Training Unit, Islamic Education Division, Selangor Islamic Religious Department. This study was conducted using a quantitative approach with reference to Kirkpatrick's Evaluation Model in data collection. A set of questionnaires was distributed before the training program commenced to 53 participants of the Intensive Arabic Language Course Series 1 and 52 participants of the Jawi Writing Method Course Series 1. The study findings indicate that the content of the modules used in the organized training program is suitable for the purpose and goals of the training, with a mean=3.95, SD=0.658 for the Intensive Arabic Language Course Series 1, and a mean=4.52, SD=0.589 for the Jawi Writing Method Course Series 1. Generally, the results of this study benefit the Selangor Islamic Religious Department (JAIS) in enhancing the use of training modules in every training program organized to be utilized by teachers in schools. Administrators also indirectly experience positive impacts when their teachers can directly apply the knowledge acquired through training programs organized by JAIS.

*Keywords: Teacher Training Program, Religious Primary School, Intensive Arabic Language Course, Jawi Skills.*

ABSTRACT
Implementing a training program in an educational organization is essential to ensure that all members reach the competency level required by their employer. The training provided is based on the skills that will be contributed back to the workplace. Organized training should refer to modules appropriate to the areas of expertise and skills that teachers in the school will possess. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the participants' perception of the content of the Arabic Language and Basic Skills course module before attending the Teacher Training Program organized by the Training Unit, Islamic Education Division, Selangor Islamic Religious Department. This study was conducted using a quantitative approach with reference to Kirkpatrick's Evaluation Model in data collection. A set of questionnaires

---
197


CACHOEIRA DE BORDA INFINITA
FICA EM SANTA CATARINA

无边际瀑布
位于圣卡塔琳娜州

Infinity Edge Waterfall
Located in Santa Catarina


BiBLiO
COLLÈGE

LE MALADE IMAGINAIRE

MOLIÈRE

TEXTE INTÉGRAL

Édition tout en couleurs

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167

---

228. Um die Unternehmensgewinne weniger als bisher zu besteuern, bietet es sich an, die Vermögensteuer für Kapitalgesellschaften und die Gewerbekapitalsteuer ersatzlos zu streichen. Steuermindereinnahmen der Gemeinden, mit denen bei Abschaffung der Gewerbekapitalsteuer zu rechnen wäre, ließen sich vermeiden, wenn gleichzeitig die Gewerbesteuerumlage, also die Beteiligung des Bundes und der Länder am Ge-werbesteueraufkommen, abgeschafft würde. Ohnehin würden die Gemeinden wegen der Absetzbarkeit der Gewerbesteuerzahlungen bei der Gewinnermittlung von höheren Einkommensteuereinnahmen profitieren.

229. Darüber hinaus sollten der Körperschaftsteuersatz und die Spitzensätze der Einkommensteuer deutlich gesenkt werden. Orientierungsmarken sollten die entsprechenden Steuersätze im Ausland sein. Das könnte bedeuten, daß der Maximalsatz für beide Steuern beispielsweise auf 36 vH festzulegen wäre, den gegenwärtig gültigen Körperschaftsteuersatz für Ausschüttungen. Die Kapitalertragsteuer für Dividenden könnte dann ersatzlos abgeschafft werden.

230. Zur Finanzierung der Steuersenkungen sollten Staatsausgaben, insbesondere Finanzhilfen, gekürzt werden. Wenn auf diese Weise die Investitionsund Leistungsanreize gestärkt würden, fiele die Wachstumsrate des Produktionspotentials höher aus, und die Beschäftigungschancen würden größer. Die Bundesrepublik wäre besser gerüstet für den internationalen Standortwettbewerb.

167

---

228. 为减轻企业利润税负，建议彻底取消针对股份公司的财产税和营业资本税。如果同时取消营业税分摊，即联邦和各州在营业税收入中的分成，那么就可以避免在取消营业资本税时预计会发生的市镇税收减少。无论如何，由于在利润计算时营业税支付额的可抵扣性，市镇将从更高的所得税收入中受益。

229. 此外，公司所得税税率和个人所得税的最高税率应大幅降低。国外的相应税率应作为参考基准。这可能意味着，例如，两种税的最高税率可设定为36%，即目前适用于分配利润的公司所得税税率。届时，股息的资本利得税可以彻底取消。

230. 为了给减税融资，应削减政府开支，特别是财政援助。如果通过这种方式加强投资和绩效激励，生产潜力的增长率将会更高，并且就业机会将会增加。联邦德国将能更好地应对国际区位竞争。

167

---

228. To tax corporate profits less than before, it would be advisable to completely abolish the property tax for capital companies and the business capital tax. The anticipated loss of tax revenue for municipalities resulting from the abolition of the business capital tax could be avoided if the business tax levy, that is, the participation of the federal and state governments in business tax revenue, were simultaneously abolished. In any case, municipalities would benefit from higher income tax revenues due to the deductibility of business tax payments in profit calculation.

