Input:
annex TABLE 2 Origin **[1]**

**Refugees, asylum-seekers, internally displaced persons (IDPs), returnees (refugees and IDPs),**
**stateless persons, and others of concern to UNHCR by origin**
| mid-2015 (or latest available estimates) (ctnd)
All data are provisional and subject to change.

REFUGEES Returned IDPs **[7]** of whom: UNHCRassisted Others of concern to UNHCR **[9]** People in and people in of whom: seekers people in UNHCR’s Others of Total refugee-like refugee-like UNHCR- (pending Returned IDP-like Returned statelessness concern to population Refugees **[2]** situations **[3]** situations assisted cases) **[4]** refugees **[5]** situations **[6]** IDPs **[7]** mandate **[8]** UNHCR **[9]** of concern People in refugee-like situations **[3]** Total refugees and people in refugee-like situations Asylumseekers (pending cases) **[4]** Returned refugees **[5]** IDPs protected/ assisted by UNHCR, incl.
people in IDP-like situations **[6]** Persons under UNHCR’s statelessness mandate **[8]** Estonia 340 - 340 _1_ 39 - - - - - 379 Ethiopia 88,149 - 88,149 _42,844_ 72,278 2 - - - 367 160,796 Fiji 924 - 924 _6_ 732 - - - - - 1,656 Finland 7 - 7 _-_ 7 - - - - - 14 France 93 - 93 _-_ 62 - - - - - 155 Gabon 173 - 173 _3_ 173 - - - - - 346 Gambia 5,136 - 5,136 _58_ 11,899 - - - - - 17,035 Georgia 6,719 - 6,719 _541_ 7,759 - 265,267 - - - 279,745 Germany 174 - 174 _2_ 87 - - - - 2 263 Ghana 22,182 - 22,182 _10,040_ 9,883 - - - - 2 32,067 Gibraltar 2 - 2 _-_ - - - - - - 2 Greece 112 - 112 _-_ 84 - - - - - 196 Grenada 324 - 324 _-_ 51 - - - - - 375 Guadeloupe - - - _-_ - - - - - - Guatemala 7,467 - 7,467 _52_ 19,587 - - - - 5 27,059 Guinea 16,009 - 16,009 _185_ 17,496 - - - - - 33,505 Guinea-Bissau 1,321 - 1,321 _16_ 2,117 - - - - - 3,438 Guyana 703 - 703 _-_ 198 - - - - - 901 Haiti 37,092 - 37,092 _689_ 7,933 - - - - 40,336 85,361 Holy See (the) - - - _-_ - - - - - - Honduras 4,312 - 4,312 _187_ 13,678 - - - - 26 18,016 Hungary 1,303 - 1,303 _2_ 1,645 - - - - 3 2,951 Iceland 1 - 1 _-_ 4 - - - - - 5 India 10,359 - 10,359 _14_ 22,414 - - - - 363 33,136 Indonesia 9,690 4,739 14,429 _788_ 2,529 - - - - 3 16,961 Iran (Islamic Rep. of) 83,507 - 83,507 _16,180_ 39,876 8 - - - 22 123,413 Iraq **[12]** 377,747 - 377,747 _127,650_ 141,913 3,318 3,962,142 716 - 45 4,485,881 Ireland 10 - 10 _-_ 50 - - - - - 60 Israel 962 - 962 _-_ 356 - - - - - 1,318 Italy 68 - 68 _1_ 137 - - - - - 205 Jamaica 1,696 - 1,696 _13_ 570 - - - - - 2,266 Japan 190 - 190 _-_ 79 - - - - - 269 Jordan 1,767 - 1,767 _114_ 1,539 - - - - 114 3,420 Kazakhstan 2,242 - 2,242 _16_ 1,187 - - - - - 3,429 Kenya 7,474 - 7,474 _2,974_ 3,278 1,231 - - - 3 11,986 Kiribati 3 - 3 _-_ 1 - - - - - 4 Kuwait 978 - 978 _31_ 248 - - - - - 1,226 Kyrgyzstan 2,423 - 2,423 _259_ 1,988 - - - - - 4,411 Lao People’s Dem. Rep. 7,420 - 7,420 _3_ 123 - - - - - 7,543 Latvia 215 - 215 _4_ 90 - - - - - 305 Lebanon 4,329 - 4,329 _111_ 4,270 - - - - - 8,599 Lesotho 17 - 17 _-_ 969 - - - - - 986 Liberia 13,543 27 13,570 _8,882_ 2,355 6 - - - 9 15,940 Libya 4,317 - 4,317 _53_ 5,219 - 434,869 - - 7 444,412 Liechtenstein - - - _-_ - - - - - - Lithuania 186 - 186 _2_ 82 - - - - - 268 Luxembourg 2 - 2 _-_ 1 - - - - - 3 Madagascar 286 - 286 _2_ 183 - - - - 5 474 Malawi 363 - 363 _4_ 5,368 - - - - - 5,731 Malaysia 467 - 467 _-_ 1,958 - - - - - 2,425 Maldives 34 - 34 _3_ 10 - - - - - 44 Mali 146,667 - 146,667 _135,554_ 10,919 740 90,218 41,995 - - 290,539 Malta 5 - 5 _-_ - - - - - - 5 Marshall Islands 3 - 3 _-_ 6 - - - - - 9 Mauritania 34,121 - 34,121 _26,591_ 7,134 - - - - 4 41,259 Mauritius 93 - 93 _-_ 190 - - - - - 283 Mexico 10,664 - 10,664 _16_ 35,276 - - - - - 45,940 Monaco 3 - 3 _-_ - - - - - - 3 Mongolia 2,177 - 2,177 _-_ 2,622 - - - - - 4,799 Montenegro 615 - 615 _4_ 2,745 - - - - - 3,360 Morocco 1,559 - 1,559 _46_ 3,860 - - - - 15 5,434 Mozambique 59 - 59 _6_ 2,049 - - - - 2 2,110 Myanmar **[13]** 204,949 253,432 458,381 _250,241_ 55,639 1 368,500 8,000 - 526 891,047 Namibia 1,185 - 1,185 _912_ 147 5 - - - 13 1,350 Nepal 8,562 2 8,564 _30_ 6,605 - - - - - 15,169 Netherlands 64 - 64 _-_ 48 - - - - 1 113 ... /...

**22** UNHCR Mid-Year Trends 2015

UNHCR Mid-Year Trends 2015


Input:
annex TABLE 2 Origin **[1]**

**Refugees, asylum-seekers, internally displaced persons (IDPs), returnees (refugees and IDPs),**
**stateless persons, and others of concern to UNHCR by origin**
| mid-2015 (or latest available estimates) (ctnd)
All data are provisional and subject to change.

REFUGEES Returned IDPs **[7]** of whom: UNHCRassisted Others of concern to UNHCR **[9]** People in and people in of whom: seekers people in UNHCR’s Others of Total refugee-like refugee-like UNHCR- (pending Returned IDP-like Returned statelessness concern to population Refugees **[2]** situations **[3]** situations assisted cases) **[4]** refugees **[5]** situations **[6]** IDPs **[7]** mandate **[8]** UNHCR **[9]** of concern People in refugee-like situations **[3]** Total refugees and people in refugee-like situations Asylumseekers (pending cases) **[4]** Returned refugees **[5]** IDPs protected/ assisted by UNHCR, incl.
people in IDP-like situations **[6]** Persons under UNHCR’s statelessness mandate **[8]** New Zealand 16 - 16 _-_ 19 - - - - 1 36 Nicaragua 1,434 - 1,434 _502_ 863 2 - - - - 2,299 Niger 1,172 - 1,172 _438_ 733 - 50,000 - - 70,000 121,905 Nigeria 107,816 12,487 120,303 _89,803_ 40,640 - 1,385,298 122,719 - 13 1,668,973 Niue 18 - 18 _-_ - - - - - - 18 Norfolk Island 1 - 1 _-_ - - - - - - 1 Norway 13 - 13 _-_ 3 - - - - - 16 Oman 31 - 31 _4_ 23 - - - - - 54 Pakistan 241,973 20,163 262,136 _228,023_ 52,409 2 1,556,400 336,606 - 2 2,207,555 Palau 1 - 1 _-_ 2 - - - - - 3 Palestinian **[14]** 97,241 - 97,241 _87,473_ 3,923 3 - - - 3,241 104,408 Panama 72 - 72 _3_ 52 - - - - - 124 Papua New Guinea 288 - 288 _-_ 251 - - - - - 539 Paraguay 94 - 94 _1_ 61 - - - - - 155 Peru 4,129 - 4,129 _196_ 1,202 - - - - - 5,331 Philippines 668 1 669 _18_ 1,540 - 42,171 334,888 - 80,055 459,323 Poland 1,401 - 1,401 _4_ 340 - - - - - 1,741 Portugal 31 - 31 _1_ 49 - - - - - 80 Qatar 21 - 21 _-_ 9 - - - - - 30 Rep. of Korea 483 - 483 _-_ 316 - - - - - 799 Rep. of Moldova 2,242 - 2,242 _26_ 2,348 - - - - 1 4,591 Romania 1,929 - 1,929 _3_ 1,274 - - - - 2 3,205 Russian Federation 71,497 - 71,497 _961_ 23,605 - - - - 310 95,412 Rwanda **[15]** 76,898 - 76,898 _38,166_ 10,541 2,196 - - - 5,292 94,927 Saint Kitts and Nevis 23 - 23 _-_ 19 - - - - - 42 Saint Lucia 922 - 922 _-_ 217 - - - - - 1,139 Saint-Pierre
-                      -                      - _-_ 1                      -                      -                      -                      -                      - 1
et-Miquelon Saint Vincent and 1,736 - 1,736 _-_ 170 - - - - - 1,906 the Grenadines Samoa 1 - 1 _-_ 483 - - - - - 484 San Marino 1 - 1 _-_ 1 - - - - - 2 Sao Tome and Principe 22 - 22 _19_ 8 - - - - - 30 Saudi Arabia 629 - 629 _20_ 483 - - - - 15 1,127 Senegal 23,404 - 23,404 _19,928_ 11,599 - - - - - 35,003 Serbia and Kosovo 44,648 244 44,892 _6,660_ 55,253 73 220,227 159 - - 320,604 (S/RES/1244 (1999)) Seychelles 25 - 25 _-_ 16 - - - - - 41 Sierra Leone 4,962 - 4,962 _816_ 3,377 - - - - 1,479 9,818 Singapore 59 - 59 _-_ 34 - - - - - 93 Sint Maarten

