Input: services or informal networks. The focus group discussions also underscored the precarious financial situation of many refugees, including those engaging in low-paid work below their qualifications, which creates a barrier for relocations to rented housing. 78% of respondents mentioned that they would not be able to cover costs of rented housing higher than CZK 5,000 (approximately USD 213) a month, which is well below market price. In addition to the individual factors affecting relocations to standard housing, key informant interviews and consultations with NGOs, representatives of local and regional governments, and experts in social housing outlined a number of structural factors impacting relocations. These include the need to clarify and strengthen institutional roles and responsibilities in relation to refugee assistance, the need to provide clear, understandable, and timely information on the upcoming housing changes, and the need to ensure unimpeded access of residents to social services and counselling. Furthermore, findings suggest that the current situation and oversaturation of the rental market in bigger cities should not be disregarded. Coordinated support _1 UNHCR-IOM: NEW BEGINNINGS: SUPPORTING THE DIGNIFIED RELOCATION OF UKRAINIAN TEMPORARY PROTECTION_ _HOLDERS TO STANDARD HOUSING. Report on the Relocation of Ukrainian Temporary Protection Holders from Collective_ _Accommodation Facilities to


Input: but concentrated in high-risk areas such as the coast or river basins. In this section we present flood exposure estimated disaggregated to subnational regions, the number of which can vary across countries. World Bank household surveys are sampled to be statistically representative at different subnational levels – in this study we adopt these statistically representative subnational units which enable us to compare flood exposure estimates with socio-economic characteristics, such as income levels and poverty (Section 3.4). The disaggregation of exposure estimates highlights several subnational regions with high risks (Figure 9). Punjab, Pakistan, with a population of 120 million people, frequently experiences heavy flooding and ranks highest in terms of the absolute population headcount exposed to significant flood risk; approximately 48 million people are exposed, which is 38% of the total population. Several of the populous regions in China and India are also among the world’s subnational regions with the highest number of people exposed to flood risk. In China for instance, high population exposure tends to be close to the coast and around the Yellow River valley. However, the sub-national region with the highest population exposure in China is Guangdong in the southeast, on the South China Sea, where 43

World Bank household surveys

World Bank household surveys

World Bank household surveys

World Bank household surveys

World Bank household surveys


Input: in Zambia, driven largely by the rapid growth in mining activities, which has seen the population of the district more than double in 10 years—from around 85,000 at the time of the 2010 census to 180,000 in the 2022 census. [23] The population of Meheba, which is predominantly youthful (75.9 percent ages below 35 years), embodies the potential of a highly productive age group looking for opportunities and livelihoods. [24] The settlement’s boundaries intersect with three adjoining wards of Kalumbila District— Shilenda, Mwajimambwe, and Matebo—that have a combined population of 61,000. [25] 33. **Infrastructure provision at the Meheba settlement and within the local community will enhance productivity** **and quality of life.** It is anticipated that the improvement of rural access road infrastructure will increase both mobility and trade to and from the settlement for refugees and host communities. Current electrical supply is poor, with households relying mostly on kerosene lanterns, candles, flashlights, and generators for lighting and cell phone charging. Enhanced transport and energy will also stimulate retail business and production. The upgrading and expansion of school infrastructure will improve learning outcomes, enhance teacher retention and new recruitment, and afford greater dignity to boarding pupils, especially girls, as many are

the 2010 census

the 2022 census

2022 census

2010 census


Input: _Note:_ Figure 5 shows the main treatment coefficients ( _active*mine_ ) using the baseline estimation strategy (with DHS individual-level data; see table 4 for more information) in the top panel, but with different cutoffs (10 km, 20 km, 30 km, 40 km, and 50 km). *** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1. The bottom panel shows the result using a spatial lag model that divided the plane into different treatment bins (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 40–50) and compares them with farther away. Panel A shows the result for nonmigrants, and panel B shows the result for migrants. **6.2 Access to infrastructure and health care** Another source of heterogeneity is asset ownership and access to infrastructure. Table 8 shows that fewer households have electricity in active mining communities, but they spend less time fetching water and are more likely to own a radio (all estimates are statistically insignificant, however). There is no change in the likelihood of having a flush toilet. Moreover, it seems that households are just as likely to have access to a pit toilet as not having a toilet (and instead use a bucket, bush, and so forth). **Table 8 OLS estimates for ownership of assets and access to infrastructure** water access

DHS individual-level data

DHS individual-level data


Input: access to health care, and are less likely to accept domestic violence. In addition, infant mortality rates decrease with up to 50% in mining communities, from very high initial levels (Benshaul-Tolonen, 2019). In a study that focuses exclusively on Ghana, Aragón and Rud (2013) explore the link between pollution from mining and agricultural productivity. The results point toward decreasing agricultural productivity because of environmental pollution and soil degradation, which could have negative welfare effects on households that do not engage in mining activities or in indirectly stimulated sectors. Lower productivity in agriculture could potentially push households to engage in mining-related sectors, in addition to pull factors such as higher wage earnings in the stimulated sectors. We explore the effects of mining activity on employment, earnings, expenditure, and children’s health outcomes in local communities and in districts with gold mining. We combine the DHS and GLSS with production data for 17 large-scale gold mines in Ghana. We find that a new large-scale gold mine changes economic outcomes, such as access to employment and cash earnings. In addition, it raises local wages and expenditure on housing and energy. An important welfare indicator in developing countries is infant mortality, and we note a

DHS and GLSS

GLSS

production data for 17 large-scale gold mines

DHS

GLSS

production data


Input: that the fact that M is chosen ex post (i.e., the country cannot commit not to borrow from the facility in period 1) simplifies the problem, which now boils down to the choice of period 0 borrowing, D0. Also note that, under the assumption that multilateral and private lending command the same interest rate, the actual composition of period 1 lending is immaterial for the current analysis. Then, without loss of generality, we can set D1 = 0. In the non default case, expected income can be expressed as - E(Y ) = x + (ρ 1) D0 [nd] π D0 [nd] (1 β) . (24) - - - However, the country can also borrow beyond the limit imposed by (23) and, after a shock, withdraw from the facility and default on the bond. In this case, expected income is given by - E(Y ) = (1 πγ) x + (ρ 1) D0 [d] + π (1 γ) (1 β) (25) - - - As before, the equilibrium can be characterized by income levels. In the case of rich countries (x > x [B] 1 [)] 16 The CAT DDO is a new financial product offered to middle-income country governments

CAT DDO


Input: The sample is restricted to individuals living within 100 km of a deposit location ( _mine_ ), so many parts of Northern Ghana where there are few gold mines are not included in the analysis. The sample restriction is created by using the time-stable continuous distance measure that we calculate from each mine location to each DHS cluster. This is also the distance measure that we use to create the “mine” dummy, which captures whether the cluster lies within 20 km of a known gold deposit. Note that we only consider deposits that have been in production at some point until December 2012. All households are thus within 100 km of one, or several, gold deposits. To ascertain whether there is any gold production in these potential mining sites, we construct an indicator variable _active_, which takes a value of 1 if there is at least one mine within 100 km that was extracting gold in the year the household was surveyed, and 0 otherwise. While the _mine_ dummy captures some of the special characteristics of mining areas (for example, whether mines tend to open in less urban areas), the _active_ dummy captures long-range spillovers of mining. The treatment effect

DHS cluster


Input: 28 This morbidity assumption is based on proxy data used in other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa for refugee camps and host communities (e.g., Somalia, Zimbabwe, South Sudan, Kenya). 29 Kip Viscusi, W., and Clayton J. Masterman. “Income Elasticities and Global Values of a Statistical Life.” [https://law.vanderbilt.edu/phd/faculty/w-kip-viscusi/355_Income_Elasticities_and_Global_VSL.pdf](https://law.vanderbilt.edu/phd/faculty/w-kip-viscusi/355_Income_Elasticities_and_Global_VSL.pdf) 30 O&M costs for infrastructure vary widely. These costs include water treatment, road resurfacing, building maintenance, cleaning, energy and staff costs. As such, the analysis uses a conservative assumption of five percent of the investment costs for annual O&M. Page 17

proxy data

proxy data


Input: we are back in the benchmark case.] [To ensure that] no default occurs, it is suffi cient to show that π(1 β)(1 γ) x ~~[I]~~ 3 [N] x ~~[B]~~ 4 [=] - γ (γρ (1 π) + πγ π γ) [>][ 0] - - which is always the case for suffi ciently small values of π. 7.3 Catastrophe lending facility As before, for high initial incomes (x x [M] 1 = [1][−][γ][(] γ [ρ][−][β][)] ≥ γ ), the borrowing constraint (22) does not bind and the country invests the optimum in both states. In turn, for x < x [M] 1 [,] [from] [(23)] D0 [nd] = [γ] 1 [ (] - [x][ + 1] γ (ρ [ −] - [β] 1) [)] [≤] [1][,] and M = D0 [nd] - (1 − β) = [γx][ −] 1 [(1][ −] γ ( [γρ] ρ [) (1] 1) [ −] [β][)] 1 [(1][ −] γ ( [γρ] ρ [) (1] 1) [ −] [β][)] - 0 ⇐⇒ x > x [M] 4 [≡] [(1][ −] [γρ] γ [) (1][ −] [β][)] - = x [IN] 3 [,] (47) γ Alternatively, a financially constrained country may choose to increase borrowing from private


Input: contractors, including adherence to working hours, pay and legally mandated benefits, equal and fair recruitment, and employment, are also probable. To address these concerns, a Labor Management Procedures (LMP) document has been incorporated into the project’s ESMF, which is due by effectiveness. The LMP provides guidance on managing labor-related risks. The final ESMF will be disclosed on the MINEMA and World Bank websites. 85. **Community Health and Safety (ESS4).** Construction can generate risks to the community, including exposure to dust, noise, hazardous construction waste, and traffic-related incidents. These risks will be evaluated during the preparation of the ESMF, drawing on lessons from Phase I. Mitigation measures will be integrated into site-specific Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs). The government will be required to adhere to community health and safety standards outlined in the World Bank Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) guidelines, as well as incident reporting and management procedures in the event of accidents or incidents. Measures to address the risks of GBV, SEA and Sexual Harassment (SH) will also be implemented to ensure community safety. 86. **Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use, and Involuntary Resettlement (ESS5).** Component one activities are expected to result in land acquisition, restrictions on land


Input: **African migration to Israel** According to UNHCR, the Middle East and North Africa host a fifth of the world's refugees, excluding the considerable and growing population of Palestinian refugees. [5] Syria and Lebanon, Israel's northern neighbours, host a significant number. Syria is the third largest refugee hosting country in the world with, according to government figures, more than a million Iraqi refugees, while Lebanon hosts 50,000 refugees. To 3 A parliamentary inquiry found that between 2001-2005, an annual number of 1,000 women were trafficked through the border for prostitution (Lutski, 2005). Comprehensive enforcement has since significantly reduced the scale of women trafficked into Israel 4 It is reported that in the case of some Eritreans, initial payment was made already in Eritrea (Interview with a senior UNHCR official). 5Article 1D of the 1951 Convention exclude persons who receive assistance from other UN bodies. It intentionally excludes the Palestinians who were displaced as a result of the 1948 war, and were under the auspices of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), an agency which was established prior to UNHCR. Palestinian refugees and their descendants are now estimated at 4.7 million (UNRWA 2009).


