Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | from memory testing toward more critical thinking. However, this is only possible if other institutions also take ownership of this agenda and harmonize their efforts with the BAEC, including the Directorate of Schools (DOS), Bureau of Curriculum and Extension Centre, and Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE). The Balochistan Education Sector Plan (BESP) 2020–25 identified changing the current approach and improving the quality of assessments, at both the school and external level (conducted by the DOS and the BISE), as a key priority. 19. **The performance of the education sector is affected by weak governance and limited use of** **data to inform decision making.** The quality of education services at the local level is characterized by poor ownership, weak accountability of teachers and local education managers, frequent teacher absenteeism, and poor monitoring and measurement of student learning. To address these challenges, BESP 2020–25 emphasizes the need to decentralize decision‐making power to the cluster level. [ 29] It also entails the formation of a Local Education Council (LEC), allocation of a drawing and disbursement officer (DDO) code to the head teacher, training of the LEC in school‐based and cluster‐level budgeting and procurement, student learning assessments across all cluster schools, and


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | faced by each area. We begin with monthly temperature and rainfall data for the period 1961-2000 (henceforth CRU), provided by the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. The data are gridded to .5°, producing 372 grid squares for Ethiopia. These fine-gridded data combine historical observations from specific weather stations with spatial interpolations that combine information from the weather stations and satellite-based observations. The data enable us to characterize historical climate variation as a bivariate distribution of temperature and rainfall. They also establish a benchmark for tailoring GCM projections to local conditions. We implement our methodology in the following steps: 3

monthly temperature and rainfall data
CRU

Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia

Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | the domestic environment where the majority of disclosed incidents are reported. _**iii)**_ **Early Marriage:** According to GBVIMS standard classification, incidents of early marriage are classified under the category “forced marriage”. _Early marriage_ may be considered an accepted practice in some Syrian communities and therefore is either not considered as a form of violence by the affected population, or it does not always carry the same level of stigma as other types of SGBV. For these reasons, incidents are relatively easily disclosed by survivors through safe spaces, registration, referral, outreach and protection monitoring. The GBVIMS data continues to suggest that survivors of early marriage may be at risk of other types of SGBV. The graph below shows the other types of SGBV reported by married children under the age of 18 in 2015, in addition to the forced marriage. During the reporting period, 4% reported physical assault (the most commonly experienced form of SGBV), while 2.5% reported psychosocial/emotional abuse and 1.3% reported denial of resources. The pattern remained more or less consistent in 2014 and 2015. The prolonged nature of the Syrian crisis and increasing social and financial insecurity can exacerbate pressures on families to adopt early marriage as a negative


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | UNHCR, UNICEF and IOM January to September 2017 Demographic of Arrivals, Including Accompanied, Unaccompanied and Separated Children ##### Greece Italy ##### Bulgaria ##### Spain **89%** ACCOMPANIED Accompanied, Unaccompanied and Separated Children by Country of Arrival Source: Hellenic Police, EKKA, Italian Ministry of Interior, Bulgaria State Agency for Refugees, Bulgarian Helsinki Committee, Spanish Ministry of Interior. **72%** ACCOMPANIED Nationality of Accompanied and Unaccompanied and Separated Children by Country of Arrival Accompanied Children by Country of Origin and Arrival UASC by Country of Origin and Arrival 2

UNHCR, UNICEF and IOM January to September 2017 Demographic of Arrivals

Hellenic Police
EKKA
Italian Ministry of Interior
Bulgaria State Agency for Refugees
Bulgarian Helsinki Committee
Spanish Ministry of Interior

named named named named named named named

primary background background background background background background

UNHCR, UNICEF and IOM January to September 2017 Demographic of Arrivals

UNHCR, UNICEF and IOM January to September 2017 Demographic of Arrivals

UNHCR, UNICEF and IOM January to September 2017 Demographic of Arrivals

UNHCR, UNICEF and IOM January to September 2017 Demographic of Arrivals


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | on probability perceptions, our second hypothesis: farmers did indicate that they thought that the risk of flooding was low, in comparison with other threats that they faced, but from the workshop format it was difficult to draw any conclusions about the relative probability perceptions of the two groups of people. **3.2** **Questionnaire** In September 2006, we administered a questionnaire where we examined probability and risk perceptions among farmers and policy makers. The questionnaire included three sets of questions. The first set asked participants to indicate the likelihood of ten different events occurring within their lifetimes. Some of these events were climate related, such as flooding and drought, and others were non-climate related, such as the likelihood of an African country winning the Football World Cup, or civil unrest occurring in a neighboring country. The purpose was to see how likely people thought climate related risks were, not by talking about them in the abstract, but by comparing them with non-climate risks. The second set asked participants to indicate the likelihood of several different events affecting farmers in the Limpopo River valley within the next five years, and over a five year period beginning 20 years from now. Again, these included


