WIRTSCHAFTSPOLITIK

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#  4. Zur Wirtschaftspolitik

Die Corona-Pandemie treibt die deutsche Wirtschaft in eine schwere Krise. Die Aktivität ist in einigen Wirtschaftsbereichen innerhalb weniger Tage praktisch zum Erliegen gekommen-in vielen anderen ist sie deutlich eingebrochen. Die Kurz-arbeit wird in diesem Zuge hochschnellen und die Unter-nehmen müssen deutliche Gewinneinbußen hinnehmen.Dies ist keine normale konjunkturelle Krise: Ausgelöst wird die Rezession durch die Pandemie, der die Regierungen in vielen Ländern miteinschneidenden Maßnahmen begegnen.Diese verursachen weltweit einen erheblichen Rückgang der ökonomischen Aktivität. Sie zielen daraufab, die Ausbreitung der Corona-Pandemie so zu verlangsamen, dass die Kapazitäts-grenzen des Gesundheitswesens nicht überschritten werden und dass durch die Abschwächung der Infektionswelle auch die wirtschaftlichen Schäden insgesamt reduziertwerden. Ein ungebremstes Anschwellen der Infektionszahlen würde spätestens im Sommer zu einem so hohen Kranken-stand führen, dass viele Kranke nicht mehr angemessen ver-sorgt werden könnten, die Anzahl an Toten emporschnellen und der Einbruch der wirtschaftlichen Aktivität dann stärker ausfallen würde als bei einer geringeren Ausbreitung.

Mit der Dauer des Shutdown steigt allerdings die Wahr-scheinlichkeit, dass Wirtschaftsakteure in finanzielle Schieflage geraten. Unternehmen und Haushalte kommen angesichts fehlender Einnahmen mit ihren Mietund Gehaltszahlungen in Verzug oder bedienen ihre Kredite nicht mehr. Diese Prozesse können die Abwärtsdynamik weiter beschleunigen, auf den Bankensektor ausstrahlen und letztlich auch eine Kreditklemme verursachen.

## Unterschiedliche Szenarien denkbar – Krisen-verlauf hängt auch von politischer Reaktion ab

Welches Ausmaß die wirtschaftliche Krise annehmen wird,hängt von den gesundheitsund wirtschaftspolitischen Entscheidungen ab sowie von der Resilienz des Unter-nehmenssektors. In der jüngeren Vergangenheit haben lokale Epidemien zu einem kräftigen, aber nur kurzzeitigen Einbruch wirtschaftlicher Aktivität geführt–beispielsweise Epidemien wie SARS, das sich in erster Linie im asiatischen Raum ver-breitet hat oder die Schweinegrippe, die unter anderem Aus-wirkungen auf das Wirtschaftsgeschehen in den USA hatte.Gesundheitspolitisch waren diese Ereignisse durch regionale und gruppenspezifische Gegenmaßnahmen geprägt, die global wenig ins Gewicht fielen. Die derzeitige Krise zieht allerdings weitaus größere Kreise: Weltweit wird das Wirt-schaftsgeschehen durch die Corona-Pandemie beeinflusst.Das Infektionsgeschehen lässt sich schwerer eindämmen als frühere lokale Epidemien, weswegen eine Erholung nicht so schnell vonstattengehen dürfte.

Bei weitreichenden Unternehmensinsolvenzen  würde das Produktionspotenzial beschädigt. Es ist dann sowohl mit einem Rückgang der totalen Faktorproduktivität zu rechnen als auch mit einem Rückgang des Kapitalstocks. Typischer-weise steigt dann die strukturelle Arbeitslosigkeit, weil Beschäftigte sich neu orientieren müssen. Ein deutliches Absinken der Produktion und ein Verbleib auf niedrigerem Absinken der Produktion und ein Verbleib auf niedrigerem  Niveau wäre die Folge. Eine Insolvenzwelle würde auch auf den Bankensektor ausstrahlen und die Finanzierungs-konditionen für Unternehmen und Staaten verschlechtern.

## Krisenbekämpfung ist eine öffentliche Aufgabe

Die Eindämmung der Krise stellt ein öffentliches Gut dar. Die Verbreitung des Virus ist nur mit kollektivem Handeln zu verlangsamen, welches angesichts der auseinanderfallenden individuellen und kollektiven Anreizstrukturen staatlich organisiert werden muss. Aufgrund dieser Eigenschaften sollten auch die Kosten der Krisenbewältigung staatlich finanziert werden. Da es sich um einen temporären Schock handelt, ist zunächst eine höhere Kreditaufnahme sinnvoll.Letztlich müssen die realen Einbußen durch die Pandemie jedoch von den Bürgern getragen werden. Die Lasten sollten dem Prinzip der individuellen Leistungsfähigkeit folgend über das Steuersystem verteilt werden.

## Genügend Spielraum für Fiskalpolitik

Der fiskalische Spielraum ist trotz der zuletzt expansiven Finanzpolitik nach wie vor groß. Ohne die Corona-Pandemie und die daraus folgenden Steuermindereinnahmen sowie die nun eingestellten Mittel zur Bekämpfung der Krise wären die Institute in diesem Jahr von einem gesamtstaatlichen Über-schuss in Höhe von 20 bis 30 Mrd. Euro ausgegangen. Die Bundesagentur für Arbeit hat in den vergangenen Jahren Rücklagen in Höhe von 26 Mrd. Euro gebildet – die Kranken-versicherungen verfügen über ein Polster von 20 Mrd. Euro und die Nachhaltigkeitsrücklage der gesetzlichen Kranken-versicherung ist mit rund 1,7 Monatsausgaben bzw. 40 Mrd.Euro erheblich. Die Schuldenquote Deutschlands entsprach im Jahr 2019 mit knapp unter 60% in Relation zum Brutto-inlandsprodukt den Maastricht-Kriterien.

Die europäischen und nationalen Regelungen erlauben im Falle einer Naturkatastrophe oder anderer außergewöhnlicher Notsituationen, die sich der Kontrolle des Staats entziehen,höhere Defizite als sonst. Von dieser Ausnahme macht die Bundesregierung nun Gebrauch.$ ^{1} $ Der Bundestag hat einen Nachtragshaushalt  mit einer Nettokreditaufnahme in Höhe von 156 Mrd. Euro beschlossen. Ein finanzpolitischer Impuls geht dabei von den direkten Zuschüssen im Rahmen des Soli-daritätsfonds in Höhe von 50 Mrd. Euro, den Mehrausgaben

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1 Davon unbenommen verfügt der Bund derzeit über eine haushaltsrechtliche Rücklage in Hähe von 48 Mrd. Euro. Wäre die Schuldenbremse dezeit in Kraft, könnte dieser Befrag totzdem für die effektive Neuverschuldung des Bundes genutz werden. Es ist allerdings zu erwarten, dass mit der Aussetzung der Schuldenbremse die Rücklage nicht angetastet wird.

GD Frühjahr 2020

65

经济政策
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# 4. 关于经济政策

新冠疫情正将德国经济推向一场严重危机。在一些经济领域，活动在几天之内几乎陷于停滞——在许多其他领域则明显下滑。在此过程中，短时工作将会激增，企业将不得不承受明显的利润损失。这并非一次正常的经济周期性危机：经济衰退是由疫情引发的，许多国家的政府正采取严厉措施应对。这些措施导致全球经济活动大幅萎缩。它们旨在减缓新冠疫情的传播速度，以确保医疗系统的承载能力不会超负荷，并通过减弱感染潮来减少整体经济损失。如果感染人数不受控制地激增，最迟到夏季将导致病患人数过高，许多病人无法得到适当的护理，死亡人数会急剧上升，届时经济活动的下滑将比传播范围较小的情况下更为严重。

然而，随着停摆时间的延长，经济参与者陷入财务困境的可能性也随之增加。由于缺乏收入，企业和家庭在支付租金和工资方面出现拖欠，或者不再偿还贷款。这些过程可能会进一步加速下行趋势，波及银行业，并最终导致信贷紧缩。

## 可设想不同情景——危机进程亦取决于政治反应

经济危机的规模将取决于卫生和经济政策决策以及企业部门的韧性。近年来，局部性流行病曾导致经济活动急剧但短暂的下滑——例如主要在亚洲地区传播的非典型肺炎（SARS），或对美国（USA）经济活动等产生影响的猪流感。从卫生政策角度看，这些事件的特点是采取了区域性和特定群体的应对措施，在全球范围内的影响不大。然而，当前的危机波及范围要广泛得多：全球经济活动都受到新冠疫情的影响。疫情的传播比以往的局部性流行病更难控制，因此经济复苏可能不会那么快。

如果出现大规模的企业破产，生产潜力将受到损害。届时，预计全要素生产率和资本存量都将下降。通常情况下，由于员工需要重新定位，结构性失业率会随之上升。结果将是产量大幅下降并停留在较低水平。破产潮还将波及银行业，并恶化企业和国家的融资条件。

## 危机应对是一项公共任务

控制危机是一项公共产品。只有通过集体行动才能减缓病毒的传播，鉴于个人和集体激励结构的不一致，这必须由国家来组织。基于这些特性，危机应对的成本也应由国家财政承担。由于这是一次暂时性冲击，首先增加借贷是合理的。然而，疫情造成的实际损失最终必须由公民承担。负担应遵循个人支付能力原则，通过税收体系进行分配。

## 财政政策有足够的操作空间

尽管近期实施了扩张性财政政策，财政操作空间依然很大。如果没有新冠疫情及其导致的税收减少以及现已拨出的危机应对资金，各机构预计今年国家财政盈余将达到200至300亿欧元。德国联邦劳工局在过去几年中积累了260亿欧元的储备金——医疗保险拥有200亿欧元的缓冲资金，法定医疗保险的可持续性储备金约为1.7个月的支出，即400亿欧元，数额可观。2019年德国的债务率占国内生产总值的比例略低于60%，符合《马斯特里赫特条约》的标准。

在发生自然灾害或其他国家无法控制的特殊紧急情况下，欧洲和国家层面的规定允许出现比平时更高的赤字。联邦政府现在正利用这一例外规定。$^{1}$ 联邦议院已通过一项追加预算，净新增借款额为1560亿欧元。财政政策的推动力来自于团结基金框架下500亿欧元的直接补贴以及额外支出

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$^{1}$ 尽管如此，联邦目前拥有一笔预算储备金，金额为480亿欧元。如果债务刹车目前生效，这笔款项仍可用于联邦的实际新增债务。然而，预计随着债务刹车机制的暂停，这笔储备金将不会被动用。

GD 2020年春季

65

ECONOMIC POLICY

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# 4. On Economic Policy

The Corona pandemic is driving the German economy into a severe crisis. Activity in some economic sectors has practically come to a standstill within a few days; in many others, it has significantly collapsed. Short-time work will skyrocket in this process, and companies will have to accept significant profit losses. This is not a normal economic crisis: The recession is triggered by the pandemic, which governments in many countries are countering with drastic measures. These are causing a considerable global decline in economic activity. They aim to slow down the spread of the Corona pandemic so that the capacity limits of the healthcare system are not exceeded and that, by weakening the infection wave, the overall economic damage is also reduced. An unchecked surge in infection numbers would, by summer at the latest, lead to such a high level of sickness absence that many sick people could no longer be adequately cared for, the number of deaths would soar, and the slump in economic activity would then be more severe than with a lower spread.

However, with the duration of the shutdown, the probability increases that economic actors will fall into financial distress. Faced with a lack of income, companies and households are falling into arrears with their rent and salary payments or are no longer servicing their loans. These processes can further accelerate the downward spiral, spill over to the banking sector, and ultimately also cause a credit crunch.

## Different Scenarios Conceivable – Course of the Crisis Also Depends on Political Reaction

The extent to which the economic crisis will unfold depends on health and economic policy decisions as well as the resilience of the corporate sector. In the recent past, local epidemics have led to a sharp but only short-term slump in economic activity – for example, epidemics like SARS, which primarily spread in the Asian region, or the swine flu, which, among other things, had effects on economic activity in the USA. In terms of health policy, these events were characterized by regional and group-specific countermeasures that carried little weight globally. The current crisis, however, is having far wider repercussions: Worldwide, economic activity is being influenced by the Corona pandemic. The course of the infection is harder to contain than earlier local epidemics, which is why a recovery is unlikely to proceed as quickly.

Widespread corporate insolvencies would damage production potential. A decline in total factor productivity as well as a decline in the capital stock would then be expected. Typically, structural unemployment then rises because employees have to reorient themselves. A significant drop in production and remaining at a lower level would be the consequence. A wave of insolvencies would also spill over to the banking sector and worsen financing conditions for companies and states.

## Crisis Management is a Public Task

Containing the crisis is a public good. The spread of the virus can only be slowed by collective action, which, given the diverging individual and collective incentive structures, must be organized by the state. Due to these characteristics, the costs of crisis management should also be financed by the state. Since it is a temporary shock, increased borrowing is initially sensible. Ultimately, however, the real losses caused by the pandemic must be borne by the citizens. The burdens should be distributed via the tax system according to the principle of individual ability to pay.

## Sufficient Leeway for Fiscal Policy

Fiscal leeway remains large, despite the recent expansionary fiscal policy. Without the Corona pandemic and the resulting shortfalls in tax revenue, as well as the funds now allocated to combat the crisis, the institutes would have assumed an overall government surplus of 20 to 30 billion euros this year. The Federal Employment Agency has built up reserves of 26 billion euros in recent years – health insurers have a cushion of 20 billion euros, and the sustainability reserve of the statutory health insurance system is considerable at around 1.7 monthly expenditures, or 40 billion euros. Germany's debt ratio in 2019, at just under 60% in relation to Gross Domestic Product, complied with the Maastricht criteria.

