Hak Cipta Dilindungi Undang-Undang
Dilarang mereproduksi seluruh maupun sebagian isi buku ini dalam bentuk apapun, elektronik, maupun media cetak, termasuk dalam sistem penyimpanan dan kearsipan, tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit dan penulis kecuali untuk kepentingan ilmiah dan ulasan sebagai kutipan singkat.

Sanksi Pelanggaran Pasal 44
Undang Undang Nomer 7 Tahun 1987 Tentang HAK CIPTA:

1. Barangsiapa dengan sengaja tanpa hak mengumumkan atau memperbanyak suatu ciptaan atau memberi izin untuk itu, dipidana penjara paling lama 7 (tujuh) tahun dan / atau denda paling banyak Rp 100.000.000,00 (seratus juta rupiah).

2. Barangsiapa dengan sengaja menyerahkan, memamerkan, mengedarkan, atau menjual kepada umum suatu ciptaan atau barang hasil pelanggaran Hak Cipta sebagaimana yang dimaksud dalam ayat (1), dipidana penjara paling lama 5 (lima) tahun dan atau denda paling banyak Rp 50.000.000,00 (lima puluh juta rupiah).

---
ii

版权受法律保护
未经出版商和作者的书面许可，禁止以任何电子或印刷形式，包括存储与归档系统，复制本书的全部或部分内容，学术研究和评论所需的简短引用除外。
违反1987年第7号《版权法》第44条的处罚：

1. 任何人故意在无权利的情况下公布、复制某一作品或为此授予许可，可被判处最长7年监禁和/或最高一亿印尼盾罚款。

2. 任何人故意向公众移交、展示、传播或出售第（1）款所述的作品或侵犯版权的物品，可被判处最长5年监禁和/或最高五千万印尼盾罚款。

---
ii

Copyright Protected by Law
It is prohibited to reproduce all or part of the contents of this book in any form, electronic or print media, including in storage and archiving systems, without written permission from the publisher and author, except for scientific purposes and reviews as brief quotations.

Penalties for Violation of Article 44
Law Number 7 of 1987 Concerning COPYRIGHT:

1.  Anyone who intentionally and without right announces or reproduces a creation or gives permission for it, shall be punished with imprisonment for a maximum of 7 years and/or a fine of a maximum of Rp 100,000,000.00.

2.  Anyone who intentionally submits, displays, distributes, or sells to the public a creation or goods resulting from Copyright infringement as referred to in paragraph (1), shall be punished with imprisonment for a maximum of 5 years and/or a fine of a maximum of Rp 50,000,000.00.

---
ii


一碗汤面仅需1令吉！新山柏龄广场

Just RM1 for Tong Bowl! Paradigm Mall, Johor Bahru


คาเฟ่ใหม่ ทุ่งสีเขียว
The Barnery สระบุรี

新咖啡馆 绿色田野
巴纳里 北标府

New Cafe, Green Field
The Barnery, Saraburi


Vitamin C paling ramai cari!!

Shaklee

Sustained Release Vita-C Plus™

Vitamin C, Citrus Bioflavonoids & Hesperidin

Naturally Sourced Bioflavonoids

HEALTH SUPPLEMENT
180 TABLETS

最受欢迎的维生素C！！

嘉康利

缓释维生素C加强片™

维生素C、柑橘类生物类黄酮及橙皮苷

天然来源的生物类黄酮

营养补充剂
180片装

The Most Sought-After Vitamin C!!

Shaklee

Sustained Release Vita-C Plus™

Vitamin C, Citrus Bioflavonoids & Hesperidin

Naturally Sourced Bioflavonoids

HEALTH SUPPLEMENT
180 TABLETS


Wild Duck Cafe
คาเฟ่น้องเป็ด มีนบุรี

野鸭咖啡馆
野鸭咖啡馆 民武里


ADHD 가 의심된다면?

산만한 아이 영양제 필승조합

如果怀疑是多动症？

注意力涣散儿童营养剂必备组合

If You Suspect ADHD?

Essential Nutritional Supplement Combination for Inattentive Children


mini
Caritas

8 PACKS de 4
cacau
HACENDADO

迷你
小笑脸
8包装 每包4个
可可
哈森达多

mini
Caritas
8 PACKS of 4
cocoa
HACENDADO


IsabellaˢRestaurant

Magnífico italiano en la zona alta

伊莎贝拉餐厅

高档区域的精美意大利餐厅

Isabella's Restaurant

Magnificent Italian restaurant in the upscale area


수원
영흥수목원
도심 속의 초록초록 수목원

水原
永兴植物园
都市中绿意盎然的植物园

Suwon
Yeongheung Arboretum
A lush green arboretum in the heart of the city


*Taksim'de  Görülmesi Gereken 4  Tarihi Pasaj*

Detaylar açıklamada

*塔克西姆必看的4个历史拱廊*

详情见说明

*4 Must-See Historic Passages in Taksim*

Details in the description


멜로우스트리트

위치: 서울특별시 관악구 관악로14길 104 1층
영업시간: 매일 11:00-22:00
두바이초콜릿 푸딩

梅尔街

位置：首尔特别市 冠岳区 冠岳路14街104号1层
营业时间：每天11:00-22:00
迪拜巧克力布丁

Mellow Street

Location: 1st Floor, 104 Gwanak-ro 14-gil, Gwanak-gu, Seoul
Business Hours: Daily 11:00-22:00
Dubai Chocolate Pudding


JAPAN TRAVEL
Hokkaido mempunyai iklim yang unik dan berbeda dibandingkan pulau Jepang lainnya

日本旅行
北海道拥有独特的气候，与其他日本岛屿截然不同

JAPAN TRAVEL
Hokkaido has a unique climate that is different from other Japanese islands


cenni di ripresa nelle vendite, mentre le aziende italiane come Gucci, Bottega Veneta e Prada “are concentrating on consolidating what everyone calls “a slight, but surprising growth”.⁹¹

---

⁹¹ “Surprise  recovery  in  Japan:  business  on  the  rise”  in  *Pambianco  News*,  5/6/2012 (http://en.pambianconews.com/analysis/surprise-recovery-in-japan-business-on-the-rise/).
40

销售复苏的迹象，而诸如古驰、葆蝶家和普拉达等意大利公司“正专注于巩固所有人所说的“轻微但令人惊讶的增长”。⁹¹

---

⁹¹ “日本的意外复苏：业务增长”，载于*潘比安科新闻*，2012年5月6日（http://en.pambianconews.com/analysis/surprise-recovery-in-japan-business-on-the-rise/）。
40

signs of recovery in sales, while Italian companies like Gucci, Bottega Veneta and Prada “are concentrating on consolidating what everyone calls “a slight, but surprising growth”.⁹¹

---

⁹¹ “Surprise recovery in Japan: business on the rise” in *Pambianco News*, 5/6/2012 (http://en.pambianconews.com/analysis/surprise-recovery-in-japan-business-on-the-rise/).
40


Hotels auf Koh Samui für Fans von

The White Lotus

Passend zur dritten Staffel der Kultserie: Entdeckt unsere schönsten Hotels auf der Insel!

苏梅岛酒店，粉丝之选：

白莲花

为配合这部热门剧集的第三季：快来探索岛上我们最美的酒店吧！

Hotels on Koh Samui for Fans of

The White Lotus

To tie in with the third season of the cult series: Discover our most beautiful hotels on the island!


كريات الدجاج بكريمة الجبن

@MURVABELLE

Chicken Balls with Cheese Cream
@MURVABELLE


*Visée*
\全色色卡/
粘膜色伪装唇膏

*Visée*
\Full color swatches/
NENMAKU FAKE ROUGE


هذا هي
المنافسات الصح

انتيك خانة

VS

انتيك خانة

انتيك خانة

ANTIK KHANA

这就是
真正的对战

复古风格的餐厅

对战

复古风格的餐厅

复古风格的餐厅

复古风格的餐厅

This is it
The Real Competitions

Antik Khana

VS

Antik Khana

Antik Khana

ANTIK KHANA


伊斯坦布尔
十二月
音乐会


PRISTINETM
PROFESSIONAL
MULTI
PURPOSE

مكرونة
بالكريمة

普瑞斯汀™
专业级
多
用途

意面
配奶油

PRISTINETM
PROFESSIONAL
MULTI
PURPOSE

Pasta
with Cream


دايت 613

اومليت بالخضار

07755533412

OH المنصور سايدين فلافل الريحان مقابل أسواق

健康饮食613

蔬菜煎蛋卷

07755533412

曼苏尔区，赛丁街区，雷汉法拉费尔店，OH市场对面

Diet 613

Omelette with Vegetables

07755533412

Al-Mansour, Saydin, Falafel Al-Rayhan, opposite OH markets


*Leydi*
Leydi PREMIUM Heisswachs

1000g ℮

*蕾迪*
蕾迪高级热蜡
1000克 ℮


LESTE  EUROPEU

leste Europeu e suas capitais  imperiais.

Google Earth
Landsat / Copernicus, Data SIO, NOAA

东欧

东欧及其皇都。

谷歌地球
陆地卫星 / 哥白尼计划，数据 SIO，NOAA

EASTERN EUROPE

Eastern Europe and its imperial capitals.

Google Earth
Landsat / Copernicus, Data SIO, NOAA


DUE
cuori
IN
Tribunale

SABRINA PENNACCHIO
WORLD NEWS

两个
心
在
法庭

萨布丽娜·彭纳基奥
世界新闻

TWO
hearts
IN
court

SABRINA PENNACCHIO
WORLD NEWS


ОТКРОЙ ДЛЯ СЕБЯ КАМЧАТКУ С НАМИ

05.07-13.07.2024 (9 дней, 8 ночей)

与我们一同探索堪察加
2024年7月5日-7月13日（9天8晚）

Discover Kamchatka for Yourself with Us
05.07-13.07.2024 (9 days, 8 nights)


FORNO
A Bite From Italy

forno._pizza

!التوصيل مجاني
داخل منطقة
العامرية

福尔诺
意式风味

福尔诺披萨

免费配送！
区域内
阿米利亚区

Forno
A Taste of Italy

forno._pizza

Free Delivery!
Within the area of
Al Amriya


ĐỒNG TIếN $ ^{®} $
BAKERY—TƯƠI MỚI MỖI NGÀY

Tươi mới mỗi ngày

Tươi mới mỗi ngày

BÁnH SữA CHuA DÂu

Tươi mới mỗi ngày

同进 $ ^{®} $
烘焙坊—每日新鲜

每日新鲜

每日新鲜

草莓酸奶蛋糕

每日新鲜

ĐỒNG TIếN $ ^{®} $
BAKERY—FRESH EVERY DAY

Fresh every day

Fresh every day

STRAWBERRY YOGURT CAKE

Fresh every day


необходимый элемент борьбы между покупателями и продавцами, а отсюда и покупную цену (фр.). — Примеч. пер.]                1 Г ] * Только (фр.).Z U J

买方和卖方之间斗争的必要因素，并由此决定购买价格(法语)。— 译者注]               1 Г ] * 仅限(法语)。Z U J

a necessary element of the struggle between buyers and sellers, and hence the purchase price (Fr.).  — Translator's note.]                 1 Г ] * Only (Fr.).Z U J


COMIDA

Gin Library. A livraria açoriana que guarda mais de 1800 referências de gin

∏iT

食物

金酒图书馆。这家亚速尔群岛的图书馆收藏着超过1800款金酒

∏iT

FOOD

Gin Library. The Azorean library that holds more than 1800 gin references

∏iT


caps'me
UN PEU, BEAUCOUP, À L'INFINI

OPERCULES
EN PAPIER COMPOSTABLE*

×120

✓ POUR CAPSULES RÉUTILISABLES

✓ ÉCONOMIQUE

FABRIQUÉS EN FRANCE

®

compostable

caps'me
一点点，很多，直到无限

封口膜
可堆肥纸质*

×120

✓ 适用于可重复使用胶囊

✓ 经济实惠

法国制造

®

可堆肥

caps'me
A LITTLE, A LOT, TO INFINITELY

LIDS
MADE OF COMPOSTABLE PAPER*

×120

✓ FOR REUSABLE CAPSULES

✓ ECONOMICAL

MADE IN FRANCE

®

compostable


L'ANGFARM
BÁNH
-
MA CA RON
-
ĐÀ LẠT
-
MINI

兰格农场
蛋糕
-
马卡龙
-
大叻
-
迷你

L'ANGFARM
Cake
-
Macaron
-
Da Lat
-
MINI


MAC
美艶リップ
MAC
MAC
1本持っておきたい

魅可
美艳唇膏
魅可
魅可
想要入手一支

MAC
Gorgeous Lipstick
MAC
MAC
Want to have one


una cigüeña

un cordero

una rana

un perro

un zorro

El libro de los ANIMALES y sus SONIDOS

un abejorro

una foca

una ardilla

un orangután

un petirrojo

un elefante

un patito
50 SONIDOS DISTINTOS

一只白鹳

一只羊羔

一只青蛙

一只狗

一只狐狸

《动物及其声音之书》

一只熊蜂

一只海豹

一只松鼠

一只红毛猩猩

一只知更鸟

一头大象

一只小鸭

50种不同的声音

a stork

a lamb

a frog

a dog

a fox

The Book of ANIMALS and Their SOUNDS

a bumblebee

a seal

a squirrel

an orangutan

a robin

an elephant

a duckling

50 DIFFERENT SOUNDS


ЧЕЛНЫ ХЛЕБ

ГОЛУБИКА
свежая,
125г

~~299.99~~

199.99

С 9 ПО 12 ФЕВРАЛЯ 2024г

Акционные цены действительны при предъявлении карты «Важен каждый».
Изображение товаров может незначительно отличаться от представленных в магазинах. Количество товара ограничено.
Цены указаны в рублях.

切尔内面包
蓝莓
新鲜的,
125克

~~299.99~~

199.99

2024年2月9日至12日

促销价格需出示“每位都重要”会员卡方可生效。
商品图片可能与商店中的实际商品略有不同。商品数量有限。
价格以卢布为单位。

CHELNY KHLEB
BLUEBERRIES
fresh,
125g

~~299.99~~

199.99

FROM FEBRUARY 9 TO 12, 2024

Promotional prices are valid upon presentation of the "Every Customer Matters" card.
The image of the products may slightly differ from those presented in stores.The quantity of goods is limited.
Prices are indicated in rubles.


BIPI FACT
Korea Selatan memiliki iklim kontinental basah dan
subtropis basah. Hal ini membuat Korea sangat panas
ketika musim panas dan cukup nyaman di musim dingin. Suhu rata-rata ketika musim panas adalah 22 sampai 30 derajat celcius sedangkan -7 sampai 1 derajat celcius di musim dingin.

정남현

PNB

BIPI 事实
韩国拥有湿润大陆性气候和湿润亚热带气候。这使得韩国夏季非常炎热，冬季则相当舒适。夏季平均气温为22至30摄氏度，而冬季为-7至1摄氏度。

正南县

PNB

BIPI FACT
South Korea has a humid continental and humid subtropical climate. This makes Korea very hot during summer and quite comfortable in winter. The average temperature during summer is 22 to 30 degrees Celsius, while it is -7 to 1 degrees Celsius in winter.