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | **The World Bank** Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project (P166308) experience (for example, Health PMU) or seeking support from the existing PMU of the GPP in Balochistan. Also, institutional development and capacity building under the project will include strengthening fiduciary management. The World Bank will also review the project IUFRs and other budget execution reports to ensure compliance and quality and undertake regular supervision. 77. **Environmental and social safeguards risks are ‘Substantial’.** The scale of construction activity under the project is not expected to have major adverse and/or irreversible environmental and social impacts. However, institutional capacity is limited, and contextual societal issues pose considerable risk to the project. The Health Department has very limited experience with the World Bank’s safeguards requirements and environmental and social management including GRM and CE. There is also a lack of dedicated and trained staff for safeguards, particularly social issues such as grievance redress and CE. The SED PMU has better awareness and experience of the World Bank’s safeguards and CE requirements under the World Bank‐supported Balochistan Education Project. There is a substantial risk of social exclusion of vulnerable groups including the poor, Afghans, people living in remote locations and scattered settlements, and women. In general,


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | may, therefore, include children accompanied by other adult family members. Unaccompanied children are children who have been separated from both parents and other relatives and are not being cared for by an adult who, by law or custom, is responsible for doing so. (IASC) 3. Arrival figures for Greece are collected in the framework of UNHCR border activities and are provided by Hellenic Coastguard and Hellenic Police. 4. During the same period of time, a total of 8,987 referrals were made to the Greek National Centre for Social Solidarity (EKKA) based on children identified on islands and mainland Greece, including near the land border with Turkey between Jan 2016 and Sept 2017. source 5. During the same period of time, 905 children applied for asylum in Bulgaria, of which 370 were UASC. The higher number of asylum applications is due mainly to the fact that there is no systematic registration of people arriving in the country, and some children may have claimed asylum in reception centres without being intercepted or identified by national law enforcement authorities at border crossing points or within the territory of the country. 6. This number reflects all relocations since the launch of the EU relocation


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | **The World Bank** Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project (P166308) another challenge for service delivery, especially institutional deliveries. Community midwives could conduct normal deliveries in home birthing stations outside open hours of HFs, but many of them do not have adequate hands‐on training. In addition, referral systems between communities and PHCs and between PHCs and higher‐level HFs are further affected by the lack of transport systems and patient prioritization. 16. **Suboptimal stewardship, limited use of evidence‐based practices,** **and fragmented health** **service delivery significantly affect the health sector performance.** The main provider of health services is the Government; however, there are multiple parallel service delivery systems, which include 12 distinct vertical health programs [19] and subcontracting of PHC services to the People's Primary Healthcare Initiative (PPHI). These separate programs remain siloed, each having their own reporting systems [20] and supply chains, resulting in the duplication of efforts and inefficiencies. Further, contract management and performance monitoring of these programs are limited or have not been established. Similarly, the private sector (formal and informal) and nongovernmental HFs operate in a largely unregulated manner despite the significant role they play. [21] In addition, the GoB lacks health information critical for planning, budgeting, and management purposes,

Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project

Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project

Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project

Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project

Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | power to the cluster level. [ 29] It also entails the formation of a Local Education Council (LEC), allocation of a drawing and disbursement officer (DDO) code to the head teacher, training of the LEC in school‐based and cluster‐level budgeting and procurement, student learning assessments across all cluster schools, and the establishment of an Education Management Information System (EMIS) cell for improved data management. [30] The SED’s limited capacity in data analysis is also hampering its ability to make timely decisions and improve planning. 23 ASER Pakistan. 2019. _Annual Status of Education Report‐National 2018_ . 24 UNHCR. 2011. _Population Profiling, Verification and Response Survey of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan._ 25 SED, GoB. 2013. _BESP 2013–18_ . 26 SED, GoB. 2017. _Balochistan Education Statistics 2016–17_ . 27 Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 2018. _Labour Force Survey 2017‐18: Annual Report_ 28 SED, GoB. 2019. _Draft_ _BESP 2020–25_ . 29 A group of public schools in a contiguous geographical area that forms the catchment area of a high school, where the high school acts as the cluster head and the middle and primary schools act as the satellites functioning under the cluster head. 30 SED, GoB. 2014. _Policy, Devolution of Education Management and Services