229. Furthermore, the corporate income tax rate and the top income tax rates should be significantly reduced. The corresponding tax rates abroad should serve as benchmarks. This could mean, for example, that the maximum rate for both taxes would be set at 36 percent, which is the currently applicable corporate income tax rate for distributions. The capital gains tax on dividends could then be completely abolished.

230. To finance the tax cuts, government expenditures, especially financial aid, should be reduced. If investment and performance incentives were strengthened in this way, the growth rate of production potential would be higher, and employment opportunities would increase. The Federal Republic of Germany would be better equipped for international location competition.


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'желании гордиться'. Вожди следили, чтобы он не попытался узурпировать некоторые из их привилегий. В истории тикопиа имеются препеденты, когда вожди при случае завладевали добром такого общинника или даже убивали его» (Firth, 1960, p. 243). Короче говоря, вожди тикопиа обычно не терпели, когда другие запускали стартовые механизмы движения к власти. Это не относится ко всем районам Полинезии. На Маркизских островах, например, было возможно продвижение наверх посредством «накопления и раздачи богатства» (Union, 1939, pp. 150,153,156-157; Handy, 1923, pp. 36-37,48, 53). (О других аспектах реципрокнос-ти между вождем тикопиа и народом см. Firth, 1936, pp. 382-383,401-403; 1950, pp. 34, 58,109 и след., 172,188,190,191, 196, 212 и след., 321).

8.5.0 Разное

8.5.1 Северо-Запад Северной Америки — Генерализованная реципрокность пропитала полити-ческую экономику индейцев Северо-Западного побережья, что находило выражение как в массовых раздачах вовне во время потлачей, бытовавших в среде вождей, так и во внутренних отношениях вождей со своими приверженцами. Нутка дают яркий пример. Вожди собирали с людей различные виды дани: доли первого улова лосося, попавшего в перемет; доли первых сборов на ягодных делянках; доли крупных уловов рыбы, и т. п. (напр., Drucker, 1951, pp. 56-57, 172, 255, 272 и повсюду). С другой стороны, «Всякий раз, когда у вождя было много пищи любого рода, он устраивал пиршество, чтобы раздать ее своим людям» (p. 370; см. также Suttles, 1960, pp. 299-300; Barnett, 1938; Codere, n. d.).

' Знатных людей.

‘渴望炫耀自己’。酋长们会留意，以防他试图篡夺他们的一些特权。在蒂蔻皮亚（Tikopia）的历史上，有过酋长伺机夺取这类平民的财产，甚至杀死他的先例”(Firth, 1960, p. 243)。简而言之，蒂蔻皮亚的酋长们通常不容忍他人启动获取权力的初始机制。这并不适用于波利尼西亚（Polynesia）的所有地区。例如，在马克萨斯群岛（Marquesas Islands），通过“积累和分配财富”来提升地位是可能的(Union, 1939, pp. 150,153,156-157; Handy, 1923, pp. 36-37,48, 53)。（关于蒂蔻皮亚酋长与人民之间互惠关系的其他方面，参见 Firth, 1936, pp. 382-383,401-403; 1950, pp. 34, 58,109 及以下, 172,188,190,191, 196, 212 及以下, 321）。

8.5.0 其他

8.5.1 北美洲西北部 — 普遍的互惠性渗透了西北海岸印第安人的政治经济，这既体现在酋长间盛行的夸富宴（potlatches）上的大规模对外分发，也体现在酋长与其追随者的内部关系中。努特卡人（Nootka）提供了一个鲜明的例子。酋长们向人们征收各种贡品：延绳钓捕获的第一批鲑鱼的一部分；莓果地首次采摘的一部分；大量捕获的鱼的一部分，等等。(例如，Drucker, 1951, pp. 56-57, 172, 255, 272 及各处)。另一方面，“每当酋长拥有大量任何种类的食物时，他都会举办宴会，将其分发给他的族人”(p. 370; 另见 Suttles, 1960, pp. 299-300; Barnett, 1938; Codere, n. d.)。

