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ITALIANO IN TERZA

CON IL METODO ANALOGICO

Camillo Bortolato

Lettura, comprensione, scrittura, ortografia, grammatica, lessico

®

METODO

ANALOGICO

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Erickson

三年级意大利语

采用类比教学法

卡米洛·博尔托拉托

阅读，理解，写作，拼写，语法，词汇

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方法

类比

博尔托拉托

埃里克森

Italian in Third Grade

With the Analogical Method

Camillo Bortolato

Reading, comprehension, writing, spelling, grammar, vocabulary

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Erickson


5 erreurs à ne plus faire en *perte de poids*
par une diététicienne

*减肥*中不要再犯的5个错误
来自一位营养师

5 Mistakes to Stop Making in *Weight Loss*
by a dietitian


No.5

石垣島ビーチホテルサンシャイン

沖縄の島々を臨めるフォトジェニックなプール。
夜には美しい星を眺めることもできます。

第5名

石垣岛海滩阳光酒店

能够眺望冲绳诸岛的出片泳池。
夜晚还能观赏璀璨星空。

No.5

Ishigaki Island Beach Hotel Sunshine

A photogenic pool overlooking the islands of Okinawa.
At night, you can also gaze at the beautiful stars.


إِنَّا لِلَّهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعُونَ

Imam Tarawih Masjid Nabawi Meninggal Dunia

我们确是真主的，我们也必将回归于他。

麦地那先知寺泰拉威伊玛目逝世

Indeed, to Allah we belong and indeed, to Him we will return.

Tarawih Imam of Masjid Nabawi Passes Away


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No Cobaia os cocktails são servidos num laboratório e em bolsas de sangue

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美食
在科巴亚酒吧，鸡尾酒以实验室风格容器盛装，还有血袋造型的特调

实验室

300

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At Cobaia the cocktails are served in a laboratory and in blood bags

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รวม 10 วัด ไหว้พระ เวียนเทียน
วันมาฆบูชา
ใกล้แนวรถไฟฟ้า

合集10座寺庙：拜佛与绕烛礼
万佛节
靠近捷运线

A List of 10 Temples for Worship and Candle Circumambulation
Makha Bucha Day
Near Skytrain/Metro Lines


Phiếu điều tra được gửi đến các nhà quản lý trên quy mô tổng là 52 DNSX gạch tại tỉnh Thanh Hóa trong giai đoạn từ năm 2016-2017. Bốn đối tượng tham gia khảo sát bao gồm Giám đốc, Phó Giám đốc, nhà quản lý môi trường và trưởng bộ phận kế toán quản trị. Kết quả khảo sát thu được 145 phiếu hợp lệ (chiếm tỷ lệ là 69,71% so với tổng thể) từ các nhà quản lý của 41 DNSX gạch tỉnh Thanh Hóa. Sử dụng phương pháp nghiên cứu định lượng, các câu trả lời trong phiếu điều tra được xử lý bởi phần mềm SPSS 22.0 nhằm kiểm định độ tin cậy, phân tích nhân tố khám phá, phân tích tương quan, phân tích hồi quy để xác định các nhân tố và mức độ ảnh hưởng của chúng đến việc áp dụng ECMA trong DNSX gạch tỉnh Thanh Hóa.

# 4. KẾT QUẢ NGHIÊN CỨU

## 4.1. Kiểm định độ tin cậy của thang đo

### Kiểm định độ tin cậy thang đo của biến độc lập

Kết quả kiểm định độ tin cậy chỉ ra rằng hệ số Cronbach's Alpha tổng bằng 0,908. Ngoài ra, các biến quan sát đều có hệ số Cronbach's Alpha lớn hơn 0,6, không có biến nào có hệ số lớn hơn hệ số Cronbach's Alpha của biến tổng; hệ số tương quan biến tổng đều lớn hơn 0,3. Điều này cho thấy các biến quan sát đều được chấp nhận và đảm bảo độ tin cậy.

*Bảng 3. Kết quả kiểm định độ tin cậy thang đo của biến độc lập*

|  | Corrected Item-Total Correlation | Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted |
|---|---:|---:|
| CLMT1 | .594 | .905 |
| CLMT2 | .734 | .895 |
| CLMT3 | .661 | .900 |
| CLMT4 | .561 | .906 |
| NTNQT1 | .760 | .893 |
| NTNQT2 | .652 | .901 |
| NTNQT3 | .787 | .890 |
| NTNQT4 | .747 | .894 |
| NTNQT5 | .681 | .899 |

*Nguồn: Kết quả từ phần mềm SPSS*

Kiểm định độ tin cậy thang đo của biến phụ thuộc

Kết quả phần mềm SPSS 22.0 cho biết hệ số Cronbach's Alpha của 7 biến quan sát là 0,858 (> 0,6). Mặt khác, tất cả các biến quan sát đều có hệ số tương quan biến tổng lớn hơn 0,3; hệ số Cronbach alpha nếu loại biến đều > 0,6 và không có trường hợp loại bỏ biến quan sát nào có thể làm cho Cronbach's Alpha lớn hơn 0,858. Vì vậy tất cả các biến quan sát đều đảm bảo độ tin cậy.

---

157

调查问卷已发送给清化省总计52家砖瓦生产企业的管理者，时间段为2016-2017年。四类调查对象包括：经理、副经理、环境管理者和管理会计部门负责人。调查结果共收到145份有效问卷（占总数的69.71%），这些问卷来自清化省41家砖瓦生产企业的管理者。采用定量研究方法，问卷中的答案通过SPSS 22.0软件进行处理，旨在检验信度、进行探索性因子分析、相关性分析、回归分析，以确定影响清化省砖瓦生产企业应用ECMA的因素及其影响程度。

# 4. 研究结果

## 4.1. 量表信度检验

### 自变量量表信度检验

信度检验结果表明，总体Cronbach's Alpha系数为0.908。此外，各观测变量的Cronbach's Alpha系数均大于0.6，没有任何变量的系数大于总体Cronbach's Alpha系数；校正的项总计相关性系数均大于0.3。这表明观测变量被接受并保证了信度。

*表3. 自变量量表信度检验结果*

|  | 校正的项总计相关性 | 删除项后的Cronbach's Alpha值 |
|---|---:|---:|
| CLMT1 | .594 | .905 |
| CLMT2 | .734 | .895 |
| CLMT3 | .661 | .900 |
| CLMT4 | .561 | .906 |
| NTNQT1 | .760 | .893 |
| NTNQT2 | .652 | .901 |
| NTNQT3 | .787 | .890 |
| NTNQT4 | .747 | .894 |
| NTNQT5 | .681 | .899 |

*来源：SPSS软件结果*

因变量量表信度检验

SPSS 22.0软件结果显示，7个观测变量的Cronbach's Alpha系数为0.858 (> 0.6)。另一方面，所有观测变量的校正的项总计相关性系数均大于0.3；删除项后的Cronbach's Alpha系数均 > 0.6，并且没有任何观测变量被删除后会导致Cronbach's Alpha大于0.858。

---

157

Survey questionnaires were sent to managers of a total of 52 brick manufacturing enterprises (DNSX gạch) in Thanh Hoa province during the period 2016-2017. Four groups of survey participants included Directors, Deputy Directors, environmental managers, and heads of the management accounting department. The survey results yielded 145 valid questionnaires (accounting for 69.71% of the total) from managers of 41 brick manufacturing enterprises in Thanh Hoa province. Using quantitative research methods, the answers in the questionnaires were processed by SPSS 22.0 software to test reliability, perform exploratory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis to identify the factors and their level of influence on the application of ECMA in brick manufacturing enterprises in Thanh Hoa province.

# 4. RESEARCH RESULTS

## 4.1. Reliability Test of the Measurement Scale

### Reliability Test of the Independent Variable Scale

The reliability test results indicate that the overall Cronbach's Alpha coefficient is 0.908. In addition, all observed variables have Cronbach's Alpha coefficients greater than 0.6, no variable has a coefficient (Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted) greater than the overall Cronbach's Alpha coefficient; and the item-total correlation coefficients are all greater than 0.3. This shows that the observed variables are accepted and ensure reliability.

*Table 3. Results of the Reliability Test for the Independent Variable Scale*

|  | Corrected Item-Total Correlation | Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted |
|---|---:|---:|
| CLMT1 | .594 | .905 |
| CLMT2 | .734 | .895 |
| CLMT3 | .661 | .900 |
| CLMT4 | .561 | .906 |
| NTNQT1 | .760 | .893 |
| NTNQT2 | .652 | .901 |
| NTNQT3 | .787 | .890 |
| NTNQT4 | .747 | .894 |
| NTNQT5 | .681 | .899 |

*Source: Results from SPSS software *

Reliability Test of the Dependent Variable Scale

The results from SPSS 22.0 software show that the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for the 7 observed variables is 0.858 (> 0.6). On the other hand, all observed variables have item-total correlation coefficients greater than 0.3; the Cronbach's Alpha if item deleted values are all > 0.6, and there is no case where removing an observed variable could make Cronbach's Alpha greater than 0.858. Therefore, all observed variables ensure reliability.

---

157


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La terrible
ADÈLE
¡Huele que apesta!

Mr Tan

Diane Le Feyer

KÓMI KIDS

太可怕了
阿黛尔
臭死了！

谭先生

黛安·勒菲耶

科米儿童

The terrible
ADÈLE
It Really Stinks!

Mr Tan

Diane Le Feyer

KÓMI KIDS


第一人称视角：金子没你的份


Immersive Art เข้าฟรี ใกล้กรุง‼
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didapatkan sulit dideskripsikan dengan suatu ketentuan kuantitatif. Contohnya, pertumbuhan tanaman dinyatakan secara kuantitatif (misal: tumbuh 10 cm dalam 5 hari) dan perkembangannya dinyatakan secara kualitatif (misal: tumbuh bunga dalam 5 hari). Contoh lain, kata "jauh" bisa mempunyai makna yang berbeda, jika antara kualitatif dengan kuantitatif. Jauh bisa bisa berarti jauh kalau berjalan kaki atau pakai sepeda atau pakai motor atau pakai mobil, atau bahkan pesawat. Jika dikuantitatifkan dengan angka misalnya 3 km, 30 km, atau 300 km, atau bahkan 30.000 km, tentu pengetian dari kata "jauh" tersebut memiliki makna yang berbeda.

Penelitian ilmiah mempunyai beberapa ciri yang dapat dikenali ketika membacanya, yaitu:
a) *Purposiveness*, fokus tujuan yang jelas;
b) *Rigor*, teliti, memiliki dasar teori dan desain metodologi yang baik;
c) *Testability*, prosedur pengujian hipotesis jelas;
d) *Replicability*, pengujian dapat diulang untuk kasus yang sama atau yang sejenis;
e) *Objectivity*, berdasarkan fakta dari data aktual: tidak subjektif dan emosional;
f) *Generalizability*, semakin luas ruang lingkup penggunaan hasilnya semakin berguna;
g) *Precision*, mendekati realitas dan *confidence* peluang kejadian dari estimasi;
h) *Parsimony*, kesederhanaan dalam pemaparan masalah dan metode penelitiannya.

Syarat-syarat/kriteria agar suatu penelitian dikatakan sebagai penelitian ilmiah dapat diidentifikasi

---

METODOLOGI PENELITIAN EKONOMI DAN BISNIS ISLAM | 25

难以用某个定量指标来描述。例如，植物的生长用定量方式表述（如：5天内长高10厘米），而其发育则用定性方式表述（如：5天内开花）。再比如，“远”这个词根据其被视为定性还是定量，可以具有不同的含义。“远”可以指步行、骑自行车、骑摩托车、开车甚至乘飞机时的远。如果用数字将其定量化，比如3公里、30公里、300公里，甚至3万公里，那么“远”这个词的含义显然会有所不同。

科学研究在阅读时具有几个可以识别的特征，即：
a）*目的性*，焦点目标明确；
b）*严谨性*，研究细致，具备扎实的理论基础与合理的研究方法设计；
c）*可检验性*，假设检验的流程清晰明确；
d）*可重复性*，可针对相同或相似案例重复进行检验；
e）*客观性*，基于实际数据的事实：不具有主观性和情绪化；
f）*可推广性*，其结果的应用范围越广，其价值就越高；
g）*精确性*，贴近现实情况，且对估计结果的发生概率具有*置信度*；
h）*简洁性*，问题阐述与研究方法表述简洁明了。

一项研究被视为科学研究的要求/标准可以明确

---

伊斯兰经济与商业研究方法论 | 25

It is difficult to describe with a quantitative measure. For example, plant growth is expressed quantitatively (e.g., growing 10 cm in 5 days), while its development is expressed qualitatively (e.g., producing flowers in 5 days). Another example, the word "far" can have different meanings depending on whether it is considered qualitatively or quantitatively. "Far" can mean a long distance whether traveling on foot, by bicycle, by motorcycle, by car, or even by plane. If quantified with numbers, such as 3 km, 30 km, or 300 km, or even 30.000 km, the meaning of the word “far” will clearly be different.

Scientific research has several characteristics that can be recognized when reading it, namely:
a) *Purposiveness*, having a clear and focused objective;
b) *Rigor*, thorough, with a solid theoretical base and a sound methodological design;
c) *Testability*, clear procedures for hypothesis testing;
d) *Replicability*, testing can be repeated for the same or similar cases;
e) *Objectivity*, based on facts from actual data: not subjective and emotional;
f) *Generalizability*, the broader the scope of application of its results, the more useful it is;
g) *Precision*, closeness to reality and the confidence level (probability) of the estimated occurrence;
h) *Parsimony*, simplicity in the presentation of the problem and the research methods.