Annual Status of Education Report‐National 2018

Population Profiling, Verification and Response Survey of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan

Balochistan Education Statistics 2016–17

Labour Force Survey 2017‐18: Annual Report

Education Management Information System (EMIS)

ASER Pakistan
UNHCR
SED, GoB
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics

primary background background background supporting

Annual Status of Education Report‐National 2018

Annual Status of Education Report‐National 2018

Annual Status of Education Report‐National 2018

Annual Status of Education Report‐National 2018

Annual Status of Education Report‐National 2018

Annual Status of Education Report‐National 2018

Population Profiling, Verification and Response Survey of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan

Population Profiling, Verification and Response Survey of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan

Population Profiling, Verification and Response Survey of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan

Population Profiling, Verification and Response Survey of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan

Population Profiling, Verification and Response Survey of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan

Balochistan Education Statistics 2016–17

Balochistan Education Statistics 2016–17

Balochistan Education Statistics 2016–17

Balochistan Education Statistics 2016–17

Labour Force Survey 2017‐18: Annual Report

Labour Force Survey 2017‐18: Annual Report

Labour Force Survey 2017‐18: Annual Report

Labour Force Survey 2017‐18: Annual Report

Education Management Information System (EMIS)

Education Management Information System (EMIS)

Education Management Information System (EMIS)

Education Management Information System (EMIS)

Annual Status of Education Report‐National 2018

Balochistan Education Statistics 2016–17


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | applying to this the mean annualized, district‐specific population growth rate derived from the 1998 and 2017 Pakistan censuses. [69] It is assumed that the project benefits will materialize from the second year over the period FY21–24 and that the magnitude of impacts is expected to depend on the type of intervention that a facility receives: service utilization of facilities that will be improved within their current level of care is assumed to increase by 30 percent between FY20 and FY24, an annualized increase of 6.8 percent. For facilities being upgraded from BHU to RHC, a fourfold increase is assumed in utilization over the project cycle, or 41 percent annually—a conservative estimate, as the catchment area of RHCs is typically 10 times that of BHUs. 10. **The project is estimated to save the lives of 168 mothers and children under five** (table 1.3) **.** The increase in service utilization is translated into deaths averted using published empirical studies; mortality rates for Balochistan were taken from the 2012 and 2017–18 PDHS. [70] Effect sizes for the impacts of an additional skilled birth on maternal and neonatal mortality rates come from Graham, Bell, and Bullough (2001) [71] and Bhutta et al. (2014), [72]

1998 and 2017 Pakistan censuses
2012 and 2017–18 PDHS


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | **The World Bank** Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project (P166308) staff have minimum hands‐on experience with deliveries. In addition to supporting project beneficiaries to access improved health and education services, especially women and girls in host communities, the project will support demand‐generating activities that target young and pregnant women; expectant fathers (or husbands); and other household decision makers and community influencers. To mobilize communities, the project will explore the possibility of leveraging key stakeholders, such as LHWs, community groups, community/religious leaders, and the Commissionerate of Afghan Refugees. It will also leverage schools for health promotion such as appropriate hand washing and personal hygiene. Finally, it will strengthen HF‐level governance to increase service provider accountability by actively engaging citizens and seeking their feedback. 33. **Subcomponent 1.2: Strengthening health sector stewardship (US$3.39 million equivalent)** will support strengthening health sector stewardship in selected refugee hosting districts through: (a) improving availability, quality, and use of routine health data via, inter alia, (i) developing and implementing a digital human resources database, (ii) digitizing DHIS and integrating selected parallel reporting systems, (iii) providing training, equipment, and operational support to health services providers for implementation and operationalization of HMIS, (iv) creating a user‐friendly dashboard for decision making; and


