め、審査することが必要である$ ^{45)} $。①開発の必要性、②適切な規模の開発であること、③開発のためのタウンセンターの用地がないこと、④既存のタウンセンターに許容できない悪影響がないこと、⑤アクセシビリティが確保された場所であること。

「悪影響のアセスメント」については、総床面積2,500 m²以上のすべての小売·レジャー開発に関して実施する必要があるとしている。アセスメントの項目は次のとおりである$ ^{46)} $。①開発が当該地域のリージョン空間戦略、特定のセンターやセンター間のネットワークの戦略にリスクを及ぼす程度、あるいはセンター間の階層性の役割を変える程度、②センターの活力と存立可能性を守るために必要とされる官民両セクターの将来の投資に与える影響、③提案されている開発の商圏範囲内における商取引/売上高、および既存センターの活力と存立可能性、場合によっては周辺の農村経済に及ぼす影響、④影響を受けるセンターによって提供されている様々なサービスの変化、⑤主要なショッピングエリアにおける空き不動産数への影響、⑥タウンセンターの質、魅力、物理的状態と特性、およびコミュニティにおける経済的社会的な生活に対する役割が変化する可能性、⑦提案されたレジャー·娯楽用途とセンターの夜間の経済活動との関係。

また、「開発用地の選択」に関しては、PPG6(1996年改定)を踏襲して、「シーケンシャル·アプローチ」を提起している。これは、既存のタウンセンター内ではない用地での開発提案、最新の開発計画文書(DPD)で位置づけられていない開発提案のすべてに適用され、用地を選択するに際してタウンセンターから離れた場所を検討する前にタウンセンター内のすべての選択肢を徹底的にアセスすべきであるとしている$ ^{47)} $。シーケンシャル·アプローチは、すべての新規開発に加えて、タウンセンター周縁部およびタウンセンター外における200m² 以上の増床にも適用される$ ^{48)} $。

用地選択の順序は表6-3のとおりである$ ^{49)} $。①既存のタウンセンター内立地、②タウンセンター周縁部立地(タウンセンターに連続し、連続するであろう立地が望ましい)、③タウンセンター外立地(公共交通手段の選択肢が十分確保されており、かつタウンセンターの近く、あるいはタウンセンターにリンクする可能性が強い立地）。

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175

需要进行审查$ ^{45)} $。①开发的必要性，②是适当规模的开发，③没有用于开发的城镇中心用地，④对现有城镇中心没有不可接受的不利影响，⑤是确保了可达性的场所。

「不利影响评估」方面，规定了有必要对总建筑面积2,500 m²以上的所有零售·休闲开发项目进行评估。评估项目如下$ ^{46)} $。①开发对该地区的区域空间战略、特定中心或中心间网络战略构成风险的程度，或者改变中心间层级性作用的程度，②对为保护中心的活力和生存能力所需的公共和私营部门未来投资的影响，③拟议开发项目在其商业区范围内的商业交易/销售额，以及对现有中心的活力和生存能力，在某些情况下对周边农村经济的影响，④受影响中心所提供的各种服务的变化，⑤对主要购物区空置房产数量的影响，⑥城镇中心的质量、吸引力、物理状态和特性，以及其在社区经济社会生活中的作用可能发生变化，⑦拟议的休闲娱乐用途与中心夜间经济活动的关系。

此外，关于“开发用地的选择”，沿用了PPG6（1996年修订版）的规定，提出了“顺序选择法”。这适用于所有不在现有城镇中心内的用地开发提案，以及未在最新开发计划文件（DPD）中定位的开发提案，并指出在选择用地时，应在考虑城镇中心以外地点之前，彻底评估城镇中心内的所有选项$ ^{47)} $。顺序选择法除了适用于所有新开发项目外，也适用于城镇中心边缘地区和城镇中心以外地区超过200m²的扩建项目$ ^{48)} $。

用地选择的顺序如表6-3所示$ ^{49)} $。①现有城镇中心内选址，②城镇中心边缘选址（最好是与城镇中心连续或将要连续的地点），③城镇中心外选址（公共交通选择充足，且靠近城镇中心或与城镇中心有较强连接可能性的地点）。

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175

it is necessary to examine$^{45)}$. 1.  The necessity of development 2.  That the development is of an appropriate scale 3.  That there is no land available within town centers for the development 4.  That there are no unacceptable adverse impacts on existing town centers 5.  That it is a location where accessibility is ensured.

Regarding the "Assessment of adverse impacts," it is stated that this needs to be conducted for all retail and leisure developments with a total floor area of 2,500 m² or more. The assessment items are as follows$^{46)}$: 1.  The extent to which the development poses a risk to the regional spatial strategy of the area and to the strategy for specific centers or inter-center networks, or the extent to which it changes the hierarchical role among centers. 2.  The impact on future public and private sector investment required to protect the vitality and viability of centers. 3.  The impact on trade/turnover within the catchment area of the proposed development, and on the vitality and viability of existing centers, and in some cases, on the surrounding rural economy. 4.  Changes in the various services provided by the affected centers. 5.  The impact on the number of vacant properties in main shopping areas. 6.  The potential for changes in the quality, attractiveness, physical condition and characteristics of town centers, and their role in the economic and social life of the community. 7.  The relationship between the proposed leisure and entertainment uses and the center's nighttime economy.

Furthermore, regarding the "Selection of development sites," following PPG6 (revised 1996), the "sequential approach" is proposed. This applies to all development proposals on sites not within existing town centers and to development proposals not identified in the latest Development Plan Documents (DPD), and it states that when selecting sites, all options within town centers should be thoroughly assessed before considering locations away from town centers$^{47)}$. The sequential approach applies to all new developments, as well as to extensions of 200m² or more in edge-of-center and out-of-center locations$^{48)}$.

The order of site selection is as shown in Table 6-3$^{49)}$. 1.  In-town center locations 2.  Edge-of-center locations (preferably sites that are, or will be, contiguous with the town center) 3.  Out-of-center locations (sites with good public transport accessibility and that are close to the town center or have a strong potential to be linked to the town center).

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175


Unternehmen, die personenbezogene Daten „tauschen“, „teilen“ oder mit ihnen „handeln“ wie auch Unternehmen, die personenbezogene Daten erwerben, benötigen nach bisherigem wie künftigem Datenschutzrecht stets eine auf den spezifischen Zweck der Datenverarbeitung bezogene – oder jedenfalls mit diesem Zweck vereinbare – Erlaubnis,$ ^{43} $ die grundsätzlich entweder aus einer Einwilligung oder aus einem gesetzlichen Erlaubnistatbestand folgen kann. Gerade dem „sekundären“ Datenhandel sind damit von vornherein Grenzen gezogen (näher: Teil E). Beim Handel mit nicht personenbezogenen Daten entfällt diese Regelungsebene. Die Vertragsfreiheit der an einer Datentransaktion beteiligten Unternehmen hat daher beim Handel mit nicht personenbezogenen Daten größeren Raum.

Die Unterscheidung zwischen personenbezogenen und nicht personenbezogenen Daten ist allerdings mit erheblichen Schwierigkeiten verbunden. Nicht hilfreich ist dabei die Kennzeichnung bestimmter Daten als „maschinengenerierte Daten“: Auch Maschinendaten können personenbezogen sein,$ ^{44} $ wie etwa die Beispiele „smart metering“, „connected cars“,$ ^{45} $ wearable-Computing (Computerund sensorgestützte Geräte, wie Smart-Watches oder Quantified-Self Geräte),$ ^{46} $ Patientendaten von M2M-Medizinprodukten oder location data$ ^{47} $ zeigen. Die Abgrenzung zwischen personenbezogenen und nicht personenbezogenen Daten muss anhand anderer Kriterien erfolgen.

Art. 4 lit. a DSGVO definiert personenbezogene Daten als

„alle Informationen, die sich auf eine identifizierte oder identifizierbare natürliche Person [...] beziehen; als identifizierbar wird eine natürliche Person angesehen, die direkt oder indirekt, insbesondere mittels Zuordnung zu einer Kennung wie einem Namen, zu einer Kennnummer, zu Standortdaten, zu einer Online-Kennung oder zu einem oder mehreren besonderen Merkmalen, die Ausdruck der physischen, physiologischen, genetischen, psychischen, wirtschaftlichen, kulturellen oder sozialen Identität dieser natürlichen Person sind, identifiziert werden kann“.

Auch die Verarbeitung von Daten, die erst durch Heranziehung zusätzlicher Informationen einer natürlichen Person zugeordnet werden können, unterfällt damit der DSGVO. Anonyme$ ^{48} $ und anonymisierte Information, die nicht oder nicht mehr auf identifizierbare Personen bezogen ist, fällt demgegenüber aus dem Anwendungsbereich der DSGVO heraus.

---

$ ^{43} $ Siehe Art. 5 Abs. 1 lit. b DSGVO. Eine Weiterverarbeitung der einmal erhobenen personenbezogenen Daten ist künftig zulässig, wenn sie nicht in einer mit dem Erhebungszweck „nicht zu vereinbarenden Weise“ erfolgt. Die Datenverarbeitung zu einem anderen, mit dem ursprünglichen Zweck zu vereinbarenden Zweck ist ohne neue Einwilligung zulässig, wenn der Verantwortliche die Voraussetzungen des Art. 6 Abs. 4 DSGVO erfüllt.

$ ^{44} $ Siehe EuGH Urt. v. 19.10.2016, Rs. C-582/14 – Breyer ./. Deutschland, Rz. 49 und Erwägungsgrund 30 der DSGVO. Aus der Literatur: Duch-Brown/Martens/Mueller-Langer, The Economics of Ownership Access and Trade in Digital Data, JRC Digital Economy Working Paper 2017-01, Europäische Kommission, 2017; ebenso für Machine2Machine Communication: Grünwald/Nüssing, MMR 2015, 378, 382.

$ ^{45} $ Siehe Schulze, BB 2013, 195, 199.

$ ^{46} $ Siehe hierzu Artikel 29 Datenschutzgruppe, Stellungnahme 8/2014 zu den neuesten Entwicklungen im Internet der Dinge, 16. September 2014, S. 5ff.

$ ^{47} $ Dazu Arning/Moos, ZD 2014, 126, 129ff.

$ ^{48} $ Typischerweise nicht menschlichem Verhalten zugeordnet werden können demgegenüber Daten über die Auslastung oder einen Defekt einer Maschine, Daten über Temperatur, Luftfeuchtigkeit oder die Bodenfeuchtigkeit eines Ackers oder Satellitenaufnahmen von der Erdoberfläche. Hierbei handelt es sich um tatsächlich anonyme Daten.

26

无论是依据现行还是未来的数据保护法律，凡从事个人数据“交换”、“共享”或“交易”的公司——以及获取个人数据的公司——均须具备一项法律依据；该依据必须专门针对（或者至少与）其具体的数据处理目的相契合。$ ^{43} $ 原则上，这一法律依据可源自数据主体的同意，亦可源自法律规定的合法处理事由。因此，相关法律从一开始便施加了严格的限制——尤其是针对数据的“二次”交易行为（详情请参阅 E 部分）。若涉及非个人数据的交易，则上述监管层级并不适用。因此，在非个人数据的交易场景下，参与数据交易的各公司在行使合同自由方面将享有更为广阔的空间。

然而，区分个人数据与非个人数据是一项充满挑战的任务。将某些数据简单归类为“机器生成数据”的做法对此毫无助益：因为机器数据同样可能构成个人数据，$ ^{44} $ 诸如“智能计量”、“联网汽车”$ ^{45} $、可穿戴计算设备（即智能手表或“量化自我”设备等基于计算机与传感器的装置）$ ^{46} $、源自 M2M（机器对机器）医疗设备的患者数据，以及位置数据$ ^{47} $ 等案例，均充分印证了这一点。因此，个人数据与非个人数据之间的界限，必须依据其他标准来加以划定。

《通用数据保护条例》（GDPR）第 4 条第 1 款将“个人数据”定义如下：

“指与已识别或可识别的自然人相关的任何信息 [……]；所谓‘可识别的自然人’，是指能够通过直接或间接的方式被识别的自然人——特别是通过诸如姓名、识别号码、位置数据、在线标识符等标识符，或者通过该自然人特有的身体、生理、遗传、心理、经济、文化或社会身份的一个或多个要素，从而被识别的自然人。”

因此，即使某些数据仅在辅以额外信息的情况下才能与特定的自然人建立关联，对这类数据的处理行为依然属于 GDPR 的管辖范畴。相比之下，匿名数据$ ^{48} $ 以及经过匿名化处理的信息——即那些未曾与特定可识别主体建立关联、或已不再与特定可识别主体建立关联的信息——则不属于 GDPR 的适用范围。

---

$ ^{43} $ 参见相关条款（Art.）。 GDPR 第5(1)(b)条。个人数据一旦被收集，未来允许对其进行进一步处理，前提是此类处理的方式不得与最初收集数据的目的“不相容”。若出于不同目的（但该目的与最初目的相容）进行数据处理，则无需重新征得同意，前提是数据控制者须满足 GDPR 第6(4)条所规定的条件。

$ ^{44} $ 参见欧洲法院（ECJ）2016年10月19日的判决，案件编号 C-582/14 —— *Breyer v. Germany*（Breyer诉德国案），第49段；以及 GDPR 的第30项前言。文献参考：Duch-Brown/Martens/Mueller-Langer，《数字数据的所有权、访问权与交易经济学》（*The Economics of Ownership Access and Trade in Digital Data*），JRC数字经济工作论文 2017-01，欧盟委员会，2017年；关于机器间通信（M2M）的论述亦同：Grünwald/Nüssing，载于 MMR 2015，第378、382页。

$ ^{45} $ 参见 Schulze，载于 BB 2013，第195、199页。

$ ^{46} $ 关于此点，参见“第29条工作组”（Article 29 Working Party）发布的《关于物联网最新发展的第8/2014号意见书》，2014年9月16日，第5页及后续页码。

$ ^{47} $ 关于此点，参见 Arning/Moos，载于 ZD 2014，第126、129页及后续页码。 $ ^{48} $ 相比之下，关于机器使用状况或故障的数据、关于田地温度、湿度或土壤水分的数据，以及地球表面的卫星图像等，通常无法归因于人类行为。这些数据构成了真正意义上的匿名数据。

26

Companies that "exchange," "share," or "trade" in personal data—as well as companies that acquire personal data—require, under both current and future data protection law, a legal basis specifically related to—or at the very least compatible with—the specific purpose of the data processing.$ ^{43} $ In principle, this legal basis may derive either from consent or from a statutory ground for lawful processing. Consequently, strict limits are imposed from the outset—particularly on the "secondary" trading of data (for further details, see Part E). In the context of trading non-personal data, this regulatory layer does not apply. Therefore, the contractual freedom of companies involved in a data transaction is afforded greater scope when trading non-personal data.