Input: World Bank online screening tool, the GBV/SEA/SH risk was determined as high. Civil works will attract workers and pose SEA/SH risks. weak reporting of these cases is a challenge across most communities. LIPW activities will involve women working and receiving cash under component 2. If partners are not well trained and agree on how to spend their income, it would lead to intimate partner violence. To mitigate this risk, a GBV Action plan will be prepared, a Gender Specialist hired to support implementation, and a service provider engaged to support the coordination and implementation of the GBV Action Plan. Page 24

World Bank online screening tool


Input: choice is influenced by climate (Mendelsohn & Dinar 2003). Further, there may be sample selection bias if we rely on farms that are observed to use dryland or irrigation. In this paper, we develop a new Ricardian model that examines dryland and irrigated land separately but treats the choice of irrigation as endogenous. A variety of factors influence the decision on whether to irrigate. Surface flows, soil types, and subsidies all play a role in making this choice. But perhaps more importantly to climate analyses, the choice is sensitive to climate. Studies that assume irrigation is exogenous fail to take into account how irrigation will change as climate changes and therefore provide biased estimates of the impact of climate change. Moreover, these analyses of only irrigated farms and only dryland farms rely on self-selected samples, not random samples. Studies that fail to account for this nonrandomness in the modeling framework will be biased (Heckman 1979; Lee 1983). In Section 2 we develop a theoretical model that improves on past efforts to model irrigation with the Ricardian approach by explicitly addressing farmer choice and selection bias. We tested this model empirically using a sample of over 8400 farmers from across 11


Input: 72. **Gender.** The project is aligned the with Gender strategy 2024-2030 and specifically responds to two priority areas of the strategy (i) expand and enable economic opportunities and (ii) advances in women’s participation in decision making [48] _._ Under Component 3, the project will directly increase the participation of women in economic opportunities and better enable their ownership and control of productive assets by providing technical and financial support to farmers and cooperatives owned or led by these segments. Beneficiary selection criteria and formulas will contain preferences in favor of these groups through a quota. The project will specifically address the gender gap with respect to access to financing and access to market-oriented skills as well as personal initiative training. [49] Tailored marketing campaigns will also help attract more female participation and dedicated trainings, mentoring support, and business management tools for women and other target groups will be featured. The component will measure the portion of female beneficiaries increasing income as a result of project livelihood interventions. The project will also reach women and girls at the community level through enhanced infrastructure and health and education services provision. For example, improved road infrastructure in the Meheba settlement will enhance ambulance


Input: we have constructed the cyclone database to support research on household- and community-level adaptation to cyclone risks. These risks may affect coastal population dynamics in at least two ways. In the long run, the number and size of coastal communities may be affected by the long-run frequency and power of cyclone strikes. Other things equal, we would expect areas that have been largely cyclone-free for many years to be more populous than frequently-impacted areas. Shorter-term, if impact-intensive zones shift over time, 8

the cyclone database

cyclone database

cyclone database


Input: **The World Bank** Socio-economic Inclusion of Refugees & Host Communities in Rwanda Project Phase II (P509677) **C. Disbursement Arrangements** 56. **To manage the World Bank funding, the project will maintain segregated Designated Accounts (DA) for** **each implementing agency (IA) at the Central Bank, denominated in US dollars.** In addition, BRD will open an operational account denominated in Rwandan Francs to facilitate local currency transactions. Disbursements will follow the Interim Financial Report (IFR)-based method. The project may also use direct payments, reimbursements and special commitments, depending on the case. The project is fully funded by IDA with no counterpart funding. The signatories of the DA will be communicated to the World Bank by MINECOFIN. Upon effectiveness, the project will submit to the World Bank a request for withdrawal of funds based on six months cash forecast. Detailed arrangements for disbursement are laid out in the Disbursement and Financial Information Letter (DFIL). Based on requests, the World Bank will transfer advances to the DAs. Subsequent replenishment of the DA will be based on the submission of application of withdrawal, accompanied by quarterly IFRs, which are reviewed and cleared by the World Bank. 57. **For activities implemented at the district level, MINEMA will


Input: fastgini [15] in STATA). We do this for both the cluster and district level. None of the effects of mining are statistically significant, but they point to increased asset wealth. **Table 9 OLS estimates for wealth and inequality in the DHS individual-level analysis** Wealth Gini wealth cluster district index level level active*mine 7,290 -0.004 0.004 (12,849) (0.013) (0.018) mine 9,922 0.011 0.006 (8,676) (0.013) (0.016) active 7,854 -0.006 0.034** (9,016) (0.010) (0.017) Observations 4,909 4,909 4,909 R-squared 0.613 0.227 0.548 _Note:_ Robust standard errors clustered at the DHS cluster level in parentheses. All regressions control for year and district fixed effects, urban dummy, age, and years of education. Active is active status of mine in the survey year. *** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1. OLS = ordinary least squares. **6.4 Bottom 40% of the population** To understand the welfare effects of the bottom 40 percent of the population in the income scale, we split the sample according to the wealth score provided by DHS. Given the data structure, which is repeated cross-section, we cannot follow a particular household that was identified as belonging to the bottom 40 percent in the initial time period. Instead, we identify the bottom 40 percent in four

DHS individual-level analysis

wealth score provided by DHS


Input: **Table 7: Land values and rental price by ownership status and region** **Region** **Tenure** Total Central Eastern Northern Western _Mailo_ / Customary Freehold **Parcels held under ownership** Self-assessed land value (USD/acre; median) 403.2 430.1 430.1 161.3 536.6 537.6 358.4 Self-assessed land rental (USD/acre; median) 21.5 26.9 21.5 16.1 26.9 26.9 21.5 Number of parcels 8619 1440 2522 2026 2631 1784 6835 **Parcels held under usufruct** Would like to buy full ownership (%) 37.3 42.1 41.0 18.1 45.3 42.5 34.7 If yes, willingness to pay (USD/acre; median) 215.1 215.1 215.1 107.5 322.6 268.8 215.1 Paid rent (%parcels with owner’s consent) 62.1 44.7 68.1 54.6 72.4 52.0 65.4 If yes, rent paid (USD/acre; median) 16.1 17.9 16.1 10.8 21.5 19.1 16.1 Number of parcels 4478 1219 1320 967 972 1519 2959 _Source:_ Own computation from 2005/06 UNHS III 23

2005/06 UNHS III

UNHS III


Input: safety nets were key recommendations from the Climate Change Development Report (2024) for Djibouti. 3. **Low human capital further constrains economic and climate resilience and limits opportunities for inclusive** **growth.** Djibouti’s LMIC status contrasts sharply with its poor human capital outcomes (World Bank, HCR, 2024). Deficiencies are evident throughout the lifecycle, starting with high rates of infant mortality and stunting. In later years, inadequate learning outcomes and skills, a lack of workforce-relevant skills, and low labor force participation – especially among women – present significant barriers to economic productivity. Additionally, poor health outcomes for women, including high rates of female genital mutilation and maternal health challenges, further impede human capital accumulation. Private sector surveys highlight a critical mismatch between labor market demands and the available skills. Women face even greater challenges due to entrenched social norms and structural barriers to self-employment and entrepreneurship, as reflected in Djibouti’s low ranking on the Women, Business, and the Law Index (World Bank 2022a). 4. **Djibouti’s vulnerability to climate-related disasters exacerbates these economic and social challenges.** The country frequently experiences heatwaves, droughts and floods, which take a heavy toll on the population by reducing productivity and disrupting economic activity. Between 1980 and 2019, Djibouti

Women, Business, and the Law Index

Private sector surveys

Women, Business, and the Law Index

Private sector surveys

Private sector surveys


Input: services are vital to ensure decent living conditions for some 120,000 people and peaceful coexistence with host communities. **Basic Needs and Livelihoods** With the growing refugee population in Morocco and limited resources, a growing number of refugees are in desperate need of assistance to meet their basic needs. Without additional funding, basic assistance for some 1,600 families will be reduced. Support to promote income-generating activities, vocational training and job placements will also be compromised, further increasing the number of refugees relying on cash assistance to cover their basic needs. **Education** Education assistance to some 1,200 refugee children registered in Moroccan public schools, which plays a key role in reducing school dropouts and negative coping mechanisms such as child labour and/or marriage, will also be compromised. **Health** Pending the inclusion of refugees in the ongoing social protection reform, UNHCR remains a main stakeholder supporting refugees’ access to secondary and tertiary healthcare. Lack of funding will impact UNHCR’s capacity to pay for critically needed medication and lifesaving specialized medical interventions for more than 500 vulnerable refugees. [www.unhcr.org](https://www.unhcr.org/) 5