-                      -                      - _-_                      -                      -                      -                      -                      -                      -                      (Dutch part)

Slovakia 305 - 305 _-_ 498 - - - - - 803 Slovenia 24 - 24 _-_ 22 - - - - - 46 Solomon Islands 70 - 70 _1_ 30 - - - - - 100 Somalia 1,105,460 158 1,105,618 _826,556_ 49,990 19,004 1,133,000 - - 74 2,307,686 South Africa 426 - 426 _6_ 840 - - - - - 1,266 South Sudan **[16]** 744,034 68 744,102 _720,660_ 3,885 - 1,643,484 148,530 - 12 2,540,013 Spain 60 - 60 _4_ 87 - - - - - 147 Sri Lanka **[17]** 122,533 - 122,533 _2,234_ 15,504 231 50,268 - - 15 188,551 Sudan **[18]** 634,612 6,307 640,919 _620,493_ 40,109 3,896 2,342,979 50,105 - 6 3,078,014 Suriname 17 - 17 _-_ 48 - - - - - 65 Swaziland 162 - 162 _3_ 170 - - - - 3 335 Sweden 18 - 18 _-_ 10 - - - - - 28 Switzerland 17 - 17 _-_ 3 - - - - - 20 Syrian Arab Rep. 4,180,920 13,634 4,194,554 _4,023,972_ 90,751 - 7,632,500 - - 8,001 11,925,806 Tajikistan 741 - 741 _70_ 1,021 - - - - - 1,762 The former Yugoslav 1,813 - 1,813 _5_ 9,780 - - - - - 11,593 Republic of Macedonia Thailand 225 2 227 _15_ 682 - - - - - 909 Tibetan 15,069 - 15,069 _3_ 10 - - - - 46 15,125 Timor-Leste 13 - 13 _1_ 4 - - - - - 17 Togo 9,226 - 9,226 _3,128_ 1,874 - - - - - 11,100 Tonga 22 - 22 _-_ 78 - - - - - 100 Trinidad and Tobago 371 - 371 _-_ 172 - - - - - 543 Tunisia 1,484 - 1,484 _44_ 2,052 - - - - 11 3,547 Turkey 63,004 - 63,004 _16,761_ 10,302 - - - - 15 73,321 Turkmenistan 498 - 498 _28_ 1,021 - - - - - 1,519 ... /...

UNHCR Mid-Year Trends 2015 **23**

UNHCR Mid-Year Trends 2015


Input:
annex TABLE 2 Origin **[1]**

**Refugees, asylum-seekers, internally displaced persons (IDPs), returnees (refugees and IDPs),**
**stateless persons, and others of concern to UNHCR by origin**
| mid-2015 (or latest available estimates) (ctnd)
All data are provisional and subject to change.

REFUGEES Returned IDPs **[7]** of whom: UNHCRassisted Others of concern to UNHCR **[9]** People in and people in of whom: seekers people in UNHCR’s Others of Total refugee-like refugee-like UNHCR- (pending Returned IDP-like Returned statelessness concern to population Refugees **[2]** situations **[3]** situations assisted cases) **[4]** refugees **[5]** situations **[6]** IDPs **[7]** mandate **[8]** UNHCR **[9]** of concern People in refugee-like situations **[3]** Total refugees and people in refugee-like situations Asylumseekers (pending cases) **[4]** Returned refugees **[5]** IDPs protected/ assisted by UNHCR, incl.
people in IDP-like situations **[6]** Persons under UNHCR’s statelessness mandate **[8]** Turks and 15 - 15 _-_ 3 - - - - - 18 Caicos Islands Tuvalu 2 - 2 _-_ 1 - - - - - 3 Uganda 7,185 - 7,185 _916_ 6,123 - - - - 180,000 193,308 Ukraine 318,606 180 318,786 _933_ 20,754 - 1,382,000 - - 5 1,721,545 United Arab Emirates 93 - 93 _5_ 90 - - - - - 183 United Kingdom 141 - 141 _2_ 114 - - - - - 255 United Rep.
859 - 859 _98_ 1,395 - - - - - 2,254 of Tanzania United States 4,949 - 4,949 _13_ 235 - - - - 16 5,200 of America **[19]** Uruguay 125 - 125 _1_ 57 - - - - - 182 Uzbekistan 4,762 - 4,762 _311_ 2,293 - - - - 2 7,057 Vanuatu 1 - 1 _-_ - - - - - - 1 Venezuela 7,954 - 7,954 _195_ 7,420 - - - - 2 15,376 (Bolivarian Rep. of) Viet Nam **[20]** 313,332 1 313,333 _231_ 4,745 - - - - 198 318,276 Wallis and

-                      -                      - _-_ 1                      -                      -                      -                      -                      - 1
Futuna Islands Western Sahara **[21]** 90,538 26,000 116,538 _90,116_ 1,100 - - - - - 117,638 Yemen 5,832 - 5,832 _3,619_ 5,618 - 1,267,590 - - 14 1,279,054 Zambia 318 - 318 _12_ 414 - - - - - 732 Zimbabwe 22,210 - 22,210 _1,352_ 52,992 10 - - - 121 75,333 Stateless 30,196 - 30,196 _955_ 10,082 - - - 3,944,474 - 3,984,752 Various/unknown 113,101 - 113,101 _465_ 756,240 - - - - 13,831 883,172
**Total** **14,441,674** **655,959** **15,097,633** **11,482,891** **2,343,919** **84,365** **34,047,716** **1,376,684** **3,944,474** **1,064,911** **57,959,702**

UNHCR-Bureaux

- Central Africa1,325,513 1,462 1,326,975 _1,159,390_ 132,080 6,658 2,021,269 332,666                - 300,209 4,119,857
Great Lakes

- East and Horn
2,954,953 71,646 3,026,599 _2,460,089_ 239,589 24,134 5,119,463 198,635 - 215,557 8,823,977 of Africa

- Southern Africa 35,492 - 35,492 _3,420_ 66,057 2,902 - - - 62,557 167,008

- Western Africa 425,837 12,514 438,351 _328,453_ 130,300 820 1,549,516 164,714 - 71,545 2,355,246
Total Africa 4,741,795 85,622 4,827,417 _3,951,352_ 568,026 34,514 8,690,248 696,015 - 649,868 15,466,088 Asia and Pacific 3,923,643 278,350 4,201,993 _3,034,918_ 404,755 46,390 2,965,211 679,794 - 282,561 8,580,704 Middle East and North 4,822,588 39,634 4,862,222 _4,360,201_ 285,369 3,321 13,297,101 716 - 11,540 18,460,269 Africa Europe 609,208 465 609,673 _42,735_ 191,816 116 2,574,886 159 - 66,566 3,443,216 Americas 201,143 251,888 453,031 _92,265_ 127,631 24 6,520,270 - - 40,545 7,141,501 Various/Stateless 143,297 - 143,297 _1,420_ 766,322 - - - 3,944,474 13,831 4,867,924
**Total** **14,441,674** **655,959** **15,097,633** **11,482,891** **2,343,919** **84,365** **34,047,716** **1,376,684** **3,944,474** **1,064,911** **57,959,702**

UN major regions Africa 4,893,460 111,622 5,005,082 _4,068,537_ 604,065 34,514 9,125,117 696,015 - 649,971 16,114,764 Asia 8,685,396 291,984 8,977,380 _7,296,891_ 682,219 49,711 16,715,602 680,510 - 294,025 27,399,447 Europe 517,009 465 517,474 _23,771_ 162,068 116 1,686,727 159 - 66,538 2,433,082 Latin America and 196,107 251,888 447,995 _92,251_ 127,326 24 6,520,270 - - 40,523 7,136,138 the Caribbean Northern America 5,036 - 5,036 _14_ 306 - - - - 22 5,364 Oceania 1,369 - 1,369 _7_ 1,613 - - - - 1 2,983 Various/Stateless 143,297 - 143,297 _1,420_ 766,322 - - - 3,944,474 13,831 4,867,924
**Total** **14,441,674** **655,959** **15,097,633** **11,482,891** **2,343,919** **84,365** **34,047,716** **1,376,684** **3,944,474** **1,064,911** **57,959,702**

**24** UNHCR Mid-Year Trends 2015

UNHCR Mid-Year Trends 2015


Input:
**Notes**
The data are generally provided by Governments, based on their own definitions and methods of data collection.
A dash (“-”) indicates that the value is zero, not available or not applicable.

**1** Country or territory of origin.

**2** Persons recognized as refugees under the 1951 UN Convention/1967 Protocol, the 1969 OAU
Convention, in accordance with the UNHCR Statute, persons granted a complementary form of protection and those granted temporary protection. In the absence of Government figures, UNHCR has estimated the refugee population in many industrialized countries based on 10 years of individual asylum-seeker recognition.

**3** This category is descriptive in nature and includes groups of persons who are outside their
country or territory of origin and who face protection risks similar to those of refugees, but for whom refugee status has, for practical or other reasons, not been ascertained.

**4** Persons whose application for asylum or refugee status is pending at any stage in the asylum
procedure.

**5** Refugees who have returned to their place of origin during the first half of 2015. Source:
country of origin and asylum.

**6** Persons who are displaced within their country and to whom UNHCR extends protection
and/or assistance. It also includes people in IDP-like situations. This category is descriptive in nature and includes groups of persons who are inside their country of nationality or habitual residence and who face protection risks similar to those of IDPs but who, for practical or other reasons, could not be reported as such.

**7** IDPs protected/assisted by UNHCR who have returned to their place of origin during the first
half of 2015.

**8** Refers to persons who are not considered as nationals by any State under the operation
of its law. This category refers to persons who fall under the agency’s statelessness mandate because they are stateless according to this international definition, but data from some countries may also include persons with undetermined nationality.

**9** Refers to individuals who do not necessarily fall directly into any of the other groups but to
whom UNHCR may extend its protection and/or assistance services. These activities might be based on humanitarian or other special grounds.

**10** UNHCR has recommended on 4 April 2014 to start the process of cessation of refugee
status for refugees from Croatia displaced during the 1991-95 conflict. The Office suggests that cessation enters into effect latest by the end of 2017.

**11** UNHCR’s assistance activities for IDPs in Cyprus ended in 1999. Visit the website of the
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) for further information.