However, distinguishing between personal and non-personal data presents significant challenges. Labeling certain data as "machine-generated data" is unhelpful in this regard: machine data, too, can constitute personal data,$ ^{44} $ as illustrated by examples such as "smart metering," "connected cars,"$ ^{45} $ wearable computing (computer- and sensor-based devices such as smartwatches or "quantified self" devices),$ ^{46} $ patient data derived from M2M medical devices, or location data.$ ^{47} $ The distinction between personal and non-personal data must therefore be drawn based on other criteria.

Article 4(1)(a) of the GDPR defines personal data as:

"any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person [...]; an identifiable natural person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, an online identifier or to one or more factors specific to the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural or social identity of that natural person."

Consequently, the processing of data that can be linked to a natural person only through the use of additional information also falls within the scope of the GDPR. In contrast, anonymous$ ^{48} $ and anonymized information—that is, information which is not, or is no longer, related to identifiable persons—falls outside the scope of application of the GDPR.

---

$ ^{43} $ See Art. 5(1)(b) GDPR. Further processing of personal data once collected is permissible in the future provided that it does not take place in a manner “incompatible” with the purpose for which it was collected. Data processing for a different purpose—one compatible with the original purpose—is permissible without fresh consent, provided that the controller fulfills the conditions set out in Art. 6(4) GDPR.

$ ^{44} $ See ECJ Judgment of 19 October 2016, Case C-582/14 – *Breyer v. Germany*, para. 49, and Recital 30 of the GDPR. From the literature: Duch-Brown/Martens/Mueller-Langer, *The Economics of Ownership Access and Trade in Digital Data*, JRC Digital Economy Working Paper 2017-01, European Commission, 2017; likewise regarding machine-to-machine communication: Grünwald/Nüssing, MMR 2015, 378, 382.

$ ^{45} $ See Schulze, BB 2013, 195, 199.

$ ^{46} $ On this point, see Article 29 Working Party, Opinion 8/2014 on the latest developments on the Internet of Things, 16 September 2014, pp. 5 et seq.

$ ^{47} $ On this point, see Arning/Moos, ZD 2014, 126, 129 et seq. $ ^{48} $ In contrast, data regarding the utilization or a defect of a machine, data concerning the temperature, humidity, or soil moisture of a field, or satellite imagery of the Earth’s surface typically cannot be attributed to human behavior. These constitute truly anonymous data.

26


Laksa Nyonya dan Mee Kicap Tersedap di JB

新山最美味的娘惹叻沙和酱油面

The Most Delicious Nyonya Laksa and Soy Sauce Noodles in JB


movistar
MADRID '19 COPA DEL REY

Juan Alcor

BARRIO DE LAS LETRAS

movistar

BARRIO D Las Letras

Asociación de Comerciantes

Movistar
马德里 '19 国王杯

胡安·阿尔科

文学区

Movistar

文学区

商家协会

movistar

MADRID '19 KING'S CUP

Juan Alcor

BARRIO DE LAS LETRAS

movistar

BARRIO DE las Letras

Merchants' Association


Khái niệm đường bàng quan đại chúng:

▪ Thị hiếu tiêu dùng của người tiêu dùng cá thể được biểu thị bằng sơ đồ bàng quang (sơ đồ đẳng ích)

▪ Thị hiếu tiêu dùng của một quốc gia được biểu thị bằng sơ đồ bàng quan đại chúng.

▪ Khái niệm:

“Đường bàng quan đại chúng của một quốc gia là đường biểu thị những kết hợp tiêu dùng khác nhau của hai sản phẩm, mang lại một mức thoả mãn tiêu dùng như nhau cho xã hội”

Hình 2.4: Đường bàng quan đại chúng

Tính chất đường bàng quan đại chúng

▪ Các điểm trên cùng 1 đường BQĐC biểu thị mức độ thoả mãn tiêu dùng như nhau

BQ1: (A = B = C = D);

BQ2: (M = N = L)

▪ Các đường bàng quan không cắt nhau:

▪ Đường bàng quan càng cao thì mức độ thoả mãn tiêu dùng càng cao:

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22

社会无差异曲线概念：

▪ 个体消费者的消费偏好通过无差异曲线图（等效用图）表示

▪ 一个国家的消费偏好通过社会无差异曲线图表示。

▪ 概念：

“一个国家的社会无差异曲线是表示两种产品的不同消费组合，能为社会带来相同消费满足水平的曲线”

图 2.4：社会无差异曲线

社会无差异曲线的性质

▪ 同一条社会无差异曲线（BQĐC）上的各个点表示相同的消费满足程度

BQ1: (A = B = C = D);

BQ2: (M = N = L)

▪ 无差异曲线不相交：

▪ 无差异曲线越高，消费满足程度越高：

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22

Concept of the Community Indifference Curve:

▪ The consumption preferences of individual consumers are represented by an indifference map (iso-utility map)
▪ The consumption preferences of a nation are represented by a community indifference map.
▪ Definition:
“A community indifference curve of a nation is a curve that represents different consumption combinations of two products, yielding the same level of consumption satisfaction for society”

Figure 2.4: Community Indifference Curve

Properties of the Community Indifference Curve

▪ Points on the same CIC (Community Indifference Curve) represent the same level of consumption satisfaction

BQ1: (A = B = C = D);

BQ2: (M = N = L)

▪ Indifference curves do not intersect:
▪ The higher an indifference curve, the higher the level of consumption satisfaction:
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22


TT

GENOVESE

SINONIMO DI NAPOLETANITÀ!

NAPOLI | PIAZZA VITTORIA 6

TT

热那亚风情

那不勒斯风情的代名词！

那不勒斯 | 维多利亚广场6号

TT

GENOVESE

SYNONYMOUS WITH NEAPOLITAN SPIRIT!

NAPLES | PIAZZA VITTORIA 6


Haftasonu için Gezi Rotası

*BÜYÜKADA'DA YAPILACAK*

8

ŞEY

周末旅行路线

*大岛必做*

8

件事

Weekend Trip Itinerary

*THINGS TO DO ON BÜYÜKADA*

8

THINGS


*Il faut absolument que tu testes le mode Rice cooker du Thermomix quand tu n’as pas le temps*

*Rejoins moi pour + d’astuces en cuisine*

*当你没时间的时候，一定要试试美善品的电饭煲模式*

*关注我，获取更多烹饪小窍门*

*You absolutely must try the Thermomix's Rice Cooker mode when you're short on time*
*Join me for more cooking tips.*


Lulú tiene un hermanito

Un libro con muchas solapas

Un divertido libro sobre tener un hermanito

Camilla Reid

Ilustraciones de Ailie Busby

sm

露露有一个小弟弟

一本有很多翻页的书

一本关于有个小弟弟的有趣的书

卡米拉·里德

艾莉·巴斯比 绘

sm

Lulu Has a Little Brother

A book with many flaps

A fun book about having a little brother

Camilla Reid

Illustrations by Ailie Busby

sm


04

世界遺産にも登録されている15世紀の琉球王国のグスク（城）は、歴史的価値が高い美しい遺構 も 残っているここは必見スポット。

中城城跡
古の名城

04

15世纪琉球王国的古堡（城）已被列入世界遗产名录，此处亦保留着历史价值极高的美丽遗迹，是一处必看的景点

中城城迹
古老的名城

04

The 15th-century Gusuku (castles) of the Ryukyu Kingdom, registered as a World Heritage Site, still preserve beautiful ruins of great historical value, This a must-visit spot.

Nakagusuku Castle Ruins
Famous Castle of Old


20 พิกัด ไหว้ขอพร
พญานาค
เติมแต้มบุญ ส่งท้ายปี 67

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那伽
积累功德，送别67年

20 Sacred Locations for Making Offerings and Wishes
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Increase Merit to Send Off Year '67


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3月8日
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旅行社

Happy Women's Day
March 8th
May today be a reminder of the power, resilience, and beauty of women.

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Глава 5. КАДРЫ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ И ОПЛАТА ТРУДА

145

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Производительность общественного труда определяется от-ношением ВВП на душу населения или на одного работающего в сфере материального производства. Производительность со-вокупного общественного труда в большей степени, чем какой-либо другой показатель, характеризует уровень жизни всего государства и является наилучшим показателем экономичес-кой эффективности хозяйственного комплекса.

Пути повышения производительности труда

Уровень производительности труда зависит от множества причин самого разного характера, которые в научно-экономи-ческой литературе и хозяйственной практике принято наз-ывать факторами. Действие всех причин теснейшим образом взаимосвязано, и только для более полного и удобного исследо-вания возможностей роста производительности труда их рассматривают раздельно. Наиболее распространенная в пос-леднее время классификация делит всю совокупность фак-торов на четыре основные группы: 1) материально-техничес-кие; 2) организационные; 3) экономические; 4) социальные.

К первой группе факторов относятся: внедрение новой тех-ники, технологии; механизация и автоматизация производ-ства; применение новых видов сырья, материалов и энергии, улучшение их использования; повышение качества продук-ции.

Вторая группа включает сокращение численности аппарата управления, повышение норм выработки и норм обслужива-ния, сокращение потерь рабочего времени, сокращение внут-рисменных простоев и проч.

Третья группа факторов связана со структурными измене-ниями в производстве: изменением удельного веса отдельных видов продукции; сокращением трудоемкости производствен-ной программы; изменением доли покупных полуфабрикатов и комплектующих изделий.

Факторы четвертой группы связаны с изменениями куль-турно-технического уровня кадров, их квалификации, с акти-визацией творческой деятельности и т. д. В последние годы в число социальных факторов вошла форма владения средствами производства — форма собственности.

第5章 企业人员与劳动报酬

145

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社会劳动生产率由人均国内生产总值或物质生产领域每个劳动者的国内生产总值来决定的。社会总劳动生产率比其他任何指标更能反映整个国家的生活水平，也是衡量经济综合体经济效益的最佳指标。

劳动生产率提升途径

劳动生产率水平取决于各种性质不同的多种原因，这些原因在经济科学文献和经济实践中通常被称为因素。所有因素的作用紧密相连，只是为了更全面、便捷地研究劳动生产率增长的可能性，才将它们分开考量。近年来最常用的分类方法将所有因素划分为四大类：1) 物质技术类；2) 组织类；3) 经济类；4) 社会类。

第一类因素包括：新技术、新工艺的采用；生产的机械化与自动化；新型原材料、材料和能源的应用及其利用效率的提升；产品质量的提高。

第二类包含管理机构人员数量的缩减、产量定额与服务定额的提高、工作时间损失的减少、企业内部停工的减少等。

第三类因素与生产中的结构性变化相关：个别产品种类比重的变化；生产计划劳动量的减少；外购半成品和成品配件占比的变化。

第四类因素与人员的文化技术水平、技能的变化，与创造性活动的活跃化等相关。近年来，社会因素中新增了生产资料占有形式——即所有制形式。

Chapter 5. Enterprise Personnel and Labor Payment

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Social labor productivity is determined by the ratio of GDP per capita or per worker in the sphere of material production. The productivity of total social labor, more so than any other indicator, characterizes the standard of living of the entire state and is the best indicator of the economic efficiency of the economic complex.

Ways to Increase Labor Productivity

The level of labor productivity depends on a multitude of causes of the most varied nature, which in scientific and economic literature and economic practice are customarily called factors. The action of all causes is interconnected in the closest manner, and they are considered separately only for a more comprehensive and convenient study of the possibilities for the growth of labor productivity. The most widespread classification in recent times divides the entire set of factors into four main groups: 1) material and technical; 2) organizational; 3) economic; 4) social.

The first group of factors includes: introduction of new equipment and technology; mechanization and automation of production; application of new types of raw materials, materials, and energy, improvement of their utilization; improvement of product quality.

The second group includes reduction in the number of management personnel, increase in output norms and service norms, reduction in loss of working time, reduction in intra - shift downtime, etc.

The third group of factors is associated with structural changes in production: change in the share of individual types of products; reduction in the labor intensity of the production program; change in the share of purchased semi - finished products and component parts.

Factors of the fourth group are associated with changes in the cultural and technical level of personnel, their qualifications, with the activation of creative activity, etc. In recent years, the form of ownership of the means of production has been included among the social factors.


Modul 3: Verfahrensregeln und Sanktionen

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Verzichtet der Gesetzgeber auf die Erstellung eines Nachtragshaushalts, so ist der Klageweg zu-nächst einmal verschlossen, weil der Gesetzgeber nicht für unterlassene Rechtsakte verklagt wer-den kann. Darin ist jedoch keine Regelungslücke zu sehen, da der nach wie vor zwingende Konso-lidierungsbedarf für den regulären Haushalt des Folgejahres entsprechend höher ausfällt und spä-testens mit dessen Verabschiedung die Möglichkeit einer gerichtlichen Überprüfung wieder gege-ben ist. Stellt sich zu Beginn des darauf folgenden Jahres heraus, dass die Rückführung der über-mäßigen Belastung unter die Obergrenze auch ohne Nachtragshaushalt gelungen ist, besteht kein weiterer Handlungsbedarf, während im umgekehrten Fall das verschärfte Verfahren wegen einer wiederholten Überschreitung der Obergrenze greift. Somit begibt sich die Politik der Möglichkeit, die Rückführung der Überschreitung auf zwei Haushaltsjahre zu verteilen, wenn sie auf die Erstel-lung eines Nachtragshaushalts verzichtet.