Input: 85. **Inclusion and non-discrimination.** E&S documents include specific measures to mitigate the risk of discrimination against or exclusion of any affected individuals or groups in providing or receiving benefits under the project. These measures are described in detail in the Environmental and Social Commitment Plan (ESCP), ESA, and Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP). The following are examples of the mitigation measures included in all the aforementioned documents: (a) strengthening the capacity of the PIST, workers, contractors, subcontractors, and service providers, which will include worker training and sensitization on the obligations of project participants to ensure non-discrimination of vulnerable and marginalized individuals or groups; (b) ensuring that contracts, codes of conduct, hiring procedures, whistle-blower protection protocols, and other measures, as needed, are in place to allow remediation of cases of discrimination; (c) designing and implementing a mechanism to receive and report grievances to the World Bank, proposing appropriate remediation, and following up on agreed actions to resolve cases of discrimination reported through a dedicated hotline; and (d) developing a strong data management system and process that secures personal data and information in a manner that is safe, ethical, and confidential. 86. **Furthermore, the ESA and SEP also refer to the GoU’s Circular


Input: more frequent flooding rains. 42. **Implementation** . This component will be implemented by MINEMA, supported by the Ministry of Environment and the Rwanda Environment Management Authority. As activities will be in the camps, MINEMA will be responsible for long-term management and maintenance. The activities are expected to improve environmental conditions for 125,000 people (camp-based refugee population and people living in the surrounding villages). **Component 4: Project Management, M&E and Capacity-Building (US$4.02 million equivalent)** 43. This component will support the Single Project Implementation Unit (SPIU) at MINEMA and staff in the target districts to manage the project. [24] This will include project staff at the district level for coordination and oversight. M&E arrangements will include a baseline survey, annual surveys, and endline assessment and continued operation of the Management Information System (MIS). Other activities will include a communications strategy and funds for capacity-building for staff from all project implementing agencies on issues such as community development, fiduciary management, E&S risk management, financial inclusion, climate risk management and development responses to forced displacement. 23 The assessment also identified additional needs that will not be included in the Phase II design due to resource constraints and to avoid overcomplicating the design: (a) reforestation

Management Information System

baseline survey

annual surveys


Input: specialists with experience with IDRD-financed operations. Given these constraints, the creation of a PIU dedicated to the implementation of the IBRD Project is the preferred option presented by MEP’s Financial Directorate. [29] . The assessment identified key FM actions that should be undertaken by the MEP that include: (i) the creation and maintenance of a PIU; (ii) recruitment of FM staff with appropriate skills and experience, no later than 6 months after effectiveness; (iii) the MoF granting the PIU with a license to use the SIGAF (Sistema Integral de Gestión Administrativa y Financiera for its name in Spanish); (iv) preparing an FM section in the project operational Manual (POM) satisfactory to the Bank. The creation of the PIU will be a condition of effectiveness (upon satisfactory implementation of the agreed fiduciary action plan, it is expected that MEP’s PIU will have the capacity to ensure adequate FM arrangements are in place for the proposed project implementation). 51. **The PIU to be established at the MEP is expected to undertake the FM aspects of the proposed Project.** These encompass the following main tasks: (i) budget formulation and monitoring; (ii) cash flow management (including processing payments and submitting loan withdrawal applications to


Input: displaced as a result of the 1948 war, and were under the auspices of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), an agency which was established prior to UNHCR. Palestinian refugees and their descendants are now estimated at 4.7 million (UNRWA 2009). _Refugee Survey Quarterly_ has recently published a special issue which provides a detailed historical account of this multifaceted issue (RSQ 2009). 3


Input: (Bonte) 1998 2003 Akrokeri-Ashanti Canada Konongo 1990 active LionGold Corp. Singapore Kwabeng 1990 1993 Akrokeri-Ashanti Canada Nzema 2011 active Endeavour Canada Obotan 1997 2001 PMI Gold Canada Obuasi 1990 active AngloGold Ashanti South Africa Prestea Sankofa 1990 2001 Anglogold Ashanti South Africa Tarkwa 1990 active Gold Fields Ghana Ltd. South Africa Teberebie 1990 2005 Anglogold Ashanti South Africa Wassa 1999 active Golden Star Resources USA _Source:_ InterraRMG 2013. _Note:_ Active is production status as of December 2012, the last available data point. 6


Input: **SUMMARY** Previous Ricardian analyses of agriculture have either omitted irrigation or treated irrigation as though it is exogenous. In practice, it is a choice by farmers that is sensitive to climate. This paper develops a choice model of irrigation in the context of a Ricardian model of cropland. We first examine how climate affects the decision to employ irrigation and then how climate affects the net revenues of dryland and irrigated land. This Ricardian ‘selection’ model, using a modified Heckman model, is then estimated across 8400 farmers in Africa. We explicitly model irrigation, but we control for the endogeneity of irrigation that plagues a recently suggested remedy. We find that the choice of irrigation is sensitive to both temperature and precipitation. Simulating the welfare impacts of several climate scenarios, we demonstrate that a model which assumes irrigation is exogenous provides a biased estimate of the welfare effects of climate change. If dryland and irrigation are to be estimated separately in the Ricardian model, irrigation must be modeled endogenously. The results also indicate that African agriculture is sensitive to climate change. Many farmers in Africa will experience net revenue losses from warming. We find that the elasticity of net revenue with


Input: the surveys of women will be the main source of data. However, we also use the surveys of men, which give us data from the same four survey years, but with a total number of 12,294 individuals, of which 7,491 men live within 100 km of a mine. In addition, the DHS data collect records of all children born within the five years prior to the surveying. Of the 12,174 children born to the surveyed women within the last five years, 6,888 were born to women currently residing within 100 km of a mine. See Appendix table 1 for definition of outcome variables. We complement the analysis with household data from the GLSS collected in the years—1998– 99, 2004–05, and 2012–13. These data are a good complement to the DHS data, because they 6 The first mines were opened in 1990, prior to the first household survey. Ten mines were opened after the first DHS in 1993. There is less variation in the data set using GLSS where the first households were surveyed in 1998, i.e. 8 years after the first mine opened. However, the DHS data include births recorded from 1987, which is prior to all mine openings. 9

DHS data

household data from the GLSS

GLSS

surveys of men

household data from the GLSS

surveys of women

surveys of men

DHS data

surveys of men

household data from the GLSS

household data from the GLSS

surveys of men

surveys of women

DHS data

surveys of men

household data

surveys of women


Input: normal good, then increased wealth would result in greater insurance demand. [18] Although the BASIX data set does not offer the opportunity to test the direct effects of a cash payment separately from an insurance payout, there are a number of reasons why it is unlikely that wealth or liquidity effects are driving the results. Most important, insurance payouts are given in the context of a rainfall shock, which would most likely result in a loss of income. It may help to recall that the empirical results are being driven by variation in rainfall across locations, not by levels of insurance within a village. Therefore, for wealth effects to be driving the results, one would need to think that experiencing an insurance payout in the context of a rainfall shock resulted in people becoming wealthier than those people who didn’t experience a shock at all. Given the fact that most buyers bought a relatively low amount of insurance coverage relative to their incomes, experiencing a rainfall shock, even when insured, would likely decrease future wealth. Therefore, wealth effects seem like a poor explanation as to why receiving payouts spurs future insurance sales. If people who received insurance payouts had a

BASIX data set

BASIX data set


Input: Economics of Disasters and Climate Change Fig. 9 Relative exposure in the Red River Delta for historical 25-year flood (left) and 25-year flood with high climate impacts (right) 2012). For instance, comparing exposure of poor people to average exposure, poor households are 71% more exposed to flooding in the Mithi River Basin in Mumbai, India (Hallegatte et al. 2016). We examine these dynamics in HCMC, using high-resolution local-scale flood maps designed specifically for HCMC (Lasage et al. 2014) and a proxy for poverty using the spatial location of potential slums from the Platform for Urban Management and Analysis (PUMA) data set (World Bank 2015). The results we present below are for all districts in HCMC; results for only districts with slum areas are similar and thus not reported. We find that a relatively high percentage of the potential slum areas are exposed to floods, ranging from 68.9% (for a 10-year return period) up to 83.3% (for a 1000-year return period). When considering all urban areas of HCMC, exposure to flooding is lower: 63% (for a 10-year Fig. 10 Relative exposure in the Mekong Delta for historical 25-year flood (left) and 25-year flood with high climate impacts (right)

Platform for Urban Management and Analysis

high-resolution local-scale flood maps

high-resolution local-scale flood maps

high-resolution local-scale flood maps


Input: The Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement (STEP) system will be used for all procurement activities; and g) The World Bank will carry out regular reviews of project-related procurement activities. 17. **Procurement oversight and monitoring arrangements.** The World Bank exercises its procurement oversight through a risk-based approach comprising prior and post reviews as appropriate. The World Bank sets mandatory thresholds for prior review based on the procurement risk rating of the project. The requirement for a prior or post review is specified in the Procurement Plan. The World Bank will carry out post reviews of procurement activities undertaken by the recipient to determine whether they comply with the requirement of the Financing and Project Agreements. 18. **Terms of reference** for all contracts will be cleared by the World Bank, regardless of whether the assignment is for prior or post review. 19. **Training and workshops** : The project will finance training and workshops, if required, based on an annual training plan and budget, which will be submitted to the World Bank for its prior review and approval. The annual training plan will identify, among other things: (a) the training envisaged; (b) the justification for the training; (c) the personnel to be

Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement (STEP)


Input: and feedback mechanism will also be established to enable individuals to report concerns or complaints if they feel unfairly treated or adversely impacted by the project. The SEP has been disclosed on the MINEMA and World Bank websites. 88. **To address these E&S risks, the applicable Environmental and Social Standards (ESSs) are** ESS1 (Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts), ESS2 (Labor and Working Conditions), ESS3 (Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management), ESS4 (Community Health and Safety), ESS5 (Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement), ESS6 (Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources), ESS8 (Cultural Heritage), ESS9 (Financial Intermediaries), and ESS10 (Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure). 89. **To ensure compliance with the ESSs, the project will implement the following E&S instruments:** Environmental and Social Commitment Plan (ESCP), ESMF, LMP, Environmental & Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs), ESMPs, SEP and Environmental and Social Audits (ESAs). Measures to integrate E&S specifications in procurement and to manage contractual obligations with construction companies and suppliers will also be enforced. Dedicated, full-time E&S specialists from the MINEMA SPIU from Phase I will oversee these activities to minimize risks. BRD, BDF and RTDA will each appoint their own E&S


