Input:
_UNHCR
 Discussion
 Paper
 –15
 June
 2013_

- Assistance
 is
 co-‐ordinated
 and
 complies
 with
 principles
 of
 neutrality
 and
impartiality
 as
 well
 as
 humanitarian
 standards.

 Donor
 support
 also
 converges
with
 co-‐ordination
 efforts.

- A
 valid
 Letter
 of
 Understanding
 (LOU)
 between
 UNHCR
 and
 appropriate
 line
ministries
 will
 remain
 in
 effect
 for
 the
 duration
 of
 UNHCR’s
 activities
 and
 could
be
 amended
 as
 necessary
 should
 an
 organized
 voluntary
 repatriation
 operation
be
 launched.

**10.
 PROPOSED
 ACTIVITIES**

Recognizing
 and
 emphasizing
 the
 need
 for
 all
 durable
 solutions
 decisions
 to
 be
 designed
and
 implemented
 with
 affected
 communities,
 and
 in
 consultation
 with
 relevant
authorities
 and
 non-‐state
 actors,
 UNHCR
 will
 ensure
 that
 displaced
 populations
 as
 well
as
 communities
 of
 origin
 and
 return
 are
 equipped
 to
 participate
 fully
 in
 the
 assessment,
design
 and
 implementation
 of
 all
 interventions
 in
 support
 of
 durable
 solutions,
 using
 an
age,
 gender
 and
 diversity
 mainstreaming
 approach.


Input:
instance, report significantly more instances of racism compared to other South American refugees
and migrants. [12] This exacerbates barriers to accessing a broad range of rights and services [13] and
leads to greater vulnerability to both low skilled and temporary jobs, particularly when compared
to Venezuelans who arrived in Brazil under similar circumstances. [14]

##### Protection Risk II

**Access to dignified housing.** In Brazil, a significant proportion of refugees and other forcibly
displaced people can only afford precarious and overcrowded dwellings, located in impoverished
and marginalized communities, often controlled by organized crime. [15] According to UNHCR´s
data, only 15% of refugees have secured tenure right to housing and\or land, 27% live in physically
safe and secure settlements with access to basic facilities, and 54% feel safe walking alone in their
neighborhood after dark. [16] In comparison, 65% of the Brazilian population owns the house in
which they live - although 14% lacks the documentation to prove tenure rights [17] - 72% lives in
physically safe and secure settlements, [18] and 52% feels safe walking alone in their neighborhood
after dark. [19]


Input:
Two per cent of surveyed Venezuelan households reported that at least one member had been
deceived, manipulated, coerced into debt, or received false promises intended to force them to
travel or migrate. [34] Additionally, one per cent of households reported at least one of its members
being held against his\her will by someone other than the country´s authorities, which may
suggest the possibility of human trafficking. [35]

Women and girls are particularly vulnerable to exploitation for various purposes of human
trafficking, including sexual exploitation, domestic forced labor, illegal adoption, and organs
removal. [36] Refugee women and girls in Brazil sometimes have to resort to survival sex, or cash-inhand domestic labor to make a living in Brazil, which increases their exposure to human trafficking
networks. [37] In addition to these risks, domestic workers face numerous safety and health hazards
related to their tasks and the environment they work in. These include chemical and ergonomical
hazards, but also psychosocial risks, including violence and harassment, which are pervasive in the
sector. The impact of these risks is amplified when domestic workers provide their services in the
informal economy, which is the case for most refugees and other forcibly displaced populations in
Brazil. [38]


Input:
The refugee inflow had a different demographic composition than the pre2022 economic migration. It primarily included working age women (41%) and children (40%). [5] Refugees from Ukraine did not plan to move, and many had special needs. In October 2023, nearly half of all refugee households included a person with a chronic illness, and some 10% included one with a Washington Group level 3 disability. Over a third included a single parent and a fifth an elderly person. [6] Despite these difficulties, refugees began entering the labour market surprisingly quickly – attaining an employment rate of 28% in May 2022 and 65% in November 2022 among working age persons (NBP, 2023) –

##### **753 thousand** Ukrainian workers, including 225 thousand refugees, had registered for social security by September 30, 2023.

**Situation of Ukrainian refugees on the**

**labour market in Poland**
Ukrainian refugees, despite war trauma and other difficulties, have quickly become a part of society as **consumers,**

**employees, entrepreneurs, and**

NBP


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**Table 10 Summary statistics for bottom 40% of women**

(1)          (2) (3)        (4)

far from a mine close to a mine
before        during before       during

not working 0.188 0.183 0.200 0.162
service & sales 0.340 0.203 0.179 0.222
professional 0.018 0.005 0.014 0.006
agriculture 0.362 0.530 0.490 0.539
manual labor 0.091 0.079 0.117 0.072
earning cash 0.876 0.855 0.879 0.901
work all year 0.852 0.859 0.879 0.838

_Note:_ Column (1) is bottom 40% of sample at 20 to 100 km from a nonactive mine.
Column (2) is bottom 40% of sample at 20 to 100 km from an active mine.
Column (3) is bottom 40% of sample within 20 km of a nonactive mine.
Column (4) is bottom 40% of sample within 20 km of an active mine.

Regression results comparing these four groups are presented in panel B (urban) of Annex table

3. The results suggest that women in the bottom 40 percent are more likely agricultural workers

in mining communities than elsewhere, but also more often service sector workers. They are

less likely to work in manual labor, less likely to work all year, but more likely to earn cash for


Input:
panel B shows the effects of increased production in the survey year. There is no evidence of

spillovers in the sense that there is a similar effect in neighboring districts. In fact, most

coefficients point in the opposite direction for mining and neighboring districts indicating, if

anything, a shift in employment from neighboring districts to the producing ones.

**8 Conclusions**

Ghana has a long history of gold production and has recently been experiencing its third gold

rush, during which annual gold production skyrocketed. It was the first gold rush the country

has experienced as an independent nation, and it brings hope of improving the lives of its

citizens. Natural resource extraction is often argued to have detrimental effects on countries,

however, and the so-called natural resource curse may imply that resource wealth is harmful to

social development and inclusive growth. We use rich geocoded data with information on

households and mining production over time to evaluate the gold boom at the local and district

levels in difference-in-differences analyses.

Men benefit from direct job creation within the mining sector, and women seem to benefit from

indirectly generated jobs in the service sector (statistically significant within 10 km from a

geocoded data

geocoded data

geocoded data


Input:
Altogether 42% of respondents have visited Ukraine at least once since February 2022. Regionally, the second most common reason for visiting was to access healthcare services (28%), following visits to relatives (57%). The proportion of those visiting for healthcare varied significantly by country, with respondents in Hungary (40%), Slovakia (37%), and Romania (36%) showing the highest rates, while it was lower in Lithuania (19%), Latvia (13%), and Moldova (10%). These findings align with previously reported higher unmet healthcare needs in Hungary (22%), Slovakia (21%), and Romania (28%), suggesting that seeking healthcare in Ukraine serves as a coping strategy to address these unmet needs.

**% OF HOUSEHOLDS WHO CITED SEEKING HEALTH CARE AS**

**REASON TO VISIT UKRAINE**

Spent savings Reduced essential health expenditure Reduced essential education expenditure Purchased food on credit Migrated / became displaced Sold household assets Engage in high risk job Sold productive assets Sold house or land School-aged children labour Withdraw children from school (N=8,720) 37% 13% 7% 6% 5% 4% 4% 3% 2% 2% 1% Hungary Romania Slovakia Bulgaria Poland Estonia Czechia Lithuania Latvia Moldova (N=3,596) 18% 11% 11% 41% 37% 35% 33% 29% 29% 27%

**15**


Input:
advantage of capturing the intensity of mining production. Since it is somewhat unclear when

mining production spills over to other types of employment, we use two measures of mining

production. Panel A of table 13 shows the results of mining production in the period before the

survey, including the survey year, on female employment, and we see that mining production

leads to less agricultural employment but more employment in services and sales, as well as in

professional work. Panel B shows that the effects are larger but not as precisely estimated for

the yearly measure. That they are larger is not surprising, since a 10-ton increase one year is

much more than a 10-ton increase over a longer time period. The precision is also probably

lower since it is unclear what year the production spills over to other activities. In any case, we

see that the effects are similar across these two specifications. [18]

---
[18] The effects for infant health and infant mortality are also stronger when we add production levels (results


Input:
Power BI Desktop Legal Documentation, Housing, Land, & Property (HLP), and Access to Justice Providing necessary documentation and ensuring access to justice, housing, land, and property rights are essential for IDPs. Legal documentation is often necessary to access basic and financial services and secure employment, whilst tenure security and housing and land rights are critical for achieving permanent housing solutions to displacement.
Pathway #4:


Input:
It is also important to highlight that there were slight differences in the questionnaire across countries.
Not all questions were consistently included in all country-level surveys, and some answer options were individually adjusted. To mitigate the impact of these differences, the regional analysis focused on data that could be matched. Certain indicators that may have been available by country have thus been excluded from this assessment.

Lastly, the survey was conducted during the summer months, coinciding with both host country and Ukraine school holidays. This period often sees many households temporarily visiting Ukraine, which impacted the accessibility of households and posed challenges in meeting targets, particularly in certain countries and geographic locations.

**11**

country-level surveys


Input:
The most common reported barrier to accessing MHPSS services was not believing that one needed support (36% in women, 34% in men), followed by not knowing where to go (31% in women; 29% in men). One in six (16%) of respondents reported adopting a “wait-and-see” approach. Other barriers included language barriers (14%), lack of time (10%), inability to afford services (7%), lack of service availability (5%), stigma (4%), long waiting time (4%),

**24**

Did not believe need support Did not know where to go Wait and see Language barrier Lack of time (N=1,682)


Input:
The findings on disability, chronic illness, and vaccination are based on self-reports and were not verified against medical records, which may impact their accuracy.

A high non-response rate was observed for sensitive questions related to mental health, psychosocial well-being, protection, income and expenditure which could affect the completeness of the data. Additionally, the survey results for certain indicators, such as infant and young child feeding and SRH barriers, should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size or low response rates. As a result, some indicators could not be further analyzed to assess how factors such as gender, age, disability, or place of residence impact access to health and MHPSS services.

It is also important to note that there were slight differences in the questionnaire across countries and years, such as adjustments to answer options.
Therefore, the regional trend analysis was limited to questions that were consistently used across all participating countries and years to ensure comparability. Furthermore, certain indicators were excluded from the regional analysis due to insufficient sample size or the unavailability of data across all countries.