**12** Refugee figure for Iraqis in the Syrian Arab Republic is a Government estimate. UNHCR has
registered and is assisting 23,500 Iraqis at mid-2015. The refugee population in Jordan includes 32,800 Iraqis registered with UNHCR. The Government of Jordan estimated the number of Iraqis at 400,000 individuals at the end of March 2015. This included refugees and other categories of Iraqis.

**13** The figure of stateless persons refers to persons without citizenship in Rakhine State only
and does not include an estimated 170,000 IDPs and persons in an IDP-like situation who are included under the IDP population but who are not considered nationals. The total stateless population in Rakhine State is estimated to be approximately one million.

**14** Refers to Palestinian refugees under the UNHCR mandate only.

**15** The number of Rwandan refugees in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is subject to
change based on a registration exercise carried out in 2014 that resulted in a figure of 243,000 identified Rwandans, as well as a biometric registration exercise.

**16** An unknown number of refugees and asylum-seekers from South Sudan may be included
under Sudan (in absence of separate statistics for both countries). IDP figure in South Sudan includes 105,000 people who are in an IDP-like situation.

**17** The statistics of the remaining IDPs as at mid-2015, while provided by the Government
authorities at the district level, are being reviewed by the central authorities. Once this review has been concluded, the statistics will be changed accordingly.

**18** Figures for refugees and asylum-seekers may include citizens of South Sudan (in absence of
separate statistics for both countries). IDP figure in Sudan includes 77,300 people who are in an IDP-like situation.

**19** A limited number of countries record refugee and asylum statistics by country of birth
rather than country of origin. This affects the number of refugees reported as originating from the United States of America.

**20** The 300,000 Vietnamese refugees are well integrated and in practice receive protection
from the Government of China.

**21** According to the Government of Algeria, there are an estimated 165,000 Sahrawi refugees in
the Tindouf camps.
Source: UNHCR/Governments.

UNHCR Mid-Year Trends 2015 **25**

biometric registration exercise


Input:
**Annex tables 3 through 14**
**can be downloaded from**
**the UNHCR website at:**

[http://www.unhcr.org/statistics/mid2015stats.zip](http://www.unhcr.org/statistics/mid2015stats.zip)

**26** UNHCR Mid-Year Trends 2015

UNHCR Mid-Year Trends 2015


Input:
© 2015 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees All rights reserved. Reproductions and translations are authorized, provided UNHCR is acknowledged as the source.

For more information, please contact: Field Information and Coordination Support Section Division of Programme Support and Management Case Postale 2500 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
[stats@unhcr.org](mailto:stats%40unhcr.org?subject=Global%20Trends%202012) This document along with further statistical information on global displacement is available on UNHCR’s website:
[http://www.unhcr.org/statistics](http://www.unhcr.org/statistics) Cover page: **This young Syrian refugee carries his little brother** across the border between Greece and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The number of refugees and migrants arriving by boat in Greece and travelling long distances over land to reach Western Europe is on the rise. Many face violence, extortion and robbery along the way.

© U N H C R | A . M cCo n n e l l

pro duc ed an d printed by u n h c R .
[L ayout: www.julieschneider.ch](http://www.julieschneider.ch)

###### **www.unhcr.org**

UNHCR Mid-Year Trends 2015 **27**


Input:
###### Who are included in UNHCR statistics?

Refugees include individuals recognized under the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, its 1967 Protocol, the 1969 Organization of African Unity (OAU) Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, those recognized in accordance with the UNHCR Statute, individuals granted complementary forms of protection, [(1)] and those enjoying temporary protection [(2)] . The refugee population also includes persons in refugee-like situations. [(3)] Asylum-seekers (with ‘pending cases’) are individuals who have sought international protection and whose claims for refugee status have not yet been determined. Those covered in this report refer to claimants whose individual applications were pending as at 30 June 2015, irrespective of when those claims may have been lodged.

Internally displaced persons (IDPs) are persons or groups of persons who have been forced to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of, or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or natural or man-made disasters, and who have not crossed an international border. [(4)] For the purposes of UNHCR’s statistics, this population only includes conflict-generated IDPs to whom the Office extends protection and/or assistance. The IDP population also includes persons in an IDP-like situation. [(5)] Returned IDPs refers to those IDPs who were beneficiaries of UNHCR’s protection and assistance activities, and who returned to their area of origin or habitual residence between January and June 2015.
In practice, however, operations may assist IDP returnees for longer periods.

Returned refugees (returnees) are former refugees who have returned to their country of origin, either spontaneously or in an organized fashion, but are yet to be fully integrated. Such returns would normally take place only under conditions of safety and dignity.
For the purposes of this report, only refugees who returned between January and June 2015 are included, though in practice operations may assist returnees for longer periods.

Persons under UNHCR’s statelessness mandate are defined under international law as those not considered as nationals by any State under the operation of its law. In other words, they do not possess the nationality of any State. UNHCR statistics refer to persons who fall under the agency’s statelessness mandate as those who are stateless according to this international definition, but data from some countries may also include persons with undetermined nationality.

UNHCR has been given a global mandate by the United Nations General Assembly to contribute to the prevention and reduction of statelessness and the protection of stateless persons. The agency also performs a specific function, under Article 11 of the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, in receiving claims from persons who may benefit from the statelessness safeguards contained in that Convention, and in assisting them and the States concerned to resolve these claims.

Other groups or persons of concern refers to individuals who do not necessarily fall directly into any of these groups but to whom UNHCR has extended its protection and/or assistance services, based on humanitarian or other special grounds.

**(1)** ‘Complementary protection’ refers to protection provided under national, regional, or international law to persons who do not qualify for protection under refugee law
instruments but are in need of international protection because they are at risk of serious harm.

**(2)** ‘Temporary protection’ refers to arrangements developed to offer protection of a temporary nature, either until the situation in the country of origin improves and allows
for a safe and dignified return or until individual refugee or complementary protection status determination can be carried out.

**(3)** This term is descriptive in nature. It includes groups of persons who are outside their country or territory of origin and who face protection risks similar to refugees but
for whom refugee status has, for practical or other reasons, not been ascertained.

**(4)** See: United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Representative of the Secretary-General, Mr. Francis M. Deng, submitted pursuant to Commission
resolution 1997/39. Addendum: Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, 11 February 1998.

**(5)** This term is descriptive in nature. It includes groups of persons who are inside their country of nationality or habitual residence and who face protection risks similar to
IDPs but who, for practical or other reasons, could not be reported as such.

UNHCR statistics


Input:
**Gender-Based Violence Sub-Working Group (GBV SWG)**

**In Response to Syrian Crisis, Humanitarian Setting**

**Gaziantep- Turkey**

**I.** **Background/Justification**

During conflicts and natural disasters, civilians are at significant risk of harm through violence, abuse or deliberate deprivation. Much of violence is hidden and goes underreported, particularly domestic violence or intimate partner violence, and GBV survivors may fear the repercussions of reporting incidents, such as forms of stigmatization that could jeopardize their future. Under-reporting of GBV makes it difficult, if not impossible, to obtain an accurate measurement of the magnitude of the problem. In emergency situations, often characterized by instability, insecurity, fear, dependence, loss of autonomy, the breakdown of law and order, and widespread disruption of community and family support systems, women may be even less likely to disclose incidents of GBV. Until there are services in place that GBV survivors can safely access there is little reason for them to put themselves at risk by disclosing their experience of GBV.

As of 18 May 2015, 259.788 Syrians reside in 25 camps in 10 cities and as of 4 May 2015, there are 1.759.846 registered Syrians in total in Turkey. Although Turkey has a system to respond gender-based violence (GBV) cases, it’s overloaded with the high number of Syrian population in the country. There is an increasing need for a sensitive, highly coordinated and systematic approach to handle GBV cases within the Turkey context. Therefore strong interagency coordination is needed to achieve the required multi-sectoral approach for an effective humanitarian response to GBV. UN agencies have been supportive with the government institutions on combating GBV and this support is planned to continue with the activities of GBV Sub-Group.

[Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and](http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/equality/03themes/violence-against-women/Conv_VAW_en.pdf)
[domestic violence, also known as the Istanbul Convention that is one of the legally](http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/equality/03themes/violence-against-women/Conv_VAW_en.pdf) binding instrument for Turkey as one of the signatory countries, provides specific guidance for migration and asylum, integrating policies against multiple sectors and promoting international cooperation as written below:
**Article 60. “** 1. Parties shall take the necessary legislative or other measures to ensure that
gender based violence against women may be recognized as a form of persecution within the meaning of Article 1, A (2), of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and as a form of serious harm giving rise to complementary/subsidiary protection.


Input:
2. Parties shall ensure that a gender-sensitive interpretation is given to each of the Convention grounds and that where it is established that the persecution feared is for one or more of these grounds, applicants shall be granted refugee status according to the applicable relevant instruments.

3. Parties shall take the necessary legislative or other measures to develop gender sensitive reception procedures and support services for asylum-seekers as well as gender guidelines and gender-sensitive asylum procedures, including refugee status determination and application for international protection. **”** In order to respond the need in this area, as one of the standards mentioned in many international guidelines such as IASC, IAWG, and MISP, planning and coordination is aimed with the establishment of the GBV Sub-Group.

**II.** **Definition of Gender-Based Violence**

_Gender-based violence_ as defined in the IASC Guidelines for Addressing Gender-Based Violence in Humanitarian Settings “is an umbrella term for any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person’s will, and that is based on socially ascribed (gender) differences between male and females”. It includes acts that inflict physical, mental, sexual harm or suffering, as well as threats of such acts, coercion and other deprivations of liberty.

GBV shall be understood to comprise, but not be limited to:

1. Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring **in the family**, including
battering, sexual exploitation, sexual abuse of children in the household, dowry-related violence, marital rape, traditional practices harmful to women, non-spousal violence and violence related to exploitation.

2. Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring **within the general community**, including rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment and intimidation at work, in educational institutions and elsewhere, as well as trafficking in women, girls, boys and men, and forced prostitution.

3. Physical, sexual and psychological violence **perpetrated or condoned by the State**
**and institutions**, wherever it occurs.