European and national regulations allow for higher deficits than usual in the event of a natural disaster or other exceptional emergency situations beyond the state's control. The Federal Government is now making use of this exception.$ ^{1} $ The German Federal Parliament has approved a supplementary budget with net new borrowing amounting to 156 billion euros. A fiscal stimulus is provided by direct subsidies from the Solidarity Fund amounting to 50 billion euros, and additional expenditures

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$^{1}$Notwithstanding this, the Federal Government currently has a budgetary reserve of 48 billion euros. If the debt brake were currently in force, this amount could nevertheless be used for the effective new borrowing of the Federal Government. However, it is to be expected that with the suspension of the debt brake, the reserve will not be touched.

GD Spring 2020

65


我这一生，够用来忘记你吗？

Will my lifetime be enough to forget you?


есть *KE +C* →min (E=0.07 — нормативный коэффициент эффективности капиталовложений).

Make *KE +C* →min (E=0.07 — standard coefficient of capital investment efficiency) .


KOSTÜME, SONNENSCHEIN UND KAMELLE

Helau in Emsbüren:So bunt feiern die Jecken Rosenmontag 2025

服装、阳光和糖果

埃姆斯布伦的“Helau”欢呼：狂欢者们如此多彩地庆祝2025年玫瑰星期一

COSTUMES, SUNSHINE AND SWEETS

Helau in Emsbüren: How colorfully the revelers celebrate Rose Monday 2025


10 Tipps

Für den Outdoor-Frühjahrsputz

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JEMAKO
SIMPLY CLEAN.
Intensivreiniger

10 个小贴士

户外春季大扫除

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JEMAKO
简单干净。
强效清洁剂

10 Tips

For Outdoor Spring Cleaning

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JEMAKO
SIMPLY CLEAN.
Intensive Cleaner


15:20  道の駅朝霧高原
さっきまで暖かかったのに、朝霧高原まで来たら結構冷え込む！

2月中旬だけど、この日は雪や凍結も無かったよ

15:20 道之驿朝雾高原
明明刚才还很暖和，一到朝雾高原就感觉相当冷了！

虽然是2月中旬，但这一天既没有雪也没有结冰哦。

15:20 Roadside Station Asagiri Kogen
It was warm until just a moment ago, but now that I'm at Asagiri Kogen, it's quite chilly!

Even though it's mid-February, there was no snow or ice on this day.


LOVE STORIES

DiSNEY PRINCESSES

Coloriages
Magiques

MYSTÈRES

7+

Un dessin surprise se cache sur la page!

爱情故事

迪士尼公主

涂色页
魔法

神秘

7+

页面上隐藏着一幅惊喜图画！

LOVE STORIES

DiSNEY PRINCESSES

Coloring Pages
Magical

MYSTERIES

7+

A surprise drawing is hidden on the page!


能はウイルスの形成を促す.しかし，両者の形成過程には，本質的な違いはない.）もちろん，こうした形態形成がつねにスムーズに，しかも成功裡に終わるとは限らない.RNAとの相互作用ができないディスクは，RNA を含まない変異体として残ることになる（Dimmock and Primrose， 1994, 169頁）.実は，この変異体を‘分子ワクチン’として利用することができるのである.その詳細については，以下の補足を参照されたい.

補足：＜植物に‘免疫’機能を付与する‘分子ワクチン’＞

植物にも免疫力がある.昔から，弱毒性のウイルスに感染した植物が，強毒性のウイルスの感染に対して抵抗性を示すことが知られていた.その理由を考えてみよう.第7章で，がんを‘がん’で制する話題を取りあげたことを思い出してほしい.
ここでは，細胞に感染するウイルスを，それよりも小さいタンパク質の‘がん’で制する可能性について考えてみよう．たとえば，タバコモザイクウイルスは，単一のタンパク質と，単一の RNA からなる棒状のウイルスである．ウイルス粒子の形成には，ウイルス RNA とウイルス外被タンパク質の相互作用が要求される（バトラー，クルーグ，1979）．しかし，単一タンパク質とはいえ，プリオンの場合と同様に，いくつかの形態――すなわち多型――をとるという特性を示す．ウイルス RNA は，多型を示す外被タンパク質を正しい形態に変換しながら，ウイルス粒子の成熟過程を進行させる．しかし，すでに弱毒性のウイルスが植物細胞に感染し，そのウイルスが細胞内で複製していると，状況は変わってくる．たとえば，RNA と会合できなかった外被タンパク質は，変異した形態を保持したまま細胞内に存在することになる．このような余剰の，しかも変異型のタンパク質が存在すると，強毒性のウイルスが細胞に感染して，その細胞の中で成熟しようとしても，RNA とタンパク質にとって都合の良い相互作用が阻まれてしまう．その結果，ウイルス粒子の形成過程は阻害されることになる．弱毒性ウイルスの外被タンパク質が，強毒性ウイルス粒子の形成を阻む文字どおりの‘がん’なのである．これを人間の側から表現するならば，RNA を含まない変異型ウイルスタンパク質は‘分子ワクチン’と言えよう．

人間は，こうしたしくみに注目して，タバコモザイクウイルスの外被タンパク質の遺伝子をタバコやトマトに導入した．その結果は，期待どおり，この導入された植物はタバコモザイクウイルスの感染に抵抗性を示した．また，それ以上に，近縁のウイルスにも抵抗性を示したのである (ギャッサー，フレイリー，1992)．現在では，このような遺伝子組み換え技術（チルトン，1984）を用いた農作物が多くつくられるようになっている（ロナルド，1998）．

しかし，ここで，歴史学者であるトインビーの言葉を引用しておきたい．「······結果がどうだったかは，長い時をかけねばわからず，それでもなお，確定しがたいこともあることを歴史は明らかにしている」（『図説 歴史の研究』学習研究社，342 頁）．

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第10章 細胞多型と分子多型   267

能够促进病毒的形成。但是，两者间的形成过程并无本质差异。）当然，这种形态形成过程并非总能顺利且成功地完成。无法与RNA相互作用的迪斯帕，会作为不含RNA的变异体残留下来（迪莫克与普里姆罗斯， 1994, 169页）。实际上，这种变异体可以用作分子疫苗。其详细内容，请参照以下补充说明。

补充说明：＜赋予植物“免疫”功能的分子疫苗＞

植物也具有免疫力。自古以来，人们就知道感染了弱毒性病毒的植物，对强毒性病毒的感染具有抵抗力。让我们思考一下其中的原因。请回想一下，在第1章中，我们讨论了用“癌症”来控制“癌症”的话题。
在此，我们探讨用比病毒更小的蛋白质“癌症”来抑制感染细胞的病毒的可能性。例如，菜豆花叶病毒是一种由单一蛋白质和单一RNA组成的裸核病毒。病毒颗粒的形成需要病毒RNA与病毒外壳蛋白之间的相互作用（巴特勒，克卢格，1979）。然而，虽说是单一蛋白质，但与朊病毒的情况类似，它也表现出具有多种形态——即多态性——的特性。病毒RNA在将表现出多态性的外壳蛋白转化为正确形态的同时，推动病毒颗粒的成熟过程。但是，如果弱毒性病毒已经感染了植物细胞，并且稳定的病毒正在细胞内复制，情况就会发生变化。例如，未能与RNA结合的外壳蛋白，会以变异形态保留在细胞内。如果存在这种过剩且变异的蛋白质，那么即使强毒性病毒感染细胞并试图在细胞内成熟，RNA与蛋白质之间良好的相互作用也会受到阻碍。结果，病毒颗粒的形成过程就会受到抑制。如果弱毒性病毒的外壳蛋白能够阻止强毒性病毒颗粒的形成，那么这可以说是所谓的“癌症”。从人类的角度来看，不含RNA的变异型病毒蛋白可以说是分子疫苗。

人类注意到这种机制，将菜豆花叶病毒外壳蛋白的基因导入了达美康番茄中。结果正如预期，这种导入基因的植物对达美康花叶病毒的感染表现出抗性。不仅如此，它还对近缘病毒也表现出抗性（加瑟，弗雷利，1992）。如今，利用这种基因重组技术（奇尔顿，1984）培育的农作物越来越多（罗纳德，1998）。

但是，在此我想引用历史学家汤因比的一句话：“······历史表明，结果如何，往往需要经过漫长的时间才能知晓，即便如此，有时也很难确定。”（《图说 历史研究》学习研究社，342页）。

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第10章 细胞多态性与分子多态性   267

(It promotes the formation of viruses. However, there is no essential difference in the formation process between the two.) Of course, such morphogenesis does not always proceed smoothly and end successfully. Defective particles that cannot interact with RNA remain as RNA - free mutants (Dimmock and Primrose, 1994, p. 169). In fact, this mutant can be used as a molecular vaccine. For details, please refer to the supplement below.

Supplement: <Molecular Vaccines That Confer "Immune" Function on Plants>

Plants also have immunity. Since ancient times, it has been known that plants infected with weakly virulent viruses show resistance to infection by highly virulent viruses. Let's consider the reason for this. Recall that in Chapter 1, we discussed the topic of controlling cancer with "cancer".

Here, we consider the possibility of controlling viruses that infect cells with "cancer" - smaller proteins. For example, the tobacco mosaic virus is a non - enveloped virus consisting of a single protein and a single RNA. The formation of virus particles requires the interaction between viral RNA and viral coat protein (Paterson, Kruger, 1979). However, even though it is a single protein, it exhibits the property of adopting several forms - i.e., polymorphism - similar to prions. Viral RNA drives the maturation of virus particles while converting polymorphic coat proteins into the correct form. However, if a plant cell is already infected with a weakly virulent virus and stable viruses are replicating inside the cell, the situation changes. For instance, coat proteins that failed to associate with RNA will remain in the cell in their mutated form. If such surplus and mutated proteins exist, even if a highly virulent virus infects the cell and attempts to mature inside it, the favorable interaction between RNA and protein will be hindered. As a result, the formation process of virus particles will be inhibited. If the coat protein of a weakly virulent virus inhibits the formation of highly virulent virus particles, this is, so to speak, "cancer". From a human perspective, the mutant viral protein that does not contain RNA can be called a molecular vaccine.

Humans, focusing on this mechanism, introduced the gene for the coat protein of tobacco mosaic virus into tomatoes. As expected, the plants into which this gene was introduced showed resistance to tobacco mosaic virus infection. Moreover, they also showed resistance to related viruses (Cassatts, Fraley, 1992). Today, many agricultural crops are produced using such genetic engineering techniques (Tilton, 1984) (Ronald, 1998).

However, here I would like to quote the words of the historian Toynbee: "…History makes it clear that the outcome is not known until after a long time, and even then, it may be uncertain" (Illustrated Study of History, Gakushū Kenkyūsha, p. 342).

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Chapter 10 Cell Polymorphism and Molecular Polymorphism   267


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Pengelompokan ini akan mempermudah dan mempercepat pengguna untuk mengelola dalam suatu *library* Mendeley dan mensitasi karena sudah dikelompokkan. Sebagai ilustrasi pengelolaan *file* dapat dilihat pada Gambar 3.10.

Gambar 3.10 Pengelompokan Referensi Menurut Jenis dalam *Folder* di Komputer

ii. *File* yang dikelola sebagai referensi oleh Mendeley adalah file dalam bentuk PDF, sehingga semua informasi *metadata* dalam *file* PDF tersebut (nama penulis, tahun, judul, nama jurnal, nama penerbit, volume dan nomor terbitan, halaman artikel dan *metadata* lainnya) akan terbaca secara otomatis. Dengan demikian, pengguna disarankan untuk mengkoleksi sumber referensi PDF dengan resolusi yang tinggi sehingga semua informasi *metadata* dapat terbaca oleh Mendeley dengan akurat. Namun, apabila hanya didapatkan sumber referensi dengan kualitas yang rendah atau tidak begitu baik maka Mendeley juga tidak dapat membaca informasi *metadata* tersebut dengan akurat. Hal ini akan berakibat beberapa data akan salah dan perlu perbaikan data secara manual. Untuk menjalankan Mendeley dapat dilakukan dengan mengklik *shortcut* pada windows *desktop* seperti pada Gambar 3.11.

Gambar 3.11 Menjalankan Mendeley

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1069

区域教育期刊/第4卷/第1期/2018年6月

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这种分组将使用户更方便快捷地在 Mendeley *文献库*中进行管理和引用，因为文献已被归类。有关*文件*管理的示例，请参见图3.10。

图 3.10 按类型在计算机*文件夹*中对参考文献进行分组

ii. Mendeley 作为参考文献管理的*文件*是 PDF 格式的文件，因此该 PDF *文件*中的所有*元数据*信息（作者姓名、年份、标题、期刊名称、出版商名称、卷号和期号、文章页码及其他*元数据*）都将被自动读取。因此，建议用户收集高分辨率的 PDF 参考文献资源，以便所有*元数据*信息都能被 Mendeley 准确读取。然而，如果仅能获得质量较低或不佳的参考文献源文件，Mendeley 也无法准确读取这些*元数据*信息。这将导致部分数据出错，需要手动修正。要运行 Mendeley，可以点击 Windows *桌面*上的*快捷方式*，如图3.11所示。

图 3.11 运行 Mendeley

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1069

Journal of Regional Education/Volume 4/Issue 1/June 2018

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This grouping will make management and citation in a Mendeley *library* faster and easier , as categorization has already been done. As an illustration of file management, see Figure 3.10.