7. [https://www.washingtongroup-disability.com/question-sets/wg-short-set-on-functioning-wg-ss/](https://www.washingtongroup-disability.com/question-sets/wg-short-set-on-functioning-wg-ss/)

**7**

survey results


Input:
Despite the improved legal framework and the free issuance of birth certificates within the stipulated period,
challenges in physically accessing civil registration centres, along with a persistent lack of awareness
regarding legal obligations surrounding births, contribute to the overall low rates of birth registration in
Chad.

It is worth noting that there has been an increase in the birth registration rate from 15 per cent in 2020 to
26 per cent in 2023. The strategic partnership between UNHCR and government agencies responsible for
issuing birth certificates, specifically the Directorate of Political Affairs and Civil Status (APEC until 2020) and
ANATS since 2021, has facilitated the issuance of birth certificates to over 150,000 refugee children and
children from host communities in refugee hosting areas.

**2.5** **Justice and security**


Input:
Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on GUS and ZUS data. All continuous variables have been regressed in first differences to account for non-stationarity Polish citizens employment rates and registered unemployment rates. For details see the Online Technical Appendix.

39 2021-Q2 2022-Q2 2023-Q2 2024-Q2 2021-Q2 2022-Q2 2023-Q2 2024-Q2 Males Males Source: Deloitte own elaboration based Source: Deloitte own elaboration based of Eurostat data (Labour Force Survey). of Eurostat data (Labour Force Survey).

Females of Eurostat data (Labour Force Survey). Females 38

Eurostat data (Labour Force Survey)

Labour Force Survey

ZUS data

Eurostat data

Eurostat data

Labour Force Survey

ZUS data

GUS


Input:
A steady inflow of migrants could be observed in the last decade since 2014, when armed conflict erupted in Eastern Ukraine. As the Ukrainian economy suffered and its currency lost value, many Ukrainians came to Poland looking for work. Most of them came on a guest worker basis, enabled by a law from 2011, that allowed Ukrainians and five other nations to work in Poland for 6 months during a year without a work permit, based on employers' declaration. This was a circular migration, in which they returned to Ukraine once the 6 month period expired.
In effect most stayed in Poland for less than twelve months and therefore were not included in the resident population or other national population estimates.
A National Bank of Poland research paper estimates that between 2014 and 2018, between one and two million Ukrainian workers arrived in the country (Strzelecki, Growiec and Wyszyński, 2022).
Hard data on the number of Ukrainian workers in Poland before 2022 are limited 12


Input:
**XVI. Participation in the Gender**

**ToT for Government Officials**

**As part of the efforts of the Gender**

**Technical Working Group of Miranda**

**(“Mesa** **de** **Genero”)** **to** **support**

**strengthening of local government,**

**the Protection Cluster through the**

Protection Assistant, supported the

delivery of a ToT on Gender Equality

_b.Fundación Proyecto Maniapure (FPM)_

_(October):_ FPM, a PC partner, imple
ments integrated protection, and WASH

strategies in Amazonas and Bolivar. The

PC, in coordination with FPM staff, vis
ited the state of Amazonas to showcase

FPM's impactful work in the monthly

impact stories series.

The main axis of the organization

revolves around a community model that

centers the mental and physical health

as a human right. Their work has been

distinctive and their projects of great

impact to the most vulnerable groups,

such as the indigenous communities of

the Venezuelan Amazonia.

The PA visited the community of Valle

Lindo in the municipality of Atures in the

state of Amazonas, where he was able to

interview several persons of interest who

participate in the foundation's programs,

and in particular those people who were

participating in community sensitizations

and trainings on the prevention of TiP

ToT on Gender Equality


Input:
5. Cross Sectors

**c.** **Land:** Access to land for sustainable agricultural activities, which is crucial for fostering refugee’s self
reliance remains challenging.

14 R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K > **R E P U B L I C O F C H A D**


Input:
migrant households in mining communities with migrant households elsewhere, and the null

hypothesis would be similar trajectory over time. If we reject the null, we cannot distinguish

between selective migration to mining communities and the impact of the mining. The

nonmigrant analysis can plausibly reflect similar households over time, with the limitation of

selective outward migration. We believe inward migration to mining areas to be more common

than outward migration (in line with Fafchamps et al., 2016).

Diarrhea is a major concern in many developing countries. Diarrheal diseases are, in part, a

matter of infrastructure, where access to clean water and proper sanitation are important

determinants. To further understand the effects on diarrhea, we look at the difference between

migrants and nonmigrants and the effects by distance (Figure 5). There are, in fact, large

differences between the migrant and the nonmigrant populations. Among nonmigrants, a mine

opening is associated with large decreases in incidence, whereas for migrants, the opposite is

true. Considering all children between 0 km and 20 km of an active mine, children born to


Input:
Alongside the large-scale, capital-intensive mining industry in Ghana, there is an artisanal and

small-scale mining sector (ASM). ASM activities were legalized in 1984, when the state

loosened its monopoly on gold mining. In Ghana, as in many other African countries, the sector

is an important employer (ILO 1999). It is estimated that around 1 million people in Ghana

support themselves with revenues from ASM activities.

The sector is associated with several hazardous labor conditions, however. This includes child

labor, mercury exposure, and risk of mine collapse (Hilson 2009). The ASM and the large-scale

mining sector sometimes thrive side by side, but sometimes competing interests lead to conflict

between the two sectors, such as around Prestea, where domestic _galamsey_ miners (informal

small-scale miners) have been in conflict with the multinational concession owner (Hilson and

Yakoleva 2007).

In this analysis, we focus solely on large-scale mining. We understand, however, that small

and large-scale operations may be geographically correlated. Assuming that the start of a large

scale mine does not affect the likelihood or viability of artisanal and small-scale mining, it is

not a threat to our identifying assumptions. However, should ASM respond to large-scale


Input:
1. [Ukraine Refugee Situation ( accessed 12 Dec 2024)](https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine)
2. [Ukraine Situation: Regional Refugee Response Plan 2025](https://www.unhcr.org/europe/publications/regional-refugee-response-plan-2025-2026) 3. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/06/25/ukrainian-refugees-council-extends-temporaryprotection-until-march-2026/ 4. Charlson, F., van Ommeren, M., Flaxman, A., Cornett, J., Whiteford, H. and Saxena, S., 2019. New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 394: 240-248.
5. Eurofound (2024), Social impact of migration: Addressing the challenges of receiving and integrating Ukrainian refugees, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

**5**

WHO prevalence estimates


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age migrant married cohabiting divorced fertility woman partner
active*mine 0.263 0.028 0.025 0.018 -0.003 0.030 -0.036 -0.003
(0.510) (0.042) (0.027) (0.029) (0.017) (0.115) (0.031) (0.030)

_Note:_ Robust standard errors clustered at the DHS cluster level in parentheses. All regressions control for year and
district fixed effects, urban dummy, age (not column 1), and years of education (not columns 6 and 7). Active is
active status of mine in the survey year. *** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1.

**5.1 Employment outcomes**

Using the difference-in-differences approach (equation 1), we estimate results on occupation,

child health, and inequality. First, panel A of table 4 indicates that women in active mining

communities ( _active*mine_ ) are insignificantly more likely to work in service and sales and less

in agriculture, and 1.7 percentage points less likely to work as professionals (statistically

significant). There is no change in the likelihood that she is not working. These 5 categories

stem from the same occupational variable in the DHS data, and are mutually exclusive. The

surveyed individual is told to report their main occupation. The coefficients can therefore be

interpreted as relative increases of each specific sector. Women are more likely to earn cash for

DHS data

DHS data


Input:
of establishing a theater group with an

experimental line of work.

La Carnada, an immersive and

documentary-style theatre production,

aims to raise awareness about victims

of Trafficking in Persons (TiP), focusing

on sexual and labour exploitation. It

sheds a light on contexts where digital

media, domestic violence, and deceptive

opportunities pose significant risks,

particularly for women and girls. As

part of the French-Venezuelan Festival

**5**


Input:
In 2022, 15,402 persons have been repatriated voluntarily thus far, with 2,805 persons repatriated in September.
The largest group of returns was from Zambia to the DRC, with 2,159 persons repatriated in September. Further,
there has been notable movements from Angola to the DRC in September, where, 47 families of 143 persons were
repatriated to destinations in the DRC such as Kassai Province, Kinshassa, Kwilu Province and Goma.

From January to September 2022, 4,497 individuals of 1,063 cases were submitted for resettlement consideration.
Among these cases, half were male and the other half were female with 57 per cent being children under age 18.

In the same period, 2,067 individuals departed for resettlement. A half of the departed cases were male and another
half were female, similarly to submitted cases. Most persons have been considered for resettlement to the United
States (3,417). The highest number of those departed also headed to the United States (1,285). In terms of country of
asylums, the highest number of submitted applications were from Malawi (1,438) and Zambia (1,367). Congolese
(DRC) is the nationality with the highest number of submissions (3,618) and departures (1,729).


Input:
antenatal at least 1 doctor midwife has health died
PANEL A. # visits antenatal attended attended card 12 months

active
0.759*** 0.026 0.055 0.125*** 0.039 -0.085***
district
(0.244) (0.022) (0.115) (0.033) (0.059) (0.031)

N 9,245 9,245 9,462 9,462 11,047 9,270

R-square 0.242 0.121 0.160 0.154 0.161 0.138

small

at birth, the child was
average
large height weight weight

PANELB. size size size for age for age for height

active
0.066 0.078 -0.148 -6.333 -23.676** -20.080
district
(0.057) (0.085) (0.090) (18.753) (9.364) (13.428)

N 11,837 11,007 11,007 9,646 9,646 9,851

R-square 0.041 0.061 0.060 0.199 0.163 0.073

in the last 2 weeks, had
PANEL C. fever cough diarrhea

active
0.016 0.010 0.058
district
(0.057) (0.035) (0.036)

N 10,849 10,883 10,887

R-square 0.052 0.046 0.055

_Note:_ Robust standard errors clustered at the district level in parentheses. All regressions control for year and
district fixed effects, urban dummy, age, and years of education. Active is active status of mine in the survey year.
Panel b, columns 1, 2, and 3 show size at birth. Panel B, columns 4, 5, and 6 show anthropometrics (new WHO)
in standard deviations. *** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1.


Input:
migrant mothers are 6.9 percentage points more likely to have suffered from diarrheal diseases

in the two weeks prior to the start of the survey.