Input: **The World Bank** Uganda Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project Phase II (P510476) PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT (d) sustainable land management practices were adopted on 5,110 hectares of land area (target 4,500). A World Bank strategic review of the Uganda WHR-financed portfolio highlighted the substantial impact of the project, with notable achievements in strengthening the inclusiveness of district level development planning, strong community engagement, and efficient implementation through the community-driven development (CDD) approach and community procurement. The Implementation Completion and Results Report (ICR) for Phase I highlighted that other DRDIP countries drew inspiration from Uganda’s legal and policy framework and operational approaches on issues such as CDD, livelihood, and refugee inclusion in local planning and decision-making. [18] 20. **Phase I introduced innovations for forced displacement preparedness and social cohesion.** The project featured the world’s first displacement risk financing mechanism, the Displacement Crisis Response Mechanism (DCRM). The DCRM provided rapid contingency financing to build resilience in districts experiencing large refugee inflows. A pilot to reduce gender-based violence (GBV) and violence against children (VAC) also contributed to social cohesion. A 2022 World Bank study on forced displacement reinforced the value of projects such as DRDIP, concluding that ‘multi-sectoral development investments directed to refugees


Input: if people consider insurance as an investment, as in Karni and Safra (1987). One might think that this type of bias would have spillover effects (which I do not observe), but may also be present at the individual level if people believe recent insurance payouts are a sign of individual luck. Another explanation could be that insurance purchasers behave as if they are “gambling with house money,” as in Thaler and Johnson (1990). If customers exhibit loss aversion, they may not view insurance premiums paid after receiving payouts as true losses, since they are still “in the red” in their relationship with the insurance company. If the assumption is that reference points adjust after receiving insurance payouts, the observed behavior is consistent with this theory. This explanation is bolstered by the fact that the data show negative effects of small payouts, with the effect of payouts becoming positive only 19 [This analysis is available in the supplemental appendix, table S.5. There is no correlation between payouts and a dummy](http://wber.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/wber/lhw045/-/DC1) for our “Marketing Restricted Sample.” However, BASIX is more likely to offer insurance in areas where there were insurance payouts in the previous year. Since all of this paper’s analysis is

Marketing Restricted Sample

Marketing Restricted Sample


Input: for all implementing entities, including community-based organizations and seed grants for VRFs, will be described in the FM section of the PIM. The PIM will also include a Community Operations Manual that will detail all steps in the CDD process, including accountability arrangements. 75. **Audit** . The project will have two audit reports that will be submitted to the World Bank by OPM and IG within six months after the end of the financial year. The project will also have interim financial reports submitted to the World Bank within forty-five days after the end of the quarter by both OPM and IG. **Procurement** 76. **Procurement for the project will be carried out in accordance with the World Bank Procurement Regulations** **for IPF Borrowers, dated February 2025 (Procurement Regulations).** The project will be subject to the “Guidelines on Preventing and Combating Fraud and Corruption in Projects Financed by IBRD Loans and IDA Credits and Grants”, dated October 15, 2006, and revised in January 2011 and as of July 1, 2016 (Anti-Corruption Guidelines), and beneficiary ownership disclosure requirements. The project will use the Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement (STEP) system to provide data on planned procurement activities, establish benchmarks, monitor delays,

Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement


Input: just outside our 20 km cutoff distance may also be “treated” by the mine, and the investment phase of the mine that precedes initial production can generate substantial employment. Overall, the effects do not change much except making the cash earnings coefficient larger and more significant. The increase in cash earning opportunities is estimated at 7.5 to 7.8 percentage points compared with 5.4 in the baseline estimation. **6.6 Employment and wages using the GLSS** The DHS data do not provide detailed information regarding how much an individual earns for work, or her wage rate, but the GLSS does collect such data. First, we try to replicate the results estimated with the DHS data. Panel A of table 11 indicates that agriculture becomes less important in mining communities for women (statistically insignificant), who mainly shift into services and sales (statistically insignificant, except for strategy 2). Men are more likely to work as miners (statistically significant across all strategies). 29

GLSS

DHS data

DHS data

GLSS

DHS data


Input: maps, which have a spatial resolution of 20 m, represent the current conditions for five return periods: 10, 25, 50, 100, and 1000 years. Future conditions, again using the five return periods, include a sea level rise scenario of +30 cm in the year 2050 (consistent with the Blow^ sea level rise used for the maps produced for this study) in combination with current river discharge (FIM 2013). Potential peaks in precipitation events and/or river discharges due to climate change are not covered by this data set. The inundation layers for a 10, 25, and 50year return period under current climate conditions and given a sea level rise scenario of +30 cm are shown in Fig. 2. Socioeconomic Data District-Level Poverty and Population Data At the national-level analysis, we overlay the flood hazard maps developed for this study with spatial socioeconomic data. For Vietnam, the World Bank has produced estimates of the Table 2 Hazard map scenarios for which the modeling was conducted for Vietnam Scenario Coastal Fluvial/Pluvial 1 in 25 1 in 25 1 in 25 1 in 25 Future – Low 1 in 25 + 28 cm 1 in 50 1 in 25 Future – Medium 1 in

spatial socioeconomic data

spatial socioeconomic data

flood hazard maps

maps

spatial socioeconomic data


Input: Trafficking in Women in Israel. http://www.knesset.gov.il/committees/heb/docs/sachar_final2005.htm. (Hebrew) (Accessed 20.08.2010) MALKKI, L. H. (1995a) _Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology Among Hutu_ _Refugees in Tanzania_ . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ——— (1995b) Refugees and Exile: From "Refugee Studies" to the National Order of Things. _Annual_ _Review of Anthropology_ 24, no. 1: 495-523. ——— (2002) News from Nowhere: Mass Displacement and Globalized `Problems of Organization'. _Ethnography_ 3, no. 3: 351-360. MAN, I. (2010) Refugees. _Maftech_ 1, no. 1. http://mafteakh.tau.ac.il/pdf/1-2010-08.pdf. (Hebrew) (Accessed 20.08.2010) MARKOWITZ, F. (1996) Living in limbo: Bosnian Muslim refugees in Israel. _Human Organization_ 55, no. 2: 127-132. MARTINS, B. O.(2009) Undocumented Migrants, Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Israel. EuroMeSCo Paper 81. http://www.euromesco.net/images/paper81eng.pdf. (Accessed 20.08.2010) McCARTHY, R. (2010) Israel to Build Surveillance Fence along Egyptian Border. _The Guardian_, November 1. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jan/11/israel-fence-egypt. (Accessed 20.08.2010) MFA. (1948/2010) Israeli Declaration of Independence. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Decl aration%20of%20Establishment%20of%20State%20of%20Israel. (Accessed 20.08.2010) MORRIS, B. (1997) _Israel's Border Wars, 1949-1956: Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the_ _Countdown to the Suez War_ . USA: Oxford University Press. 18


Input: their accommodation in the coming months should there be need for collective accommodation facilities to create additional space for newcomers. Participants also expressed significant financial strain in covering the costs of their accommodation. While only 4% of respondents (17 households) reside in accommodation provided by their employer, it is noteworthy that their information and other priority needs are heightened. While accommodation was indicated as a priority need by only 13% of respondents, employment and information needs were much higher for this group, mentioned by 53% and 27%, respectively, compared to 32% and 12% of respondents overall. This group also highlighted a much higher need for information on legal status (40%), Temporary Protection (27%) and how to claim asylum (20%) than the overall respondents (26%, 15% and 5% respectively). These findings may reflect that Ukrainian Temporary Protection respondents living in employer-provided housing face barriers to accessing information and may be seeking assistance in finding new employment and in relation to their legal status. Finally, out of those who do not have a rental contract (6%), the majority of respondents (92% in comparison to 75% in Q1) are in this situation because the unit is rented by another person or entity. This


Input: rural development approach.** The region not only hosts a significant migrant population, primarily from Ethiopia, but also grapples with chronic underdevelopment, reflected in high poverty rates, limited access to basic services (including water, sanitation, healthcare, and education), and high levels of unemployment. The continuous inflow of migrants places additional strain on these already overstretched services, exacerbating the challenges faced by host communities. The region’s arid climate and vulnerability to climate change further intensify these challenges, restricting opportunities for sustainable livelihoods. Poverty in Dikhil is marked by multiple layers of deprivation – economic exclusion, poor social infrastructure, and environmental fragility – compounded by limited access to markets and essential infrastructure. As a result, the region’s socio-economic landscape requires a nuanced, multi-sectoral response that simultaneously addresses these interconnected issues. The project’s integrated approach will create sustainable livelihoods for both local residents and migrant communities while contributing to the 4 World Bank, Gender Portal. 5 UNHCR, African Development Bank Group, IGAD, EAC (2024), Regional Report Draft: Regional Program on Enhancing the Investment Climate for the Economic Empowerment of Refugee, Returnee and Host/Return Community Women in the East and Horn of Africa and Great Lakes Region Page 3

Gender Portal


Input: confirms that the coefficient for electricity access is negative using the treatment distance 20 km. However, with a treatment distance of 10 km, the effect is marginally positive and insignificant. If we use a treatment distance of 50 km, we no longer see a significant effect. In panel Ab, the results are replicated using a spatial lag model, meaning that we allow for nonlinear effects with distance. In reality, it seems like the electricity rate is much higher before a mine (dashed line) than with an active mine (the blue line). However, when the results are decomposed by migrant status in panel Ac of figure A1 (Annex) we find that migrants are driving the lower electricity rate. In fact, among nonmigrants, the electricity rate is higher 0–10 km from an active mine, although it is slightly lower 10–20 km away. [14] **6.3 Distributional effects on wealth and inequality** Table 9 presents the effects of mining on asset wealth and on asset wealth inequality. Wealth data are available in the form of a wealth index, but only for the two last DHS surveys. Following Fenske (2015) and Flatø and Kotsadam (2014), we calculate inequality by means of a Gini coefficient (recoding

the two last DHS surveys

DHS surveys

Wealth data


Input: regions. However, all regions (particularly AFR and LCR) include countries that have no lending, despite significant environmental problems. **Figure 5.2: World Bank Environmental Lending by Region** **vs. Overall Environmental Problems (Log Scale)** The number of such zero-lending cases suggests that the Bank's interaction with these countries has been affected by other factors. We introduce broader considerations into our regressions by including the Bank's total country lending and countries' OED project success rates, as well as regional differences. The results in columns 2 and 3 of Table 5.1 suggest that the Bank's overall lending relationship with a country and the country's project success rate are both significant determinants of environmental lending. The results in column 3 also indicate a significant component of environmental lending to two regions (ECA, MNA) that is not accounted for by our environmental problem indicator, project success rates, or other Bank lending. 14

environmental problem indicator

OED project success rates

environmental problem indicator


Input: renewable energy, that are now covered by other projects; and (b) government needs support to lead coordination of the development response across multiple operations. The project will have five components. **Component 1: Social and Economic Services and Infrastructure (US$191.5 million equivalent)** 23. **This component will support the construction, rehabilitation, upgrading, and maintenance of priority basic** **service infrastructure.** Infrastructure investments will benefit both refugees and host community members, supporting the transition roadmap goal of integrating refugees into national education, health, and water supply systems. Component activities will support improved access to services for three million people (66 percent host community members/34 percent refugees). 18 See ICR Report No. ICR00006388, December 3, 2024. 19 World Bank (2022). _Social Cohesion and Forced Displacement: a Synthesis of New Research_ . Washington DC: World Bank. Page 7