Jingnam Prefecture

PNB


ที่พักติดทะเล เปิดใหม่ ‼
Sunvada Beach ระยอง

VADA VILLA 1

海滨住宿 新开业 ！！
苏万达海滩 罗勇

瓦达别墅 1

Beachfront Accommodation, Newly Opened ‼
Sunvada Beach Rayong

VADA VILLA 1


ВАФЕЛЬНИЦА

1 ГОД

ГАРАНТИИ

КИСТОЧКА В ПОДАРОК

РЕЦЕПТЫ В ИНСТРУКЦИИ

WAFFLE
MAKER

华夫饼机

1 年

保修

附赠清洁刷

说明书中附带食谱

华夫饼
制作机

Waffle Maker

1 YEAR

WARRANTY

FREE BRUSH

RECIPES IN THE MANUAL

WAFFLE
MAKER


FATSECRETFRANCE

7 JOURS, 7 RECETTES !   UN MENU COMPLET DU 23 AU 29/09 !
CROQUE-MONSIEUR AU FOUR
PÂTES AU POULET ET CHAMPIGNONS
LASAGNE DE PATATE DOUCE
POTIMARRON FARCI
CROQUE PANCAKE
BURGER RACLETTE
RISOTTO AUX ÉPINARDS & CHÈVRE
DÉCOUVREZ VOTRE MENU PARFAIT POUR CETTE SEMAINE SWIPEZ POUR TOUTES LES RECETTES COMPLÈTES →

FATSECRET法国

7天，7道食谱！09月23日至29日完整菜单！
烤箱版法式火腿奶酪三明治
鸡肉蘑菇意面
红薯千层面
填馅栗子南瓜
法式煎饼三明治
拉克莱特奶酪汉堡
菠菜山羊奶酪烩饭
发现您本周的完美菜单 滑动查看所有完整食谱 →

FATSECRET FRANCE

7 DAYS, 7 RECIPES! A COMPLETE MENU FROM 23 TO 29/09!
OVEN-BAKED CROQUE MONSIEUR
CHICKEN AND MUSHROOM PASTA
SWEET POTATO LASAGNA
STUFFED RED KURI SQUASH
CROQUE PANCAKE
RACLETTE BURGER
SPINACH & GOAT CHEESE RISOTTO
DISCOVER YOUR PERFECT MENU FOR THIS WEEK SWIPE FOR ALL THE COMPLETE RECIPES →


제주
구두미포구
여름 낭만 가득한 제주의 작은 포구

济州
九杜美渔港
充满夏日浪漫的济州小港口

Jeju
GudumiPort
Jeju's small port, full of summer romance


ТОВАР НЕДЕЛИ

Диван "Пума"

525 000 тг

Старая цена
~~625 000~~ тг

本周商品

沙发“彪马”

525 000 坚戈

原价
~~625 000~~ 坚戈

Product of the Week

Sofa "Puma"

525 000 KZT

Old price
~~625 000~~ KZT


4 美食新动态
在阿利坎特


ОНЛАЙН-КИНОТЕАТР
START

ПРЕМЬЕРЫ ЭТОЙ НЕДЕЛИ

24 МАРТА, ПН
Инспектор Гаврилов.
Новый сезон
12 серия
Три плюс три
8 серия

25 МАРТА, ВТ
Три плюс три
9 серия

26 МАРТА, СР
Три плюс три
10 серия

27 МАРТА, ЧТ
Опасная близость
3 серия
Манюня: День
Рождения Ба
премьера, фильм

在线影院
开始

本周首映

3月24日，周一
加夫里洛夫探长
新一季
12集
三加三
8集

3月25日，周二
三加三
9集

3月26日，周三
三加三
10集

3月27日，周四
危险关系
3集
玛牛妮娅：奶奶的生日
首映，电影

ONLINE CINEMA
START

PREMIERES THIS WEEK

MARCH 24, MON
Inspector Gavrilov.
New season
Episode 12
Three plus three
Episode 8

MARCH 25, TUE
Three plus three
Episode 9

MARCH 26, WED
Three plus three
Episode 10

MARCH 27, THU
Dangerous Intimacy
Episode 3
Manyunya: Ba's Birthday
premiere, film


كنافه تخلط مع ٥ ملاعق سمن و ٣ ملاعق زبده مذوبين واضيف
عليهم رشه من لون الطعام البرتقالي واصف نص الخليط بأسفل
الصينيه وعليها ٣ علب قشطه طازجه وعلبه قشطه قيمر وآخر شي
فوقهم اضيف باقي الكنافه وادخلها الفرن من الأسفل وبعدين
احمرها من الأعلى وتزين بالشيره

والفستق

tabkatyy

库纳法与5汤匙融化了的酥油和3汤匙融化了的黄油混合，并加入一撮橙色食用色素。将一半混合物铺在烤盘底部，上面放3盒新鲜奶油和盖玛尔奶油。最后，在最上面加入剩余的库纳法，放入烤箱从底部烘烤，然后从顶部烤至金红色，并用糖浆装饰。

和开心果

塔巴卡蒂

Knafeh is mixed with 5 tablespoons of ghee and 3 tablespoons of melted butter.Add a pinch of orange food coloring to this mixture.Arrange half of the mixture at the bottom of the pan. On top of it, layer 3 containers of fresh cream, and on that, qimar cream. Finally, add the remaining knafeh on top.Place it in the oven to bake with bottom heat, then golden-brown it from the top. It is then garnished with sugar syrup.

And pistachios.

tabkatyy


러쉬
A

*BNBBLEGNM*

LIP SCRUB

20g

\*버블껑*

불필요한 각질 제거에 좋음 또 호호바씨오일이 함유돼 스크럽을 하고 난 후에도 촉촉함

岚舒
A

*BNBBLEGNM*

唇部磨砂

20克

\*泡泡糖*

有助于去除不必要的角质，并且含有荷荷巴籽油，即使在磨砂后也能保持湿润。

Lush
A

*BNBBLEGNM*

LIP SCRUB

20g

*Bubblegum*

Good for removing unnecessary dead skin cells. Also, as it contains jojoba seed oil, it leaves the skin feeling moist even after scrubbing.


KATHY AMREZ
OFFICIAL STORE

KATHY

ลิปมินิแมทใหม่!
NEW!

KATHY
MINI MATTE LIGHT LIP

凯茜·艾梅兹
官方店铺

凯茜

全新迷你哑光唇膏！
新品！

凯茜
迷你哑光轻盈唇膏

KATHY AMREZ
OFFICIAL STORE

KATHY

New Mini Matte Lip!
NEW!

KATHY
MINI MATTE LIGHT LIP


BaccALÈ
L’antipasto della settimana Santa

*Fina fi* Pizzeria

Larga, dorata e morbida

炸鳕鱼
圣周前菜

*菲娜菲* 披萨店

块大、金黄、柔软

BaccALÈ
The appetizer of Holy Week

*Fina fi* Pizzeria

Wide, golden, and soft


GOORHU

บ้านไซส์มินิสำหรับแมวไร้บ้าน พร้อมที่ ใส่อาหาร น้ำ ในเอกวาดอร์

GOORHU

流浪猫迷你小屋，带户外食物和饮水区

GOORHU

Mini-sized house for homeless cats, with an outdoor food and water station


HUTAN PINUS  GUNUNG PANCAR
Taman Wisata Alam Hutan Gunung Pancar,  Sentul Bogor

潘查尔山松林
潘查尔山森林自然风景区，森图尔，茂物

MOUNT PANCAR PINE FOREST
Mount Pancar Forest Nature Tourism Park, Sentul, Bogor


ГОРЯЩИЕ ТУРЫ

как быть в курсе выгодных предложений?

特价旅游

如何获悉优惠信息？

HOT DEALS

how to stay informed about great offers?


SOUTH KOREA TRAVEL
Di Myeongryundang Sungkyunkwan University, terdapat pohon Ginkgo raksasa yang berusia 500 tahun

韩国旅行
在成均馆大学明伦堂，有一棵500年树龄的巨大银杏树

SOUTH KOREA TRAVEL
At Myeongryundang, Sungkyunkwan University, there is a 500-year-old giant Ginkgo tree


JE SUiS PAS MiSANDRE, J'AI UN AMi HOMME!
(MAiS 1 SEUL!!)

« À BAS LE PATRIARCAT MA VIE, MON CORPS,MES CHOIX! »

我不是厌男者，我有一个男性朋友！
(但只有一个！！)

« 打倒父权制 我的生活、我的身体、我的选择！ »

I’m Not a Misandrist, I Have a Male Friend!
(But Only One!!)

“Down with Patriarchy—My Life, My Body, My Choices!”


"MIENTRAS MÁS   LEJOS ESTÉS   DE LA GENTE   NEGATIVA,   MÁS TRANQUILA   SERÁ TU VIDA"

MENTE POSITIVA

“你离消极的人越远，你的生活就会越平静”

积极的心态

"The farther you are from negative people, the more peaceful your life will be"

Positive Mind


OTC SELECT

咳止め薬

ベンザブロックトローチ どんな商品？

24

第2類医薬品

ベンザブロック$ _{®} $トローチ

こんな症状の方に…

せきに のどの痛みに

デキストロメトルファンフェノールフタリン塩・セチルビリジニウム塩化物水和物 配合

セルフメディケーション
税 控除 対象

緑茶末[添加物：矯味剤]配合
TROCHE

5歳以上

24 トローチ

swipe

非处方药精选

止咳药

Benza Block含片 是什么样的产品？

24

第2类非处方药

Benza Block$ _{®} $含片

适用于有以下症状的人群…

咳嗽、咽喉疼痛

含有右美沙芬·氯化十六烷基吡啶水合物

自我药疗
税收抵扣对象

添加绿茶粉[添加剂：增味剂]
含片

5岁以上

24 含片

滑动

OTC SELECT

Cough Medicine

Benza Block Troche: What kind of product is it?

24

Class 2 OTC Drug

Benza Block$ _{®} $ Troche

For people with these symptoms...

For coughs, for sore throats

Contains Dextromethorphan Phenolphthalinate and Cetylpyridinium Chloride Hydrate

Self-Medication
Eligible for Tax Deduction

Contains Green Tea Powder [Additive: Flavoring Agent]
TROCHE

For ages 5 and up

24 Troches

swipe


Cik Ani Nasi KeraBu
Persimpangan Trafik light highway Bukit Payong
Marang, Terengganu

安妮阿姨的马来香草蓝花饭
武吉巴容高速公路红绿灯交叉口
马江，登嘉楼

Miss Ani Nasi KeraBu
Traffic Light Intersection, Bukit Payong Highway
Marang, Terengganu


DUNG DỊCH VỆ SINH FEMININE

- làm sạch và khử mùi hôi cho cô bé

- Se khít, làm hồng cô bé

- Tạo cảm giác dễ chịu cho cô bé

- Ngăn ngừa viêm nhiễm nấm ngứa và các bệnh phụ khoa

BEAUTY FORMULAS

Feminine

Gentle

250ml ℮ 8.45fl.oz.(US)

女性清洁液

- 清洁并去除私密处异味

- 紧致、粉嫩私密处

- 为私密处带来舒适感

- 预防炎症感染、真菌瘙痒及妇科疾病

美容配方

女性

温和

250毫升 ℮ 8.45液盎司（美制）

FEMININE CLEANSING LIQUID

- Cleanses and deodorizes the intimate area
- Tightens and pinkens the intimate area
- Creates a pleasant sensation for the intimate area
- Prevents inflammation, fungal infections, itching, and gynecological conditions

BEAUTY FORMULAS

Feminine
Gentle
250ml ℮ 8.45fl.oz.(US)


Local

PE SI

CỔNG TRỜI QUẢN BẠ

TỌA ĐỘ:
23°03'08"B 104°59'36"Đ

当地

PE SI

官坝天门

坐标：
23°03'08"北 104°59'36"东

Local

PE SI

QUAN BA HEAVEN'S GATE

COORDINATES:
23°03'08"N 104°59'36"E


JAPAN TRAVEL
Menjelajahi keindahan bunga sakura dengan canal di Shingashi River

日本旅行
在新河岸川的运河畔探索樱花之美

JAPAN TRAVEL
Exploring the beauty of cherry blossoms along the canal at Shingashi River


"UN HOMBRE DE FÉ  NO CAMINA  POR LO QUE VE,  SINO POR QUE CREE"

MENTE
POSITIVA

“一个有信仰的人不是凭所见而行，而是凭所信而行”

心态
积极

"A MAN OF FAITH DOES NOT WALK BY WHAT HE SEES, BUT BY WHAT HE BELIEVES"

MIND
POSITIVE


*Bukan sebarangan orang, patut berani.."*

"Dia seorang ayahnda, berani pukul org.. Jom pakat boikot kedai buruk dia Netizen

*可不是什么普通人，胆子倒不小……*

"他是一个父亲，竟敢打人…… 来啊，网民们，大家一起抵制他的破店！"

*Not just any ordinary person; no wonder he's so bold...*

"He is an Ayahnda, dares to hit people... Come on, Netizens, let's all agree to boycott his awful shop!"


奋斗吧，你将拥有壮丽的人生

Strive, and You'll Have a Magnificent Life


HẸN HÒ ĐI ĂN

장군집

Mì lạnh thịt nướng chuẩn Hàn Quốc

约会去吃饭

将军家

正宗韩式烤肉冷面

Date Dining

Janggunjib

Authentic Korean Cold Noodles with Grilled Meat


Tour Guiado del Skyline de Madrid
Hotel Emperador

马德里天际线导览游
皇帝酒店

Madrid Skyline Guided Tour
Hotel Emperador


Мена
В этой сделке каждая из сторон обязуется передать в собственность дру-гой стороне один объект в обмен на другой. При этом права собственности на объекты недвижимости передаются сторонам одновременно, при выполнении обеими передачи недвижимого имущества.

Дарение
В сделке дарения даритель безвозмездно передает или обязуется передать одаряемому:

•объект недвижимости в собственность;

•имущественное право к себе или третьему лицу

либо освобождает или обязуется освободить одаряемого от имущественных обязанностей.

Ренmа
В этом виде сделки получатель ренты – собственник объекта недвижимо-сти передает объект в собственность плательщику ренты, который, в свою оче-редь, обязуется в обмен на по-лученный объект периодически выплачивать по-лучателю ренты определенную сумму либо предоставлять средства на его со-держание в иной форме.

Рента имеет несколько подвидов:

• постоянная – выплачивается бессрочно;

• пожизненная – выплачивается в течение жизни получателя ренты;

• пожизненное содержание с иждивением.

Аренðа
При аренде объекта арендодатель обязуется предоставить арендатору объект недвижимости за арендную плату во временное владение и пользование. Передача объекта недвижимости другому собственнику не влечет за собой пре-кращение договора аренды, если этого не желает арендатор. Письменная форма договора аренды и его регистрация обязательны.

1.2.3. Госуðарсmвенная регисmрация операций (сðелок) с неðвижимо-сmью
В общем виде регистрация прав на недвижимое имущество и сделок с ним представляет собой организованную систему взаимосвязанных и взаимо-действующих элементов (частей), обеспечивающих факт государственного признания и подтверждения определенных прав на объекты недвижимости.

Государственная регистрация недвижимости дает людям *mumул собсm-венности* — законное право на недвижимость, которое регламентирует права и обязанности ее владельца. Поэтому, чтобы приобрести права собственности на недвижимое имущество, надо зарегистрировать его установленным способом. В России с 1 февраля 1998 г. принята государственная регистрация прав на не-движимое имущество и сделок с ним.

Основной нормативный акт, регулирующий отношения по государствен-ной регистрации прав на недвижимость в России это Закон РФ от 21 июля

---

12

交换
在这笔交易中，每一方承诺将一个标的物的所有权转让给另一方，以换取另一个标的物。与此同时，不动产标的物的所有权在双方均完成不动产转让时同时转让给各方。

赠与
在赠与交易中，赠与人无偿转让或承诺转让给受赠人：

•不动产标的物的所有权；

•针对自己或第三方的财产权

或者免除或承诺免除受赠人的财产义务。

年金
在这类交易中，年金领取人——不动产标的物的所有人——将标的物的所有权转让给年金支付人，而年金支付人则承诺，作为获得标的物的交换，定期向年金领取人支付一定金额，或以其他形式提供维持其生活的资金。

年金有以下几种亚类型：

• 永久年金 – 无限期支付；
• 终身年金 – 在年金领取人有生之年支付；
• 终身赡养（带抚养）。

租赁
在标的物租赁中，出租人承诺以收取租金为条件，向承租人提供不动产标的物，供其临时占有和使用。将不动产标的物转让给其他所有人，并不导致租赁合同的终止，除非承租人有此意愿。租赁合同的书面形式及其登记是强制性的。

1.2.3. 不动产交易（合同）的国家登记
一般而言，不动产权利及其交易的登记是一个由相互关联和相互作用的要素（部分）组成的有组织的系统，该系统确保国家对不动产标的物的某些权利予以承认和确认。

不动产的国家登记赋予人们所有权凭证——即对不动产的合法权利，该权利规定了其所有者的权利和义务。因此，为了获得不动产的所有权，必须按照既定方式进行登记。在俄罗斯，自1998年2月1日起，开始实行不动产权利及其交易的国家登记制度。

规范俄罗斯不动产权利国家登记关系的主要规范性法案是俄罗斯联邦7月21日

---

12

or releases or undertakes to release the donee from property obligations.

Annuity
In this type of transaction, the annuity recipient – the owner of the real estate property – transfers the property into the ownership of the annuity payer, who, in turn, undertakes to periodically pay the annuity recipient a certain sum of money or provide funds for their maintenance in another form in exchange for the received property.