Figure 3.10 Grouping References by Type in a *Folder* on the Computer

ii. The *files* managed as references by Mendeley are in PDF format, so all *metadata* information in that PDF *file* (author's name, year, title, journal name, publisher name, volume and issue number, page numbers, and other *metadata*) will be read automatically. Thus, users are advised to collect PDF reference sources with high resolution so that all *metadata* information can be read accurately by Mendeley. However, iif only low-quality or poor reference sources are obtained, then Mendeley also cannot read that *metadata* information accurately. This will result in some data being wrong and requiring manual data correction. To run Mendeley, it can be done by clicking the *shortcut* on the windows *desktop* as shown in Figure 3.11.

Figure 3.11 Running Mendeley

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1069


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达马尼克，达尔文等，*印度尼西亚经济体系*，棉兰：Kita Menulis基金会，2021年。

达玛万和穆罕默德·伊克巴尔·法萨，*伊斯兰教法金融机构管理*，第1版，日惹：UNY出版社，2020年。

达罗贾特，艾哈迈德，“穆拉巴哈合同中的利息因素”，*法学研究与制度：法律研究与调查期刊*，第1卷第2期，2018年。

印度尼西亚共和国宗教事务部，*《古兰经》及其译本*，万隆：迪波内戈罗出版社，2009年。

国家教育部，*《印尼语大词典》（语言中心版）*第四版，雅加达：格拉梅迪亚·普斯塔卡·乌塔玛出版有限公司，2012年。

德万塔拉，阿迪塔马，“伊斯兰经济分配伦理：分配制度与伊斯兰分配制度的比较”，*Ad-Deenar：伊斯兰经济与商业期刊*，第4卷第1期，2020年。

德维·萨里，阿内克·努尔迪安 等。“电子货币的使用对消费者行为的影响”，*伊斯兰教法经济法会议论文集*，2020年载于https://scholar.archive.org

埃德温、艾哈迈德·福齐、苏普拉伊特诺。“对合作社签署授权书文件的法律分析”，*Iuris Studia：法律*，第1卷第2期，2020年。

埃芬迪，夏姆苏丁，“伊斯兰经济体系与资本主义和社会主义经济体系的比较”，*多范式会计研究期刊*，第6卷第2期，2019年。

恩加里亚诺，德斯里·阿莱，“瓦赫巴·阿兹-祖海利对《光辉的解释》一书中‘浪费’一词的解读”，*AL FAWATIH：古兰经与圣训研究期刊*，第3卷第1期，2022年。

埃尔纳瓦蒂和丽塔·塞蒂亚蒂，“《古兰经》关于经济的见解”，*经济学期刊*，第8卷第2期，2017年。

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Bibliography 303


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1960년대-70년대 한국 정부는 수출진흥정책에서의 수출금융 금리정책, 중화학공업 자금조달을 위한 국민투자기금 조성 등에서 볼 수 있듯이 경제개발에 소요되는 재원을 내자 동원과 외자 조달을 통해 직접 공급했다. 이를 위해 한국 정부는 금융정책, 재정정책, 통화정책, 해외자관 도입 등 모든 수단을 총동원하였다. 또한 이를 통해 정부는 일반금리보다 현저히 낮은 금리로 제공되는 정책금융과 상업차관 지불보증을 수단으로 정부주도 경제개발 과정에 기업들을 직극 유인할 수 있었다. 1960년대-70년대 동안 국내 총 여신에서 정책금융이 차지하는 비중은 평균 60%에 달했고 1966년부터 1979년까지 도입된 해외자관의 총 규모는 같은 시기 GDP의 약 5%에 달했다.$ ^{21} $ 정책금융의 평균 이자율은 1970년대에 수출금융 6~9%, 국민투자기금 12~16%로 당시 일반 대출금리보다 3-10%p 정도 낮았다. 또 당시 상업차관의 평균 이자율은 5.7~7.5%에 치나지 않았기 때문에 국내 일반 대출금리에 비해 최소한 11%p 이상 낮았고 상업차관 도입이 적극적으로 추진되었던 1960년대 후반부에는 국내 대출금리와의 차이가 약 20%p에 달했다.$ ^{22} $

# (a) 내자 조달

내자 조달을 위해서는 금융정책과 재정정책, 통화정책이 총동원되었다. 우선, 금융정책은 기본적으로 금융억압(financial repression)에 기초했다. 가장 주요한 금융억압의 수단은 정부의 예금 및 대출 금리 규제, 채권발행(new bond issues) 규제 에 있었다. 산업투자에 자원을 집중시키기 위해 법정 이자율을 시장금리보다 낮게 유지하는 방법은 일본이나 대만과 같은 국가주도 발전국가 유형에서 흔히 사용되는 방식이었지만 한국

---

$ ^{21} $ 한국은행 경제통계시스템 data 참고.

$ ^{22} $ 최진배(1995), <표 5-23>, <표 5-24>; 한국은행, 경제통계연보, 각 호; 이윤호(2005), p. 118.

119

20世纪60年代-70年代，韩国政府通过出口振兴政策中的出口金融利率政策、为重化工业融资而设立的国民投资基金等方式，直接通过动员国内资本和引进外资来供应经济发展所需的财源。为此，韩国政府总动员了金融政策、财政政策、货币政策、引进海外借款等所有手段。此外，通过这些手段，政府以利率远低于一般利率的政策性金融和商业贷款支付担保为工具，积极吸引企业参与到政府主导的经济发展过程中。在1960年代-70年代期间，政策性金融在国内总信贷中所占的比重平均达到60%，从1966年到1979年引进的海外借款总规模约占同期GDP的5%。$ ^{21} $ 政策性金融的平均利率在1970年代，出口金融为6~9%，国民投资基金为12~16%，比当时的一般贷款利率低3-10%左右。此外，当时商业贷款的平均利率仅为5.7-7.5%，因此比国内一般贷款利率至少低11%以上，在积极推进商业贷款引进的1960年代后半期，与国内贷款利率的差距达到了约20%。$ ^{22} $

# (a) 国内资本筹措

为了筹措国内资本，金融政策、财政政策和货币政策被全面动员起来。首先，金融政策基本上以金融抑制(金融抑制)为基础。金融抑制的主要手段包括政府对存款和贷款利率的管制、对债券发行(新债券发行)的管制等。为了将资源集中于产业投资，将法定利率维持在市场利率之下，这种方法在日本、台湾等国家主导型发展国家中是常用的方式，但韩国

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$ ^{21} $ 参考韩国银行经济统计系统数据

$ ^{22} $ 崔珍培(1995), 《表 5-23》, 《表 5-24》; 韩国银行, 经济统计年报, 各期; 李允浩(2005), 第118页。

119

In the 1960s-1970s, the South Korean government directly supplied the financial resources required for economic development through the mobilization of domestic capital and procurement of foreign capital, as seen in instances such as export financing interest rate policies within export promotion policies and the establishment of the National Investment Fund for financing heavy and chemical industries. For this purpose, the South Korean government mobilized all available means, including financial policies, fiscal policies, monetary policies, and the introduction of foreign capital. Furthermore, through these measures, the government was able to actively incentivize businesses to participate in the government-led economic development process by using policy loans provided at interest rates significantly lower than general interest rates and payment guarantees for commercial loans as instruments. During the 1960s-1970s, the proportion of policy loans in total domestic credit reached an average of 60%, and the total volume of foreign capital introduced from 1966 to 1979 amounted to approximately 5% of the GDP during the same period.$ ^{21} $ The average interest rate for policy loans in the 1970s was 6-9% for export financing and 12~16% for the National Investment Fund, which was about 3~10 percentage points lower than the general lending rates at the time. Also, the average interest rate for commercial loans at that time was only 5.7-7.5%, making it at least 11 percentage points lower than domestic general lending rates, and in the latter half of the 1960s, when the introduction of commercial loans was actively pursued, the difference from domestic lending rates reached approximately 20 percentage points.$ ^{22} $

# (a) Mobilization of Domestic Capital

For the mobilization of domestic capital, financial policies, fiscal policies, and monetary policies were fully mobilized. First, financial policy was fundamentally based on financial repression(financial repression). The most significant instruments of financial repression included government regulation of deposit and lending interest rates, and regulation of new bond issues(new bond issues). The method of maintaining statutory interest rates below market rates to concentrate resources on industrial investment was a commonly used approach in state-led developing countries like Japan or Taiwan, but in Korea

---

$ ^{21} $ See Bank of Korea Economic Statistics System data.

$ ^{22} $ Choi Jin-bae(1995), Table 5-23, Table 5-24; Bank of Korea, Economic Statistics Yearbook, various issues; Lee Yoon-ho (2005), p. 118.

119


55

---

verilmiş olduğu üzere normal dağılım gösterdiğinden dolayı, puanların analizinde parametrik istatistiksel yöntemlerden Bağımsız Örneklem t-Testi kullanılmıştır.

Kontrol grubunun akademik başarı ön test ve son test puanlarının karşılaştırılmasına ilişkin Bağımsız Örneklem t-Testi sonuçları Tablo 4.5 de verilmiştir.

Tablo 4.5 *Kontrol Grubunun Akademik Başarı Ön Test ve Son Test Puanlarının Karşılaştırılmasına İlişkin Bağımsız Örneklem t-Testi Sonuçları*

|  | Grup           | n  | X̄    | S    | sd | t     | p     |
| :--| :--| :--| :--| :--| :--| :--| :--|
| Kontrol Grubu  | Ön Test  | 21 | 14.33 | 4.18 | 40 | 1.562 | .118 |
|  |  Son Test | 21 | 11.86 | 5.93 |    |       |       |

Kontrol grubunun ön test ve son testten aldıkları puanlar arasında istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir fark olmadığı\[*t*(40)=1.562, *p*>0.05] görülmüştür.

### 4.2 İkinci Alt Probleme Ait Bulgular

Araştırmanın ikinci alt problemi olan “Sınıf dışı öğrenme ortamlarında gerçekleşen öğretim uygulamalarının ilköğretim 5. sınıf öğrencilerinin yaratıcılıkları üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi var mıdır?” sorusuna yanıt verebilmek için öncelikle sınıf dışı öğrenme ortamlarında öğretim uygulamalarının gerçekleştirildiği deney grubu öğrencileri ile MEB Fen ve Teknoloji Öğretim Programının önerdiği öğretim uygulamalarının sınıf ortamında gerçekleştirildiği kontrol grubu öğrencilerinin “Ne Kadar Yaratıcısınız Ölçeği” ön test puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı bir fark olup olmadığına bakılmıştır. Bunun için öncelikle deney ve kontrol gruplarının “Ne Kadar Yaratıcısınız Ölçeği” ön testinden aldıkları puanlara Shapiro-Wilks analizi yapılmıştır. Yapılan Shapiro-Wilks normallik analizi sonuçları Tablo 4.6 da verilmiştir.

55

---

由于（分数）呈正态分布，在分数分析中使用了参数统计方法中的独立样本t检验。

对照组学业成绩前测和后测分数比较的独立样本t检验结果见表4.5。

表4.5 *对照组学业成绩前测和后测分数比较的独立样本t检验结果*

|  | 组           | n  | X̄    | S    | sd | t     | p     |
| :--| :--| :--| :--| :--| :--| :--| :--|
| 对照组  | 前测  | 21 | 14.33 | 4.18 | 40 | 1.562 | .118 |
|  |  后测 | 21 | 11.86 | 5.93 |    |       |       |

发现对照组在前测和后测中获得的分数之间在统计上没有显著差异\[*t*(40)=1.562, *p*>0.05]。

### 4.2 第二个子问题的结果

为了回答本研究的第二个子问题，即“课外学习环境中开展的教学实践对小学5年级学生的创造力是否有显著影响？”，首先考察了在课外学习环境中开展教学实践的实验组学生与实施土耳其教育部《科学与技术教学大纲》建议的课堂内教学实践的对照组学生在“你有多有创造力量表”前测分数均值之间是否存在显著差异。为此，首先对实验组和对照组在“你有多有创造力量表”前测中获得的分数进行了夏皮罗 - 威尔克分析。夏皮罗 - 威尔克正态性分析结果见表4.6。

55

---

Since it showed a normal distribution as given, the Independent Samples t-Test, one of the parametric statistical methods, was used in the analysis of the scores.

The Independent Samples t-Test results regarding the comparison of the control group's academic achievement pre-test and post-test scores are given in Table 4.5.

Table 4.5 *Independent Samples t-Test Results Regarding the Comparison of the Control Group's Academic Achievement Pre-Test and Post-Test Scores*

|  | Group           | n  | X̄    | S    | sd | t     | p     |
| :--| :--| :--| :--| :--| :--| :--| :--|
| Control Group | Pre-Test | 21 | 14.33 | 4.18 | 40 | 1.562 | .118 |
|  |  Post-Test | 21 | 11.86 | 5.93 |    |       |       |

It was observed that there was no statistically significant difference between the scores obtained by the control group from the pre-test and post-test \[*t*(40)=1.562, *p*>0.05].

### 4.2 Findings Related to the Second Sub-Problem

In order to answer the second sub-problem of the research, “Do instructional practices carried out in out-of-class learning environments have a significant effect on the creativity of primary school 5th-grade students?”, it was first examined whether there was a significant difference between the “How Creative Are You Scale” pre-test mean scores of the experimental group students, for whom instructional practices were conducted in out-of-class learning environments, and the control group students, for whom instructional practices suggested by the MoNE (Ministry of National Education) Science and Technology Curriculum were conducted in the classroom environment. For this purpose, first, a Shapiro-Wilks analysis was performed on the scores obtained by the experimental and control groups from the “How Creative Are You Scale” pre-test. The results of the Shapiro-Wilks normality analysis performed are given in Table 4.6.


