instruction stringlengths 19 130 | output stringlengths 1 347 |
|---|---|
What does the prescription abbreviation 'q.s.' mean? | as much as required |
What is an additive drug effect? | The effect of 2 similar drugs given together equals the sum of either drug given alone, allowing for smaller doses of each drug and avoiding the toxic effect of either. |
Write this instruction using standard prescription abbreviations: Demerol, 50 mg every 3 hours, as needed, intramuscularly | Demerol, 50 mg q.3.h., p.r.n., IM |
What is a secondary effect as a dose-related adverse effect? | An expected but undesired effect of a drug at normal doses, such as constipation or sedation. |
What is a generic name for a drug? | The non-proprietary name of a drug, such as ibuprofen. |
Describe the Translingual route of drug administration. | Administered on the tongue; bypasses the stomach so it is not destroyed by stomach acids. |
Give the medical abbreviation for 'dilute' used on prescriptions. | dil. |
What does the prescription abbreviation 'ad lib' mean? | as desired |
What does the prescription abbreviation 'q.o.d.' mean? | every other day |
What does the prescription abbreviation 'per' mean? | by |
Describe Phase I of clinical drug trials. | The drug is tested on healthy volunteers, primarily to determine whether it is safe. |
Describe Schedule 1 (C-I) controlled substances and give examples. | High abuse potential with no accepted medical use in the United States, such as heroin, marijuana, LSD, and peyote. |
Describe the Intravenous (IV) route of drug administration. | Injected directly into the blood; rapid onset. It is a parenteral route. |
What does the prescription abbreviation 'supp.' mean? | suppository |
Name some types of drug receptors mentioned in pharmacology. | Alpha receptors, beta receptors, nicotinic receptors, and muscarinic receptors, found on different organs and tissues. |
What is drug dependence? | A physical or psychological need for a drug, producing withdrawal symptoms when the drug is stopped. |
Give the medical abbreviation for 'by' used on prescriptions. | per |
Describe the Subcutaneous (SubQ, SC) route of drug administration. | Injected into subcutaneous tissue; the drug enters the blood through capillaries. It is a parenteral route. |
What does the prescription abbreviation 'NS (N/S)' mean? | normal saline |
Give the medical abbreviation for 'as desired' used on prescriptions. | ad lib |
What is drug potency? | The amount of drug required to produce a desired response. For example, if a smaller dose of morphine than codeine is needed to achieve the same effect, morphine is more potent than codeine. |
Give the medical abbreviation for 'elixir' used on prescriptions. | elix. |
What does the prescription abbreviation 'p.c.' mean? | after meals |
Describe the Gastric route of drug administration. | Delivered directly into the GI system for patients who can't ingest orally. |
What does pregnancy drug Category X mean? | Fetal abnormalities have been reported, with positive evidence of fetal risk in humans from animal and/or human studies; these drugs should not be used in pregnant women. |
What does a low (small) therapeutic index mean? | There is a narrow range between a safe and a lethal dosage, so dosage is critically important. Warfarin is an example, since at higher doses toxic effects like hemorrhage can occur. |
Give the medical abbreviation for 'by mouth' used on prescriptions. | p.o.; per os |
What is a chemical name for a drug? | The scientific name that describes the drug's atomic and molecular structure, e.g. (+/-)-2-(p-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid for ibuprofen. |
Give the medical abbreviation for '2 times a day' used on prescriptions. | b.i.d. |
What is a hypersensitivity adverse drug reaction? | A reaction where the patient's immune system sees the drug as a dangerous foreign substance. |
Give the medical abbreviation for 'left eye' used on prescriptions. | OS |
Describe the Rectal (PR) / vaginal route of drug administration. | Given as suppositories, ointments, creams, or gels. |
What does the prescription abbreviation 'dil.' mean? | dilute |
What does the prescription abbreviation 'OS' mean? | left eye |
Define onset of action, peak concentration, and duration of action. | Onset of action is the time from drug administration to therapeutic effect. Peak concentration occurs when the absorption rate equals the elimination rate. Duration of action is the length of time the therapeutic effect lasts. |