Input:
**1.** **Objectives of the GBV Sub-Working Group**

1. To establish a multi-sectoral sub-group which focus on all GBV related issues in and

out of camp population at humanitarian settings 2. To consolidate, coordinate, improve and support the activities of all relevant stakeholders in the prevention of and response to GBV within the context of humanitarian action in Turkey.
3. To improve access to relevant information to support operations, advocacy and awareness raising needs through different trainings and workshops.
4. To promote best practice in the emergence of a shared vision and strategic framework, integrated strategies, coordinated activities, and common protocols used nationally and globally in humanitarian crises in GBV.
5. To support/assist the establishment of referral mechanisms and Standard Operational Procedures (SOPs) for GBV cases in collaboration with all actors including the NGOs and government institutions and to make sure that these procedures are in place.
6. To build/enhance the capacity of GBV partners by ensuring processes and procedures are clearly explained and understood, providing standard GBV resources, translating key guidelines if not available, conducting mapping of partners’ capacity to identify skills.

**III.** **The structure and membership of the GBV Sub-Working Group**

**1.** **Leadership**

The GBV Sub-Working Group will be chaired by UNHCR, co-chaired by UNFPA.
General Directorate of Women’s Status of the Ministry of Family and Social Policies as the key government institution to combat GBV in Turkey will support both UNHCR and UNFPA through their national and regional capacity.

**2.** **Membership**

a. In order to ensure a holistic and multi-sectoral approach in the prevention of and response to GBV, membership of the GBV Working Group will be extended to national and local government representatives, international and national NGOs, international organizations, and other entities providing services in the health, psychosocial, legal and security sectors.

b. Membership of national NGOs and entities shall be encouraged, in order to ensure sustainability of the sub-Working Group. Membership of national NGOs


Input:
providing services in provinces, districts and/or at community level will be particularly encouraged.

**3.** **Meetings**

a. The GBV Sub-Working Group meetings will be held on Wednesdays of the second week of every month, after the Protection/Community Services Working Group meeting held in Gaziantep.
b. A draft agenda will be circulated to members of the Sub-Working Group at least five days before the regular monthly meeting, giving the members the opportunity to suggest additional items for discussion.
c. Draft minutes will be circulated within one week of the meeting.

**4.** **Reporting**

a. Members of the Sub-Working Group will submit a monthly brief report to the Chair, at the latest one week before the regular meeting.
b. The reports will highlight the GBV issues the members and their field counterparts are addressing, the challenges they are facing and highlight any issues that require action by the GBV Sub-Working Group. These issues will be discussed at the monthly meeting of the Sub-Working Group.
c. The reports will be shared with the relevant national and regional government institutions and NGOs for their future interventions.

**IV.** **(ToRs)/functions of the GBV Sub-Working Group**

1. In line with the TORs of the identified responsibilities, the Sub-Working Group will
consolidate, coordinate, improve and support the efforts and activities of all relevant stakeholders in the prevention of and response to GBV, within the context of humanitarian action in Turkey through: a. Mapping and updating relevant GBV prevention and response actors in focus areas (who, what, where); b. Liaising with national actors working in the sector to strengthen the coordination, information sharing, management/analysis of cases, data and referrals within the context of relevant national framework.
c. Ensuring that analyses are carried out on the GBV situations in focus areas and documented for all actors to use;


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d. Monitoring the established reporting and monitoring mechanisms to ensure coordination of efforts and activities of members and relevant stakeholders; e. Providing a forum for sharing information on activities, identifying needs and gaps in prevention and response, as well as for planning GBV inter-agency activities; f. Engaging in inter-agency, multi-sectoral field missions to assess programming successes and challenges and identify gaps in GBV programming; g. Facilitating and supporting awareness-raising initiatives, targeting government bodies and community structures for the prevention of GBV; h. Strengthening the capacity of governmental institutions, NGOs and humanitarian staff to prevent and respond to GBV by organizing trainings, providing technical support and tapping into existing training/capacity development opportunities; i. Active liaising with relevant cluster working groups (health, mental health etc.) to ensure that GBV issues are integrated into all humanitarian response efforts.
j. Liaising with the national level GBV group which is co-lead by MoFSP and AFAD in Ankara.
k. Developing national and international advocacy strategy on the issues of GBV to put the issue on the agenda of the local, regional and int’l institutions and donors.

2. The work of the GBV Sub-Working Group will be guided by the following principles:

**Confidentiality** : ensuring that survivors, witnesses and information sources are protected.
No identifying information will be revealed in data resources, nor during coordination or other public meetings, when reference is made to (specific) GBV cases;

**Neutrality** : a non-partisan approach in providing services to survivors - not taking sides;

**Impartiality** : non-discrimination on the basis of nationality, race, religious belief,
political views, sexual orientation, social or other status;

**Safety and security** : all actors will prioritize the safety of the survivor, family, witnesses
and service providers at all times;

**Participatory approach** : ensuring, to the extent possible, consultation with all members
of the community (women, girls and boys and men) throughout the GBV programming cycle;

**Independence** : working without influence of States, government bodies, parties to a
conflict or other political entities;

**Respect** : actions and responses of all actors will be guided by respect for the choices,
wishes, rights and the dignity of the survivor.

data resources


Input:
**Further Contact**

Tayba Sharif, UNHCR, Protection Officer (Gaziantep) Meltem Ağduk, UNFPA Gender Programme Coordinator and GBV Humanitarian Consultant (Ankara)


Input:
**FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY**

Report No: PCBASIC0178487 INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT


Input: CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective February 29, 2020) Currency Unit = Turkish Lira 5. 96 TL = US$1 US$0.17 = TL 1 6.62 TL = EURO 1 EURO 0.15 TL 1 Euro 1.0 US$0.9096 FISCAL YEAR January 1 - December 31 Regional Vice President: Cyril E. Muller Country Director: Auguste Tano Kouame Regional Director: Steven N. Schonberger Practice Manager: David Michaud Task Team Leader(s): Sanyu Lutalo, Canan Yildiz


Input:
**ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS**

AF Additional Financing AFAD Disaster and Emergency Management Authority (in Turkish) AFD French Development Agency (in French) ASA Advisory Services and Analytics ASKI Adana Su Ve Kanalizayson Idaresi (Adana General Directorate of Water and Wastewater Administration) BRSA Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency CAB Community Ablution Block CBA Cost-Benefit Analyses CPF Country Partnership Framework DGMM Directorate General of Migration Management DMA District Metering Area DSI Devlet Su Isleri EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EC European Commission ESF Environmental and Social Framework ESCP Environmental and Social Commitment Plan ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan EU European Union EUD European Union Delegation FCV Fragility, Conflict and Violence FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return FM Financial Management FRIT Facility for Refugees in Turkey FY Fiscal Year GHG Green House Gas GoT Government of Turkey GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism GRS Grievance Redress Service GWSP Global Water Sector Partnership ILBANK Iller Bankasi Anonim Sirketi IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IDA International Development Association IDP Internally Displaced Person IFI International Financial Institution IPF Investment Project Financing IRR Internal Rate of Return ISKUR Turkish Employment Agency (in Turkish)


Input: ISP Implementation Support Plan KASKI Kayiseri Su Ve Kanalizayson Idaresi (Kayiseri General Directorate of Water and Wastewater Administration) KFW Credit Institute for Reconstruction (in German) KOSGEB Small and Medium Industry Development Organization (in Turkish) M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MoFLSS Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Services (in Turkish) MoTF Ministry of Treasury and Finance MoNE Ministry of National Education (in Turkish) MSP Municipal Services Project MSP-AF Municipal Services Project – Additional Financing NEP New Economic Program NGO Non-Governmental Organization NWMP & AP National Waste Management Plan and Action Plan NRW Non-Revenue Water O&M Operational and Maintenance PCN Project Concept Note PDO Project Development Objective PIAP Performance Improvement Action Plan PID Project Identification Document PIU Project Implementation Unit PMU Project Management Unit POM Project Operational Manual PPSD Project Procurement Strategy Document SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SCP Sustainable Cities Program SDG Sustainable Development Goal SKI Su Ve Kanalizayson Idaresi (General Directorate of Water and Wastewater Administration) SOE Statement of Expenditure SUTP Syrians under Temporary Protection SCD Systematic Country Diagnostic SWM Solid Waste Management TA Technical Assistance TURKSTAT Turkish Statistical Institute (in Turkish) UN United Nations UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UOTF Utility of the Future WASH Water Sanitation and Hygiene WBG World Bank Group WSS Water Supply and Sanitation WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant


Input:
**The World Bank**
Municipal Services Improvement Project(P169996) TABLE OF CONTENTS

**DATASHEET ........................................................................................................................... 1**

**I.** **STRATEGIC CONTEXT ...................................................................................................... 7**

A. Country Context................................................................................................................................ 7 B. Sectoral and Institutional Context .................................................................................................... 8 C. Relevance to Higher Level Objectives ............................................................................................. 12

**II.** **PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE .............................................................................. 13**

**III.** **PROJECT DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................. 14**

A. Project Components ....................................................................................................................... 14 B. Results Chain................................................................................................................................... 19 C. Rationale for Bank Involvement and Role of Partners ................................................................... 20 D. Lessons Learned and Reflected in the Project Design .................................................................... 21

**IV.** **IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS ............................................................................ 22**

A. Institutional and Implementation Arrangements .......................................................................... 22 B. Results Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements......................................................................... 24 C. Sustainability ................................................................................................................................... 24

**V.** **PROJECT APPRAISAL SUMMARY ................................................................................... 25**

A. Technical, Economic and Financial Analysis ................................................................................... 25 B. Fiduciary .......................................................................................................................................... 27 C. Legal Operational Policies ............................................................................................................... 28

**VI.** **GRIEVANCE REDRESS SERVICES ..................................................................................... 34**

**VII.** **KEY RISKS ..................................................................................................................... 34**

**VIII.** **RESULTS FRAMEWORK AND MONITORING ................................................................... 37**

**ANNEX 1: Implementation Arrangements and Support Plan .......................................... 47**

**ANNEX 2: Detailed Project Description .......................................................................... 55**

**ANNEX 3: Economic and Financial Analysis .................................................................... 67**

**ANNEX 4: Procurement ................................................................................................. 77**

**ANNEX 5: Communications and Visibility Plan ............................................................... 88**

**ANNEX 6: Team List ...................................................................................................... 93**

**ANNEX 7: Project Map .................................................................................................. 94**


Input:
**The World Bank**
Municipal Services Improvement Project(P169996) DATASHEET

**BASIC INFORMATION**
~~BASIC~~ ~~INFO~~ ~~TABLE~~ Country(ies) Project Name Turkey Municipal Services Improvement Project Project ID Financing Instrument Environmental and Social Risk Classification Investment Project P169996 Substantial Financing

**Financing & Implementation Modalities**

[ ] Multiphase Programmatic Approach (MPA) [ ] Contingent Emergency Response Component (CERC)

[ ] Series of Projects (SOP) [ ] Fragile State(s)

[ ] Disbursement-linked Indicators (DLIs) [ ] Small State(s)

[✓] Financial Intermediaries (FI) [ ] Fragile within a non-fragile Country

[ ] Project-Based Guarantee [ ] Conflict

[ ] Deferred Drawdown [✓] Responding to Natural or Man-made Disaster

[ ] Alternate Procurement Arrangements (APA) Expected Approval Date Expected Closing Date 31-Mar-2020 31-Dec-2024 Bank/IFC Collaboration No

**Proposed Development Objective(s)**

The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to improve host and refugee communities access to safely managed water supply, sanitation and solid waste services in selected municipalities affected by the influx of Syrians Under Temporary Protection in Turkey.