121

---

Der umfangreiche Netzausbau und die damit einhergehende Zunahme der Stromexporte Deutschlands in der Variante 2050 OptNetz (siehe Abschnitt 5.2.1) bewirkt eine Zunahme der KWK-Stromerzeugung im Vergleich zum geringen Netzausbau. Am deutlichsten zeigt sich dies bei den Biomasse- und Müllverbrennungsanlagen.

Eine erweiterte Flexibilisierung der KWK bewirkt in 2020 keine wesentliche Veränderung der Jahresstromerzeugung von Biomasse-KWK. Eine deutliche Steigerung der Auslastung ergibt sich bei Müllheizkraftwerken, ein Rückgang hingegen bei den Gas- und Kohle-KWK-Anlagen.

In 2030 geht mit der Umstellung auf stromgeführten Betrieb ein Rückgang der KWK-Stromerzeugung einher. Dieser ist besonders deutlich bei Anlagen ohne flexible Dampfaus-kopplung – vor allem den Biogas- und Erdgas-BHKW. In Zeiten hoher EE-Einspeisung werden diese zunehmend zurückgefahren und der Wärmebedarf aus dem Spitzenkessel oder dem elektrischem Boiler bedient. Darüber hinaus wirkt sich auch die Solarwärmenutzung dämpfend auf die KWK-Wärmerzeugung aus. Das Lastmanagement beeinflusst die KWK-Erzeugung nur insofern, dass eine leichte Verschiebung der Stromerzeugung von den Kohle- zu den günstige-ren Müllverbrennungsanlagen erfolgt.

Auch im Jahr 2050 resultiert ein Rückgang der KWK-Stromerzeugung aus der Anlagenflexibili-sierung. Dieser ist im Falle eines optimistischen Netzausbaus geringer als bei der Annahme beschränkter Übertragungskapazitäten. Analog zum Jahr 2030 werden in EE-Überschusssituationen die KWK-Anlagen heruntergeregelt, und die Wärmeversorgung durch den Einsatz konventioneller oder elektrischer Heizkessel gewährleistet. Dieser Effekt kann durch erweiterte Netzkapazitäten deutlich reduziert werden. Die Entwicklung der KWK-Auslastung in den verschiedenen Varianten lässt sich durch Betrachtung der wärmeseitigen Versorgung vertiefend studieren. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Unterschiede in den elektrischen VLS nicht nur aus den Brennstoff- und Emissionskosten, sondern auch der Anlagenauslegung und -flexibilität resultieren.

Abbildung 5-36: Strombedarf der Wärmebereitstellung in elektrischen Boilern in Deutschland für das Basisszenario in TWh*)

---

*) in den mit „o" bezeichneten Rechnungen sind nur die Spitzenkessel der Wärmepumpen enthalten, in allen anderen auch die Elektroheizer in KWK-Systemen

121

---

在2050年优化电网方案（参见5.2.1节）中，德国大规模的电网扩建以及随之而来的电力出口增加，与较小规模电网扩建相比，导致了热电联产发电量的增加。这一点在生物质和垃圾焚烧厂中表现得最为明显。

2020年，热电联产灵活性的提高并未导致生物质热电联产年发电量的显著变化。垃圾焚烧热电厂的利用率显著提高，而燃气和燃煤热电联产厂的利用率则有所下降。

2030年，转向电力主导运行模式导致热电联产发电量下降。这在没有灵活蒸汽提取的设备中尤为明显——尤其是沼气和天然气热电联产机组。在可再生能源高并网时期，这些设备越来越多地被降负荷运行，热力需求则由调峰锅炉或电锅炉满足。此外，太阳能供热利用也对热电联产的供热量产生抑制作用。负荷管理对热电联产发电的影响仅在于，发电量从燃煤电厂略微转移至成本更低的垃圾焚烧厂。

即使在2050年，设备灵活性的提高仍会导致热电联产发电量的下降。在乐观的电网扩建情况下，这种下降幅度小于假设输电能力受限的情况。与2030年类似，在可再生能源过剩的情况下，热电联产设备将被降负荷运行，供热则通过使用常规锅炉或电锅炉来保证。通过扩充电网容量，这种影响可以显著减小。通过考察供热侧的供应情况，可以深入研究不同方案中热电联产利用率的发展。研究表明，电气满负荷小时数的差异不仅源于燃料和排放成本，还源于设备的设计和灵活性。

图5-36：德国基准情景下电锅炉供热的电力需求单位：TWh*)

---

*) 在标记为“o”的计算中，仅包含热泵的尖峰锅炉，而在所有其他计算中，也包含热电联产系统中的电加热器

121

---

The extensive grid expansion and the associated increase in Germany's electricity exports in the 2050 OptNetz variant (see Section 5.2.1) lead to an increase in CHP electricity generation compared to limited grid expansion. This is most evident for biomass and waste incineration CHP plants.

Increased flexibilization of CHP does not cause any significant change in the annual electricity generation of biomass CHP in 2020. A clear increase in utilization occurs for waste-to-energy CHP plants, whereas a decrease is observed for gas and coal CHP plants.

In 2030, the switch to electricity-led operation is accompanied by a decrease in CHP electricity generation. This is particularly pronounced for plants without flexible steam extraction – especially biogas and natural gas CHP units. In times of high RE feed-in, these are increasingly ramped down, and the heat demand is met by peak-load boilers or electric boilers. Furthermore, the use of solar thermal energy also has a dampening effect on CHP heat generation. Load management only influences CHP generation to the extent that there is a slight shift in electricity generation from coal to the more cost-effective waste incineration CHP plants.

Also in 2050, a decrease in CHP electricity generation results from plant flexibilization. This decrease is smaller in the case of optimistic grid expansion than with the assumption of limited transmission capacities. Analogous to 2030, CHP plants are ramped down in RE surplus situations, and heat supply is ensured by the use of conventional or electric boilers. This effect can be significantly reduced by expanded grid capacities. The development of CHP utilization in the various scenarios can be studied in greater depth by examining the heat-side supply. This reveals that the differences in electrical full load hours result not only from fuel and emission costs but also from plant design and flexibility.

Figure 5-36: Electricity demand for heat provision in electric boilers in Germany for the base scenario in TWh*)

---

*) In the calculations marked with "o", only the peak-load boilers of the heat pumps are included; in all others, electric heaters in CHP systems are also included


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Phương Pháp Nghiên Cứu Kinh Tế

---

Bảng 6.1 Các kiểu thiết kế mẫu

| Chọn thành phần | Tính đại diện |  |
| :-- | :-- | :-- |
|  | Chọn mẫu xác suất | Chọn mẫu phi xác suất |
| Không hạn chế | Ngẫu nhiên đơn giản (Simple Random) | Thuận tiện  (Convenience) |
| Hạn chế | Ngẫu nhiên phức tạp (Complex Random) | 	Có mục đích (Purposive) |
|  | •  Hệ thống (Systematic) | •  Theo kinh nghiệm (Judgment) |
|  | •  Theo nhóm (Clustering) | •  Hạn ngạch (Quota) |
|  | •  Phân tầng (Stratified) | Quả cầu tuyết (Snowball) |
|  | Nhiều giai đoạn (Double) |  |

Chọn thành phần

Các thành phần của mẫu được chọn theo từng cá thể và trực tiếp từ dân số. Cách chọn thành phần có hai loại cụ thể là không hạn chế và hạn chế. Chọn thành phần không hạn chế là cách thức mà các thành phần được rút ra theo từng cá thể từ dân số lớn. Cách chọn thành phần có hạn chế là các hình thức chọn mẫu còn lại (Hình 6.2).

2. CÁC BƯỚC THIẾT KẾ CHỌN MẪU

Khi lựa chọn cách chọn mẫu phù hợp nhất cho nghiên cứu, chúng ta phải trả lời một số câu hỏi đặt ra. Các câu hỏi này cũng chính là các nguyên tắc, hay là các bước mà chúng ta phải theo. Mỗi một câu hỏi đòi hỏi một thông tin duy nhất.

Các câu hỏi đi theo một trình tự nhất định. Tuy nhiên, để trả lời tốt một câu hỏi, ta phải xem xét lại câu hỏi và câu trả lời trước đó.

1. Dân số mục tiêu là gì?
2. Các chỉ tiêu (parameters) cần quan tâm là gì?
3. Khung mẫu là gì?
4. Phương pháp chọn mẫu phù hợp là gì?
5. Cần cỡ mẫu bao nhiêu?

---

Khoa Kinh tế Phát triển - Đại học Kinh tế TP. Hồ Chí Minh

65

经济研究方法

---

表6.1 抽样设计类型

| 选择成分 | 代表性 |  |
| :-- | :-- | :-- |
|  | 概率抽样 | 非概率抽样 |
| 无限制抽样 | 简单随机抽样 (Simple Random) | 便利抽样 (Convenience) |
| 限制抽样 | 复杂随机抽样 (Complex Random) | 有目的抽样 (Purposive) |
|  | •  系统抽样 (Systematic) | •  判断抽样 (Judgment) |
|  | •  整群抽样 (Clustering) | •  配额抽样 (Quota) |
|  | •  分层抽样 (Stratified) | 滚雪球抽样 (Snowball) |
|  | 多阶段抽样 (Double) |  |

选择成分

样本的成分是按个体并直接从总体中选择的。选择成分的方法具体有两种：无限制和限制。无限制选择成分是指从大总体中逐个抽取成分的方式。限制选择成分是其余的抽样形式（图6.2）。

2. 抽样设计的步骤

在为研究选择最合适的抽样方法时，我们必须回答一些提出的问题。这些问题也正是我们必须遵循的原则或步骤。每一个问题都需要一个唯一的信息。

这些问题遵循一定的顺序。然而，为了更好地回答一个问题，我们必须重新审视之前的问题和答案。

1. 目标总体是什么？
2. 需要关注的参数是什么？
3. 抽样框是什么？
4. 合适的抽样方法是什么？
5. 需要多大的样本量？

---

胡志明市经济大学发展经济系

65

Economic Research Methods

---

Table 6.1 Types of Sample Designs

| Element Selection | Representativeness |  |
| :-- | :-- | :-- |
|  | Probability Sampling | Non-probability Sampling |
| Unrestricted | Simple Random Sampling | Convenience Sampling |
| Restricted | Complex Random Sampling | Purposive Sampling |
|  | • Systematic Sampling | • Judgment Sampling |
|  | • Cluster Sampling | • Quota Sampling |
|  | • Stratified Sampling | Snowball Sampling |
|  | Multistage Sampling |  |

Element Selection

The elements of the sample are selected individually and directly from the population. There are two specific types of element selection: unrestricted and restricted. Unrestricted element selection is the method by which elements are drawn individually from a large population. Restricted element selection includes the remaining forms of sampling (Figure 6.2).

2. Steps in Sampling Design

When selecting the most appropriate sampling method for research, we must answer several questions. These questions also represent the principles, or steps, that we must follow. Each question requires a unique piece of information.

The questions follow a specific sequence. However, to answer a question well, one must review the previous question and its answer.

1. What is the target population?
2. What are the parameters of interest?
3. What is the sampling frame?
4. What is the appropriate sampling method?
5. What sample size is needed?

---

Faculty of Development Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City

65


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ปั่นจักรยาน ใต้หวัน
Shen’ao Rail Bike
23

骑行 台湾
深澳铁道自行车
23


*HAYRAN OLACAĞINIZ O CAMİİ*
*Anadolunun.camileri*

*令你叹为观止的清真寺*
*安纳托利亚的清真寺*

*That Mosque You Will Admire*
*The Mosques of Anatolia*


Mavi sandal
B
KARTAL'DA
ALKOLSÜZ BALIK RESTORANI

sandal balıkçısına geldik.

蓝色小舟
B
在卡尔塔尔
无酒精鱼餐厅

我们来到了这家舢板渔夫餐馆。

Mavi Sandal
B
IN KARTAL
NON-ALCOHOLIC FISH RESTAURANT

We came to the rowboat fish restaurant.


มหัศจรรย์แม่น้ำโขง
เก้าพันโบก อุบลราชธานี

Wonders of the Mekong River
Nine Thousand Holes, Ubon Ratchathani

神奇的湄公河
九千洞 乌汶府


Girişi 300TL olan Müzeyi  ÜCRETSİZ  gezebilirsiniz

门票为300土耳其里拉的博物馆，您可以免费 参观

You can visit the Museum, which has an entrance fee of 300TL, for  FREE


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5. ผลการวิจัย (Research Finding)

การวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลผู้วิจัยใช้สถิติเชิงพรรณนา (Descriptive Statistics) ได้แก่ ร้อยละ ค่าเฉลี่ย ค่ามัธยฐาน ส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน ค่าต่ำสุด ค่าสูงสุด สถิติที่ใช้ในการทดสอบความสัมพันธ์ของตัวแปร (Pearson's Correlation Coefficient) และสถิติที่ใช้ในการทดสอบสมติฐาน ได้แก่ การวิเคราะห์ความถดถอยเชิงพหุคูณ (Multiple Regression Analysis)

ตารางที่ 1 ค่าสถิติเชิงพรรณนา (Descriptive Statistics)

| ตัวแปร | จำนวน | ค่าเฉลี่ย | มัธยฐาน | ส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน | ค่าต่ำสุด | ค่าสูงสุด |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| D/E | 150 | 1.434 | 1.325 | 1.022 | -2.500 | 4.800 |
| ROA | 150 | 3.672 | 3.650 | 4.865 | -9.800 | 17.200 |
| ROE | 150 | 3.570 | 4.235 | 12.512 | -41.300 | 45.700 |
| ROCE | 150 | 0.053 | 0.045 | 0.115 | -0.300 |1.000 |
| LogFS | 150 | 4.248 | 2.684 | 0.587 | 2.684 | 5.421 |
| FA | 150 | 22.580 | 3.000 | 9.738 | 3.000 | 39.000 |
| LEV | 150 | 0.549 | 0.000 | 0.232 | 0.000 | 2.400 |

จากตารางที่ 1 ค่าสถิติพื้นฐานจากการศึกษาพบว่า สัดส่วนการก่อหนี้ (D/E) มีค่าเฉลี่ยเท่ากับ 1.434 อัตราผลตอบแทนต่อสินทรัพย์ (ROA) มีค่าเฉลี่ยเท่ากับ 3.672 อัตราผลตอบแทนต่อส่วนของผู้ถือหุ้น (ROE) มีค่าเฉลี่ยเท่ากับ 3.570 อัตราผลตอบแทนจากเงินลงทุน (ROCE) มีค่าเฉลี่ยเท่ากับ 0.053 ขนาดของสินทรัพย์ (LogFS) มีค่าเฉลี่ยเท่ากับ 4.248 อายุ (FA) มีค่าเฉลี่ยเท่ากับ 22.580 โครงสร้างเงินทุน (LEV) มีค่าเฉลี่ยเท่ากับ 0.549

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5. Research Finding

For data analysis, the researcher used descriptive statistics, including: percentage, mean, median, standard deviation, minimum value, maximum value; statistics used to test the relationships between variables was Pearson's Correlation Coefficient; and statistics used for hypothesis testing, namely Multiple Regression Analysis.