The requirements/criteria for a study to be considered scientific research can be identified

---

Research Methodology of Islamic Economics and Business | 25


德国电视二台

伊斯坦布尔如此翠绿

地球X

ZDF

This is how green Istanbul is

TERRA X


BIPI FACT

Korea Selatan sangat membanggakan jaringan internetnya yang super cepat. Ketika kalian mengunjungi Korea Selatan, kalian akan dengan sangat mudah terhubung Wi-Fi gratis dimana pun dan kapan pun kalian berada. Tercatat kini ada sekitar 23.750 wifi devices di kota Seoul.

BIPI FACT

韩国为其超高速的互联网网络深感自豪。当您访问韩国时，无论身在何处、何时，都能非常轻松地连接到免费Wi-Fi。 据记载，目前首尔市大约有23,750台Wi-Fi设备。

BIPI FACT

South Korea takes great pride in its super-fast internet network. When you visit South Korea, you will find it very easy to connect to free Wi-Fi wherever and whenever you are.Currently, there are approximately 23,750 wifi devices in the city of Seoul.


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図 1 レクチャーの様子

育環境そのものについて考えないと未来がないように思います。状況を整理するために、そもそも我々が行ってきた銅版画制作について化学的な眼を入れ、環境の改善に繋がることを願っています。

大矢：前提として版画制作者が化学的な見解・知識を持ち合わせていないことが多いので、化学の専門家2名よりレクチャーを受けたことで、危険な溶剤の扱いの見識が変わり、安全と健康に関して興味を持ってもらえたのではないでしょうか。

湊：これまで化学分野の専門家のアドバイスにアクセスしにくい状態にあったのはなぜでしょうか。

大矢:大学や工房で銅版画の習得を行う場合、場所毎で共有に使用する薬品などが概ね決まっており、工房のルールとして覚えることからはじまるので、それを個人で変更して使用するという考えになかなか至らないのではないかと思います。そこで学んだことは、基本身体的に習得した技術で制作していくと思うのではどの環境の変化がない場合、その溶剤を変更するという観点に至らないのではないでしょうか。

田沼：いままでは、もとより溶剤の特性については関心が薄かったということでしょうか。

大矢：駒井哲郎氏や池田満寿夫氏、深沢幸雄氏、中林忠良氏などは溶剤や腐蝕液の使用により病気になったことがあると聞いています。このような第一世代、第二世代の実体験から、大学の版画教育が盛んになるにつれて、ハード面を充実させて、安全に使用できる環境の整備が進んだのだと思います。多摩美術大学でも1997年に現在の設備が新設される際に、第二世代の渡辺達正先生の考案により銅版画工房に有機溶剤用専用の換気システムが設置されました。この設備は工房と共に設計されたもので、大変大掛かりなものです。このような設備は、それ以前に使用されていた、灯油やホワイトガソリン、リグロイン、シンナーなどを部屋の中でできるだけ安全に使用するために開発されたものだと思います。

田沼：大学に版画専攻が出来て来た時代の流れと並行して、作品サイズの大型化が進みます。サイズが大きくなると、当然、使う溶剤の量が増える。入手しやすさ、価格面で使う溶剤が選ばれ、じゃぶじゃぶ使うようになっていたのでは。

大矢：田沼先生のおっしゃる通り、費用のことも大きな要因かもしれませんね。エコウオッシュなども使用している工房もありましたが、材料費として考えると大量に使用する場所では、工房の維持費を考えるとなかなか切り替えるには至らないのかもしれません。また、日本では、欧米にくらべ有機溶剤の取り扱いに関する規制がゆるいということも、そのような溶剤が広まらない要因かもしれません。

湊：公衆衛生の取り組みについて厚生労働省に確認したところ、溶剤等の取り扱い規制強化の方針はあるものの、包括的な対策はまだこれからとのことでした。なお、仮に対策が取られたとしても、大規模な企業・工場は規制対象となるものの、個人事業主として活動するアーティストはその対象から外れるとのことでした。

教育現場に目を向けると、例えばオランダの美術大学では化学の授業が必修になっているようですが、日本では公衆衛生に対する意識はまだ低いようです。

大矢：美術大学のリベラルアーツに化学が入り、多くの学生が材料を使用方法だけでなく、組成から理解するようになると日本でも使用する作家の考え方が変化してくるでしょうね。使用する材料の使用方法をステレオタイプに習うことが多いので、どうしても高度な教育を受けていればいる人ほど、セオリーを変えようとしない現状があるように思います。これからの版画制作の指導では、このようなことを少しずつ改善して、自宅で制作する際に安全に制作できる環境を制作者個人が作りあげることができるようにしていく必要があると思います。そう言った意味では、今回の講義は、具体例をあげた溶剤の危険性、制作者のリアリティーを感じながら、化学的な裏付けをもって、安全性・危険性をわかりやすく理解することによって、これまで無自覚に使っていた薬品の扱いについて、こうした化学的知識を確かなものにすることによって、適切に利用できるようになる契機になったと思います。ゼミの学生にとっては、とても良い経験になったのではないかと感じています。

田沼：溶剤の危険性についてばかりではなく、製作においてのなぜ？についても学ぶことができました。例えば「脱脂」の過程の説明、手で触れた銅板には何がくっついているのか？それを何で洗浄して、純粋な銅の状態に戻すのかなど、構造的に理解することができるようになりました。

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79

图1 讲座现场

我认为，如果不思考创作环境本身，恐怕就没有未来。为了梳理现状，我们希望从化学的视角审视我们一直以来进行的铜版画制作，并期望这能改善环境。

大矢：首先，版画创作者往往缺乏化学方面的见解和知识，通过听取两位化学专家的讲座，他们对危险溶剂处理的认识有所改变，并对安全与健康产生了兴趣。

湊：为什么迄今为止，我们难以获得化学领域专家的建议呢？

大矢:在大学或工房学习铜版画时，每个地方公用的化学药品等大都已固定，学习始于将其作为工房规则来记忆，因此很难产生个人去更改并使用的想法。在那里学到的东西，我认为基本上是用身体掌握的技术进行创作，如果在这种环境下没有变化，就不会想到要去更换溶剂。

田沼：在此之前，大家对溶剂的特性原本就不太关心吗？

大矢：我听说过驹井哲郎先生、池田满寿夫先生、深泽幸雄先生、中林忠良先生等人曾因使用溶剂和腐蚀液而生病。我认为，正是基于这些第一代、第二代艺术家的亲身经历，随着大学版画教育的兴起，硬件设施得到充实，能够安全使用的环境建设也得到了推进。在多摩美术大学，1997年新建现有设备时，根据第二代渡边达正老师的方案，在铜版画工房安装了有机溶剂专用通风系统。这个设备是与工房一同设计的，规模非常庞大。我认为，这类设备是为了尽可能安全地在室内使用以前常用的煤油、白汽油、轻石油、稀释剂等而开发的。

田沼：与大学版画专业逐渐设立的时代潮流并行，作品的尺寸也越来越大。尺寸变大，使用的溶剂量自然也会增加。溶剂的选择可能是基于易得性和价格，于是就开始大量使用了。

大矢：正如田沼老师所说，费用可能也是一个重要因素。虽然也有工房使用像“环保清洗剂”这样的产品，但考虑到材料费，在大量使用的地方，考虑到工房的维持费用，可能就难以转换了。此外，与欧美相比，日本在有机溶剂处理方面的法规较为宽松，这也可能是这类溶剂未能普及的原因之一。

湊：关于公共卫生措施，我向厚生劳动省确认过，虽然有加强溶剂等处理规制的方针，但全面的对策尚待制定。此外，即便采取了对策，大型企业和工厂会成为监管对象，但作为个体经营者活动的艺术家则会被排除在外。

将目光转向教育领域，例如荷兰的美术大学似乎已将化学课设为必修，但在日本，对公共卫生的意识似乎仍然较低。

大矢：如果化学能进入美术大学的通识教育课程，让更多学生不仅了解材料的使用方法，更能从其构成上进行理解，那么日本艺术家的使用方式也会发生改变吧。由于学生们往往以刻板的方式学习材料的使用方法，越是接受过高等教育的人，越是不愿改变既有的理论。在今后的版画制作指导中，有必要逐步改善这些情况，使创作者个人能够在家里制作时，自己构建一个安全的环境。从这个意义上说，我认为这次讲座通过列举具体案例来说明溶剂的危险性，让大家在感受创作者实际情况的同时，以化学知识为依据，浅显易懂地理解了安全性和危险性，从而对一直无意识使用的化学药品的处理方式有了更确切的化学认知，成为了能够恰当使用的契机。对各位学生来说，我感觉这是一次非常好的经历。

田沼：我们不仅了解了溶剂的危险性，还学到了制作过程中的“为什么”。例如，关于“脱脂”过程的说明，用手接触过的铜板上附着了什么？用什么来清洗，使其恢复到纯铜的状态等等，这些都能从结构上得到理解了。

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79

Figure 1: Scene from the lecture

I feel that there is no future unless we think about the educational environment itself. To organize the situation, we hope to introduce a chemical perspective to the copper plate printmaking we have been doing, leading to environmental improvements.

Oya: As a premise, printmakers often lack chemical perspectives and knowledge, so by receiving lectures from two chemistry experts, I believe their understanding of handling dangerous solvents has changed, and they have become more interested in safety and health.

Minato: Why has it been difficult to access advice from experts in the chemical field until now?

Oya: When learning copper plate printmaking at universities or studios, the chemicals used in common are generally predetermined for each location, and one starts by learning them as studio rules. Therefore, I think it's difficult to arrive at the idea of individuals changing and using different ones. What is learned there, I believe, is to create with techniques acquired primarily physically; therefore, if there's no environmental change, the idea of altering those solvents might not arise.

Tanuma: Does this mean that, until now, there has inherently been little interest in the properties of solvents?

Oya: I have heard that artists like Mr. Komai Tetsuro, Mr. Ikeda Masuo, Mr. Fukazawa Yukio, and Mr. Nakabayashi Tadayoshi became ill due to the use of solvents and etching solutions. Based on the real-life experiences of these first and second-generation artists, as printmaking education in universities became more prevalent, I believe that infrastructure was enhanced and the development of environments for safe use progressed. At Tama Art University, too, when the current facilities were newly established in 1997, a dedicated ventilation system for organic solvents was installed in the copper plate printmaking studio, conceived by Professor Watanabe Tatsumasa, a second-generation artist. This system was designed along with the studio and is very large-scale. I think such equipment was developed to use substances previously employed—like kerosene, white gasoline, ligroin, and thinner—as safely as possible indoors.

Tanuma: Parallel to the trend of printmaking majors being established in universities, artwork sizes increased. As sizes grew, naturally, the amount of solvent used also increased. Weren't solvents chosen based on ease of acquisition and cost, leading to their liberal use?

Oya: As Professor Tanuma says, cost might indeed be a significant factor. Some studios were using products like Ecowash, but when considering material costs, places that use large quantities might find it difficult to switch, given studio maintenance expenses. Furthermore, the fact that regulations concerning the handling of organic solvents are looser in Japan compared to Europe and the US might also be a reason why safer alternatives are not widely adopted.

Minato: When I checked with the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare regarding public health initiatives, they indicated that while there is a policy to strengthen regulations on the handling of solvents and similar substances, comprehensive measures are still forthcoming. Furthermore, even if such measures were implemented, large corporations and factories would be subject to regulation, but artists operating as sole proprietors would be exempt.

Turning our attention to educational settings, it seems that chemistry classes are compulsory in art universities in the Netherlands, for example, but awareness of public health in Japan still appears to be low.

Oya: If chemistry becomes part of the liberal arts curriculum in art universities, and many students come to understand materials not just by their usage methods but also from their composition, I believe the mindset of artists using these materials in Japan will change. Often, the methods of using materials are learned stereotypically, so it seems there's a current situation where the more highly educated a person is, the less likely they are to try to change established theories. In future printmaking instruction, I think it's necessary to gradually improve these aspects so that individual creators can build safe working environments when producing art at home. In that sense, I believe this recent lecture—by presenting concrete examples of solvent dangers, understanding them with chemical backing while considering the practical realities faced by creators, and clearly explaining safety and risks—has served as an opportunity for students to solidify their chemical knowledge regarding the handling of chemicals they previously used unconsciously, enabling them to use these substances appropriately. I feel it was a very good experience for the seminar students.

Tanuma: We were able to learn not only about the dangers of solvents but also about the 'why' in the production process. For example, we came to understand structurally things like the explanation of the 'degreasing' process, what adheres to a copper plate touched by hand, and what to use to clean it back to a state of pure copper.

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79


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124

N.H. Dũng / Tạp chí Khoa học ĐHQGHN, Kinh tế và Kinh doanh 26 (2010) 118–128

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2020). Do đó, đến nay, cũng chưa phát triển và xây dựng được một đội ngũ cán sự xã hội theo hướng chuyên môn hoá (chuyên nghiệp).

- Xã hội càng phát triển, quá trình chuyển đổi sang kinh tế thị trường càng mạnh và hội nhập càng sâu rộng vào nền kinh tế thế giới, thì rủi do xã hội càng nhiều. Do đó, nhu cầu đảm bảo ASXH càng đa dạng, phong phú và đối tượng ASXH tăng nhanh, đang mâu thuẫn với hệ thống ASXH hiện hành còn nhiều bất cập, khả năng mở rộng phạm vi bao phủ và mức trợ cấp còn thấp nên năng lực chống đỡ các rủi ro, biến cố của người dân chưa cao và hiệu quả.