Page 1 of 94

Disbursement-linked Indicators


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**The World Bank**
Municipal Services Improvement Project (P169996)

**Components**

**Component Name** **Cost (US$, millions)**

Environmental Infrastructure Investments 280.34 Technical Assistance for Project Management and Supervision, Capacity Building, 16.04 Communication and Citizen Engagement

**Organizations**

Borrower: ILLER BANKASI ANONIM SIRKETI (ILBANK) Implementing Agency: ILLER BANKASI ANONIM SIRKETI (ILBANK)

**PROJECT FINANCING DATA (US$, Millions)**

**SUMMARY-NewFin1**

**Total Project Cost** 296.76

**Total Financing** 148.80

**of which IBRD/IDA** 148.80

**Financing Gap** 147.96

**DETAILS-NewFinEnh1**

**World Bank Group Financing**

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) 148.80

**Expected Disbursements (in US$, Millions)**

**WB Fiscal Year** 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

**Annual** 0.00 8.30 15.00 25.00 40.00 60.50

**Cumulative** 0.00 8.30 23.30 48.30 88.30 148.80

**INSTITUTIONAL DATA**

Page 2 of 94

PROJECT FINANCING DATA

INSTITUTIONAL DATA

PROJECT FINANCING DATA

INSTITUTIONAL DATA


Input:
**The World Bank**
Municipal Services Improvement Project (P169996)

**Practice Area (Lead)** **Contributing Practice Areas**

Water Urban, Resilience and Land

**Climate Change and Disaster Screening**

This operation has been screened for short and long-term climate change and disaster risks

**SYSTEMATIC OPERATIONS RISK-RATING TOOL (SORT)**

**Risk Category** **Rating**

1. Political and Governance ⚫ Moderate

2. Macroeconomic ⚫ Substantial 3. Sector Strategies and Policies ⚫ Moderate 4. Technical Design of Project or Program ⚫ Moderate 5. Institutional Capacity for Implementation and Sustainability ⚫ Moderate 6. Fiduciary ⚫ Moderate 7. Environment and Social ⚫ Substantial 8. Stakeholders ⚫ Substantial 9. Other ⚫ Substantial 10. Overall ⚫ Substantial

**COMPLIANCE**

**Policy**
Does the project depart from the CPF in content or in other significant respects?

[ ] Yes [✓] No Does the project require any waivers of Bank policies?

[ ] Yes [✓] No Page 3 of 94

SYSTEMATIC OPERATIONS RISK-RATING TOOL


Input:
**The World Bank**
Municipal Services Improvement Project (P169996)

**Environmental and Social Standards Relevance Given its Context at the Time of Appraisal**

**E & S Standards** **Relevance**

Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts Relevant Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure Relevant Labor and Working Conditions Relevant Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management Relevant Community Health and Safety Relevant Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement Relevant Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities Relevant Not Currently Relevant Cultural Heritage Relevant Financial Intermediaries Relevant

**NOTE** : For further information regarding the World Bank’s due diligence assessment of the Project’s potential
environmental and social risks and impacts, please refer to the Project’s Appraisal Environmental and Social Review Summary (ESRS).

**Legal Covenants**

Sections and Description Schedule 2, Section I.A.1(a). The Borrower shall maintain, until the completion of the Project, a Project Management Unit (“PMU”), established within its International Relations Department, and responsible for coordinating and supervising Project implementation, and for providing implementation support to Selected Municipalities and SKIs.

Sections and Description Schedule 2, Section I.A.1(b). The Borrower shall ensure that the PMU functions at all times in a manner and with staffing, budgetary resources, and authority necessary and appropriate for satisfactory Project implementation, and all of which shall be acceptable to the Bank (said staffing shall include (i) an environmental expert, (ii) a social expert, and (iii) a communications and stakeholder specialist).

Sections and Description Page 4 of 94


Input:
**The World Bank**
Municipal Services Improvement Project (P169996) Schedule 2, Schedule 1, Section I.A.2. By no later than ninety (90) days after the Effective Date, the Borrower shall execute and deliver the Grant Agreement, and shall fulfill all conditions precedent to the effectiveness of, or to the right of the Borrower to make withdrawals under, said Grant Agreement.

Sections and Description Schedule 2, Section I.A.3. By no later than thirty (30) days after the signing of the first Sub-loan Agreement or Subgrant Agreement between the Borrower and a Selected Municipality or SKI, the Borrower shall: (a) ensure that the Selected Municipality or SKI establishes a Project implementing unit to carry out its respective Sub-project activities; and (b) cause the respective Selected Municipality or SKI to ensure that its Project implementing unit functions at all times during Project implementation in a manner and with staffing, budgetary resources, and authority necessary and appropriate for satisfactory Project implementation, and all of which shall be acceptable to the Bank.

Sections and Description Schedule 2, Section I.B.1. The Borrower shall maintain, throughout Project implementation, a Project Operational Manual (“POM”), in substance and manner acceptable to the Bank.

Sections and Description Schedule 2, Section I.B.2. The Borrower shall carry out the Project, and cause the Project to be carried out, in accordance with the arrangements, procedures and guidelines set forth in the POM.

Sections and Description Schedule 2, Section I.C.1. With respect to Part 1 of the Project, the Borrower shall make Sub-loans to Selected Municipalities and SKIs for the carrying out of Sub-projects, all in accordance with eligibility criteria and procedures, and on terms and conditions, acceptable to the Bank and as set forth in the Loan Agreement’s Schedule 2, Section I.C, the Loan Agreement’s Annex to Schedule 2, and the POM.

Sections and Description Schedule 2, Section I.C.2. Unless otherwise agreed to between the Bank and the Borrower, the eligibility of any said Sub-project investment proposed for financing under Part 1 of the Project shall be appraised and selected in accordance with standards, criteria and procedures acceptable to the Bank, which shall include determining that the proposed investment: (a) is aligned with the Project objective; (b) serves an area or areas that has/have a significant presence of SuTP; (c) is technically feasible; (d) is economically and financially viable; (e) is demand and needs driven; (f) demonstrates substantial readiness; (g) is environmentally and socially sustainable; and (h) is in compliance with, and can be designed and implemented in a manner in compliance with the Bank’s fiduciary requirements, Bank’s Environmental and Social Standards, the Loan Agreement’s Schedule 2, Section I.D, the Environmental and Social Commitment Plan, and the Environmental and Social Instruments, and all other relevant terms of the Loan Agreement, including the exclusion of Excluded Activities.

Sections and Description Schedule 2, Section I.C.3. The Borrower shall obtain the Bank’s approval of a proposed Sub-project and Sub-loan prior to the execution of a Sub-loan Agreement with the Selected Municipality or SKI concerned.

Page 5 of 94


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**The World Bank**
Municipal Services Improvement Project (P169996) Sections and Description Schedule 2, Section I.C.4. The Borrower shall extend each Sub-loan under a Sub-loan Agreement with the respective Selected Municipality or SKI on terms and conditions approved by the Bank, including, without limitation, the terms and conditions set forth in the Loan Agreement’s Annex to Schedule 2 and the POM.

Sections and Description Schedule 2, Section D.1 and 2. The Borrower shall, and shall cause the Selected Municipalities and SKIs to, ensure that the Project is carried out in accordance with the Environmental and Social Standards, and implemented in accordance with the Environmental and Social Commitment Plan, in a manner acceptable to the Bank.

Sections and Description Schedule 2, Section E. The Borrower shall prepare and furnish to the Bank not later than April 15 of each year during the implementation of the Project, a proposed Annual Work Plan and Budget, afford the Bank a reasonable opportunity to exchange views on each such proposed Annual Work Plan and Budget, and ensure that the Project is implemented with due diligence during said following year, and not make or allow to be made any change to the approved Annual Work Plan and Budget without the Bank’s prior written approval.

**Conditions**

Type Description Effectiveness The Borrower has adopted a Project Operations Manual acceptable to the Bank (Article IV: Section 4.01 (a)).

Type Description Effectiveness The Borrower has properly staffed its Project Management Unit, with positions, terms of reference, and staff qualifications acceptable to the Bank (Article IV: Section 4.01 (b)). .

Type Description Effectiveness The Borrower has properly adjusted its existing grievance redress mechanism for the purposes of the Project, and operationalized said mechanism, all in manner and form acceptable to the Bank (Article IV: Section 4.01 (c)).

Page 6 of 94


Input:
**The World Bank**
Municipal Services Improvement Project (P169996)

**I.** **STRATEGIC CONTEXT**

**A. Country Context**

1. **Turkey has high growth potential, but recent shocks have affected the sustainability of its economic gains since**

**the early 2000s.** After the Global Financial Crisis in 2008-2009, growth has been increasingly fueled by credit booms
and rapid accumulation of (mostly foreign exchange) private sector debt, together with short-term stimulus policy.
These led to declining productivity and growing macroeconomic imbalances in late 2017/early 2018. The situation was compounded by exogenous factors including multiple election cycles, regional conflict, and difficult international relations. The ensuing volatility in growth has affected the sustainability of Turkey’s economic gains.