Table 1: Descriptive Statistics

| Variable | N | Mean | Median | Standard Deviation | Minimum | Maximum |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| D/E | 150 | 1.434 | 1.325 | 1.022 | -2.500 | 4.800 |
| ROA | 150 | 3.672 | 3.650 | 4.865 | -9.800 | 17.200 |
| ROE | 150 | 3.570 | 4.235 | 12.512 | -41.300 | 45.700 |
| ROCE | 150 | 0.053 | 0.045 | 0.115 | -0.300 |1.000 |
| LogFS | 150 | 4.248 | 2.684 | 0.587 | 2.684 | 5.421 |
| FA | 150 | 22.580 | 3.000 | 9.738 | 3.000 | 39.000 |
| LEV | 150 | 0.549 | 0.000 | 0.232 | 0.000 | 2.400 |

From Table 1, the basic statistics from the study show that the Debt-to-Equity ratio (D/E) has a mean of 1.434, the Return on Assets (ROA) has a mean of 3.672, the Return on Equity (ROE) has a mean of 3.570, the Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) has a mean of 0.053, Asset Size (LogFS) has a mean of 4.248, Firm Age (FA) has a mean of 22.580, and Capital Structure (LEV) has a mean of 0.549.


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"无声的连接者"

花蟹膏
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"Nemuin hidden resto di Jogja, syahdu & asri dengan View sungai dan masih Di tambah diskon 10!!

“在日惹发现一家隐秘的餐厅，幽静怡人，坐拥河景，另有10%的折扣！！

"Found a hidden restaurant in Jogja, serene & beautiful with a river view, and on top of that, an additional 10% discount!!


[58]), Compas và các cộng sự (1988) [58], Ebata và Moos (1994) [64]. Nhìn chung những trẻ đánh giá sự kiện theo khuynh hướng tích cực thường sử dụng những cách ứng phó hiệu quả, và ngược lại, những trẻ đánh giá sự kiện theo khuynh hướng tiêu cực ít sử dụng các cách ứng phó hiệu quả, thay vào đó là sử dụng các cách ứng phó kém hiệu quả nhiều hơn.

Nghiên cứu cũng đã tiến hành tìm hiểu sự tác động của yếu tố đánh giá cá nhân về sự kiện gây ra cảm xúc âm tính đến các cách ứng phó. Kết quả ở Bảng 3.12 cho thấy mặc dù đánh giá cá nhân về sự kiện gây ra cảm xúc âm tính có tác động đến cách ứng phó *“giải quyết vấn đề”* và *“tìm kiếm chỗ dựa xã hội”*, song mức độ dự báo của nó đối với các cách ứng phó không cao. Trong lý luận chung về ứng phó của Lazarus và Folkman (1984) [89], yếu tố nhận định, đánh giá của cá nhân về sự kiện gây ra căng thẳng chi phối khá lớn đến cách ứng phó của cá nhân. Tuy nhiên, trong nghiên cứu này, yếu tố này lại chi phối không nhiều. Lý thuyết về ứng phó Lazarus và Folkman (1984) được rút ra từ nghiên cứu trên mẫu người lớn. Có thể đối với người trưởng thành, khi tâm sinh lý khá ổn định, kinh nghiệm sống phong phú, sự nhận thức, đánh giá về sự kiện trở thành yếu tố định hướng phần lớn tính chất hành động của họ. Trái lại đối với trẻ VTN, đời sống tâm sinh lý chưa ổn định, tính chất bột phát trong hành vi còn nhiều, vì thế, trẻ ít tập trung vào việc nhận thức về sự kiện gây ra cảm xúc âm tính. Dạy trẻ cách nhận thức tích cực về sự kiện gây ra cảm xúc âm tính là một biện pháp để nâng cao khả năng ứng phó của trẻ.

*Bảng 3.12. Sự tác động của yếu tố đánh giá cá nhân về sự kiện gây ra cảm xúc âm tính đến các cách ứng phó*

| Biến tác động: Đánh giá cá nhân về sự kiện gây ra cảm xúc âm tính |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Biến phụ thuộc | R² | F(1, 512) |
| 1. Giải quyết vấn đề | 0.04 | 20,78*** |
| 2. Tìm kiếm chỗ dựa xã hội | 0.01 | 6,23* |

*$ \underline{Ghi chú:} $ Chi hiện thị những kết quả có sự tác động*

*\*: p < 0,05; \*\*\*: p < 0,001*

Thêm vào đó, sự kiện nây sinh cảm xúc âm tính trong nghiên cứu này là những sự kiện trẻ nhớ nhất và cường độ cảm xúc âm tính trẻ trải nghiệm trong sự kiện là khá cao, do đó, tính bột phát trong hành vi của trẻ càng thể hiện rõ, sự chi phối của yếu tố nhận thức vì thế giảm sút phần nhiều. Mặt khác, hành vi ứng phó được nghiên cứu ở đây chỉ diễn ra trong một tình huống cụ thể, vì thế nó chưa phản ánh rõ khuynh hướng ứng phó chung của trẻ. Sự đa dạng của hành vi ứng phó đã khiến yếu tố nhận thức về sự kiện gây ra cảm xúc âm tính khó dự báo.

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104

[58]), Compas 及其同事 (1988) [58], Ebata 和 Moos (1994) [64]。总的来说，倾向于积极评价事件的儿童通常使用有效的应对方式，相反，倾向于消极评价事件的儿童较少使用有效的应对方式，而是更多地使用效果较差的应对方式。

该研究还探讨了个人对引发负面情绪事件的评价对各种应对方式的影响。表3.12的结果显示，尽管个人对引发负面情绪事件的评价对*“解决问题”*和*“寻求社会支持”*这两种应对方式有影响，但其对各种应对方式的预测程度并不高。在Lazarus和Folkman（1984）[89]的经典应对理论中，个人对引发压力事件的认知和评价因素在很大程度上支配着个人的应对方式。然而，在本研究中，这一因素的影响并不显著。Lazarus和Folkman（1984）的应对理论是从对成年人样本的研究中得出的。对于成年人而言，当身心状态相对稳定、生活经验丰富时，对事件的认知和评价可能成为他们行动性质的主要导向因素。相反，对于儿童，其心理生理尚不稳定，行为中的冲动性较强，因此，他们较少关注对引发负面情绪事件的认知。教导儿童如何以积极认知看待引发负面情绪的事件，是提高其应对能力的一种方法。

*表3.12. 个人对引发负面情绪事件的评价因素对各种应对方式的影响*

| 影响变量：个人对引发负面情绪事件的评价 |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 因变量 | R² | F(1, 512) |
| 1. 解决问题 | 0.04 | 20,78*** |
| 2. 寻求社会支持 | 0.01 | 6,23* |

*$ \underline{注：}$ 仅显示有影响的结果*

*\*: p < 0,05; \*\*\*: p < 0,001*

此外，本研究中引发负面情绪的事件是儿童记忆最深刻的事件，且儿童在事件中体验到的负面情绪强度较高。因此，儿童行为的冲动性表现得更为明显，这进而使得认知因素的支配作用大幅减弱。 另一方面，此处研究的应对行为仅发生在特定情境中，因此未能清晰反映儿童总体的应对倾向。应对行为的多样性使得对引发负面情绪事件的认知因素难以预测。

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104

[58]), Compas and colleagues (1988) [58], Ebata and Moos (1994) [64]. In general, children who appraise events with a positive tendency often use effective coping strategies, and conversely, children who appraise events with a negative tendency use fewer effective coping strategies, instead using more ineffective coping strategies.

The study also investigated the impact of the factor of personal appraisal of events causing negative emotions on coping strategies. The results in Table 3.12 show that although personal appraisal of events causing negative emotions has an impact on the coping strategies of *"problem-solving"* and *"seeking social support"*, its predictive power for coping strategies is not high. In the general theory of coping by Lazarus and Folkman (1984) [89], the individual's cognitive appraisal of stressful events significantly influences their coping strategies. However, in this study, this factor did not have a significant influence. The coping theory of Lazarus and Folkman (1984) was derived from research on adult samples. It is possible that for adults, whose psychophysiology is quite stable and life experience is rich, their perception and appraisal of events largely guide the nature of their actions. Conversely, for children, whose psychophysiological life is not yet stable and impulsive behavior is still prevalent, they focus less on perceiving events that cause negative emotions. Teaching children to perceive events causing negative emotions positively is a measure to enhance their coping abilities.

*Table 3.12. The impact of the factor of personal appraisal of events causing negative emotions on coping strategies*

| Impacting variable: Personal appraisal of events causing negative emotions |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dependent variable | R² | F(1,512) |
| 1. Problem-solving | 0.04 | 20,78*** |
| 2. Seeking social support | 0.01 | 6,23* |

*$ \underline{Note:} $ Only results with an impact are shown*

*\*: p < 0,05; \*\*\*: p < 0,001*

Furthermore, the events causing negative emotions in this study were the ones children remembered most, and the intensity of negative emotions experienced by the children during these events was quite high. Therefore, the impulsivity in children's behavior was more evident, which in turn largely diminished the influence of cognitive factors. On the other hand, the coping behavior studied here only occurred in a specific situation; therefore, it did not clearly reflect the children's general coping tendencies. The diversity of coping behaviors also makes the cognitive appraisal of events causing negative emotions difficult to predict.

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BIPI FACT

The Monkey Buffet Festival, adalah festival unik di Lopburi atau “Kota Kera” dimana orang Thailand akan menyediakan banyak sekali makanan yang di tata di atas meja besar yang khusus dihidangkan untuk para monyet. Festival ini dinobatkan menjadi salah satu festival teraneh oleh surat kabar London’s Guardian.

BIPI 事实

猴子自助餐节，是华富里（洛布里）的一个独特节日，这里也被称为“猴城”。届时泰国人会准备大量食物，摆放在大桌子上，专门供猴子们享用。这个节日被伦敦《卫报》评为最奇怪的节日之一。

BIPI FACT

The Monkey Buffet Festival is a unique festival in Lopburi, also known as "Monkey City," where Thai people prepare an abundance of food, arranged on a large table, specifically for the monkeys. This festival was named one of the strangest festivals by The Guardian newspaper in London.


Pov : tu cherches d’excellents Smash burgers à Rennes

视角代入：你正在雷恩寻找超棒的碎肉饼汉堡

POV: you're looking for great Smash burgers in Rennes


Seminar Penyelidikan Pendidikan 2017
Mac 20-22 di IPBL, Kuching, Sarawak

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PENGENALAN

Malaysia bakal muncul sebagai sebuah negara maju menjelang tahun 2020. Bagi merealisasikan hasrat tersebut, negara amat memerlukan warganegara yang kreatif, berketrampilan, mengamalkan budaya sains dan teknologi serta mampu bersaing di peringkat global. Justeru itu maka pelajar yang dihasilkan melalui sistem pendidikan negara perlu dilengkapkan dengan ciri-ciri pelajar abad ke-21. Antara ciri-ciri pelajar abad ke-21 ialah bijak berkomunikasi, bijak menyoal apa yang berlaku, berani mengambil risiko, mempunyai semangat inkuiri, berintegriti, berkemahiran kritis serta celik literasi. Pelajar sedemikian dapat dibentuk sekiranya sistem pendidikan kita mengamalkan ciri-ciri pembelajaran abad ke-21. Contohnya mata pelajaran sains merupakan satu bidang ilmu pengetahuan yang mengandungi pelbagai proses dan kaedah tertentu seperti kaedah inkuiri yang boleh membantu dalam penyelesaian masalah.

Mata pelajaran sains menyediakan satu rangka konsep yang membolehkan pelajar memahami alam sekeliling, menggunakan pelbagai kemahiran dan perlu berfikir secara kritis dan kreatif. Penyelesaian masalah dalam mata pelajaran sains memerlukan kemahiran menganalisis, menilai, menaakul dan membuat keputusan berdasarkan fakta. Konsep pembelajaran abad ke-21 merupakan suatu bentuk pembelajaran yang menekankan keperluan pelajar menguasai isi kandungan. Di samping itu, pelajar perlu menghasilkan, mensintesis dan membuat penilaian terhadap maklumat yang diperoleh daripada pelbagai mata pelajaran dan sumber-sumber yang luas dengan memahami dan menghormati budaya yang berbeza. Pelajar abad ke-21 diharap dapat menguasai beberapa kemahiran seperti berkomunikasi, bekerjasama, mencipta, menguasai kemahiran digital serta mempunyai tanggungjawab sivik (Barnet Berry, 2011).