Give the medical abbreviation for 'without' used on prescriptions. | s |
Give the medical abbreviation for 'every night at bedtime' used on prescriptions. | q.h.s. |
What is drug overdose as an adverse effect? | A toxic reaction caused by an excessive dose of a drug. |
What does the prescription abbreviation 'OD' mean? | right eye |
Describe Schedule 3 (C-III) controlled substances and give examples. | Potential for moderate physical or psychological dependence, such as non-barbiturate sedatives and non-amphetamine stimulants. |
Describe Schedule 2 (C-II) controlled substances and give examples. | Potential for high abuse with severe physical or psychological dependence, such as meperidine, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, amphetamines, and barbiturates. |
What does the prescription abbreviation 'q.h.s.' mean? | every night at bedtime |
What does the prescription abbreviation 'd.c.' mean? | discontinue |
What is drug absorption? | The rate at which a drug leaves its site of administration; it can be fast (sublingual, IV, inhalation), slow (oral, IM, SC), or slowest (rectal, sustained-release). |
What is a dose-response curve? | A graphic representation of drug dosage versus response, showing that at low doses a dosage increase produces a small increase in response, at higher doses it produces a greater response, and at very high doses further increases produce little additional response. |
What does the prescription abbreviation 'q.a.m.' mean? | every morning |
Describe the Transdermal route of drug administration. | A 'patch' applied to the skin; the drug enters the blood through capillaries. |
Translate this prescription abbreviation into plain English: Vitamin E, supp. 400 IU, q.h.s. | Vitamin E suppository, 400 IU, every night at bedtime |
Give the medical abbreviation for 'immediately' used on prescriptions. | stat. |
What happened in 1962 regarding drug names? | The federal government mandated the use of one official generic name per drug. |
Write this instruction using standard prescription abbreviations: Vitamin A (cold water soluble), 10 drops by mouth, 4 times a day | Vitamin A CWS (cold water soluble), 10 gtt p.o., q.i.d. |
Write this instruction using standard prescription abbreviations: Prozac, 50 mg by mouth, every morning | Prozac, 50 mg p.o., q.a.m. |
Write this instruction using standard prescription abbreviations: Betaine hydrochloride, 2 tablets, before meals | Betaine HCl, 2 tab a.c. |
What factors influence drug absorption? | Blood flow, stress, diet, drug formulation, and drug-drug interactions. |
Give the medical abbreviation for 'after meals' used on prescriptions. | p.c. |
What does the prescription abbreviation 'a.c.' mean? | before meals |
What is a therapeutic index? | The ratio between a drug's therapeutic dose and its toxic dose; it is a measure of a drug's safety. |
What are the two broad categories of adverse drug reactions? | Dose-related reactions, which are the majority, and sensitivity-related reactions, which are rare. |
What does the prescription abbreviation 'ext' mean? | extract |
What does the prescription abbreviation 'syp.' mean? | syrup |
Translate this prescription abbreviation into plain English: Betaine HCl, 2 tab a.c. | Betaine hydrochloride, 2 tablets, before meals |
What does the prescription abbreviation 'OU' mean? | both eyes |
What is the difference between a competitive and non-competitive antagonist? | A competitive antagonist competes with the agonist for the receptor site and binds reversibly, so it can be displaced by the agonist. A non-competitive antagonist binds the receptor and blocks the agonist irreversibly. |
What are the dispensing regulations for C-II controlled substances? | Requires a written prescription (if telephoned in, a written prescription must follow within 24 hours); no prescription refills are allowed; the container must have a warning label. |
What is an Investigational New Drug (IND) application? | A new drug application filed after animal studies prove safety and effectiveness, allowing the drug to move into human clinical trials. |
What does the prescription abbreviation 'susp.' mean? | suspension |
What is the difference between a pharmacologic class and a therapeutic class of drugs? | A pharmacologic class groups drugs with similar characteristics or mechanisms (e.g. beta-adrenergic blockers, benzodiazepines), while a therapeutic class groups drugs by their therapeutic use (e.g. anti-hypertensives, anti-fungals). |