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | The SED PMU has better awareness and experience of the World Bank’s safeguards and CE requirements under the World Bank‐supported Balochistan Education Project. There is a substantial risk of social exclusion of vulnerable groups including the poor, Afghans, people living in remote locations and scattered settlements, and women. In general, these groups have lack of or comparatively reduced access to (a) services and facilities (including services and support for survivors of GBV, sexual abuse, and violent conflict) and (b) lack of or reduced opportunities for voice, social accountability, grievance redress, and other CE mechanisms. An ESMF has been prepared to manage environmental and social risks. In addition, a qualitative analysis (focusing on both Afghan and host community women and men) has been conducted to understand social issues pertaining to exclusion, gender, community mobilization, CE, and grievance redress. Based on the findings of this analysis, requisite institutional strengthening measures and GRMs to address social risks (including GBV related) have been incorporated into project design. 78. **Stakeholder risks are ‘Substantial’.** Given the existing ethnic and tribal sensitivities in Balochistan, direct support to Afghan refugees could potentially experience opposition by certain groups of society. The GoB plans to mitigate this by ensuring a

a qualitative analysis (focusing on both Afghan and host community women and men)

a qualitative analysis (focusing on both Afghan and host community women and men)

a qualitative analysis (focusing on both Afghan and host community women and men)

a qualitative analysis (focusing on both Afghan and host community women and men)

a qualitative analysis (focusing on both Afghan and host community women and men)


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | # **Gender-Based Violence Information Management System (GBVIMS)** **Annual Report 2015** ## **Background** This report provides information on incidents of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) reported by SGBV survivors in Jordan during 2015. The information is provided by humanitarian agencies working to prevent and to respond to SGBV through awareness-raising and other prevention activities, and through the provision of case management services, and which together constitute the GBVIMS Task Force. Members of the GBVIMS Task Force include the Institute for Family Health/Noor Hussein Foundation (IFH/NHF), International Rescue Committee (IRC), International Medical Corps (IMC), Jordan River Foundation (JRF), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). GBVIMS data is currently being gathered in Amman Governorate, Zarqa Governorate (including Azraq Camp and Emirati Jordanian Camp), Mafraq Governorate (including Za’atari Camp), Irbid Governorate (including Cyber City and King Abdullah Park), Balqa Governorate, Jerash Governorate, Ajloun governorate, and in the South of Jordan (including Aqaba, Tafilah, Karak, and Ma’an). The Task Force is responsible for gathering, maintaining and analyzing data related to SGBV, and for ensuring the security and protection of sensitive data concerning SGBV. Using an inter-agency GBVIMS electronic tool, the Task Force

Gender-Based Violence Information Management System

Gender-Based Violence Information Management System

Gender-Based Violence Information Management System

Gender-Based Violence Information Management System

Gender-Based Violence Information Management System

Gender-Based Violence Information Management System

Gender-Based Violence Information Management System


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | **The World Bank** Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project (P166308) **C. Project Beneficiaries** 39. **Direct project beneficiaries will be children, adolescents, and women of reproductive age of** **selected refugee hosting districts in Balochistan,** namely in Chagai, Pishin, Quetta, and Kila Abdullah. These are among the most disadvantaged population groups in the province as many of them are located in low‐income and hard‐to‐reach areas. The project will also support investments to strengthen the management and governance of health and education sectors, and thus service providers, supervisors, and managers at facility, district, and provincial levels will also benefit from the project. Project interventions also include strengthening systems for increased efficiency, accountability, and transparency (for example, public financial management of the Finance Department), and thus the project benefits may spill over to other sectors over time. **D. Results Chain** 40. **The results chain shows the relationship between sector challenges, activities, outputs, and** **outcomes (figure 1).** It shows the theory underpinning the project design and how the selected project activities are envisioned to contribute to achieving the short‐term project outcomes—improving utilization of quality health and education services. By investing in children today, the project intends to reduce child mortality and morbidity and increase the number


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | **The World Bank** Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project (P166308) GPP Balochistan (that is, for shared services) to fill any critical capacity gaps, especially in the early stages of implementation. 73. **Macroeconomic risks are ‘High’.** The impacts of COVID‐19 will weaken ongoing stabilization efforts and medium‐term structural reforms and add additional economic shocks. The government has committed to staying the course and will be supported by the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF) and Asian Development Bank to ensure continued development investment, particularly in the social sectors. However, contraction of the fiscal space will potentially decrease spending in social sectors. Pakistan’s ability to weather the impact of the macro‐crisis, exacerbated by the COVID‐19 crisis, will depend critically on whether growth will be pro‐poor and on how well the country will be able to protect its human capital and cater for the poor and vulnerable. The IMF recently approved a US$1.4 billion Rapid Financing Instrument for bridge financing. Pakistan will also benefit from the fiscal space created from the debt suspension initiative of bilateral creditors. However, despite these measures, the impact of the projected fiscal deficit on development spending remains unpredictable. 74. **Technical design risks are ‘Substantial’.** While the project design is


