@String(PAMI = {IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell.}) @String(IJCV = {Int. J. Comput. Vis.}) @String(CVPR= {IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recog.}) @String(ICCV= {Int. Conf. Comput. Vis.}) @String(ECCV= {Eur. Conf. Comput. Vis.}) @String(NIPS= {Adv. Neural Inform. Process. Syst.}) @String(ICPR = {Int. Conf. Pattern Recog.}) @String(BMVC= {Brit. Mach. Vis. Conf.}) @String(TOG= {ACM Trans. Graph.}) @String(TIP = {IEEE Trans. Image Process.}) @String(TVCG = {IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph.}) @String(TMM = {IEEE Trans. Multimedia}) @String(ACMMM= {ACM Int. Conf. Multimedia}) @String(ICME = {Int. Conf. Multimedia and Expo}) @String(ICASSP= {ICASSP}) @String(ICIP = {IEEE Int. Conf. Image Process.}) @String(ACCV = {ACCV}) @String(ICLR = {Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.}) @String(IJCAI = {IJCAI}) @String(PR = {Pattern Recognition}) @String(AAAI = {AAAI}) @String(CVPRW= {IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recog. Worksh.}) @String(CSVT = {IEEE Trans. Circuit Syst. Video Technol.}) @String(SPL = {IEEE Sign. Process. Letters}) @String(VR = {Vis. Res.}) @String(JOV = {J. Vis.}) @String(TVC = {The Vis. Comput.}) @String(JCST = {J. Comput. Sci. Tech.}) @String(CGF = {Comput. Graph. Forum}) @String(CVM = {Computational Visual Media}) @String(PAMI = {IEEE TPAMI}) @String(IJCV = {IJCV}) @String(CVPR = {CVPR}) @String(ICCV = {ICCV}) @String(ECCV = {ECCV}) @String(NIPS = {NeurIPS}) @String(ICPR = {ICPR}) @String(BMVC = {BMVC}) @String(TOG = {ACM TOG}) @String(TIP = {IEEE TIP}) @String(TVCG = {IEEE TVCG}) @String(TCSVT = {IEEE TCSVT}) @String(TMM = {IEEE TMM}) @String(ACMMM = {ACM MM}) @String(ICME = {ICME}) @String(ICASSP= {ICASSP}) @String(ICIP = {ICIP}) @String(ACCV = {ACCV}) @String(ICLR = {ICLR}) @String(IJCAI = {IJCAI}) @String(PR = {PR}) @String(AAAI = {AAAI}) @String(CVPRW= {CVPRW}) @String(CSVT = {IEEE TCSVT}) @misc{Authors14, author = {FirstName LastName}, title = {The frobnicatable foo filter}, note = {Face and Gesture submission ID 324. Supplied as supplemental material {\tt fg324.pdf}}, year = 2014 } @misc{Authors14b, author = {FirstName LastName}, title = {Frobnication tutorial}, note = {Supplied as supplemental material {\tt tr.pdf}}, year = 2014 } @article{Alpher02, author = {FirstName Alpher}, title = {Frobnication}, journal = PAMI, volume = 12, number = 1, pages = {234--778}, year = 2002 } @article{Alpher03, author = {FirstName Alpher and FirstName Fotheringham-Smythe}, title = {Frobnication revisited}, journal = {Journal of Foo}, volume = 13, number = 1, pages = {234--778}, year = 2003 } @article{Alpher04, author = {FirstName Alpher and FirstName Fotheringham-Smythe and FirstName Gamow}, title = {Can a machine frobnicate?}, journal = {Journal of Foo}, volume = 14, number = 1, pages = {234--778}, year = 2004 } @inproceedings{Alpher05, author = {FirstName Alpher and FirstName Gamow}, title = {Can a computer frobnicate?}, booktitle = CVPR, pages = {234--778}, year = 2005 } @inproceedings{wang2020high, title={High-frequency component helps explain the generalization of convolutional neural networks}, author={Wang, Haohan and Wu, Xindi and Huang, Zeyi and Xing, Eric P}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition}, pages={8684--8694}, year={2020} } @inproceedings{bai2022improving, title={Improving vision transformers by revisiting high-frequency components}, author={Bai, Jiawang and Yuan, Li and Xia, Shu-Tao and Yan, Shuicheng and Li, Zhifeng and Liu, Wei}, booktitle={European Conference on Computer Vision}, pages={1--18}, year={2022}, organization={Springer} } @inproceedings{rahaman2019spectral, title={On the spectral bias of neural networks}, author={Rahaman, Nasim and Baratin, Aristide and Arpit, Devansh and Draxler, Felix and Lin, Min and Hamprecht, Fred and Bengio, Yoshua and Courville, Aaron}, booktitle={International conference on machine learning}, pages={5301--5310}, year={2019}, organization={PMLR} } @article{tang2022defects, title={Defects of convolutional decoder networks in frequency representation}, author={Tang, Ling and Shen, Wen and Zhou, Zhanpeng and Chen, Yuefeng and Zhang, Quanshi}, journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.09020}, year={2022} } @inproceedings{wang2023neural, title={What