Im darauffolgenden Jahr zeigt sich mit Veröffentlichung der Istwerte für das Bruttoinlandsprodukt und den Bundeshaushalt, ob die durch den Nachtragshaushalt zu leistende anteilige Rückführung des die Obergrenze überschreitenden Betrags gelungen ist. Wenn dies der Fall ist, bedarf es keiner weiteren Maßnahmen, und es kann abgewartet werden, ob in dem betreffenden Jahr auch die Rückführung der noch verbleibenden Lücke gelingt. Andernfalls greift der Sanktionsmechanismus für wiederholte Überschreitungen des Ausgleichskontos.

Um unbillige Härten des Verfahrens zu vermeiden, kann eine Geringfügigkeitsgrenze der Art ein-geführt werden, dass Verfehlungen der Rückführungspflicht, die kleiner als 1 vH der Obergrenze des Ausgleichskontos sind, bezogen auf den Bund also gegenwärtig 220 Mio Euro, keine Sanktio-nen nach sich ziehen. Damit geht zwar faktisch eine Erhöhung der Obergrenze des Ausgleichs-kontos einher, die aber so niedrig ist, dass sie in Kauf genommen werden kann.

186. Wird hingegen das Ausgleichskonto zum wiederholten Mal überschritten, weil im voran-gehenden Jahr die notwendige Rückführung der Belastung unterhalb der Obergrenze misslang oder gar nicht erst unternommen wurde, so ist das Einsetzen verschärfter Sanktionen gerechtfer-tigt. Neben der erneuten Pflicht zur Verabschiedung eines die Rückführung innerhalb eines Jahres gewährleistenden (Nachtrags-)Haushalts muss nun im nächsten regulären Haushalt zwingend ein Zuschlag auf die Einkommensteuer erhoben werden. Dieser „Schuldensoli" hat nicht nur den Vor-teil, dass sein Aufkommen allein dem Bund zusteht, sondern auch, dass, anders als bei der Erhö-hung des regulären Satzes einer Steuer, durch die explizite Bindung an die Rückführung des über-schrittenen Ausgleichskontos der wiederholte Verstoß der Öffentlichkeit gegenüber transparent ge-macht wird. Dadurch steigt ex ante der politische Preis sowohl einer unterlassenen Rückführung als auch eines Überschreitens der Obergrenze an sich, so dass beides weniger wahrscheinlich wird.

Der Zuschlag ist so zu bemessen, dass aus seinem Aufkommen eine Rückführung der Überschrei-tung binnen eines Jahres zu erwarten ist, mit einer Deckelung des Satzes in Höhe von 8 vH, und entfällt erst wieder, wenn die wie üblich ex post festgestellte Belastung des Ausgleichskontos unter die Obergrenze gesunken ist.

Aufgrund des skizzierten zeitlichen Ablaufs gibt es eine Verzögerung zwischen dem in das Haus-haltsjahr *t* fallenden wiederholten Verstoß gegen die Obergrenze, seiner Feststellung im Jahr *t+1* und dem Greifen der Sanktion in Form des Zuschlags im Jahr *t+2*. Gelingt es der Politik, in *t+1* die Obergrenze zu unterschreiten, so ist der in *t+2* zu zahlende Zuschlag für die Rückführung unter die Obergrenze zwar nicht mehr erforderlich, kann dann aber zur weiteren Reduktion der Be-lastung des Ausgleichskontos genutzt werden. Diese Phasenverschiebung ist aufgrund der Verzö-gerungen, mit der Istwerte über ein bestimmtes Jahr verfügbar sind, und der Unmöglichkeit, inner-halb eines Jahres einen Steuerzuschlag einzuführen, unvermeidlich, aber durch den wiederholten

模块 3: 程序规则和制裁

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如果立法者放弃编制追加预算，那么诉讼途径首先会被关闭，因为立法者不能因未通过的法案而被起诉。但这不应被视为监管漏洞，因为下一年度常规预算的强制性整合需求会相应增加，并且最迟在其通过后，司法审查的可能性将再次出现。如果在次年初发现，即使没有追加预算，过度负债也成功降至上限以下，则无需采取进一步行动，反之，则将启动因重复超出上限而设的更严厉程序。因此，如果立法者放弃编制追加预算，就失去了将超额部分的削减分摊到两个财政年度的可能性。

在接下来的一年，随着国内生产总值和联邦预算实际数据的公布，便可知道通过追加预算按比例削减超出上限金额的目标是否达成。如果是这样，则无需采取进一步措施，并且可以等待观察当年是否也能成功填补剩余的缺口。否则，将启动针对重复超出平衡账户上限的制裁机制。

为避免程序上的不当严苛，可以引入一种微量限额，即未能履行削减义务但数额小于平衡账户上限1%的情况，对联邦而言，目前约为2.2亿欧元不会导致制裁。尽管这实际上导致了平衡账户上限的提高，但其幅度之小，可以接受。

186. 相反，如果平衡账户被重复超出，因为前一年未能将负债削减至上限以下，或者根本没有采取削减措施，那么采取更严厉的制裁措施是合理的。除了再次有义务通过一项确保在一年内完成削减的（补充）预算外，现在必须在下一个常规预算中强制性地征收所得税附加费。这种“债务附加费”不仅具有其收入完全归联邦政府所有的优势，而且与提高常规税率不同，通过明确将其与削减超出的平衡账户挂钩，能够向公众透明地揭示重复违规行为。这样一来，无论是未能削减还是超出上限本身，其事前的政治代价都会增加，从而降低了这两种情况发生的可能性。

附加费的额度应确保其收入预计可在一年内削减超额部分，税率上限为8%，并且只有在事后照常确定的平衡账户负债降至上限以下后才会取消。

根据所述的时间流程，在财政年度 *t* 发生的重复违反上限行为，其在 *t+1* 年的确认，以及在 *t+2* 年以附加费形式实施的制裁之间存在延迟。如果政府在 *t+1* 年成功将负债控制在上限以下，那么虽然不再需要为将负债降至上限以下而在 *t+2* 年支付附加费，但该附加费仍可用于进一步减轻平衡账户的负债。由于特定年份实际数据的获取存在延迟，以及无法在一年内引入税收附加费，这种时间差是不可避免的，但通过重复的

### Module 3: Procedural Rules and Sanctions

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If the legislature forgoes the creation of a supplementary budget, legal recourse is initially blocked because the legislature cannot be sued for omitted legal acts. However, this should not be seen as a regulatory gap, as the still mandatory consolidation requirement for the regular budget of the following year will be correspondingly higher, and at the latest with its adoption, the possibility of judicial review will be available again. If it turns out at the beginning of the subsequent year that the reduction of the excessive burden below the upper limit has been achieved even without a supplementary budget, there is no further need for action. Conversely, the stricter procedure for a repeated exceeding of the upper limit will apply. Thus, policymakers forfeit the option of distributing the reduction of the excess over two fiscal years if they refrain from creating a supplementary budget.

In the following year, the publication of the actual values for the Gross Domestic Product and the federal budget will show whether the proportional reduction of the amount exceeding the upper limit, to be achieved through the supplementary budget, has been successful. If this is the case, no further measures are necessary, and it can be awaited whether the reduction of the remaining gap is also successful in the year in question. Otherwise, the sanction mechanism for repeated excesses of the balancing account applies.

To avoid undue hardship in the procedure, a de minimis limit can be introduced such that failures to meet the reduction obligation that are less than 1 vH of the upper limit of the balancing account—currently 220 million euros for the Federation—do not result in sanctions. While this de facto entails an increase in the upper limit of the balancing account, it is so low that it can be accepted.

186. If, however, the balancing account is exceeded repeatedly because the necessary reduction of the burden below the upper limit failed in the preceding year or was not undertaken at all, the imposition of stricter sanctions is justified. In addition to the renewed obligation to adopt a (supplementary) budget ensuring reduction within one year, a surcharge on income tax must now be mandatorily levied in the next regular budget. This debt surcharge not only has the advantage that its revenue accrues solely to the Federation, but also that, unlike an increase in the regular tax rate, the repeated violation is made transparent to the public through its explicit link to the reduction of the exceeded balancing account. This increases, ex ante, the political cost of both failing to make the reduction and exceeding the upper limit itself, making both less likely.

The surcharge is to be dimensioned such that its revenue can be expected to achieve a reduction of the excess within one year, with the rate capped at 8 vH, and it is only discontinued once the burden on the balancing account, determined ex post as usual, has fallen below the upper limit.

Due to the outlined timeline, there is a delay between the repeated violation of the upper limit occurring in fiscal year *t*, its determination in year *t+1*, and the application of the sanction in the form of the surcharge in year *t+2*. If policymakers succeed in falling below the upper limit in *t+1*, the surcharge payable in *t+2* for reducing the excess below the upper limit is no longer necessary but can then be used for further reduction of the burden on the balancing account. This time lag is unavoidable due to the delays with which actual values for a specific year become available and the impossibility of introducing a tax surcharge within a single year, but through the repeated


# De-Globalisierung, Protektionismus und China | K4

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OFFENHEITSGRAD AUSGEWÄHLTER VOLKSWIRTSCHAFTEN

Handel mit Waren und Dienstleistungen, in Prozent des BIP

Abbildung 4.1

Abweichungen durch Rundung.

Daten:

http://dl.iwkoeln.de/index.php/s/fcgb5YJH9HANYiF

Quellen:

OECD, 2021a;
eigene Berechnungen

Exporte
Importe
Exporte und Importe

Die Nutzung internationaler Wertschöpfungsketten erhöht die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit durch kostensparendes Offshoring und Spezialisierungsvorteile.

Die Beherrschung großer Komplexität in der Produktpalette im Vergleich zu anderen Ländern (MIT, 2019) zeigt die Vielfalt der industriellen Spezialisierung.

Die traditionell gute Ausstattung mit Fachkräften und Facharbeitern ermöglicht eine hochspezialisierte anspruchsvolle Produktion (wenngleich hier zunehmende Engpässe zu verzeichnen sind).

Überwiegend kooperative industrielle Beziehungen unterstützen grundsätzlich auch die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit.

Doch der hohe Offenheitsgrad der deutschen Volkswirtschaft macht auch verwundbar. Das gilt mit Blick auf importseitige Abhängigkeiten (Bluth, 2021), die besonders bei Seltenen Erden gegenüber China bestehen. Zudem macht die hohe Exportneigung abhängiger vom Absatz auf ausländischen Märkten. Dieser kann beeinträchtigt werden durch globale Krisen, De-Globalisierungstendenzen, Protektionismus und geopolitische Rivalitäten sowie durch den steigenden Konkurrenzdruck auf den Weltmärkten.

Einige dieser Entwicklungen sind vorübergehend. Andere werden nicht nur bleiben, sondern könnten in den 2020er Jahren noch weiter an Durchschlagskraft gewinnen. Im Folgenden wird daher erörtert, inwiefern diese potenziellen Disruptoren das deutsche Exportmodell gefährden.

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Gleichzeitig: Wie vier Disruptionen die deutsche Wirtschaft verändern 93

# 去全球化、保护主义与中国 | K4

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部分国民经济行业的开放程度

商品和服务贸易，占GDP的百分比

图 4.1

因四舍五入存在偏差。

数据：
http://dl.iwkoeln.de/index.php/s/fcgb5YJH9HANYiF

资料来源：
经济合作与发展组织，2021a；
自行计算

出口
进口
出口和进口

国际价值链的使用通过节约成本的离岸外包和专业化优势提高了竞争力。

与其他国家相比，该国在产品种类方面的复杂度控制得更为出色（麻省理工学院，2019 年），这体现了其工业专业化程度的多样性。

传统上良好的专业人才和熟练工人储备使得高度专业化和高要求的生产成为可能（尽管这方面日益出现瓶颈）。

以合作为主的产业关系从根本上也有助于提升竞争力。

然而，德国经济的高度开放性也使其变得脆弱。这尤其体现在对进口的依赖（布卢特，2021年），特别是在稀土资源领域对中国的依赖。此外，高度的出口倾向使其更加依赖国外市场的销售。这一切都可能受到全球性危机、去全球化趋势、保护主义行为、地缘政治竞争的影响，同时，世界市场上的竞争压力也在不断加剧。

其中一些发展是暂时的。另一些不仅会持续存在，而且可能在2020年代更具影响力。因此，下文将探讨这些潜在的颠覆因素在多大程度上危及德国的出口模式。

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与此同时：四大颠覆性变革如何改变德国经济 93

# De-Globalization, Protectionism, and China K4

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DEGREE OF OPENNESS OF SELECTED ECONOMIES

Trade in goods and services, as a percentage of GDP

Figure 4.1

Deviations due to rounding.

Data:
http://dl.iwkoeln.de/index.php/s/fcgb5YJH9HANYiF

Sources:
OECD, 2021a;
own calculations

Exports
Imports
Exports and Imports

The use of international value chains increases competitiveness through cost-saving offshoring and specialization advantages.

Mastering high complexity in the product range compared to other countries (MIT, 2019) demonstrates the diversity of industrial specialization.

The traditionally strong supply of skilled workers and technicians enables highly specialized, demanding production (although growing shortages are being recorded in this area).

Predominantly cooperative industrial relations also fundamentally support competitiveness.