Input: **The World Bank** Integrated Community Resilience Project (P506969) PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT 13. **Refugee-hosting areas such as Obock, Ali Addeh, and Holl Holl, face difficulties in the delivery of key services,** **such as adequate water supply, sanitation, and electricity.** Access to reliable water sources is particularly limited, contributing to health vulnerabilities in both refugee sites and host communities. Carrying water from wells to houses imposes a heavy burden of work on women and children, reducing education opportunities. Similarly, electricity coverage remains inadequate, with many households and public facilities still dependent on unreliable power supply. Geographic isolation, especially in Obock, further compounds these issues, as the region's remote location and underdeveloped infrastructure inhibit service delivery, especially during extreme weather events. Refugees in Djibouti face high levels of food insecurity and malnutrition [12], and the World Food Program (WFP), in partnership with the MoI and UNHCR, provides unconditional food assistance to more than 22,200 people per month in refugee-hosting areas of Djibouti [13] . 14. **Women are disproportionately affected by socio-economic disadvantages in Djibouti, facing significant gaps** **across different dimensions, including access to basic services, education and employment opportunities** . Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is reported to be higher among women than men

Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

Multidimensional Poverty Index


Input: their surrounding environment. For example, it is expected that SLR will have its most pronounced effects on brackish and freshwater marshes in the coastal zone through alteration of hydrological regimes (Burkett and Kusler, 2000; Baldwin et al., 2001; Sun et al., 2002). Similarly, sea-level rise may not lead to loss of saltmarsh areas since these marshes accrete vertically and maintain their elevation relative to sea level where the supply of sediment is sufficient (Hughes, 2004; Cahoon et al., 2006). WMP indicates the potential for wetlands to migrate landward in response to a 1-meter rise in sea level. The migratory potential is based on a few geophysical characteristics of the coastline: coastal type, topography, tidal range, and other information when available (e.g., whether 14 GLWD coastal wetlands is a term used in this paper to distinguish coastal wetlands from the specific coastal wetlands type in the GLWD. GLWD coastal wetlands type is derived from a number of data sources and categories: ‘Lagoon’ from ArcWorld (ESRI, 1992: referenced in Lehner and Döll 2004); ‘Delta’, ‘Lagoon’, ‘Mangrove’, ‘Estuary’, ‘Coastal Wetland’, and ‘Tidal Wetland’ of WCMC wetlands map (Dugan, 1993; WCMC, 1993; referenced in Lehner and Döll 2004) - see Lehner and Döll (2004)

WCMC wetlands map

GLWD coastal wetlands

ArcWorld

WCMC wetlands map

14 GLWD coastal wetlands

ArcWorld

GLWD coastal wetlands


Input: ### Protection Risk III **Access to work:** 10% of respondents who are unemployed reported challenges in accessing employment, mainly due to language barriers, a lack of opportunities, as well as a lack of education recognition, caring responsibilities for dependents, or a lack of information. Focus group discussions conducted by UNHCR [2] ## highlighted challenges with women accessing 61% employment due to a lack of childcare, Face language barriers in accessing kindergarten places and other childcare employment arrangements, including for school-age children. Given the large proportion of single female caregivers, addressing this challenge will be key to increase access to work for this group and to mitigate protection risks including gender-based violence, human trafficking and exploitation. Women also raised challenges related to language barriers in accessing employment. Specific challenges in accessing quality language courses at the correct level were also raised (high demand for quality B1-level courses). The lack of adequate language skills leads to the inability to upscale professional skills and to seek meaningful employment opportunities matching qualifications. When seeking employment through agencies, women reported cases of labour exploitation with jobs that often involve long working hours, no breaks, no social protection coverage, and no annual leave. From protection monitoring,


Input: no significant differences in either of them. 13 Information on crop output was collected at the crop level, separately for the two main agricultural seasons (July - December 2004 and January - June 2005). A diary was used for continuously harvested crops and prices, in addition to standard socio-economic information, were collected at the community level. 9

diary


Input: assistance in finding new employment and in relation to their legal status. Finally, out of those who do not have a rental contract (6%), the majority of respondents (92% in comparison to 75% in Q1) are in this situation because the unit is rented by another person or entity. This may indicate a prevalence of sublease schemes. During UNHCR’s focus group discussions with Ukrainian Temporary Protection holders in Brno and Prague in August, some participants highlighted having encountered challenges with sublease schemes, including facing higher than market-rate rent propositions. 3 Multiple responses were possible. UNHCR / September 2024 3


Input: estimation strategy assumes similar trends over time across the treatment (close to mines) and control group (far away from mines), in absence of the gold mining expansion. While this assumption cannot be tested using our dataset, previous analyses have found evidence for parallel pre-trends in infant mortality and night lights (Benshaul-Tolonen, 2019) for gold mining countries in West and East Africa (including Ghana). The baseline differences in observable characteristics – in particular, lower levels of economic development preceding the mine opening - indicate that a cross sectional approach using only the post-period may not be sufficient to understand the impact of gold mining on socio-economic variables. **Table 2 Summary statistics for women’s survey** (1) (2) (3) (4) Before mining During Mining >20 km <20 km >20 km <20 km Mean Coefficient Mean Coefficient _Woman Characteristics_ Age 28.79 0.836 28.95 -0.352 Total children 2.18 0.417* 2.56 -0.035 Wealth 3.85 -0.619** 3.33 -0.028 Nonmigrant 0.32 0.123** 0.33 -0.028 Urban 0.62 -0.300** 0.49 -0.150** No education 0.17 -0.045 0.20 -0.042** <3 years education 0.77 0.035 0.74 0.045** 15

women’s survey


Input: impact of property rights insecurity arising from overlapping land rights rather than comparing titled and untitled land. We do so for the case of Uganda, a country where overlapping property rights, many of them established a long time ago, are very common. This, together with the ability to rely on a large nationally representative household survey, allows us to go beyond the existing literature in three respects. First, while the historical genesis of overlapping rights makes it unlikely that such arrangements were chosen based on comparing the cost and benefits of different contractual forms, our ability to apply household level fixed effect estimation techniques to a large sample of (owner-cum-occupant) households who simultaneously operate own and usufruct parcels allows us to avoid many of the biases that have characterized cross sectional estimates in the past. Second, the existence of laws aiming to eliminate investment disincentives arising from overlapping property rights enables us to assess whether, and if yes to what extent, such laws have achieved their objective. This provides lessons on the scope to reduce underinvestment associated with insecure tenure through (legislative) means that stop short of changing the land ownership structure. Finally, information on tenants’ willingness to purchase residual

large nationally representative household survey

nationally representative household survey


Input: scenario as given, and assess the _exposure_ of the present wetland stock for each of the 76 developing countries and five regions. Second, the digital elevation (90m DEM V2) data we use in our analysis gives altitude in 1-meter increments, preventing us from sub-meter SLR modeling. [13] Third, the lack of resolution of spatial data of the wetlands and digital elevation higher than 90 m prevented us from including small islands in our analysis. Fourth, our analysis does not estimate potential destruction of wetlands from 13 One can interpolate the elevation data we have used for sub-meter SLR modeling, but in that case, precision of the estimates would be difficult to justify. The potential use of LIDAR survey (laser-based elevation measurement from low-flying aircraft) was beyond the scope of our analysis. 5

spatial data of the wetlands

DEM V2

digital elevation

spatial data

elevation data


Input: Jun. (2020). Coastal Development between Opportunity and Disaster Risk: A Multisectoral Risk Assessment for Vietnam. Policy Research Working Paper; No. 9352. World Bank, Washington Bright, E. A., Rose, A. N. & Urban, M. L. _Landscan 2015 High-Resolution Global Population Data Set_ . (Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, USA, 2016). Chakraborty, J., T. Collins, M. Montgomery, S. Grineski. (2014). Social and Spatial Inequities in Exposure to Flood Risk in Miami, Florida. Natural Hazards Review. Vol.15(3) Erman, A., M. Tariverdi, M. Obolensky, X. Chen, R. Vincent, S. Malgioglio, J. Rentschler, S. Hallegatte, N. Yoshida (2019), Wading Out the Storm: The Role of Poverty in Exposure, Vulnerability and Resilience to Floods in Dar Es Salaam. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 8976, Facebook Connectivity Lab and Center for International Earth Science Information Network - CIESIN. (2018). Available at: http://ciesin.columbia.edu/data/hrsl/#acknowledgements. (Accessed: 15 [th] September 2020). Fielding, J. (2012). Inequalities in exposure and awareness of flood risk in England and Wales. Disasters. Vol. 36(3), pp.477-494 Freire, Sergio; MacManus, Kytt; Pesaresi, Martino; Doxsey-Whitfield, Erin; Mills, Jane (2016): Development of new open and free multi-temporal global population grids at 250 m resolution. Geospatial Data in a Changing World; Association of Geographic Information Laboratories

Landscan 2015 High-Resolution Global Population Data Set

open and free multi-temporal global population grids

multi-temporal global population grids


Input: of Bengal** **3.2 Trend in Maximum Wind Speed, 1877-2016** Maximum wind speed is the consistently-reported measure of storm power in our database. We compute two measures for a trend analysis. First, we order all 525 storms by date and compute the 20-date moving average (MA) for maximum wind speed. This is similar to a conventional moving average, which uses evenly-spaced dates. Storm incidence in our database varies by season and year, but we believe that our MA measure is informative because year-to-year 6