Annuity has several subtypes:

• permanent – paid indefinitely;
• life – paid during the lifetime of the annuity recipient;
• lifetime maintenance with dependency.

Lease
When leasing a property, the lessor undertakes to provide the lessee with the real estate property for a rental fee for temporary possession and use. The transfer of the real estate property to another owner does not entail the termination of the lease agreement, unless the lessee wishes so. A written form of the lease agreement and its registration are mandatory.

1.2.3. State Registration of Real Estate Operations (Transactions)
In general terms, the registration of rights to real estate and transactions involving it represents an organized system of interconnected and interacting elements (parts) that ensure the state recognition and confirmation of certain rights to real estate properties.

State registration of real estate provides people with *title of ownership* — a legal right to real estate, which regulates the rights and obligations of its owner. Therefore, to acquire ownership rights to real estate, it must be registered in the prescribed manner. In Russia, since February 1, 1998, state registration of rights to real estate and transactions involving it has been adopted.

The main normative act regulating relations concerning the state registration of real estate rights in Russia is the Law of the Russian Federation of July 21

---

12


لذة

طعم لا
يقاوم
أطلب الأن

السعر 4ونص

فلافل

مقرمشة30

قطعة

美味

令人无法
抵抗
立即订购

价格：4.5

法拉费

香脆30

颗

Delicious

A Taste You Can't
Resist
Order Now

Price: 4 and a half

Falafel

Crispy 30

Pieces


УЧЕБНИКИ И УЧЕБНЫЕ ПОСОБИЯ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ ВЫСШИХ УЧЕБНЫХ ЗАВЕДЕНИЙ

С.Н. ВОЛКОВ

Землеустройство

Том V

ЭКОНОМИКА ЗЕМЛЕУСТРОЙСТВА

---

МОСКВА – «КОЛОС», 2000.

高等院校学生教科书和教学参考书

С.Н. 沃尔科夫

土地规划

第五卷

土地规划经济学

---

莫斯科 – «科洛斯出版社», 2000年。

TEXTBOOKS AND STUDY GUIDES FOR STUDENTS OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

S.N. VOLKOV

Land Management

Volume V

ECONOMICS OF LAND MANAGEMENT

---

MOSCOW – "Kolos", 2000.


Gợi ý

BỮA SÁNG

Đủ chất & Tiện Lợi

Bánh Toast

Thịt muối & Trứng

Bacon & Phô mai

Thịt muối & Khoai tây

Xúc xích & Phô mai

Đặt giao hàng trên dKDELIVERY K

参考建议

早餐

营养丰富 & 方便

吐司三明治

咸肉 & 鸡蛋

培根 & 芝士

咸肉 & 土豆

香肠 & 芝士

在dKDELIVERY K上下单配送

Suggestions

BREAKFAST

Nutritious & Convenient

Toast

Ham & Egg

Bacon & Cheese

Ham & Potato

Sausage & Cheese

Order delivery on dKDELIVERY K


Al
이미스
emis
키링 카드홀더

아웃라인로고  카드지갑

닉앤니콜

유르트

NICOLE NICK

빈티지 가죽  소프트 카드지갑

크리스탈 아코디언 카드지갑

럼카드지갑

Al
依米斯
依米斯
钥匙扣卡夹

轮廓徽标卡包

尼克与妮可

尤尔特

妮可 尼克

复古皮革柔软卡包

水晶风琴卡包

朗姆卡包

Al
Emis
emis
Keyring Card Holder

Outline Logo Card Wallet

Nick & Nicole

Yurt

NICOLE NICK

Vintage Leather Soft Card Wallet

Crystal Accordion Card Wallet

Rum Card Wallet


BAB SEBELAS
STRATEGI PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI ISLAM

---
2.Strategi yang selaras dengan kebutuhan
 Strategi pembangunan yang selaras dengan kebutuhan adalah cara atau siasat dalam mencapai tujuan pembangunan yang bertumpu pada bagaimana proses pembangunan yang dilakukan dapat memenuhi kebutuhan dari masyarakat. Mengacu pada tujuan pembangunan berdasarkan perspektif Islam secara umum tentulah untuk mencapai kondisi dimana terpenuhinya komponen *maqashid syariah* yang merupakan indikator pembangunan dalam ekonomi Islam. Namun dalam pelaksanaannya, lima tujuan *maqashid syariah* ini memiliki tingkat urgensi masing-masing tergantung kondisi dan tingkat keterpenuhan masing-masing indikator. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam melaksanakan pembangunan belum tentu kadar kegentingan setiap ukuran *maqashid syariah* itu sama. Sehingga yang menjadi prioritas adalah melaksanakan pembangunan yang bertujuan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan yang memang diperlukan oleh masyarakat pada suatu waktu tertentu.

Kebutuhan sekelompok masyarakat sangat memungkinkan untuk berbeda dengan masyarakat lain yang biasanya dipengaruhi oleh *interest* mayoritas masing-masing kelompok masyarakat. Perbedaan *interest* ini dapat terjadi akibat adanya perbedaan sumber daya di masyarakat tersebut dan juga faktor-faktor yang dianggap penting. Dengan menyamaratakan tujuan pembangunan untuk seluruh masyarakat tentu akan sangat memungkinkan pembangunan yang dilakukan tidak cocok dengan apa yang diperlukan oleh masyarakat.

Untuk sukses menjalankan strategi pembangunan ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh kejelian para pengambil kebijakan pembangunan dalam melihat kondisi masyarakat. Serta tentu adanya kesamaan pandangan bahwa tujuan pembangunan yang ingin dicapai tidak hanya bersifat tunggal seperti hanya fokus pada pembangunan yang bersifat materialistik.

Strategi pembangunan ini sangat penting itu diperhatikan dalam rangka memastikan bahwa pembangunan yang dilakukan tepat sasaran dan memang menyasar masalah yang dihadapi masyarakat. Hal ini menutup kelemahan dari strategi pembangunan sekuler seperti strategi pertumbuhan yang hanya ingin mencapai adanya pertambahan nilai dalam ekonomi, tetapi mengabaikan aspek kebutuhan masyarakat secara menyeluruh. Sehingga wajar terkadang.

---

EKONOMI PEMBANGUNAN ISLAM | 443

第十一章
伊斯兰经济发展战略

---

2. 与需求相符的战略

与需求相符的发展战略是在实现发展目标过程中，依赖于所进行的发展过程如何满足社会需求的方法或策略。从伊斯兰的普遍视角来看，发展目标无疑是为了达到伊斯兰教法五大目标各组成部分均得以满足的状态，这也是伊斯兰经济发展的衡量指标。然而，在实践中，这五个伊斯兰教法五大目标各自的紧迫程度取决于具体情况及各指标的满足程度。这表明，在实施发展时，每个伊斯兰教法五大目标的衡量标准的紧迫程度未必相同。因此，优先事项是实施旨在满足特定时期社会实际需求的发展。

不同社会群体的需求极可能存在差异，这通常受到各社群多数人*利益*的影响。这种*利益*的差异可能是由于该社群的资源差异以及被认为重要的因素所致。若将发展目标统一适用于所有社群，那么所进行的发展很可能与社群的实际需求不符。

成功实施这一发展战略，在很大程度上取决于发展决策者洞察社会状况的敏锐性。当然，也需要有这样的共识，即所要实现的发展目标并非单一的，例如不仅仅专注于物质层面的发展。

这一发展战略非常重要，需要予以关注，以确保所进行的发展目标明确，并切实针对社会面临的问题。这弥补了世俗发展战略的不足，例如那些只求实现经济增值，却忽视社会整体需求的增长战略。因此，出现偏差也是常有的。

---

伊斯兰发展经济学 | 443

CHAPTER ELEVEN
ISLAMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

---
2.Strategy Aligned with Needs
 A development strategy aligned with needs is a method or tactic for achieving development goals that are centered on how the development process undertaken can meet the community's needs. Referring to development goals from an Islamic perspective generally, the aim is certainly to achieve a state where the components of *maqashid sharia*—which are indicators of development in Islamic economics—are fulfilled. However, in their implementation, these five objectives of *maqashid sharia* each have a level of urgency depending on the prevailing conditions and the degree of fulfillment of each indicator. This indicates that in carrying out development, the level of critical importance of each measure of *maqashid sharia* is not necessarily the same. Therefore, the priority is to implement development aimed at fulfilling the needs genuinely required by the community at a particular time.

The needs of one community group can very likely differ from those of another, usually influenced by the majority *interest* of each respective group. This difference in *interest* can arise from disparities in resources within that community and also from factors deemed important. By standardizing development goals for all communities, it is highly probable that the development undertaken will not align with what the community actually requires.

The successful execution of this development strategy is greatly influenced by the discernment of development policymakers in assessing community conditions. Furthermore, there must certainly be a shared understanding that the development goals to be achieved are not singular, such as focusing solely on materialistic development.

It is crucial to pay attention to this development strategy to ensure that the development undertaken is well-targeted and genuinely addresses the problems faced by the community. This addresses the shortcomings of secular development strategies, such as growth strategies that solely aim to achieve an increase in economic value while disregarding the holistic needs of the community. Thus, it is sometimes understandable.

---

ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS | 443


TRAVELETC.id
Dubrovnik, tempat sempurna untuk jatuh cinta

Popularitas Dubrovnik melambung setelah tempat ini jadi rumah dari serial Game of Throne. Dijuluki sebagai "Mutiara Adriatik", kota pesisir ini memanjakan turis dengan pesona kota tua, pantai dan pulau-pulau eksotis.

印尼旅行 ETC
杜布罗夫尼克，坠入爱河的完美之地

杜布罗夫尼克的知名度在成为《权力的游戏》剧集取景地后飙升。这座海滨城市被誉为“亚得里亚海明珠”，以老城风情、海滩和异域岛屿的魅力取悦游客。

TRAVELETC.id
Dubrovnik, the perfect place to fall in love

Dubrovnik's popularity soared after this place became home to the series Game of Thrones.
Nicknamed the "Pearl of the Adriatic", this coastal city pampers tourists with the charm of its old town, beaches, and exotic islands.


و گلیش، بالدجاج

@Murvabelle


阿尔蒂多纳海滨的肉类女王


Те, у кого не были дипломы, построили вечные дороги.

Потом пришли инженеры...

那些没有文凭的人，修建了永恒的道路。

后来工程师们来了...

Those who did not have diplomas built eternal roads.

Then the engineers came...


버츠비

BURT'S BEES$ ^{®} $

\*인텐시브 립 트리트먼트*

입술각질제거 하고난 후에는 립 트리트먼트 꼭 해줘야함 천연 보습인자로 강력한 보습효과가 있음

伯特小蜜蜂

BURT'S BEES$  ^{®}  $

\*密集唇部修护*

唇部去角质之后，一定要做唇部护理。含天然保湿因子拥有强效保湿效果

Burt'sBees

BURT'S BEES$  ^{®}  $

\*Intensive Lip Treatment*

After exfoliating your lips, you must apply lip treatment. Contains natural moisturizing ingredients for a powerful hydrating effect


Professioni & Concorsi TEORIA e TEST

Concorso per
415 Assistenti Amministrativi
(posti elevati a 569)
AGENZIA DELLE DOGANE E DEI MONOPOLI

Manuale e quesiti
per la prova scritta unica

*Aggiornato alla Legge di bilancio 2025*

Diritto costituzionale e amministrativo
 Diritto tributario
 Diritto dell'UE
 Economia politica e Contabilità aziendale
 Fini istituzionali, compiti e ordinamento dell'ADM
 Normativa in materia di dogane, accise e giochi
 Informatica
Lingua inglese
 Competenze trasversali

IN OMAGGIO
esclusivo video corso
sull'ordinamento dell'ADM
(versione light)

EdiSES formazione

ESTENSIONI ONLINE
Contenuti extra | Software di simulazione

*EdiSES edizioni*

职业与选拔考试 理论与测试

选拔考试
415名行政助理
(名额增至569个)
海关与垄断署

手册与考题
统一笔试适用

*根据2025年预算法案更新*

宪法与行政法
税法
欧盟法
政治经济学与企业会计
ADM的机构宗旨、任务与组织结构
海关、消费税和博彩业法规
信息技术
英语
通用技能

免费赠送
独家视频课程
关于ADM的组织结构
(精简版)
EdiSES 教育

在线扩展
额外内容 | 模拟软件

*EdiSES 出版社*

Professions & Competitions THEORY and TESTS

Competition for
415 Administrative Assistants
(positions increased to 569)
CUSTOMS AND MONOPOLIES AGENCY

Manual and questions
for the single written test

*Updated to the 2025 Budget Law*

Constitutional and administrative law
 Tax law
 EU law
 Political economy and Business accounting
 Institutional aims, tasks, and organization of the Customs and Monopolies Agency
 Regulations on customs, excise duties, and games
 IT
English language
Soft skills

COMPLIMENTARY
exclusive video course
on the organization of the Customs and Monopolies Agency
(light version)
EdiSES training

ONLINE EXTENSIONS
Extra content | Simulation software

*EdiSES editions*


*Istanbul'da İsviçre Dağ Evi Konseptli Harika bir Date mekanı*
*Chalet*

*伊斯坦布尔一处以“瑞士木屋”为概念的绝佳约会胜地*
*木屋*

*A wonderful date spot in Istanbul with a Swiss Chalet Concept*
*Chalet*


CUCINA TRADIZIONALE ROMANA A TRASTEVERE
ROMA

da Enzo

da Enzo

特拉斯提弗列的传统罗马菜肴

罗马

恩佐家

恩佐家

TRADITIONAL ROMAN CUISINE IN TRASTEVERE

ROME

Da Enzo

Da Enzo


MAANGIARE IN UN AMERICAN BAR
OSIMO (AN)

ITALY
FOOD
PORN
MARCHE

在美式酒吧用餐
奥西莫（安科纳省）

意大利
美食
诱惑
马尔凯大区

Eating in an American Bar
Osimo (AN)

Italy
Food
Porn
Marche


:وتتفاوت هذه الشروح في قيمتها العلمية بسبب عوامل عدة

منها: قرب زمن الشارح من الناظم، فكلماكان زمن الشارح أقرب إلى زمن
.الناظم كان ذلك أدعى لفهم كلامه ومعرفة مقصده

ومنها مكانة مؤلفها العلمية، فكلما كان الشارح متقدما في العلم، وذا قدم
.فيه، ومتخصصا فيما يشرح كان ذلك أقرب لفهم مراد الشارح

ومنها الاستفادة مما كتب حول هذا النظم من الشروح لينظر فيما اتفق عليه
الشراح فيضيف إلى العلم جديدا، ولعله يتعقب مسألة، أو يصحح خطأ، أو
.يوجه رأيا

ومنها شموله جميع أبيات النظم بالشرح، فذلك أدعى لقبول شرحه ومداولته
.بين الطلاب

وأولى هذه العوامل وأهمها في رفع قيمة الشرح أن يكون الشارح قد قرأ بمضمن
.النظم الذي يشرحه، وله إجازة فيه

وينغي للشارح قبل أن يبدأً في شرحه أن يحدد الغرض الذي لأجله صنف
الشرح: هل هو يشرح للمبتدئين أو للمنتهين، وهل هو يريد الإيجاز أو
،التطويل، وهل يريد التطبيق لما في النظم على الآيات فيكون شرحا تطبيقيا
وهل هو يضع مقررا دراسيا، أو يريد إضافة فوائد وزوائد على الشرح، فلكل
شارح أسلوبه وهدفه وغايته من الشرح، فعليه أن يسير على منهج واحد في
.جميع المنظومة

---

منهجية البحث في كتب القراءات

د. رشا بنت صاخ بن ناصر الدغيثر

٤٠

：这些注释的学术价值因多种因素而异

其一，注释者所处时代与原作者所处时代的接近程度，注释者所处时代越接近原作者的时代；就越有助于理解其言辞、明晰其意图

其二，其作者的学术地位，注释者学术越精深，在该领域根基越深厚，且专精于所注释的内容，就越接近于理解注释者的意图

其三，包括借鉴围绕该诗作已有的各种注释，以审视众注释者达成共识之处，从而为学术增添新知，或许他能追溯某个问题，或纠正一个错误，或提出一种见解

其四，包括其注释是否涵盖了诗作的全部诗节，这更有助于其注释被接受和在学生中流传

在提升注释价值的这些因素中，首要且最重要的是注释者曾研读过
他所注释的诗作内容，并拥有相关领域的传承许可

注释者在开始其注释工作之前，应当明确其撰写注释的目的：是为初学者还是为高阶学习者注释？是希望简明扼要还是详尽阐述？是希望将诗作内容应用于经文从而成为应用性注释？是准备编写教材，还是希望在注释中增加益处和补充内容？因为每位注释者都有其风格、目标和注释的最终目的，所以他必须在整个诗篇的注释中遵循统一的方法

---

诵读学典籍研究方法论

拉莎·宾特·萨赫·本·纳赛尔·杜盖伊尔博士

40

:These commentaries vary in their scholarly value due to several factors

Among them: The proximity of the commentator's era to that of the versifier; the closer the commentator's era is to the versifier's era, the more conducive it is to understanding his words and knowing his intent.