- Việc tổ chức triển khai thực hiện chính sách, luật pháp về ASXH chưa nghiêm; cải cách hành chính về ASXH chưa đạt kết quả, còn nhiều rào cản, gây phiền hà, người dân khó tiếp cận; hiện tượng lãng phí, thất thoát, tiêu cực còn xảy ra ở nhiều nơi. Hệ thống cơ sở dữ liệu, thông tin về ASXH và áp dụng công nghệ thông tin quản lý lĩnh vực ASXH còn yếu kém, nhất là chưa có mã số ASXH cá nhân.

*b. Những hạn chế trong một số chính sách cụ thể*

- Trong chính sách thị trường lao động và việc làm

Nhận thức về phát triển nguồn nhân lực, dạy nghề chưa đúng, nên nhiều năm còn coi nhẹ và đào tạo, dạy nghề chưa gắn với sản xuất, với thị trường lao động. Đặc biệt, nhận thức của một bộ phận thanh niên và xã hội về dạy nghề còn thiếu lệch, ít coi trọng học nghề để lập thân, lập nghiệp.

Các chính sách chưa đủ mạnh để giải phóng triệt để mọi nguồn lực cho đầu tư phát triển kinh tế, tạo nhiều việc làm; nhất là thiếu chính sách khuyến khích phát triển thị trường lao động như chính sách tiền lương, tiền công chưa thực sự theo nguyên tắc thị trường và hiệu quả; chưa có chính sách thoả đáng trong dụng nhân tài; cũng như chính sách đầu tư mạnh phát triển hệ thống giao dịch của thị trường lao động để kết nối cung-cầu lao động. Chưa gắn quy hoạch, kế hoạch phát triển kinh tế, nhất là phát triển các ngành kỹ thuật, các vùng kinh tế trọng điểm, các khu công nghiệp, phát triển doanh nghiệp với quy hoạch, kế hoạch đào tạo, dạy nghề, sử dụng lao động; chưa có quy định pháp lý bảo hộ thu nhập và tài sản hợp pháp của người lao động, của công dân trong kinh tế thị trường.

Chưa có nhận thức rõ ràng về xây dựng quan hệ lao động hài hoà tại doanh nghiệp phù hợp với nền kinh tế thị trường. Đặc biệt, chưa thiết lập được cơ chế đối thoại, thương lượng và thoả thuận thực chất giữa các bên về quan hệ lao động, giải quyết tranh chấp lao động và định công đúng với nguyên tắc thị trường.

Hậu quả là chất lượng lao động quá thấp, thiếu nghiêm trọng lao động kỹ thuật trình độ cao; chất lượng việc làm và năng suất lao động cũng rất thấp, tỷ lệ thất nghiệp thanh niên rất cao; vẫn để việc làm và đời sống của lao động nông nghiệp vùng bị thu hồi đất bức xúc, dòng di chuyển lao động nông thôn-thành thị có xu hướng ngày càng tăng.

- Trong chính sách BHXH

Chưa quán triệt và thực hiện đầy đủ nguyên tắc đóng-hưởng mà còn gắn chặt việc điều chỉnh lương hưu với tiền lương tối thiểu và hỗ trợ từ ngân sách nhà nước; nhận thức chưa đúng về sự khác biệt giữa BHXH khu vực hành chính, sự nghiệp và khu vực thị trường (doanh nghiệp), nên chưa có sự tách biệt giữa 2 khu vực này.

Vấn đề xây dựng và phát triển quỹ BHXH chưa được vững chắc, có nguy cơ mất cân đối thu-chi trong dài hạn do mô hình BHXH hiện nay chưa hoàn chỉnh và phù hợp. Cơ chế quản lý và sử dụng quỹ BHXH chưa đảm bảo công khai, minh bạch; chưa có đơn vị chịu trách nhiệm hoạt động đầu tư quỹ BHXH. Cơ quan BHXH hoạt động còn mang tính hành chính, bao cấp, chưa chuyển mạnh sang đơn vị cung cấp dịch vụ công.

- Trong chính sách TGXH

Chưa có nhận thức thật đầy đủ về XĐGN bền vững nên chưa gắn thật chặt giữa tăng trưởng kinh tế với giảm nghèo; XĐGN chưa gắn chặt với phát triển cộng đồng và phát triển nông thôn. Một số cơ chế, chính sách hiện hành

124

N.H. Dũng / 河内国家大学科学杂志，经济与工商管理 26 (2010) 118–128

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2020)。因此，迄今为止，也未能发展和建立一支朝着专业化方向发展的社会工作者队伍。

- 随着社会的发展，向市场经济的转型进程会越来越深入，与世界经济的融合也会更加紧密。与此同时，社会风险也随之增加。因此，对社会保障的需求变得多样化、复杂化，需要保障的对象也在不断增加。然而，现有的社会保障体系还存在诸多缺陷，覆盖范围扩大能力和补贴水平仍然较低，因此，民众应对风险和突发事件的能力不高且效率低下。

- 社会保障政策法规的组织实施不够严格；社会保障行政改革未见成效，仍存在许多障碍，造成麻烦，民众难以获得服务；浪费、损失、消极现象在许多地方仍然存在。社会保障数据库和信息系统以及信息技术在社会保障领域管理中的应用仍然薄弱，特别是尚未建立个人社会保障编码制度。

*b. 一些具体政策中的局限性*

- 在劳动市场和就业政策方面，人们对人力资源开发和职业培训的重视程度不够。多年来，职业培训往往与生产需求和市场需求脱节。特别是，一部分青年和社会对职业培训的认识存在偏差，不重视通过学习职业技能来实现自我发展。

现有政策不足以充分释放各种资源用于经济发展，从而创造更多就业机会。尤其是，缺乏鼓励劳动力市场发展的政策，比如工资制度尚未完全按照市场原则来制定；在人才使用方面也没有合适的政策；同时，也没有足够的措施来发展劳动力市场的交易机制，以促进劳动力的供需平衡。此外，经济发展规划与职业培训、劳动力使用计划之间缺乏联系。在市场经济中，还没有法律条文来保护劳动者和公民的合法收入和财产。

对于在企业中建立符合市场经济的和谐劳动关系缺乏明确认识。特别是，尚未建立起各方之间就劳动关系进行实质性对话、协商和达成协议的机制，以及根据市场原则解决劳动争议和确定工资的机制。

其结果是劳动者素质过低，严重缺乏高水平技术工人；就业质量和劳动生产率也非常低，青年失业率非常高；土地被征用地区农业劳动者的就业和生计问题依然突出，城乡劳动力流动趋势日益加剧。

- 在社会保险政策方面

尚未充分贯彻和落实缴费-受益原则，养老金调整仍与最低工资和国家财政支持紧密挂钩；对行政事业单位社会保险与市场（企业）领域社会保险之间的差异认识不足，因此这两个领域尚未分离。

社会保险基金的建立和发展尚不稳固，由于现行社会保险模式不完善、不适宜，存在长期收支失衡的风险。社会保险基金的管理和使用机制尚未确保公开透明；尚未设立负责社会保险基金投资活动的单位。社会保险机构的运作仍带有行政色彩和指令性，尚未大力转向公共服务提供单位。

- 在社会救助政策方面

对可持续减贫的认识尚不充分，因此未能将经济增长与减贫紧密结合；减贫工作尚未与社区发展和农村发展紧密结合。一些现行的机制和政策

124

N.H. Dũng / VNU Journal of Science: Economics and Business 26 (2010) 118–128

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2020). Therefore, to date, a team of social workers oriented towards professionalization (professional) has not yet been developed and established.

- The more developed the society, the stronger the transition to a market economy and the deeper its integration into the world economy, the more social risks. Therefore, the need to ensure social security is more diverse and abundant and social security objects are increasing rapidly, contradicting the current social security system with many inadequacies, the ability to expand the coverage and the level of subsidies is still low, so the ability to fend off risks and events of the people is not high and effective.

- The organization and implementation of policies and laws on social security is not strict; administrative reform on social security has not achieved results, there are many barriers, causing trouble, people are difficult to access; phenomenon of waste, loss, negative still occurs in many places. The database system, information about social security and the application of information technology in the field of social security management are weak, especially without personal social security codes.

*b. Shortcomings in some specific policies*

- In labor market and employment policy

The perception of human resource development and vocational training is not yet correct; thus, for many years, these areas have been underestimated, and training and vocational education are not yet linked to production or the labor market. Particularly, the perception of vocational training among a segment of youth and society is still skewed, with little emphasis placed on vocational learning as a means to establish oneself and build a career.

The policies are not strong enough to fully liberate all resources for investment in economic development, create more jobs; especially the lack of policies to encourage labor market development such as wage policies, wages are not really in accordance with market principles and efficiency; there is no adequate policy in talent recruitment; as well as strong investment policies to develop the delivery system. the labor market to connect labor supply and demand. There is no planning, economic development plan, especially the development of technical industries, key economic regions, industrial parks, enterprise development with planning, training plans, vocational training, employers; there are no legal provisions to protect the legal income and property of workers and citizens in the market economy.

There is no clear awareness of building harmonious labor relations at enterprises in accordance with the market economy. In particular, there is no mechanism for dialogue, negotiation and substantive agreement between the parties on labor relations, labor dispute settlement and settlement in accordance with market principles.

As a result, the quality of labor is too low, there is a serious lack of high-level technical labor; the quality of employment and labor productivity is also very low, the youth unemployment rate is very high; still, the employment and life of agricultural workers in the land acquisition area is pressing, the flow of rural-urban labor movement tends to increase.

- In social insurance policy

Not fully grasping and implementing the principle of contribution but also sticking to the adjustment of pensions with minimum wages and support from the state budget; improper awareness of the difference between social insurance in the administrative, career and market sectors (enterprises), so there is no separation between these two areas.

The issue of building and developing social insurance fund is not solid, there is a risk of income-expenditure imbalance in the long term due to the current social insurance model is not complete and appropriate. The mechanism of management and use of social insurance fund has not been publicly and transparently guaranteed; there is no unit responsible for investment activities of social insurance fund. Social insurance agencies operate in an administrative and subsidized manner, but have not been strongly transferred to public service providers.

- In social assistance policy

There is not enough awareness about sustainable urban development, so it is not closely linked between economic growth and poverty reduction; urban development is not closely linked to community development and rural development. Some current mechanisms and policies


Ultima settimana di Pre-Opera Dinner

ll D

歌剧前晚餐的最后一周

ll D


We listen we don't judge
"Aku seorang ibu tapi aku gamau terlihat seperti Ibu-ibu, aku maunya terlihat seperti kaka haha"

我们倾听，我们不作评判
"我是一位母亲，但我不想看起来像个大妈，我想要看起来像姐姐哈哈"

We listen we don't judge
"I'm a mother but I don't want to look like other mothers, I want to look like an older sister, haha"


TT
TAGLIOLINI AL CULATELLO
UN CLASSICO SENZA TEMPO

VITTORIA

NAPOLI | PIAZZA VITTORIA 6

TT
意式细面配库拉泰勒火腿
永恒的经典

维多利亚

那不勒斯 | 维多利亚广场 6号

TT
TAGLIOLINI WITH CULATELLO
A TIMELESS CLASSIC

VITTORIA

NAPLES | VITTORIA SQUARE 6


NiTtv  3 motivos para visitar o Fatica na Brasa

尼特TV 探访法蒂卡烤肉餐厅的3个理由

NiTtv  3 reasons to visit Fatica na Brasa


Contemporánea

ANA FRANK
Diario

DEBOLS!LLO

当代

安妮·弗兰克
日记

口袋书

Contemporary

ANNE FRANK
Diary

DEBOLS!LLO


K1 | Digitalisierung

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Ein Treiber dieses Ergebnisses ist die Kategorie „technische Infrastruktur", welche in Agglome-rationen deutlich überdurchschnittlich ist. Dort gibt es darüber hinaus viele digitale Gründungen (Kategorie „Innovationslandschaft") und eine überdurchschnittliche technische Infrastruktur. Bei den ländlichen Räumen sinkt die Digitalisierung der Wirtschaft mit zunehmender Distanz zu den Ballungsräumen.

Auch diese Ergebnisse belegen, dass die Bedarfe der Regionen und damit auch der Unternehmen in diesen Regionen sehr unterschiedlich sind, wenn es um die fortschreitende Digitalisierung geht. Während es in den ländlichen Regionen oftmals schon an der wesentlichen Voraussetzung – dem schnellen Internet – mangelt, weisen verdichtete Räume inklusive der Ballungsgebiete differenzierte Herausforderungen auf, zum Beispiel schwächere Patentaktivitäten oder wenig junge Unternehmen in Kernstädten. Daran sollten auch Unterstützungs-maßnahmen ausgerichtet sein, um die größtmög-liche Wirkung entfalten zu können.

1.1.2

Zukünftige Bedeutung

Kapitel 1.1.1 hat belegt, dass der Status quo der Digitalisierung der Unternehmen in Deutsch-land sehr unterschiedlich ist. Vor diesem Hinter-grund sind die Ergebnisse einer Befragung im IW-Zukunftspanel relevant, die für diese Studie Ende 2020 unter Unternehmen der Industrie und der industrienahen Dienstleistungen durchgeführt wurde. Dabei wurde unter anderem erhoben, wie die befragten Unternehmen die in diesem Kapitel thematisierten Herausforderungen einschätzen.