To further understand these effects, we decompose them by distance bins in a spatial lag model

(bottom two graphs in figure 5). It becomes evident that, from a high-level incidence (dashed

line) among the original local population (panel A of figure 5), the mine has brought substantial

reductions in diarrheal incidence (as shown by the blue line). In the migrant population, the

incidence is actually higher after mine opening than before, and the likelihood increases by 6.9

percentage points. The spatial lag model in panel B of figure 5 reveals that much of the effect

is driven by a spike in incidence 10 to 20 km away from the mine center point. If more migrants

move to the area because of the mine, they will be less settled, and health outcomes can

deteriorate, on average, within that population. Nevertheless, we should be careful in

interpreting the effects this way. The mine-induced migration, which we partly capture here,

could be different from the migration happening further away. The deteriorating status of


Input:
The data also shows that poverty [5] has a very tangible effect on living conditions and protection risks. This group feel less safe, less secure in term of accommodation tenure, more frequently misses out on needed healthcare, more often has children out of school, and is much more frequently forced to resort to skipping meals because of lack of funds. In addition, vulnerable populations, such as older adults and individuals with disabilities or MHPSS [6] needs exhibit significantly higher poverty rates when compared to the refugees overall.
These connections are important to bear in mind when designing government, development, and humanitarian support programs.


Input:
We suggest interpreting the local effects as being additional to the district-level effects; that is,

the mine affects the mining district predominantly through the fiscal channel, and local mining

communities mainly through employment generation, and other localized factors. Overall, the

results are more robustly estimated at the district level than at the individual level, and we find

no indications of positive spillover effects across districts. This is in line with a public spending

hypothesis, where mining districts benefit more than adjacent non-mining districts through the

fiscal revenue channel, since 10 percent of mining royalties are redistributed to mining districts.

**2 Gold mining in Ghana**

Ghana has a long tradition of gold mining and has produced a substantial portion of the world’s

gold for over 1,000 years (see Hilson [2002] for an extensive overview of gold production in

Ghana). During colonial British rule, the country was named the Gold Coast Colony, and gold

production was booming. The first gold rush occurred between 1892 and 1901, and the second

after World War I. Gold production decreased at the dawn of independence in 1957, and

remained low until the 1980s. Over the last 20 years, Ghana has been experiencing its third gold


Input:
employer sponsorship (immigrants come following a job offer – popular in Poland), family reunions (immigrants have family ties to a citizen abroad – like often in the USA) or point systems (immigrants fulfil certain characteristics judged by the state as valuable – like in Australia), refugees as involuntary migrants may not possess any such characteristics. Additionally, they may suffer from war trauma and be subject to policies that impede their labour market integration (like temporary labour bans or dispersals described in the previous chapter). This translates into lower employment and wages of refugees, which are key characteristics in terms of economic impacts. Moreover, their spending needs due to a sudden shift in living situation may be disproportionally higher, while their propensity to save lower as their future situation is more uncertain, resulting in the need to finance their consumption using capital generated outside the country e.g.
savings from their home countries.


Input:
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Most Ukrainian refugee households**

**are led by women alone.** According
to the 2024 Socio-Economic Inclusion Survey (SEIS), 67% of Ukrainian refugee households are led by women without adult partners. When changes are compared to the 2023 edition, the MultiSector Needs Assessment (MSNA) survey, 5% of households include a person with disability, down from 10% previous year, and 48% include a chronically ill person, compared to 49% in 2023. Furthermore, average household size is 2.4 persons (compared to 2.7 previous year), 57% include children (compared to 52%), and 6% include a pregnant or breastfeeding mother (same as previously; UNHCR, 2025a). Only 15% of households are nuclear families with a working age man and woman with children.

**Chart 5. Ukrainian refugee households’ demographic composition**

with one child with two or more children Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Table 1. 10 poviats with most Ukrainian refugees** **Chart 6. Local population shares of Ukrainian refugees**

**1. Warsaw** 109,705

**2. Wroclaw** 53,901

**3. Cracow** 33,057

**4. Poznan** 23,991

**5. Gdansk** 17,829

**6. Lodz** 15,902

**7. Szczecin** 14,318

**8. Poznanski** 14,028

**9. Pruszkowski** 12,206

2024 Socio-Economic Inclusion Survey

MultiSector Needs Assessment

2024 Socio-Economic Inclusion Survey


Input:
From Roraima, the Government implements a voluntarily internal relocation program
(interiorização) to facilitate the socio-economic integration of refugees and migrants. As of
October 2024, over 141,000 Venezuelans have been relocated to some 1,000 municipalities
across other Brazilian states. The continued influx of Venezuelans into Brazil – which have been
on the rise since 2023 – has required the Government and the humanitarian community to
continue focusing on the humanitarian response in Roraima, while moving toward the integration
of “Operacao Acolhida” within the regular national protection system, reducing duplications and
ensuring the sustainability of the response.

In addition to Venezuelans refugees and migrants, Brazil hosts individuals from various countries,
including from Cuba, Haiti, India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Nepal and Bangladesh; which places
additional strain on local protection networks, particularly in border states and cities with
international airports, in the absence of a national response mechanism beyond “Operacao
Acolhida”.

UNHCR / October, 2024 8


Input:
UNHCR is committed to ensuring that refugees and asylum seekers have access to lifesaving and lifesustaining health services. To achieve this, UNHCR continues to advocate with the Ministry of Health
for the inclusion of refugees in the national health system, including enabling access to national health
insurance, working towards the achievement of SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being). All registered
asylum seekers and refugees have access to low-cost primary health care at the local Community
Health Centers (PUSKESMAS), managed by the Government of Indonesia. Individuals requiring
emergency or advanced health treatment may be financially supported by UNHCR through our health
partner YCWS, within the parameters of established guidelines and budgetary restrictions. UNHCR
coverage is limited to critical interventions, mental health services, immunization, natal care, and

UNHCR / 1 November 2024 5


Input:
professions (physicians, dentists, nurses, and midwives) have opened to migrants and refugees to reduce shortages, and while the shares for all of them stand at just 0.9% compared to 1.9% for Polish citizens, the gap is actually very narrow for physicians and dentists, who constitute 0.7% of Ukrainian refugees and 0.8% of Polish citizens. In legal professions (legal counsels, barristers, notaries, and bailiffs), the gap remains wide, although in addition to occupational licensing, the likely causes may be the differences between the Polish and Ukrainian legal systems as well as new entrants’ struggles with attracting clients due to advertising restrictions. In effect, just 0.02% of Ukrainian refugees work in legal professions, compared to 0.4% of Polish citizens. There are also high contrasts across the remaining regulated professions, which employ 0.8% of Ukrainian refugees and 3.3% of Polish citizens. These are construction engineers (0.02% Ukrainian refugees), pharmacists (0.01%), and psychologists (0.09%), compared to the following shares for Polish citizens: 0.26%, 0.19%, and 0.18%, respectively.

**One of the most effective forms**

**of support offered to refugees**

**and other immigrants in terms of**

**employment and earnings to be found**


Input:
The primary data for this report come from a comprehensive 2024 socioeconomic survey conducted by UNHCR

which recontacted households which were initially surveyed in 2019, prior to the Shona acquiring nationality. The

follow-up survey aimed to capture the transformative impact of citizenship on the Shona community in terms of

employment, education, income, and access to essential services, while also incorporating new modules on social

cohesion, community engagement, and civic participation to better understand the broader integration of the Shona

into Kenyan society. The 2024 survey provides rich insights into the Shona’s post-citizenship journey and the

challenges and opportunities they face as newly recognized citizens of Kenya.

The findings are complemented by the 2019 household survey of the Shona community, conducted jointly by

UNHCR and the World Bank [[8]] establishing a baseline of the Shona community’s socioeconomic conditions while

they were still stateless. This study revealed significant disparities in access to services and opportunities compared

to Kenyan nationals, highlighting the detrimental effects of statelessness on employment, financial inclusion, and

educational attainment. These findings informed policy recommendations that ultimately contributed to the

recognition of the Shona as Kenyan citizens in 2020-21, providing a crucial foundation for evaluating their post
citizenship outcomes.

2019 household survey of the Shona community

2024 socioeconomic survey

2024 socioeconomic survey

2019 household survey


Input:
Mobile network operators still accept refugee identity cards issued by CNARR as valid proof of identity.
Refugees without an identity card must still be vouched for by those who possess one to enable SIM card
registration. Through their phone numbers, refugees have access to payment and money transfer facilities
offered by telecommunications operators. Asylum-seekers still do not have the right to acquire a SIM card
with the asylum-seeker certificate.

10 R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K > **R E P U B L I C O F C H A D**

asylum-seeker certificate


Input:
In the absence of comprehensive national refugee laws and national RSD processes, UNHCR
undertakes refugee status determination (RSD) in Indonesia. As asylum-seekers have access to the
same rights and services as refugees in Indonesia, UNHCR uses RSD strategically for individuals with
an immediate third country solution which requires refugee recognition (resettlement and some
complementary pathways), cases with heightened protection concerns, and cases presenting with
issues that need to be clarified through the RSD process. UNHCR also conducts RSD as part of its
emergency response in the context of boat arrivals to identify those in need of international
protection.

### **Child Protection**


Input:
Gender disparities are also evident in labor force metrics. The labor force participation rate [19] for women is notably lower at 59% compared to 71% for men. Furthermore, 35% of women not in the labor force cite household responsibilities as their primary engagement, a stark contrast to the 6% reported by men. Although the difference in the unemployment rate is less significant, a gender gap is still discernible – this indicator stands at 15% for women versus 12% for men.

### **Methodology**

Each country adopted a unique sampling approach to their respective surveys, dependent on factors such as the availability of sampling frames and information regarding population distribution by

---
[19] Also defined here for the 15+ age group


Input:
occupations and perform the same tasks, the native workers do not change their occupations and tasks, while firms do not adjust (at least in the short term).
In effect, immigrants grow output, but slightly lower wages. This is the case in the modelling performed (Chapter 3), as well as in the NBP general equilibrium modelling exercise for the pre-2022 Ukrainian workers 2013-2018 performed by Gradzewicz, Jabłonowski, Sasiela, and Żółkiewski (2021). Conversely, Peri (2014) surveys 270 econometric estimates from 27 studies published over the 1982-2013 period on the impact of immigration on native wages. He shows that effects for a very large immigrant inflow of 10 percentage points (five-times larger than the refugees from Ukraine share in Poland) on native wages range from -1% to +1%, with most estimates clustered around zero, from -0.1% to +0.1%. Similarly, Gromadzki and Lewandowski (2023) examine econometrically the monthly impact of refugees from Ukraine inflow from January


Input:
**General SRH Services Access**
Acknowledging that 63% of the Ukrainian refugees are women and girls, with 34% of the total refugee population being women in reproductive age between 15- 49 of age, the survey added a focus to explore access and barriers to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services for women. SRH services include family planning; prenatal and postnatal care, safe delivery including Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care (EmONC); clinical management of rape; prevention, detection and treatment of reproductive tract infections, sexually transmitted infections and HIV; and referrals to higher level obstetric care or specialized SRH services.