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | ##### **1 Introduction** Global warming is expected to increase temperature and rainfall averages and their variability (IPCC, 2007). [2] Such changes are particularly worrying for developing countries because large portions of their populations rely on climate dependent activities, and have limited income to adapt. In response, economic analysis has attempted to estimate the possible impacts of climate change in developing societies. One strand of literature focuses on the link between income and climatic factors often looking at cross-country data, with most studies finding a negative relationship between income and temperature (Dell et al., 2009; Bansal, 2009). Another strand focuses on the effects of climate-related disasters on macroeconomic indicators or country-level variables, including GDP or its growth. Studies differ in their techniques, data and findings: Some encounter negative effects (Auffret, 2003), while others encounter positive effects (Skidmore and Toya, 2002). Loayza et al (2009) reconcile the seemingly contradictory results estimating the medium-term effects of climate-related disasters such as droughts, floods, storms (separately and simultaneously) on economic growth using a model with three main sectors (agriculture, industry, and services) and with the whole economy. Severe disasters have adverse effects regardless of type, but moderate floods, for instance, do increase industrial growth. All


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | tween the two sets is revealing. Policy makers see events changing in the present, and expect those changes to con tinue into the future, while farmers, at least for the climate-related events, do not extrapolate current trends into the fu ture nearly as much. **3.3** **Household survey** The third element of our empirical study was the analysis of a survey that was administered to gather baseline data for a Red Cross climate change program, and to evaluate the effectiveness of a first set of workshops that were designed to promote climate change adaptation. The workshops, which had taken place in the communities of Chiguidela and nearby Malhazene, had been motivated by the qualitative observation that many farmers attributed observed climate changes to supernatural causes, and that their efforts to adapt to the observed changes could in fact make them worse. Figure 5—Map showing the study area, including the two survey villages Chiguidela and Malhazene, the district seat Ch—kwe, the provincial capital, Xai Xai, roadways, and the Limpopo River. Image Source: Global Land [Cover Facility, http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu.](http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu) 15


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | DC: World Bank; Nores, M. S., and W. S. Barnett. 2010. “Benefits of Early Childhood Interventions across the World:(Under) Investing in the Very Young.” Economics of Education Review 29:271–82. 57 Own calculations using Pakistan HIES 2015–16. 58 Galasso E, and A. Wagstaff. 2019. “The Aggregate Income Losses from Childhood Stunting and the Returns to a Nutrition Intervention Aimed at Reducing Stunting.” _Economics and Human Biology_ . 59 Hsieh, C. T., and P. J. Klenow. 2010. “Development Accounting” _American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics_ 2:207–23. Page 24 of 47


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | quantitative evidence of the hypothesized biases. From a household survey conducted in December 2006, we obtained data suggesting that a recent information campaign had not led to an observed change in perceptions of climate risks among farmers. **3.1** **Farmer and policy maker workshops** In May 2006, we held a workshop with a group of 20 farmers in the village of Chiguidela, within a few hundred meters of the banks of the Limpopo River. The farmers told their stories of the floods as if they had just happened. They had to climb trees to avoid the floodwater, and then be evacuated by boat to higher ground. Those who did not do this died. Everything had been lost; the only way to identify where their houses had been, and what land was theirs, was by identi fying particular trees. A woman said that she had stayed in resettlement village for two months, but that it was 16 km from her fields, and there was nowhere to farm on the high ground. She had no choice but to move back if she was to continue to farm. She didn’t know if the floods would return, and she feared that if they did, she


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | Policy Research Working Paper 5487 #### **Abstract** How should Tajikistan adapt to ongoing and future climate change, in particular given the many pressing development challenges it currently faces? The paper argues that for developing countries like Tajikistan, faster economic and social development is the best possible defense against climate change. It presents some key findings from a recent nationally representative household survey to illustrate the strong public support for more climate change related spending on better management of water resources, disaster management, agriculture, and public health—four key sectors that the government’s latest poverty reduction strategy identifies as being especially important from a climate change perspective. Finally, the paper argues that, as important as project-based adaptation measures may be, it is imperative that they be supported by an overall policy framework that provides a truly enabling environment to facilitate faster climate change adaptation. This paper is the product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://econ.worldbank.org. The author may be contacted at szaidi5@worldbank.org. Financial support from the Trust Fund for Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development (TFESSD) is gratefully acknowledged in helping to carry out