Abbildung 1.5a zeigt, dass die befragten Unter-nehmen die Notwendigkeit der Digitalisierung
deutlich wahrnehmen. Befragt nach dem Stellen-wert, den die Digitalisierung für ihr Unternehmen in fünf Jahren haben wird, geben knapp 24 Prozent der Unternehmen an, dass dieser sehr groß ist. Weitere etwa 42 Prozent bewerten den Stellenwert der Digitalisierung in fünf Jahren als eher groß. Ins-gesamt knapp zwei Drittel der Unternehmen sehen also für die Digitalisierung eine sehr große oder eher große Bedeutung. Im Vergleich zu den übrigen abgefragten Bereichen ist dies nach dem Thema

„Fachkräftesicherung" mit Abstand der zweit-höchste Wert (vgl. Abbildung 3.7, Kapitel 3.2.1). Der große Teil der Unternehmen wird sich der Heraus-forderung der Digitalisierung also in den nächsten fünf Jahren stellen oder weiterhin stellen. Dies zeigt die große Relevanz der Digitalisierung als alle Unternehmen betreffendes Querschnittsthema.

Vor diesem Hintergrund überrascht es, dass fast 6 Prozent der Unternehmen der Digitalisierung für ihre Geschäftstätigkeit keinerlei Relevanz attestieren. Zwar ist dies unter den abgefragten Themen der niedrigste Anteil an Unternehmen, die einen Aspekt als nicht relevant einschätzen (vgl. Abbildung 3.7, Kapitel 3.2.1), aber der Wert ist nicht vernachlässigbar.

Insgesamt schätzen kleinere Unternehmen mit
bis zu 49 Beschäftigten den Stellenwert der Digi-talisierung seltener als sehr oder eher groß ein als mittlere Unternehmen mit 50 bis 249 Beschäftigten und große Unternehmen ab 250 Beschäftigten (Abbildung 1.5b). Unter den kleinen Unternehmen messen rund 64 Prozent der Digitalisierung eine sehr oder eher große Relevanz bei, bei den mittle-ren Unternehmen sind es knapp 83 Prozent, bei den Großunternehmen sogar rund 93 Prozent.

Zwar haben größere Unternehmen auf der einen Seite in ihren Prozessen absolut sicherlich deut-lich mehr Anknüpfungspunkte für Digitalisierung und damit potenziell mehr „Baustellen", die in den nächsten Jahren angegangen werden sollen und müssen. Allerdings kann das Ergebnis gerade vor dem Hintergrund des schlechteren Abschneidens kleiner Unternehmen im Digitalisierungsindex (vgl. Kapitel 1.1.1) auch darauf hindeuten, dass solche Unternehmen die Bedeutung und die Auswirkun-gen, die die Digitalisierung mit sich bringen kann, unterschätzen. Hier gilt es, Aufklärungsarbeit zu leisten, damit diese Unternehmen bei der digitalen Transformation nicht zurückbleiben.

Hinzu kommt, dass auch die unterschiedlichen Branchengruppen den Stellenwert der Digitalisie-rung verschieden bewerten (Abbildung 1.5c). Mit rund 79 Prozent besonders groß ist der Anteil der unternehmensnahen Dienstleister, die der Digitalisierung in den kommenden fünf Jahren einen sehr oder eher großen Stellenwert zuschrei-ben. Da in dieser Branchengruppe mit den Unter-

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38  IW-Studien

knapp 2/3 der Unternehmen erwarten große Auswirkungen der Digitalisierung auf ihr Geschäft.

Fast 6% der Unternehmen sehen sich überhaupt nicht von Digitalisierung betroffen.

K1 | 数字化

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这一结果的一个驱动因素是“技术基础设施”类别，该类别在大都市区明显高于平均水平。此外，那里还有许多数字化初创企业（“创新生态”类别）和高于平均水平的技术基础设施。在农村地区，经济的数字化水平随着与大都市区距离的增加而下降。

这些结果也表明，在持续推进的数字化方面，不同地区以及这些地区的企业需求差异很大。虽然农村地区通常缺乏基本前提——高速互联网，但人口密集地区（包括大都市区）面临着不同的挑战，例如专利活动较弱或核心城市年轻企业较少。支持措施也应以此为导向，以便能够发挥最大的作用。

1.1.2

未来的重要性

第1.1.1章已证明，德国企业数字化的现状差异很大。在此背景下，IW未来小组于2020年底对工业及工业相关服务业企业开展的调查具有重要参考价值。该调查评估了受访企业如何看待本章讨论的挑战。

图1.5a显示，受访企业清楚地认识到数字化的必要性。当被问及数字化对其公司未来五年的重要性时，近24%的企业表示非常重要。另有约42%的企业认为约比较重要。因此，总共近三分之二的企业认为数字化具有非常重要或较重要的意义。与其他被调查领域相比，这是仅次于“保障专业人才”主题的第二高值（参见图3.7，第3.2.1章）。因此，绝大多数企业将在未来五年内直面、或持续应对数字化带来的挑战，这充分体现了数字化作为覆盖所有企业的跨领域议题的高度重要性。

在此背景下，令人惊讶的是，近6%的企业认为数字化对其业务活动完全没有相关性。尽管在被调查的主题中，这是认为某个方面不相关的企业比例最低的（参见图3.7，第3.2.1章），但这个数值不容忽视。

总体而言，与员工人数为50至249人的中型企业和员工人数为250人及以上的大型企业相比，员工人数不超过49人的小型企业较少将数字化的重要性评估为非常重要或较重要（图1.5b）。在小型企业中，约64%的企业认为数字化具有非常重要或较重要的相关性，在中型企业中，这一比例接近83%，在大型企业中甚至达到约93%。

一方面，大型企业在其流程中无疑有更多数字化的切入点，从而可能有更多需要在未来几年内解决和必须解决的“施工点”（即待办事项）。然而，特别是在小型企业在数字化指数中表现较差的背景下（参见第1.1.1章），这一结果也可能表明，这类企业低估了数字化可能带来的重要性和影响。在这方面，有必要开展宣传教育工作，以免这些企业在数字化转型中掉队。

此外，不同的行业群体对数字化的重要性评估也不同（图1.5c）。企业相关服务提供商中，认为数字化在未来五年内具有非常重要或较重要地位的比例特别高，达到约79%。因为在这个行业群体中

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38 IW研究

近2/3的企业预计数字化将对其业务产生重大影响。

近6%的企业认为自己完全不受数字化的影响。

K1 | Digitalization

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One driver of this result is the "technical infrastructure" category, which is significantly above average in conurbations. There, there are also many digital startups and an above-average technical infrastructure. In rural areas, the digitalization of the economy decreases with increasing distance from metropolitan areas.

These results also demonstrate that the needs of the regions, and thus also of the companies in these regions, are very different when it comes to advancing digitalization. While rural regions often lack the essential prerequisite – high-speed internet – densely populated areas, including metropolitan areas, face differentiated challenges, such as weaker patent activities or few young companies in core cities. Support measures should also be aligned with this in order to achieve the greatest possible impact.

1.1.2

Future Significance

Chapter 1.1.1 has shown that the status quo of digitalization among companies in Germany varies greatly. Against this backdrop, the results of a survey in the IW Future Panel, conducted for this study at the end of 2020 among industrial companies and industry-related service providers, are relevant. Among other things, it was surveyed how the interviewed companies assess the challenges discussed in this chapter.

Figure 1.5a shows that the surveyed companies clearly perceive the necessity of digitalization. When asked about the importance that digitalization will have for their company in five years, almost 24 percent of companies state that it is very high. Another approximately 42 percent rate the importance of digitalization in five years as rather high. In total, almost two-thirds of the companies thus see a very high or rather high importance for digitalization. Compared to the other surveyed areas, this is by far the second-highest value after the topic of "securing skilled labor" (cf. Figure 3.7, Chapter 3.2.1). The majority of companies will therefore face or continue to face the challenge of digitalization in the next five years. This demonstrates the great relevance of digitalization as a cross-cutting issue affecting all companies.

Against this backdrop, it is surprising that almost 6 percent of companies attest no relevance whatsoever to digitalization for their business activities. Although this is the lowest share of companies among the surveyed topics that consider an aspect not relevant (cf. Figure 3.7, Chapter 3.2.1), the value is not negligible.

Overall, smaller companies with up to 49 employees assess the importance of digitalization as very or rather high less frequently than medium-sized companies with 50 to 249 employees and large companies with 250 or more employees (Figure 1.5b). Among small companies, around 64 percent attribute a very or rather high relevance to digitalization; for medium-sized companies, it is almost 83 percent, and for large companies, it is even around 93 percent.

On the one hand, larger companies certainly have significantly more connection points for digitalization in their processes and thus potentially more "construction sites" that should and must be tackled in the coming years. However, especially against the backdrop of the poorer performance of small companies in the digitalization index (cf. Chapter 1.1.1), the result can also indicate that such companies underestimate the importance and the effects that digitalization can bring. Here, it is important to provide education and awareness so that these companies do not fall behind in the digital transformation.

In addition, different industry groups also assess the importance of digitalization differently (Figure 1.5c). At around 79 percent, the proportion of business-related service providers who attribute a very or rather high importance to digitalization in the coming five years is particularly large. Since in this industry group, with the compa-

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38 IW Studies

Nearly 2/3 of companies expect major impacts of digitalization on their business.

Almost 6% of companies see themselves as not at all affected by digitalization.


ฟ่านปิงปิงในชุดไทย
งานมหาสงกรานต์ 2567

范冰冰身着泰服
2567年盛大宋干节

Fan Bingbing in Thai Attire
Maha Songkran Festival 2567


ที่พักวิวท่าเรือพัทยา
Vibe ดี มีทริปล่องเรือด้วย

芭堤雅码头景观住宿
氛围佳，还含游船之旅

Accommodation with Pattaya Harbor View
Great vibe, boat trips also available


Seminar Penyelidikan Pendidikan 2017
Mac 20-22 di IPBL, Kuching, Sarawak

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Berdasarkan Jadual 4, kepuasan kerja guru di sekolah menengah di daerah Padawan berada pada tahap sederhana tinggi. Berdasarkan dapatan kajian didapati kepuasan kerja guru yang mempunyai nilai min tertinggi adalah dari dimensi hubungan antara rakan sekerja dan tahap kepuasannya adalah pada peringkat tinggi. Ini diikuti oleh dimensi penyeliaan, keadaan kerja dan seterusnya dimensi peluang kenaikan pangkat yang masing-masing menunjukkan kepuasan kerja guru pada peringkat sederhana tinggi.

Guru-guru sangat berpuas hati dengan hubungan antara rakan sekerja kerana rakan sekerja mereka sudi berkongsi maklumat mengenai bidang tugas guru dan berbincang mengenai masalah berkaitan pengajaran dan pembelajaran di sekolah. Rakan sekerja yang bertanggungjawab, sentiasa memberi galakan untuk berusaha dalam profesion perguruan, dan sentiasa bekerjasama merupakan punca utama kepada kepuasan kerja guru.bantuan.

Dimensi penyeliaan bukan hanya disebabkan pengetua sering memberi peluang kepada gurunya untuk maju dalam profesion perguruan dan hasil kerja guru yang baik dihargai malah seringkali memberi maklumat terkini berkaitan dengan pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Dimensi keadaan kerja pula memberi kepuasan kepada guru kerana tugas yang mencabar memberi makna kepada guru. Selain itu, tugas yang dijalankan juga menarik dan guru selesa dengan keadaan kerja mereka sekarang dan keadaan ini turut meningkatkan kepuasan kerja guru.

Peluang kenaikan pangkat memberi kepuasan kepada guru kerana mereka yakin peluang untuk naik pangkat adalah tinggi dengan adanya kebolehan pada diri mereka. Selain itu, guru juga berpuas hati kerana dasar kenaikan pangkat guru adalah adil.

Dapatan kajian tahap kepuasan kerja guru berkaitan amalan pengurusan sumber manusia pengetua secara keseluruhannya menunjukkan kepuasan kerja guru berada pada tahap sederhana tinggi. Ini menunjukkan bahawa kepuasan kerja guru ada kaitannya dengan amalan PSM pengetua. Dapatan ini selaras dengan pendapat Mumtaz, Khan, Aslam, dan Ahmad (2011) yang menyatakan amalan PSM memberi kesan terhadap pola kepuasan kerja.

IMPLIKASI KAJIAN

Secara keseluruhannya, dapatan kajian menunjukkan amalan pengurusan sumber manusia pengetua berada pada tahap sederhana tinggi. Kajian yang dibuat terhadap kepuasan kerja guru berkaitan amalan pengurusan sumber manusia ini turut menunjukkan ia pada tahap sederhana tinggi. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa amalan pengurusan pengetua belum mencapai tahap yang tinggi atau cemerlang. Oleh itu, pengetua perlu mempertingkatkan kemahiran dan pengetahuan mengurus sumber manusia dengan berkesan agar tahap kepuasan kerja guru juga dapat dipertingkatkan.Pengurusan sumber manusia yang cekap dan berkesan oleh pengetua memainkan peranan penting menentukan tahap kepuasan kerja guru. Kepuasan kerja yang tinggi bukan sahaja meningkatkan kualiti dan prestasi kerja, malah guru akan lebih bermotivasi dan komited dengan tugas dan tanggungjawab mereka untuk meningkatkan prestasi sekolah. Oleh itu, pengetua sebagai pentadbir sekolah perlu memberi lebih perhatian kepada amalan pengurusan sumber manusia yang betul dan berkesan.

Tahap amalan pengurusan sumber manusia pengetua boleh dipertingkatkan ke tahap yang lebih tinggi dengan memperbanyakkan lagi aktiviti-aktiviti yang berkaitan dengan latihan dan pembangunan selain memantapkan lagi amalan latihan dan pembangunan bagi guru-guru. Selain itu galakan dan sokongan yang berterusan daripada pihak pentadbir amat diperlukan agar lebih ramai guru terlibat dengan aktiviti tersebut.