Across the region, 5% of women reported to have faced barriers in accessing SRH services, though access level varies by country. In Latvia and Bulgaria, only 1 % and 2% of women respectively reported barriers, indicating good access to SRH services. However, in Lithuania and Romania 9% and 6% of women respectively reported barriers in accessing SRH services.

survey


Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

# Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS)

### **Reported mental** **health and** **psychosocial** **problems**

Regionally, 23% of individuals reported experiencing mental health and psychosocial problems that affect their daily functioning, with 36% of households reporting at least one member affected. This is an increase compared to 2023, when 19% of individuals and 30% of households reported mental health and psychosocial problems. There are notable regional variations in reported MHPSS needs, with the percentage of individuals with such needs ranging between 13% (Czechia) and 33% (Romania). In 2023, Czechia also had the lowest and Romania the highest percentage of mental health or psychosocial problems on individual and household level. Stigma surrounding the disclosure of mental health challenges within the Ukrainian community likely means that the actual prevalence of mental health and psychosocial problems may be underreported.

**% OF INDIVIDUALS EXPERIENCING MENTAL HEALTH OR**

**PSYCHOSOCIAL PROBLEMS BY COUNTRY**

Regional Romania Lithuania Poland Bulgaria Hungary Slovakia Estonia Moldova Latvia Czechia 23% 33% 27% 26% 25% 24% 21% 20% 18% 17% 13% (N=8,540)

**% OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH AT LEAST ONE MEMBER WITH**

**MENTAL HEALTH OR PSYCHOSOCIAL PROBLEMS BY YEAR**

**AND COUNTRY**

2023 2024 Regional Romania


Input:
HIGH EMPLOYMENT RATES, BUT LOW WAGES: A POVERTY ASSESSMENT OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

**Living in a vulnerable household is associated with higher poverty risks**

Just like last year, members of households with vulnerabilities were found to more likely be living in poverty than the general refugee population. Almost half of individuals living with an older adult (age 65+) reported an equivalized disposable income below the poverty threshold. For individuals living with household members with a disability or members with MHPSS needs [11] these rates stood at 41% and 27%, respectively. Gender of the head of household, however, was not found to have a significant impact on the poverty rate. Mixed gender (at least one male and one female head) was associated with higher income, though likely due to increased chances of multiple breadwinners being present in the household.

**REFUGEE POVERTY RATES BY VULNERABILITY CHARACTERISTIC AND GENDER OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD**

No Yes Female Male Mixed Head of household gender Older adult Household (65+) present member with a disability present Source: Survey data, SAG estimates Household member with MHPSS needs present

**Refugee housing expenses are on average much higher than for nationals, which implies an**

Survey data

SAG estimates

Survey data, SAG estimates

Survey data


Input:
Deloitte (2024). Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland, UNHCR Reports and Assessments, March, https://data.unhcr.org/en/ documents/details/106993 Foged, M., & Peri, G. (2016). Immigrants' effect on native workers: New analysis on longitudinal data. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 8(2), 1-34.

Foged, M., Hasager, L., & Peri, G. (2024). Comparing the effects of policies for the labor market integration of refugees. Journal of Labor Economics, 42(S1), S335-S377.

Gromadzki, J., & Lewandowski, P. (2023). Refugees from Ukraine on the Polish labour market. Social Insurance. Theory and Practice, 155(4), 29-40.

GUS (2024a). Structure of wages and salaries by occupations for October 2022, Statistical Office in Bydgoszcz, https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/labour-market/ working-employed-wages-and-salaries-cost-of-labour/structure-of-wages-andsalaries-by-occupations-for-october-2022,4,8.html GUS (2024b). Education in the school year 2023/2024 (preliminary data), Statistical Office in Gdańsk, https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/education/education/ education-in-the-school-year-20232024-preliminary-data,13,2.html Heller, B. H., & Mumma, K. S. (2023). Immigrant integration in the United States: the role of adult English language training. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 15(3), 407-437.

Jaumotte, M. F., Koloskova, K., & Saxena, M. S. C. (2016). Impact of migration on income levels in advanced economies. International Monetary Fund.

Education in the school year 2023/2024

longitudinal data

preliminary data


Input:
UNHCR supports CNARR in the popularization of the asylum law and its implementing decree, including
towards ONAPE with the aim to develop a Memorandum of Understanding that would lift the challenges met
by refugees while accessing the job market including in the private sector.

In the private sector, practical experience shows that some employers still hire refugees without the approval
of ONAPE and may treat them less favorably in terms of wages and social benefits. There has been no
legislative or policy change regarding child labor.

There is no reliable data on the percentage of refugees employed in the formal sector.

Many refugees work in the informal sector, but data on this is equally unavailable. Most refugees engage
in independent work, particularly in agriculture, which remains the backbone of the Chadian economy.
However, agricultural value chains are very weak in the country, affecting both refugees and host populations.
The main constraints, even more pronounced for women, relate to difficulties in accessing agricultural land,
infrastructure, agricultural inputs such as certified inputs, and financial services.


Input:
_Woman occupation_
Earns cash 0.90 0.059** 0.89 0.007
Works all year 0.88 -0.047 0.88 0.023
Not working 0.25 -0.021 0.24 -0.015
Agriculture 0.19 0.055 0.25 0.011
Service & sales 0.39 0.057 0.35 0.016
Professional 0.05 -0.028 0.04 -0.010
Manual 0.11 -0.063*** 0.12 -0.003

_Note:_ Column (1) is a sample at 20 to 100 km from a nonactive mine.
Column (2) difference for sample at 0-20 km from an nonactive, compared with column (1)
Column (3) is a sample within 20 to 100 km of an active mine.
Column (4) difference for sample at 0-20 km of an active mine, compared with Column (3)

*** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1. Univariate regression model.

Appendix Table A2 also shows selected child health outcomes as summary statistics across the

four treatment groups. We note that, once again, the sample looks quite balanced in the first

three columns, although children seem to be worse off in communities close to mines that have

not started producing, evidenced by the fact that infant mortality is 8 percent compared to 7

percent farther away, and 6 percent in communities with active mines. The anthropometrics

height-for-age (stunting or chronic malnutrition), weight-for-age (wasting or acute

selected child health outcomes

child health outcomes


Input:
**The Shona originally came from Zimbabwe and migrated to Kenya as missionaries majorly between the 1950s and**

**1970s, settling in the Greater Nairobi area.** According to community elders, the Shona were issued certificates of

registration under the Alien Restriction Act upon arrival. However, a change in the Registration of Persons Act of

1978 prevented them from accessing identity cards. As a result, most of those who were among the first wave of

arrivals do not hold valid legal identity documents. At the same time, Zimbabwe and Zambia do not consider them

as nationals since many of those who were born there did not have their births registered and lost all traces of their

ancestry since they never returned, hence rendering them stateless. [[8]] Subsequently, they settled and assimilated

with the local Kikuyu community which welcomed them. Since their arrival, they have practiced wood carving for

men and basket weaving for women as their primary economic activity outside of preaching activities. Ten

individuals from the Shona community were granted Kenyan citizenship on 12 December 2020 and a further 1,649

were recognized as Kenyan citizens and issued with registration certificates on 29 July 2021.

- **Box 1: Data Sources**


Input:
UNHCR [1] supports the Government of Indonesia by undertaking core refugee protection functions,
including registration, refugee status determination, gender-based violence prevention and response,
child protection, legal protection, and the pursuit of durable solutions. Approximately 48% of the
refugee population in Indonesia is residing in IOM-managed accommodation centers, established as
part of the Regional Cooperation Agreement (RCA) between Indonesia, the Government of Australia,
and IOM in 2000. 42% of the refugee population – largely those who arrived in Indonesia after 2017

- are living independently and, with the exception of the most vulnerable, do not receive financial
support for food, rent, and basic needs. Approximately 10% of the refugee population is comprised of
Rohingya refugees who arrived by boat in recent years and who are residing primarily in temporary
shelters in Aceh and North Sumatra.

---
[1] The Government of Indonesia-UNHCR host country agreement has been in place since 1979.


Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

### **Barriers in** **accessing care**

For individuals who experienced challenges in accessing care, the main barriers were long wait times (33%), unaffordable transport costs (23%), and inability to make an appointment (21%), indicating a shift in barriers compared to 2023. With the health worker shortage in Europe long waiting times are renowned and potentially exasperated by the increase in the refugee population. Although challenges in making an appointment remain among the top three barriers, the percentage of those experiencing this difficulty has decreased to 21% from 38% in 2023, when it was the topmost challenge. For those who arrived in 2024, challenges in making an appointment remained however the top barrier (34%). This points to improvements in navigating the host country’s health systems for those who arrived before 2024, supported by the extensive information and awareness efforts of health authorities and RRP health partners. At the same time, it highlights the continuous need for information sharing to ensure effective access to care.


Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

# Context

In its third year, the war in Ukraine continues to have a devastating impact on the people in Ukraine and causes massive displacement of populations into the European region and beyond. As of 12 December 2024, 6.2 million refugees from Ukraine were recorded in Europe [1] . Approximately 81% of the refugees are women and children and 13% of the population is older than 60 years [2] . The refugee population includes other vulnerable groups such as persons with disabilities, stateless persons, sexual and gender diverse minorities, and ethnic minorities. In June 2024, the European Council adopted a decision to extend the European Union (EU) Temporary Protection Directive until 4 March 2026 [3], granting Ukrainian refugees in the EU access to benefits, including health.

Temporary Protection Directive


Input:
International
 Refugee
 Law
 governs
 the
 protection
 of
 refugees,
 including
 the
 realisation
of
 solutions
 to
 their
 plight.
 UNHCR’s
 mandate
 is
 to
 provide
 protection
 to
 refugees
 and
seek
 durable
 solutions
 for
 them
 and
 UNHCR’s
 Statute
 and
 numerous
 Executive
Committee
 Conclusions
 provide
 the
 legal
 framework
 for
 its
 lead
 role
 in
 voluntary
repatriation
 operations [6] .
 UNHCR’s
 Statute
 provides
 for
 key
 activities
 in
 this
 regard,
including
 promoting
 with
 Governments
 measures
 to
 improve
 the
 situation
 of
 refugees
and
 to
 assist
 Governmental
 and
 other
 efforts
 to
 promote
 voluntary
 repatriation.