However, the high degree of openness of the German economy also makes it vulnerable. This applies to import-side dependencies (Bluth, 2021), which exist particularly with regard to rare earths from China. Furthermore, the strong export orientation increases dependency on sales in foreign markets. These can be adversely affected by global crises, de-globalization trends, protectionism, and geopolitical rivalries, as well as by increasing competitive pressure on world markets.

Some of these developments are temporary. Others will not only persist but could gain further momentum in the 2020s. Therefore, the following will discuss the extent to which these potential disruptors jeopardize the German export model.

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At the Same Time: How Four Disruptions Are Changing the German Economy 93


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......

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82

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jedoch bereits die Biotechnologie in Sicht, die eines Tages der Chemi-schen Industrie ihre Führungsrolle in der technologischen Entwicklung zurückgeben könnte (1).

164. Offenbar hängt nicht nur die Dynamik einzelner Wirtschaftsbereiche, sondern ganzer Volkswirtschaften von der Offenheit gegenüber technischen Neuerungen ab. Waren es zu Beginn des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts zunächst Großbritannien und dann Deutschland, die den technischen Fortschritt und das Wirtschaftswachstum vorantrieben, übernahmen später die Vereinigten Staaten die Spitzenposition. In jüngster Zeit ist vor allem Japan stark aufgerückt. Die Ursachen dieser räumlichen Verlagerung von Wachstums- und Innovationszentren sind vielfältig und bislang wenig erforscht. Natürliche Standortbedingungen wie Rohstoffvorkommen oder geographische Nähe zu wichtigen Handelswegen mögen ebenso eine Rolle spielen wie soziale Faktoren, die sich auf die Risikofreude von Unternehmern oder auf die Akzeptanz technischer Neuerungen auswirken. Möglicherweise haben die Bundesrepublik Deutschland und die anderen führenden Industrieländer ein Stadium der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung erreicht, von dem aus rasche Produktivitäts- und Wachstumssteigerungen nur noch schwer zu erzielen sind. Neue Impulse für die Weltwirtschaft wären dann erst wieder zu erwarten, wenn eine Revitalisierung der alten Zentren gelingt oder die jungen Aufholländer in eine Führungsrolle hineingewachsen sind [Giersch, 1979b; Kindleberger, 1978; Ray, 1980].

165. Stärker umstritten als die oben genannten Theorien ist, daß es neben branchen- und länderspezifischen Zyklen globale Schwankungen im Wachstum gibt, die durch periodische Häufungen von Innovationen verursacht werden (2). Danach wäre nicht der Wechsel der Führungsposition zwischen Branchen und zwischen Ländern charakteristisch für technologischen Wandel, sondern sektorale und nationale Wachstumsraten müßten sich im Gleichschritt ändern, wobei die Basisinnovationen den Takt angeben. Nach Mensch und van Duijn befindet sich die Weltwirtschaft mitten in der Abschwungphase eines Kondratieff-Zyklus, dessen Tiefpunkt erst in den neunziger Jahren erreicht wird. Empirisch gestützt werden diese Hypothesen durch die Auflistung wichtiger technischer Neuerungen im Zeitverlauf. Problematisch dabei ist jedoch, daß die Bedeutung vieler Innovationen häufig erst Jahre nach ihrem ersten Auftreten erkennbar wird und daß von daher bei allen Innovationslisten eine Unterschätzung der technologischen Dynamik in der Gegenwart zu vermuten ist [Freeman, 1982]. So wird z.B. von Mensch der Mikroprozessor, der vor gut einem Jahrzehnt erfunden wurde, nicht als Basisinnovation angesehen. Es wäre aber durchaus vorstellbar, daß die Mikroelektronik und darauf aufbauende Innovationen einen ähnlichen Wachstumsschub wie in den fünfziger und sechziger Jahren bewirkt hätten; der Zeitpunkt ihres Auftretens paßt allerdings nicht in das Schema langer Wellen [Ray, 1980].

166. Ein Unterschied zu dem Modell der Verlagerung regionaler Wachstumszentren besteht darin, daß die räumliche Dimension des Wachstums

---

(1) Zur Geschichte des technischen Fortschritts vgl. Landes [1969].

(2) Für die heutige Zeit wurde diese These zuerst vorgestellt von Mensch [1975]; siehe auch van Duijn [1979].

82

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然而，生物技术已现端倪，有朝一日它可能使化学工业重获其在技术发展中的领导地位（1）。

164. 显然，不仅个别经济领域的活力，而且整个国民经济的活力，都取决于对技术创新的开放态度。十九世纪初，首先是英国，然后是德国，推动了技术进步和经济增长；后来美国占据了领先地位。近年来，尤其是日本取得了显著进展。这种增长和创新中心的空间转移的原因是多种多样的，并且迄今为止研究甚少。自然区位条件，如原材料储量或靠近重要贸易路线的地理位置，可能与影响企业家风险偏好或技术创新接受程度的社会因素一样，都发挥着作用。德意志联邦共和国和其他主要工业国家可能已经达到了一个经济发展阶段，从这个阶段开始，生产率和增长的快速提升将难以实现。届时，世界经济能否再次获得新的动力，将取决于旧的中心能否成功复兴，或年轻的追赶型国家能否成长为领导者。 [Giersch, 1979b; Kindleberger, 1978; Ray, 1980]。

165. 比上述理论更具争议的是，除了行业和国家特定周期外，还存在全球性的增长波动，这些波动是由创新的周期性聚集引起的（2）。据此，技术变革的特征将不是行业间和国家间领导地位的更迭，而是部门和国家的增长率必须同步变化，其中基础创新决定了节奏。根据Mensch和van Duijn的观点，世界经济正处于康德拉季耶夫周期的衰退阶段中期，其低谷要到九十年代才会达到。这些假设得到了重要技术创新随时间推移的列表的经验支持。然而，问题在于，许多创新的重要性通常在其首次出现多年后才显现出来，因此可以推测，在所有创新列表中都存在对当前技术活力的低估 [Freeman, 1982]。例如，Mensch不认为十多年前发明的微处理器是基础创新。但是完全可以想象，微电子技术及其基础上的创新会像五六十年代那样带来类似的增长动力；然而，它们出现的时间点与长波理论的模式不符 [Ray, 1980]。

166. 与区域增长中心转移模型的一个区别在于，增长的空间维度

---

(1) 关于技术进步的历史，参见Landes [1969]。

(2) 对于当今时代，这一论点首先由Mensch [1975]提出；另见van Duijn [1979]。

82

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however, biotechnology is already in sight, which could one day restore the chemical industry to its leading role in technological development (1).

164. Apparently, not only the dynamism of individual economic sectors but also that of entire national economies depends on their openness to technical innovations. While at the beginning of the nineteenth century it was first Great Britain and then Germany that drove technical progress and economic growth, the United States later assumed the leading position. In recent times, Japan, in particular, has advanced strongly. The causes of this spatial shift of growth and innovation centers are diverse and, to date, little researched. Natural locational conditions, such as raw material deposits or geographical proximity to important trade routes, may play just as significant a role as social factors that affect entrepreneurial risk appetite or the acceptance of technical innovations. Possibly, the Federal Republic of Germany and the other leading industrialized nations have reached a stage of economic development from which rapid increases in productivity and growth are now only achievable with difficulty. New impulses for the global economy would then only be expected again if a revitalization of the old centers succeeds or if the young catch-up countries have grown into a leading role [Giersch, 1979b; Kindleberger, 1978; Ray, 1980].

165. More controversial than the theories mentioned above is the idea that, in addition to industry- and country-specific cycles, there are global fluctuations in growth caused by periodic clusters of innovations (2). According to this view, it would not be the change in leadership positions between industries and between countries that is characteristic of technological change, but rather sectoral and national growth rates would have to change in lockstep, with basic innovations setting the pace. According to Mensch and van Duijn, the global economy is in the midst of the downswing phase of a Kondratieff cycle, whose low point will only be reached in the 1990s. These hypotheses are empirically supported by the listing of important technical innovations over time. Problematic here, however, is that the significance of many innovations often only becomes apparent years after their first appearance, and that, therefore, an underestimation of current technological dynamism is to be presumed in all innovation lists [Freeman, 1982]. Thus, for example, the microprocessor, which was invented a good decade ago, is not regarded by Mensch as a basic innovation. It would, however, be quite conceivable that microelectronics and innovations based upon it could have triggered a growth spurt similar to that of the 1950s and 1960s; however, the timing of their emergence does not fit the pattern of long waves [Ray, 1980].

166. One difference to the model of the shifting of regional growth centers is that the spatial dimension of growth

---

(1) On the history of technical progress, cf. Landes [1969].

(2) For the present day, this thesis was first presented by Mensch [1975]; see also van Duijn [1979].


*每况愈下*

亚斯米娜·索托


Bảng 11. Xuất nhập khẩu và cán cân thương mại, 2006-2010

*Nguồn:* TCTK (2010),TCTK (2011a), và TCTK (2011e).

Nếu nhìn vào các đối tác thương mại lớn của Việt Nam ta có thể thấy nhập siêu của Việt Nam chủ yếu từ hai nước Hàn Quốc và Trung Quốc, đặc biệt là Trung Quốc. Mức thâm hụt thương mại giữa Việt Nam và Trung Quốc đã tăng vọt kể từ năm 2007 và chính thức vượt tổng nhập siêu của cả nước năm 2010 (xem Bảng 12). Điều đặc biệt nữa là nếu nhập siêu từ Hàn Quốc đã kéo dài từ năm 1995 thì nhập siêu của Việt Nam với Trung Quốc lại chỉ thực sự bùng nổ năm 2007 khi Biểu thuế nhập khẩu ưu đãi đặc biệt của Việt Nam để thực hiện Khu vực Mậu dịch Tự do ASEAN-Trung Quốc được ban hành⁵. Trong khi đó, nhập siêu giữa Việt Nam và các nước ASEAN, từng rất cao giai đoạn 1995-2005 lại đang có chiều hướng giảm trong hai năm trở lại đây. Trong số các đối tác thương mại của Việt Nam thì Mỹ và EU là hai đối tác mà Việt Nam có thặng dư thương mại lớn nhất với lần lượt là 10 tỷ và 5 tỷ USD xuất siêu.

Bảng 12. Tình hình nhập siêu, 1995-2010 (triệu USD)

*Chú thích*: Âm là nhập siêu, dương là xuất siêu

*Nguồn:* Trước năm 2010: TCTK (2011c), năm 2010: TCTK (2011b).

---

⁵ Theo quyết định số26/2007/QĐ-BTC ngày 16 tháng 4 năm 2007 của Bộ trưởng Bộ Tài chính.

19

### 表11. 进出口与贸易差额，2006-2010年

*来源：* 越南统计总局（2010）、越南统计总局（2011a）及越南统计总局（2011e）。

观察越南的主要贸易伙伴可以发现，越南的贸易逆差主要来自韩国和中国，尤其是中国。越南与中国之间的贸易逆差规模自2007年起急剧增长，并于2010年正式超过越南全国贸易逆差总额（见表12）。另一个值得注意的是，若说来自韩国的贸易逆差从1995年就已长期存在，那么越南与中国的贸易逆差则是在2007年越南为实施中国-东盟自由贸易区颁布《特别优惠进口关税表》⁵后才真正爆发式增长。与此同时，越南与东盟各国间的贸易逆差曾在1995-2005年期间处于高位，但近两年来呈现下降趋势。在越南的贸易伙伴中，美国和欧盟是越南实现最大贸易顺差的两个伙伴，顺差规模分别为100亿美元和50亿美元。

### 表12. 贸易逆差情况，1995-2010年（百万美元）

*注释*：负为贸易逆差，正为贸易顺差
*来源：* 2010年前：越南统计总局（2011c）；2010年：越南统计总局（2011b）。

---

⁵ 依据财政部部长2007年4月16日签发的第26/2007/QD-BTC号决定。

19

Table 11. Import, Export, and Trade Balance, 2006-2010

*Source:* GSO (2010), GSO (2011a), and GSO (2011e).

When looking at Vietnam’s major trading partners, it is evident that Vietnam’s trade deficit mainly comes from two countries: South Korea and China, especially China. The trade deficit between Vietnam and China has surged since 2007 and officially exceeded the total trade deficit of the entire country in 2010 (see Table 12). What is more notable is that while the trade deficit with South Korea has persisted since 1995, Vietnam’s trade deficit with China only really surged in 2007 when Vietnam’s Special Preferential Import Tariff for the Implementation of the ASEAN-China Free Trade Area⁵ was promulgated. Meanwhile, the trade deficit between Vietnam and ASEAN countries, which was very high during the 1995-2005 period, has been on a declining trend over the past two years. Among Vietnam’s trading partners, the United States and the EU are the two partners with which Vietnam has the largest trade surpluses, at 10 billion and 5 billion USD, respectively.

Table 12. Trade Deficit Situation, 1995-2010 (million USD)

*Note*: Negative values indicate a trade deficit; positive values indicate a trade surplus

*Source:* Before 2010: GSO (2011c); 2010: GSO (2011b).

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⁵ According to Decision No. 26/2007/QD-BTC dated April 16, 2007, issued by the Minister of Finance.

19


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Kết quả kiểm định phương sai số dư thể hiện trong Bảng 7 cho thấy hệ số tương quan hạng Spearman giữa giá trị tuyệt đối của phần dư và từng biến độc lập đều > 0,01 có nghĩa là phương sai của sai số không đổi, hay nói cách khác là không có hiện tượng phương sai thay đổi.