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2017年教育研究研讨会
3月20-22日在砂拉越古晋巴都林当师范学院

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根据表4，巴达旺地区中学教师的工作满意度处于中高水平。研究结果显示，平均值最高的教师工作满意度来自同事关系维度，其满意度水平为高。其次是监督维度、工作条件维度以及晋升机会维度，这些维度均显示教师工作满意度处于中高水平。

教师们对同事关系非常满意，因为他们的同事愿意分享有关教师职责范围的信息，并讨论学校教学相关的问题。负责任、总是鼓励在教学生涯中努力、并且始终合作的同事是教师工作满意度的主要原因。

监督维度方面，不仅因为校长经常给予教师在教学生涯中发展的机会，并且教师的良好工作表现得到赞赏，而且校长还经常提供与教学相关的最新信息。工作条件维度则让教师感到满意，因为具有挑战性的任务赋予了教师工作的意义。此外，所执行的任务也很有趣，教师对目前的工作条件感到舒适，这种情况也提升了教师的工作满意度。

晋升机会让教师感到满意，因为他们相信凭借自身能力，晋升的机会很高。此外，教师也感到满意，因为教师晋升政策是公平的。

关于校长人力资源管理（PSM）实践相关的教师工作满意度水平的研究结果总体显示，教师的工作满意度处于中高水平。这表明教师的工作满意度与校长的人力资源管理（PSM）实践有关。这一研究结果与穆塔兹、汗、阿斯拉姆和艾哈迈德（2011）的观点一致，他们指出人力资源管理（PSM）实践对工作满意度模式有影响。

研究启示

总体而言，研究结果表明校长的人力资源管理实践处于中高水平。针对与人力资源管理实践相关的教师工作满意度所进行的研究也显示其处于中高水平。这项研究结果表明，校长的管理实践尚未达到高水平或优秀水平。因此，校长需要提升有效管理人力资源的技能和知识，以便教师的工作满意度也能得到提高。校长高效且有效的人力资源管理在决定教师工作满意度水平方面扮演着重要角色。高工作满意度不仅能提高工作质量和绩效，而且教师也会更有动力和责任感地对待他们的工作和职责，以提升学校的绩效。因此，校长作为学校管理者，需要更加关注正确且有效的人力资源管理实践。

校长的人力资源管理实践水平可以通过增加更多与培训和发展相关的活动，并进一步巩固教师的培训与发展实践，从而提升至更高水平。此外，管理层持续的鼓励和支持至关重要，以便更多教师参与这些活动。

---
720

Education Research Seminar 2017
March 20-22 at IPBL, Kuching, Sarawak

---

Based on Table 4, the job satisfaction of teachers in secondary schools in the Padawan district is at a moderately high level. Research findings indicate that teacher job satisfaction with the highest mean score stems from the dimension of collegial relationships, with its satisfaction level being high. This is followed by the dimensions of supervision, working conditions, and subsequently promotion opportunities, each indicating teacher job satisfaction at a moderately high level.

Teachers are very satisfied with their collegial relationships because their colleagues are willing to share information regarding teachers' job responsibilities and discuss issues related to teaching and learning in school. Responsible colleagues who consistently provide encouragement to strive in the teaching profession and are always cooperative are the primary sources of teacher job satisfaction. assistance.

The supervision dimension contributes to satisfaction not only because principals often provide teachers with opportunities for professional advancement and appreciate good work, but also because they frequently share updated information on teaching and learning. The working conditions dimension, in turn, provides satisfaction to teachers because challenging tasks give them a sense of meaning. Additionally, the tasks performed are engaging, and teachers are comfortable with their current working conditions, which also enhances their job satisfaction.

Promotion opportunities provide satisfaction to teachers as they are confident that their abilities give them a high chance of being promoted. Furthermore, teachers are also satisfied because the teacher promotion policy is fair.

Overall, research findings on the level of teacher job satisfaction related to principals' human resource management practices show that teacher job satisfaction is at a moderately high level. This indicates that teacher job satisfaction is linked to principals' HRM (Human Resource Management) practices. These findings align with the views of Mumtaz, Khan, Aslam, and Ahmad (2011), who stated that HRM practices impact job satisfaction patterns.

RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS

Overall, the research findings indicate that principals' human resource management practices are at a moderately high level. The study on teacher job satisfaction concerning these human resource management practices also reveals a moderately high level. These research results suggest that principals' management practices have not yet reached a high or excellent standard. Therefore, principals need to enhance their skills and knowledge in managing human resources effectively to also improve teacher job satisfaction levels. Efficient and effective human resource management by principals plays a crucial role in determining teachers' job satisfaction levels. High job satisfaction not only enhances work quality and performance but also motivates teachers to be more committed to their duties and responsibilities, thereby improving school performance. Consequently, principals, as school administrators, must pay closer attention to proper and effective human resource management practices.

The level of principals' human resource management practices can be elevated by increasing activities related to training and development, as well as strengthening these practices for teachers. Furthermore, continuous encouragement and support from the administration are essential to ensure greater teacher participation in these activities.

---
720


Sevmeyene basit  gelirmiş vazgeçmek..

Lastik

对于不爱的人，放弃总是轻而易举..

轮胎

Giving up seems simple to those who don't love..

tyre


Einleitung

---
Mikroökonomik) weit verbreitet. Im Bereich der Makroökonomik gelten die Bücher der US-amerikanischen Ökonomen Paul Krugman, Maurice Obstfeld und Marc Melitz (International Economics/Internationale Wirtschaft) sowie des französischen Ökonomen Olivier Blanchard (Macroeconomics/Makroöko-nomie, in der deutschen Übersetzung gemeinsam mit dem deutschen Ökono-men Gerhard Illing) als Klassiker. Etwas weniger, allerdings ebenfalls weit ver-breitet sind die deutschsprachigen Lehrbücher von Jochen Schumann, Ulrich Meyer und Wolfgang Ströbele (Grundzüge der mikroökonomischen Theorie), von Bernhard Felderer und Stefan Homburg (Makroökonomik und Neue Makroökonomik), von Ulrich van Suntum (Die unsichtbare Hand) und von Charles Blankart (Öffentliche Finanzen in der Demokratie) sowie der Sammel-band „Vahlens Kompendium der Wirtschaftstheorie und Wirtschaftspolitik“. Standardwerke zu spezifischen Themengebieten sind für die Verhaltensöko-nomik das Lehrbuch von Robert H. Frank (Microeconomics and Behaviour, in der europäischen Auflage gemeinsam mit Edward Cartwright), für die Arbeits-marktökonomik die Lehrbücher von Wolfgang Franz (Arbeitsmarktökono-mik) und den Autoren Pierre Cahuc, Stéphane Carcillo und André Zylberberg (Labor Economics), für die fortgeschrittene Makroökonomik die Lehrbücher von Michael Wickens (Macroeconomic Theory) und von Carl Walsh (Monetary Theory and Policy).

Die Rezensentinnen und Rezensenten sind in erster Linie Ökonom_innen aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum, die sich für Pluralismus in der Lehre stark machen. Sie haben die Standardlehrwerke mit bestimmten thematischen Schwerpunktsetzungen rezensiert.

Die Idee für diesen Sammelband ist im Rahmen eines Dialogforums des The-menbereichs „Neues ökonomisches Denken“ des Forschungsinstitut für gesell-schaftliche Weiterentwicklung (FGW) entstanden. Wir danken dem FGW für die finanzielle Unterstützung dieses Bandes. Alle Rezensionen und der gesamte Band stehen unter einer Creative-Commons-Lizenz: CC BY-ND 3.0 DE.

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14

引言

---
微观经济学）中广泛流传。在宏观经济学领域，美国经济学家保罗·克鲁格曼、莫里斯·奥伯斯费尔德与马克·梅利茨的著作《国际经济学》，以及法国经济学家奥利维耶·布兰查德的《宏观经济学》（德语译本由其与德国经济学家格哈德·伊林共同完成）被视为经典之作。流传范围稍窄但同样广泛传播的德语各类教科书：约亨·舒曼、乌尔里希·迈尔与沃尔夫冈·施特罗贝尔所著的《微观经济理论基础》，伯恩哈德·费德勒与斯特凡·洪堡所著的《宏观经济学与新宏观经济学》，乌尔里希·范·孙图姆所著的《看不见的手》，查尔斯·布兰卡特所著的《民主制度下的公共财政》，以及文集《瓦伦经济理论与经济政策纲要》。

特定主题领域的权威著作方面，行为经济学领域有罗伯特·H·弗兰克所著的《微观经济学与行为》（欧洲版由其与爱德华·卡特莱特合作完成）；劳动市场经济学领域有沃尔夫冈·弗朗茨所著的《劳动市场经济学》，以及皮埃尔·卡于克、斯特凡纳·卡西洛与安德烈·齐尔贝格合著的《劳动经济学》；高级宏观经济学领域有迈克尔·威肯斯所著的《宏观经济理论》与卡尔·沃尔什所著的《货币理论与政策》。

本书的评阅者主要是来自德语区的经济学家，他们积极倡导教学中的多元化。他们针对这些标准教材，结合特定的主题侧重点进行了评析。

本论文集的策划灵感源自社会发展研究院“新经济思维”主题板块下的对话论坛。我们感谢社会发展研究院为本书提供的资金支持。所有书评及整本论文集均采用知识共享许可协议：CC BY-ND 3.0 DE。

---
14

Introduction

---
Microeconomics) is widespread. In the field of macroeconomics, the books by the American economists Paul Krugman, Maurice Obstfeld, and Marc Melitz (*International Economics*) and by the French economist Olivier Blanchard (*Macroeconomics*, in the German translation co-authored with the German economist Gerhard Illing) are considered classics. Somewhat less widespread, yet still widely used, are the German-language textbooks by Jochen Schumann, Ulrich Meyer, and Wolfgang Ströbele (*Grundzüge der mikroökonomischen Theorie*), by Bernhard Felderer and Stefan Homburg (*Makroökonomik und Neue Makroökonomik*), by Ulrich van Suntum (*Die unsichtbare Hand*), by Charles Blankart (*Öffentliche Finanzen in der Demokratie*), and the anthology *Vahlens Kompendium der Wirtschaftstheorie und Wirtschaftspolitik*.

Standard works on specific subject areas include, for behavioral economics, the textbook by Robert H. Frank (*Microeconomics and Behaviour*, in the European edition co-authored with Edward Cartwright); for labor market economics, the textbooks by Wolfgang Franz (*Arbeitsmarktökonomik*) and by the authors Pierre Cahuc, Stéphane Carcillo, and André Zylberberg (*Labor Economics*); and for advanced macroeconomics, the textbooks by Michael Wickens (*Macroeconomic Theory*) and by Carl Walsh (*Monetary Theory and Policy*).

The reviewers are primarily economists from the German-speaking regions who advocate strongly for pluralism in teaching. They have reviewed the standard textbooks with specific thematic focuses.

The idea for this anthology emerged within the framework of a dialogue forum in the subject area “New Economic Thinking” at the Research Institute for Social Advancement (Forschungsinstitut für gesellschaftliche Weiterentwicklung, FGW). We thank the FGW for the financial support of this volume. All reviews and the entire volume are under a Creative Commons license: CC BY-ND 3.0 DE.

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14


내외 변화하는 상황에서 새로운 산업전략과 적응전략으로 변화했기 때문이었다.

이 장에서 본 논문은 한국 발전모델 진화의 독특성, 다시 말해 한국은 왜 미국식 자유시장체제나 혹은 유럽식 코포라티즘적 조정 자본주의가 아니라 여전히 국가 주도 자본주의 체제의 하위 형태로 민주적 발전주의 체제로 이행하게 되었는지를 설명하기 위해 주요 행위자들과 이들이 구체적인 정치적 상호작용의 과정에서 어떻게 자신들의 이익과 전략을 재정의하게 되는지에 초점을 두고자 한다. 아래에서는 먼저 국내외 정치경제 환경의 변화와 그것의 의미를 살펴본 다음에, 주요 행위자들의 이익과 전략의 재정의 과정을 살펴볼 것이다.

# 제 1 절 변화의 압력

## (1) 국제 정치경제 환경의 변화

한국 발전주의 국가 모델의 변화는 1997년 IMF 위기에서라기 보다는 이미 1970년대말 한국 발전국가의 전형이라고 할 수 있는 중화학공업의 과잉생산위기와 1980년대 자유화와 안정화 조치에서 가시화되기 시작했다고 할 수 있다. 1970년대말 중화학공업 과잉생산은 시장에서의 소비를 고려하지 않고 산업적 연관에 기초한 국가의 발전전략에 의해 일방적으로 수립되는 과정에서 발생한 문제이다. 그러나 문제는 중화학공업화를 위한 발전국가의 정책이라는 내생적 원인에 기인하지만 문제가 가시화되는 것은 1970년대 오일쇼크와 같은 국제경제의 악화라는 계기를 통해서이다. 이렇듯 국제환경의 변화는 문제가 발생 가시화되는 계기를 마련한

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213

这是因为在内外变化的环境中，它已经转变为新的产业战略和适应战略。

在本章中，本论文旨在阐释韩国发展模式演化的特性，也就是说，为了说明韩国为何没有走向美式自由市场体制或欧式社团主义协调资本主义，而是仍然作为国家主导资本主义体制的次级形态，过渡到民主发展主义体制，本文将重点关注主要行为者以及他们在具体的政治互动过程中如何重新定义自身利益和战略。下面将首先考察国内外政治经济环境的变化及其意义，然后再考察主要行为者利益和战略的重新定义过程。

# 第1节 变化的压力

## (1) 国际政治经济环境的变化

韩国发展主义国家模式的变化，与其说始于1997年IMF危机，不如说早在20世纪70年代末，作为韩国发展型国家典型的重化工业的过剩生产危机，以及20世纪80年代的自由化和稳定化措施中便已开始显现。20世纪70年代末重化工业的过剩生产，是在未考虑市场消费、仅基于产业关联的国家发展战略单方面推进过程中发生的问题。但问题虽然源于发展型国家为实现重化工业化而采取的政策这一内生原因，其显现则是通过20世纪70年代石油危机等国际经济恶化的契机。如此，国际环境的变化为问题的发生和显现提供了契机

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213

This was because it had shifted to new industrial and practical strategies in response to changing internal and external circumstances.