2. **Economic vulnerabilities that had accumulated over the past 4 years came to a head in mid-2018.** Policy stimulus in the aftermath of the 2016 failed coup attempt led to economic overheating. Though growth accelerated to 7.4 percent in 2017, this came at a cost of double-digit inflation and a large current account deficit. A hardening of external economic conditions in mid-2018, together with tense international relations, led to a collapse in the Lira.
This profoundly affected the real and financial sectors. Corporations and banks suffered due to high foreign exchange debt, annual inflation peaked at 25 percent in October 2018, the economy went into recession in 2018, and unemployment spiked from 10 percent in January 2018 to 14 percent in June 2019 (World Bank 2019a, 2019b).

3. **The Turkish economy over the past 12 months has experienced major adjustments.** Current account imbalances have declined, banks have reduced their external exposure and portfolio flows have started to recover. These adjustments have lessened external vulnerabilities that had accumulated in the run up to the August 2018 currency shock. They have also contributed to a more stable Lira, notwithstanding bouts of currency volatility. There has also been steady disinflation over this period. These developments were supported by selected policy responses and accommodative global monetary conditions. Even so, foreign exchange reserves have gotten eroded over the past two years, exposing Turkey to external market pressure.

4. **Stagnating output, high costs of production, and high consumer prices have led to significant job losses and falling**

**real wages.** Unemployment among the youth is particularly high, jumping from 19 percent to 25 percent between
May 2018 and May 2019. Average real wages declined by 2.6 percent between 2017 and 2018, though have picked up more recently due to adjustments to the minimum wage. Poorer households have been most impacted because many low-income workers are employed in construction and agriculture – the sectors that saw the biggest decline in jobs. Moreover, the long-term impact of the real wage effects is greater for the poorest households since they have limited coping mechanisms.

5. **Turkey now faces a two-fold challenge:** in the near-term to extricate itself from a downturn while inflation is high (albeit declining), the external environment is uncertain, and firms are struggling with debt; and to put in place appropriate policy and institutional settings to support a shift to a sustainable-medium term growth model. The pace and sustainability of Turkey’s recovery will depend on reducing economic uncertainty backed by consistent policy mix. The economy has stabilized in the short-term. GDP is projected to rebound to 3 percent and 4 percent in 2020 and 2021, respectively. However, given the high degree of uncertainty in the global outlook, restoring confidence and reducing domestic risk premia with appropriate monetary stance and effective fiscal policy would be key for sustaining recovery. Rigorous progress in advancing structural reforms such as deepening financial markets and completing overdue labor market reforms will help to mitigate vulnerabilities, and support growth in the medium term.

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Input:
**The World Bank**
Municipal Services Improvement Project (P169996) 6. **Turkey is both a transit and reception country for migrants and refugees and, globally, the country hosts the**

**highest number of refugees.** **[1]** As a result of the crisis in its southern border with Syria, Turkey has been hosting an
increasing number of refugees and foreigners seeking international protection. In addition to hosting more than 3.6 million Syrians [2], who are under temporary protection, there are an estimated 400,000 asylum seekers and refugees from other nationalities. The country’s refugee response has been progressive and provides a model to other countries hosting refugees. However, the magnitude of the refugee and migrant influx continues to pose substantial development consequences for not only the displaced but also the communities into which they settle, contributing to the expansion and overcrowding of settlements, increased demands for urban services (including water supply, sanitation and solid waste services), additional pressure on infrastructure and the urban environment, conflicts over land, and increased competition for employment, housing, and social services. These stresses stretch the limited capacity of urban local governments, including municipalities and other service providers. Apart from the large cities such as Ankara, Istanbul and Izmir, many of the cities hosting a high concentration of Syrians are already located in the more vulnerable or disadvantaged provinces in Turkey, which exacerbates the development challenges.

7. **The Government of Turkey (GT) spent an estimated EUR 31 billion to meet the needs of refugees and hosting**

**communities from the beginning of the Syrian crisis to 2017.** **[3]** This includes the provision of free healthcare and
education possibilities, as well as allowing legal access to the labor market. The international community has also provided over EUR 4 billion since 2016, of which 95 percent is from the European Union (EU). [4] This includes the first tranche of the EU Facility for Refugees in Turkey (FRiT), which is an EUR 3 billion fund launched in 2016, designed to support the GoT hosting refugees, EUR 600 million EU support outside of the FRiT, and over EUR 400 million in bilateral support from EU countries. Other donors, UN agencies, international, national and local civil society organizations, as well as International Financial Institutions (IFIs), have also been playing an important role in Turkey’s refugee response, implementing a diverse range of programs and projects, accounting for over EUR 200 million.
These efforts have been geared primarily towards facilitating refugee access to existing public services while strengthening the capacity and responsiveness of state institutions at the national and local levels.

**B. Sectoral and Institutional Context**

8. **A legal framework was established to tackle challenges due to the influx of refugees in Turkey by issuing Law No.**

**6458 on Foreigners and International Protection in 2013 and Regulation No. 29153 on Temporary Protection of**
**Syrians in 2014.** While the primary responsibility for emergency response and coordinating humanitarian needs,
including management of the refugee camps, are fulfilled by the Disaster and Emergency Management Authority (AFAD), relevant ministries and local authorities, depending on their respective area of jurisdiction, assume responsibility to provide registered refugees with access to municipal services, education, healthcare, social services, and labor markets.

1 DGMM. 2019. This PAD uses the term refugee regardless of country of origin, although Syrians are under temporary protection status, and non-Syrians under international protection law.
_[http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik6/temporary-protection_915_1024_4748_icerik](http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik6/temporary-protection_915_1024_4748_icerik)_ 2 The terms “Syrians” and “refugees” are used in terms of sociological context and widespread daily use, and independent of the legal context in Turkey and Turkish Law. Turkey is a party to the 1951 Refugee Convention and 1967 Protocol. Turkey retains a geographic limitation to its ratification of the 1951 UN Convention on the Status of Refugees, which means that only those fleeing as a consequence of “events occurring in Europe” can be given refugee status. Syrian nationals, as well as stateless persons and refugees from Syria, who came to Turkey due to events in Syria after 28 April 2011 are provided with temporary protection.
3 European Commission (2018): Technical Assistance to the EU Facility for Refugees in Turkey – Updated EU Needs Assessment. October 2018.
Refer to: _[https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/updated_needs_assessment.pdf](https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/updated_needs_assessment.pdf)_ 4 Ibid.

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Input:
**The World Bank**
Municipal Services Improvement Project (P169996) 9. **The scope of the current project is primarily limited to infrastructure and technical assistance relating to water**

**supply and sanitation (WSS) and solid waste management, even though municipal services in general** **cover a**
**broader range of sub-sectors** **[5]** **, based on priority action areas identified under the FRiT Municipal Infrastructure**
**Window in the 2018 Needs Assessment** **[6]** **prepared by the EU.** Four out of five priority action areas focused on
activities in the mentioned environmental infrastructure sub-sectors, while the fifth area focused on other municipal services which included transport, recreational area needs and migrant information and coordination centres, and community and culture centres. The Bank in its proposal to the EU to access the grant made a strategic choice to limit the focus areas to the WSS and solid waste sub-sectors to reduce the complexity of the project scope given the limited implementation period and available resources. Other development partners were subsequently invited by the GoT through ILBANK to address the other municipal services under the fifth priority area.

10. **The WSS sector has undergone several reforms over the years and roles are currently distributed among several**

**institutions.** The 1926 Water Law places the overall responsibility for water resources management at the state level.
This was confirmed in the Constitution of 1982 that provided that the state owns the right to explore and operate these natural resources but can transfer this right to private institutions for a defined period. Municipalities are responsible for WSS services in their respective areas. In 1984, starting with Istanbul, Turkey created 16 “metropolitan municipalities [7] ” (MM) by consolidating the municipalities in the main urban areas. The _Su Ve_ _Kanalizayson Idaresi_ (General Directorate of Water and Wastewater Administration) “SKI” is established in every metropolitan municipality to manage water supply and sanitation (WSS) services in accordance with the provisions of Law No 2560. SKIs are public entities or utilities that are affiliated with the metropolitan municipality and have an autonomous budget. A new law that came into effect on March 31, 2014, created 14 new metropolitan municipalities and SKIs and extended the service area of all metropolitan municipalities to cover the entire province. As a result, there are 30 SKIs responsible for providing WSS services to about 77 percent of the population. Other smaller municipalities provide WSS services through municipal departments. Special provincial administrations (SPAs) provide services in non-municipal areas. Responsibility for solid waste management rests with the respective municipalities.

11. **Goal 6 of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 6) calls for** _**Ensuring Availability and**_ _**Sustainable Management of Water and Sanitation for All**_ **.** The goal addresses water supply, sanitation and hygiene (SDG Targets 6.1 and 6.2), treatment, recycling and reuse of wastewater (Target 6.3), increasing efficiency and ensuring sustainable withdrawals (Target 6.4), and protection of water-related ecosystems (Target 6.6) as part of an integrated approach to water resources management (Target 6.5). It also focuses attention on the links between development outcomes and means of implementation (6a and 6b). The Goal specifically seeks to achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030. While Turkey is considered to be advanced in terms of availability of water and sanitation services for most of its population in terms of overall access, sustainable management [8] of these services remains a challenge in many municipalities. Moreover, climate change is expected to compound this challenge. [9] 5 [Municipal services may cover a broad range of basic services that include, inter alia, sanitation (both wastewater/excreta management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_services)
[and solid waste), water supply, recreational facilities, street cleaning services, public libraries, schools, food inspection, fire services, law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water)
[enforcement, ambulance and other health department services, and transportation..](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance) 6 EU Facility for Refugees in Turkey - Updated Needs Assessment 2018: _[https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-](https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/updated_needs_assessment.pdf)_ _[enlargement/sites/near/files/updated_needs_assessment.pdf](https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/updated_needs_assessment.pdf)_ 7 Metropolitan municipalities represent municipalities with population in excess of 750,000 people.
8 Sustainable WSS services are able to effectively deliver adequate consumer needs and are economically and financially viable, socially acceptable, technically and institutionally appropriate, and protect the environment and natural resources.
9 A 2016 Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) for Turkey, prepared by the World Bank, concluded that, given its large population and high Page 9 of 94


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**The World Bank**
Municipal Services Improvement Project (P169996) 12. **The sixth target under SDG 11 focuses on reducing the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including**

**by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management by 2030.** Progress towards
this target is to be monitored though measurement of the proportion of urban solid waste regularly collected and with adequate final discharge. Municipal solid waste is one of the major environmental problems in Turkey. While most of the population receives waste collection services, the majority of solid waste is not disposed in accordance with the relevant legal requirements and standards, and about 44 percent of the collected municipal waste is disposed to dump sites. Uncontrolled and illegal disposal methods like dumping and discharge into rivers and lakes also occur in several parts of the country.