*Bảng 7. Correlations*

| |  ||ABSRES|TN|NSD|GP|NCC|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||ABSRES|Correlation Coefficient|1.000|-.290|-.006|-.033|-.067
|| |Sig. (2-tailed)|.|.279|.935|.635|.335|
|| |N|210|210|210|210|210|
|Spearman's rho|TN|Correlation Coefficient|-.290|1.000|.121|.001|-.005|
|| |Sig. (2-tailed)|.279|.|.081|.984|.944|
|| |N|210|210|210|210|210|
||NSD|Correlation Coefficient|-.006|.121|1.000|.087|.014|
|| |Sig. (2-tailed)|.935|.081|.|.208|.837|
|| |N|210|210|210|210|210|
||GP|Correlation Coefficient|-.033|.001|.087|1.000|.085|
|| |Sig. (2-tailed)|.635|.984|.208|.|.221|
|| |N|210|210|210|210|210|
||NCC|Correlation Coefficient|-.067|-.005|.014|.085|1.000|
|| |Sig. (2-tailed)|.335|.944|.837|.221|.|
|| |N|210|210|210|210|210|

*Nguồn: Kết quả phân tích SPSS 23 từ số liệu khảo sát, 2018*

Từ kết quả phân tích, phương trình hồi qui ước lượng các nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến quyết định lựa chọn PMKT của các DNNVV trong bối cảnh công nghiệp 4.0:

$\mathrm{QD}=0,936+0,361^{*} \mathrm{TN}+0,205^{*} \mathrm{NSD}+0,150^{*} \mathrm{GP}+0,086^{*} \mathrm{NCC}-0,063^{*} \mathrm{DKHT}+\varepsilon$

Trong 5 biến độc lập thì 4 biến TN, NSD, GP và NCC tác động lên biến QD ở mức ý nghĩa 1%. Trong mẫu nghiên cứu, sự tác động của biến DKHT đến biến QD là không có ý nghĩa thống kê. Mô hình hồi quy cho thấy 4 thành phần TN, NSD, GP và NCC đều tác động tích cực lên biến QD. Tác động của biến TN là mạnh nhất thể hiện ở hệ số $\beta$ chuẩn hóa = 0,701 và yếu nhất là biến GP với $\beta$ chuẩn hóa = 0,121.

Tóm lại, thông qua các hệ số như $\mathrm{R}^{2}$ hiệu chỉnh = 0,706, Sig.F = 0,000, không có phương sai số dư thay đổi, không có hiện tượng tự tương quan và đa cộng tuyến, nên có thể kết luận mô hình là phù hợp để giải thích các nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến quyết định lựa chọn PMKT của các DNNVV trong bối cảnh công nghiệp 4.0.

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32

The results of the residual variance test presented in Table 7 show that the Spearman's rank correlation coefficients between the absolute value of the residual and each independent variable are all > 0.01, which means that the variance of the error is constant, or in other words, there is no phenomenon of heteroscedasticity.

*Table 7. Correlations*
| |  ||ABSRES|TN|NSD|GP|NCC|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||ABSRES|Correlation Coefficient|1.000|-.290|-.006|-.033|-.067
|| |Sig. (2-tailed)|.|.279|.935|.635|.335|
|| |N|210|210|210|210|210|
|Spearman's rho|TN|Correlation Coefficient|-.290|1.000|.121|.001|-.005|
|| |Sig. (2-tailed)|.279|.|.081|.984|.944|
|| |N|210|210|210|210|210|
||NSD|Correlation Coefficient|-.006|.121|1.000|.087|.014|
|| |Sig. (2-tailed)|.935|.081|.|.208|.837|
|| |N|210|210|210|210|210|
||GP|Correlation Coefficient|-.033|.001|.087|1.000|.085|
|| |Sig. (2-tailed)|.635|.984|.208|.|.221|
|| |N|210|210|210|210|210|
||NCC|Correlation Coefficient|-.067|-.005|.014|.085|1.000|
|| |Sig. (2-tailed)|.335|.944|.837|.221|.|
|| |N|210|210|210|210|210|

*Source: Results of SPSS 23 analysis from survey data, 2018*

From the analysis results, the estimated regression equation for the factors affecting the decision of SMEs (Small and Medium-sized Enterprises) to choose accounting software (PMKT) in the context of Industry 4.0 is:

$\mathrm{QD}=0,936+0,361^{*} \mathrm{TN}+0,205^{*} \mathrm{NSD}+0,150^{*} \mathrm{GP}+0,086^{*} \mathrm{NCC}-0,063^{*} \mathrm{DKHT}+\varepsilon$

Among the 5 independent variables, the 4 variables TN, NSD, GP, and NCC affect the QD variable at a 1% significance level. In the research sample, the impact of the DKHT variable on the QD variable is not statistically significant. The regression model shows that the 4 components TN, NSD, GP, and NCC all have a positive impact on the QD variable. The impact of the TN variable is the strongest, as shown by the standardized $\beta$ coefficient = 0.701, and the weakest is the GP variable, with a standardized $\beta= 0.121$.

In summary, through coefficients such as adjusted $\mathrm{R}^{2} = 0.706$, Sig.F = 0.000, no heteroscedasticity, no autocorrelation phenomenon, and no multicollinearity, it can be concluded that the model is suitable for explaining the factors affecting the decision of SMEs to choose accounting software (PMKT) in the context of Industry 4.0.

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32


BAB TUJUH UKURAN KEMISKINAN

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STUDI KASUS

Motivasi dalam Kebaikan

Pada suatu hari, serombongan fakir miskin dari golongan Muhajirin datang mengeluh kepada Rasulullah Saw. “Ya Rasulullah,” kata seorang dari mereka, “Orang-orang kaya telah memborong semua pahala hingga tingkatan yang paling tinggi sekalipun.” Nabi SAW. bertanya, “Mengapa engkau berkata demikian?” Lalu, ia pun berujar, “Mereka salat sebagaimana kami salat. Mereka puasa sebagaimana kami puasa. Namun, giliran saat mereka bersedekah, kami tidak kuasa melakukan amalan seperti mereka. Mereka memerdekakan budak sahaya, sedangkan kami tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk melakukan itu.”

Setelah mendengar keluhan orang fakir tadi, Rasulullah Saw. tersenyum lantas berusaha menghibur para fakir itu dengan sebuah hadis sebagai motivasi. Rasulullah Saw. bersabda “Wahai sahabatku, sukakah aku ajarkan kepadamu amal perbuatan yang dapat mengejar mereka dan tidak seorang pun yang lebih utama dari kamu kecuali yang berbuat seperti perbuatanmu?”. Dengan sangat antusias, mereka pun menjawab serentak, “Tentu, ya Rasulullah.” Kemudian, Rasulullah Saw. bersabda, “Bacalah ‘subhanallah’, ‘Allahu akbar’, dan ‘alhamdulillah’ setiap selesai salat masing-masing 33 kali.” Setelah menerima wasiat Rasulullah Saw., mereka pun pulang untuk mengamalkannya.

Tak lama berselang, setelah beberapa hari berlalu, para fakir miskin itu kembali menyampaikan keluhannya kepada Rasulullah Saw., “Ya Rasulullah, saudara-saudara kami orang kaya itu mendengar perbuatan kami, lalu mereka serentak berbuat sebagaimana perbuatan kami.” Maka, Rasulullah Saw. bersabda, “Itulah karunia Allah Swt. yang diberikan kepada siapa saja yang Ia kehendaki.”

Sabda itu merupakan petikan dari Al-Qur’an surah an-Nur [24] ayat 38 yang artinya secara lengkap sebagai berikut, *“(Mereka melakukan itu) agar*

---

282|EKONOMI PEMBANGUNAN ISLAM

第七章 贫困的衡量标准

---

案例研究

行善的动机

有一天，一群来自迁士的贫民来向先知穆罕默德（愿主福安之）抱怨。“先知啊，”他们中的一人说道，“富人们已经包揽了所有的善报，甚至连最高层级的也是如此。”先知（愿主福安之）问道：“你为什么这么说？”然后，他就说道：“他们像我们一样礼拜，他们像我们一样斋戒。但是，轮到他们施舍时，我们却没有能力做像他们那样的善行。他们解放奴隶，而我们却没有能力那样做。”

听了那位贫民的抱怨后，先知穆罕默德（愿主福安之）微笑了，然后试图用一段圣训来激励那些贫民。先知穆罕默德（愿主福安之）说道：“我的朋友们，我教给你们一种善行好吗？这种善行可以让你们追赶上他们，并且没有人会比你们更优秀，除非他也做了和你们同样的事情？”他们非常热情地齐声回答道：“当然愿意，先知啊。”然后，使者穆罕默德（愿主福安之）说道：“每次礼拜结束后，你们各念‘赞主清净’、‘真主至大’和‘一切赞颂全归真主’33遍。”在接受了使者穆罕默德（愿主福安之）的嘱咐后，他们便回家去实践了。

不久之后，几天过去了，那些贫民又回来向先知穆罕默德（愿主福安之）诉苦：“先知啊，我们的那些富有的兄弟们听说了我们的行为，于是他们也和我们做一样的事情了。”于是，先知穆罕默德（愿主福安之）说道：“那是真主的恩典，他将其赐予他所意欲的人。”

这段话引自《古兰经》光明章[24]第38节，其完整含义如下，*（他们这样做）是为了*

---

282|伊斯兰发展经济学

CHAPTER SEVEN MEASURES OF POVERTY

---

CASE STUDY

Motivation in Goodness

One day, a group of poor people from among the Muhajirun came complaining to the Messenger of Allah (PBUH). "O Messenger of Allah," one of them said, "The wealthy people have monopolized all the rewards, even to the highest degrees." The Prophet (PBUH) asked, "Why do you say that?" Then, he replied, "They pray as we pray. They fast as we fast. However, when they give charity, we are unable to perform such deeds. They emancipate slaves, whereas we do not have the ability to do so."

After hearing the complaint of the poor people, the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) smiled and then sought to comfort them with a hadith as motivation. The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said, "O my companions, shall I not teach you a deed by which you may catch up with them (the wealthy), and no one will be more excellent than you except one who does as you do?" With great enthusiasm, they replied in unison, "Certainly, O Messenger of Allah." Then, the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said, "Recite ‘subhanallah’, ‘Allahu akbar’, and ‘alhamdulillah’ 33 times each after every prayer." After receiving this counsel from the Messenger of Allah (PBUH), they went home to put it into practice.

Not long after, when a few days had passed, the poor people returned to the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) with another complaint, "O Messenger of Allah, our wealthy brothers heard what we were doing, and they started doing the same." So, the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said, "That is the grace of Allah SWT, which He bestows upon whomsoever He wills."

That saying is an excerpt from the Quran, Surah An-Nur [24], verse 38, the complete meaning of which is as follows, *(They do so) that*

---

282|ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS


Je me suis régalée avec leur brioche fourrée et leur crème glacée Red Velvet cheese cake

我尽情享用了他们的夹馅布里欧修面包冰淇淋和红丝绒芝士蛋糕。

I thoroughly enjoyed their filled brioche, their ice cream, and their Red Velvet cheesecake.


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131

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131


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ICMASIT

International Conference on Multidisciplinary Approaches in Social Sciences, Islamic and Technology 2020
(ICMASIT 2020)
eISBN 978-967-2426-22-6
13th – 14th December 2020

---

dapat mengatasi batasan kajian iaitu pelajar tidak berada di dalam kampus semasa pelaksanaan PdPDT sewaktu PKP.

Struktur borang soal selidik ini terbahagi kepada dua (2) bahagian, iaitu Bahagian A (Maklumat Responden) dan Bahagian B (Persepsi Pelajar Terhadap Proses PdPDT). Terdapat lima (5) item di Bahagian A yang merangkumi jantina, kaum, semester, kursus yang terlibat di dalam PdPDT dan yang terakhir ialah platform teknologi maklumat dan komunikasi (TMK). Bahagian B terdiri daripada 10 soalan mengenai persepsi pelajar terhadap PdPDT, iaitu (1) kaedah PdPDT bersesuaian dengan kursus-kursus, (2) tempoh pelaksanaan PdPDT mencukupi, (3) pelajar komited terhadap pelaksanaan PdPDT, (4) komitmen pensyarah melaksanakan PdPDT, (5) persekitaran pembelajaran dari rumah, (6) kemudahan alat komunikasi, (7) capaian internet, (8) pelaksanaan pentaksiran berterusan, (9) persepsi terhadap PdPDT dan (10) keseluruhan pelaksanaan PdPDT.

Maklum balas responden terhadap soalan di Bahagian B adalah menggunakan skala Likert lima pilihan jawapan (5-point). Skala yang digunakan adalah sangat tidak setuju, tidak setuju, tidak pasti, setuju dan sangat setuju. Skala ini dipilih bagi memudahkan analisis data dan memastikan responden memberi jawapan secara objektif. Penyelidikan yang menggunakan kaedah kuantitatif dilakukan melalui kajian eksperimental dan data numerika yang diperoleh dan dianalisis dengan ujian statistik (Chua, 2011). Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan program *Special Package for the Social Statistic (SPSS)*. Hasil dapatan kajian dilaporkan dalam bentuk frekuensi, peratusan dan skor min.

Jadual 2: Tafsiran Nilai Julat Min

| Skor min | Tahap |
| --- | --- |
| 1.00 hingga 2.33 | Rendah |
| 2.34 hingga 3.67 | Sederhana |
| 3.68 hingga 5.00 | Tinggi |

Sumber: Diadaptasi Daripada Wiersma, 2000

## Hasil Dapatan
Pengumpulan data yang diperoleh melalui *Google Forms* telah dianalisis mengikut keperluan objektif kajian yang dikehendaki. Jenis data yang diperoleh dalam kajian ini adalah secara kuantitatif. Hasil dapatan dilaporkan secara jadual dan carta yang dirumuskan pada bahagian penerangan di bawah.