Input: **The World Bank** Costa Rica Results in Education (CORE) (P181174) **ANNEX 1: Implementation Arrangements** **Financial Management** 1. Financial Management tasks for the proposed project will be handled by the PIU to be created, which will be staffed with a seasoned Financial Management Specialist/budgetary an Accounting and Treasury Analyst for carrying out financial management tasks under the project which include: (i) a financial management specialist, (including processing payments and submitting loan withdrawal applications to the WB); (iii) maintenance of accounting records (including the administration and maintenance of an inventory of project assets); (iv) preparation of semi-annual reports and annual financial statements; (v) administration of adequate information systems; and (vi) arranging for execution of external audit. 2. The staff required for the FM positions referred above will be hired under Terms of Reference acceptable to the Bank. 3. **Planning and budgeting** . The PIU will be responsible for preparing and monitoring the annual operating plan and budget. The project’s annual operational plan will be the main input for budget formulation. Budget formulation and execution will follow local procedures and requirements. (i.e., approval of transactions, modifications, issuance of commitments) Its monitoring procedures will be established in the Project Operational Manual POM. The budget


Input: the radius-buffered storm track polygon at its first coastal intersection. **3. Aggregate Results** **3.1 Trend in Cyclonic Storm Incidence, 1877-2016** Although we focus on the northern coast of the Bay of Bengal, our database includes all recorded tracks for the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. This provides a very large regional sample: 525 cyclonic storms recorded from 1877 to 2016. For a trend analysis, we divide the data into seven periods: 1877-1900, 1901-1920, 1921-1940, 1941-1960, 1961-1980, 1981-2000 and 2001 2016. Table 1 and Figure 1 provide two trend measures for cyclonic storm frequencies since 1877: storms/year for each period, and the two-period moving average of storms/year. The first measure displays no trend through 1960, a large increase during the period 1961-1980, and a decline from 3 Some storm tracks that approach at oblique angles intersect the coastline two or more times. 5


Input: Despite the possible gains in wages for wage earners, we note a decrease in the regionally deflated total household expenditure (column 5), and a decrease in per capita expenditure on food and nonfood items (column 4). The increase in wages but decrease in total expenditure can possibly be explained by rising prices and wages in mining communities, where everyone has to pay the higher prices but only some (those who earn wages), benefit from a rise in wage rate. Columns 6 through 9 of table 12 look at nondeflated expenditure measures for food, housing, health and education, and household energy. [17] We confirm that total household expenditure on food decreases (compared with the per capita deflated measure in column (4)), but find that households spend more money on housing, transport, and communication, and household energy, such as electricity and gas. The electricity and gas expenditure is only for those who have any positive expenditure on these, and we saw earlier that electricity access changes with the mine. This confirms that, among those who spend anything on electricity, they spend more on it in mining communities. **Table 12 Using GLSS: Household income and expenditure** (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

GLSS


Input: data section for details. 11 The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) projects increased SLR between 0.18m and 0.59m across various emission scenarios over the next 100 years. However, this range has been criticized by many experts as being too conservative and not sufficiently reflective of the large uncertainty pertaining to SLR (Krabill _et al_ ., 2004; Overpeck _et al_ ., 2006; Rahmstorf, 2007). The most recent evidence suggests that sea-level rise could reach 1 meter or more during this century (Hansen and Sato, 2011; Vermeer and Rahmstorf 2009; Pfeffer et al., 2008). The IPCC itself pointed out that its projections did not include changes within the polar ice sheets. The IPCC noted that the upper values of projected sea level rise presented in its report are not to be considered upper bounds and that higher rises in sea level cannot be ruled out. 12 These being the five regions used by the World Bank: East Asia and Pacific, Middle East and North Africa, Latin America and Caribbean, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa 4


Input: the efficiency of disbursement to communities, address payment delays, and improve the timeliness of financial reporting and accountability; (b) MoF and BoU are strengthening internal control mechanisms around TSA payments to ensure the correct beneficiaries are paid; and (c) MoFPED has set up regional centers for local governments to go to if they face network problems and unstable electricity to use the IFMIS to account for project funds. MoFPED has also provided budget to local governments to purchase fuel for generators to manage power cuts. The IFMIS, the use of a consolidated fund, and payments to beneficiaries using the TSA at BoU have significantly enhanced accountability at the local government level. This is reflected in the Auditor General’s report for 2022/23 and 2023/24, where all 22 local governments involved in project implementation had an unqualified (clean) audit opinion except for Ntoroko district, which had a qualified opinion. [24] Accountability measures for all implementing entities, including community-based organizations and seed grants for VRFs, will be described in the FM section of the PIM. The PIM will also include a Community Operations Manual that will detail all steps in the CDD process, including accountability arrangements. 75. **Audit** . The project will have


Input: **2024 CRITICAL FUNDING NEEDS IN EUROPE** ###### **South Eastern Europe** As of June 2024, some 3,000 refugees and asylum-seekers were present in South Eastern Europe, including 199 unaccompanied and separated children. [5] UNHCR’s [Strategy for engagement in mixed](https://reliefweb.int/report/world/strategy-unhcr-engagement-mixed-movement-western-balkans-revision-october-2021) [movements in the Western Balkans sets a foundation to work with partners to strengthen asylum systems](https://reliefweb.int/report/world/strategy-unhcr-engagement-mixed-movement-western-balkans-revision-october-2021) and identify viable solutions for refugees, as well as to eradicate statelessness, while fostering opportunities for integration and inclusion for those granted international protection. UNHCR is helping to build the capacities of local authorities to gradually assume greater responsibility for their asylum systems, while also improving protection-sensitive migration management across the region, including recognising the importance of effective return mechanisms for those not in need of international protection. **Funding is needed to support these efforts and ensure sustainable programming** for integration and inclusion, and to identify durable solutions for refugees, asylum-seekers and stateless people in the region – which is itself a region of emigration. # 30.7 % 5 Non-Ukrainian nationals; of these, 52 per cent were in Bosnia and Herzegovina; 25 per cent in Serbia; 7 per cent in Kosovo; 6 per cent each in Albania and Montenegro; and 4 per cent in North Macedonia.


Input: which calls for systematic mainstreaming of adaptation measures in project design and implementation. Jya Mbere II will also align with the GoR’s National Adaptation Plan of Action (2006), Third National Communications to the United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2018 and its Updated Nationally-Determined Contributions (NDC) 2020, in which it commits to mainstream environmental sustainability and climate change adaptation efforts. Rwanda’s Updated NDC includes a conditional commitment to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 16 percent by 2030 relative to a business as usual (BAU) scenario, and an unconditional commitment to reduce GHG by an additional 22 percent by 2030 relative to the BAU scenario. The project does not hinder this mitigation goal by ensuring that all infrastructure subprojects will be subject to climate risk assessments and will comply with climate-resilient standards. Finally, the project will support implementation of key recommendations from the 2022 Rwanda Country Climate and Development Report, such as investing in the water sector (including flood control and water storage), renewable energy sources and climate-smart agriculture. The results framework will track the number of infrastructure subprojects constructed/upgraded to climate-resilient standards. 71. _Assessment and reduction of mitigation risks_ . The project (Component 1) will invest in infrastructure, including


Input: assessments, which will include (a) participatory focus groups and (b) semi-structured interviews with refugees and former refugees, host community members, farmers, cooperatives, and agribusinesses. Citizen engagement outcomes will be assessed through the indicator “Stakeholder consultations convened, and priority measures identified”. These beneficiary assessments will help assess the relevance and impact of project interventions. Each of the interventions will be assessed with respect to inclusion, productivity, climate resilience, jobs, incomes, and food security. 55. **The project’s M&E system will disaggregate results by gender and youth wherever possible and for refugee and** **host communities.** This will ensure that differential impacts on vulnerable groups are adequately recorded. **C. Sustainability** 56. **Investing in policy reform and legal identity for refugees will play a massive role in supporting long-term,** **sustained self-reliance for refugees and former refugees.** The project is aligned with the country’s National Refugee Policy and settlement modernization strategy, both of which seek long-term solutions to inclusion and self-reliance. The GRZ is actively promoting integration between refugees and local communities for economic advancement and is seeking enhanced partnerships with local stakeholders and international partners in addressing the issue of forced displacement. 57. **Appropriately assessing the sustainability risk of investment operations in refugee settlements in


Input: As part of a regional Protection Profiling and Monitoring exercise, UNHCR collects and analyses on a quarterly basis data about the profiles, protection risks, and needs of refugees from Ukraine in Czechia, through individual interviews and focus group discussions with diverse groups. The key findings are highlighted below. #### Protection Risk I **Access to Temporary Protection (TP):** 98% of the respondents are holders of Temporary Protection in Czechia. Only 1% (five individuals) provided that their application for Temporary Protection was pending, whilst also 1% (four individuals) did not apply for Temporary Protection in Czechia. The reasons being, that they applied for refugee status, did not meet the eligibility criteria, did not stay in the country, or had since transitioned to a different legal status. Overall, access to Temporary Protection in Czechia continues to remain high. of respondents (55 individuals) reported facing some challenges with the Temporary ## 13% Protection application or extension process. In line with previous reports, the main challenges related to applying for Temporary Protection were long waiting times to receive a decision (44%), a lack of required documents (such as ID or proof of address) to complete the registration process (40%), and, despite its overall decrease in


Input: ###### **III.2 Country level analysis** The impacts of SLR on coastal wetlands were also estimated for individual countries. Table 2 summarizes our results by presenting the 10 most vulnerable countries. Estimates indicate large effects of SLR on coastal wetlands are much more concentrated in some countries than others. The 5 most vulnerable countries are: Viet Nam, Argentina, Iran, China and Mexico that represent 77% of the total freshwater marshes at risk from a 1 m SLR. Vietnam is by far the most vulnerable country with close to 65% of its freshwater marshes at risk. For vulnerable GLWD Coastal Wetlands, the top-ranked country China accounts for 56% of GLWD Coastal Wetlands” at risk. Of all vulnerable saline wetlands, Libya, Egypt, Mauritania, India and Argentina account for 93%, with Libya and Egypt representing 61%. Also within the regions, vulnerability is clearly far from balanced across countries. Viet Nam represents 85.1% of all vulnerable freshwater marshes and China represents 79.1% of all vulnerable GLWD Coastal Wetlands within EAP. Within MENA, 92.7% of all regional vulnerable saline wetlands are in Libya and Egypt. On the whole, our results suggest a significant asymmetry in the burden of SLR on wetlands: a small number of developing