do neural networks learn in image classification? a frequency shortcut perspective}, author={Wang, Shunxin and Veldhuis, Raymond and Brune, Christoph and Strisciuglio, Nicola}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision}, pages={1433--1442}, year={2023} } @inproceedings{qin2021fcanet, title={Fcanet: Frequency channel attention networks}, author={Qin, Zequn and Zhang, Pengyi and Wu, Fei and Li, Xi}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF international conference on computer vision}, pages={783--792}, year={2021} } @article{patro2023spectformer, title={SpectFormer: Frequency and Attention is what you need in a Vision Transformer}, author={Patro, Badri N and Namboodiri, Vinay P and Agneeswaran, Vijay Srinivas}, journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.06446}, year={2023} } @article{yin2019fourier, title={A fourier perspective on model robustness in computer vision}, author={Yin, Dong and Gontijo Lopes, Raphael and Shlens, Jon and Cubuk, Ekin Dogus and Gilmer, Justin}, journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}, volume={32}, year={2019} } @inproceedings{he2016deep, title={Deep residual learning for image recognition}, author={He, Kaiming and Zhang, Xiangyu and Ren, Shaoqing and Sun, Jian}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition}, pages={770--778}, year={2016} } @article{paszke2019pytorch, title={Pytorch: An imperative style, high-performance deep learning library}, author={Paszke, Adam and Gross, Sam and Massa, Francisco and Lerer, Adam and Bradbury, James and Chanan, Gregory and Killeen, Trevor and Lin, Zeming and Gimelshein, Natalia and Antiga, Luca and others}, journal={Advances in neural information processing systems}, volume={32}, year={2019} } @inproceedings{vasu2023fastvit, title={FastViT: A fast hybrid vision transformer using structural reparameterization}, author={Vasu, Pavan Kumar Anasosalu and Gabriel, James and Zhu, Jeff and Tuzel, Oncel and Ranjan, Anurag}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision}, pages={5785--5795}, year={2023} } @article{muller2019does, title={When does label smoothing help?}, author={M{\"u}ller, Rafael and Kornblith, Simon and Hinton, Geoffrey E}, journal={Advances in neural information processing systems}, volume={32}, year={2019} } @inproceedings{huang2016deep, title={Deep networks with stochastic depth}, author={Huang, Gao and Sun, Yu and Liu, Zhuang and Sedra, Daniel and Weinberger, Kilian Q}, booktitle={Computer Vision--ECCV 2016: 14th European Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, October 11--14, 2016, Proceedings, Part IV 14}, pages={646--661}, year={2016}, organization={Springer} } @inproceedings{ding2024unireplknet, title={Unireplknet: A universal perception large-kernel convnet for audio video point cloud time-series and image recognition}, author={Ding, Xiaohan and Zhang, Yiyuan and Ge, Yixiao and Zhao, Sijie and Song, Lin and Yue, Xiangyu and Shan, Ying}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition}, pages={5513--5524}, year={2024} } @article{wang2025lsnet, title={LSNet: See Large, Focus Small}, author={Wang, Ao and Chen, Hui and Lin, Zijia and Han, Jungong and Ding, Guiguang}, journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.23135}, year={2025} } @inproceedings{qin2024mobilenetv4, title={MobileNetV4: universal models for the mobile ecosystem}, author={Qin, Danfeng and Leichner, Chas and Delakis, Manolis and Fornoni, Marco and Luo, Shixin and Yang, Fan and Wang, Weijun and Banbury, Colby and Ye, Chengxi and Akin, Berkin and others}, booktitle={European Conference on Computer Vision}, pages={78--96}, year={2024}, organization={Springer} } @inproceedings{shaker2023swiftformer, title={Swiftformer: Efficient additive attention for transformer-based real-time mobile vision applications}, author={Shaker, Abdelrahman and Maaz, Muhammad and Rasheed, Hanoona and Khan, Salman and Yang, Ming-Hsuan and Khan, Fahad Shahbaz}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF international conference on computer vision}, pages={17425--17436}, year={2023} } @inproceedings{yun2019cutmix, title={Cutmix: Regularization strategy to train strong classifiers with localizable features}, author={Yun, Sangdoo and Han, Dongyoon