In
 its
 involvement
 with
 durable
 solutions
 for
 IDPs
 UNHCR
 is
 committed
 to
 contributing
to
 an
 inter-‐agency
 approach
 framed
 by
 the
 standards
 set
 out
 in
 the
 Guiding
 Principles
on
 Internal
 Displacement
 and
 the
 Framework
 for
 Durable
 Solutions [
 7] .


Input:
Over 11,000 indigenous Venezuelans currently residing in Brazil have been identified by UNHCR
and partners. Compared to the overall Venezuelan population, they face compounded challenges
accessing basic rights and services, including higher rates of food insecurity (58% vs 52%), health
care needs (75% vs 59%) and out of school children (21% vs 15%). [3] Language barriers and limited
formal education of adults (indigenous refugees are 5 times more likely to have no formal
education when compared to the general Venezuelan population in Brazil), significantly affect their
prospects for successful integration. [4]

### Protection brief in graphics

Population category Population category

Breakdown by nationality

_2 World Bank and UNHCR (2021), Integration of Venezuelan Refugees and Migrants in Brazil,_

_[https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/498351617118028819/pdf/Integration-of-Venezuelan-Refugees-and-Migrants-in-Brazil.pdf;](https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/498351617118028819/pdf/Integration-of-Venezuelan-Refugees-and-Migrants-in-Brazil.pdf)_
_ACNUR & Ministerio do Trabalho e Emprego (2024), Informe sobre o mercado de trabalho formal para Haitianos no Brasil,_
_[https://www.acnur.org/br/sites/br/files/2024-11/informe-mercado-trabalho-formal-haitianos-brasil-jun-2024.pdf](https://www.acnur.org/br/sites/br/files/2024-11/informe-mercado-trabalho-formal-haitianos-brasil-jun-2024.pdf)_
_ACNUR & Ministerio do Trabalho e Emprego (2024), Informe sobre o mercado de trabalho formal para pessoas refugiadas afegãs no Brasil_
https://www.acnur.org/br/sites/br/files/2024-11/informe-mercado-trabalho-formal-pessoas-afegas-no-brasil-junho-2024.pdf

---
[3] R4V (2023), Refugee and Migrant Needs Analysis, https://rmrp.r4v.info/rmna2023/](https://rmrp.r4v.info/rmna2023/) p. 85

Refugee and Migrant Needs Analysis

Refugee and Migrant Needs Analysis


Input:
School feeding programs are largely implemented by the World Food Programme, reaching a total of 13,000
refugees in 14 schools in the provinces of Lake Chad and Logone Oriental.

The Unified Social Registry (RSU), launched in 2019, has made limited progress in capacity, governance and
financing, despite continuous support from WFP and NGOs.

**4.4** **Protection for vulnerable groups**

In practical terms, the national protection system for the most vulnerable has not undergone any changes
and the measures in place to support victims of human trafficking are still insufficient. This holds true for
victims of Gender-Based Violence (GBV) and at-risk children. The national protection services aimed at
these vulnerable groups continue to be underdeveloped and underfunded.

12 R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K > **R E P U B L I C O F C H A D**

Unified Social Registry (RSU)

Unified Social Registry


Input:
The number of people of working age in Poland is shrinking and is expected to keep declining. Although substantial migrations from Poland after EU accession in 2004 [19] distort population data, the domestic working age population is declining. According to the Labour Force Survey, which better accounts for emigration than the prevalent population definition, the number of Polish citizens aged 20-64 peaked in early 2010, with 23.5 million people. Since then, it has declined by 2.6 million. This trend is set to continue. According to the latest Eurostat projections, without migration, the population (counting all nationalities) aged 20-64 years would decrease by 4.8 million by 2050. [20] © UNHCR / Anna Liminowicz 19 Statistics Poland data, [https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/internationa-migration/information-on-the-size-and-directions-of-emigration-for-](https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/internationa-migration/information-on-the-size-and-directions-of-emigration-for-temporary-stay-from-poland-between-2004-2020,8,14.html)
[temporary-stay-from-poland-between-2004-2020,8,14.html](https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/internationa-migration/information-on-the-size-and-directions-of-emigration-for-temporary-stay-from-poland-between-2004-2020,8,14.html)

---
[20] Eurostat data, [https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/proj_23np__custom_8710248/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=97472dd3-3dd2-](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/proj_23np__custom_8710248/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=97472dd3-3dd2-4aca-a51f-15c98be37466)

Labour Force Survey

Statistics Poland data

Eurostat data

Labour Force Survey

Statistics Poland data

Eurostat data

Eurostat projections

population data


Input:
Interestingly, while women and girls and younger men and boys were more likely to access formal services than informal supports, older men (age 35 and older) were more likely to access informal supports than formal services. These results may suggest that while older men are less likely to access formal MHPSS services, perhaps due to stigma or other factors, some may turn to informal means, such as support from friends, family and spirituality.

**22**

60+ years old 35-59 18-34 12-17 5-11 (N=360) 28% 37% 56% 71% 71% 18% 11%

### **Location of** **Received MHPSS**

MHPSS services were most commonly accessed in community centres (38%), followed by online platforms (18%), reception hubs such as Blue Dots (14%), healthcare settings (13%), religious settings (11%), schools (8%), workplaces (4%), and through phone or hotlines (4%). Additionally, 11% indicated “other” locations. This distribution underscores the importance of diverse and accessible service locations to meet varied needs and preferences, leveraging both formal and informal support systems.


Input:
# **From Stateless to Citizens: the journey** **of the Shona community in Kenya**

Preliminary results from a socioeconomic study on the impact of citizenship on socioeconomic and living conditions.

" _Getting a national ID has really helped me. I can now move freely without fear of getting arrested. I have access to better job_

_opportunities too because of the access the ID has been able to give me. My kids can now pursue their education comfortably because_

_I know I can support them with access to more work opportunities._ " - Azariah Samuel, 27-year-old father of two during a follow-up

socioeconomic study on the Shona community in Kenya. © UNHCR/Charity Nzomo.

**[www.unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/)** 1

national ID


Input:
confirmed the results found in international literature presented above. The most important result is that Ukrainian refugees who are fluent in Polish earn a net wage premium of about PLN 700 (+16% relative to refugee net median wage, PLN 1,000 gross wage) when compared to those with beginner language skills. This result is stable across different model specifications. Note that such an earnings gain would bring the median net wage of a Ukrainian refugee (estimated based on the SEIS UNHCR survey in chapter 2) from 80% to 98% of the median in the economy as a whole (or from 80% to 93% according to Ukrainian refugee’s median in the NBP’s 2024 survey), almost closing the gap to the economy as a whole in these terms. It is in fact higher than the PLN 500 median net wage premium of the pre-war Ukrainian migrants over Ukrainian refugees in the NBP (2024) survey, even though 68% of the former and only 28% of the latter said they had a high level of fluency in Polish.

31

SEIS UNHCR survey

NBP’s 2024 survey

NBP (2024) survey

SEIS UNHCR survey

NBP (2024) survey

NBP’s 2024 survey


Input:
##### **September/ October 2023 report**

###### Venezuela

**ProCap Senior Protection Advisor**

**have provided the WASH, Shelter,**

**Logistics, Health, Education, Food**

**Security, Nutrition Cluster as well as**

**Venezuelan Humanitarian Fund (VHF)**

**partners a Protection Mainstreaming**

**in-person training.** The training com
prised a theoretical component covering i)

humanitarian and protection principles, ii)

fundamental protection concepts and the

risk equation, iii) the distinction between

integrated protection and protection

mainstreaming and their definitions. The

second part involved a practical exercise

where participants selected an activity

within their sector, analyzed the context,

identified three primary protection risks,

and applied the protection equation.

This dynamic and participative exercise

allowed participants to present their

activities and benefit from constructive

feedback. Overall, the positive feedback

given by participants shows the need to

**8**

strengthen humanitarian organizations'

understanding on Protection Main
streaming to guarantee the Centrality of

Protection is in place in the humanitarian

response.

**X. Training on Mixed Migration**

**and Durable Solutions**

**A full-day training session on Mixed**

**Migration and Durable Solutions took**

**place on October 19th. The session**

**began with a review of basic protec-**

**tion concepts, followed by an analysis**

**of strategies to mitigate threats and**

**vulnerabilities, and enhance capabil-**

**ities through practical exercises with**


Input:
Instrumental variables regressions were performed with the Two Stage Least Squares technique. In the first stage, it adjusts for the non-random distribution of Ukrainian refugees across poviats, and in the second stage, it calculates the models. These results can be interpreted causally. The two previously mentioned instruments were used and yielded statistically significant results, as well as passed statistical tests on their appropriateness for instrumenting the employment share of Ukrainian refugees.
One instrument is the share of Ukrainian children in Polish schools, and the other is the distribution of Ukrainian citizens across Poland in 2019, as recorded in declarations


Input:
by Information Management (IM) per
sonnel in the Protection Cluster and the

Areas of Responsibility. The cluster's IM

automated data transformations to con
solidate information for the year 2023.

The pilot phase for the migration to 345W

has concluded, and final refinements are

underway. These refinements aim to

establish a more automated process for

reporting, validation, and consolidation

of partners' responses.


Input:
World Day Against Trafficking in Persons

2023. The document can be downloaded

[here link.](https://www.globalprotectioncluster.org/publications/1586/reports/annual-report/boletin-anual-trata-de-personas-agosto-2022-agosto-2o23)

**VII. Food Security and Liveli-**

**hoods (FSL) and Trafficking in**

**Persons (TiP)**

**Under the Food Security and Live-**

**lihoods (FSL) Cluster consultancy,**

**research has been done to under-**

**stand the connection between food**

**insecurity, lack of livelihoods and**

**the likelihood of being recruited into**


Input:
Ukraine Refugee Pulse, which is based on a survey carried out between October and December 2022, 40% of respondents have enough income to meet basic needs or are able to support the same lifestyle they had in Ukraine, while 60% say they do not have enough income or have to rely on savings and welfare. At the same time 62% reported staying in accommodation for which they pay themselves.
MSNA Poland 2023 survey also shows that when asked whether they faced any challenges obtaining enough money to meet their needs, the refugees were nearly equally split (around 0.5% more reported no difficulties), with an additional 8% not knowing or refusing to answer. According to the National Bank of Poland survey carried out in November 2022, 28% of refugees said they spend less than half of their income on daily expenses, most spend between 50% and 80%, and 19% spend 80100% of their income.

###### Currently between 225 and 350 thousand of refugees from Ukraine are working in Poland. The lower bound is the number from social security, while the higher bound is the product of employment rate from the surveys and working age population with PESEL numbers.