nationally representative household survey

nationally representative household survey

nationally representative household survey

nationally representative household survey

nationally representative household survey

nationally representative household survey


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | Then we compute squared yearly deviations of ranks from their medians for temperature and rainfall in each grid square; calculate sums of squared deviations (SSD) for each variable; and identify the year with lowest SSD as the benchmark year. By this “two stage least-squares” criterion, the temperature and rainfall for the benchmark year provide the best bivariate representation for the 21-year dataset in each grid square. The process generates nine benchmark annual datasets – CRU and eight GCMs – for each of the 372 grid squares. **2.3 Generation of benchmarked annual forecast ratios for the GCMs** For each GCM, this entails dividing each observation in each future year by the GCMs counterpart observation in its benchmark dataset (most representative temperature/rainfall among the 21 years in the period 1980-2000). The resulting dataset contains 297,600 ratios (8 GCMs, 372 grid squares, 100 years). **2.4 Computation of GCM-based forecasts from actual historical data** For each GCM, this entails multiplying each yearly ratio (from 2.3 above) in each future year by the counterpart observation in the CRU benchmark dataset (from the most representative temperature/rainfall combination, derived from CRU data for 1980-2000). This procedure serves two goals. It retains the relative changes incorporated in future


Input:
specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | **The World Bank** Niger COVID-19 Emergency Response Projet (P173846) |Col1|care facilities for COVID-19
patients|Col3|Col4|Col5|Col6| |---|---|---|---|---|---| |Country has developed a communication
and risk communication plan including
community engagement strategies|Existence of a
communication and risk
communication plan|Quarterly
|Project report
||| |Radio Stations broadcast COVID-19 risk
communication message (Number of
days)|Cumulative number of
COVID-19 sensitization
campaigns conducted as
per contextualized their
risk communication and
community engagement
strategies|Quarterly
|Project
reports
||| |M&E system established and
implemented to monitor project progress
|M&E system has been
established and
implemented to monitor
project progress|Quarterly
|Project
reports
||| Page 32 of 34


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | **The World Bank** Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project (P166308) component, the benefit estimates provided here likely form a lower bound of the project’s true benefits, as, for instance, the positive externalities of improved education are not considered. |Col1|, Improving Education Services|Col3| |---|---|---| ||**Social Discount Rate**|**Social Discount Rate**| ||**2%**|**4%**| |Benefits, US$ present value|56,453,460|29,614,228| |Costs, US$ present value|19,761,161|18,589,161| |BCR|2.86|1.59| |NPV, US$|36,692,299|11,025,067| |IRR, %|5.86|5.86| _Full Project CBA_ 17. **The combined BCR across the education and health components lies between 1.4 and 2.1,** **indicating the project is cost‐beneficial.** Table 1.7 shows the CBA outputs for the full project, which yields a positive NPV between US$15.4 million and US$41.7 million and an IRR of 6.94 percent. **Table 1.7. CBA for the Entire Project** Page 42 of 47 |Col1|Social Discount Rate|Col3| |---|---|---| |<br>|**2%**|**4%**| |Benefits, US$ present value|79,295,312|50,847,283| |Costs, US$ present value|37,630,260|35,425,842| |BCR|2.11|1.44| |NPV, US$|41,665,052|15,421,442| |IRR, %|6.94|6.94|

Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project

Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project

Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project

Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project

Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project

Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | CE and GRM data will be disseminated to strengthen accountability and improve governance and inclusion of citizens’ voice and needs. 68. **Communities and individuals who believe that they are adversely affected by a WB‐supported** **project may submit complaints to existing project‐level GRMs or the WB’s Grievance Redress Service** **(GRS)** . The GRS ensures that complaints received are promptly reviewed in order to address project‐ related concerns. project affected communities and individuals may submit their complaint to the WB’s independent Inspection Panel which determines whether harm occurred, or could occur, as a result of WB non‐compliance with its policies and procedures. Complaints may be submitted at any time after concerns have been brought directly to the WB's attention, and Bank Management has been given an opportunity to respond. For information on how to submit complaints to the WB’s corporate GRS, please visit [http://www.worldbank.org/en/projects‐operations/products‐and‐services/grievance‐redress‐ service]. For information on how to submit complaints to the WB Inspection Panel, please visit [http://www.inspectionpanel.org]. **D. Gender** 69. **The project aims to address a critical gender gap in secondary school enrollment.** The net enrollment rate at the primary level is 35 percent for girls versus 56 percent for boys, and this rate drops even further to 13