' 贵族。

'desire to be proud'. Chiefs watched to ensure he did not attempt to usurp some of their privileges. In the history of Tikopia, there are precedents “when chiefs on occasion seized the property of such a commoner or even killed him” (Firth, 1960, p. 243). In short, Tikopian chiefs usually did not tolerate it when others initiated the first moves towards power. This does not apply to all regions of Polynesia. In the Marquesas Islands, for example, upward mobility was possible through “the accumulation and distribution of wealth” (Union, 1939, pp. 150,153,156-157; Handy, 1923, pp. 36-37,48, 53). (For other aspects of reciprocity between the Tikopian chief and the people, see Firth, 1936, pp. 382-383,401-403; 1950, pp. 34, 58,109 et seq., 172,188,190,191, 196, 212 et seq., 321).

8.5.0 Miscellaneous

8.5.1 Northwest North America — Generalized reciprocity permeated the political economy of the Indians of the Northwest Coast, which was expressed both in mass external distributions during potlatches, prevalent among chiefs, and in the internal relations of chiefs with their adherents. The Nootka provide a vivid example.Chiefs collected various types of tribute from the people: shares of the first salmon catch from the weir; shares of the first harvests from berry patches; shares of large fish catches, etc. (e.g., Drucker, 1951, pp. 56-57, 172, 255, 272 and passim). On the other hand, “Whenever a chief had an abundance of food of any kind, he would hold a feast to distribute it to his people” (p. 370; see also Suttles, 1960, pp. 299-300; Barnett, 1938; Codere, n. d.).

' Of notable people.


*Dall'autore di "Siamo quello che gli altri non vedono"*

AMORE AL PROFUMO DI GIRASOLE

Siamo stazioni con un solo binario ed una sola direzione.
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romanzo

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*来自《我们是他人看不见的存在》的作者*

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*From the author of "We Are What Others Don't See"*

LOVE WITH THE SCENT OF SUNFLOWER

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Phương Pháp Nghiên Cứu Kinh Tế

---

Chương 1. Giới thiệu phương pháp nghiên cứu

Mục tiêu giảng dạy

Chương này nhằm mục tiêu giới thiệu các vấn đề cơ bản của môn học Phương pháp nghiên cứu và khả năng ứng dụng của các kiến thức liên quan vào việc học tập, nghiên cứu khoa học, thực hiện các khóa luận, luận văn tốt nghiệp của sinh viên ở bậc đại học cũng như cao học.

1. VAI TRÒ CỦA PHƯƠNG PHÁP NGHIÊN CỨU

Nhiều người cho rằng viết báo cáo/nghiên cứu là để truyền tải thông tin. Tuy nhiên một bài nghiên cứu hiệu quả phải:

Làm thay đổi cách nhìn nhận vấn đề của người đọc
Thuyết phục người đọc tin vào một điều gì đó
Đưa người đọc đến quyết định và hành động
Dẫn dắt người đọc theo một quy trình nào đó

2. CÁC LOẠI HÌNH NGHIÊN CỨU KHOA HỌC

Có nhiều cách phân loại. Có thể chia làm 2 loại:

Nghiên cứu thực nghiệm: liên quan đến các hoạt động của đời sống thực tế
Nghiên cứu lý thuyết: thông qua sách vở, tài liệu, các học thuyết và tư tưởng

Thông thường một nghiên cứu sẽ liên quan đến cả 2 khía cạnh lý thuyết và thực nghiệm.

2.1 Nghiên cứu thực nghiệm

Có 2 loại:

Nghiên cứu hiện tượng thực tế (thông qua khảo sát thực tế)
Nghiên cứu hiện tượng trong điều kiện có kiểm soát (thông qua thí nghiệm)

2.2 Nghiên cứu lý thuyết

Có 2 loại:

Nghiên cứu lý thuyết thuần túy: nghiên cứu để bác bỏ, ủng hộ, hay làm rõ một quan điểm/lập luận lý thuyết nào đó.