MSNA Poland 2023 survey

Ukraine Refugee Pulse

National Bank of Poland survey

MSNA Poland 2023 survey

National Bank of Poland survey

Ukraine Refugee Pulse

survey


Input:
**it on a higher growth path.** According
to the Deloitte D.Climate model, economic impact of Ukrainian refugees amounted to a higher real GDP by 1.5% in 2022, as they initially entered the labour market.
With more refugees finding employment, their impact grew to 2.3% GDP in 2023, and further to 2.7% GDP in 2024. This corresponds to GDP being higher by PLN 98.7 billion in 2024. In the long term, as the refugees acquire more country-specific skills and firms invest to restore their capital-to-labour ratio, the impact will grow to 3.2% GDP by 2030. Refugees contribute to the economy by increasing the labour supply as both workers and entrepreneurs, and by boosting demand as consumers.
The increase in GDP is not directly proportional to the increase in population or employment. [20] On the one hand, increase in productivity further boosts the economy, on the other net benefits are lowered both due to a decrease in the capital-to-labour ratio, as well as an increase in competition in the labour market. Moreover, the increase in demand in tight labour market conditions work in the direction of higher inflation and lower price competitiveness of Polish products which decrease its overall positive impact.


Input:
physical health of the members of the

community was improved thanks to the

work of PUI, which translates in the need

of the PC to keep supporting partners

implementing such relevant projects in

communities of difficult access.

[Full access to the story through this link.](https://www.globalprotectioncluster.org/publications/1658/reports/report/historias-de-impacto-cluster-de-proteccion-venezuela-septiembre)


Input:
The Polish government introduced a Special Act [26] that facilitated refugees’ inclusion. The work on the Act started when the activation of TPD was not certain, but later it was used for transposition of TPD. As a result, the Polish framework is very similar to the TPD, though the scope of the Act is wider than the TPD.
However, it only covers those that arrived in Poland after 24th February 2022.
This legal framework gave access to the job market, health care and education.
The authorities allowed those fleeing Ukraine to access basic administrative systems like PESEL and “Trusted Profile”, and legalised residency for 18 months.
The government's solutions allow refugees to get a job, run a business or register as unemployed or seeking work.
On top of that, due to constitutional guarantee of access to education for everyone, refugee children were allowed to access schools and kindergartens.

Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Chart 12.** Structure by occupational group of all employed persons and refugees from Ukraine

All employed persons Ukrainian refugees 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

**Source:** Deloitte own elaboration based on Statistics Poland and ZUS data.

---
[26] Act of March 12, 2022 on assistance to citizens of Ukraine in connection with the armed conflict on the territory of the country

Statistics Poland

ZUS data

ZUS data

Statistics Poland


Input:
As of 30 June 2023, only 1.6 per cent of Chad’s population is covered by the social protection framework,
and the country spends 0.1 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product on social protection (excluding health
and education expenses). After a lengthy process, the document for the new National Social Protection
Strategy (SNPS) 2022-2026 has been finalized and is awaiting validation and signature by the transitional
government. The new SNPS spanning four years aims to gradually establish a comprehensive, effective
and efficient social protection system that addresses financial needs, livelihood security, risk management,
vulnerability reduction and access to basic social services for all individuals residing in Chad, including
refugees.

**1.2** **Social cohesion**


Input:
Labor force participation [14] is almost on par with the host country weighted average for the region, with just 2 percentage points difference between the two. This is surprising, considering that the distribution of refugee household members is heavily skewed towards women and dependents.
(73% of working age [15] individuals are female and the age dependency ratio stands at 63%, which is 10 percentage points above the regional weighted average). The most common activities reported by respondents who are out of the labor force are retirement (30%) and engagement in household responsibilities (31%). Across countries labor force participation looks uneven – it stands at a staggering 66% in Hungary (6 percentage points above the national indicator), and at just 36% in

**REFUGEE HOUSEHOLD INCOME SOURCES ABOVE AND BELOW THE POVERTY LINE, %** **[1,2]**

Regular employment Above the poverty line Below the poverty line Temporary work Self employment 35% Host country social protection payments 74% 12% Ukraine social protection pensions 34% Ukraine social protection other 9% 4% 6% 10% Other sources 3% 4% 7% Almost half of income of households below the poverty line depends on social protection

---
[15] In this context defined as individuals that are 15 or more years old

national indicator

national indicator


Input:
This contrasts with the government’s promotion of free land access which apply to all people involved
in agriculture. The current arrangements have led to a seasonal migration of refugees from the camps
to fields located in cantons up to 50 or 70 km away, where they establish temporary settlements. These
sharecropping agreements offer the advantage of fostering close relationships between refugees,
landowners and entire villages, because refugees set up tents with their families throughout the growing
season. Furthermore, refugees often do not receive documents confirming their right to sustained access
to the land used. Between 2020 and 2023, approximately 15,000 hectares of agricultural land have been
made available to refugees in Chad for exploitation purposes, under written or verbal agreements lasting
from one to three years.

In the current Ministry of Social Affairs, there is still no housing assistance program for vulnerable Chadian
nationals. Furthermore, the temporary support system for relocating populations affected by floods in the
capital, primarily backed by the humanitarian actors, does not extend its coverage to refugees.

**3.4** **Financial and administrative services**


Input:
main shareowner in the mine. Most of these 17 mines have foreign ownership, such as

Australian, Canadian, or South African, sometimes in partnership with Ghanaian firms or the

Ghanaian state. Most are open-pit mines, although a few consist of a combination of open-pit

and underground operations.

**Table 1 Gold Mines in Ghana**

**Name** **Opening** **Closing year** **Company** **Country**

**year**

Ahafo 2006 active Newmont Mining Corp. USA
Bibiani 1998 active Noble Mineral Resources Australia
Bogoso Prestea 1990 active Golden Star Resources USA
Chirano 2005 active Kinross Gold Canada
Damang 1997 active Gold Fields Ghana Ltd. South Africa
Edikan (Ayanfuri) 1994 active Perseus Mining Australia
Iduapriem 1992 active AngloGold Ashanti South Africa
Jeni (Bonte) 1998 2003 Akrokeri-Ashanti Canada
Konongo 1990 active LionGold Corp. Singapore
Kwabeng 1990 1993 Akrokeri-Ashanti Canada
Nzema 2011 active Endeavour Canada
Obotan 1997 2001 PMI Gold Canada
Obuasi 1990 active AngloGold Ashanti South Africa
Prestea Sankofa 1990 2001 Anglogold Ashanti South Africa
Tarkwa 1990 active Gold Fields Ghana Ltd. South Africa
Teberebie 1990 2005 Anglogold Ashanti South Africa
Wassa 1999 active Golden Star Resources USA
_Source:_ InterraRMG 2013.

_Note:_ Active is production status as of December 2012, the last available data point.

6


Input:
**The overall decline in total employment from 74 percent in 2019 to 70 percent in 2024 is indicative of the sum of**

**these shocks.** Although men have re-entered the labor force at a faster rate, the community as a whole is still in

the process of economic recovery. The proportion of unemployed individuals has remained relatively low,

suggesting that many are still re-entering the labor market or seeking labor market opportunities. Only 13 percent

of the Shona working wage-earners have some form of employment contract, demonstrating a high prevalence of

informal work arrangements.

**The increase in the number of individuals out of the labor force, especially among women, underscores the**

**difficulties of returning to the labor market and securing timely employment.** The pandemic's effects have pushed

**[www.unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/)** 6


Input:
Data Sources: proGres v4 (PRIMES) hosts the data of refugees and asylum-seekers in 11 countries. In South Africa, the data are managed by the
government. In Angola, DRC, Zambia and Zimbabwe, some portions of the data are external. For IDP data, the source of DRC’s IDP figure is the OCHA;
the sources in Mozambique and Zimbabwe are the Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) of the IOM; and the source in the Republic of Congo is the
government, the Ministry of Social Affairs and Humanitarian Action (MASAH).

proGres v4 (PRIMES)

Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM)

IDP data

Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM)

proGres v4 (PRIMES)

OCHA


Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

### **Chronic illness and** **MHPSS**

Among individuals with chronic illnesses, 41% reported experiencing mental health and psychosocial problems in 2024 (44% of women, 36% of men), up from 33% in 2023 (36% of women, 28% of men). In contrast, only 16% of individuals without chronic illnesses reported such problems in 2024 (20% of women and 11% of men), compared to 13% in 2023 (15% of women and 9% of men). These findings reinforce the strong interplay between chronic health conditions and mental health challenges, emphasizing the need for integrated care models that holistically address both physical and mental health to provide effective and comprehensive support for those managing chronic illnesses.

**26**

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WHO REPORTED EXPERIENCING**

**A MENTAL HEALTH OR PSYCHOSOCIAL PROBLEM BY**

**CHRONIC ILLNESS STATUS AND COUNTRY**

With chronic illness Without chronic illness Regional Romania Hungary Lithuania Poland Bulgaria Latvia Slovakia Estonia Czechia Moldova (N=17,867)


Input:
Migrants dispersed to weaker labour markets experience poorer inclusion outcomes in subsequent years, and vice versa. These outcomes can pertain to employment, earnings, or human capital accumulation, and have been shown in Denmark (Foged, Hasager, and Peri, 2022; Azlor, Damm, and Schiltz-Nielsen, 2020), Germany (Aksoy, Giray, Poutvaara, and Schikora, 2020), Norway (Godøy, 2017), Sweden (Åslund, Östh, and Zenou, 2010; Åslund and Rooth, 2007), and Switzerland (Müller, Pannatier, and Viarengo, 2022), as well as the previously described crosscountry study. This could in principle stem from scarring on an individual level from weak initial opportunities, or persistently weak local labour market combined with imperfect geographic mobility. The effects are hard to disentangle, while Åslund and Rooth (2007) find some indication that both phenomena are at play, Godøy (2017) finds evidence only for persistently weak local labour markets.

##### Migrants and refugees dispersed away from ethnic enclaves experience weaker labour market inclusion outcomes, and vice versa.

crosscountry study

crosscountry study


Input:
Given that the refugee population is up to three or four times larger than the local population in certain
areas hosting refugees, mainly in Eastern Chad, there is an increased risk of tensions due to already limited
resources. Nevertheless, on a broader scale and across the entire territory, refugees continue to peacefully
coexist with the local population, facilitated by strong ethnic and cultural bonds, along with shared common
traditions. Mixed committees, comprising both refugees and members of the host community, remain active
in all refugee camps and sites. Their objective is to promote peaceful coexistence and proactively address
conflicts. Women continue to play a crucial role in conveying messages of peace and social cohesion,
contributing significantly to dispute resolution efforts.

**1.3** **Environmental management**

There has been no significant change in national environmental protection and resource management
policies. The existing policies continue to lack clarity concerning their application to refugees and/or host
communities.