Give the medical abbreviation for 'fluid' used on prescriptions. | fld. |
What does the prescription abbreviation 'elix.' mean? | elixir |
What are the dispensing regulations for C-III controlled substances? | Requires a written or oral prescription that expires in 6 months, with a maximum of 5 refills in that 6-month period; the container must have a warning label. |
Explain the first-pass effect. | Oral drugs are absorbed in the small intestine and travel to the liver before reaching general circulation. The liver metabolizes the drug (the first-pass effect), which may inactivate or lower the amount of active drug released into circulation, requiring a higher oral dose for the desired effect. IV drugs bypass this... |
What are the dispensing regulations for C-V controlled substances? | May be dispensed with a written prescription or, depending on state law, sold over-the-counter (OTC). |
Give the medical abbreviation for 'every other day' used on prescriptions. | q.o.d. |
What does the prescription abbreviation 't.i.d.' mean? | 3 times a day |
What is pharmacotherapeutics? | The use of drugs to treat disease. |
What does the prescription abbreviation 'p.o.; per os' mean? | by mouth |
Translate this prescription abbreviation into plain English: Vitamin A CWS (cold water soluble), 10 gtt p.o., q.i.d. | Vitamin A (cold water soluble), 10 drops by mouth, 4 times a day |
Give the medical abbreviation for 'suspension' used on prescriptions. | susp. |
What does the prescription abbreviation 'q.d.' mean? | every day |
What is an iatrogenic drug effect? | An unintentional effect caused by a physician or treatment that mimics a pathologic disorder. |
Give the medical abbreviation for '3 times a day' used on prescriptions. | t.i.d. |
Describe the Oral (PO) route of drug administration. | Requires the patient to be conscious and able to swallow; the drug must withstand stomach acids. |
Write this instruction using standard prescription abbreviations: Vitamin A eyedrops, 3 drops in left eye, as needed | Vitamin A eyedrops, 3 gtt OS, p.r.n. |
What government agency monitors drug development in the United States? | The Food and Drug Administration (FDA). |
What ethical question is raised about drug testing on humans? | Whether it is legal or ethical for drug companies to use people as human research subjects, as illustrated by the 2009 Pfizer settlement over illegally testing the antibiotic Trovan on gravely ill children during a 1996 meningitis epidemic in Nigeria. |
Give the medical abbreviation for 'right eye' used on prescriptions. | OD |
What does the prescription abbreviation 'fld.' mean? | fluid |
What is a New Drug Application (NDA)? | An application filed years after the IND, once clinical trials are complete, to gain full marketing approval for the drug. |
Describe the Inhalation route of drug administration. | Gases are rapidly absorbed, often via a metered-dose inhaler. |
What are the dispensing regulations for C-I controlled substances? | Can only be used with an approved protocol. |
Give the medical abbreviation for '4 times a day' used on prescriptions. | q.i.d. |
Give the medical abbreviation for 'tablet' used on prescriptions. | tab. |
What is drug metabolism? | The process by which the body changes a drug from its dosage form into an excretable, water-soluble form, either into inactive metabolites or into active metabolites with their own pharmacologic action. |
Translate this prescription abbreviation into plain English: Demerol, 50 mg q.3.h., p.r.n., IM | Demerol, 50 mg every 3 hours, as needed, intramuscularly |
What is the difference between an agonist and an antagonist drug? | An agonist drug initiates a cell response after binding to a cell receptor (complete binding). An antagonist drug binds incompletely, preventing a cell response. |
What does the prescription abbreviation 'stat.' mean? | immediately |
Give the medical abbreviation for 'intramuscular' used on prescriptions. | IM |
What does pregnancy drug Category C mean? | Adverse effects have been reported in the animal fetus; information on humans is not available. |
What is a trade (brand/proprietary) name for a drug? | A name selected by the drug company and protected by copyright, such as Motrin. |
Give the medical abbreviation for 'every' used on prescriptions. | q. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.