Jadual 3: Maklumat Demografi
| Item |  | Frekuensi | Peratusan |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jantina | Lelaki | 11 | 22.9 |
|  | Perempuan | 37 | 77.1 |
| Kaum | Melayu | 34 | 70.8 |
|  | Cina | 4 | 8.3 |
|  | India | 10 | 20.8 |
| Semester | Satu | 27 | 56.3 |
|  | Tiga | 21 | 43.8 |

Jadual 3 menunjukkan maklumat demografi responden yang diperoleh bagi kajian ini. Keseluruhan responden bagi populasi yang disasarkan adalah seramai 48 orang pelajar Program Pengoperasian Perniagaan, Kolej Komuniti Selandar.

---

920

ICMASIT

2020年社会科学、伊斯兰与技术多学科方法国际会议
eISBN 978-967-2426-22-6
2020年12月13日–14日

---

能够克服研究的局限性，即在行动管制令PKP实施居家教学PdPDT期间，学生不在校园内。

本问卷结构分为两（2）部分：A部分（受访者信息）和B部分（学生对PdPDT过程的感知）。A部分包含5个项目，包括性别、族裔、学期、涉及PdPDT的课程，以及信息与通信技术（ICT）平台。B部分包含10个关于学生对PdPDT感知的问题，分别是：(1) PdPDT方法与课程的适配性；(2) PdPDT实施时长的充足性；(3) 学生对实施PdPDT的承诺；(4) 讲师实施PdPDT的承诺；(5) 居家学习环境；(6) 通讯设备便利性；(7) 网络覆盖；(8) 持续性评估的实施；(9) 对PdPDT的感知；以及 (10) PdPDT的整体实施情况。

受访者对B部分问题的反馈采用五点李克特量表（5-point Likert scale）。所使用的量表为：极不同意、不同意、不确定、同意和极同意。选择该量表是为了便于数据分析并确保受访者客观回答。定量研究通过实验研究进行，获取的数字数据通过统计检验进行分析（Chua, 2011）。数据使用 社会科学统计软件包 (SPSS) 进行分析。研究结果以频数、百分比和平均分的形式报告。

表 2：均值范围解释
| 平均分范围 | 等级 |
| --- | --- |
| 1.00 至 2.33 | 低 (Rendah) |
| 2.34 至 3.67 | 中 (Sederhana) |
| 3.68 至 5.00 | 高 (Tinggi) |
来源：改编自 Wiersma, 2000

## 研究结果
通过 Google Forms 收集的数据已根据研究目标的要求进行了分析。本研究获取的数据类型为定量数据。研究结果以表格和图表的形式报告，并在下方的说明部分进行总结。

表 3：人口统计信息
| 项目 | | 频数 | 百分比 (%) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 性别 | 男 | 11 | 22.9 |
|  | 女 | 37 | 77.1 |
| 族裔 | 马来裔 | 34 | 70.8 |
|  | 华裔 | 4 | 8.3 |
|  | 印裔 | 10 | 20.8 |
| 学期 | 第一学期 | 27 | 56.3 |
|  | 第三学期 | 21 | 43.8 |

表3显示了本研究获取的受访者人口统计信息。目标群体的总受访者为来自 Selandar 社区学院商业运营项目的48名学生。

---

920

# ICMASIT

International Conference on Multidisciplinary Approaches in Social Sciences, Islamic and Technology 2020 (ICMASIT 2020)
eISBN 978-967-2426-22-6
13th – 14th December 2020

---

can address the study's limitations, specifically that students were not present on campus during the implementation of Teaching and Learning from Home (PdPDT) during the Movement Control Order (MCO).

The structure of this questionnaire is divided into two (2) sections: Section A (Respondent Demographics) and Section B (Student Perceptions of the PdPDT Process). Section A contains five (5) items, including gender, ethnicity, semester, courses involved in PdPDT, and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) platforms. Section B consists of 10 items regarding student perceptions of PdPDT: (1) suitability of PdPDT methods for the courses, (2) adequacy of the PdPDT implementation period, (3) student commitment to PdPDT, (4) lecturer commitment to PdPDT, (5) home learning environment, (6) accessibility of communication tools, (7) internet connectivity, (8) implementation of continuous assessment, (9) general perception of PdPDT, and (10) overall implementation of PdPDT.

Respondent feedback for Section B was collected using a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree. This scale was selected to facilitate data analysis and ensure objective responses from participants. This quantitative research was conducted through an experimental study design, and the numerical data obtained were analyzed using statistical tests (Chua, 2011). The data were processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Research findings are reported in terms of frequency, percentage, and mean scores.

### Table 2: Interpretation of Mean Range Values
| Mean Score Range | Level |
| --- | --- |
| 1.00 to 2.33 | Low |
| 2.34 to 3.67 | Moderate |
| 3.68 to 5.00 | High |
*Source: Adapted from Wiersma, 2000*

## Research Findings
Data collected via Google Forms were analyzed according to the specific research objectives. The study utilizes quantitative data, which are presented in the tables and charts summarized in the discussion below.

### Table 3: Demographic Profile
| Item | Category | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gender| Male | 11 | 22.9 |
|  | Female | 37 | 77.1 |
| Ethnicity | Malay | 34 | 70.8 |
|  | Chinese | 4 | 8.3 |
|  | Indian | 10 | 20.8 |
| Semester | One | 27 | 56.3 |
|  | Three | 21 | 43.8 |

Table 3 presents the demographic profile of the respondents for this study. The total population sample consists of 48 students from the Business Operations Program at Selandar Community College.

---

920


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儿童节旅游打卡地
近距离看动物，拍出美照！

Places to Go for Children's Day
Watch animals up close, take beautiful photos!


Ayrılır ayrılmaz başkasına koşan, tasması açılmış köpeğe benzer

刚一分手就奔向他人的人，就像被松开了链条的狗。

One who runs to someone else as soon as they break up, resembles a dog whose leash has been unfastened


# Publikationen

Mustafa M, Carson-Stevens A, Gillespie D,Edwards AG. Psychological interventions for women with metastatic breast cancer.Cochrane Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. Update of Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(3):CD004253. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 4;6:CD004253.

Findet LQ Verbesserungen nach einem Jahr, kaum aber später

# 出版物

Mustafa M, Carson-Stevens A, Gillespie D,Edwards AG. 针对转移性乳腺癌女性的心理干预。科克伦初级保健与公共卫生研究所，医学院，卡迪夫大学，英国卡迪夫。《科克伦系统评价数据库》更新版。2008;(3):CD004253。《科克伦系统评价数据库》。2013年6月4日;6:CD004253。

生活质量 (QoL) 在一年后有所改善，但此后几乎没有

# Publications

Mustafa M, Carson-Stevens A, Gillespie D,Edwards AG. Psychological interventions for women with metastatic breast cancer.Cochrane Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. Update of Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(3):CD004253. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 4;6:CD004253.

Quality of Life (QoL) shows improvements after one year, but hardly later


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Sechs Hotel-Tipps für Wochenendtrips im Berliner Umland

柏林周边周末游的六个酒店推荐

Six Hotel Tips for Weekend Trips in the Berlin Umland


Seminar Penyelidikan Pendidikan 2017

Mac 20-22 di IPBL, Kuching, Sarawak

---

| Kesan | Nilai Wilks’ Lamda | Nilai F | D.K Antara Kumpulan | D.K Dalam Kumpulan | Tahap Signifikan |
|----|----|----|----|----|----|
| Gaya Keibubapaan | 0.915 | 3.896 | 6 | 514  | 0.001 |

Jadual 3 Analisis MANOVA bagi perbezaan PRK berdasarkan gaya keibubapaan

Setelah memperoleh keputusan signifikan melalui ujian *Multivariate*, kajian terperinci dilakukan untuk mengetahui sama ada kemahiran PRK (strategi kognitif dan regulasi kendiri) berbeza antara semua kumpulan gaya keibubapaan. Berdasarkan Jadual 4, didapati kumpulan gaya keibubapaan permisif memperoleh nilai min yang lebih tinggi berbanding gaya keibubapaan autoritatif, autoritarian, dan pengabaian dalam kemahiran PRK (strategi kognitif, regulasi kendiri).

| Pemboleh Ubah Bersandar | Pemboleh Ubah Bebas | Min | Sisihan Piawai |
|----|----|----|----|
| Strategi Kognitif | Autoritatif | 3.653 | 0.064 |
|   | Autoritarian | 3.463  | 0.069  |
|   | Permisif | 3.715 | 0.063 |
|   | Pengabaian | 3.324 | 0.071 |
| Regulasi Kendiri | Autoritatif | 3.714 | 0.073 |
|   | Autoritarian | 3.531 | 0.078 |
|   | Permisif | 3.794 | 0.071 |
|   | Pengabaian | 3.353 | 0.080 |

Jadual 4 Perbandingan pembelajaran regulasi kendiri berdasarkan gaya keibubapaan

Dapatan ujian menunjukkan bahawa terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara gaya keibubapaan autoritatif, autoritarian, permisif dan pengabaian dalam strategi kognitif (F=7.117, p=0.000<0.05), regulasi kendiri (F=6.726, p=0.000<0.05). Hal ini bermakna terdapat perbezaan dalam strategi kognitif dan regulasi kendiri pelajar berdasarkan gaya keibubapaan. Maka, analisis post hoc dijalankan bagi mengenal pasti perbezaan PRK dari aspek strategi kognitif dan regulasi kendiri berdasarkan gaya keibubapaan dengan lebih terperinci.

Keputusan ujian Post Hoc Bonferroni menunjukkan bahawa terdapat perbezaan signifikan strategi kognitif dan regulasi kendiri berdasarkan gaya keibubapaan autoritatif dan pengabaian (strategi kognitif;p=0.004, regulasi kendiri;p=0.006) serta gaya keibubapaan permisif dan pengabaian (strategi kognitif;p=0.000, regulasi kendiri;p=0.000). Ini menunjukkan bahawa 1) Kumpulan gaya keibubapaan autoritatif mempunyai strategi kognitif dan regulasi kendiri pelajar yang lebih baik dari kumpulan gaya pengabaian. 2) Kumpulan gaya keibubapaan permisif mempunyai strategi kognitif dan regulasi kendiri pelajar yang lebih baik dari kumpulan gaya pengabaian.

## PERBINCANGAN

Secara keseluruhan, kajian ini adalah untuk meninjau pola-pola gaya keibubapaan dalam kalangan ibu bapa di Malaysia dan perkaitannya ke atas PRK pelajar sekolah menengah. Kajian ini amat berguna dalam memberikan maklumat terkini kepada gaya keibubapaan yang sesuai dalam usaha mempromosikan PRK yang mungkin mampu meningkatkan pencapaian akademik anak-anak remaja.

---

1694

2017年教育研究研讨会

3月20-22日于砂拉越古晋师范学院

---

| 效应 | 威尔克斯Lambda值 | F值 | 组间自由度 | 组内自由度 | 显著性水平  |
|----|----|----|----|----|----|
| 父母教养方式 | 0.915 | 3.896 | 6 | 514  | 0.001 |

表3 基于父母教养方式的PRK差异的MANOVA分析

在通过*多变量*检验获得显著结果后，进行了详细研究，以确定PRK技能（认知策略和自我调节）在所有父母教养方式组之间是否存在差异。根据表4，发现在PRK技能（认知策略、自我调节）方面，纵容型父母教养方式组获得的平均值高于权威型、专制型和忽视型父母教养方式组。

| 因变量 | 自变量 | 最小值 | 标准差 |
|----|----|----|----|
| 认知策略 | 权威型 | 3.653 | 0.064 |
|   | 专制型 | 3.463  | 0.069  |
|   | 纵容型 | 3.715 | 0.063 |
|   | 忽视型 | 3.324 | 0.071 |
| 自我调节 | 权威型 | 3.714 | 0.073 |
|   | 专制型 | 3.531 | 0.078 |
|   | 纵容型 | 3.794 | 0.071 |
|   | 忽视型 | 3.353 | 0.080 |

表4 基于父母教养方式的自我调节学习比较

测试结果表明，在认知策略 (F=7.117, p=0.000<0.05) 和自我调节 (F=6.726, p=0.000<0.05) 方面，权威型、专制型、纵容型和忽视型父母教养方式之间存在显著差异。这意味着学生的认知策略和自我调节能力因父母教养方式的不同而存在差异。因此，进行事后分析以更详细地确定基于父母教养方式的PRK在认知策略和自我调节方面的差异。

Post Hoc Bonferroni 检验结果表明，权威型与忽视型父母教养方式之间 (认知策略;p=0.004, 自我调节;p=0.006) 以及纵容型与忽视型父母教养方式之间 (认知策略;p=0.000, 自我调节;p=0.000) 在认知策略和自我调节方面存在显著差异。这表明：1) 权威型父母教养方式组的学生比忽视型教养方式组的学生具有更好的认知策略和自我调节能力。2) 纵容型父母教养方式组的学生比忽视型教养方式组的学生具有更好的认知策略和自我调节能力。

## 讨论

总体而言，本研究旨在探讨马来西亚父母的教养方式模式及其对中学生PRK的影响。这项研究非常有助于提供关于适当的父母教养方式的最新信息，以促进PRK，从而可能提高青少年子女的学业成绩。

---

1694

Education Research Seminar 2017

March 20-22 at IPBL, Kuching, Sarawak

---

| Effect | Wilks’ Lambda Value | F Value | D.F Between Groups | D.F Within Groups | Significance Level |
|----|----|----|----|----|----|
| Parenting Style | 0.915 | 3.896 | 6 | 514  | 0.001 |

Table 3 MANOVA analysis of PRK differences based on parenting styles

After obtaining significant results through the *Multivariate* test, a detailed study was conducted to find out whether PRK skills (cognitive strategies and self-regulation) differed between all parenting style groups.  Based on Table 4, it was found that the permissive parenting style group obtained a higher mean value compared to authoritative, authoritarian, and neglectful parenting styles in PRK skills (cognitive strategies, self-regulation).

| Dependent Variable | Independent Variable | Min | Standard Deviation |
|----|----|----|----|
| Cognitive Strategy | Authoritative | 3.653 | 0.064 |
|   | Authoritarian | 3.463  | 0.069  |
|   | Permissive | 3.715 | 0.063 |
|   | Neglectful | 3.324 | 0.071 |
| Self-Regulation | Authoritative | 3.714 | 0.073 |
|   | Authoritarian | 3.531 | 0.078 |
|   | Permissive | 3.794 | 0.071 |
|   | Neglectful | 3.353 | 0.080 |

Table 4 Comparison of self-regulated learning based on parenting style

The test findings indicate that there are significant differences among the authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful parenting styles in cognitive strategy (F=7.117, p=0.000<0.05) and self-regulation (F=6.726, p=0.000<0.05). This means there are differences in students' cognitive strategies and self-regulation based on parenting style. Therefore, a post hoc analysis was conducted to identify the differences in PRK in terms of cognitive strategies and self-regulation based on parenting style in more detail.