Berdasarkan laporan *Programme for International Student Assessment*  (PISA)tahun 2009 bagi mata pelajaran matematik, Malaysia berada dikedudukan ke-57, ke-55 bagi sains dan ke-52 bagi kefahaman dalam kalangan 74 buah negara. Manakala laporan Trends in Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2011, Malaysia berada pada kedudukan ke-20 bagi matematik dan ke-32 bagi sains dalam kalangan 49 buah negara (BPK, 2012). Keadaan ini memberikan gambaran bahawa hasrat Malaysia untuk melahirkan warganegara yang dapat bersaing di peringkat global belum mampu dicapai.

Oleh itu melalui Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia (PPPM) 2013-2025, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (KPM) telah menyenaraikan enam ciri yang perlu dikuasai oleh setiap pelajar untuk bersaing di peringkat global. Salah satu ciri penting ialah kemahiran berfikir yang merupakan kemahiran paling asas yang boleh dikembangkan dan menjadi kunci kepada pencapaian yang tinggi bagi semua pelajar (Nessel & Graham, 2007). Pedagogi abad ke-21 harus menekankan kepada pembentukan Kemahiran Berfikir Aras Tinggi (KBAT). KBAT ialah keupayaan untuk mengaplikasikan pengetahuan, kemahiran dan menilai dalam membuat penaakulan bagi menyelesaikan masalah, membuat keputusan, berinovasi dan berupaya mencipta sesuatu (KPM, 2013).

KBAT dapat dilaksanakan dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran (PdP) dalam bilik darjah. KBAT juga dapat dilaksanakan dalam semua mata pelajaran terutamanya bagi mata pelajaran sains yang menekankan pembelajaran berasaskan inkuiri. Pengajaran inkuiri ialah satu kaedah yang dapat diaplikasikan oleh guru mata pelajaran sains semasa proses PdP. Menurut Mohd Najib Abdul Ghafar (1999), kebanyakan guru sains kurang menggunakan kaedah pengajaran berdasarkan kaedah inkuiri. Oleh itu Pemilihan pengajaran inkuiri yang berorientasikan kemahiran berfikir adalah langkah terbaik bagi meningkatkan pemerolehan

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2017年教育研究研讨会
3月20-22日于砂拉越古晋IPBL举行

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引言

马来西亚将于2020年前后跻身发达国家行列。为实现这一愿景，国家亟需富有创造力、具备技能、践行科技文化且能在全球层面竞争的公民。因此，通过国家教育体系培养出的学生需具备21世纪学生的特质。21世纪学生的特质包括善于沟通、善于对周遭事物提出质疑、勇于冒险、具备探究精神、诚信正直、拥有批判性技能以及具备素养能力。倘若我国教育体系践行21世纪学习的特质，便可塑造出此类学生。例如，科学学科作为一门知识领域，包含多种过程与特定方法（如探究法），这些方法有助于解决问题。

科学学科提供了一套概念框架，使学生能够理解周围世界、运用多种技能，且需进行批判性与创造性思考。科学学科中的问题解决需要具备分析、评估、推断及基于事实做决策的技能。21世纪学习理念是一种强调学生需掌握内容知识的学习形式。此外，学生需对从各学科及广泛资源中获取的信息进行生成、综合与评估，同时理解并尊重不同文化。期望21世纪的学生能够掌握诸如沟通、协作、创造、掌握数字技能以及具备公民责任等多项技能（Barnet Berry，2011）。

依据2009年《国际学生评估项目》（PISA）关于数学学科的报告，在74个国家中，马来西亚数学排名第57位，科学排名第55位，阅读排名第52位。而《国际数学与科学趋势研究》（TIMSS）2011年的报告显示，在49个国家中，马来西亚数学排名第20位，科学排名第32位（BPK，2012）。这种情况表明，马来西亚培养能在全球层面竞争的公民这一愿景尚未实现。

因此，通过《2013-2025年马来西亚教育发展计划》（PPPM），马来西亚教育部（KPM）已列出每名学生为在全球竞争需掌握的六项特质。其中一项重要特质是思维技能，它是最基础且可培养的技能，也是所有学生取得优异成绩的关键（Nessel & Graham，2007）。21世纪教学法必须强调高阶思维技能（KBAT）的培养。高阶思维技能是指运用知识、技能并进行评估以开展推理，从而解决问题、做决策、创新及尝试创造事物的能力（KPM，2013）。

高阶思维技能可在课堂教学与学习（PdP）过程中实施。高阶思维技能也可在所有学科中实施，尤其是强调探究式学习的科学学科。探究式教学是科学学科教师在教学过程中可采用的一种方法。据Mohd Najib Abdul Ghafar（1999）所述，多数科学教师较少采用基于探究法的教学方法。因此，选择以思维技能为导向的探究式教学是提升学习效果的最佳举措

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Educational Research Seminar 2017
March 20-22 at IPBL, Kuching, Sarawak

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INTRODUCTION

Malaysia is set to emerge as a developed nation by the year 2020. To realize this aspiration, the nation greatly needs citizens who are creative, skilled, practice a culture of science and technology, and are capable of competing globally. Therefore, students produced by the national education system must be equipped with the characteristics of 21st-century learners. Among the characteristics of 21st-century learners are being adept at communication, skilled in questioning what happens, daring to take risks, possessing a spirit of inquiry, having integrity, being critically skilled, and literate. Such students can be nurtured if our education system adopts the characteristics of 21st-century learning. For instance, the science subject is a field of knowledge encompassing various specific processes and methods, such as the inquiry method, which can aid in problem-solving.

The science subject provides a conceptual framework that enables students to understand their surroundings, use various skills, and requires them to think critically and creatively. Problem-solving in the science subject requires skills in analyzing, evaluating, reasoning, and making decisions based on facts. The concept of 21st-century learning is a form of learning that emphasizes the need for students to master content. Additionally, students need to generate, synthesize, and evaluate information obtained from diverse subjects and extensive sources, while understanding and respecting different cultures. 21st-century students are expected to master several skills such as communication, collaboration, creation, digital literacy, and civic responsibility (Barnet Berry, 2011).

Based on the 2009 *Programme for International Student Assessment* (PISA) report for mathematics, Malaysia was ranked 57th, 55th for science, and 52nd for reading comprehension among 74 countries. Meanwhile, in the 2011 Trends in Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) report, Malaysia was ranked 20th for mathematics and 32nd for science among 49 countries (Curriculum Development Division [BPK], 2012). This situation suggests that Malaysia's aspiration to produce citizens capable of competing globally has not yet been fully realized.

Therefore, through the Malaysia Education Blueprint (PPPM) 2013-2025, the Ministry of Education Malaysia (KPM) has listed six attributes that every student needs to master to compete globally. A key attribute is thinking skills, which are the most fundamental skills that can be cultivated and are pivotal to high achievement for all students (Nessel & Graham, 2007). 21st-century pedagogy should emphasize the development of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). HOTS is the ability to apply knowledge, skills, and make judgments in reasoning to solve problems, make decisions, innovate, and be capable of creating something (Ministry of Education Malaysia [KPM], 2013).

HOTS can be implemented in the teaching and learning (T&L) process in the classroom. HOTS can also be implemented in all subjects, especially in science subjects that emphasize inquiry-based learning. Inquiry teaching is a method that can be applied by science subject teachers during the T&L process. According to Mohd Najib Abdul Ghafar (1999), most science teachers seldom use teaching methods based on the inquiry method. Therefore, selecting inquiry-based teaching oriented towards thinking skills is the best approach to enhance learning acquisition

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ORTAKÖY KUMPIR
ÜSKÜDAR WAFFLE
POSO DE CAFE

Üsküdar’da Gastronomi Sokağını Biliyor Musun?

MEXICAN FOOD
LOCO
FAST FOOD
TAQUERIA

o̠
S

奥塔科伊 烤马铃薯
于斯屈达尔 华夫饼
波索咖啡

你知道于斯屈达尔的美食街吗？

墨西哥美食
洛科
快餐
塔可店

o̠
S

Ortaköy Baked potato
Uskudar Waffle
Coffee drinks

Do You Know the Gastronomy Street in Uskudar?

MEXICAN FOOD
LOCO
FAST FOOD
TAQUERIA

o̠
S


ATLAS ILUSTRADO
LA ESPAÑA PREHISTÓRICA

susaeta

图解地图集
史前西班牙

苏萨埃塔

Illustrated Atlas
Prehistoric Spain

Susaeta


@kholoudabouzid

وجبــة خفيفة

وجبــة الفطور

وجبــة العشاء

وجبــة الغداء

@kholoudabouzid

Snack

Breakfast

Dinner

Lunch


노조가 따르지 않는다 하더라도 상위 노조가 이를 제재할 수 있는 규범적 제도적 수단이 부재했다는 데 있다. 노조 조직률은 98년 기준 12.2%에 불과했고 2000년대 초 다소 상승했지만 다시 감소하여 2012년 기준 10.3%에 불과하다. 또한 전통적인 기업별 노조의 강세는 상위 노조와 하부 노조 간의 의견 차를 해결하는 데 조직적인 어려움을 제기했다. 97년 위기 이후 노사정위원회가 수립되고 일정 정도의 합의가 이루어졌음에도 불구하고 개별 기업 노조들의 비협조는 노사정위원회의 교착 상태를 가져왔다(이재욱 2011, 86-88). 문제는 국가로서도 협상 파트너가 협조적이지 않을 때 이를 설득하거나 강제할 수 있는 제도적 능력이 부재하다는 데 있다. 이 때문에 노사정위원회는 현재까지 형식적인 제도적 틀은 유지하고 있지만 여전히 법적 규범적 구속력을 확보하지 못함으로써 유명무실한 상태다.

미시적 수준에서 조직 노동의 한계는 기업별 노조 조직이 발전했음에도 불구하고 조직 노동이 기업내 경영진과의 파트너십을 전혀 발전시키지 못했다는 데 있다. 한국에서 노동은 역사적으로 국가-자본 간의 연합을 통한 발전주의 체제에서 배제됨으로써 국가에 대해서는 물론 기업 내부에서도 자본과의 갈등적 투쟁을 통해 자신의 이해를 관철시키는 능력은 발전시켰지만 공급 측면의 파트너로서의 능력은 부재했다. 노동과 자본 간의 갈등적 관계로 말미암아 한국 기업들은 노동과의 조직적 협력을 통해 숙련과 생산성을 고양하기보다는 엔지니어 중심의 생산체제를 발전시킴으로써 기업 내 생산직 노동의 역할을 점점 더 제한하는 쪽으로 나아갔다(조형제 2005).

이처럼 한국에서 시도된 코포라티즘적 대안은 제도적 능력의 부족으로 실패했다. 물론 제도적 능력을 대신할 수 있는 기능적 대체물로서 타협을 통한 사회적 합의가 이루어질 수도 있었다면 한국도 1987년 이후의 아일랜드 모델처럼 코포라티즘적 대안을 발전시킬 수 있었을지도 모른다. 그러나 한국의 제도 행위자들은 제도적 능력의 한계뿐만 아니라 역사적

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即便下级工会不服从，上级工会也缺乏能够对其进行制裁的规范性及制度性手段。工会组织率在1998年仅为12.2%，虽然在21世纪初有所上升，但随后再次下降，到2012年仅为10.3%。此外，传统的“企业工会”强势地位，导致在解决上级工会与下级工会之间的意见分歧时面临组织上的困难。尽管1997年危机后成立了劳资政委员会并达成了一定程度的协议，但由于各企业工会的不配合，导致劳资政委员会陷入僵局（李在旭 2011, 86-88）。问题在于，当谈判伙伴不配合时，国家也缺乏能够说服或强制其配合的制度能力。因此，劳资政委员会虽然至今维持着形式上的制度框架，但仍未能获得法律和规范上的约束力，处于名存实亡的状态。

在微观层面，有组织劳工的局限性在于，尽管企业工会组织得到了发展，但有组织劳工完全未能与企业内部管理层建立起伙伴关系。在韩国，劳工在历史上被排除在通过“国家-资本”联盟构筑的发展主义体制之外，因此，劳工虽然发展出了通过与国家以及企业内部资本进行对抗性斗争来贯彻自身利益的能力，但缺乏作为供应侧伙伴的能力。由于劳资之间的冲突关系，韩国企业并未通过与劳工的组织性协作来提高技能和生产力，而是通过发展以工程师为中心的生产体系，不断限制生产职劳工在企业内的作用（赵亨济 2005）。

正因如此，韩国所尝试的法团主义（Corporatism）替代方案因制度能力不足而告失败。当然，如果有能够替代制度能力的职能替代物，即通过妥协达成社会共识，韩国或许也能像1987年以后的爱尔兰模式那样，发展出法团主义的替代方案。然而，韩国的制度参与者们不仅面临制度能力的局限，还受限于历史

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The core issue is the absence of normative and institutional means for upper-level unions to sanction lower-level unions, even when the latter do not comply. The unionization rate was a mere 12.2% in 1998, and while it rose slightly in the early 2000s, it declined again to just 10.3% as of 2012. Furthermore, the traditional strength of enterprise-level unions posed organizational difficulties in resolving conflicts of interest between upper and lower-level unions. Despite the establishment of the Tripartite Commission (Labor-Management-Government Commission) following the 1997 crisis and the reaching of certain agreements, the lack of cooperation from individual enterprise unions led to a deadlock in the commission (Lee Jae-wook 2011, 86-88). The problem lies in the state's lack of institutional capacity to persuade or compel negotiating partners when they are uncooperative. For this reason, while the Tripartite Commission maintains a formal institutional framework to this day, it remains ineffectual as it has failed to secure legal or normative binding force.