Input:
prominent in refugee households in terms of poverty and employment. The same holds true for households that contain members with disabilities. It is somewhat encouraging that the share of refugee youth (age 15 to 24) not engaged in employment, education or training stands at just 14% (18% if distance learning is excluded), which is in line with host country national indicators.

**Based on the above findings it is recommended**

**that:**

- Any transitions from subsidized accommodations
are handled with extreme care. Almost 20% of all refugee households depend on this aid to stay out of poverty

- Labor market inclusion efforts continue and
interventions target the removal of the most commonly reported barriers (local language proficiency, lack of decent work opportunities, a mismatch in skills).

- A special focus is put on addressing the needs of
female only led households or members with disabilities. Both groups are more likely to find themselves below the poverty line.

# 50% 74% 14%

of refugees from Ukraine find themselves of all refugee households income above

**below the poverty line** [4] based on the poverty line **comes from regular work**
reported income - this figure stands at 35% for households

---
[4] Defined as 50% of the median equivalized income in the host country

host country national indicators

host country national indicators

host country national indicators


Input:
towards higher-paid occupational groups.
The share of Poles in the two lowest salary brackets (earning less than gross PLN 4,000 and PLN 4,000-6,000 in 2022) decreased by 0.4 and 1.8 percentage points, respectively, while the subsequent higher salary brackets increased by
1.4 pp. (PLN 6,000-8,000), 0.6 pp.
(PLN 8,000-10,000), and 0.3 pp. (above PLN 10,000) (see Chart 30).


Input:
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland © UNHCR / Anna Liminowicz Dispersing refugees to weaker labour markets can also have negative social outcomes. Albarosa and Elsner (2022) report more anti-immigrant incidents during the European refugee crisis (2015/2016) in areas of Germany with high unemployment rates and shares of right-wing voters. Damm and Dustmann (2014) show that immigrant men dispersed to areas of Denmark with more convicted criminals, experience higher future crime conviction probabilities, but not overall neighbourhood crime rate.

The estimated employment rate of refugees from Ukraine in Poland is above 60% and was among the highest in the OECD [27] .
Although there is uncertainty around employment rate in different countries due to uncertainty regarding refugee numbers while MSNA Poland 2023 gives a slightly lower figure of 61%. In comparison, the employment rate equalled 61% in the United

MSNA Poland 2023


Input:
REGIONAL BUREAU FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA

**DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO REFUGEES SITUATION**

As of 3 0 September 2022

**Author: UNHCR DIMA - RSA** Contact : rsarbdima@unhcr.org **Source:** UNHCR Primes, Government, UNHCR

UNHCR Primes


Input: Poland 2023 assess that around 56% [23] of refugee arrivals had completed higher education. This means that Ukrainians with higher education were more likely to relocate to Poland or leave Ukraine in general, having the necessary means to achieve this. On average refugees with a bachelor’s degree or higher had an over 30% higher employment rate than peers without a degree, according to MSNA Poland 2023 survey.

MSNA Poland 2023 survey

MSNA Poland 2023 survey


Input:
Table 12 shows that log annual wages are higher close to mines (column 1), and that most of

the increase is driven by the increase in wage rates for women (column 2). Women, however,

have lower wages before the mine, and a smaller share of women earn wages. Globally, it is

considered that the historic expansion in service sector employment (which in this context

increased significantly within 10 km) has played a pivotal role in reducing the gender wage and

hour gap (Ngai and Petrongolo, 2017).

31


Input:
UNHCR
 first
 established
 an
 operational
 presence
 in
 South-‐Eastern
 Myanmar
 in
 2004
with
 the
 objective
 of
 assisting
 communities
 affected
 by
 armed
 conflict
 in
 Kayin
 and
 Mon
States
 and
 in
 Tanintaryi
 Region.
 Between
 2004
 and
 2012,
 UNHCR,
 in
 partnership
 with
local
 and
 international
 organizations,
 has
 delivered
 over
 3,000
 humanitarian
 projects
 to
ensure
 that
 displaced
 and
 host
 families
 in
 affected
 areas
 have
 access
 to
 proper
sanitation,
 primary
 health
 care
 facilities,
 safe
 and
 clean
 water,
 livelihood
 activities
 and
other
 training
 including
 technical
 support
 to
 community
 management
 capacities,
particularly
 in
 relation
 to
 small
 infrastructure
 management.

UNHCR
 also
 undertakes
 protection
 assessment,
 legal
 awareness
 training,
 and
 provides
assistance
 to
 extremely
 vulnerable
 individuals
 (including
 land
 mine
 victims
 and
survivors
 of
 sexual
 and
 gender-‐based
 violence).
 The
 extent
 and
 capacity
 of
 protection
monitoring
 and
 referral
 networks
 in
 the
 South-‐East
 nonetheless
 remain
 extremely
limited.


Input:
politicians that have been linked to mining activities in other countries such as Peru

(Maldonado, 2017) and India (Asher and Novosad, 2018), such as clientelism, corruption and

reelection of local politicians were not analyzed within the context of Ghana. We encourage

future analysis along similar lines.

A few caveats should be noted. As the gold mining industry in Ghana matures further, it will

be important to determine the long sustainability of these economic effects. This paper does not

tease out the effect of mine closure on local socio-economic conditions, an aspect that warrants

future focus. Moreover, lack of clearly estimated effects both in the individual level and district

level analysis could stem from limited sample sizes. We encourage future analysis to use more

rounds of data to ensure consistent results. Lastly, for the health and employment effects that

we observe, we cannot determine if they stem from changes in the market-based economy, from

corporate social responsibility policies or public spending. Future studies should try to carefully

disentangle the mechanisms at play.


Input:
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

# **2.** Situation of refugees from Ukraine on the labour market in Poland

Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Chart 7.** Unemployment rate

12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0%

**Source:** Harmonized data, Eurostat, [Statistics | Eurostat (europa.eu)](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/une_rt_m/default/table?lang=en)

##### Refugees from Ukraine fit well into the needs of the Polish labour market.

Ukrainians arrived on a labour market that structurally needs more workers, as the domestic population is ageing rapidly, while the economy is growing. High levels of education, cultural proximity and previous connections to Poland helped refugees adapt to the labour market. Furthermore, Poland made an important and strategic policy decision by promptly opening the labour market and supporting their inclusion.

16 17

**Chart 6.** Working age population with Polish citizenship (20-64 years old)

25 24 23 22 21 20

Harmonized data, Eurostat

Harmonized data

Harmonized data


Input:
UNHCR and partners provide case management assistance to support children who are
unaccompanied or separated from traditional caregivers or who are suffering from violence,
exploitation, and neglect. UNHCR works with partners, including government partners, to assist
children with heightened protection needs by providing legal assistance, safety and security, and
psychological and health interventions as needed. UNHCR works with YCWS, our implementing
partner, to provide assistance to unaccompanied children (UAC) in a Semi-Independent Living Care
Arrangement (SILCA) through which UAC are accommodated in a rented room and their basic needs
are covered. In response to the emergency situation in Aceh, UNHCR is undertaking Best Interest
Assessments (BIA) for the large number of UAC, child spouses, and other children at risk to better
understand their needs and determine a protection approach that best addresses those needs.

### **Gender-Based Violence (GBV)**


Input:
## **NAVIGATING HEALTH** **AND WELL-BEING** **CHALLENGES FOR** **REFUGEES FROM** **UKRAINE**

#### An Inter-Agency Exploration of Data 2nd edition January 2025


Input:
**Average monthly gross earnings in enterprise sector in poviat of employment in 2022**

Natives and other immigrants 36 Note that these percentages are only indicative, as Ukrainian refugee educational attainment is assumed on the basis of November 2022 NBP (2023) survey for 18+ age group and July-August 2023 UNHCR (2023) survey for 15+ age group, while the general population is taken from the 2022 Labour Force Survey for 15-74 (broadest available) age group, and earnings by educational attainment are taken from the GUS (2022) “Structure of wages and salaries by occupations in October 2020”.
37 Note that the numbers of Ukrainian refugees and all workers numbers by poviats are taken from ZUS Statistical Portal on 30th September 2023 from the universe of workers registered for social security (this does not cover the informal sector and some jobs that do not require social security). Ukrainian refugees are identified by PESEL UKR. Salaries and wages are taken from Statistics Poland BDL GUS database for 2022, but cover only the enterprise sector (firms with 10 or more employees).
38 Note that there is no publicly available administrative data on the sectoral distribution of Ukrainian refugees. We proxied their sectors by taking the difference in workers with Ukrainian citizenship registered for social security between H1 2023 and end of 2021 in A-Q 1-letter NACE sections. For the general population we used employment in the 15+ age group in Q2 2023 from the Eurostat Labour Force Survey. Earnings by NACE section have been taken from Statistics Poland Statistical Bulletin wages and salaries for the enterprise sector and public sector in Q2 2023.
39 Note that Ukrainian refugees have been allocated to firm sizes based on the July-August 2023 UNHCR (2023) survey, while general workers from the GUS (2023) “Employment in the national economy in 2022”. Productivity of firms by size is based on gross value added per person employed in industry, construction, and market services sectors (broadest available) in 2021 from Eurostat Structural Business Statistics.

2022 Labour Force Survey

Statistics Poland BDL GUS database for 2022

Eurostat Labour Force Survey

Eurostat Structural Business Statistics

July-August 2023 UNHCR (2023) survey

November 2022 NBP (2023) survey

Eurostat Labour Force Survey

2022 Labour Force Survey

Statistics Poland BDL GUS database

ZUS Statistical Portal

Eurostat Structural Business Statistics

November 2022 NBP (2023) survey

July-August 2023 UNHCR (2023) survey

PESEL UKR


Input:
Population Data Analysis – September 2022

Overview

As of the end of September 2022, Southern Africa hosts around **8.6 million persons of concern (PoCs) to UNHCR** .
This includes 1.1 million refugees and asylum-seekers and 6.9 million internally displaced persons (IDPs), as well as
others of concern, refugee returnees and IDP returnees. **The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) represents 77**

**per cent of the regional data.**

Refugees, Asylum-Seekers and Others of concern

The region hosts **785,000 refugees, 278,000**

**asylum-seekers** **and** **36,000** **others** **of**

**concern** . Among those 1.1 million PoCs, 74 per
cent of them are from the countries outside of
the Southern Africa region. [1] The top five
countries of origin are Central African Republic
(243,000), Rwanda (242,000), DRC (228,000),
Burundi (84,000) and Ethiopia (61,000).