The Post Hoc Bonferroni test results show that there are significant differences in cognitive strategies and self-regulation between the authoritative and neglectful parenting styles (cognitive strategy; p=0.004, self-regulation; p=0.006) as well as between the permissive and neglectful parenting styles (cognitive strategy; p=0.000, self-regulation; p=0.000). This indicates that: 1) The authoritative parenting style group has better student cognitive strategies and self-regulation than the neglectful style group. 2) The permissive parenting style group has better student cognitive strategies and self-regulation than the neglectful style group.

## DISCUSSION

Overall, this study aims to survey parenting style patterns among parents in Malaysia and their relationship to the SRL of secondary school students. This study is very useful in providing current information on suitable parenting styles in an effort to promote SRL, which may be able to improve the academic achievement of adolescent children.

---

1694


MYPOS

KOPI PAKPOS|TOEGOE

KOPI PAKPOS
KOPI PAKPOS TOEGOE
Melintasi Sejarah dengan Memori, Buku, dan Kopi

MYPOS

邮差先生咖啡 | TOEGOE

邮差先生咖啡

邮差先生咖啡 TOEGOE
以记忆、书籍和咖啡穿越历史

MYPOS

PAK POS COFFEE | TOEGOE

PAK POS COFFEE

PAK POS TUGU COFFEE
Crossing History with Memory, Books, and Coffee


الفرقُ بين ليلاً و اللّيل

تَقولُ : حَدَّثُتُهُ ليلاً يعني جزءا من اللَّيل
(سُبْحَانَ الَّذي أسْرَى بِعَبْدِهِ لَيْلاً)

،اللَّيل : إِذا عَرَّفْتَهُ ب ال استغرَقتَه
فعندَما تقولُ: صَحَوتُ اللَّيل يعني كُلَّ
.اللَّيل

(يُسَبِّحُونَ اللَّيْلَ وَالنَّهَارَ لَا يَفْتَرُونَ)
أي : طُول اللَّيلَ والنَّهار وأكَّدَهَا قَولهُ
.تعالى : (لاَ يَفْتَرُون)

د. حُسام النعيمي

“莱兰”与“莱勒”之间的区别

她说：“我于‘莱兰’与他交谈，意指夜晚的一部分。”
（赞颂真主，曾使他的仆人在夜间旅行。）

关于“莱勒”：若你以真主之名认知它，你将沉浸其中。
因此，当你说：“我于‘莱勒’醒来”，意指整个夜晚。

（他们昼夜赞颂真主，永不倦怠。）
即：昼夜的绵长，他以自己的话确认了这一点：（永不倦怠）。

胡萨姆·努艾米博士

The Difference Between "Laylan" and "Al-Layl"
She says: "I spoke to him laylan means a part of the night."
(Glory be to Him who took His servant by night.)

Regarding al-layl: If you recognize it by Allah, you will be engrossed in it.
Thus, when you say: "I woke up al-layl," it means the entire night.

(They glorify Allah by night and day and do not cease.)
That is: the length of the night and the day, and He confirmed it with His saying:(They do not cease).

Dr. Husam Al-Nu'aimi


NIVEAU 1

J'apprends à lire

avec Sami et Julie

Début de CP

Sami rêve

级别 1

我学阅读

与萨米和朱莉

小学一年级起始阶段

萨米做梦

Level 1

I'm learning to read

with Sami and Julie

Start of First Grade

Sami Dreams


3 Melhores passeios em
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30 ANOS DE TRADIÇÃO
BRISTOL

3 条最佳游览路线在

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30年传统
布里斯托尔

3 Best Tours in
*São Paulo*

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CALIGRAFÍA EN IMPRENTA
con chistes

A  B   C
JA
JA

A A A A
a a a a a a

¿Qué le dice un jardinero a otro?
¡Disfrutemos mientras podamos!

JA
JA
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100 Jokes to Practice Block Letter Calligraphy


ที่พัก นางฟ้า เทวดา
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다이어트 동기부여 문구 모음

不！

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غيابهم لا يضر

لا تتعلق بأي أحد
مهما كانت علاقتك به قوية
سيأتي اليوم الذي يجد فيه بديلًا لك
وسيقل سؤاله واهتمامه بك
وحين تسأله يجاوبك بكل برود
في البداية يعتذر لك ويتعلل بالظروف
أو يذكرك بزلاتك ويضع اللوم كله عليك
وربما لا يهتم..

مختصر كلامي!!
سِر في حياتك بهذا القانون
(وجودهم لطيف وغيابهم لا يضر)..

他们的缺席，并不会造成伤害

不要对任何人产生依恋
无论你与他们的关系多么亲密
总有一天，他会找到你的替代品
他对你的问候与关心，会渐渐减少
当你问起时，他们会冷淡地回答你
起初他会向你道歉，用各种借口搪塞
或是翻出你的过错，把所有责任都推给你
或许他们根本不在乎..

总而言之！！
请遵循这条生活法则
（他们的存在是美好的，而他们的缺席，不会造成伤害）..

**Their absence does not harm**

Do not get attached to anyone
No matter how strong your relationship with them is
The day will come when they find a replacement for you
And they will stop asking about you and lose interest in you
And when you ask them, they will answer you very coldly
At first, they will apologize to you and make excuses about circumstances
Or they will remind you of your slip-up and put all the blame on you
And perhaps they won't care..

**My words in brief!!**
Live your life by this rule
(Their presence is pleasant, and their absence does not harm)..


MIGLIOR RAPPORTO  QUALITÁ-PREZZO

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EDUARDO SERRANO ALONSO
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低组胺含量


@@일본인 연인 원한다면??

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@@如果想要日本恋人的话？？

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@@If you want a Japanese lover??
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与诅咒之星

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mk

Akaun 'boleh keluar bila-bila' KWSP mula bulan depan

Photo credit: Azneal Ishak | malaysiakini

mk

马来西亚雇员公积金局‘可随时提取’账户下月启动

图片来源：阿兹尼尔·伊沙克 | 当今大马

mk

EPF 'anytime withdrawal' account to start next month

Photo credit: Azneal Ishak | malaysiakini


Auch eine Option

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13  15  17

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test.de

Foto: Getty Images, THEPALMER

也是一个选项
但是一把好的电动牙刷只要20欧元

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test.de

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That’s also an option

But a good electric toothbrush can be had for as little as 20 €
13  15  17

Stiftung Warentest
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DU LỊCH TÍNH
BĀ RỊA VU᷈NG TĀU
Thời tiết Vũng Tàu
Thứ Ba 21.01.2025

旅游资讯
巴地头顿省
头顿天气
2025年1月21日 星期二

Travel Guide
Ba Ria - Vung Tau
Vung Tau Weather
Tuesday 21.01.2025


包包不错
bāo bāo bù cuò
Beg tangannya bagus

谢谢
xiè xie
Terima kasih

是我前夫
shì wǒ qián fū
Ia adalah bekas suamiku

RafizahCianLin

包包不错
bāo bāo bù cuò
它的手感很好

谢谢
xiè xie
谢谢（Terima kasih）

是我前夫
shì wǒ qián fū
他是我的前夫

拉菲扎·茜琳

Nice bag
bāo bāo bù cuò
The handbag is nice

Thank you
xiè xie
Thank you

He is my ex-husband
shì wǒ qián fū
He is my ex-husband

RafizahCianLin


- Memperoleh dari sumber aslinya
- Fakta yang diidentifikasi dengan cara menggambarkan dan menafsirkannya dari sumber yang asli.
- Fakta yang diperoleh dari orang mengidentifikasi dengan jalan menyusunnya dalam bentuk *abstract reasoning* (penalaran abstrak).

Selain teori dan fakta ilmiah, hipotesis dapat pula dirumuskan berdasarkan beberapa sumber lain, yakni:

- Kebudayaan dimana ilmu atau teori yang relevan dibentuk
- Ilmu yang menghasilkan teori yang relevan
- Analogi
- Reaksi individu terhadap sesuatu dan pengalaman

6. Pengujian Hipotesis (*Hypothesis Testing*)

a. Kegunaan Uji Hipotesis

Ada kekeliruan umum yang selama ini dilakukan oleh para peneliti, terutama para peneliti muda seperti mahasiswa, ketika membuat hipotesis ketika tidak mengidentifikasikan perbedaan antara pengembangan hipotesis dan pengujian hipotesis. Pada tahapan pengembangan, hipotesis yang dihasilkan hanya satu, yaitu keyakinan sementara peneliti atau jawaban sementara peneliti dari pertanyaan peneliti. Keyakinan ini dibuat berdasarkan rujukan-rujukan kajian literatur dan/atau fakta ilmiah yang ada, apakah bersifat hipotesis nol (H₀) atau

---
METODOLOGI PENELITIAN EKONOMI DAN BISNIS ISLAM | 183

- 从原始来源获取
- 通过描述和解释原始来源来识别的事实。
- 从他人那里获得的事实，通过将其组织成*抽象推理* (抽象推理)的形式来识别。

除了理论和科学事实外，假设也可以根据其他几个来源来制定，即：

- 相关科学或理论形成的文化
- 产生相关理论的科学
- 类比
- 个体对事物的反应和经验

6. 假设检验 (*假设检验*)

a. 假设检验的用途

研究人员，特别是像学生这样的年轻研究人员，在提出假设时普遍存在一个错误，即未能区分假设的建立和假设的检验。在建立阶段，产生的假设只有一个，即研究者的临时信念或研究者对研究问题的临时答案。这种信念是基于现有的文献综述和/或科学事实而建立的，无论是零假设 (H₀) 还是

---
伊斯兰经济与商业研究方法论 | 183

- Obtaining from its original source
- Facts identified by describing and interpreting them from the original source.
- Facts obtained from individuals identifying by formulating them in the form of *abstract reasoning* (abstract reasoning).

Besides theory and scientific facts, hypotheses can also be formulated based on several other sources, namely:

- Culture where relevant science or theory is formed
- Science that produces relevant theory
- Analogy
- Individual reactions to something and experience

6. Hypothesis Testing (*Hypothesis Testing*)

a. Purpose of Hypothesis Testing

There is a common misconception among researchers, especially young researchers such as students, when formulating hypotheses, in that they fail to identify the difference between hypothesis development and hypothesis testing. In the development stage, only one hypothesis is produced, which is the researcher's temporary belief or temporary answer to the research question. This belief is formed based on literature review references and/or existing scientific facts, whether it is a null hypothesis (H₀) or

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ISLAMIC ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | 183


16

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Tabelle 4 Exportquoten ausgewählter Länder 1960-1987 (vH) (a)>

|  | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1987 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bundesrepublik | 19,0 | 21,2 | 26,5 | 28,7 |
| Australien | 14,6 | 14,8 | 16,4 | 16,7 |
| Frankreich | 15,0 | 16,3 | 22,2 | 20,8 |
| Italien | 12,2 | 15,4 | 21,8 | 19,7 |
| Kanada | 17,5 | 22,7 | 28,5 | 26,5 |
| Japan | 10,8 | 10,8 | 13,7 | 11,2 |
| Niederlande | 47,7 | 44,8 | 52,5 | 55,5 |
| Österreich | 24,3 | 31,1 | 36,8 | 35,5 |
| Schweden | 22,9 | 24,1 | 29,8 | 32,4 |
| Spanien | 10,2 | 13,3 | 15,8 | 19,7 |
| Vereinigte Staaten | 5,2 | 5,9 | 10,2 | 7,4 |
| Vereinigtes Königreich | 21,1 | 23,2 | 27,7 | 26,4 |

(a) Export von Waren und Dienstieistungen als Anteil am Bruttoinlands-produkt.

Quelle: OECD [c].

23.Die Exportquote sagt für sich genommen recht wenig aus über die internationale Verflechtung einer Volkswirtschaft. Kleine Länder haben erfahrungsgemäß höhere Exportquoten als große Länder. Ein Vergleich der Exportquote der Bundesrepublik mit der der Vereinigten Staaten wäre beispielsweise wenig sinnvoll; angemessener wäre ein Vergleich mit den Neuengland-Staaten, wobei die Exporte dieser Region in andere Re-gionen der Vereinigten Staaten mit zu berücksichtigen wären.

Der Einfluß der Ländergröße (gemessen an der Bevölkerung) auf die Außenhandelsverflechtung (gemessen an der Exportquote) wurde für das Jahr 1987 im Querschnitt aller OECD-Länder überprüft. Dabei zeigte sich ein statistisch hochsignifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen diesen beiden Variablen (Schaubild 4). Die Abweichung der tatsächlichen Exportquote eines Landes vom regressionsanalytisch ermittelten Durchschnitt ist ein besserer Indikator für die Verflechtung der Märkte als ein schlichter Vergleich nationaler Exportquoten.