---

1

Khoa Kinh tế Phát triển - Đại học Kinh tế TP. Hồ Chí Minh

经济研究方法

---

第1章 研究方法介绍

教学目标

本章旨在介绍《研究方法》这门课程的基本问题，以及相关知识在本科生及研究生的学习、科学研究、完成课程论文和毕业论文中的应用能力。

1. 研究方法的作用

许多人认为撰写报告/研究是为了传递信息。然而，一项有效的研究必须：

改变读者看待问题的方式

说服读者相信某事

引导读者做出决定和采取行动

引导读者遵循某个流程

2. 科学研究的类型

有多种分类方法。可以分为两类：

实证研究：涉及现实生活中的活动

理论研究：通过书籍、文献、学说和思想

通常一项研究会同时涉及理论和实证两个方面。

2.1 实证研究

有两类：

实际现象研究（通过实地调查）

受控条件下的现象研究（通过实验）

2.2 理论研究

有两类：

纯理论研究：旨在反驳、支持或阐明某一理论观点/论证的研究。

---

1

胡志明市经济大学发展经济学系

Economic Research Methods

---

Chapter 1. Introduction to Research Methods

Teaching Objectives

This chapter aims to introduce the fundamental issues of the Research Methods course and the applicability of related knowledge to academic study, scientific research, and the completion of theses and dissertations by students at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels.

1. THE ROLE OF RESEARCH METHODS

Many people believe that writing reports/research is for conveying information.

However, an effective research paper must:

Change the reader's perspective on the issue

Persuade the reader to believe in something

Lead the reader to make decisions and take action

Guide the reader through a specific process

2. TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

There are many ways of classification.

They can be divided into 2 types:

Empirical research: related to real-life activities

Theoretical research: through books, documents, theories, and ideas

Typically, a study will involve both theoretical and empirical aspects.

2.1 Empirical Research

There are 2 types:

Research on real-world phenomena (through field surveys)

Research on phenomena under controlled conditions (through experiments)

2.2 Theoretical Research

There are 2 types:

Pure theoretical research: research to refute, support, or clarify a particular theoretical viewpoint/argument.

---

1

Faculty of Development Economics, Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics


ESTE TEMPLO PARROQUIAL DE SAN JUAN EVANGELISTA
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CUYOS NOMBRES DIOS CONOCE
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CON ESPLENDIDA GENEROSIDAD
SE INAUGURO BAJO EL PONTIFICADO DEL
EXCMO SEÑOR DON CASIMIRO MORCILLO GONZA LEZ
PRIMER ARZOBISPO DE MADRID-ALCALA
14 DE MARZO DE 1971

*Juan Alcor*

这座圣若望福音堂区教堂
得以建成
由一众工人、工匠、艺术家和技术人员协力完成
他们的名字为上帝所知晓
由其本堂区的教友们出资修建
他们慷慨解囊
本教堂的落成典礼举行于
卡西米罗·莫尔西略·冈萨雷斯阁下
马德里-阿尔卡拉教区首任总主教
的任期内，即1971年3月14日

*胡安·阿尔科尔*

This Parish Church of Saint John the Evangelist
Was built
By workers, artisans, artists, and technicians
Whose names God knows
Its own parishioners funded it
With splendid generosity
It was inaugurated under the pontificate of
His Excellency Don Casimiro Morcillo González
First Archbishop of Madrid-Alcalá
March 14, 1971

*Juan Alcor*


Restoran Fiyatına  Tekne’de İftar
Teknevia

以餐厅价格，享船上开斋饭
泰克内维亚

Iftar on a boat at restaurant price
Teknevia


بقلاوة
الحليب


woman trip
EGITO
Você sabe porquê as Pirâmides de Gizé foram construídas?

女性之旅
埃及
你知道吉萨金字塔是为何而建的吗？

woman trip
EGYPT
Do you know why the Pyramids of Giza were built?


フリマル サマーフェス

8月18日

日曜日

午前10時から午後5時まで開催

物販・飲食・キッチンカー 75店舗が集結！！

迫力のダンス&ライブ！ものまね&大道芸人

あさピーも来店するよ

旭

跳蚤市场 夏日祭

8月18日

星期日

上午10点至下午5点举办

商品贩卖・餐饮・餐车 75家店铺集结！！

震撼的舞蹈&现场表演！模仿秀&街头艺人

小旭P也会光临哦

旭

Furimaru Summer Fest

August 18th

Sunday

Held from 10:00 AM to 5:00 PM

75 Stalls Selling Goods, Food & Drinks, and Food Trucks Gather!!

Powerful Dance & Live Performances! Impersonators & Street Performers

Asapi will be there too!

Asahi


이로이로 도쿄
필수템!

BOURBON
ルマンド
クッキー

한국분들이 일본에 오시면 꼭 사가시는 과자죠?

丰富多彩的东京
必备品！

波路梦
鲁曼多
曲奇饼干

这是韩国朋友们来日本时，必买的零食吧？

Iroiro Tokyo
Must-have item!

BOURBON
Lumonde
Cookie

It's a snack that Koreans always buy when they come to Japan, right?