And among them: The scholarly standing of its author (the commentator); the more advanced the commentator is in knowledge, possessing seniority in it, and specialized in what he is commentating on, the closer this is to understanding the commentator's intent.

And among them: Benefiting from what has been written about this poetic work in terms of commentaries, to examine what the commentators agreed upon, thereby adding something new to knowledge, and perhaps he (the new commentator) may investigate an issue, correct an error, or guide an opinion.

And among them: Its comprehensiveness in explaining all the verses of the poetic work, as this is more conducive to the acceptance of his commentary and its circulation among students.

The foremost and most important of these factors in raising the value of the commentary is that the commentator should have studied the content of the poetic work he is explaining, and possess an authorization (ijaza) in it.

The commentator, before starting his commentary, should determine the purpose for which the commentary is composed: Is he explaining for beginners or advanced students? Does he intend brevity or elaboration? Does he want to apply what is in the poetic work to Quranic verses, making it an applied commentary? Is he developing a curriculum, or does he want to add benefits and additions to the commentary? For every commentator has his style, objective, and goal for the commentary, so he must follow a consistent methodology throughout the entire poetic work.

---

Methodology of Research in the Books of Qira'at (Quranic Recitations)
Dr. Rasha bint Sakh bin Nasser Al-Dughaither

40


M.ª PAULA DÍAZ PITA
(Directora-Coordinadora)

ACCESO A LA
ABOGACÍA
IV
MATERIA ADMINISTRATIVA
Y CONTENCIOSO-ADMINISTRATIVA

SEGUNDA EDICIÓN

tecnos

玛丽亚·保拉·迪亚斯·皮塔
(主任协调员)

准入
律师执业
第 4 卷
行政法与行政诉讼

第二版

泰克诺斯

María Paula Díaz Pita
(Director-Coordinator)

ACCESS TO THE
LEGAL PROFESSION
IV
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND ADMINISTRATIVE LITIGATION

SECOND EDITION

Tecnos


Kobayashi
Gel khử mùi nách

Top 10 sản phẩm đặc trị mùi hôi tốt nhất Nhật Bản 01

Diệt vi khuẩn vùng nách hiệu quả 02

Làm sáng mịn vùng da dưới cánh tay 03

Dạng gel trong suốt, mùi hương nhẹ nhàng 04

Không gây ố vàng trên áo 05

Khử mùi hôi, ngăn ngừa mồ hôi 06

薬用

ワキガード

タイプ

薬用

ワキのニオイに

ワキガード

直接ぬって

ニオイを元から防ぐ!!

1日中気にならない

肌にやさしくしみない

ワキガ・汗臭・制汗用ジェル

小林
腋下除臭凝胶

日本最佳10大除臭产品 01

有效杀灭腋下细菌 02

亮白柔滑腋下肌肤 03

透明凝胶质地，气味清雅 04

不会在衣物上留下黄渍 05

去除异味，抑制汗水 06

药用

腋下卫士

类型

药用

针对腋下异味

腋下卫士

直接涂抹

从根源防止异味！！

全天无需担心

温和亲肤不刺激

狐臭・汗臭・止汗用凝胶

Kobayashi
Armpit Deodorant Gel

One of Japan's Top 10 best products for specialized odor treatment 01
Effectively kills bacteria in the armpit area 02
Brightens and smoothens underarm skin 03
Transparent gel form, gentle fragrance 04
Does not cause yellow stains on clothes 05
Deodorizes, prevents sweat 06

Medicated
Underarm Guard
Type
Medicated
For Armpit Odor
Underarm Guard
Apply directly
Prevents odor from the source!!
Worry-free all day long
Gentle on skin, non-stinging
Underarm Odor · Sweat Odor · Antiperspirant Gel


As Cidades com o Melhor Cenário Cultural do Mundo!
-Veja o ranking!

@htourexperiencias

The Cities with the Best Cultural Scene in the World!
-See the ranking!

@htourexperiencias


THE STANDARD
LIFE

LIVING
ตัวอย่าง
ความสวยงามจากทั่วโลก ภายใต้แนวคิด Beaux-Arts และ Biophilic Design

BIG

BUS

PLACE

VOYaGes

标准
生活

生活
示例
来自世界各地的美学基于布杂艺术与亲自然设计理念

大

巴士

地方

旅程

THE STANDARD
LIFE

LIVING
Example
Beauty from around the world under the concepts of Beaux-Arts and Biophilic Design

BIG

BUS

PLACE

VOYaGes


Francine Lussier

100 idées

POUR MIEUX GÉRER LES TROUBLES DE L'ATTENTiON

avec ou sans hyperactivité (TDA/H) et pour aider les enseignants,les parents et les enfants

Tom PouSSe

弗朗辛·吕西耶

100个点子

更好地管理注意力障碍

伴有或不伴有多动症 (TDA/H) 并帮助教师、家长和孩子

汤姆·普斯

Francine Lussier

100 Ideas
TO BETTER MANAGE ATTENTION DISORDERS

with or without hyperactivity and to help teachers, parents, and children

Tom Pousse


HYATT REGENCY SAN FRANCISCO KARYA JOHN PORTMAN YANG MEMUKAU DENGAN DESAINNYA

JOHN PORTMAN & ASSOCIATES
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA

ARSITEKTURPEDIA

旧金山凯悦酒店：约翰·波特曼以其惊艳设计打造的杰作

约翰·波特曼建筑事务所
旧金山，加利福尼亚州

建筑百科

HYATT REGENCY SAN FRANCISCO: A MASTERPIECE BY JOHN PORTMAN, CAPTIVATING WITH ITS DESIGN

JOHN PORTMAN & ASSOCIATES
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA

ARSITEKTURPEDIA


작업이기 때문이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 이러한 방법은 북한 연구자들이한번쯤 도전해 보고 싶은 매력적인 방법임에 틀림없을 것이다.
이 글의 목적은 위의 두 가지 방법 가운데 보다 적극적인 방법에 기초하여 북한의 수치들을 살펴보는 것이다. 우리가 이러한 방법을 선택한이유는 한 가지 현실적인 판단 때문이다. 그것은 북한당국이 현재와 같이 그들의 통계를 계속 제공하는 한, 이들 통계를 검토하지 않는 북한연구란 잠시는 모르겠지만 결국에는 살아남을 수 없다는 판단이다. 우리의 북한연구가 앞으로도 오랫동안 지속되기 위해서는 지금부터라도 북한의 통계들을 정면에서 대응하지 않으면 안 된다는 뜻이다.
이 글은 북한이 새롭게 발표하는 수치들을 계기로 북한의 통계를 조금은 꼼꼼히 검토해 보려는 예비적 시도이다. 이 글을 예비적 시도라고부르는 이유는 여기에서 다루고자 하는 질문의 제한성 때문이다. 이 글에서 우리는 북한의 통계와 관련된 가장 기초적인 질문, 단 두 가지만을다루려고 한다. 하나는 1945년 이후 현재까지, 특히 1990년대 이후 현재까지 외부세계가 이용할 수 있는 북한통계는 과연 무엇이 있는가 하는 질문이다. 다른 하나는 이처럼 이용 가능한 북한통계들은 과연 어느정도 신뢰할 수 있는가 하는 질문이다. 물론 이러한 질문에 대답하기위해 우리는 이 글에서 북한통계와 관련된 다양한 측면들을 검토할 것이다. 그러나 이러한 검토는 앞서의 두 가지 질문을 대답할 수 있을 정도로만 그 내용과 범위가 제한된다. 현재 우리가 가지고 있는 정보와자료의 수준으로는 아직도 북한통계 그 자체를 전면적으로 해부하기가시기상조라는 판단 때문이다.
이 글의 구성은 다음과 같다. 우선 제2장에서는 북한의 통계가 어떻게 만들어지고 공표되며, 이에 따라 현재 이용 가능한 북한통계는 과연어떤 것이 있는가를 논의한다. 이를 위해 우리는 세 가지의 작업을 수행

---

6_ 북한의 통계: 가용성과 신뢰성

因为这是一项工作。尽管如此，这种方法对朝鲜研究者而言，无疑是一种值得一试的、富有魅力的方法。
本文的目的是在上述两种方法中，基于更为积极的方法来考察朝鲜的数值。我们选择这种方法的原因，是出于一个现实的判断。那就是，只要朝鲜当局继续像现在这样提供其统计数据，那么不对这些统计数据进行研讨的朝鲜研究，虽然短期内可能尚不明显，但最终将无法立足。这意味着，为了我们的朝鲜研究今后能够长期持续下去，从现在开始就必须正视并应对朝鲜的统计数据。
本文是以朝鲜新发布的数值为契机，尝试对朝鲜的统计数据进行初步细致研讨的一次预备性尝试。之所以称本文为预备性尝试，是因为本文旨在探讨的问题具有局限性。在本文中，我们仅打算探讨与朝鲜统计数据相关的两个最基本的问题。其一是，从1945年至今，特别是从1990年代至今，外部世界究竟可以获取哪些朝鲜统计数据？其二是，这些可获取的朝鲜统计数据究竟有多大的可信度？当然，为了回答这些问题，我们将在本文中研讨与朝鲜统计数据相关的各个方面。但是，这种研讨的内容和范围将仅限于能够回答上述两个问题的程度。这是因为，以我们目前掌握的信息和资料水平来看，要全面剖析朝鲜统计数据本身，我们判断仍为时过早。
本文的结构如下。首先，在第二章中，我们将讨论朝鲜的统计数据是如何编制和公布的，并据此探讨目前究竟有哪些可用的朝鲜统计数据。为此，我们将执行三项工作

---

6_ 朝鲜的统计：可用性与可靠性

because it is a task.Nevertheless,this method must be an attractive one that researchers of North Korea would want to try at least once.

The purpose of this article is to examine North Korea's figures based on the more proactive of the two methods mentioned above. The reason we chose this method is due to one realistic judgment. That is the judgment that as long as the North Korean authorities continue to provide their statistics as they currently do, North Korean research that does not review these statistics may survive for a while, but ultimately cannot endure. This means that for our North Korean research to continue for a long time to come, we must confront North Korea's statistics head-on starting now.

This article is a preliminary attempt to examine North Korea's statistics somewhat meticulously,prompted by the new figures released by North Korea.The reason for calling this article a preliminary attempt is due to the limited nature of the questions addressed herein.In this article,we intend to address only two very basic questions related to North Korean statistics. One is the question of what North Korean statistics have been available to the outside world from 1945 to the present, especially from the 1990s to the present.The other is the question of to what extent these available North Korean statistics can be trusted. Of course,to answer these questions, we will examine various aspects related to North Korean statistics in this article.However, the content and scope of this examination are limited to what is necessary to answer the aforementioned two questions. This is because, given the current level of information and data we possess, it is judged to be premature to comprehensively dissect North Korean statistics themselves.

The structure of this article is as follows. First,Chapter 2 will discuss how North Korean statistics are created and published,and consequently, what North Korean statistics are currently available. To this end,we will perform three tasks

---

6_ North Korea's Statistics: Availability and Reliability


เที่ยวงานไฟ 11 วัดรอบกรุงฯ

JUL 17

27 ธ.ค. 67-1 ม.ค. 68

游览曼谷周边11座寺庙的灯光节

7月17日

2024年12月27日-2025年1月1日

Visit the Light Festival at 11 Temples Around Bangkok

JUL 17

Dec. 27, 2024 - Jan. 1, 2025


woman trip

JÁ *DEIXOU* DE *VIAJAR* POR FALTA DE COMPANHIA?

女性旅行

您是否曾因缺少同伴而*放弃*过*旅行*？

woman trip

HAVE YOU EVER *GIVEN UP* ON *TRAVELING* FOR LACK OF COMPANY?


NEW
Doritos
DINAMITA$ ^{® } $

Flamin'  Hot QUESO

FLAVORED • SAZONADO

SNACK ENLARGED  TO SHOW TEXTURE

GUARANTEED FRESH
•UNTIL PRINTED DATE•

MEDIUM
HOT
EXTRA HOT
DINAMETER

ROLLED TORTILLA CHIPS

TOTOPOS DE MAIZ ENROLLADOS

NET WT. • CONTENIDO NETO 10¾ OZ. (304.7g)

新品
多力多滋
迪纳米塔$ ^{® } $

火辣芝士味

风味 • 调味

零食放大以展示质地

保证新鲜
•保质期至印刷日期•

中辣
辣
特辣
辣度表

卷制玉米片

墨西哥卷式玉米片

净重 • 净含量 10¾ 盎司. (304.7克)

NEW
Doritos
DINAMITA$ ^{® } $

Flamin' Hot QUESO

FLAVORED • SEASONED

SNACK ENLARGED TO SHOW TEXTURE

GUARANTEED FRESH
•UNTIL PRINTED DATE•

MEDIUM
HOT
EXTRA HOT
DINAMETER

ROLLED TORTILLA CHIPS

ROLLED CORN TORTILLA CHIPS

NET WT. • NET CONTENT 10¾ OZ. (304.7g)


SIC notícias

Caos em jogo da Libertadores após morte de dois adeptos junto ao estádio
POL

5

SIC新闻

两名球迷在体育场附近死亡后，解放者杯比赛陷入混乱
波尔

5

SIC News

Chaos at Libertadores match after death of two fans near the stadium
POL

5


Ankara’nın En İyi  Podolog Mekanı!
ERZİNCAN
MANDIRA

SITKI USTA

EHLİKEYF

安卡拉最好的足科诊疗场所！
埃尔津詹
曼迪拉

斯特克师傅

埃赫利凯夫

The Best Podiatrist Place in Ankara!
Erzincan
Mandıra

Sıtkı Usta

Ehlikeyf


ЭЗОТЕРИКА   ДУЙКО   В ТЕЛЕГРАММ

神秘学 杜伊科 在TELEGRAM上


ポークカレー

¥ 380


SE VOCÊ PUDESSE EXCLUIR 1 COISA DE GUARULHOS
O QUE SERIA?

如果你能从瓜鲁柳斯移除1样东西
那会是什么呢？

If you could remove one thing from Guarulhos
What would it be?


*贝约格鲁的时尚土耳其餐厅*


먹는것엔진심인편

식빵수작 가능한 레시피 모음

对吃，我是认真的

可行的手作吐司食谱合集

Serious About Food

A Collection of Recipes for Handmade Bread Creations You Can Make


Noch echte Geheimtipps:Die Hotspots in Europa

仍然是真正的私房推荐：欧洲的热门地点

Still Real Hidden Gems: The Hotspots in Europe


のど、直接、うるおう

龍角散

RYUKAKUSAN

スティック ミント

生薬

龍角散ダイレクト 服薬指導ポイント

水でのむと 効果がおちる？！

OTC薬のすすめ方

直接滋润喉咙

龙角散

RYUKAKUSAN

独立条装 薄荷味

草本药材

龙角散直接服用型 服药指导要点

用水送服会降低药效？！

OTC药品的正确使用方法

Directly soothes the throat

Ryukakusan Direct

RYUKAKUSAN

Stick Mint

Herbal Medicine

Ryukakusan Direct Medication Guidance Points

Does taking it with water reduce its effectiveness?!