24. Nach diesem Kriterium sind sowohl die Bundesrepublik als auch die Niederlande und das Vereinigte Königreich überdurchschnittlich stark in-tegrierte Volkswirtschaften, während beispielsweise die hohen Exportquo-

16

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表4 部分国家1960 - 1987年出口份额（百分比）（a）>

|  | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1987 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 联邦德国 | 19,0 | 21,2 | 26,5 | 28,7 |
| 澳大利亚 | 14,6 | 14,8 | 16,4 | 16,7 |
| 法国 | 15,0 | 16,3 | 22,2 | 20,8 |
| 意大利 | 12,2 | 15,4 | 21,8 | 19,7 |
| 加拿大 | 17,5 | 22,7 | 28,5 | 26,5 |
| 日本 | 10,8 | 10,8 | 13,7 | 11,2 |
| 荷兰 | 47,7 | 44,8 | 52,5 | 55,5 |
| 奥地利 | 24,3 | 31,1 | 36,8 | 35,5 |
| 瑞典 | 22,9 | 24,1 | 29,8 | 32,4 |
| 西班牙 | 10,2 | 13,3 | 15,8 | 19,7 |
| 美国 | 5,2 | 5,9 | 10,2 | 7,4 |
| 英国 | 21,1 | 23,2 | 27,7 | 26,4 |

（a）商品和服务出口占国内生产总值的比重。

来源：经济合作与发展组织 [c]。

23. 出口份额本身对一个经济体的国际关联度说明不了太多问题。经验表明，小国的出口份额高于大国。例如，将联邦德国的出口份额与美国的出口份额进行比较没什么意义；与新英格兰各州进行比较会更合适，同时要考虑该地区对美国其他地区的出口情况。

以人口衡量的国家规模对以出口份额衡量的对外贸易关联度的影响，在1987年对所有经济合作与发展组织国家进行了横向检验。结果显示，这两个变量之间存在统计上高度显著的关联（图4）。一个国家实际出口份额与通过回归分析得出的平均值的偏差，比单纯比较各国出口份额更能反映市场的关联程度。

24. 按照这一标准，联邦德国、荷兰和英国都是一体化程度高于平均水平的经济体，而比如高出口份-

16

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Table 4 Export Ratios of selected countries 1960-1987 (in %) (a)>

|  | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1987 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Federal Republic of Germany | 19,0 | 21,2 | 26,5 | 28,7 |
| Australia | 14,6 | 14,8 | 16,4 | 16,7 |
| France | 15,0 | 16,3 | 22,2 | 20,8 |
| Italy | 12,2 | 15,4 | 21,8 | 19,7 |
| Canada | 17,5 | 22,7 | 28,5 | 26,5 |
| Japan | 10,8 | 10,8 | 13,7 | 11,2 |
| Netherlands | 47,7 | 44,8 | 52,5 | 55,5 |
| Austria | 24,3 | 31,1 | 36,8 | 35,5 |
| Sweden | 22,9 | 24,1 | 29,8 | 32,4 |
| Spain | 10,2 | 13,3 | 15,8 | 19,7 |
| United States | 5,2 | 5,9 | 10,2 | 7,4 |
| United Kingdom | 21,1 | 23,2 | 27,7 | 26,4 |

(a) Export of goods and services as a share of Gross Domestic Product.

Source: OECD [c].

23.The export ratio in itself says rather little about the international integration of an economy. Small countries, based on experience, have higher export ratios than large countries. A comparison of the export ratio of the Federal Republic of Germany with that of the United States, for example, would make little sense; a comparison with the New England states would be more appropriate, whereby the exports of this region to other regions of the United States would also have to be taken into account.

The influence of country size (measured by population) on foreign trade integration (measured by the export ratio) was examined for the year 1987 across all OECD countries. A statistically highly significant correlation was found between these two variables (Chart 4).  The deviation of a country's actual export ratio from the average determined by regression analysis is a better indicator of market integration than a simple comparison of national export ratios.

24. According to this criterion, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom are economies with an above-average degree of integration, while, for example, the high export ra-


33

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viên trong nhóm gặp phải. Mức độ bảo mật được cả nhóm thảo luận và cùng thống nhất.

*1.2.4.3. Giai đoạn nhóm thực hiện nhiệm vụ*

Sau khi lập kế hoạch hoạt động của nhóm, nhân viên công tác xã hội và nhóm thành viên nhóm sẽ tiến hành các hoạt động can thiệp nhóm theo như kế hoạch ban đầu. Để tổ chức được các hoạt động can thiệp nhóm hiệu quả, nhân viên công tác xã hội cần có sự chuẩn bị và điều phối các hoạt động nhóm một cách khoa học. Hỗ trợ các thành viên đạt được mục tiêu; làm việc với những thành viên đối kháng; Giám sát, đánh giá hoạt động nhóm.

*1.2.4.4. Giai đoạn lượng giá và kết thúc nhóm*

Giai đoạn cuối cùng trong tiến trình công tác xã hội nhóm là giai đoạn kết thúc. Hai công việc chính cần thực hiện trong giai đoạn kết thúc là: Lượng giá và kết thúc.

-*Lượng giá*: Nhân viên công tác xã hội sẽ cùng với các thành viên trong nhóm lượng giá các hoạt động đã tiến hành. Nội dung lượng giá: Mức độ đạt được của các mục tiêu nhóm; sự thay đổi của từng thành viên trong nhóm; các phương pháp đã được sử dụng trong quá trình sinh hoạt nhóm; các hoạt động hành chính khác. Phương pháp lượng giá: Lượng giá trực tiếp thông qua trò chuyện, quan sát; lượng giá bằng phiếu đánh giá.

-*Kết thúc*: Cần tiến hành một số công việc sau: Thông báo cho về thời gian kết thúc từ ban đầu, giúp nhóm thân chủ chuẩn bị tâm thế sẵn sàng khi kết thúc hoạt động nhóm. Thực hành một số kỹ năng xử lý tình huống phát sinh khi kết thúc. Khẳng định với nhóm thân chủ về quá trình hỗ trợ của nhân viên công tác xã hội sau khi nhóm kết thúc. Hỗ trợ để các thành viên trong nhóm lập kế hoạch tương lai.

33

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小组成员所遇到的问题。保密程度由整个小组讨论并共同商定

*1.2.4.3. 小组执行任务阶段*
在制定了小组活动计划后，社会工作者和小组成员将按照最初的计划开展小组干预活动。为了有效地组织小组干预活动，社会工作者需要科学地准备和协调小组活动。支持成员实现目标；与对抗性成员合作；监督、评估小组活动。

*1.2.4.4. 评估与小组结束阶段*

小组社会工作过程的最后阶段是结束阶段。在结束阶段需要完成的两项主要工作是：评估和结束。

-*评估*：社会工作者将与小组成员一起评估已进行的活动。评估内容：小组目标的达成程度；小组中每个成员的变化；在小组活动过程中使用的方法；其他行政活动。评估方法：通过交谈、观察直接评估；通过评估表进行评估。

-*结束*：需要进行以下一些工作：从一开始就通知结束时间，帮助服务对象小组在小组活动结束时做好心理准备。练习一些处理结束时可能发生的情况的技巧。向服务对象小组确认社会工作者在小组结束后提供的支持过程。支持小组成员制定未来计划。

33

Issues encountered by members in the group. The level of confidentiality is discussed and agreed upon by the entire group.

*1.2.4.3. Group Task Implementation Phase*

After planning the group's activities, the social worker and the group members will carry out group intervention activities according to the initial plan. To organize effective group intervention activities, the social worker needs to prepare and coordinate group activities scientifically. Support members in achieving goals; work with resistant members; Monitor and evaluate group activities.

*1.2.4.4. Group Evaluation and Termination Phase*

The final phase in the group social work process is the termination phase. Two main tasks to be performed in the termination phase are: Evaluation and termination.

-*Evaluation*: The social worker, together with the group members, will evaluate the activities that have been carried out. Evaluation content: The extent to which group goals have been achieved; changes in each group member; methods used during group activities; other administrative activities. Evaluation methods: Direct evaluation through conversation and observation; evaluation using assessment forms.

-*Termination*: The following tasks need to be carried out: Inform about the termination time from the beginning, helping the client group prepare mentally for the end of group activities. Practice some skills for handling situations that arise upon termination. Affirm to the client group the social worker's support process after the group ends. Support group members in planning for the future.


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BAB SEBELAS
STRATEGI PEMBANGUNAN
EKONOMI ISLAM

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Syariah dalam mempromosikan inklusi keuangan di Indonesia. Sementara itu model pemberdayaan pertanian di pesantren merupakan program yang memadukan potensi pesantren dengan potensi pertanian dilingkungannya. Hal ini sangat bermanfaat tidak hanya dalam rangka penyediaan produk pertanian secara mandiri oleh pesantren tetapi juga menunmbuhkan jiwa bisnis para santri dan pihak terkait.

Beberapa contoh ini membuktikan bahwa pada dasarnya, sektor pertanian sendiri dapat dikembangkan dengan mengakomodir kemajuan zaman serta melihat potensi yang ada disekitarnya. Selain itu, program-program pemberdayaan berbasis ekonomi dan bisnis Syariah serta keuangan Syariah juga sangat cocok untuk dipadukan dengan sektor pertanian. Pola-pola pembangunan seperti ini dikembangkan bukan hanya untuk tujuan ekonomi tetapi juga untuk tujuan pembangunan sosial keagamaan, dimana hal ini selaras dengan tujuan ekonomi pembagunan islam secara umum.

2. Lingkungan
Saat ini, seluruh dunia semakin menyadari pentingnya dampak dari berbagai persoalan lingkungan hidup terhadap keberhasilan upaya pembangunan. Kegagalan pasar klasik juga telah menyebabkan terlalu banyak kerusakan lingkungan. Hal ini wajar,mengingat bagi sistem ekonomi yang dengan strategi tunggal hanya untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan (pertambahan GDP), perhatian pada aspek lingkungan merupakan sebuah dikotomi. Apalagi operasionalisasi produksi yang dilakukan bersifat padat modal. Perhatian pada aspek lingkungan dalam desain ekonomi seperti ini merupakan penghambat dalam menciptakan pertumbuhan yang setinggi-tingginya. Sebagai contoh pada pertumbuhan ekonomi yang memberdayakan *non-renewable resources* atau *depletable resources*. Di satu sisi produksi yang memberdayakan sumber daya jenis ini memberikan nilai tambah yang tinggi bagi pertumbuhan, tetapi disisi lain eksploitasi sumber daya seperti ini tidak *sustainability friendly*. Tidak hanya dalam aspek produksi, terkadang pebangunan yang lebih ditekankan pada pembangunan infrastruktur juga tidak jarang harus mengobarkan lingkungan seperti semakin berkurangnya lahan hijau.

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 468 | EKONOMI PEMBANGUNAN ISLAM

第十一章 伊斯兰经济的发展战略

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伊斯兰教法在印度尼西亚促进金融包容性方面。与此同时，伊斯兰寄宿学校的农业赋能模式是一项将伊斯兰寄宿学校的潜力与其周边农业潜力相结合的项目。这不仅对伊斯兰寄宿学校自主提供农产品而言大有益处，还能培养学生及相关人员的商业意识。

上述实例充分表明，农业领域本身可通过顺应时代发展、挖掘周边现有潜力实现发展。此外，基于伊斯兰经济与商业、伊斯兰金融的各类赋能项目，也十分适合与农业领域相结合。此类发展模式的推行，不仅着眼于经济目标，还兼顾社会宗教建设目标，这与伊斯兰经济发展的总体目标相一致。

2. 环境
当下，全球各国愈发意识到各类环境问题对发展努力取得成功的重要影响。传统市场失灵也已造成严重的环境破坏。这是合理的，考虑到对于仅以单一战略来促进增长（国内生产总值增长）的经济体系而言，对环境方面的关注是一种二分法。更何况所开展的生产运营具有资本密集型特点。在这样的经济设计中对环境方面的关注是创造尽可能高增长的一个阻碍。例如在利用*不可再生资源*或*耗竭性资源*实现的经济增长中。一方面，利用这类资源开展生产为增长带来了高附加值，但另一方面，此类资源开发并不*利于可持续性*。不仅在生产方面，有时更侧重于基础设施建设的发展也往往不得不以牺牲环境为代价，比如绿地日益减少。

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 468 | 伊斯兰发展经济学

CHAPTER ELEVEN (BAB SEBELAS)
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES (STRATEGI PEMBANGUNAN)
ISLAMIC ECONOMY (EKONOMI ISLAM)

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Sharia in promoting financial inclusion in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the agricultural empowerment model in Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) is a program that integrates the potential of the pesantren with the agricultural potential of their surroundings. This is highly beneficial not only for the independent provision of agricultural products by the pesantren but also for fostering the entrepreneurial spirit among students (santri) and related parties.

These examples demonstrate that, fundamentally, the agricultural sector itself can be developed by accommodating contemporary advancements and recognizing the potential in its vicinity. Furthermore, empowerment programs based on Sharia economics and business, as well as Sharia finance, are also highly suitable for integration with the agricultural sector. Such development patterns are pursued not only for economic objectives but also for socio-religious development goals, aligning with the broader objectives of Islamic economic development.

2. Environment (2. Lingkungan)
Currently, the entire world is increasingly recognizing the significant impact of various environmental problems on the success of development efforts. Classical market failures have also led to excessive environmental damage. This is understandable, given that for an economic system with the sole strategy of increasing growth (GDP growth), attention to environmental aspects constitutes a dichotomy. This is especially true when production operations are capital-intensive. Attention to environmental aspects in such economic designs acts as an impediment to achieving the highest possible growth. For instance, in economic growth that utilizes *non-renewable resources* or *depletable resources*. On one hand, production that utilizes these types of resources provides high added value for growth; however, on the other hand, the exploitation of such resources is not *sustainability friendly*. Not only in the production aspect, but development focused on infrastructure also frequently necessitates sacrificing the environment, such as the reduction of green spaces.

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468 | ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS (468 | EKONOMI PEMBANGUNAN ISLAM)