In this chapter, this paper aims to explain the distinctive features of the evolution of the Korean developmental model—in other words, why Korea, rather than adopting an American-style free-market system or a European-style corporatist coordinated capitalism, transitioned to a democratic developmentalist system as a subtype of a state-led capitalist system. To do so, it focuses on the key actors and how they redefine their interests and strategies in the process of specific political interactions. Below, we will first examine the changes in the domestic and international political-economic environment and their significance, and then look into the process of redefinition of interests and strategies by the key actors.

# Section 1 Pressures for Change

## (1) Changes in the International Political-Economic Environment

The changes in the Korean developmental state model can be said to have begun to materialize not so much from the 1997 IMF crisis, but rather from the overproduction crisis in the heavy and chemical industries (HCI)—considered a hallmark of the Korean developmental state in the late 1970s—and the liberalization and stabilization measures of the 1980s. The overproduction in the heavy and chemical industries in the late 1970s was a problem that arose from a process unilaterally driven by the state's development strategy based on industrial linkages, without considering market consumption. However, while the problem stemmed from endogenous causes—namely, the developmental state's policies for heavy and chemical industrialization—its materialization was triggered by the deterioration of the international economy, such as the oil shocks of the 1970s. Thus, changes in the international environment created the conditions for the problem to emerge and become apparent

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213


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LOWER YOUR SWORDS

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ТАНГО НА ОСКОЛКАХ

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водя, живого труда и других средств производства. Очевидно, что энергию, затрачиваемую на ее получение. И чем меньше будет расход энергии на получение единицы продукции, тем эффективнее будет ее производство.

Рассматривая процесс производства сельскохозяйственной продукции с энергетической точки зрения, можно выделить приходную часть энергии в виде вновь произведенного продукта и расходную – в виде энергозатрат на его получение, транспортировку, обработку, хранение и т.д.

Землеустройство путем организации рационального использования земли и устройства территории сельскохозяйственных предприятий может целенаправленно влиять как на приходную, так и расходную часть энергии, создавая тем самым основы энергосбережения и повышения энергетической эффективности производства.

Исследования влияния землеустройства на энергетическую ситуацию в сельскохозяйственном предприятии позволяет выделить основные направлении ресурсосбережения и достижения в процессе производства положительного энергетического эффекта.

К землеустроительным мероприятиям, позволяющим увеличивать приходную часть энергии за счет роста производства продукции, по данным В.Ф. Колмыкова, можно отнести:

- сокращение изъятия продуктивных земель из земледелия и получения за счет этого дополнительной сельскохозяйственной продукции;

- вовлечение в сельскохозяйственный оборот ранее неиспользуемых земель;

- экологически допустимая ликвидация мелкой контурности пахотных земель;

- улучшение мелиоративного состояния земель;

- охрана земли как природного ресурса и главного средства производства в сельском хозяйстве от эрозии, загрязнения, истощения;

- поддержание экологического благополучия территории;

- сбережение земель как природного ресурса для использования в $ ^{421} $

水、活劳动及其他生产资料。显然，获取它需要消耗的能源。获取单位产品的能源消耗越少，其生产效率就越高。

从能源角度审视农产品生产过程，可以区分出能源的收入部分（以新生产的产品形式体现）和支出部分（以获取、运输、加工、储存等方面的能源消耗形式体现）。

土地整理通过组织合理利用土地和规划农业企业用地，可以有目的地影响能源的收入和支出部分，从而为节能和提高生产的能源效率奠定基础。

对土地整理在农业企业能源状况中影响的研究，有助于明确资源节约的主要方向，并在生产过程中实现积极的能源效应。

根据弗·费·科尔梅科夫的数据，能够通过提高产品产量来增加能源收入部分的土地整理措施包括：

- 减少将生产性土地从农业中划拨出去，并因此增产额外的农产品；

- 将先前未利用的土地纳入农业流转；

- 在生态允许的范围内消除小块耕地；

- 改善土地改良整治状况；

- 保护作为自然资源和农业主要生产资料的土地，防止其遭受侵蚀、污染和枯竭；

- 维护区域的生态健康；

- 保护土地作为自然资源以用于 $ ^{421} $

water, living labor, and other means of production. It is evident that energy is expended in its production. And the lower the energy consumption per unit of output, the more efficient its production will be.

Considering the process of agricultural production from an energy perspective, one can identify the energy gain component in the form of newly produced products and the energy expenditure component – in the form of energy consumption for its production, transportation, processing, storage, etc.

Land management, through the organization of rational land use and the territorial planning of agricultural enterprises, can purposefully influence both the energy gain and expenditure components, thereby creating the foundation for energy conservation and increased energy efficiency in production.

Research into the impact of land management on the energy situation in an agricultural enterprise allows identifying key areas for resource conservation and for achieving a positive energy effect in the production process.

Land management measures that allow for an increase in the energy gain component by boosting product output, according to V.F. Kolmykov, include:

- reducing the withdrawal of productive lands from agriculture and thereby obtaining additional agricultural products;

- bringing previously unused lands into agricultural cultivation;

- environmentally permissible elimination of small-contour patterns of arable land;

- improvement of the reclamation status of lands;

- protection of land as a natural resource and the primary means of production in agriculture from erosion, pollution, and depletion;

- maintaining the ecological well-being of the territory;

- conservation of land as a natural resource for use in $ ^{421} $


Braised Chuck Steak with Chimichurri Sauce


361

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# PENGETAHUAN DALAM PELAKSANAAN KAEDAH NYANYIAN DALAM MENINGKATKAN KOSA KATA BAHASA MELAYU KANAK-KANAK TASKA DALAM KALANGAN PELAJAR ISMP PAKK (UPSI)

*Knowledge on the implementation of singing as a technique to improve Malay language vocabulary of kindergarteners among ISMP PAKK students (UPSI)*

Masellarina Jinus¹, Nor Mashitah Mohd Radzi²

Jabatan Pendidikan Awal Kanak-kanak, Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia

d078396@siswa.upsi.edu.my¹, nmasitah@fpm.upsi.edu.my²

## ABSTRAK

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti pengetahuan pelaksanaan kaedah nyanyian dalam meningkatkan kosa kata Bahasa Melayu kanak-kanak taska dalam kalangan pelajar ISMP PAKK. Reka bentuk kajian ini adalah menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan kaedah tinjauan. Sampel kajian ini terdiri daripada 60 orang pelajar ISMP PAKK di Univerisiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris. Data ini dianalisis secara deskriptif berdasarkan kekerapan, peratusan, min dan sisihan piawaian. Secara keseluruhan, dapatan kajian bagi pengetahuan pelajar ISMP PAKK terhadap kaedah nyanyian ialah dengan min 4.645 pada tahap yang tinggi. Tahap kesedaran pelajar ISMP PAKK terhadap faedah pelaksanaan kaedah nyanyian juga pada tahap tinggi iaitu dengan min 4.322. Dapatan kajian untuk cabaran yang dihadapi oleh pelajar dalam menggunakan pelaksanaan kaedah nyanyian adalah pada tahap sederhana tinggi dengan min 3.243. Kajian ini juga memberi pengetahuan, kesedaran dan cabaran yang dihadapi kepada pelajar ISMP PAKK terhadap kaedah nyanyian dalam meningkatkan penguasaan kosa kata kanak-kanak taska. Implikasi kajian ini dapat membantu pelajar ISMP PAKK dan pendidik dalam menambahbaikan pengajaran dan pembelajaran melalui kaedah nyanyian. Rumusan kajian menunjukkan tahap pegetahuan dan kesedaran pelajar terhadap kaedah nyanyian pada tahap tinggi manakala cabaran dalam pelaksanaan kaedah nyanyian berada pada tahap yang sederhana tinggi.

Kata Kunci: Pengetahuan, Kesedaran, Cabaran, Kaedah Nyanyian, Kosa Kata.

##  *ABSTRACT*

*This study aims to identify the knowledge on the implementation of singing as a technique to improve Bahasa Melayu vocabulary of kindergarteners among ISMP PAKK students. The design of this study utilized quantitative observation, and the sample consisted of 60 ISMP PAKK students in Sultan Idris Education University. The data was analysed descriptively according to frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Overall, the findings*

361

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# 关于在ISMP PAKK（苏丹伊德里斯教育大学）学生中运用歌唱方法提升幼儿园儿童马来语词汇量的知识(UPSI)

*关于在ISMP PAKK（苏丹伊德里斯教育大学）学生中运用歌唱作为一种技巧来提高幼儿园儿童马来语词汇量的知识(UPSI)*

玛塞拉琳娜·金努斯¹，诺·玛茜塔·莫哈末·拉兹² (Masellarina Jinus¹, Nor Mashitah Mohd Radzi²)

马来西亚霹雳州丹绒马林35900号苏丹伊德里斯教育大学人类发展学院幼儿教育系

d078396@siswa.upsi.edu.my¹, nmasitah@fpm.upsi.edu.my²

## 摘要

本研究旨在识别ISMP PAKK学生中，关于运用歌唱方法提升幼儿园儿童马来语词汇量的实施知识。本研究设计采用定量方法和调查法。研究样本包括苏丹伊德里斯教育大学的60名ISMP PAKK学生。数据根据频率、百分比、平均值和标准差进行描述性分析。总体而言，ISMP PAKK学生对歌唱方法的知识掌握程度研究结果显示平均值为4.645，处于较高水平。ISMP PAKK学生对歌唱方法实施方式的认知水平也处于较高水平，平均值为4.322。学生在运用歌唱方法实施过程中面临的挑战的研究结果显示，平均值为3.243，处于中高水平。本研究还为ISMP PAKK学生提供了关于运用歌唱方法提升幼儿园儿童词汇掌握方面所面临的知识、认知和挑战。本研究的意义在于能够帮助ISMP PAKK学生和教育工作者通过歌唱方法改进教学。研究总结表明，学生对歌唱方法的知识和认知水平较高，而歌唱方法实施中的挑战则处于中高水平。

关键词：知识, 认知, 挑战, 歌唱方法, 词汇。

## *摘要*

*本研究旨在识别ISMP PAKK学生中，关于运用歌唱作为一种技巧来提高幼儿园儿童马来语词汇量的知识。本研究设计采用定量观察法，样本包括苏丹伊德里斯教育大学的60名ISMP PAKK学生。数据根据频率、百分比、平均值和标准差进行描述性分析。总体而言，研究结果*

361

---

# KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SINGING METHOD IN ENHANCING MALAY LANGUAGE VOCABULARY OF NURSERY CHILDREN AMONG ISMP PAKK (UPSI)

*Knowledge on the implementation of singing as a technique to improve Malay language vocabulary of kindergarteners among ISMP PAKK students (UPSI)*

Masellarina Jinus¹, Nor Mashitah Mohd Radzi²

Department of Early Childhood Education, Faculty of Human Development, Sultan Idris Education University, 35900, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia

d078396@siswa.upsi.edu.my¹, nmasitah@fpm.upsi.edu.my²

## ABSTRAK

This study aims to identify knowledge of the implementation of the singing method in improving Malay language vocabulary of kindergarten children among ISMP PAKK students. This study design uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. The sample of this study consisted of 60 ISMP PAKK students at Sultan Idris Education University. The data were analyzed descriptively based on frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Overall, the findings of the study on ISMP PAKK students’ knowledge of the singing method were at a high level with a mean of 4.645. The level of awareness of ISMP PAKK students regarding the benefits of implementing the singing method was also at a high level with a mean of 4.322. The findings of the study on the challenges faced by students in implementing the singing method were at a moderately high level with a mean of 3.243. This study also provides insight into the knowledge, awareness and challenges faced by ISMP PAKK students regarding the singing method in improving kindergarten children’s vocabulary mastery. The implications of this study can assist ISMP PAKK students and educators in improving teaching and learning through the singing method. The conclusion of the study shows that students’ level of knowledge and awareness regarding the singing method is at a high level, while the challenges in implementing the singing method are at a moderately high level.

Keywords: Knowledge, Awareness, Challenges, Singing Method, Vocabulary.

## *ABSTRACT*

*This study aims to identify the knowledge on the implementation of singing as a technique to improve Bahasa Melayu vocabulary of kindergarteners among ISMP PAKK students. The design of this study used a quantitative approach with a survey method, and the sample consisted of 60 ISMP PAKK students in Sultan Idris Education University. The data was analysed descriptively according to frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Overall, the findings*


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Phun mí mở tròng mắt là gì?

Phun mí mở tròng là kỹ thuật thẩm mỹ sử dụng đầu bút với những hạt mực siêu nhỏ đưa vào lớp thượng bì da ngay vùng chân mi. Mục đích là tạo những đường kẻ thanh mảnh, mức độ đậm nhạt khác nhau tùy theo nhu cầu của khách hàng.