How to Use OTC Medications Correctly


Kegiatan distribusi, terbagi menjadi dua aspek, di antaranya: distribusi sumber produksi dan distribusi kekayaan produksi. Adapun yang mencakup distribusi sumber produksi seperti tanah, bahan mentah, alat, dan mesin produksi barang dan komoditas. Sedangkan distribusi kekayaan produktif merupakan komoditas atau hasil dari kombinasi bahan produksi yang dihasilkan manusia. Oleh karena itu, pada kegiatan distribusi Islam ikut andil dan berperan aktif untuk menyalurkannya sesuai dengan ketentuan syariat Islam. Hal ini dilakukan untuk menghindari kesenjangan sosial di lingkungan masyarakat.²
A. Pengertian Distribusi
Distribusi merupakan kegiatan dalam penyaluran barang atau jasa dari produsen pada masyarakat sebagai konsumen.³ Barang menurut Tjiptono adalah “produk yang berwujud fisik sehingga bisa dilihat, disentuh, dirasa, dipegang, disimpan dan perlakuan fisik lainnya”. Dari kriteria ini maka Tjiptono mengklasifikasikan barang menjadi dua, yaitu:  *Pertama*, barang konsumen ialah barang yang dikonsumsi untuk kepentingan seseorang (individu atau rumah tangga), dan bukan untuk kepentingan bisnis dan lainnya;  *kedua*, barang industri ialah barang yang dikonsumsi industriawan (konsumen dan konsumen bisnis). Barang ini dipergunakan selain untuk dikonsumsi secara langsung seperti: diolah menjadi barang lain.⁴

Dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), distribusi diartikan sebagai penyaluran (pembagian, pengiriman) yang ditujukan pada beberapa konsumen diberbagai wilayah; pembagian keperluan sehari-hari (terutama dalam masa darurat) yang dilakukan pemerintah kepada pegawai negeri, penduduk dan sebagainya.⁵ Sedangkan pengertian distribusi menurut para tokoh adalah:

--
²Dien Silmi Al Anshor, “Konsep Distribusi Pendapatan Rumah Tangga Perspektif Islam”, Maro; Jurnal Ekonomi Syari’ah dan Bisnis, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020, hlm. 181.
³Puji Rahayu, Pelaku Kegiatan Ekonomi, (Semarang: ALPRIN, 2019), hlm. 13
⁴Aldila Septiana, PengantarIlmuEkonomi: Dasar-dasar Ekonomi Mikro & Ekonomi Makro”, (Buku Elektronik: Duta Media Publishing, 2016), hlm. 4-5.
⁵https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/distribusi

128 Pengantar Ekonomi Islam

分配活动分为两个方面，其中包括：生产资源的分配和生产财富的分配。生产资源的分配包括土地、原材料、工具以及商品和货物的生产机器。而生产性财富的分配是指人类通过生产资料组合所产生的商品或成果。因此，在分配活动中，伊斯兰教积极参与并发挥作用，根据伊斯兰教法的规定进行分配。这样做是为了避免社会环境中的社会差距。²
A. 分配的定义
分配是将商品或服务从生产者输送给作为消费者的社会的活动。³ 根据特吉普托诺（Tjiptono）的说法，商品是“具有物理形态的产品，因此可以被看见、触摸、感觉、持有、储存和进行其他物理处理”。根据这些标准，特吉普托诺将商品分为两类，即：
*第一*，消费品是指为个人（个人或家庭）利益而消费的商品，而非为商业及其他目的；
*第二*，工业品是指工业家（消费者和商业消费者）消费的商品。这类商品除了直接消费外，还用于其他用途，例如：加工成其他商品。⁴

在《印尼语大词典》（KBBI）中，分配被定义为针对不同地区的若干消费者的输送（分配、运送）；政府向公务员、居民等分配日常生活必需品（尤其是在紧急情况下）。⁵ 而根据学者们的说法，分配的定义是：

---
²迪恩·西尔米·阿尔·安肖尔，“伊斯兰视角下的家庭收入分配概念”，《马罗；伊斯兰经济与商业杂志》，第3卷，第2期，2020年，第181页。
³普吉·拉哈尤，《经济活动参与者》，（三宝垄：ALPRIN出版社，2019年），第13页。
⁴阿尔迪拉·塞普蒂安娜，《经济学导论：微观经济学与宏观经济学基础》，（电子书：杜塔媒体出版社，2016年），第4-5页。
⁵https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/distribusi

128 伊斯兰经济学导论

Distribution activities are divided into two aspects: the distribution of production sources and the distribution of productive wealth. The distribution of production sources includes land, raw materials, tools, and machinery for producing goods and commodities. Meanwhile, the distribution of productive wealth refers to commodities or the results of the combination of production materials generated by humans. Therefore, in distribution activities, Islam plays an active role in channeling them according to the provisions of Islamic law (Shari'a). This is done to avoid social inequality within the community.²
A. Definition of Distribution
Distribution is the activity of channeling goods or services from producers to the public as consumers.³  Goods, according to Tjiptono, are “products that have a physical form so they can be seen, touched, felt, held, stored, and subjected to other physical treatments”. From these criteria, Tjiptono classifies goods into two types, namely: *First*, consumer goods are goods consumed for personal benefit (individual or household), and not for business or other purposes; *Second*, industrial goods are goods consumed by industrialists (business consumers). These goods are used for purposes other than direct consumption, such as being processed into other goods.⁴

In the Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language (KBBI) , distribution is defined as channeling (dividing, sending) aimed at several consumers in various regions; the division of daily necessities (especially during emergencies) carried out by the government for civil servants, the population, and so on.⁵ Meanwhile, the definition of distribution according to experts is:

---
²Dien Silmi Al Anshor, “The Concept of Household Income Distribution from an Islamic Perspective” , Maro; Journal of Shari'a Economics and Business , Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020, p. 181.
³Puji Rahayu, Actors in Economic Activities , (Semarang: ALPRIN, 2019), p. 13.
⁴Aldila Septiana, "Introduction to Economics: Fundamentals of Microeconomics & Macroeconomics” , (Electronic Book : Duta Media Publishing, 2016), pp. 4-5.
⁵https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/distribusi

128 Introduction to Islamic Economics


Ảnh: mievatho

LỊCH TRÌNH DU LỊCH
SÀI GÒN-VŨNG TÀU

3 ngày 2 đêm

摄影：mievatho

旅行行程
西贡-头顿

3天2夜

Photo: mievatho

TRAVEL ITINERARY
SAIGON-VUNG TAU

3 days 2 nights


بسبوسة الكارميل
الحشية
حلقة ٢

焦糖巴斯布萨
馅料
第 2 集


SERViCE APRÈS-VOTE  BONJOUR...?
Allô? La démocratie?
On a voté NFP!

选后服务 你好...？
喂？是民主吗？
我们投票给了新人民阵线！

AFTER-VOTE SERVICE HELLO...?
Hello? Democracy?
We voted NFP!


울산
간절곶
우리나라에서 가장 큰 우체통이 있는 일출 명소

오늘 여기 오길 참， 잘됐다 !

POST
간절곶 소망우체통

간절곶 소망우체통

우

@finger_prings

TRAVEL

蔚山
艮绝岬
韩国拥有最大邮筒的日出名胜

今天来到这里，真是太好了！

邮筒
艮绝岬 愿望邮筒

艮绝岬 愿望邮筒

邮

@finger_prings

旅行

Ulsan
Ganjeolgot
A famous sunrise spot with Korea's largest postbox

Coming here today, It really turned out great!

POST
Ganjeolgot Hope Postbox

Ganjeolgot Hope Postbox

Post

@finger_prings

TRAVEL


Portugueses vão receber menos 1.167 milhões nos reembolsos do IRS
CNN
PORTUGAL

葡萄牙人将在个人所得税退税中少收到116.7万
美国有线电视新闻网
葡萄牙

The Portuguese will receive 1.167 million less in IRS refunds
CNN
PORTUGAL


Seminar Penyelidikan Pendidikan 2017
Mac 20-22 di IPBL, Kuching, Sarawak

--

Bermula tahun 2004, kajian penyelidikan mengenai *Lesson Study* banyak dijalankan di peringkat Sarjana dan PhD di Malaysia. Kajian yang dijalankan adalah untuk mengkaji aspek penting untuk melihat sejauh mana kualiti pembelajaran pelajar berhubungan rapat dengan kualiti pengajaran guru. Panduan guru-guru yang menggariskan kriteria yang perlu dicapai dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran terkandung dalam Standard Kualiti Pendidikan Malaysia (SKPM) 2010: Standard 4 merujuk elemen pengajaran dan Pembelajaran. Sehubungan itu, kajian dijalankan ke atas guru yang mengamalkan *Lesson Study* sama ada dapat merancang dan melaksanakan PdP yang berkualiti tinggi atau melihat keberkesanan *Lesson Study* dan implikasinya terhadap PdP di dalam bilik darjah untuk meningkatkan pencapaian dan mengembangkan potensi pelajar secara berterusan pada tahap yang optimum.

Satu kajian kes telah dijalankan oleh Muzirah dan Nurhana (2013) untuk meninjau persepsi guru Sains tentang keberkesanan PdP menggunakan pendekatan *Lesson Study*. Hasil kajian ini juga menunjukkan bahawa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara amalan *Lesson Study* dan keberkesanan pembelajaran pelajar, persepsi guru dan *Lesson Study*, persepsi dan guru kolaboratif, dan persepsi guru dan amalan reflektif. Namun, antara amalan Lesson Study dan keberkesanan pengajaran guru dan pusat pelajar dan persepsi guru menunjukkan tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan. Satu kajian perbandingan pelaksanaan *Lesson Study* antara Malaysia dan Jepun dapat dilihat melalui kajian Zanaton et al. (2015) di mana pemerhatian dilakukan di dua buah sekolah di Jepun yang melaksanakan “public open lesson” dan temu bual kepada guru dan pentadbir sekolah manakala pemerhatian terhadap perlaksanaan *Lesson Study* di Malaysia telah dilaksanakan semasa bengkel penyebaran *lesson study* di beberapa sekolah di dua buah daerah. Terdapat perbezaan yang ketara dalam pelaksanaannya dalam perancangan pengajaran dan pelaksanaan pengajaran, refleksi dan pengubahsuaian pengajaran. Kajian mengenai amalan refleksi oleh bakal guru Sains dalam pendekatan *Lesson Study* di beberapa sekolah terpilih telah dijalankan oleh Md Yusoff et al. (2014) dari Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Dapatan kajian ini menunjukkan pendekatan *lesson study* memberi impak yang positif ke arah kecemerlangan proses pengajaran.

Terdapat banyak kajian lepas tentang keberkesanan *Lesson Study* dalam meningkatkan profesionalisme guru. Namun begitu, kajian yang dijalankan kurang melibatkan respondennya adalah pelajar dan melihat sejauh manakah keberkesanan *Lesson Study* terhadap pengajaran guru melalui penilaian pelajar dan pengalaman guru yang melaksanakan pendekatan ini. Penilaian terhadap pengajaran guru lebih bertepatan sekiranya dinilai dari pandangan pelajar dan pembelajaran bermakna yang dikuasai oleh pelajar. *Lesson Study* di Sarawak masih baru diperingkat pendedahan dan belum ada kajian yang melibatkan responden dari kalangan pelajar dan guru sekolah menengah dari negeri ini.

METODOLOGI

Kajian yang dijalankan adalah gabungan dua kaedah penyelidikan iaitu dalam bentuk kuantitatif iaitu kajian berbentuk perbandingan penyebab (*causal comparative*) dan kajian kualitatif melalui temu bual ke atas lima orang guru yang telah melaksanakan *Lesson Study*. Kajian perbandingan penyebab bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti perbandingan tahap keberkesanan pengajaran guru antara guru yang telah melaksanakan *Lesson Study* dan guru yang tidak melaksanakan *Lesson Study*. Kajian perbandingan penyebab menyerupai reka bentuk kuasi-eksperimental untuk menilai keberkesanan suatu program apabila responden kajian tidak dapat diagihkan secara rawak dan hanya menggunakan soal selidik sebagai instrumen kajian. Populasi yang diambil dalam kajian ini adalah semua pelajar Tingkatan 2 di sekolah pengkaji. Kajian ini menggunakan persampelan bertujuan kerana responden

--
343

2017年教育研究研讨会
3月20-22日，于砂拉越古晋峇都林当师范学院

--

自2004年起，马来西亚在硕士和博士阶段开展了大量关于*课例研究*的科研项目。这些研究旨在探讨关键因素，以了解学生学习质量与教师教学质量之间的密切关系。指导教师在教学与学习中需达标的准则载于《马来西亚教育质量标准2010》（SKPM）2010：标准4涉及教学与学习元素。因此，本研究针对采用*课例研究*的教师进行，旨在探究他们是否能够策划并实施高质量的教学与学习（PdP），或审视*课例研究*的有效性及其对课堂教学与学习的影响，以期持续优化学生成绩并最大限度地发掘其潜能。

Muzirah 与 Nurhana（2013）进行了一项案例研究，旨在调查科学教师对采用*课例研究*方法的教学与学习（PdP）有效性的认知。该研究结果还显示，*课例研究*实践与学生学习效果、教师对*课例研究*的认知、教师协作认知以及教师反思实践之间存在显著相关性。然而，*课例研究*实践与教师教学效果、学生中心性以及教师认知之间并未显示出显著相关性。Zanaton 等人（2015）的研究对马来西亚和日本的*课例研究*实施情况进行了比较研究，其中观察了日本两所实施“公开课”的学校，并对教师和学校管理人员进行了访谈；而在马来西亚，对*课例研究*实施情况的观察则是在两个地区若干学校推广*课例研究*的工作坊期间进行的。在教学设计、教学实施、反思和教学改进方面，两国的实施存在显著差异。马来西亚国民大学的Md Yusoff等人（2014）对几所选定学校的准科学教师在*课例研究*方法中的反思实践进行了研究。该研究结果表明，*课例研究*方法对提升卓越教学过程具有积极影响。

已有许多关于*课例研究*在提升教师专业素养方面有效性的既往研究。然而，已进行的研究较少涉及学生作为受访者，也较少通过学生评价和实施此方法的教师经验来审视*课例研究*对教师教学的有效性程度。若从学生的视角以及学生所掌握的有意义学习来评价教师的教学，则更为恰当。*课例研究*在砂拉越州仍处于推广初期，尚无涉及该州中学生和中学教师作为受访者的研究。

方法论

本研究采用混合研究方法，结合了定量研究（因果比较研究，*causal comparative*）和定性研究（通过对五位已实施*课例研究*的教师进行访谈）。因果比较研究旨在确定已实施*课例研究*的教师与未实施*课例研究*的教师在教学有效性水平上的比较。当研究对象无法随机分配，且仅使用问卷作为研究工具时，因果比较研究类似于准实验设计，用以评估某个项目的有效性。本研究的总体是研究者所在学校的所有初中二年级学生。本研究采用目的性抽样，因为受访者

--
343

2017 Education Research Seminar
March 20-22 at IPBL, Kuching, Sarawak

--

Since 2004, research studies on *Lesson Study* have been extensively conducted at the Master’s and PhD levels in Malaysia. The studies were carried out to examine crucial aspects of how closely students’ learning quality is related to teachers’ teaching quality. Guidelines for teachers, which outline the criteria to be achieved in teaching and learning, are contained in the Malaysian Education Quality Standard (SKPM) 2010: Standard 4, which refers to the teaching and learning element. Accordingly, the study was conducted to determine whether teachers who practice *Lesson Study* can design and implement high - quality teaching and learning (PdP) or to examine the effectiveness of *Lesson Study* and its implications for teaching and learning in the classroom to improve achievement and continuously develop students’ potential to an optimal level.

A case study was conducted by Muzirah and Nurhana (2013) to examine science teachers’ perceptions of the effectiveness of teaching and learning using the *Lesson Study* approach. The results of this study also showed that there is a significant relationship between the practice of *Lesson Study* and students’ learning effectiveness, teachers’ perceptions and *Lesson Study*, perceptions and collaborative teachers, and teachers’ perceptions and reflective practice. However, between the practice of Lesson Study and teachers’ teaching effectiveness, students’ focus, and teachers’ perceptions, there is no significant relationship. A comparative study on the implementation of *Lesson Study* between Malaysia and Japan can be seen in the study by Zanaton et al. (2015), where observations were made at two schools in Japan that implemented “public open lessons” and interviews with teachers and school administrators, while observations on the implementation of *Lesson Study* in Malaysia were carried out during *Lesson Study* dissemination workshops at several schools in two districts. There are significant differences in its implementation in teaching planning, teaching implementation, reflection, and teaching modification. A study on the reflective practice of prospective science teachers in the *Lesson Study* approach at several selected schools was conducted by Md Yusoff et al. (2014) from the National University of Malaysia. The findings of this study show that the *Lesson Study* approach has a positive impact towards excellence in the teaching process.