At the micro-level, the limitation of organized labor is that, despite the development of enterprise-level union organizations, organized labor has utterly failed to develop a partnership with management within firms. Historically, labor in Korea was excluded from the developmentalist regime established through the alliance between the state and capital. Consequently, while labor developed the ability to realize its interests through conflictual struggles with capital—both against the state and within firms—it lacked the capacity to act as a partner on the supply side. Due to the conflictual relationship between labor and capital, Korean firms, rather than enhancing skills and productivity through organizational cooperation with labor, moved toward increasingly limiting the role of production labor by developing engineer-centric production systems (Cho Hyung-je 2005).

As such, the corporatist alternative attempted in Korea failed due to a lack of institutional capacity. Of course, if social consensus through compromise had served as a functional substitute for institutional capacity, Korea might have been able to develop a corporatist alternative similar to the Irish model post-1987. However, institutional actors in Korea faced not only the limits of institutional capacity but also historical

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1каменного века

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«МТЬСЯ» (р. 82). Во всяком случае, еда на экспорт в плодородных районах, таких как рай-ЧМбусама, составляет значительную часть в общем объеме местного производства: «свы-^—ПЯТИ тонн таро ежемесячно» вывозится из общины, главным образом, в четыре южные '—DtBHH; в то время как сами бусама потребляют 28 тонн ежемесячно (непосредственно ДЛЯ поддержания жизни людей). По определяющим нормы питания стандартам, которые Преобладают у бусама (р. 69), экспортируемого таро хватило бы, чтобы прокормить еще ОДНО сообщество с примерной численностью в 84 чел. (Средняя численность населения ОДНОЙ деревни на побережье залива — 200-300 чел.; Бусама, насчитывающая 600 жите-МЙ| Представляют собой исключительно крупную деревню.) В целом, таким образом, Ху-QH Галф являет модель, прямо противоположную модели Витиаз Стрейтс: периферийные Общины здесь бедны природными ресурсами, центральные же — богаты, следствием че-ГО является стратегический поток богатства от последних к первым.

Позволим себе некоторые предположительные заключения. О размерах этого пото-ка можно судить по соотношению обменных курсов определенных периферийных И центральных товаров. Так, например, таро бусама идет по курсу 50 фунтов клубней за ОДИН маленький горшок или 150 — за один большой. Исходя из своей скромной осведомленности о районе в целом, я могу оценить этот курс как весьма благоприятный для Горшков, если иметь в виду необходимые затраты рабочего времени. Хогбин, как представляется, придерживается того же мнения (р. 85). В этой связи Дуглас Оливер отметил — основываясь на наблюдениях в южной части о-ва Бугенвиль, где один горшок Средних размеров стоил то же количество раковинных денег, что и 51 фунт таро, — что Г последним «стоит несравненно больший объем труда» (Oliver, 1949, р. 94). С точки зрения трудовых затрат, расценки в торговле между бусама и деревнями, производящи-< керамику, представляются неэквивалентными. По преобладающим расценкам полу-Ются, что более бедные деревни присваивают для обеспечения собственного сущест-цaния интенсифицированный труд более богатых.

Тем не менее, эта эксплуатация как бы вуалируется несправедливым приравнивани-трудовых стоимостей. Этот обман, хотя никого и не одурачивает, создает все же по-ДОбие равноценности обмена. Горшечники преувеличивают (трудовую) стоимость своих изделий, в то время как бусама жалуются только на их потребительскую стоимость.

• Хотя этикет не допускает споров, мне было любопытно наблюдать, когда я сопровождал нескольких бусама в их торговой экспедиции на юг, как бусо И (жители деревень, в которых про-Иlводится керамика) продолжали «набивать цену», упирая на трудоемкость изготовления горшков: «Мы трудимся над ними целыми днями от восхода до заката, — снова и снова твердил нам один мужчина. — Добывать глину хуже, чем золото. Как у меня болит спина! И всег-да к тому же есть опасность, что под конец горшок даст трещину». Представители нашей стороны (бусама) выражали согласие вежливым бормотанием, но последовательно переводили разговор на ухудшившееся качество теперешних горшков. Они ограничивались общими рассуждениями, не обвиняя никого конкретно, но попытка как-то отыграться была очевидной (НодЫп, 1951, р. 85).

1石器时代

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«姆齐亚» (第82页). 无论如何，在像丘姆布萨马地区这样的肥沃地区，用于出口的粮食在当地总产量中占有重要份额：“每月五吨芋头”从社区运出，主要运往四个南部村庄；而布萨马人自己每月消耗28吨（直接用于维持人们的生活）。根据布萨马人中普遍采用的营养标准（第69页），出口的芋头足以养活另一个约有84人的社群。（海湾沿岸一个村庄的平均人口为200-300人；拥有600居民的布萨马是一个异常大的村庄。）因此，总的来说，休恩湾展现了一种与维蒂亚兹海峡模式截然相反的模式：这里的边缘社群自然资源匮乏，而中心社群则资源丰富，其结果是财富从后者向前者战略性流动。

让我们做一些推测性的结论。这个流动规模的大小可以从某些边缘商品和中心商品的交换比率中判断出来。例如，布萨马人的芋头以50磅块茎换一个小陶罐或150磅换一个大陶罐的比率进行交易。根据我对该地区整体情况的粗浅了解，如果考虑到必要的劳动时间成本，我可以评价这个交换比率对陶罐非常有利。霍格宾似乎也持相同观点（第85页）。在这方面，道格拉斯·奥利弗指出——根据其在布干维尔岛南部的观察，在那里一个中等大小的陶罐价值相当于51磅芋头的贝壳货币——后者“需要付出多得不成比例的劳动量”（Oliver, 1949, 第94页）。从劳动成本的角度来看，布萨马人与生产陶器的村庄之间的贸易价格似乎是不对等的。按照普遍的交换比率来看，较贫穷的村庄为了维持自身生存而占用了较富裕村庄的集约化劳动。

然而，这种剥削似乎被不公正的劳动价值等同所掩盖。这种欺骗，虽然骗不了任何人，却仍然制造了交换等价的表象。制陶者夸大其产品的（劳动）价值，而布萨马人则只抱怨其使用价值。

• 尽管礼节上不允许争论，但在我陪同几名布萨马人到南方进行贸易考察时，我饶有兴趣地观察到，布索伊人（生产陶器的村庄的居民）是如何通过强调制作陶罐的劳动强度来不断“抬高价格”的：“我们从日出到日落整天都在制作它们，”一个男人一遍又一遍地对我们强调道。“挖黏土比淘金还糟。我的背好痛！而且最后总有陶罐裂开的危险。”我们这边（布萨马人）的人则以礼貌的咕哝表示同意，但随后总是把话题转向现在陶罐质量下降的问题。他们只进行泛泛的议论，不具体指责任何人，但试图扳回一局的意图是明显的（Hogbin, 1951, 第85页）。

1 Stone Age

---
"MTSYA" (p. 82). In any case, food for export in fertile areas, such as the Busama region, constitutes a significant portion of the total local production: "`five tons of taro monthly`" is exported from the community, mainly to four southern villages; while the Busama themselves consume 28 tons monthly (directly for sustaining people's lives). According to the dietary standards prevalent among the Busama (p. 69), the exported taro would be enough to feed another community of approximately 84 people.  (The average population of one village on the Gulf coast is 200-300 people; Busama, with its 600 inhabitants| represents an exceptionally large village.) . Overall, therefore, the Huon Gulf presents a model directly opposite to that of the Vitiaz Strait: peripheral communities here are poor in natural resources, while central ones are rich, resulting in a strategic flow of wealth from the latter to the former.

Let us venture some tentative conclusions. The scale of this flow can be judged by the exchange rates of certain peripheral and central goods. For example, Busama taro is exchanged at a rate of 50 pounds of corms for one small pot or 150 for one large one. Based on my modest knowledge of the area as a whole, I can assess this rate as very favorable for pots, considering the necessary labor time. Hogbin, it seems, holds the same opinion (p. 85). In this regard, Douglas Oliver noted—based on observations in the southern part of Bougainville Island, where one medium-sized pot cost the same amount of shell money as 51 pounds of taro—that the latter "costs incomparably more labor" (Oliver, 1949, p. 94). From the perspective of labor costs, the terms of trade between the Busama and the pottery-producing villages appear non-equivalent. According to the prevailing rates, it turns out that the poorer villages appropriate for their own subsistence the intensified labor of the richer ones.

Nevertheless, this exploitation is, as it were, veiled by an unfair equating of labor values. This deception, although it fools no one, nevertheless creates a semblance of equivalence in exchange. The potters exaggerate the (labor) value of their wares, while the Busama complain only about their use value.

• Although etiquette does not permit disputes, I was curious to observe, when I accompanied several Busama on their trading expedition to the south, how the Buso (inhabitants of the pottery-producing villages) continued to "haggle up the price," emphasizing the laboriousness of pot making: "`We work on them all day from sunrise to sunset,`" one man kept telling us. "`Getting clay is worse than gold. How my back aches! And there's always the danger that the pot will crack in the end.`" The representatives of our side (the Busama) expressed agreement with polite murmurs, but consistently shifted the conversation to the deteriorated quality of the current pots. They confined themselves to general remarks, not blaming anyone specifically, but the attempt to somehow retaliate was obvious (Hogbin, 1951, p. 85).


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德国最美的17座城市

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The 17 Most Beautiful Cities in Germany

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JOyEUX NOËL !
LES HOMMES CHEZ LE PSy
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圣诞快乐！
男人们都该去看心理医生
（尤其是你，爸爸）

In 1 month I would have to sit next to my rapist
Merry Christmas!
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Seminar Penyelidikan Pendidikan 2017

Mac 20-22 di IPBL, Kuching, Sarawak

---

# Prosedur Pengumpulan Data
Untuk mengumpul data, instrumen kajian diedarkan kepada sekolah-sekolah yang dipilih melalui Pengetua. Responden yang terlibat dalam kajian ini ialah Pengetua, Penolong Kanan, Penyelia Petang, Ketua Bidang dan guru. Instrumen kajian diedar dan dihantar kembali kepada penyelidik selepas seminggu daripada tarikh instrumen ini dihantar ke sekolah-sekolah berkenaan. Ini adalah untuk memberi ruang dan tempoh masa kepada responden guru untuk mengisinya. Semua data yang diberikan adalah sulit dan hanya digunakan untuk tujuan kajian penyelidikan ini sahaja. Data ini seterusnya dianalisis menggunakan perisian SPSS. Program ini dipilih kerana didapati lebih fleksibel iaitu pelbagai tranformasi dan prosedur statistik boleh digunakan ke atas data mentah yang telah dikumpulkan.

# Analisis Data
Objektif utama dalam analisis data kajian ini ialah kekerapan trait *Agreeableness* dan tahap *burnout* dalam kalangan guru di bandar Miri dan luar bandar Belaga di Sarawak. Kaedah deskriptif iaitu kekerapan, peratusan, min dan sisihan piawai digunakan untuk menganalisis faktor demografik guru. Kaedah deskriptif ini turut digunakan untuk mengenalpasti 5 jenis trait personaliti yang dikaji yang menyebabkan *burnout* di kalangan guru. Faktor yang mempunyai nilai min tertinggi dikenalpasti sebagai jenis trait personaliti yang dimiliki oleh responden tersebut. Jenis elemen dan tahap *burnout* guru pula diukur dengan mendapatkan min skor responden untuk kesemua konstruk dalam Bahagian C. Interpretasi item bagi jenis trait personaliti, jenis elemen *burnout* dan tahap *burnout* mengikut skor item yang terkumpul ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 1.

| Jumlah Skor Item | Interpretasi Skor Min |
|-----------------------|--------------------------|
| 1.00 - 2.00          | Rendah                  |
| 2.01 - 3.00          | Sederhana rendah        |
| 3.01 - 4.00          | Sederhana              |
| 4.01 - 5.00          | Tinggi                  |

Sumber: Nunnally & Bernstein (1994).

Jadual 1: Pengelasan Interpretasi Skor Min Item.

Untuk mengenalpasti perbezaan antara trait *Agreeableness* dan tahap *burnout* guru pula, Ujian Khi Kuasa Dua, X² atau Chi Square Test dipilih untuk dijalankan. Ini kerana trait personaliti yang merupakan set data yang berbentuk nominal untuk dikaitkan dengan 3 tahap *burnout* iaitu yang merupakan data yang berbentuk ordinal iaitu rendah, sederhana rendah, sederhana dan tinggi. Dalam kajian ini, kelima-lima trait personaliti diuji bersama dengan tahap *burnout* guru untuk melihat perbandingan implikasi *burnout* terhadap jenis trait personaliti yang berbeza.

# DAPATAN KAJIAN
Dapatan kajian yang dirumuskan dalam Jadual 2 menunjukkan bahawa guru-guru daripada kedua-dua lokasi bandar dan luar bandar mempunyai trend kekerapan jenis trait personaliti yang berbeza yang mana di bandar, guru-guru lebih berpersonaliti *Openness to Experience* iaitu sebanyak 36.9% berbanding di luar bandar, guru-guru lebih kepada trait *Agreeableness* (44.8%). Ini bermakna guru-guru di bandar lebih terbuka untuk menerima cabaran dan mempelajari sesuatu yang baru manakala guru-guru di luar bandar pula lebih mudah untuk bekerjasama dengan orang-orang di sekeliling. Namun demikian, perbezaan ini tidak begitu ketara kerana jenis trait personaliti kedua terbanyak ialah *Agreeableness* bagi guru-guru di.