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莱拉美学

什么是美瞳线（开眼角式眼线）？

美瞳线是一种美容技术，使用纹绣笔将极细的色料颗粒，植入睫毛根部的表皮层。目的是打造纤细流畅的眼线，可根据顾客需求调整浓淡程度。

为什么要做美瞳线？

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莱拉美学使用的有机纹绣色料

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alınacak, inceleme oranı ve inceleme sonuçlarında ortaya çıkan matrah farkları ve buna bağlı olarak vergi gelirlerinin artması sağlanacaktır.

#### 3.5.4.2. Vergi Denetim Birimleri Arasında Koordinasyon Eksikliği ve Çok Başlılık

Türkiye’de vergi incelemeleri, denetim elemanlarının bağlı oldukları birimler itibariyle ayrı ayrı hazırlanan denetim plan ve programlarına göre yürütülmekte olduğundan vergi denetim yetkisine sahip denetim birimleri arasında gerek çalışma programları, gerekse de çalışma sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi konusunda tam bir eşgüdüm ve koordinasyon sağlanamamıştır. Vergi denetimindeki çok başlılık ve koordinasyonsuzluk sorunu denetimin etkinlik ve verimliliğini azaltmakta, tüm sektörü kapsamayan denetimlerin yapılması ise rekabet eşitsizliğine neden olmaktadır (Alpaslan, 2003; 166).

Vergi denetimiyle ilgili birimlerin çokluğu ve bunlar arasındaki sağlanamayan koordinasyon; ülke genelinde belli bir denetim politikasının olmamasına bağlı olarak, söz konusu denetim birimleri arasında görev ve yetki çakışmalarına neden olabilmektedir. Vergi denetiminin tek merkezden planlanıp uygulamaya konulamaması nedeniyle; birimler arasında istenmeyen görev ve yetki çakışmaları oluşmakta, bir mükellefin birden fazla incelenmesi, incelenecek mükelleflerin tespiti konusunda rasyonel davranılamaması gibi sorunlarla karşılaşılmaktadır (Acar, 2002; 211). Vergi denetim elemanları arasında yetki karmaşasına, koordinasyonsuzluğa ve dolayısıyla bunun sonucunda oluşacak işgücü kayıplarına imkân vermeyecek şekilde her birinin yetki ve sorumluluk alanları, birbirleri ile olan ilişkileri net olarak belirlenmelidir (Gökmen-Güleç, 2001; 39).

Ayrıca, inceleme hazırlığından, dinlenme talepli bir vergi inceleme raporunun vergi yargısında savunulmasına kadarki aşamada oluşan 12-13 adımlık süreci kısaltacak çözümler geliştirilmelidir. Bunun yanı sıra, vergi yargısı ile vergi idaresi arasında başta serbest delil sistemi olmak üzere yorum ve anlayış farklılıklarının önlenmesi için meslek mensuplarının katılımının sağlanacağı panel vb

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160

将会记录审计率和审计结果中出现的税基差异，从而确保税收收入的增加。

#### 3.5.4.2. 税务审计单位之间缺乏协调和多头管理

在土耳其，税务审计是根据审计人员所属单位分别制定的审计计划和方案进行的，因此，拥有税务审计权限的审计单位之间，在工作计划和工作成果评估方面未能实现充分的统筹和协调。税务审计中的多头管理和缺乏协调的问题降低了审计的效率和效果，而未能覆盖所有行业的审计则导致了竞争不平等 (Alpaslan, 2003; 166)。

税务审计相关单位数量众多且彼此之间缺乏协调；由于全国范围内缺乏统一的审计政策，这些审计单位之间可能会出现职责和权限的冲突。由于税务审计未能从单一中心进行规划和实施，导致单位间出现不必要的职责和权限重叠，纳税人可能被多次审查，以及在确定待审查纳税人方面无法做出理性决策等问题 (Acar, 2002; 211)。应明确界定每位税务审计人员的权限和责任范围及其相互关系，以避免他们之间出现权限混乱、缺乏协调以及由此造成的人力损失 (Gökmen-Güleç, 2001; 39)。

此外，应开发解决方案以缩短从审计准备、听证请求到在税务法庭为税务审计报告辩护等各阶段所构成的12-13步流程。除此之外，为防止税务司法与税务行政部门之间，尤其是在自由证据制度等方面出现解释和理解上的分歧，应通过举办座谈会等方式确保专业人士的参与

---

160

The audit rate and the tax base discrepancies emerging from audit results will be taken into account, and consequently, an increase in tax revenues will be ensured.

#### 3.5.4.2. Lack of Coordination Among Tax Audit Units and Multiple Authorities

In Turkey, since tax audits are conducted according to audit plans and programs prepared separately by the units to which audit personnel are affiliated, full synergy and coordination have not been achieved among the audit units possessing tax audit authority regarding either work programs or the evaluation of work results. The problem of multiple authorities and lack of coordination in tax audits reduces the effectiveness and efficiency of audits, while conducting audits that do not cover the entire sector leads to competitive inequality (Alpaslan, 2003; 166).

The multiplicity of units related to tax audits and the lack of coordination among them, due to the absence of a specific audit policy nationwide, can lead to overlaps in duties and authorities among these audit units.Due to the inability to plan and implement tax audits from a single center; problems such as undesirable overlaps in duties and authorities among units, a taxpayer being audited multiple times, and the inability to act rationally in identifying taxpayers to be audited are encountered (Acar, 2002; 211). The areas of authority and responsibility of each tax audit personnel, and their relationships with one another, must be clearly defined in a way that will not allow for confusion of authority, lack of coordination, and consequently, the resulting workforce losses (Gökmen-Güleç, 2001; 39).

Furthermore, solutions should be developed to shorten the 12-13 step process that occurs in the phase stretching from audit preparation, through the hearing request, to the defense of a tax audit report in the tax judiciary. In addition to this, to prevent differences in interpretation and understanding between the tax judiciary and the tax administration, primarily concerning the principle of free evaluation of evidence, panels, etc., where the participation of professionals will be ensured

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160


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# 論文内容の要旨

氏名 益岡隆志

論文題目 日本語モダリティ探究

推薦教員 西光義弘教授

本研究は、現代日本語の文論研究の一環として日本語のモダリティを考究するものである。日本語のモダリティ研究には、いくつかの異なった見解が示されているが、本研究では、モダリティを文構成のなかに位置づける立場を取る。すなわち、文は意味的には事態を表す領域と話し手の態度を表す領域からなり、そのうちの後者の領域を「モダリティ」と呼ぶという見方—これを「構成的モダリティ」の見方と称する—に立つ。この見方は日本語文法研究における三上章や寺村秀夫の研究を受け継いでいる。本研究は、構成的モダリティの立場から、話し手の態度を表すモダリティが文のなかにどのように構造化（言語化）されるかを考察するものである。
本研究の中心的な主張は次の2点である。第1点は、文を成り立たせる意味に4つの階層を認めることができ、モダリティはその4つの意味的階層のうちの2つ—すなわち、「判断のモダリティの階層」と「発話のモダリティの階層」—を占めるという点であり、第2点は、判断のモダリティの階層に位置する「判断のモダリティ」に「現実/非現実」という対立概念が深く関与するという点である。
文を成り立たせる意味に４つの階層を認めることができるのは、命題（事態を表す領域）とモダリティ（話し手の態度を表す領域）がそれぞれ２つの領域に細分されることに因る。すなわち、命題は、事態の中核を構成するところの事態の型を表す領域と事態が実現する時空間を表す領域に分かれる。他方、モダリティは、事態（命題）に対する判断を表す領域と発話（表現・伝達）にかかわる態度を表す領域—言い換えれば、事態の捉え方を表す領域と文の述ベ方を表す領域—に分かれる。これら4つの領域は、事態の中核を表す領域が時空間を表す領域に包含され、それらが事態に対する判断を表す領域に包含され、さらに、それらが発話にかかわる態度を表す領域に包含されるという階層的な構成関係を形成する。このような階層的な関係からなる文の構造を「文の意味的階層構造」と名づける。
話し手の態度を表すモダリティを種別したものが「モダリティのカテゴリー」である。モダリティの概念と同様、モダリティのカテゴリーという概念も文論における意味的なカ

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テゴリーである。日本語に認められるモダリティのカテゴリーには、判断のモダリティの階層に位置づけられる「真偽判断のモダリティ」と「価値判断のモダリティ」、発話のモダリティの階層に位置づけられる「発話類型のモダリティ」と「丁寧さのモダリティ」と「対話態度のモダリティ」、及び、特殊なモダリティである「説明のモダリティ」と「評価のモダリティ」という7種のものがある。
上記7種のカテゴリーのなかで、判断のモダリティの階層にかかわるのが「真偽判断のモダリティ」と「価値判断のモダリティ」の2つである。本研究では、真偽判断のモダリティと価値判断のモダリティを包含する上位のカテゴリーとして「判断のモダリティ」というカテゴリーを積極的に認定する。それは、事態の捉え方において、当該の事態（命題）を現実的なものとして捉えるのか非現実的なものとして捉えるのかという「現実/非現実」の捉え方の対立が見られるためである。事態の真偽にかかわる真偽判断のモダリティには「断定／非断定」という対立が問題となり、事態の是非にかかわる価値判断のモダリティには「現実像／理想像」という対立が問題となるのであるが、これらの対立は「現実／非現実」の対立として、より一般化された形にまとめることができる。
本研究は、上で述べた2つの中心的な主張を軸に構成される。すなわち、文の意味的階層構造のなかにモダリティを位置づけることにかかわる諸問題を論じる第1部と、判断のモダリティと現実/非現実の対立の関係を論じる第2部、という2つの部分が本論を構成する。
「文の意味的階層構造とモダリティ」と題する第1部では、全体の概観を行う第1章に続き、主として3つの課題を取り扱う。第1の課題は、第2章と第3章における命題とモダリティの区分をめぐる問題である。すなわち、第2章では命題とモダリティをどのような基準で区分するのかを、また第3章では否定表現を取り上げ、それが命題・モダリティの区分とどのように関係するのかを、それぞれ検討する。
2つ目の課題は、モダリティと主観性のかかわりを考察することである。この問題は、「客観的な事態（命題）vs.主観的な態度（モダリティ）」という基本的構図に関係する。モダリティと主観性のかかわりをめぐって、第4章で利害を表す表現を、第5章で敬意を表す表現をそれぞれ事例に掲げ、概念的に主観性を持つものがモダリティ表現と認められるべきかどうかについて考察を加える。
第1部の3つ目の課題として、モダリティのカテゴリーのなかの「発話のモダリティ」と「説明のモダリティ」と「評価のモダリティ」、及び、日本語文法研究における重要テーマである「取り立て」と「提題」について、それらが文の意味的階層構造という文構造モデルにおいてどのように取り扱われるべきかを論じる。
それに続く「判断のモダリティと事態の現実性の捉え方」と題する第2部では、事態の

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# 论文内容概要

姓名 益冈隆志

论文题目 日语情态探究

指导教授 西光义弘教授

本研究是现代日语语句论研究的一环，旨在探讨日语的情态。关于日语情态的研究，存在几种不同见解，但本研究采取将情态置于句子结构中的立场。也就是说，句子在语义上由表示事态的领域和表示说话者态度的领域构成，其中后者被称为“情态”，本研究立足于将其称为“结构性情态”的观点。这一观点继承了日语语法研究中三上章和寺村秀夫的研究。本研究从结构性情态的立场出发，考察表示说话者态度的情态如何在句子中结构化（语言化）。
本研究的核心观点有以下两点。第一点是，构成句子的意义可以分为四个层次，情态占据了这四个语义层次中的两个，即“判断情态的层次”和“发话情态的层次”。第二点是，位于判断情态层次的“判断情态”与“现实/非现实”这一对立概念密切相关。
构成句子的意义可以分为四个层次，这是因为命题（表示事态的领域）和情态（表示说话者态度的领域）各自可以细分为两个领域。也就是说，命题分为表示构成事态核心的事态类型的领域和表示事态实现时空领域的领域。另一方面，情态分为表示对事态（命题）判断的领域和与发话（表达·传达）相关的态度领域——换言之，即表示事态理解方式的领域和表示句子敘述方式的领域。这四个领域形成了层级结构关系：表示事态核心的领域被包含在表示时空的领域中，它们又被包含在表示对事态判断的领域中，进而，它们又被包含在与发话相关的态度领域中。这种由层级关系构成的句子结构，命名为“句子的语义层级结构”。
对表示说话者态度的情态进行分类，便得到“情态的范畴”。与情态的概念类似，情态的范畴这一概念也是语句论中的语义范