There have been many previous studies on the effectiveness of *Lesson Study* in enhancing teacher professionalism. However, the studies conducted rarely involve students as respondents and examine the extent of the effectiveness of *Lesson Study* on teachers’ teaching through student assessment and the experiences of teachers who implement this approach. Teacher teaching assessment is more appropriate if evaluated from the students’ perspective and the meaningful learning mastered by students. *Lesson Study* in Sarawak is still in the introductory stage, and there are no studies involving respondents from among students and secondary school teachers in this state.

METHODOLOGY

The study conducted is a combination of two research methods, namely in quantitative form, i.e., causal comparative research (*causal comparative*), and qualitative research through interviews with five teachers who have implemented *Lesson Study*. The causal comparative study aims to identify the comparison of the level of teachers’ teaching effectiveness between teachers who have implemented *Lesson Study* and teachers who have not implemented *Lesson Study*. Causal comparative research resembles a quasi - experimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of a program when the study respondents cannot be randomly assigned and only uses questionnaires as a research instrument. The population taken in this study is all Form 2 students in the research schools. This study uses purposive sampling because the respondents

--
343


La Costeña$ ^{®} $

SALSA MEXICANA VERDE

Sin Conservadores

CONT. NET. 220 g

La Costeña$ ^{®} $

墨西哥青酱

不含防腐剂

净含量 220 克

La Costeña$ ^{®} $

Green Mexican Salsa

No Preservatives

Net Content 220 g


The Mindset for Choosing a Life Partner...


12월 국내 여행

대전 여행 코스 추천

Feat.연말 여행

12月国内旅行

大田旅行路线推荐

附・年末旅行

December Domestic Travel

Daejeon Travel Itinerary Recommendation

Feat. Year-End Travel


PIXAR

DEL REVES 2
(INSIDE OUT 2)
Incluye un cuento,figuritas y un tapete

LibroĀventuras

皮克斯

头脑特工队2
(头脑特工队2)
包含一个故事、小玩偶和一张游戏垫

冒险之书

PIXAR

INSIDE OUT 2
(INSIDE OUT 2)
Includes a story, figurines, and a playmat

Adventure Book


*PIZZERIA CATAFRATTA  A NAPOLI*
(PREZZO ALLA FINE)

Sei nella città più Bella del mondo

*那不勒斯卡塔弗拉塔披萨店*
（价格附于文末）

你正身处世界上最美的城市

*Pizzeria Catafratta in Naples*
(Price at the end)

You are in the most beautiful city in the world


*Reliability is often defined as the consistency and stability of data or findings. From a positivistic perspective, reliability typically is considered to be synonymous with the consistency of data produced by observations made by different researchers (e.g interrater reliability), by the same researcher at different times (e.g test retest), or by splitting a data set in two parts (split-half)*.

Karena reliabilitas berkenaan dengan derajat konsistensi, maka bila ada peneliti lain mengulangi atau mereplikasi dalam penelitian pada obyek yang sama dengan metode yang sama maka akan rnenghasilkan data yang sama. Suatu data yang reliabel atau konsisten akan cenderung valid, walaupun belum tentu valid.

3. Uji Objektivitas

Objektivitas berkenaan dengan "derajat kesepakatan" atau *"interpersonal agreement"* antar banyak orang terhadap suatu data. Bila dari 100 orang, terdapat 99 orang menyatakan bahwa terdapat warna merah dalam obyek penelitian itu, sedangkan yang satu orang menyatakan warna lain, maka data tersebut adalah data yang obyektif. Data yang obyektif akan cenderung valid, walaupun belum tentu valid.

Dapat terjadi suatu data yang disepakati banyak orang belum tentu valid, tetapi yang disepakati sedikit orang malah lebih valid. Contoh: terdapat 99 orang menyatakan bahwa A bukan pencuri (obyektif), dan satu orang menyatakan bahwa A adalah pencuri (subyektif). Ternyata yang betul adalah pernyataan satu orang, karena yang 99

---

METODOLOGI PENELITIAN EKONOMI DAN BISNIS ISLAM | 301

*信度通常被定义为数据或研究结果的一致性和稳定性。从实证主义的角度来看，信度通常被认为与不同研究者进行观察产生的数据一致性（如评分者间信度）、同一研究者在不同时间进行观察产生的数据一致性（如重测信度），或把数据集分成两部分产生的数据一致性（分半信度）同义*。

因为信度与一致性程度有关，所以若有其他研究者用相同方法对同一研究对象重复或复制开展研究，就会产生相同数据。可靠或一致的数据往往具有有效性，尽管不一定有效。

3. 客观性检验

客观性与多人对某一数据的“一致程度”或*“人际间一致性”*有关。若100人中，有99人表示研究对象中存在红色，而1人表示是其他颜色，那么该数据就是客观数据。客观数据往往具有有效性，尽管不一定有效。

可能出现多人认同的数据不一定有效，但少人认同的数据反而更有效的情况。例如：99人表示A不是小偷（客观），1人表示A是小偷（主观）。事实证明那1人的说法是对的，因为那99人

---

伊斯兰经济与商业研究方法论 | 301

*Reliability is often defined as the consistency and stability of data or findings. From a positivistic perspective, reliability typically is considered to be synonymous with the consistency of data produced by observations made by different researchers (e.g interrater reliability), by the same researcher at different times (e.g test retest), or by splitting a data set in two parts (split-half)*.

Because reliability pertains to the degree of consistency, then if another researcher repeats or replicates a study on the same object with the same method, they will produce the same data . Reliable or consistent data will tend to be valid, although it is not necessarily valid .

3. Objectivity Test

Objectivity pertains to the "degree of consensus" or *"interpersonal agreement"* among many people regarding certain data . If out of 100 people, 99 state that there is a red color in the research object, while one person states another color, then that data is objective . Objective data will tend to be valid, although it is not necessarily valid.

It can happen that data agreed upon by many people is not necessarily valid, but data agreed upon by a few people is actually more valid . Example: 99 people state that A is not a thief (objective), and one person states that A is a thief (subjective) . It turns out that the statement of the one person is correct, because the 99

---

Research Methodology for Islamic Economics and Business | 301


adalah jumlah pembeli saat hari raya Idul Adha, tinggi badan mahasiswa FEBI, dan lain-lain. Data kuantitatif dibagi menjadi data diskrit/nominal dan data kontinum

4. Berdasarkan sifatnya (diskrit, kontinum)
 a. Data Diskrit
Data diskrit adalah data dalam bentuk angka (bilangan) yang diperoleh dengan cara membilang. Data diskrit/nominal adalah data yang hanya dapat digolong-golongkan secara terpisah, secara diskrit atau kategori (cara menyusunnya didasarkan pada klasifikasi tertentu). Contoh data diskrit misalnya:

- Jumlah Sekolah Negeri di Kecamatan Syiah Kuala sebanyak 600 unit.
- Jumlah siswa laki-laki atau perempuan di FEBI UIN Ar-Raniry TA 2020/2021 sebanyak 2500 orang.
- Jumlah penduduk Kota Banda Aceh tahun 2020 sebanyak 250.000 jiwa.

Karena diperoleh dengan cara membilang, data diskrit akan berbentuk bilangan bulat (bukan bilangan pecahan).

b. Data Kontinum
 *Data kontinum* adalah data dalam bentuk angka/bilangan yang diperoleh berdasarkan hasil pengukuran. Data kontinum dapat berbentuk bilangan bulat atau pecahan tergantung jenis skala pengukuran yang digunakan. Contoh data kontinum misalnya:

- Tinggi badan Ali adalah 168 centimeter.
- IQ Budi adalah 120.
- Suhu udara di ruang kelas 24º Celcius.

---
248 | Dr. Azharsyah Ibrahim, SE.Ak, M.S.O.M.

是宰牲节期间的购买者数量、经济与伊斯兰商业学院学生的身高等等。定量数据分为离散/名义数据和连续数据。

4. 根据其性质 (离散，连续)
 a. 离散数据
离散数据是通过计数方式获得的数字（数值）形式的数据。离散/名义数据是只能被分开归类、离散归类或按类别归类的数据（其组织方式基于特定分类）。离散数据的例子例如：

- Syiah Kuala 区的公立学校数量为 600 所。
- Ar-Raniry 国立伊斯兰大学 经济与伊斯兰教法学院 2020/2021 学年的男女学生总数为 2500 人。
- 2020年班达亚齐市的人口数量为 250,000 人。

因为通过计数获得，离散数据将是整数形式（而不是分数）。

b. 连续数据
 *连续数据* 是基于测量结果获得的数字/数值形式的数据。连续数据可以是整数或分数形式，具体取决于所使用的测量标尺类型。连续数据的例子例如：

- 阿里的身高是 168 厘米。
- 布迪的智商是 120。
- 教室里的气温是 24º 摄氏度。

---
248 | Azharsyah Ibrahim 博士，经济学学士（会计学），运营管理理学硕士

are the number of buyers during the Eid al-Adha holiday, the height of students from FEBI (Faculty of Islamic Economics and Business), and others. Quantitative data is divided into discrete/nominal data and continuous data.

4. Based on its nature (discrete, continuous)
 a. Discrete Data
Discrete data is data in the form of numbers (figures) obtained by counting. (Data diskrit adalah data dalam bentuk angka (bilangan) yang diperoleh dengan cara membilang.) Discrete/nominal data is data that can only be classified separately, discretely, or by category (its arrangement method is based on specific classifications).

- The number of Public Schools in Syiah Kuala Sub-district is 600 units.
- The number of male or female students at FEBI, UIN Ar-Raniry for the Academic Year 2020/2021 is 2500 people.
- The population of Banda Aceh City in 2020 was 250,000 people.

Because it is obtained by counting, discrete data will be in the form of whole numbers (not fractional numbers).

b. Continuous Data
*Continuous data* is data in the form of numbers/figures obtained based on measurement results. (*Data kontinuum* adalah data dalam bentuk angka/bilangan yang diperoleh berdasarkan hasil pengukuran.) Continuous data can be in the form of whole numbers or fractions depending on the type of measurement scale used.

- Ali's height is 168 centimeters.
- Budi's IQ is 120.
- The air temperature in the classroom is 24º Celsius.

---
248 | Dr. Azharsyah Ibrahim, SE.Ak, M.S.O.M.


VLOG DE DIET
Une journée dans mon assiette
Je suis malade

饮食生活日记
我餐盘里的一天
我生病了


NEW IN CASCAIS

No primeiro escape room de Cascais terá de fugir da famosa prisão de Alcatraz

02

03

卡斯卡伊斯新动态

在卡斯卡伊斯的首家密室逃脱，你必须逃离著名的恶魔岛监狱

02

03

NEW IN CASCAIS

In Cascais' first escape room, you'll have to escape from the famous Alcatraz prison

02

03


ALL

웜톤을위한

미지근 립 추천

@@차분한 컬러로 베이스로도 좋음!

全部

适合暖皮

柔和色系唇膏推荐

@@沉稳的颜色，用作打底也很棒！

ALL

For Warm Tones

Muted Lip Recommendations

@@Also great as a base due to its subdued color!


Nişantaşı’nda şık ve keyifli,Paris’te bir brasserie’de oturuyor hissi veren restaurant

位于尼尚塔什，雅致且令人愉悦，让人感觉仿佛置身巴黎某家法式小酒馆的餐厅

A chic and enjoyable restaurant in Nişantaşı that gives the feeling of sitting in a brasserie in Paris


TRAVEL ETC.id

CRUISE

Yacht ini dirancang khusus untuk perjalanan mewah mengeksplor Kepulauan Galapagos

TRAVELETC.ID

旅行及其他.id

邮轮

此游艇专为探索加拉帕戈斯群岛的豪华旅行而特别设计

旅行及其他.id

TRAVEL ETC.id

CRUISE

This yacht is specially designed for luxurious journeys exploring the Galapagos Islands

TRAVELETC.ID


泳池别墅 碧武里府
瞬间@Pipeli


VIÊN UỐNG BỔ MÁU RUBINA NHẬT

Hỗ trợ tái tạo máu

タケダ

ルビーナ®
タケダの漢方薬（連珠飲）

更年期障害、めまい、

ホルモンバランスの乱れなどによる

Tăng cường lưu thông máu

Phòng ngừa thiếu máu

日本鲁比娜补血胶囊

辅助血液再生

武田

鲁比娜®
武田的汉方药（连珠饮）

更年期障碍、头晕

因激素平衡紊乱等所致

促进血液循环

预防贫血

Japanese Rubina Blood Tonic Capsules

Supports blood regeneration

Takeda

Rubina®
Takeda's Kampo Medicine (Renjuin)

Menopausal disorders and dizziness due to hormonal imbalance

Enhances blood circulation

Prevents anemia


*İstanbul'un En Güzel Terasına Sahip Oteli*

*伊斯坦布尔拥有最美丽露台的酒店*

*The Hotel with Istanbul's Most Beautiful Terrace*


CNN

PORTUGAL

CNN

PORTUGAL
Ginecologista condenado por abusos sexuais a pacientes continua a exercer em Lisboa

美国有线电视新闻网

葡萄牙

美国有线电视新闻网

葡萄牙
因对患者实施性虐待而被定罪的妇科医生，仍在里斯本执业

CNN

PORTUGAL

CNN

PORTUGAL
Gynecologist convicted of sexually abusing patients continues to practice in Lisbon


SIC noticias

Pedro Andersson: "Se este método de negociação de beijar rabos se tornar uma prática, estamos bem. O que seria negociares o teu crédito à habitação assim?"

ISTO É GOZAR
TRABALH

SIC新闻

佩德罗·安德松：“如果这种拍马屁的谈判方法成为常态，那我们可就‘行’了。用这种方式去谈你的住房贷款，又会是什么样呢？”

这纯属胡闹
工作

SIC News

Pedro Andersson: "If this ass-kissing negotiation method becomes a practice, we're in good shape. What would it be like to negotiate your mortgage that way?"

This is messing around
Work


Bab 4 Krisis Ekonomi
63

---

Mekanisme umpan balik positif:
- Industri perbankan di Indonesia dan investasi asing bertumbuh secara cepat;
- Peningkatan ekspor non migas, kinerja pasar modal, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang didukung oleh masuknya arus modal asing;
- Perusahaan swasta Indonesia mendapatkan kemudahan dalam mengajukan pinjaman. Hal ini dikarenakan investor asing merasa optimis terhadap keberhasilan perekonomian Indonesia.

Sumber pendanaan:
- Peningkatan investasi asing yang signifikan dalam bentuk investasi portfolio, investasi langsung, dan utang swasta jangka pendek yang terjadi.

Guncangan negatif:
- Nilai rupiah dan capital outflow yang mengalami kemerosotan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh krisis keuangan di Korea, Thailand, dan beberapa negara di Asia Tenggara. Nasabah yang mengambil dana sebanyak-banyaknya semakin memperburuk kondisi ini karena neraca industri perbankan swasta nasional menjadi terganggu sehingga beberapa perusahaan mengalami kebangkrutan sehingga harus ditutup/meger.
- Di awal tahun 1998 rupiah mengalami kemerosotan hingga menyentuh harga Rp 16000/US$.
- Situasi politik yang terus memanas berakibat pada peningkatan harga,
- Kegiatan ekonomi terganggu karena pendapatan perusahaan dan kegiatan ekspor menurun. Pada tahun 1999 pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia mengalami kontraksi sebanyak 13,1%.

4.4.3 Krisis Subprime (2007–2009)
Pada tahun 2008 pertumbuhan ekonomi Amerika Serikat mengalami kontraksi sebesar 0.34% dan hal ini disebabkan oleh krisis Subprime Mortgage.Pada

第4章 经济危机
63

---

正反馈机制：
- 印尼的银行业和外国投资快速增长；
- 非油气出口增加，资本市场表现良好，以及外国资本流入支持的经济增长；
- 印尼私营企业更容易获得贷款。这是因为外国投资者对印尼经济的成功持乐观态度。

资金来源：
- 以证券投资、直接投资和短期私人债务形式出现的外国投资显著增加。

负面冲击：
- 印尼盾币值和资本外流出现下滑。这是由韩国、泰国和一些东南亚国家的金融危机造成的。客户大量提取资金进一步恶化了这种情况，因为国家私营银行业的资产负债表受到干扰，导致一些公司破产，不得不关闭/合并。

- 1998年初，印尼盾币值暴跌至1美元兑16000印尼盾。

- 持续紧张的政治局势导致物价上涨，

- 由于公司收入和出口活动下降，经济活动受到干扰。1999年，印尼经济增长收缩了13.1%。

4.4.3 次贷危机 (2007–2009)
2008年，美国经济增长收缩了0.34%，这是由次贷抵押贷款危机造成的。在

Chapter 4 Economic Crisis
63

---

Positive feedback mechanism:
- The banking industry in Indonesia and foreign investment grew rapidly.
- An increase in non-oil and gas exports, capital market performance, and economic growth was supported by the inflow of foreign capital.
- Indonesian private companies found it easy to apply for loans. This was because foreign investors were optimistic about the success of the Indonesian economy.