Internally Displaced Persons
(IDPs)

In Southern Africa, there are **6.9 million**

**internally displaced persons (IDPs)** . Most of
them are conflict-induced, 6.4 million, but there
are also natural disaster-induced IDPs, 0.5
million. The data on IDPs are reported in DRC,
Congo, Mozambique and Zimbabwe (see
Figure 1).

Durable Solutions

Figure 1. Number of IDPs in RBSA by Cause as of 30 September 2022

---
[1] The Southern Africa region refers to the 16 countries covered by the Regional Bureau for Southern Africa of UNHCR including Angola,

data on IDPs

data on IDPs


Input:
active*mine -0.086*** -0.055** 3.705 -0.058 -0.032 0.125**
(0.025) (0.025) (2.898) (0.086) (0.032) (0.051)

Mean dep var 0.715 0.705 45.71 0.491 0.259 0.028

_Note:_ The table uses GLSS data for Ghana for the survey years 1998, 2005, 2012. The sample is restricted to
women and men aged 15–49. Robust standard errors clustered at the village or neighborhood level in parentheses
(except if otherwise stated). All regressions control for year and district fixed effects, urban dummy, age, and years
of education. Active is active status of mine in the survey year. The treatment distance is defined to 20 km. Rows
2 drop sample between 20 to 40 km of a mine, and rows 3 drop sample that was surveyed two years before mine
opening. *** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1. FE = fixed effects.

30

GLSS

GLSS data


Input:
THE ROLE OF HOUSING SUPPORT AND EMPLOYMENT FACILITATION IN ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE requirements and differences in location-specific regulations. On the other hand, individuals with experience in construction found it easier to secure employment in the same sector, with an unemployment rate at just 5%. Lower language requirements and fewer issues with skill recognition are likely to be the main reasons. This possibly explains why 53% of former construction sector employees from Ukraine were able to find work in the same sector.

**REFUGEE EMPLOYMENT TRANSITION MAP FOR SELECTED SECTORS**

Past sector of employment in Ukraine Current sector of employment in Host country Education and support service activities Construction

**Accounting for those engaged in Ukrainian**

**distance learning, the share of youth not in**

**employment, education or training for refugees**

**from Ukraine is comparable to that of host**

**countries**
If distance learning, which follows the Ukrainian curriculum, is taken into account, the share of young Ukrainians (aged 15 to 24) who are not engaged in employment, education, or training (NEET) stands at 14% [16] across the region, which is fully in line with the Other No longer employed Construction Education Administrative and support service activities

---
[16] Likely to be a bit overstated, as the survey did not inquire about activities of 15-year-olds outside of school enrollment. Also,

REFUGEE EMPLOYMENT TRANSITION MAP


Input:
statistics for the women’s surveys across four different groups, close and far away, and before

and during the mine’s production phase. Columns 1 and 3 show mean values of the population

that live far away from mines, before and during mining respectively. Columns 2 and 4, in

14

the women’s surveys

women’s surveys

women’s surveys


Input:
**ing grounds for the next months**

**have been set.** Further, meetings have

been held with the 6 subnational Pro
tection Clusters in Zulia, Táchira, Apure,

Amazonas, Barinas, and Bolivar. Coor
dination with these coordinators will be

strengthened to assure decision taking

is guaranteed also from the field, and

their support in the implementation of

the extended OCHA Local Coordination


Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE stigma limiting help-seeking behaviors among adult men. Conversely, for children aged 5–11, caregivers sought support for 76% of boys and 64% of girls.
These findings highlight the complex interplay of gender and societal norms in influencing helpseeking behaviours, warranting further investigation.

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WHO TRIED TO ACCESS MENTAL**

**HEALTH SUPPORT BY AGE AND GENDER**

Female Male work arrangements). These informal mechanisms, while less structured, complement formal services by fostering emotional connection and practical assistance through personal relationships and community networks.

**TYPE OF MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT**

**RECEIVED BY GENDER**

Female Male Psychotherapy/counseling Support from family or friends Creative psychosocial activities Structured wellbeing intervention Spiritual support Psychiatry/medication management School-based services Workplace support Other Messaging materials Caregiver training (N=1,715) 5-11 12-17 18-34 35-59 60+ years old (N=4,052)

### **Types of Support**


Input:
##### 4. Ukrainian refugees’ skill-job mismatch 26 4.1 Over-qualification 27 4.2 Access to regulated professions 29 4.3 Language wage premium 31 4.4 Persons not previously in employment 34 4.5 Recommendations 35 Appendix: Modelling strategy 36 Glossary                                                      44 List of charts and tables 45 Literature 46

02 Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland


Input:
##### **September/ October 2023 report**

###### Venezuela

**Protection Cluster September/ October 2023 activity report**

This report has been prepared by the Protection Cluster in Venezuela

_Cover photo: © UNHCR / Kimberly Sarkis (2023)_

The Protection Cluster is a broad-based participatory forum of protection partners which brings
together United Nations agencies, human rights and development organisations and actors, as well
as local and international non-governmental organisations. The Protection Cluster is led by UNHCR.

All our information products, including reports, maps and factsheets are available on the Venezuela

Protection Cluster website:
[https://ven.protectioncluster.org](https://ven.protectioncluster.org)

Contacts:

Protection Cluster Coordinator, **Alice Contini**, continia@unhcr.org

Protection Associate, **Patricia Bosco**, boscoleo@unhcr.org
Counter-Trafficking in Crisis Specialist, **Norma Ferrer**, noferrer@iom.int

Protection Assistant, **Kimberly Sarkis**, sarkisne@unhcr.org
Protection Specialist, **Giuliana Inturrisi**, giuliana.inturrisi@drc.ngo

**2**


Input:
boosts the economic impact of Ukrainian refugees. To arrive at results that would be comparable to the previous report, economic impact has been additionally simulated in a scenario without the productivity shock. This brought the results down to 1.3% GDP in 2024, which is in line with the Deloitte (2024) most optimistic of the four outlined scenarios of 1.1% GDP in 2023 and 1.4% GDP in the long term. [21] The Ukrainian refugees and the economy turned out to have adapted better than expected last year. Moreover, the fact that the previously modelled mild adverse effects on the labour market have not materialized reflects a stronger increase in labour productivity than was assumed. As a result, the positive impact of Ukrainian refugees on the economy is greater than previously expected.

**As Ukrainian refugees entered the**

**labour market, the economy adapted,**

**resulting in more specialization and**

---
[21] Full results of a modelling scenario with no shock to productivity are available in the Online Technical Appendix.


Input: The recommendations drawn from this analysis focus on addressing the health and mental health and psychosocial needs and barriers identified in the SEIS, tailoring them to the specific data and context of each country. To enhance policy development, it will be crucial to improve monitoring of refugees’ health, including sexual and reproductive health and mental health, through inclusion of disaggregated refugee data into national data systems. This will require effective collaboration among health organizations, statistical offices, and partners. Addressing capacity issues in national health systems, such as workforce shortages and long wait times, can be supported through telemedicine and temporarily integrating Ukrainian healthcare workers. Refugees with chronic illnesses and disabilities require targeted interventions to meet their health and MHPSS needs, including through health financing mechanisms. Continued efforts are also required to address persistent access barriers through contextspecific strategies, including providing refugees with information on navigating health systems and preventive health services such as vaccination.

the SEIS

disaggregated refugee data

SEIS

disaggregated refugee data

disaggregated refugee data


Input: Among the 5% who reported access constraints, the primary barrier to accessing SRH services was long waiting times, affecting 33%. Financial barriers also posed challenges, with 23% of women reporting difficulties covering transportation costs, 19% struggling with clinic fees, and 12% with hospital fees. Additionally, 21% lacked knowledge of where to access SRH care and 19% were unable to make appointments, reflecting both informational and administrative barriers to SRH services.


Input:
Activities
 –
 whether
 delivered
 by
 UNHCR
 or
 partners-‐
 should
 be
 conflict-‐sensitive
 and
address
 key
 issues
 of
 concern
 of
 both
 returning
 refugees
 and
 IDPs
 and
 their
communities.
 A
 community-‐based
 programme
 that
 builds
 on
 existing
 systems
 and
structures
 and
 supports
 local
 development
 plans
 should
 be
 planned
 and
 implemented
based
 upon
 comprehensive
 needs
 assessments
 and
 consultations
 with
 the
 populations
concerned
 as
 well
 as
 government
 and
 non-‐government
 actors.

Activities
 and
 project
 delivery
 should
 be
 flexible
 and
 context-‐specific
 so
 as
 to
accommodate
 complexities
 and
 respond
 to
 any
 changes
 that
 may
 occur
 throughout
 the
process.
 Activities
 range
 from
 food
 assistance
 to
 essential
 health
 care
 facilities
 and
services,
 primary
 and
 secondary
 education
 support,
 and
 community-‐level
 infrastructure
rehabilitation
 or
 construction
 and
 livelihoods.
 Livelihood
 opportunities
 will
 be
 a
 key
component
 in
 ensuring
 the
 sustainability
 of
 the
 reintegration
 process
 and
 cash
 and
voucher
 modalities
 to
 boost
 the
 local
 economy
 should
 be
 actively
 considered
 where
these
 are
 appropriate
 and
 effective
 ways
 of
 meeting
 identified
 needs.

UNHCR
 will
 seek
 innovative
 solutions,
 in
 particular
 for
 self-‐reliance,
 education,
 shelter,
and
 domestic
 energy
 solutions.
 Poverty
 graduation
 models
 will
 be
 explored,
 combining
relief
 assistance
 with
 capacity
 building
 measures,
 to
 enable
 the
 poorest
 individuals
 and
households
 to
 move
 out
 of
 poverty.


Input:
### **Improved Protection Environment**

While it is not a signatory to the Refugee Convention, Indonesia generally respects international and
domestic refugee law, particularly the principle of non-refoulement, and has demonstrated critical
humanitarian leadership in the region by consistently stepping forward to disembark boats carrying
Rohingya refugees. 2024 and 2025 present important opportunities to further advance the protection
environment in the country, including the planned revision of a key domestic refugee law and the new
policies and priorities of recently elected national leaders.

The National Refugee Taskforce has initiated inter-ministry discussions on the revision of Presidential
Regulation 125 of 2016. This Regulation provides the foundation for ensuring access to asylum and
assigns UNHCR a key role in the management of asylum claims and solutions. UNHCR’s
recommendations for consideration in the revision have focused on the need for clarifying and
expanding the decree’s scope to ensure a strong refugee protection framework in Indonesia, including
protection safeguards that ensure entry to safe territory through channels other than the sea;
increasing joint activities with the Government, particularly in registration and documentation; and
advancing inclusion efforts in the country.