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畴。日语中认可的情态范畴包括：位于判断情态层次的“真伪判断情态”和“价值判断情态”；位于发话情态层次的“发话类型情态”、“礼貌情态”和“对话态度情态”；以及作为特殊情态的“说明情态”和“评价情态”，共计7种。
上述7种范畴中，与判断情态层次相关的是“真伪判断情态”和“价值判断情态”这两种。本研究积极认定“判断情态”这一范畴，作为包含真伪判断情态和价值判断情态的上位范畴。这是因为在事态的理解方式上，可以看到将该事态（命题）理解为现实的还是非现实的这种“现实/非现实”的理解方式的对立。在关乎事象真伪的真伪判断情态中，“断定／非断定”的对立成为问题；在关乎事象是非的价值判断情态中，“现实像／理想像”的对立成为问题。而这些対立可以作为“现实／非现实”的对立，以更普遍化的形式进行总结。
本研究围绕上述两个核心观点展开。即，本论由两部分构成：第一部分论述与将情态置于句子语义层级结构中相关的诸问题；第二部分论述判断情态与现实/非现实对立关系的问题。
在题为“句子的语义层级结构与情态”的第一部分中，继进行整体概观的第一章之后，主要探讨三个课题。第一个课题是第二章和第三章中围绕情态区分的问题。即，第二章探讨以何种标准区分命题和情态，第三章则探讨否定表达，并分别研究其与命题·情态的区分有何关联。
第二个课题是考察情态与主观性的关联。这个问题关系到“客观事态（命题）vs.主观态度（情态）”的基本结构。围绕情态与主观性的关联，第四章列举表示受益者的表达，第五章列举表示说话者意图的表达作为案例，探讨在概念上具有主观性的表达是否应被认定为情态表达。
第一部分的第三个课题针对情态范畴中的“发话情态”、“说明情态”和“评价情态”，以及日语语法研究中的重要主题“强调”和“主题化”，在句子的语义层级结构这一句子结构模型中应如何处理。
接下来的题为“判断情态与事态现实性的理解方式”的第二部分中，关于事态的

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# Abstract of Dissertation Content

Name: Takashi Masuoka

Dissertation Title: An Inquiry into Japanese Modality

Recommending Professor: Professor Yoshihiro Nishimitsu

This research investigates Japanese modality as part of the study of sentence theory in modern Japanese. Although several different views have been presented in Japanese modality research, this study adopts the stance of situating modality within sentence construction. Specifically, it is based on the view that a sentence semantically consists of a domain representing a state of affairs and a domain representing the speaker's attitude, with the latter domain being termed "modality"; this is referred to as the "constitutive modality" perspective. This perspective inherits from the research of Akira Mikami and Hideo Teramura in Japanese grammar studies. From the standpoint of constitutive modality, this research examines how modality, which expresses the speaker's attitude, is structured (verbalized) within a sentence.
The central claims of this research are the following two points. The first point is that four layers can be recognized in the meaning that constitutes a sentence, and modality occupies two of these four semantic layers, namely, the "layer of judgment modality" and the "layer of utterance modality." The second point is that the oppositional concept of "real/unreal" is deeply involved in "judgment modality," which is positioned in the layer of judgment modality.
The ability to recognize four layers in the meaning that constitutes a sentence is due to the fact that proposition (the domain representing the state of affairs) and modality (the domain representing the speaker's attitude) are each subdivided into two domains. Specifically, the proposition is divided into a domain representing the type of state of affairs, which constitutes the core of the state of affairs, and a domain representing the space-time in which the state of affairs is realized. On the other hand, modality is divided into a domain representing judgment regarding the state of affairs (proposition) and a domain representing attitude related to utterance (expression/communication)—in other words, a domain representing how the state of affairs is perceived and a domain representing the sentence's illocutionary aspect. These four domains form a hierarchical structural relationship wherein the domain representing the core of the state of affairs is encompassed by the domain representing space-time, which in turn is encompassed by the domain representing judgment regarding the state of affairs, and furthermore, these are encompassed by the domain representing attitude related to utterance. The structure of a sentence formed by such hierarchical relationships is named the "semantic hierarchical structure of the sentence."
That which classifies modality expressing the speaker's attitude is the "category of modality." Similar to the concept of modality, the concept of "category of modality" is also a semantic

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category in sentence theory. The categories of modality recognized in Japanese include seven types: "truth-value judgment modality" and "value judgment modality," positioned in the layer of judgment modality; "utterance-type modality," "politeness modality," and "dialogue attitude modality," positioned in the layer of utterance modality; and, as special modalities, "explanatory modality" and "evaluative modality."
Among the seven categories mentioned above, the two that pertain to the layer of judgment modality are "truth-value judgment modality" and "value judgment modality." In this research, the category of "judgment modality" is proactively recognized as a superordinate category encompassing truth-value judgment modality and value judgment modality. This is because, in the perception of a state of affairs, an opposition is observed in how the said state of affairs (proposition) is perceived—whether as real or unreal—termed the "real/unreal" perception. For truth-value judgment modality, which concerns the truth or falsity of an event, the opposition of "assertion/non-assertion" becomes an issue; and for value judgment modality, which concerns the rightness or wrongness of an event, the opposition of "real image/ideal image" becomes an issue. However, these oppositions can be summarized in a more generalized form as the "real/unreal" opposition.
This research is structured around the two central claims mentioned above. Specifically, the main body of this work consists of two parts: Part 1, which discusses various issues related to situating modality within the semantic hierarchical structure of the sentence, and Part 2, which discusses the relationship between judgment modality and the real/unreal opposition.
In Part 1, titled "The Semantic Hierarchical Structure of the Sentence and Modality," following Chapter 1 which provides an overall outline, three main issues are addressed. The first issue concerns the problem of distinguishing modality in Chapters 2 and 3. Specifically, Chapter 2 examines the criteria for distinguishing between proposition and modality, and Chapter 3 takes up negative expressions and examines how they relate to the proposition-modality distinction.
The second issue is to consider the relationship between modality and subjectivity. This problem relates to the fundamental schema of "objective state of affairs (proposition) vs. subjective attitude (modality)." Regarding the relationship between modality and subjectivity, Chapter 4 presents expressions representing the beneficiary, and Chapter 5 presents expressions representing the main purport/intention, as respective case studies, to consider whether elements that conceptually possess subjectivity should be recognized as modal expressions.
As the third issue of Part 1, it discusses how "utterance modality," "explanatory modality," and "evaluative modality" from among the categories of modality, as well as "toritate" and "teidai"—important themes in Japanese grammar research—should be handled within the sentence structure model of the semantic hierarchical structure of the sentence.
Following this, Part 2, titled "Judgment Modality and the Perception of the Reality of States of Affairs," deals with the state of affairs

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15 พิกัดไหว้พระ
ดูหมอกฉ่ำ

15个祈福圣地
饱览云海

15 Spots for Paying Respects to Buddha
Watch the Dense Mist


Louise L. Hay
USTED PUEDE SANAR SU VIDA

27ª edición
URANO

Hammer
2025.01.30 14:25

路易丝·L·海
你可以疗愈你的生命

第27版
乌拉诺

哈默
2025.01.30 14:25

Louise L. Hay
You Can Heal Your Life

27th edition
URANO

Hammer
January 30, 2025 14:25


CNN
PORTUGAL

CNN
PORTUGAL
O debate entre Paulo Raimundo e Rui Tavares na íntegra

葡萄牙有线电视新闻网

葡萄牙有线电视新闻网

保罗·雷蒙多与鲁伊·塔瓦雷斯的完整辩论

CNN
PORTUGAL

CNN
PORTUGAL

The full debate between Paulo Raimundo and Rui Tavares


POP   POP   POP   POP   POP   POP
Popmeals dah buka  Outlet di Jasin, Melaka

砰 砰 砰 砰 砰 砰
Popmeals在马六甲的野新镇开设分店啦

POP   POP   POP   POP   POP   POP
Popmeals has now opened an Outlet in Jasin, Malacca


Since there was still a bit of space left


RAFIZAH CIAN LIN

连词成句: Susun Perkataan Menjadi Ayat

今晚 庆祝 外婆 生日 的 我们
jīn wǎn  qìng zhù  wài pó  shēng rì  de  wǒ men
malam ini merayakan nenek harijadi punya kita

拉菲扎・倩琳

连词成句: 排列词语组成句子

今晚 庆祝 外婆 生日 的 我们
jīn wǎn qìng zhù wài pó shēng rì de wǒ men
今晚我们庆祝外婆的生日

Rafizah Cian Lin

Make sentences with words: Arrange Words into Sentences

Tonight, we celebrate grandma's birthday
jīn wǎn  qìng zhù  wài pó  shēng rì  de  wǒ men
Tonight we celebrate grandma's birthday


พราวภูฟ้า เมืองเชียงใหม่
ร่มรื่น เหมือนอยู่กลางเขา

清迈 普拉普法
绿荫怡人，宛若置身群山之中

Phraophupha, Chiang Mai
Lush and cool, like being amidst the mountains


斋月食谱 第5集：ZA3ZA3


Bab 3 Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Perubahan Struktur Ekonomi
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sehingga tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakat juga mengalami peningkatan secara terus menerus (Untoro 2010). Pertumbuhan Ekonomi adalah perubahan kapasitas produksi suatu negara yang terus berlanjut dalam periode yang lama, sehingga segala kebutuhan ekonomi masyarakat dapat terpenuhi (Sukirno 2006).

Pertumbuhan ekonomi adalah peningkatan kapasitas perekonomian negara yang terjadi dalam periode yang panjang, yang bekerja dalam mencapai tujuannya agar semua kebutuhan ekonomi masyarakat dapat terpenuhi. Permintaan akan kebutuhan ekonomi tersebut berguna untuk dapat meningkatkan kapasitas produksi dengan menggunakan perangkat teknologi dalam berbagai kondisi yang terjadi, sehingga pertumbuhan perekonomian dapat terus terjadi (Todaro, 2000).

3.2.2 Pengukuran Tingkat Pertumbuhan Ekonomi

Keberhasilan suatu negara dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan perekonomiannya harus diukur dengan metode dan alat ukur yang sesuai, dalam hal ini dapat digunakan GDP di mana fungsi tersebut akan menghitung jumlah barang dan jasa pada harga pasar untuk periode yang panjang dari suatu negara dan biasanya dihitung dalam jangka waktu satu tahun (Mankiw 2006). GDP merupakan alat untuk mengetahui perkembangan pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu negara yang dilakukan dengan menilai barang dan jasa dari dalam negeri sebagai hasil akhir suatu produksi, baik yang menggunakan faktor produksi dalam negeri maupun luar negeri. Di mana hasil tersebut akan menjadi pembanding dengan jumlah penduduk untuk mengetahui terjadinya pertumbuhan suatu negara, atau yang sering disebut dengan pendapatan perkapita (Chenery,1979).

GDP adalah alat untuk mendeteksi hasil barang dan jasa yang dihasilkan melalui pemanfaatan sumberdaya di negara tersebut, di mana pengukurannya dapat dilakukan setiap tahunnya. GDP dapat pula berfungsi sebagai alat deteksi perekonomian setiap periode, dan pembanding dengan perekonomian lainnya pada saat tertentu (Rudiger, 2006). GDP merupakan perhitungan output barang dan jasa yang merupakan bagian dari pendapatan total dan pengeluaran total secara nasional dalam waktu tertentu. Ukuran ini menjadi bagian yang menandakan adanya peningkatan kinerja perekonomian, dengan standar kinerja diukur melalui peningkatan GDP tersebut (Arsyad, 2004).

第3章 经济增长与经济结构变化
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从而社会福祉水平也持续提高 (Untoro 2010)。经济增长是一个国家生产能力在较长时期内持续发生变化的过程，从而能够满足社会所有的经济需求 (Sukirno 2006)。

经济增长是一个国家经济能力在较长时期内的提升，其致力于实现目标，以满足社会所有的经济需求。这些经济需求的提出有助于利用技术手段在各种情况下提高生产能力，从而经济能够持续增长 (Todaro, 2000)。

3.2.2 经济增长水平的衡量

一个国家在提升其经济增长方面的成功与否，必须通过适当的方法和工具来衡量，在这种情况下，可以使用GDP，该功能将计算一个国家在较长时期内按市场价格计算的商品和服务总量，并且通常以一年为期进行计算 (Mankiw 2006)。GDP是了解一个国家经济增长发展状况的工具，它通过评估国内商品和服务作为生产的最终成果来进行，无论这些生产是使用国内还是国外的生产要素。这些结果将与人口数量进行比较，以确定一个国家的增长情况，或者通常所说的人均收入 (Chenery,1979)。

GDP是用于检测通过利用该国资源所产生的商品和服务产出的工具，其衡量可以每年进行。GDP还可以作为检测每个时期经济状况的工具，以及在特定时间与其他经济体进行比较的工具 (Rudiger, 2006)。GDP是对商品和服务产出的计算，它是在特定时间内国民总收入和总支出的一部分。这一指标成为了标志经济绩效提升的一部分，其绩效标准通过GDP的增长来衡量 (Arsyad, 2004)。

Chapter 3 Economic Growth and Changes in Economic Structure
37

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so that the level of public welfare also continuously improves (Untoro 2010). Economic Growth is a change in a country's production capacity that is sustained over a long period, enabling all the economic needs of the community to be met (Sukirno 2006).

Economic growth is a long-term increase in a country's economic capacity, which aims to ensure that all the economic needs of the community can be met. The demand for these economic needs serves to increase production capacity through the use of technology under various prevailing conditions, so that economic growth can continue to occur (Todaro, 2000).

3.2.2 Measurement of Economic Growth Rate

A country's success in enhancing its economic growth must be measured using appropriate methods and tools. In this context, GDP can be utilized, as it calculates the total value of goods and services at market prices produced by a country over an extended period, typically assessed annually (Mankiw 2006). GDP is a tool to determine the development of a country's economic growth by assessing domestically produced goods and services as the final output of production, whether using domestic or foreign factors of production. This result is then compared with the population size to ascertain the country's growth, or what is often called per capita income (Chenery,1979).

GDP is a tool for tracking the output of goods and services generated from the utilization of a country's resources, with measurements typically conducted annually. GDP also serves as a tool for monitoring the economy period by period, and for comparison with other economies at specific times (Rudiger, 2006). GDP represents the calculation of the output of goods and services, which forms part of the total national income and total national expenditure within a specific period. This measure serves as an indicator of improved economic performance, where the standard of performance is gauged by increases in GDP (Arsyad, 2004).


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