Input: **The World Bank** Costa Rica Results in Education (CORE) (P181174) in OECD countries, and few students enroll in tracks in high demand in the labor market, such as STEAM and digital skills. [13] Quality TVET could play a pivotal role in developing skills that are directly relevant to the labor market and in creating an adaptable workforce. 7. **Costa Rica is undergoing a TVET reform to better align it to the needs of the current and future labor market,** **emphasizing skills for the technology sector and green jobs** . The recently initiated reform includes efforts to revitalize entry into the labor market by targeting support for youth and adults. Participants complete their education certification, and a proposed program of micro-credentials promises further improvement on employability, seeking to align skills provision to labor demand through both the secondary level and vocational training courses and dual modality education offered by INA. As the global landscape shifts towards sustainability, there is likely to be a growing demand for a workforce equipped with expertise in green technologies, renewable energy, environmental sciences, and sustainable practices. Accessing skillsets in these areas requires strong foundational learning, cognitive and digital competencies. Possible green jobs in Costa Rica would


Input: the increasing influx (Kemp and Kritzman 2008). In the past, Israel has recognised groups of refugees and asylum seekers as a gesture of goodwill. Notable examples of such ̳humanitarian anomalies‘ are the decision to grant refuge to a few hundred Vietnamese boat-people in the end of the 1970s and to admit a group of Muslim Bosnian refugees during the 1990s. (Ben-Dor and Adut 2003, 21-22; Markowitz 1996). Following its withdrawal from South Lebanon in 2000, Israel admitted nearly 6,000 members (and their families) of the South Lebanese Army, a sectarian militia who collaborated with Israel during its occupation of South Lebanon. Such precedents, coupled with public pressure, led former Prime Minister (PM) Olmert to grant an exceptional temporary residency to approximately 500 Darfurian asylum seekers in September 2007 (Mualem 2007). Israel historically handled asylum requests by outsourcing the process to UNHCR, using the assistance of the agency‘s honorary correspondent in Israel, which later became an official representative office (UNHCR 2007) It was only in 2001, 50 years 6 Driven by the horrors of the Holocaust in Europe and aiming to protect the Jewish refugees from World War II the young state of Israel was among the first 26 states who


Input: sources and vintages of imagery. To guide the identification of slums, previous work has provided information on the appearance and geographical extent of slums in HCMC. Surveys of poverty in the city find the appearance of slums in HCMC to be characterized as densely built small households and shelters that have predominantly semi-permanent character (Habitat for Humanity 2008). In terms of geographic extent, many slums are located in certain districts (districts 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, Binh Thanh, Go Vap, Tan Phu) and along the Saigon River (e.g. Kenh Te, Rach Ben Nghe, Thi NgheNhieu Loc Canal, Kenh Doi, Thi Nghe Canal, Lo Gom, and Canala) (Horsley 2004; De Lay 2011; Habitat for Humanity 2008). Taking into account these spatial and geographic characteristics, the PUMA data set interprets Google Earth imagery to produce two layers of potential slum areas (PUMA 2013): areas with defined borders (polygon-data) and potential slum areas without (point-data) defined borders. In the latter case, we applied a circular buffer of 50 m around each

PUMA data set

PUMA 2013

Surveys of poverty in the city

Surveys of poverty in the city

PUMA data set

point-data

polygon-data


Input: availability of fresh water and sediment, and the salinity of soil and groundwater (Belperio, 1993; Semeniuk, 1994; Blasco et al., 1996; Alongi, 2008). [8] Even though location-specific studies are needed to define the specific details, experts and scientists agree that adaptation of wetlands to future sea-level rise depends on its success in landward progression and is conditioned by the availability of adequate and suitable space for expansion/ migration, and a rate of sea level rise that is not greater than the rate at which wetlands can migrate. [9] This paper is an effort to quantify the coastal wetlands of different types [10] at risk from 1 m SLR [11] in 76 developing countries and territories in the five regions [12] of the world. Our estimates take into account the exposure of wetlands derived from the recent GLWD-3 database to 1 m SLR and the estimated capacity of the coastline to retreat and for coastal wetlands ecosystems to move (or migrate) inland as the coastline is receding. Attempts have also been made to estimate the economic loss, which may be associated with adversely impacted wetlands. Our estimates indicate that a 1 m rise in sea level would lead to a loss

GLWD-3 database

GLWD-3 database


Input: associated with them will lose their services. Wetlands in WMP category 4 are at great risk, but may survive, depending on the effect of flooding behind the coastline. If the flooding is severe enough and persists long enough to seriously disrupt the trapping of the sediment or building upon the peat the sediment creates, the wetlands will be severely degraded and may perish. Hence, the wetlands in WMP categories 3 and 4 exposed to the inundation zone for 1 meter SLR are the estimates of wetlands at inundation risk in a changing climate. ##### **Results** For the 76 coastal developing countries and territories included in this analysis, estimates indicate more than 60% of freshwater marsh, GLWD Coastal Wetlands, and brackish/saline wetlands (henceforth saline wetlands for brevity) might be lost as a result of a 1m SLR. In terms of area estimates, this would translate to a loss of 16,492 square kilometer of freshwater marsh, 17,421 square kilometer of GLWD Coastal Wetlands and 10,969 square kilometer of saline wetlands. Among the four coastal wetland categories, only swamp forests appear less vulnerable to SLR and more capable of migrating as the coast line is receding and henceforth dropped from further analysis [19]


Input: University of Kassel, Germany, and the World Wildlife Fund US (WWF-US), Washington DC, USA (Lehner and Döll, 2004). In the generation of the global map of lakes and wetlands from a grid at a spatial resolution of 30 seconds (approximately 1km by 1km at the equator), the GLWD-3 followed the definition of wetlands adopted at the Ramsar Convention, the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Our analysis focuses on freshwater marsh, swamp forests, GLWD Coastal Wetlands [14] and Brackish/ saline wetlands. _Response of wetlands to SLR_ . In order to assess the impact of SLR on wetlands and the potential for adaptation, the wetland migratory potential (WMP) characteristic in the Dynamic Interactive Vulnerability Assessment (DIVA) database from the DINAS-COAST project has been used (Vafeidis et al, 2008). Different types of wetlands are expected to have different migratory potential depending on their own natural characteristics as well as the characteristics of their surrounding environment. For example, it is expected that SLR will have its most pronounced effects on brackish and freshwater marshes in the coastal zone through alteration of hydrological regimes (Burkett and Kusler, 2000; Baldwin et al., 2001; Sun et al., 2002). Similarly, sea-level rise may not lead to loss

Dynamic Interactive Vulnerability Assessment (DIVA)

global map of lakes and wetlands


Input: US$ per month, [14] significantly below that by non-agriculturalists (45 US$ per month), pure owners are better off than the rest in terms of total land owned (9.5 vs. 3.2 acres for owner-cum-occupants), the value of own land, livestock, and non-land assets (US$ 4,011, 968 and 1733 vs. 1651, 227, and 1252, respectively), and overall welfare as measured by per capita income (US$ 226 vs. 193). Third, while crop productivity [15] for pure occupants is not significantly different from that for pure owners (US$ 95.3 vs. US$ 96.7 per acre) it is below that achieved by owner-cum-occupants (US$ 110.8/ac.). While pure owners have access to more land than owner-cum-occupants, there is no significant difference in the amount of land cultivated by the two groups during the 2004/5 agricultural season. Pure occupants cultivated significantly less land than any of the two other groups and, as a result, derived a much larger share of their income (42%) from wage employment, as compared to mixed farmers (24%) and pure owners (30%). Finally, with only 16.5% of households and 9.5% of women knowing about the 1998 Land Act, legal awareness remains low. **3.2 Parcel level characteristics** Tables 2 and 3 provide evidence on physical


Input: Chi Minh City In addition to the flood hazard maps developed for this study as described above, we use an additional set of maps produced specifically for HCMC. 2 These uncertainties largely arise from climate models; global climate models (GCMs) struggle to represent the physical processes that produce extreme rainfall. Indeed even in higher resolution regional climate models (RCMs), heavy rainfall events are poorly represented. As a result the modeled rainfall data must be ‘corrected’, in order to render it realistic. The fact that the underlying models themselves cannot represent flood driving rainfall means that there is little confidence in the projections that they produce. Moreover, at the national scale there is very little river gauge data available in Vietnam. Therefore rainfall-runoff models, required to transform rainfall projections into river discharge values, would be largely un-calibrated. This adds an additional source of significant modeling uncertainty to the model cascade. The combination of poorly represented extreme rainfall in climate models, coupled with uncalibrated rainfall-runoff models, would largely render any projections of future flood hazard impractical, owing to the significant uncertainties that arise.

flood hazard maps

maps produced specifically for HCMC

river gauge data

flood hazard maps

maps produced specifically for HCMC

river gauge data

modeled rainfall data


Input: the wealth of the farmers. If farmers become poorer because of bad rainfall, CRRA utility would suggest that they would be even more risk averse the next year as a second shock would cause greater disutility. I start by examining whether there is actual autocorrelation in the rainfall data. To test for autocorrelation, I create a panel of various rainfall indicators for the period 1961–2004 for each weather station. For each indicator, I run a regression of six lags of the variable on the current value, including weather

various rainfall indicators

rainfall data

panel of various rainfall indicators

rainfall data

rainfall indicators


Input: between 132 million and 587 million poor people are exposed to flood risks (depending on which poverty definition is used). About 1.2 billion flood-exposed people live in lower- and uppermiddle-income countries. Taking into account the income levels of flood exposed populations is particularly important, as income is a relatively reliable proxy for people’s ability to mitigate, withstand, cope with, and recover from floods. For instance, while a large share of the Dutch population lives in flood risk areas, large-scale investments in flood protection infrastructure have enabled them to mitigate risks. Similarly, flood exposed populations in Canada or Japan are more likely to have access to rapid government support systems in post-disaster situations compared to people in Malawi or Bangladesh. Thus, action to strengthen disaster prevention and recovery capacity is most urgently needed in the hotspots where poverty and flood exposure coincide. References Braese, J., S. De Vries Robbe, J. Rentschler, Jun. (2020). Coastal Development between Opportunity and Disaster Risk: A Multisectoral Risk Assessment for Vietnam. Policy Research Working Paper; No. 9352. World Bank, Washington Bright, E. A., Rose, A. N. & Urban, M. L. _Landscan 2015 High-Resolution Global Population Data Set_ . (Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN,