13. **A World Bank Sector Note on Sustainable Urban Water Supply in Turkey** **[10]** **cited increasing water demand and**

**scarcity in Turkey, with the cumulative water demand for domestic, industrial, and irrigation uses expected to**
**exceed the water available before the end of the century.** Water demand is expected to increase from 43 billion m [3]
in 2015 to 54 billion m [3] by 2020 and to 62 billion m [3] by 2100, with models predicting that the decrease in water availability will be more severe in central provinces and provinces located on the southern and western shores of Turkey. There is therefore a need for increased efficiency in the use of water resources especially in these regions.

14. **While piped water coverage is relatively high in Turkey, more than 40 percent of water is distributed untreated,**

**which increases risks linked to poor water quality, including to public health.** According to Municipal Water
Statistics prepared by TURKSTAT in 2018, 99 percent of the population living in municipalities has access to piped water supply, however only 60 percent are served by a water treatment plant. The municipalities targeted in this project face significant water supply service challenges, including poor quality water due to inadequate water treatment facilities. Thus, based on the SDG definition of a safely managed drinking water service as one located on premises, available when needed and free from contamination, the municipalities are out of compliance with these service requirements, putting Turkey at risk of not fulfilling the SDG goal if not addressed. Service efficiency is also an issue, with utilities having high Non-Revenue Water (NRW), in some cases with over 50 percent losses, due to ageing or sub-optimally maintained transmission and distribution infrastructure. NRW in utilities averages about 36 percent country-wide.

15. **Similarly, while access to sewage networks is relatively high, a significant proportion of wastewater is discharged**

**untreated into the environment.** According to TURKSTAT Municipal Wastewater Statistics for 2016, 90 percent of
the population living in municipalities are served with a sewage network. However, only 70 percent of the population is served with a wastewater treatment plant. In individual municipalities coverage is lower, and the quality of sewerage infrastructure is inadequate, resulting in sewage leakages. These conditions not only impact the environment, but also lead to significant increases in operation and maintenance costs of the systems. With higher populations, impacts on the environment are increased. The current situation in the areas with no wastewater treatment puts the affected municipalities out of compliance with the SDGs, which define safely managed sanitation, as the use of an improved sanitation facility which is not shared with other households and where excreta is safely disposed in-situ or is transported and treated off-site. Access to safely managed [11] water supply and sanitation services at the neighborhood level in individual municipalities, especially in the lower income neighborhoods in urban level of water consumption, the country faces a significant water security threat from climate change—to manifest itself as potential droughts associated with the rising temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and reduced seasonal snow storage.
10 Republic of Turkey - Sustainable Urban Water Supply and Sanitation, World Bank, 2016.
11 According to the definition from the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a safely managed drinking water service is defined as one located on premises, available when needed and free from contamination. Goal: By 2030 achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all.

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TURKSTAT Municipal Wastewater Statistics

Municipal Water
Statistics prepared by TURKSTAT

Municipal Water
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Statistics

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Input:
**The World Bank**
Municipal Services Improvement Project (P169996) areas and peri-urban agricultural areas, which are inhabited by both Turkish citizens and SUTPs is a major issue.

16. **In addition to those challenges, the rapid influx of refugees has generated a significant additional burden on**

**already strained WSS services.** While the Government has embarked on an extensive rehabilitation and
development process nationwide to improve water quality nationally and to ensure that all rural and urban residential and industrial areas have access to safe drinking water, the sizeable population increase due to the refugee influx in many municipalities is further exacerbating pressure on existing infrastructure, requiring additional investments in water treatment and distribution systems. The provinces located in the South Eastern part of Turkey in particular, which remain the prime target of the Turkish Government’s development program, have seen the greatest negative impact in this regard. In individual municipalities, access to safely managed [12] water supply services at the neighborhood level is an issue, especially in the lower income neighborhoods and settlements which are inhabited by both Turkish citizens and refugees or SUTPs.

17. **There is evidence that existing solid waste disposal capacities in some affected municipalities are being strained**

**due to the refugee influx in affected areas.** This increase in waste generation has an impact on the lifetime of waste
collection vehicles and equipment, as well as disposal sites. While solid waste collection rates in Turkey are relatively high, a significant proportion of the waste is not disposed properly in landfills. According to the 2016 National Waste Management Plan and Action Plan (NWMP&AP) data, just over 60 percent of the municipal waste is sent to sanitary landfills, 28 percent is dumped into municipal dumpsites, and 11 percent was reported as recycled, composted or disposed of by other methods.

18. **Turkey’s rapid industrialization and urbanization growth during the last two decades has caused its environmental**

**footprint to increase rapidly, with total GHG emissions rising from 208 MtCO2e (in 1990) to 526 MtCO2e (in 2017)** **[13]** **.**
At the same time, climate change is further exacerbating already observed vulnerabilities and environmental risks, such as the intense flash floods in the Marmara region in September 2009, with 32 human losses and more than US$100 million of economic damage, as well as the recent floods in July-August 2019 in Northeastern Turkey. While there are no detailed climate change assessments that reflect conditions at each individual municipality level, Turkey has the highest risk of water safety in the arid and semi-arid regions including the Southeast, Central Anatolia, Aegean and Mediterranean. Most of the projections suggest a temperature increase of 3–4 °C on average across Turkey (from 2041 to 2070) [14] and uneven changes in the precipitation patterns, which are in turn expected to impact a number of sectors, including the availability of water resources across the country and the incidence of floods, associated with intense precipitation and coastal storms. Climate change impacts are expected to lead to more frequent and severe climate extreme events, including droughts (as highlighted in footnote 9), which could result in a disruption of critical municipal services and pose additional challenges to the existing urban infrastructure and well-being of the urban population. In addition, water pollution (caused by untreated industrial wastewater being discharged in rivers, among 12 According to the definition from the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a safely managed drinking water service is defined as one located on premises, available when needed and free from contamination. Goal: By 2030 achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all.
13 Sources: _[http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=30627 and OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkey 2019](http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=30627)_ _(_ [https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/oecd-environmental-performance-reviews-turkey-2019_9789264309753-en](https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/oecd-environmental-performance-reviews-turkey-2019_9789264309753-en) _)_ 14 Sources: _[OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkey 2019 ); (https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/oecd-environmental-](https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/oecd-environmental-performance-reviews-turkey-2019_9789264309753-en)_ _[performance-reviews-turkey-2019_9789264309753-en](https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/oecd-environmental-performance-reviews-turkey-2019_9789264309753-en)_ ; Turkey’s National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan, T.R. Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, November 2011, Ankara (1st edition) and T.R. Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, August 2012, Ankara (2nd edition) ( _[http://www.dsi.gov.tr/docs/iklim-degisikligi/turkeys-national-climate-change-adaptation-strategy-](http://www.dsi.gov.tr/docs/iklim-degisikligi/turkeys-national-climate-change-adaptation-strategy-and-action-plan.pdf?sfvrsn=2)_ _[and-action-plan.pdf?sfvrsn=2](http://www.dsi.gov.tr/docs/iklim-degisikligi/turkeys-national-climate-change-adaptation-strategy-and-action-plan.pdf?sfvrsn=2)_ ) ; Page 11 of 94

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Input:
**The World Bank**
Municipal Services Improvement Project (P169996) other things) could significantly reduce in water quality. Against this background, conserving the quantity and quality of water resources is essential for the country’s long-term growth and sustainability.

19. **Turkey’s Climate Change Action Plan (2011–2023) identified actions aimed at increasing national preparedness and**

**capacity to avoid the adverse impacts of climate change and to adapt to its impacts.** In 2015, Turkey submitted its
Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, committing to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by up to 21 percent by 2030 compared to the business-asusual scenario, to be achieved through several new policies and measures, including those related to energy efficiency improvements.

20. **Currently, municipalities have limited financial capacity to design and implement climate- and resilience-related**

**investments, which is recognized as one of the key constraints for climate action in Turkey.** The Project provides
the opportunity to build capacity for screening, preparing, and implementing sub-projects which consider climate and disaster resilience, particularly in terms of addressing increasing risks of extreme weather events such as floods and droughts, and increasing difficulties in managing urban water resources during more intense and lengthy drought periods. It also provides the means to invest in mitigation and strengthening a range of such climate adaptation measures in municipalities, which are increasingly susceptible to climate change risks.

21. **Given the strain that the refugee influx has generated on water, wastewater and solid waste services, grant**

**financing has been extended in the amount of EUR 139,812,400** **[15]** **by the European Development Fund (EDF) under**
**the Municipal Infrastructure Window of the FRiT and the ILBANK has requested an IBRD loan in the amount of EUR**
**135,355,000 for a project to support municipal services improvements in several municipalities impacted by**
**refugees.** The targeted municipalities were selected from a list of ten affected areas identified through the 2018 EU
Needs Assessment, based on criteria such as the number of refugees and the magnitude and scope of municipal infrastructure needs. At the time of appraisal, sub-projects in five municipalities: Adana, Kahramanmaraş, Osmaniye, Kayseri and Konya, were identified to participate in the project based on eligibility criteria described under Section III below (Project Description). These municipalities had a total population of about 7.4 million people in 2018, including about 540,000 registered refugees. They already suffer from significant operational problems such as high water losses, inadequate water treatment facilities, ageing WSS infrastructure, inadequate solid waste management, and lack of wastewater treatment.

**C. Relevance to Higher Level Objectives**

22. **The World Bank Group views the development challenge of forced displacement as a corporate priority and a long-**

**term challenge that must be addressed to attain the Bank’s twin goals of reducing poverty and achieving shared**
**prosperity.** The project would leverage the important partnership with the European Union which is providing grant
support from the EU FRIT to be blended with proposed IBRD to support targeted municipalities in Turkey in addressing the increased pressure from Syrian refugees. Other development partners, such as the French 15 The project is expected to receive grant funding from the second tranche of the European Commission’s Facility for Refugees in Turkey (FRIT), in the amount of about Euro 134,219,904, excluding World Bank fees, remuneration and Bank executed operational costs. An application for the grant financing was submitted by the World Bank on March 15, 2019, and the EC through a letter dated May 27, 2019 authorized the Bank to formally negotiate the details of the project with the EU delegation in Turkey, to lead to a formal Contribution Agreement. Signing of the Administration Agreement (AA) between the World Bank and the EC for the Grant is subject to finalization of an update to the 2016 World Bank Group-EU Framework Agreement, which is under discussion by the parties. Accordingly, the grant financing is reflected as a financing gap in the Project documentation until the AA has been signed.