---

1577

2017年教育研究研讨会

3月20-22日于砂拉越古晋师范学院

---

# 数据收集程序
为收集数据，研究工具通过校长分发给选定的学校。参与本研究的受访者包括校长、副校长、下午班主任、学科主任和教师。研究工具分发后，于分发至相关学校一周后返还给研究员。这是为了给教师受访者足够的时间和空间来填写。所有提供的数据都是保密的，仅用于本研究目的。这些数据随后使用SPSS软件进行分析。选择此程序是因为它更灵活，即各种转换和统计程序可用于已收集的原始数据。

# 数据分析
本研究数据分析的主要目标是砂拉越美里市和内陆布拉甲县教师中 *宜人性* 特质的频率和 *职业倦怠* 水平。采用描述性方法，即频率、百分比、平均值和标准差来分析教师的人口统计因素。此描述性方法也用于识别导致教师 *职业倦怠* 的5种被研究的人格特质。平均值最高的因素被确定为受访者所拥有的人格特质类型。教师 *职业倦怠* 的元素类型和水平通过获取受访者在C部分所有构念的平均分来衡量。人格特质类型、*职业倦怠* 元素类型和 *职业倦怠* 水平的项目解释（根据累积项目得分）如表1所示。

| 项目总分 | 最低分解释 |
| --- | --- |
| 1.00 2.00 | 低 |
| 2.01 3.00 | 中低 |
| 3.01 4.00 | 中等 |
| 4.01 5.00 | 高 |

来源：Nunnally & Bernstein (1994)。

表1：项目平均分解释分类。

为了识别 *宜人性* 特质与教师 *职业倦怠* 水平之间的差异，选择了卡方检验（X² 或 Chi Square Test）进行分析。这是因为人格特质是名义型数据集，需与三个序数型数据（即低、中低、中等和高）的 *职业倦怠* 水平相关联。在本研究中，所有五种人格特质与教师的 *职业倦怠* 水平一起进行测试，以观察 *职业倦怠* 对不同人格特质类型影响的比较。

# 研究结果
表2总结的研究结果显示，来自城市和乡村两个地点的教师在人格特质类型频率上存在不同趋势，城市教师更倾向于 *经验开放性* 人格（占36.9%），而乡村教师更倾向于 *宜人性* 特质（44.8%）。这意味着城市教师更愿意接受挑战和学习新事物，而乡村教师则更容易与周围的人合作。然而，这种差异并不显著，因为城市教师中第二多的人格特质类型是 *宜人性*。

---

1577

Education Research Seminar 2017

March 20-22 at IPBL, Kuching, Sarawak

---

# Data Collection Procedure
To collect data, research instruments were distributed to selected schools through the Principals. The respondents involved in this study were Principals, Senior Assistants, Afternoon Supervisors, Heads of Departments, and teachers. The research instruments were distributed and returned to the researcher one week after the date they were sent to the respective schools. This was to provide time and opportunity for the teacher respondents to complete them. All data provided are confidential and used solely for the purpose of this research study. These data were then analyzed using SPSS software. This program was chosen because it was found to be more flexible, meaning various transformations and statistical procedures could be applied to the raw data collected.

# Data Analysis
The main objective in the data analysis of this study was the frequency of the *Agreeableness* trait and the level of *burnout* among teachers in the urban area of Miri and the rural area of Belaga in Sarawak. Descriptive methods, namely frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, were used to analyze teachers' demographic factors. These descriptive methods were also used to identify the 5 types of personality traits studied that cause *burnout* among teachers. The factor with the highest mean value was identified as the personality trait type possessed by the respondent. The type of element and level of teacher *burnout* were measured by obtaining the mean score of respondents for all constructs in Part C. The interpretation of items for personality trait types, *burnout* element types, and *burnout* levels according to the accumulated item scores is shown in Table 1.

| Total Item Score | Mean Score Interpretation |
| --- | --- |
| 1.00 2.00 | Low |
| 2.01 3.00 | Moderately Low |
| 3.01 4.00 | Moderate |
| 4.01 5.00 | High |

Source: Numally & Bernstein (1994).

Table 1: Classification of Mean Item Score Interpretation.

To identify the difference between the *Agreeableness* trait and teacher *burnout* levels, the Chi-Square Test, X² or Chi Square Test, was chosen to be conducted. This is because personality traits, which are a nominal data set, are to be associated with 3 levels of *burnout*, which are ordinal data, namely low, moderately low, moderate, and high. In this study, all five personality traits were tested together with teacher *burnout* levels to see a comparison of the implications of *burnout* on different personality trait types.

# RESEARCH FINDINGS
The research findings summarized in Table 2 show that teachers from both urban and rural locations have different frequency trends for personality trait types, where in urban areas, teachers are more characterized by the *Openness to Experience* personality trait, at 36.9%, compared to rural areas, where teachers tend more towards the *Agreeableness* trait (44.8%). This means that urban teachers are more open to accepting challenges and learning new things, while rural teachers find it easier to cooperate with those around them. However, this difference is not very significant because the second most common personality trait type is *Agreeableness* for teachers in.

---

1577


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土耳其首家：在伦敦走红的花店概念咖啡馆
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سحرية خلطة !!


AQUÍ VIVIÓ RUBÉN TABARES HERNÁNDES NACIDO 1919 EXILIADO FRANCIA DEPORTADO 1940 'CONVOY 927'MAUTHAUSEN ASESINADO 5.5.1942 GUSEN

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鲁本·塔瓦雷斯·埃尔南德斯曾居于此，他出生于1919年。1940年，他被流放到法国。同年，他随“927号船队”被送往毛特豪森集中营。1942年5月5日，他在那里被杀害。

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HERE LIVED RUBÉN TABARES HERNÁNDEZ, BORN 1919, EXILED IN FRANCE, DEPORTED 1940 'CONVOY 927' MAUTHAUSEN, MURDERED 5.5.1942 GUSEN

@JUAN ALCOR


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活菌粉末
添加FOS益生元纤维
适用于哺乳期母亲、新生儿和儿童

30

易用袋装

简单添加到婴儿配方奶、食物或

从根本上解决宝宝的鹅口疮问题
（经分析，鹅口疮是由一种名为白色念珠菌的酵母菌引起的）

- 增加儿童食欲，帮助儿童更好地吸收营养物质

TUMMY UK PROBIOTICS

Uses:
- Used for digestive disorders caused by intestinal dysbiosis, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, bloating, undigested stools, constipation...

- Especially good to use after the baby has taken antibiotics, after diarrhea, or after an illness.

- Helps strengthen the baby's immune system and helps fight off bacteria and viruses.

Vegetarian Food Supplement

Tummy Buddies

FOR KIDS

0-12 YEARS

Tummy Buddies

AN

AN NHIEN STORE

BABY & BEAUTY

AUTHENTIC

Tummy Buddies

Tummy Buddies

LIVE CULTURES POWDER SACHETS

ORIGINAL

Additive Free 7 Strain
Live Cultures Powder
plus FOS Fibres
For Breastfeeding Mothers,
Newborn Babies
and Children

30

EASY TO USE SACHETS

Simply add to baby formula, food or beverages

Tummy Buddies

FOR KIDS

0-12 YEARS

LIVE CULTURES POWDER SACHETS

ORIGINAL

Additive Free 7 Strain
Live Cultures Powder
plus FOS Fibres
For Breastfeeding Mothers,
Newborn Babies
and Children

30

EASY TO USE SACHETS

Simply add to baby formula, food or

Completely eradicates oral thrush in babies
(Oral thrush is identified as being caused by a yeast named Candida albicans)

- Increases appetite in children, helps them absorb nutrients better.


malaysiakini | Kini News Lab

Gaji Permulaan Standard

Panduan dasar yang menyediakan gaji permulaan asas untuk 382 pekerjaan.

Syarikat hendaklah membayar gaji yang dinyatakan sebelum menuntut insentif.

Contoh: Gaji permulaan bagi guru sekolah rendah dan peguam adalah masing-masing RM3,630 dan RM3,505.

当今大马 | Kini 新闻实验室

标准起薪

提供382种职业基本起薪的政策指南。

公司在申请奖励前必须支付指定的薪水。

例如：小学教师和律师的起薪分别为3630令吉和3505令吉。

Malaysiakini | Kini News Lab

Standard Starting Salary

A policy guide that provides the basic starting salary for 382 occupations.

Companies shall pay the stated salary before claiming incentives.

Example: The starting salary for a primary school teacher and a lawyer are RM3,630 and RM3,505, respectively.


penelitian adalah manfaat atau potensi yang dapat dicapai oleh beberapa pihak setelah penyelesaian penelitian. Secara umum, manfaat penelitian dibagi menjadi dua bidang, yaitu manfaat teoritis atau akademik dan manfaat praktis. Uraian dari dua bidang manfaat ini akan dijelaskan dalam contoh berikut dengan mengambil kasus pengusaha kopi dan internet di atas:

a. Contoh Dari Sisi Akademik

Penelitian ini akan memberikan kontribusi ilmiah untuk studi kegiatan komersial komunitas usaha kopi di Aceh. Studi perkopian di Aceh benar-benar berbeda karena berkaitan dengan cita rasanya yang khas. Dalam literatur ilmiah, ada banyak kajian tentang usaha kopi di Aceh, tetapi hanya sedikit yang memberikan perhatian secara khusus terhadap upaya penyesuaian pemasaran kopi dengan perkembangan teknologi internet. Oleh karena itu, penelitian diharapkan dapat membangun pola hubungan baru antara bisnis kopi dengan internet sebagai fenomena kontemporer."

b. Dari Sisi Praktis

"Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat kepada pengusaha kopi dalam memanfaatkan internet sebagai alat promosi kontemporer. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga dapat memberi manfaat terhadap konsumen dalam mendapatkan informasi yang lebih terperinci tentang kopi dan jenis-jenisnya, serta lokasi dan cara mendapatkannya. Hasil kajian ini juga diharapkan dapat memberikan informasi bagi pengambil kebijakan dalam merumuskan kebijakan yang tepat dalam pemasaran kopi yang tepat dengan menggunakan media internet."

---

126 | Dr. Azharsyah Ibrahim, SE.Ak, M.S.O.M.

研究的益处或潜力是指在研究完成后，相关各方能够获得的成果或可能达成的目标。总的来说，研究的益处分为两个领域，即理论或学术益处和实践益处。以下通过上文提到的咖啡企业家与互联网的案例，对这两个领域的意义进行说明：

a. 学术方面的示例

本研究将为亚齐咖啡商业社群的商业活动研究做出科学贡献。亚齐的咖啡研究确实与众不同，因为它关系到其独特的风味。在学术文献中，有许多关于亚齐咖啡产业的研究，但只有少数特别关注如何使咖啡营销适应互联网技术的发展。因此，本研究有望在咖啡业务与作为当代现象的互联网之间建立起一种新的关联模式。”

b. 从实践方面

“本研究有望造福咖啡企业家，协助他们充分利用互联网这一现代化的推广工具。此外，本研究也可以帮助消费者获取关于咖啡及其种类、产地和获取方式的更详细信息。本研究结果也有望为决策者提供信息，以便他们通过利用互联网媒介来制定合适的咖啡营销政策。”

---

126 | 阿扎尔夏·易卜拉欣博士，经济学学士（会计方向），运营管理理学硕士

Research is the benefit or potential that can be achieved by several parties after the completion of the research. In general, research benefits are divided into two areas, namely theoretical or academic benefits and practical benefits. An explanation of these two areas of benefits will be provided in the following example, using the case of the coffee entrepreneurs and the internet mentioned above:

a. Example From the Academic Side

This research will make a scientific contribution to the study of the commercial activities of the coffee business community in Aceh. The study of coffee in Aceh is truly distinct as it pertains to its characteristic taste. In scientific literature, there are many studies on the coffee business in Aceh, but only a few have paid special attention to efforts to adapt coffee marketing to the development of internet technology. Therefore, this research is expected to establish a new pattern of relationship between the coffee business and the internet as a contemporary phenomenon."

b. From the Practical Side

"This research is expected to provide benefits to coffee entrepreneurs in utilizing the internet as a contemporary promotional tool. In addition, this research can also provide benefits to consumers in obtaining more detailed information about coffee and its types, as well as its locations and how to obtain it. The results of this study are also expected to provide information for policymakers in formulating appropriate policies for effective coffee marketing using internet media."

---

126 | Dr. Azharsyah Ibrahim, SE.Ak, M.S.O.M.


ИСЛОЧЬ
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НЕДЕЛЯ ВОДНОГО ТУРИЗМА 15-21 ИЮЛЯ

ПРЕДВАРИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСЬ

ВОДНЫЙ МАРШРУТ
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水上旅游周 7月15-21日

预报名

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ISPOCH
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WATER TOURISM WEEK JULY 15-21

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MEZHURECHYE-PADNEVICHI
14 KM / 3 HOURS

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13 KM / 3 HOURS


CORDA SECCA

SOLE

CORDA BAGNATA

PIOGGIA

CORDA RIGIDA

GELO

CORDA DONDOLANTE

VENTO

CORDA INVISIBILE

NEBBIA

CORDA DOPPIA

BEVI MENO

CORDA ASSENTE

FURTO

绳子干了

晴天

绳子湿了

下雨

绳子僵硬了

结冰

绳子摇摆

有风

绳子看不见

有雾

看见两条绳子

少喝点

绳子不见了

被盗

DRY ROPE

SUN

WET ROPE

RAIN

STIFF ROPE

FROST

SWINGING ROPE

WIND

INVISIBLE ROPE

FOG

DOUBLE ROPE

DRINK LESS

MISSING ROPE

THEFT