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | 2030, while total GDP would grow at an average of 4.0%. The growth rate was calculated at the state level and extrapolated at the municipal level using the labor participation of the population and 10Malone, E. et. al. (2004) “Developing Socio-Economic Scenarios for Use in Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments” http://www.adaptationlearning.net/sites/default/files/sec.pdf. 9


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | 3. A total of 641 children (354 girls and 287 boys) 6 to 14 years old have been assessed between May and September 2021. 4. The assessment was conducted in 3 schools in the area of Barsalogho, Burkina Faso. Students who cannot concentrate when doing schoolwork Students who don't feel safe inside the school Students who have little to no hope in the future

A total of 641 children (354 girls and 287 boys) 6 to 14 years old have been assessed between May and September 2021

A total of 641 children (354 girls and 287 boys) 6 to 14 years old have been assessed between May and September 2021

A total of 641 children (354 girls and 287 boys) 6 to 14 years old have been assessed between May and September 2021

A total of 641 children (354 girls and 287 boys) 6 to 14 years old have been assessed between May and September 2021

A total of 641 children (354 girls and 287 boys) 6 to 14 years old have been assessed between May and September 2021

A total of 641 children (354 girls and 287 boys) 6 to 14 years old have been assessed between May and September 2021


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | Figure 3: Asset Poverty Rates, 2005. the “Gross Value Added” obtained by INEGI through a census of production, both available for 2030 at municipal level. We assume that all the municipalities within the state grow at the same rate. ##### **3 Estimation Strategy** We propose a two-stage least squares regression (2SLS) to assess the effects of climate change on poverty. In a first stage we regress temperature and rainfall (along with geographic controls for municipal elevation, latitude, longitude and proximity to roads, and state and year fixed effects) on municipal GDP per capita, and then such predicted GDP per capita becomes our main variable of interest in a second equation were we regress GDP against poverty. Changes in GDP per capita affect household poverty and vice versa; this is why, in fact, we use rainfall and temperature in a first stage to instrument GDP and hence circumvent the problem of endogeneity between GDP and poverty at a second stage. In other words, we explain the variation in per capita GDP through differences in the climatic conditions of the municipality; and this in turn serves to predict the effects of climate change on poverty. 10


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | suggesting that there are pronounced differences in sensitivity and adaptive capacity of the two countries. As is widely highlighted in the literature on likely climate-change impacts, countries with higher incomes, stronger institutions, developed infrastructure and public services are more resilient to the negative physical impacts of climate. In 2007, the per capita gross national income (GNI) of Tajikistan ($460) was less than one-tenth the GNI of Kazakhstan ($5,060). **Priorities for Additional Spending for Climate-Change Adaptation** 27. Respondents were asked the question: Suppose the government had a sizeable sum of money to soften climate change impact on people in your community, or communities like yours: on which of the following do you think the government should spend more money? More than half the P-LITS 2 sample in Tajikistan identified “improving extension services and providing seeds more resilient to climate extremes” (64 percent of respondents), “providing clean drinking water” (63 percent of respondents), and “investing in increasing availability of electricity” (57 percent) as important priorities for government spending (Figure 9a). 28. As one would expect, peoples’ past experiences with adverse climate change-related impacts play an important role in influencing their views regarding what future course of action should be taken to combat


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | old and 75 percent are under 25. The current population growth rate is over 4 percent with a particularly high rate of births to young mothers. This young population is predominantly under-employed with a literacy rate of only 29 percent (15 percent among young women). 1 Marquez, PV. 2020. “Does Tobacco Smoking Increases the Risk of Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Severity? The Case of China.” _[http://www.pvmarquez.com/Covid-19](http://www.pvmarquez.com/Covid-19)_ 2 Fauci, AS, Lane, C, and Redfield, RR. 2020. “Covid-19 — Navigating the Uncharted.” New Eng J of Medicine, DOI: 10.1056/NEJMe2002387 3 Del Rio, C. and Malani, PN. 2020. “COVID-19—New Insights on a Rapidly Changing Epidemic.” JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3072 4 World Bank Development Indicators (2017). Page 8 of 34