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2018 EU
Needs Assessment


Input:
**The World Bank**
Municipal Services Improvement Project (P169996) Development Agency (AFD), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and European Investment Bank (EIB) will also engage in supporting implementation of municipal infrastructure projects in other municipalities not covered by the World Bank.

23. **The proposed project is consistent with the World Bank Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Turkey for the**

**FY 2018-2021** **[16]** **period, discussed by the Board on August 29, 2017 (Report No. 11096-TR), and is aligned with the**
**objectives of Turkey’s 11th Development Plan (2019–2023).** The CPF is based on the findings of the Systematic
Country Diagnostic (finalized in 2016) that highlighted water availability and sustainable use as being key challenges for Turkey’s future development. The CPF has three focus areas: (1) Growth; (2) Inclusion; and (3) Sustainability.
Under Focus Area 2 (“Inclusion”) the WBG support in this area aims to consolidate Turkey’s success towards achieving the twin goals while also supporting efforts to reach those who are left behind. An important evolution of the WBG program in this CPF area has been and will continue to be the introduction of new investment operations financed by the EU’s FRiT which specifically sets the target to improve the situation of Syrians under Temporary Protection (SuTPs) (or refugees [17] ) in Turkey. Under Focus Area 3 (“Sustainability”) the Project will support the Strategic Objective 8 to improve sustainability and resilience of cities, specifically against the climate change-related risks of floods and droughts, and Strategic Objective 9, to increase sustainability of infrastructure assets and natural capital.

**II.** **PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE**

**.Project Development Objective**

24. The project development objective is to improve host and refugee communities access to safely managed [18] water supply, sanitation [19] and solid waste services in selected municipalities affected by the influx of Syrians Under Temporary Protection in Turkey.

**B. PDO Level Indicators**

25. The key results (PDO level indicators) are presented below:

- Total number of people benefitting from safely managed drinking water services in the selected municipalities as
a result of the project (out of which female (%); host population (number); refugees (number))

- Total number of people benefitting from safely managed sanitation services in the selected municipalities as a
result of the project (out of which female (%); host population (number); refugees (number))

- Total number of people benefitting from safely managed solid waste services in the selected municipalities as a
result of the project (out of which female (%)); host population (number); refugees (number)) 15 Refer to Report No. 11096-TR: _[http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/585411504231252220/pdf/Turkey-CPF-08072017.pdf](http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/585411504231252220/pdf/Turkey-CPF-08072017.pdf)_ 17 Refugees in this context include both SUTPs and other refugees from other countries living among host communities includes Iraq, Afghanistan, Iran and others, who are under the status of international Protection.
18 Safely managed water supply focuses on ‘accessibility’, ‘availability’, and ‘quality’, and is defined as drinking water from an improved water source which is located on premises, available when needed and free of faecal and priority contamination. ‘Improved’ sources are those that are potentially capable of delivering safe water by nature of their design and construction, including piped water, boreholes or tube wells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and rainwater.
19 Safely managed sanitation refers to the use of improved facilities which are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed in-situ or transported and treated off-site before disposal. Sanitation in this context mainly refers to wastewater and excreta management services.

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Systematic
Country Diagnostic

PDO level indicators

PDO level indicators


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**The World Bank**
Municipal Services Improvement Project (P169996)

**C. Project Beneficiaries**

26. A total of about 3.3 million people, including refugees and host communities in the municipalities targeted under this project (out of which about 50 percent are women) are expected to benefit from the project. Of these, approximately 301,890 refugees (or 9 percent of the total beneficiaries) and 3,021,000 of the host population are expected to benefit directly from the municipal investments. Other beneficiaries will include the municipalities and municipal service providers (water and wastewater utilities) in the project areas, who will benefit from capacity building efforts financed through Component 2 to improve their capacity to more effectively manage the operation and maintenance of the environmental infrastructure, as well as commercial operations such as handling all their customers in an equitable and socially sensitive manner, in order to provide sustainable services that take into consideration climate change mitigation and adaptation aspects. ILBANK will also benefit from training in overall project management of operations involving refugee affected areas. The project is an opportunity for continued learning to the Government of Turkey, the World Bank, and other key stakeholders on an adequate business model for improving municipal service interventions in the context of situations of urgent need due to forced urban migration or displacement.

**III.** **PROJECT DESCRIPTION**

**A. Project Components**

27. The Project will finance environmental infrastructure investments and technical assistance (TA) through the provision of sub-loans and/or grants to support selected municipalities in dealing with the increased pressure on the defined municipal services, in particular water supply, sanitation and solid waste management, in a sustainable [20] and equitable manner, taking into account the needs of the entire population including the most vulnerable among host and SUTP populations. The activities will also aim to enhance the resilience of the infrastructure, as well as that of the targeted communities to climate change–exacerbated risks such as droughts, floods, and degraded water quality, and also raise awareness of the mitigation measures to be derived from improved efficiency of the water supply and sanitation service delivery and improved solid waste management. The Project design ensures that careful attention is paid to gender and citizen engagement corporate priorities in the World Bank, both of which are central to the development of an inclusive and responsive approach to development among the host and SUTP communities.

28. **Municipality and Sub-project eligibility.** The Project funds will be channeled through a public, national-level financial intermediary banking institution, ILBANK, which will in turn on-lend or on-grant it, as applicable to a number of municipalities or utilities (SKIs) based on a framework approach for sub-projects that meet eligibility criteria for participating in the project. Eligible municipalities were identified in the EU Needs Assessment. At appraisal, subprojects in five municipalities: Adana, Kahramanmaraş, Osmaniye, Kayseri and Konya, meeting the above criteria were identified to participate in the project. The eligibility criteria for sub-projects will be defined in the Project Operational Manual (POM), and include, _inter alia_ : (a) a significant presence of SUTP in the host municipality as identified in the EU Needs Assessment; and (b) municipal investments aligned with the PDO that are: (i) technically feasible; (ii) economically and financially viable; (iii) demand and needs driven, and that demonstrate substantial readiness, including having approved feasibility studies, detailed designs and draft safeguards documentation in line with World Bank ESF requirements; (iv) environmentally sustainable and in compliance with, and can be designed and implemented in manner incompliance with the Bank’s fiduciary (including financial and procurement) 20 Sustainability in this case addresses technical, environmental, economic/financial, and social dimensions of the project.

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EU Needs Assessment


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**The World Bank**
Municipal Services Improvement Project (P169996) requirements, and the Bank’s Environmental and Social Standards, consistent with the Environmental and Social Commitment Plan for the project (ESCP), and the Environmental and Social Instruments; (v) that do not trigger World Bank Operational Policy (OP) 7.50 (Projects on International Waterways); and (iv) that involve no new dams or dams under construction. All sub-projects to be financed from the grant and loan are subject to approval by ILBANK and the World Bank and EUD, as applicable [21] . ILBANK follows the financial eligibility criteria in accordance with the existing _Law on Regulating Public Finance and Debt Management (Law No. 4749)_ which restricts borrowing by any institution if it has overdue payments to Treasury for its on-lending to each municipality. Municipalities/utilities would be required to provide a Municipal Resolution/Utility Board decision stating that project financing would be sought for the proposed subprojects. Where the sub-borrower is a utility/SKI, a guarantee from the metropolitan municipality is also required. In the solid waste management sector, the grant beneficiary/ loan sub-borrower will be the municipality in line with existing institutional roles, while the beneficiary / sub-borrower for the WSS sectors will either be the municipality or utility /SKI with a guarantee provided by the municipality. Proposed activities are summarized below and the indicative breakdown of activities by financing source is presented in Table 2.1 (Annex 2).

29. **The IBRD loan and EU FRIT grant will co-finance** **[22]** **the project as a single project, although each financier will finance**

**separate individually identifiable activities as indicatively detailed in Annex 2 (Table A 2.1).** An indicative list of
activities to be financed from the loan and the grant was provided by ILBANK at appraisal. Activities financed from both sources will be implemented seamlessly in parallel under a single Procurement Plan prepared by ILBANK and approved by the World Bank during appraisal, and a single Project Implementation Plan to be prepared by ILBANK no later than 30 days after loan effectiveness. Both Plans will be reviewed and updated annually as needed. The Procurement Plan will identify the source of funding for each activity with prior approval by the Bank, although the rules for implementation will be exactly the same for both sources of funds.

30. **Component 1. Environmental Infrastructure Investments (Euro 254.98 million (US$280.34 million equivalent), of**

**which EU Grant is Euro 132.33 million** **[23]** **(US$145.49 equivalent) and IBRD loan is Euro 122.65 (US$134.83**
**equivalent):** This component will finance environmental infrastructure investments through the provision of subloans and/or grants to selected municipalities for goods, works, non-consulting and consulting services required to
carry out construction and rehabilitation works for water supply, sanitation, and solid waste management infrastructure in those municipalities to achieve improvements in access, service quality and continuity of municipal services; as well as smaller scale critical facilities to address immediate municipal service needs of vulnerable SUTP and host communities at the neighborhood or settlement level, to be identified in a participatory manner by the beneficiaries. Individual infrastructure facilities will, where appropriate, consider adaptive designs that would allow for a scaling up or down of capacity in the event of unanticipated changes in the refugee population or climate change-related extreme weather events. An indicative program of proposed sub-projects with investments to be financed through this component was pre-identified in the selected municipalities at appraisal (see Table 1 in Section V, A) of this document). Envisaged investments in water supply, sanitation, and solid waste management are described below.

a) **Water Supply Investments (Estimated Cost Euro 145.93 million of which IBRD loan is Euro 104.65 million**

**and EU Grant is Euro 41.28 million).** This activity will finance water supply investments, including for the: (i)

21 EUD approval will be required for grant financed sub-projects 22 Please see footnote 15 which is applicable for all further references to the grant financing in this document.
23 An additional contingency amount for investments in the amount of about Euro 984,904 is allowed for in the grant amount, bringing the total grant amount to Euro 134,219,904. A front-end fee for the IBRD loan in the amount of US$372,040 is included in the project cost.

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