Funding sources:
- A significant increase in foreign investment occurred in the form of portfolio investment, direct investment, and short-term private debt.

Negative shocks:
- The value of the rupiah and capital outflow experienced a decline. This was caused by the financial crisis in Korea, Thailand, and several Southeast Asian countries. Customers withdrawing large amounts of funds further exacerbated this condition, as the balance sheets of the national private banking industry were disrupted, causing several companies to go bankrupt and subsequently close or merge.
- In early 1998, the rupiah depreciated, reaching Rp 16000/US$.
- The continuously escalating political situation resulted in price increases,
- Economic activity was disrupted as company revenues and export activities declined. In 1999, Indonesia's economic growth contracted by 13.1%.
4.4.3 Subprime Crisis (2007–2009)
In 2008, the economic growth of the United States contracted by 0.34%, and this was caused by the Subprime Mortgage crisis. In


NEW  2-х ДНЕВНЫЙСЕМИНАР-ПРАКТИКУМ

ОБРЯДОВАЯ МАГИЯ
ANDREY DUIKO

全新上线 为期两天的实践研讨会

仪式魔法
安德烈·杜伊科

NEW 2-DAY SEMINAR-WORKSHOP

RITUAL MAGIC
ANDREY DUIKO


качестве объекта мелиорации выбран участок площадью 305 га с наличием вкрапленных в пашню болот, кустарников, сенокосов. Средняя площадь

作为改良对象选定了一块面积305公顷的地段，该耕地中夹杂着沼泽、灌木丛、干草场。平均面积

As the object of land reclamation, a plot with an area of 305 ha was selected, featuring swamps, shrubs, and hayfields interspersed in the arable land.The average area


FORA DE CASA
Alerta, noivos: as luas-de-mel estão com descontos até 30 por cento

NiT

出游
新人们请注意：蜜月旅行可享高达30%的折扣

NiT

AWAY FROM HOME
Alert, engaged couples: honeymoons have discounts of up to 30 percent

NiT


*正如泰泽·厄兹吕所说；*


Port Nasi Arab Maqluba Mandy  Tersorok di Johor

MALAYSIA

柔佛州隐秘的阿拉伯米饭、马格鲁巴、曼迪美食据点

马来西亚

A Hidden Nasi Arab, Maqluba, and Mandy Spot in Johor

MALAYSIA


武葳野大学教養教育リサ一チ七ンタ一紀要 The Basis Vol.4 (2014.3)

---

図 8  大学滞在時間の推移  授業出席コマ別（単位：分）

図 9  大学滞在時間の推移  授業出席コマ別（単位：分）

図8から出席授業コマ分の時間を引いた値を図示

---
107

武藏野大学教养教育研究中心纪要 The Basis Vol.4 (2014.3)

---

图8 大学停留时间的变化 按上课节数划分（单位：分钟）

图9 大学停留时间的变化 按上课节数划分（单位：分钟）

图示从图8中减去出席课程节数时间后的值

---
107

Bulletin of the Research Center for Liberal Arts Education, Musashino University The Basis Vol.4 (2014.3)

---

Figure 8: Trends in Time Spent at University by Attended Class Periods (Unit: minutes)

Figure 9: Trends in Time Spent at University by Attended Class Periods (Unit: minutes)

Diagram showing values from Figure 8 after subtracting the time for attended class periods.

---
107


*佩尔特夫尼亚尔皇太后清真寺*


Общий размер капиталовложений складывается из затрат:

на новое жилищное и культурно-бытовое строительство, инженерное оборудование территории (устройство водопровода, канализации, электросетей и т. д.);

на новое производственное строительство, включая животноводческие постройки, различного рода хранилища, мастерские, гаражи и т. д.;

на реконструкцию или переоборудование построек с целью улучшения условий жизни населения, механизации производственных процессов, повышения производительности труда.

Стоимость жилого, производственного, культурно-бытового строительства и инженерного оборудования территории определяется на основе действующих типовых проектов.

Затраты на жилищное строительство при 100 % усадебной застройке определяются исходя из общей жилой площади, приходящейся на 1 человека, стоимости строительства 1 $ м^{2} $ жилой площади и общей численности жителей (N). Если считать, что на одного человека в сельской местности должно приходиться 18 $ м^{2} $ жилой площади, а стоимость строительства 1 $ м^{2} $ составляет 300 руб. (в ценах 1990 г.), то общие затраты на жилищное строительство тыс. руб. в поселке (А) будут равны:

A = 5,4N.

Укрупненные нормативы для определения затрат на строительство и благоустройство населенных пунктов при неполных удобствах могут быть взяты, например, в книге В. Я. Заплетина, Н. А. Кузнецова, М. А. Сулина (Внутрихозяйственное землеустройство. Методические указания по размещению производственных подразделений, хозяйственных центров, угодий и севооборотов в колхозе (совхозе). — ЛСХИ. Пушкин, 1980. с. 5—6). А при полном благоустройстве – из книги «Социально-экономические основы землепользования и землеустройства» (Воронеж.: ВГАУ, 1999.-с.119-126). Эти данные, обобщенные нами, приводятся в табл. 37.

资本投资总额由以下成本构成：

新建住宅及文化生活设施、区域工程配套建设（供水、排水、电网等设施建设）；

新建生产性建筑，包括畜牧场舍、各类仓库、车间、车库等；

对既有建筑进行改造或翻新，以改善居民生活条件、实现生产过程机械化、提高劳动生产率。

住宅、生产性建筑、文化生活设施建设及区域工程配套的费用，根据现行标准设计方案确定。

在 100% 宅基地开发率条件下，住宅建设费用根据人均居住面积、每平方米居住面积的建设费用及居民总人数（N）确定。假设农村地区人均应配备 18 平方米居住面积，每平方米建设费用为 300 卢布（按 1990 年价格计算），则居民点（A）的住宅建设总费用（单位：千卢布）为：

A = 5.4N

在设施不完善条件下，用于确定居民点建设与公共设施改善费用的概算定额，可参考В. Я. 扎普列京、Н. А. 库兹涅佐夫、М. А. 苏林所著《农场内部土地规划：集体农庄（国营农场）生产单位、经济中心、用地与轮作布局方法指南》（列宁格勒农业学院，普希金市，1980 年，第 5—6 页）；在设施完善条件下，可参考《土地利用与土地规划的社会经济基础》（沃罗涅日：沃罗涅日国立农业大学，1999 年，第 119–126 页）。本文汇总整理的数据详见表 37。

The total amount of capital investment consists of the following costs:

Construction of new residential and cultural‑domestic facilities, as well as engineering infrastructure of the territory (installation of water supply, sewerage, power grids, etc.);
Construction of new production facilities, including livestock buildings, warehouses of various types, workshops, garages, etc.;
Reconstruction or retrofitting of existing buildings to improve living conditions, mechanize production processes, and increase labor productivity.

The costs of residential, production, and cultural‑domestic construction, together with engineering infrastructure development, are determined based on current standard designs.

At a 100% homestead development rate, housing construction costs are calculated based on per capita living area, construction cost per square meter of living area, and the total population (N). Assuming 18 square meters of living area per person in rural areas, with a construction cost of 300 rubles per square meter (in 1990 prices), the total housing construction cost in the settlement (A), in thousands of rubles, is:

A = 5.4N.

For settlements with incomplete amenities, consolidated norms for determining construction and public improvement costs may be taken from the book by V. Ya. Zapletin, N. A. Kuznetsov, and M. A. Sulin, On-Farm Land Planning: Methodological Guidelines for the Placement of Production Units, Economic Centers, Land and Crop Rotations in Collective and State Farms (Leningrad Agricultural Institute, Pushkin, 1980, pp. 5–6).For fully improved settlements, reference is made to Socio‑Economic Foundations of Land Use and Land Planning (Voronezh: Voronezh State Agricultural University, 1999, pp. 119–126).The data summarized in this paper are presented in Table 37.


从格兰维亚大道
直通天际
马德里


CÓMO   MATAR   A  TU   FAMILIA
No puedes elegir a tu familia,  pero sí te la puedes cargar.

BELLA  MACKIE

如何杀死你的家人
你无法选择你的家人，但你可以摆脱他们。

贝拉·麦基

HOW TO KILL YOUR FAMILY
You can't choose your family, but you can get rid of them.

BELLA MACKIE


Üniversitenizi yazın aynı olanlar tanışsın

写下你们的大学，同校的人认识一下

Write your university, let those from the same one get acquainted


Глава 13. ИНВЕСТИЦИОННАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ

291

---

*Заказчик* — юридическое или физическое лицо, приняв-шее на себя функции организатора и управляющего по соору-жению объекта, начиная от разработки технико-экономичес-кого обоснования и заканчивая сдачей объекта в эксплуатацию или выходом объекта на проектную мощность.

*Застройщик* — юридическое или физическое лицо, облада-ющее правами на земельный участок под застройку при соору-жении объекта недвижимости. Он является землевладельцем. Заказчик в отличие от застройщика только использует земель-ный участок под застройку на правах аренды.

*Подрядчик (генеральный подрядчик)* — организация, осу-ществляющая по договору подряда или контракту сооружение объекта. Генеральный подрядчик отвечает перед заказчиком за сооружение объекта в полном соответствии с условиями до-говора, проекта, требованиями строительных норм и правил, оговоренной стоимостью. По согласованию с заказчиком он может привлекать на условиях субподряда к выполнению от-дельных видов работ субподрядные строительные, монтажные специализированные организации. Ответственность за каче-ство и сроки выполненных работ субподрядными организациями перед заказчиком несет генеральный подрядчик.

*Проектировщик (генеральный проектировщик)* — проект-ная организация, осуществляющая по договору или контракту с заказчиком разработку проекта объекта. Генеральный проек-тировщик для разработки специальных разделов проекта или проведения научных исследований может привлекать специа-лизированные проектные или научно-исследовательские орга-низации. Он несет полную ответственность за качество проекта, технико-экономические показатели объекта, правильность вы-полнения подрядной организацией проектных решений. Для контроля за соблюдением проектных решений генеральная про-ектная организация осуществляет авторский надзор.

Таким образом, в инвестиционном процессе создания объекта участвует несколько, по существу, независимых организаций, имеющих разные целевые задачи в достиже-нии своего экономического эффекта. Основной целевой зада-чей инвестора и заказчика являются сооружение объекта и ввод его в эксплуатацию при условии минимизации капи-

第13章 企业投资活动

291

---

*委托方* — 法人或自然人，承担了项目建设的组织者和管理者职能，从技术经济论证的制定开始，到项目竣工验收交付使用或项目达到设计产能为止。

*开发商* — 拥有在建设不动产项目时用于建设的地块权利的法人或自然人。其为土地所有者。与开发商不同，委托方仅以租赁方式使用该建设用地。

*承包商 (总承包商)* — 根据施工合同或合约进行项目建设的组织。总承包商向委托方负责，确保项目建设完全符合合同、设计的要求，符合建筑规范和规定，以及商定的造价。经委托方同意，总承包商可以分包条件吸引分包施工、安装专业组织来承担部分工程任务。总承包商对分包组织完成工作的质量和工期向委托方负责。

*设计方 (总设计方)* — 根据与委托方的合同或合约进行项目设计开发的设计组织。总设计方可以吸引专业设计或科研机构来开发项目的特殊部分或进行科学研究。他对项目质量、项目的技术经济指标、承包组织执行设计方案的正确性负全责。为监控设计方案的遵守情况，总设计组织进行设计监督。

因此，在项目建设投资过程中，有多个实质上独立的组织参与，它们在实现各自经济效益方面有着不同的目标任务。投资者和委托方的主要目标任务，是在投资最小化的条件下完成项目建设并投入使用

Chapter 13. INVESTMENT ACTIVITY OF THE ENTERPRISE

291

---

*Client* — a legal entity or natural person who has assumed the functions of an organizer and manager for the construction of a facility, starting from the development of a feasibility study and ending with the commissioning of the facility or the facility reaching its design capacity.

*Developer* — a legal entity or natural person holding rights to a land plot for construction when erecting a real estate object. They are the landowner. The Client, unlike the Developer, only uses the land plot for construction on a lease basis.

*Contractor (General Contractor)* — an organization that carries out the construction of a facility under a works agreement or contract. The General Contractor is responsible to the Client for the construction of the facility in full compliance with the terms of the agreement, the project, the requirements of building codes and regulations, and the agreed cost. With the Client's approval, they can engage specialized subcontracting construction and installation organizations on a subcontract basis to perform specific types of work. The General Contractor bears responsibility to the Client for the quality and deadlines of work performed by subcontracting organizations.

*Designer (General Designer)* — a design organization that develops the project for a facility under an agreement or contract with the Client. The General Designer may engage specialized design or research organizations to develop special sections of the project or conduct scientific research. They bear full responsibility for the quality of the project, the technical and economic indicators of the facility, and the correctness of the contractor's implementation of design solutions. To monitor compliance with design solutions, the general design organization carries out author's supervision.

Thus, several essentially independent organizations participate in the investment process of creating a facility, each having different target objectives in achieving their economic effect. The main target objective of the investor and the client is the construction of the facility and its commissioning, subject to the minimization of capi-


АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫЙ АДАПТЕР

AUX 3,5ММ - USB

HD
КАЧЕСТВО ЗВУКА

BLUETOOTH 5.0

БЫСТРОЕ СОЕДИНЕНИЕ

РАДИУС ДО 20М

车载适配器

AUX 3.5毫米 - USB

高清
音质

蓝牙 5.0

快速连接

传输范围可达20米

CAR ADAPTER

AUX 3.5MM - USB

HD
QUALITY

BLUETOOTH 5.0

FAST CONNECTION

RANGE UP TO 20M


THE STANDARD
LIFE

LIVING
THE PALAZZO
เมื่อการออกแบบ Beaux-Arts เจอกับการเชื่อมโยงธรรมชาติ แบบ Biophilic

标准
生活

居住
帕拉佐
当布杂艺术设计邂逅亲生命性的自然连结

THE STANDARD
LIFE

LIVING
THE PALAZZO
When Beaux-Arts Design Meets Biophilic Nature Connection


Kelebihan MySoalan

Terutamanya kepada Para Guru

6000 soalan dari pelbagai subjek untuk diakses

Mudah dan mesra pengguna

Soalan peperiksaan mengikut standard kementerian pendidikan

Teknologi canggih dan terkini

Subjek sekolah rendah dan menengah

*www.mysoalan.com*

MySoalan的优势

尤其是对教师

6000道各科目题目可供查阅

简单易用，界面友好

考题符合教育部标准

先进且最新的技术

涵盖小学和中学科目

*www.mysoalan.com*

Advantages of MySoalan

Especially for Teachers

6000 questions from various subjects for access

Easy and user-friendly

Examination questions according to Ministry of Education standards

Advanced and latest technology

Primary and secondary school subjects

*www.mysoalan.com*


gullón
maría

HOJaLDraDa

600g(4x150g)

21.15oz

Gullón
María

Flaky Pastry

600g (4 x 150g)

21.15 oz


كلام القهوة
COFFEE CHATS
لتحضير ألذ العصائر
خلط المشروبات المثلجة
مع كاتم صوت
V220