and Oh, Seong Joon and Chun, Sanghyuk and Choe, Junsuk and Yoo, Youngjoon}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF international conference on computer vision}, pages={6023--6032}, year={2019} } @inproceedings{graham2021levit, title={Levit: a vision transformer in convnet's clothing for faster inference}, author={Graham, Benjamin and El-Nouby, Alaaeldin and Touvron, Hugo and Stock, Pierre and Joulin, Armand and J{\'e}gou, Herv{\'e} and Douze, Matthijs}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF international conference on computer vision}, pages={12259--12269}, year={2021} } @article{chung2014empirical, title={Empirical evaluation of gated recurrent neural networks on sequence modeling}, author={Chung, Junyoung and Gulcehre, Caglar and Cho, KyungHyun and Bengio, Yoshua}, journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.3555}, year={2014} } @inproceedings{han2020ghostnet, title={Ghostnet: More features from cheap operations}, author={Han, Kai and Wang, Yunhe and Tian, Qi and Guo, Jianyuan and Xu, Chunjing and Xu, Chang}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition}, pages={1580--1589}, year={2020} } @inproceedings{dauphin2017language, title={Language modeling with gated convolutional networks}, author={Dauphin, Yann N and Fan, Angela and Auli, Michael and Grangier, David}, booktitle={International conference on machine learning}, pages={933--941}, year={2017}, organization={PMLR} } @article{graves2005framewise, title={Framewise phoneme classification with bidirectional LSTM and other neural network architectures}, author={Graves, Alex and Schmidhuber, J{\"u}rgen}, journal={Neural networks}, volume={18}, number={5-6}, pages={602--610}, year={2005}, publisher={Elsevier} } @article{gers2000learning, title={Learning to forget: Continual prediction with LSTM}, author={Gers, Felix A and Schmidhuber, J{\"u}rgen and Cummins, Fred}, journal={Neural computation}, volume={12}, number={10}, pages={2451--2471}, year={2000}, publisher={MIT press} } @article{yang2022focal, title={Focal modulation networks}, author={Yang, Jianwei and Li, Chunyuan and Dai, Xiyang and Gao, Jianfeng}, journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}, volume={35}, pages={4203--4217}, year={2022} } @article{lin2024revisiting, title={Revisiting visual model robustness: a frequency long-tailed distribution view}, author={Lin, Zhiyu and Gao, Yifei and Yang, Yunfan and Sang, Jitao}, journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}, volume={36}, year={2024} } @article{xu2019frequency, title={Frequency principle: Fourier analysis sheds light on deep neural networks}, author={Xu, Zhi-Qin John and Zhang, Yaoyu and Luo, Tao and Xiao, Yanyang and Ma, Zheng}, journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.06523}, year={2019} } @article{tancik2020fourier, title={Fourier features let networks learn high frequency functions in low dimensional domains}, author={Tancik, Matthew and Srinivasan, Pratul and Mildenhall, Ben and Fridovich-Keil, Sara and Raghavan, Nithin and Singhal, Utkarsh and Ramamoorthi, Ravi and Barron, Jonathan and Ng, Ren}, journal={Advances in neural information processing systems}, volume={33}, pages={7537--7547}, year={2020} } @article{gu2023mamba, title={Mamba: Linear-time sequence modeling with selective state spaces}, author={Gu, Albert and Dao, Tri}, journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.00752}, year={2023} } @article{liu2021pay, title={Pay attention to mlps}, author={Liu, Hanxiao and Dai, Zihang and So, David and Le, Quoc V}, journal={Advances in neural information processing systems}, volume={34}, pages={9204--9215}, year={2021} } @article{ma2024efficient, title={Efficient Modulation for Vision Networks}, author={Ma, Xu and Dai, Xiyang and Yang, Jianwei and Xiao, Bin and Chen, Yinpeng and Fu, Yun and Yuan, Lu}, journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.19963}, year={2024} } @inproceedings{ma2024rewrite, title={Rewrite the Stars}, author={Ma, Xu and Dai, Xiyang and Bai, Yue and Wang, Yizhou and Fu, Yun}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition}, pages={5694--5703}, year={2024} } @inproceedings{vasu2023mobileone, title={Mobileone: An improved one millisecond mobile backbone}, author={Vasu, Pavan