Landscan 2015 High-Resolution Global Population Data Set


Input: Economics of Disasters and Climate Change https://doi.org/10.1007/s41885-018-0035-4 # Exposure to Floods, Climate Change, and Poverty in Vietnam Mook Bangalore [1,2] & Andrew Smith [3] & Ted Veldkamp [4,5] Received: 16 February 2018 /Accepted: 4 October 2018/ # The Author(s) 2018 Abstract With 70% of its population living in coastal areas and low-lying deltas, Vietnam is highly exposed to riverine and coastal flooding. This paper conducts a Bstress-test^ and examines the exposure of the population and poor people in particular to current and future flooding in Vietnam and specifically in Ho Chi Minh City. We develop new high-resolution flood hazard maps at 90 m horizontal resolution, and combine this with spatially-explicit socioeconomic data on poverty at the country and city level, two datasets often kept separate. The nationallevel analysis finds that a third of today’s population is already exposed to a flood, which occurs once every 25 years, assuming no protection. For the same return period flood under current socioeconomic conditions, climate change may increase the number exposed to 38 to 46% of the population (an increase of 13–27% above current exposure), depending on the severity of sea level rise. While poor districts are not found to be more exposed to

spatially-explicit socioeconomic data on poverty

high-resolution flood hazard maps

high-resolution flood hazard maps

socioeconomic data


Input: **1. Introduction** Recurrent cyclonic storms in the Bay of Bengal inflict massive losses on the coastal regions of Bangladesh and India. Extensive research has investigated the incidence, power and impacts of cyclones in Bangladesh (Ali 1999; Dasgupta et al. 2014; Hoque 1992; Khalil 1992), India (Mishra 2014; Srivastava et al. 2000) and the Bay of Bengal more generally (Bhaskar Rao 2001; Dash et al. 2004; Mandke and Bhide 2003; Mooley and Mohile 1983; Mooley 1980; Muni Krishna 2009; Rao 2002; Yu and Wang 2009). This paper attempts to extend the previous work in several ways. First, we focus on the historical frequency and locations of cyclone strikes to inform household- and community-level research on adaptation to past and expected future cyclones. Previous studies of coastal community adaptation in the region have focused on responses to specific cyclones or generally-defined coastal hazards (Brouwer et al. 2007; Khalil 1993; Khan et al. 2015; Mallick et al. 2011; Mallick and Vogt 2013; Shameem and Momtaz 2014; Siddiqui et al. 2013; Sultana and Mallick 2015). With the notable exception of Dasgupta et al. (2016), these studies have seldom used household-level data to assess the impacts of past cyclones on communities and households, as well

household-level data

household-level data


Input: of which will be supported by Jya Mbere II. 9. **Climate change poses risks to Rwanda’s positive economic outlook and refugees are particularly vulnerable** **to climate shocks** . Ranked 112 out of 185 countries in the 2021 Notre Dame-Global Adaptation Index (ND-GAIN), Rwanda is vulnerable to flooding, heat, drought, and landslides, which are expected to increase in frequency and severity. The country has already experienced a temperature increase of 1.4°C since 1970, higher than the global average; and an increase of up to 2.0°C is expected by the 2030s. The need for urgent action to address climate change impacts was highlighted by severe flooding and landslides in May 2023 that claimed many lives, destroyed homes and infrastructure and affected livelihoods. Rwanda’s high dependence on rain-fed agriculture, as well as the need to improve road networks, health facilities and water resource management all contribute to climate vulnerability. [10] The location of Rwanda’s refugee camps on rural hilltops makes them vulnerable to extreme weather events such as flooding and associated landslides. High population density in the camps and the limited capacity of refugees to adapt to the impacts of climate change exacerbates their vulnerability. Despite the protracted nature of displacement, refugee camps

2021 Notre Dame-Global Adaptation Index

2021 Notre Dame-Global Adaptation Index


Input: (GSS). [2] Point coordinates (global positioning system [GPS]) for the surveyed DHS clusters [3] allow us to match all individuals to one or several mineral mines. We do this in two ways. First, we calculate distance spans from an exact mine location given by its GPS coordinates, and match surveyed individuals to mines. These are concentric circles with radiuses of 10, 20, and 30 kilometers (km), and so on, up to 100 km and beyond. In the baseline analysis where 2 The data was shared by Aragón and Rud (2013) 3 Both the DHS and GLSS enumeration area coordinates have a 1-5 km offset. The DHS clusters have up to 10km displacement in 1% of the cases. 7

GLSS

surveyed DHS clusters

surveyed DHS clusters

surveyed DHS clusters

GPS coordinates


Input: is the World Bank's Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) database, which rates environmental policies and institutions on a numerical scale of 1 (the lowest) to 6. For this exercise, we reverse the scaling (1 becomes the highest) and normalize the ratings so that countries with the greatest problems score 100. To proxy the scale of the problems confronted by environmental institutions, we compute the mean value of our five thematic indicators (global emissions, pollution, natural resource degradation, biodiversity threats, water-related problems). [5,6] To assure equal weighting 4 Our index of demand pressure also provides a useful proxy for economic damage from drought conditions. We are indebted to our colleagues in the Bank’s Middle East / North Africa region for this observation. 5 While the CPIA ratings provide useful information for comparing institutional needs, they are not sufficient for judging investment priorities because they do not account for differences in the scale of environmental problems faced by a country's institutions. If Brazil and Bhutan receive the same CPIA rating, for example, ignoring their scale difference will lead to assignment of identical lending in the optimization model. 6 We recognize that an equal-weighted index is only one of numerous plausible indicators

Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) database

index of demand pressure

index of demand pressure

thematic indicators

index of demand pressure


Input: 26.9 percent in Markazi, and 46 percent in Djibouti-Ville. [10] Livelihood opportunities in refugee villages are scarcer than in the capital, exacerbating food security challenges, and even highly educated refugees struggle to find employment, without a command of French. Refugees’ **access to finance** is limited by their lack of inclusion in the national ID system; underdeveloped credit markets; and limited awareness of their right to work. Their self-sufficiency is limited by a lack of access to vocational training, business development support services, and decent jobs [11] . [6 UNHCR (2023), Republic of Djibouti - Country Summary as at 30 June 2023](https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/unhcr/2024/en/147860) 7 UNHCR (2025), Djibouti Education Statistics for Refugees; Ministry of Education and Vocational Training of the Republic of Djibouti (2024), [Annuaire Statistique 2023/2024; World Bank (2024),](http://www.education.gov.dj/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=631:annuaire-statistique-2023-2024&Itemid=784&lang=en) [Djibouti: Giving Refugee Children a Chance to Go To School](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2024/01/11/djibouti-giving-refugee-children-a-chance-to-go-to-school) 8 World Bank (2024), [Djibouti: Giving Refugee Children a Chance to Go To School](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2024/01/11/djibouti-giving-refugee-children-a-chance-to-go-to-school) 9 The Ministry of Health and UNHCR signed a cooperation agreement in 2018 for the inclusion of refugees in the national health system 10 Government of Djibouti (2024), Stratégie Livelihoods et Inclusion Economique Djibouti 2024 – 2028 11 UNHCR, African Development Bank Group, IGAD, EAC (2024), Regional Report Draft:

Djibouti Education Statistics for Refugees

Djibouti Education Statistics

Annuaire Statistique 2023/2024


Input: in housing prices (Daniel, Florax, and Rietveld 2009). In Ho Chi Minh City, for instance, qualitative surveys suggest flood-prone areas can be much cheaper than non-flood-prone areas for the same quality of accommodation (World Bank and Australian AID 2014). Using a household survey in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Erman et al. (2019) find that flood-prone dwellings are valued at 30 percent less on average than safe ones. Reduced housing prices, then, make it possible for poor people to access housing opportunities that could be out of reach in the absence of risk (Husby et al. 2015). In developing countries with informal markets, land scarcity can be particularly acute and land markets function poorly (Durand-Lasserve, Selod, and Durand-Lasserve 2013). In these places, it may not be the prices that push poor people into risky places but simply the availability of land with appropriate access to jobs and services. Informal settlements are often located in hazard-prone locations such as on hillsides, close to riverbanks, or near open drains and sewers—Pune (India), Dhaka, Caracas, Rio de Janeiro, and Mumbai have many such settlements (Lall and Deichmann 2012; Lall, Lundberg, and Shalizi 2008). 3

household survey in Dar es Salaam

household survey

household survey

household survey

qualitative surveys


Input: farming, either for their own production or as hired workers or sharecroppers on host community land. 4 World Bank (2023). _World Development Report 2023: Migrants, Refugees, and Societies._ Washington, DC: World Bank at p. 208. 5 Poverty rates in refugee-hosting districts during the COVID-19 crisis ranged from 37.7 percent in rural areas to 20.5 percent in urban areas; the overall national poverty rate was 33.2 percent. Headcount poverty rates averaged 39.9 percent in the Northern Region, 26.6 percent in the Western Region, and 20.4 percent in the West Nile. (World Bank. 2022. _Uganda Poverty Assessment Overview – Strengthening Resilience to_ _Accelerate Poverty Reduction in Uganda)._ 6 A study commissioned by the Norwegian Refugee Council revealed that between 2016-2020, 40.3 percent of refugees self-settled in the urban centers of Adjumani, Koboko, Hoima and Mbarara. Steady flows have continued into these locations and Arua, another secondary city, over the last four years: see Office of the Prime Minister and UNHCR (2024) _Uganda Urban Response Strategy 2024-2029_ . 7 The definition used is canopy height >5m. Global Forest Watch 8 Compounded by the fact that refugee settlement population density is typically ten times the national average: World Agroforestry Center, 2024. 9 Gianvenuti, A.,