L1.5

صوت

coffeechatsa

JTC
OmniBlend

咖啡漫谈
咖啡漫谈
用于制作最美味的果汁
混合冰镇饮品
带消音罩
V220

L1.5

静音

coffeechatsa

JTC
OmniBlend

Coffee Talk
COFFEE CHATS

To Prepare the Tastiest Smoothies
Blending Frozen Drinks
With Sound Dampener

V220
L1.5
Sound

coffeechatsa

JTC
OmniBlend


FRAN LÓPEZ CASTILLO
EL PROBLEMA ES PENSAR QUE TIENES
TIEMP
MOLINO

弗朗·洛佩斯·卡斯蒂略
问题在于，你以为自己还有
时间
磨坊

FRAN LOPEZ CASTILLO
THE PROBLEM IS THINKING THAT YOU HAVE
TIME
MILL


BUATTA

CUCINA POPOLANA

BIVI GROUP SRL

SEDE: VIA CASSARI N.6 PALERMO

UB: CORSO VITT. EMANUELE N.176 PA

PARTIVA IVA 06390310826

TAVOLO: SOCIAL - Sala 1

OPERATORE: amministratore

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 7 X coperto | 14,00 |
| 1 X ACQUA NAT | 2,00 |
| 2 X DEGUSTAZIONE BUATTA | 24,00 |
| 1 X TAGLIARINI AL SUGO DELLA DOMENICA | 12,00 |
| 3 X BUCATINI CON SARDE E FINOCCHIETTO | 36,00 |
| 3 X PASTA AL NERO DI SEPPIA | 42,00 |
| 2 X INVOLTINI DI PESCE | 24,00 |
| 2 X FRITTURA DI PESCE DEL GIORNO | 28,00 |
| 2 X SECONDO PESCE SPECIAL | 24,00 |
| 1 X VINO DI FRANCO | 16,00 |
| 1 X COCA COLA | 2,00 |
| abbuono | -14,00 |
| TOTALE EURO | 210,00 |

RITIRARE LO SCONTRINO ALLA CASSA

/2019 15:20

BUATTA

民间美食

BIVI集团有限责任公司

总部：巴勒莫市卡萨里街6号

营业分店：巴勒莫市维托里奥·埃马努埃莱大街176号

增值税号 06390310826

餐桌：社交区 - 1号厅

操作员：管理员

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 7 X 餐位费 | 14.00 |
| 1 X 无气天然矿泉水 | 2.00 |
| 2 X BUATTA 品尝套餐 | 24.00 |
| 1 X 意式细面配周日肉酱 | 12.00 |
| 3 X 空心长面配沙丁鱼和茴香 | 36.00 |
| 3 X 墨鱼汁意面 | 42.00 |
| 2 X 鱼肉卷 | 24.00 |
| 2 X 当日炸鱼 | 28.00 |
| 2 X 特色鱼类主菜 | 24.00 |
| 1 X 弗兰科葡萄酒 | 16.00 |
| 1 X 可口可乐 | 2.00 |
| 折扣 | -14.00 |
| 总计 欧元 | 210.00|

请到收银台领取收据

/2019 15:20

BUATTA

TRADITIONAL CUISINE

BIVI GROUP SRL

REGISTERED OFFICE: CASSARI STREET No.6 PALERMO

BRANCH: VITTORIO EMANUELE AVENUE No.176 PALERMO

VAT NUMBER 06390310826

TABLE: SOCIAL - Room 1

OPERATOR: administrator

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 7 X cover charge | 14.00 |
| 1 X STILL WATER | 2.00 |
| 2 X BUATTA TASTING MENU | 24.00 |
| 1 X TAGLIARINI WITH SUNDAY SAUCE | 12.00 |
| 3 X BUCATINI WITH SARDINES AND WILD FENNEL | 36.00 |
| 3 X PASTA WITH SQUID INK | 42.00 |
| 2 X FISH ROLLS | 24.00 |
| 2 X FRIED FISH OF THE DAY | 28.00 |
| 2 X SPECIAL FISH MAIN COURSE | 24.00 |
| 1 X FRANCO'S WINE | 16.00 |
| 1 X COCA COLA | 2.00 |
| discount | -14.00 |
| TOTAL EUROS | 210.00 |

PLEASE COLLECT YOUR RECEIPT AT THE CASHIER

/2019 15:20


สระบุรี
10 พิกัด เที่ยวใกล้กรุงฯ
ที่พักเล่นน้ำ

沙拉武里
10 个曼谷周边的打卡地
戏水住宿

Saraburi
10 Good Getaways Near Bangkok
Accommodations for Water Play


Rooftop พัทยา
ทานอาหารบนฟ้าวิวพระอาทิตย์ตก
pippa
pippa

芭堤雅屋顶
云端用餐，饱览日落美景
皮帕
皮帕

Rooftop Pattaya
Dine in the sky with a sunset view
Pippa
Pippa


CHICORÉE

LEROUX®

IDÉALE EN CUISINE...

CHICORÉE

LIQUIDE

SANS CAFÉINE

100% VÉGÉTALE

SANS SUCRE AJOUTÉ*

菊苣

乐禧®

烹饪理想之选...

菊苣

液体

不含咖啡因

100% 植物成分

无添加糖*

CHICORY

LEROUX®

IDEAL FOR COOKING...

CHICORY

LIQUID

CAFFEINE-FREE

100% PLANT-BASED

NO ADDED SUGAR*


아는 사람만 아는
환절기 필수템 3가지

只有懂的人才知道
换季必备3件好物

For Those in the Know
3 Must-Have Items for the Change of Seasons


*Değerleri Kazandırmasındaki Etkililik Açısından Resmi ve Örtük Program ile Okul Dışı Etmenlerin Öğrenci Görüşleri Doğrultusunda Değerlendirilmesi*

*3267*

---

olduğunu göstermektedir. Özellikle “anneanne-babaannenin davranışları” yolunun değerleri kazandırmada çok üst düzeyde etkili olan akraba ortamı yolu olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öte yandan, okul dışı etmenler arasındaki diğer yollarda olduğu gibi, medya ve sosyal çevrede yer alan yolların da değerlerin kazandırılmasında çok etkili olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Medya ve sosyal çevrede yer alan “internet (web sayfaları, sohbet programları vb.).”, “sinema filmleri” ve “arkadaşlarla okul dışında sosyal ilişkiler” yollarının değerleri kazandırmada üst düzeyde bir etkiye sahip olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunların yanı sıra, resmi ve örtük programdan elde edilen sonuca benzer şekilde, okul dışı etmenler arasında yer alan yolların da değerlerin kazandırılmasında okul dışı etmenlerden daha düşük düzeyde etkili olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Benzer bir araştırma Temiz (2007) tarafından yapılmış, medyanın örtük aktarmalarla davranışları şekillendirdiği ve bu tip öğrenmelerin çoğu zaman resmi programından daha etkili olduğu görülmüştür.

Kişisel ve evrensel değerler ile milli değerlerin öğrencilere kazandırılmasında resmi ve örtük program ile okul dışı etmenlerin üçtünün de çok etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İstatistiksel açıdan aralarında fazla bir fark olmamasına rağmen, değerlerin tamamının öğrencilere kazandırılmasında birinci derecede okul dışı etmenlerin, ikinci derecede resmi programın, üçüncü derecede ise örtük programın daha etkili olduğu sonucu ortaya çıkmıştır. Elde edilen başka bir sonuç ise, resmi ve örtük program ile okul dışı etmenlerin milli değerlerin öğrencilere kazandırılmasında daha yüksek düzeyde bir etki ettiğidir. Öte yandan, resmi programın kişisel ve evrensel değerlerden ziyade milli değerlerin öğrencilere kazandırılmasında daha etkili olması dikkate değer bir sonuç olarak tespit edilmiştir. Konuyla ilgili yapılan diğer araştırma sonuçları da değerlerin öğrencilere kazandırılmasında okul, aile ve çevrenin tamamının önemli olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Nitekim, Meydan ve Bahçe (2010) tarafından yapılan araştırmanın sonuçları arasında, öğrencilere değerleri kazandırmada çevrenin etkisinin büyük olduğu, çevrenin öğrenciler için model oluşturduğu ve değerleri kazandırmada çevre ile birlikte aile ve okulun da önemli derecede etkisinin olduğu ve değerleri kazandırmada üçünün de ortak hareket etmesi gerektiği yer almıştır.

Resmi ve örtük program ile okul dışı etmenlerin değerleri kazandırmasındaki etkililik düzeyinin sırasında olduğu gibi, değerlerin kazandırılması yollarında da benzer bir sonuç ortaya çıkmıştır. İstatistiksel olarak aralarında fazla bir fark olmamasına rağmen, değerlerin öğrencilere kazandırılmasında birinci derecede okul dışı etmenlerin, ikinci derecede resmi programın, üçüncü derecede ise örtük programın yollarının etkili olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ortaya çıkan bulgulardan dikkate değer olarak elde edilen başka bir sonuç ise, resmi ve örtük program ile okul dışı etmenler değerleri kazandırmada üst düzeyde etkiliyken, bu faktörlerde yer alan yolların ise değerleri kazandırmada daha düşük düzeyde etkili olduğudur.

Araştırmanın sonuçları dikkate alınarak şu öneriler geliştirilmiştir.

a. Değerlerin öğrencilere kazandırılmasında resmi programların etkililik düzeyinin artırılması için özellikle öğretim programlarında değerlere ve bununla ilgili olan duyuşsal boyuta daha fazla ağırlık verilebilir.

b. Resmi ve örtük program ile okul dışı etmenlerin kişisel ve evrensel değerlerin öğrencilere kazandırmasındaki etkililik düzeyinin yükseltilmesi için eğitim programlarının geliştirilmesinde bu değerlerin nicel ve nitel ağırlıkları artırılabilir.

c. Değerlerin kazandırılması noktasında hem örtük program hem de okul dışı etmenler çok etkili olduğu için bu iki öğenin de hem milli eğitimin temel amaçları hem de aşamalı (dikey) ve sınıflamalı (yatay) eğitimsel amaçların (hedeflerin) özelliklerine uygun olması sağlanabilir.

---

Turkish Studies
*International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic*
*Volume 7/4, Fall, 2012*

*根据学生观点评估正式课程、隐性课程及校外因素在价值观习得方面的有效性*

*3267*

---

研究结果表明了这一点。尤其确定了，“（外）祖母的行为”这一途径，是价值观习得方面非常有效的亲属环境途径。另一方面，与校外因素中的其他途径一样，研究也得出结论，媒体和社交环境中的途径在价值观习得方面也非常有效。研究发现，媒体和社交环境中的“互联网（网页、聊天程序等）”、“电影”以及“与朋友在校外的社交关系”等途径，在价值观习得方面具有高水平的影响。除此之外，与正式课程和隐性课程的研究结果相似，本研究同样得出结论：校外因素所包含的各类途径，在价值观习得方面的有效性低于正式课程与隐性课程。Temiz (2007) 进行的一项类似研究表明，媒体通过隐性传递塑造行为，并且这类学习往往比正式课程更有效。

在向学生传授个人价值观、普世价值观和民族价值观方面，正式课程、隐性课程和校外因素这三者都被确定为非常有效。尽管在统计学上它们之间没有太大差异，但研究结果表明，在向学生传授所有价值观方面，校外因素最为有效，其次是正式课程，再次是隐性课程。获得的另一个结果是，正式课程、隐性课程和校外因素在向学生传授民族价值观方面具有更高水平的影响。另一方面，正式课程在传授民族价值观方面比传授个人和普世价值观更有效，这是一个值得注意的结果。其他相关研究结果也表明，学校、家庭和环境在向学生传授价值观方面都非常重要。事实上，Meydan和Bahçe(2010)的研究结果表明，环境在学生价值观习得方面影响重大，环境为学生树立了榜样，在价值观习得方面，家庭和学校与环境一起也具有重要影响，这三者应共同发挥作用。

与正式课程、隐性课程和校外因素在价值观习得方面的有效性水平排序相似，在价值观习得的途径方面也出现了类似的结果。尽管在统计学上它们之间没有太大差异，但研究结果表明，在向学生传授价值观方面，校外因素的途径最为有效，其次是正式课程的途径，再次是隐性课程的途径。研究结果中另一个值得注意的发现是，虽然正式课程、隐性课程和校外因素在价值观习得方面非常有效，但这些因素中所包含的途径在价值观习得方面的影响力较低。

考虑到研究结果，提出了以下建议：

a. 为提高正式课程在向学生传授价值观方面的有效性，可以特别在教学计划中更加重视价值观及相关的情感维度。

b. 为提高正式课程、隐性课程和校外因素在向学生传授个人和普世价值观方面的有效性，可以在教育计划的制定中增加这些价值观在数量和质量上的权重。

c. 由于隐性课程和校外因素在价值观习得方面都非常有效，可以确保这两个要素既符合国民教育的基本目标，也符合分阶段（纵向）和分类（横向）教育目标（指标）的特点。

---

土耳其研究
*土耳其语或突厥语语言、文学和历史国际期刊*
*第 7/4 卷，2012年秋季*

*An Evaluation of Formal and Hidden Curricula and Out-of-School Factors in Terms of Their Effectiveness in Instilling Values, Based on Student Opinions*

*3267*

---

This shows that. Specifically, the "behaviors of maternal and paternal grandmothers" pathway was identified as a highly effective relative environment pathway in instilling values. On the other hand, it was concluded that, like other pathways among out-of-school factors, pathways in media and the social environment are also highly effective in instilling values. The pathways "internet (web pages, chat programs, etc.)," "cinema films," and "social relationships with friends outside of school" within media and the social environment were revealed to have a high level of effectiveness in instilling values. In addition to these, similar to the findings from the formal and hidden curriculum, it was concluded that the pathways among out-of-school factors are also less effective in instilling values than the formal and hidden curriculum. A similar study was conducted by Temiz (2007), which found that media shapes behaviors through implicit transmissions and that this type of learning is often more effective than the formal curriculum.

It was determined that all three—the formal curriculum, the hidden curriculum, and out-of-school factors—are very effective in instilling personal, universal, and national values in students. Although there is not much difference between them from a statistical point of view, it emerged that out-of-school factors are primarily effective, the formal curriculum is secondarily effective, and the hidden curriculum is the third most effective in instilling all values in students. Another result obtained is that the formal and hidden curricula and out-of-school factors have a higher level of impact in instilling national values in students. On the other hand, the finding that the formal curriculum is more effective in instilling national values in students rather than personal and universal values was identified as a noteworthy result. Other research results on the subject also reveal that school, family, and environment are all important in instilling values in students. Indeed, among the results of the research conducted by Meydan and Bahçe (2010), it was found that the environment has a great impact on instilling values in students, that the environment creates a model for students, that along with the environment, family and school also have a significant impact in instilling values, and that all three should act jointly in instilling values.

Similar to the ranking of the effectiveness levels of the formal and hidden curricula and out-of-school factors in instilling values, a similar result emerged regarding the pathways for instilling values. Although there is not much difference between them statistically, it was concluded that in instilling values in students, the pathways of out-of-school factors are primarily effective, those of the formal curriculum are secondarily effective, and those of the hidden curriculum are the third most effective. Another noteworthy result obtained from the findings is that while the formal and hidden curricula and out-of-school factors are highly effective in instilling values, the pathways within these factors are less effective in instilling values.

Considering the results of the research, the following recommendations have been developed:

a. To increase the effectiveness level of formal curricula in instilling values in students, more emphasis can be given to values and the related affective dimension, especially in teaching programs.

b. To raise the effectiveness level of formal and hidden curricula and out-of-school factors in instilling personal and universal values in students, the quantitative and qualitative weights of these values can be increased in the development of educational programs.

c. Since both the hidden curriculum and out-of-school factors are very effective in instilling values, it can be ensured that both these elements are aligned with both the fundamental aims of national education and the characteristics of progressive (vertical) and graded (horizontal) educational aims (objectives).

---

Turkish Studies
*International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic*
*Volume 7/4, Fall, 2012*


ЧЕЛНЫ ХЛЕБ

%

17 МАРТА
ВИТАМИННЫЙ ДЕНЬ

ЯБЛОКИ
Ред принц, 1кг

~~149.99~~
129.99

Акционные цены действительны при предъявлении карты «Важен каждый» 2024г.
Изображение товаров может незначительно отличаться от представленных в магазинах. Количество товара ограничено.

Цены указаны в рублях.

切尔尼面包
%

3月17日
维生素日

苹果
红王子, 1кг

~~149.99~~
129.99

促销价在出示2024年“每一位都重要”卡时有效。
商品图片可能与商店中展示的略有不同。
商品数量有限。

价格以卢布为单位。

Chelny Bread

%

MARCH 17

VITAMIN DAY

APPLES
Red Prince, 1kg

~~149.99~~
129.99

Promotional prices are valid upon presentation of the "Everyone Matters" card 2024.
The image of the products may differ slightly from those presented in stores. The quantity of goods is limited.

Prices are indicated in rubles.