Kumar Anasosalu and Gabriel, James and Zhu, Jeff and Tuzel, Oncel and Ranjan, Anurag}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition}, pages={7907--7917}, year={2023} } @inproceedings{wang2024repvit, title={Repvit: Revisiting mobile cnn from vit perspective}, author={Wang, Ao and Chen, Hui and Lin, Zijia and Han, Jungong and Ding, Guiguang}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition}, pages={15909--15920}, year={2024} } @inproceedings{li2023rethinking, title={Rethinking vision transformers for mobilenet size and speed}, author={Li, Yanyu and Hu, Ju and Wen, Yang and Evangelidis, Georgios and Salahi, Kamyar and Wang, Yanzhi and Tulyakov, Sergey and Ren, Jian}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision}, pages={16889--16900}, year={2023} } @article{li2022efficientformer, title={Efficientformer: Vision transformers at mobilenet speed}, author={Li, Yanyu and Yuan, Geng and Wen, Yang and Hu, Ju and Evangelidis, Georgios and Tulyakov, Sergey and Wang, Yanzhi and Ren, Jian}, journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}, volume={35}, pages={12934--12949}, year={2022} } @inproceedings{pan2022edgevits, title={Edgevits: Competing light-weight cnns on mobile devices with vision transformers}, author={Pan, Junting and Bulat, Adrian and Tan, Fuwen and Zhu, Xiatian and Dudziak, Lukasz and Li, Hongsheng and Tzimiropoulos, Georgios and Martinez, Brais}, booktitle={European Conference on Computer Vision}, pages={294--311}, year={2022}, organization={Springer} } @inproceedings{sandler2018mobilenetv2, title={Mobilenetv2: Inverted residuals and linear bottlenecks}, author={Sandler, Mark and Howard, Andrew and Zhu, Menglong and Zhmoginov, Andrey and Chen, Liang-Chieh}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition}, pages={4510--4520}, year={2018} } @article{vaswani2017attention, title={Attention is all you need}, author={Vaswani, A}, journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}, year={2017} } @article{shazeer2020glu, title={Glu variants improve transformer}, author={Shazeer, Noam}, journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.05202}, year={2020} } @article{hendrycks2016gaussian, title={Gaussian error linear units (gelus)}, author={Hendrycks, Dan and Gimpel, Kevin}, journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.08415}, year={2016} } @inproceedings{chen2023run, title={Run, don't walk: chasing higher FLOPS for faster neural networks}, author={Chen, Jierun and Kao, Shiu-hong and He, Hao and Zhuo, Weipeng and Wen, Song and Lee, Chul-Ho and Chan, S-H Gary}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition}, pages={12021--12031}, year={2023} } @inproceedings{ma2018shufflenet, title={Shufflenet v2: Practical guidelines for efficient cnn architecture design}, author={Ma, Ningning and Zhang, Xiangyu and Zheng, Hai-Tao and Sun, Jian}, booktitle={Proceedings of the European conference on computer vision (ECCV)}, pages={116--131}, year={2018} } @article{loshchilov2017decoupled, title={Decoupled weight decay regularization}, author={Loshchilov, I}, journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1711.05101}, year={2017} } @article{de2024griffin, title={Griffin: Mixing gated linear recurrences with local attention for efficient language models}, author={De, Soham and Smith, Samuel L and Fernando, Anushan and Botev, Aleksandar and Cristian-Muraru, George and Gu, Albert and Haroun, Ruba and Berrada, Leonard and Chen, Yutian and Srinivasan, Srivatsan and others}, journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.19427}, year={2024} } @article{dosovitskiy2020image, title={An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale}, author={Dosovitskiy, Alexey}, journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.11929}, year={2020} } @article{dubey2024llama, title={The llama 3 herd of models}, author={Dubey, Abhimanyu and Jauhri, Abhinav and Pandey, Abhinav and Kadian, Abhishek and Al-Dahle, Ahmad and Letman, Aiesha and Mathur, Akhil and Schelten, Alan and Yang, Amy and Fan, Angela and others}, journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.21783}, year={2024} } @article{hochreiter1997long, title={Long Short-term Memory}, author={Hochreiter, S}, journal={Neural Computation MIT-Press}, year={1997} }`