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | compared to 2.6 among those who received higher education. [49] Moreover, a 20‐year study of children in Jamaica has shown that investments in early childhood development, including both nutrition and stimulation interventions, increased future earnings by 25 percent. [50] 51. **The activities proposed under the health component are technically sound and fill identified** **gaps at lower levels of care.** The project addresses key supply‐ and demand‐side barriers hampering utilization of health services, with a focus on strengthening primary‐level HFs and building referral links with secondary‐level facilities where more complicated cases must be handled. The activities financed include a range of prioritized, evidence‐based RMNCHN interventions to provide a continuum of care from the community level upwards. Areas of interventions aim to remove key barriers hampering effective service delivery, including lack of critical inputs and low providers’ skills and competencies. The project also finances health system strengthening investments that are critical to the achievement of broader 48 Javed, S. A., M.D. Anjum, W. Imran, et al. 2013. “Correlates of Preferences for Home or Hospital Confinement in Pakistan: Evidence from a National Survey.” _BMC ‐ Pregnancy and Childbirth_ 13:137. 49 NIPS and ICF (2019). 50 Gertler, P. 2014. _Labor Market Returns to an


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | into deaths averted using published empirical studies; mortality rates for Balochistan were taken from the 2012 and 2017–18 PDHS. [70] Effect sizes for the impacts of an additional skilled birth on maternal and neonatal mortality rates come from Graham, Bell, and Bullough (2001) [71] and Bhutta et al. (2014), [72] respectively. The effect size used to estimate the impact of measles vaccination on mortality of children under five is based on McGovern and Canning (2015). [73] Because their effect size is for full child vaccination, an adjustment factor of 0.89 is applied to the share of children with 69 Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. _Population Census 2017_ . http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/block‐wise‐provisional‐summary‐results‐6th‐ population‐housing‐census‐2017‐january‐03‐2018; for data from the 1998 and earlier censuses, see http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population_census/Administrative%20Units.pdf. 70 Maternal mortality rates from PDHS 2012–13 are used since no maternal mortality data is available from PDHS 2017–18. 71 Graham, W. J., J. S. Bell, and C. H. Bullough. 2001. _Can Skilled Attendance at Delivery Reduce Maternal Mortality in Developing_ _Countries? Safe Motherhood Strategies: A Review of the Evidence._ 72 Bhutta, Z. A., J. K. Das, R. Bahl, et al. 2014. "Can Available Interventions End Preventable Deaths in Mothers, Newborn Babies, and Stillbirths, and At What Cost?" _The Lancet_ 384

2012 and 2017–18 PDHS
Population Census 2017
data from the 1998 and earlier censuses

Pakistan Bureau of Statistics
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | the climatic conditions of the municipality; and subsequently this serves to predict the ef fects of climate change on poverty. This exercise is carried out for poverty levels in the three officially-defined alternative measures of poverty for Mexico until last year: food poverty, ca pacity poverty and asset poverty as published by the National Council for Evaluation of Social Development Policy in Mexico (CONEVAL). As expected, climate affects output. Temperature increases of 1 Celsius degree lower GDP per capita by around 5.6%. Overall, climate change is predicted to diminish output by 1.45% percent on average for the entire sample. In the second stage of the model, where we regress the poverty rates at the municipal level on municipal GDP per capita, we find high and negative poverty elasticity to growth: A one percent increase in GDP per capita brings down poverty by 1.74%. Indeed, prosperity rises as population densities and output increase. If GDP grows as projected over the next 25 years, asset poverty would fall from 49.4% in 2005 to 15.25% in 2030. To infer the poverty impacts of climate change, the estimated impacts of temperature and precipitation on output were multiplied by the predicted change in climate by

the three officially-defined alternative measures of poverty for Mexico

National Council for Evaluation of Social Development Policy in Mexico (CONEVAL)

the three officially-defined alternative measures of poverty for Mexico

National Council for Evaluation of Social Development Policy in Mexico (CONEVAL)

the three officially-defined alternative measures of poverty for Mexico

the three officially-defined alternative measures of poverty for Mexico

the three officially-defined alternative measures of poverty for Mexico

the three officially-defined alternative measures of poverty for Mexico


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | 1).** It shows the theory underpinning the project design and how the selected project activities are envisioned to contribute to achieving the short‐term project outcomes—improving utilization of quality health and education services. By investing in children today, the project intends to reduce child mortality and morbidity and increase the number of school years and learning outcomes, thus contributing to the accumulation of human capital. 41. **The results chain relies on critical assumptions underlying the Theory of Change for the project** **effectiveness.** The assumptions for Component 1 are the following: (a) utilization of health services will increase due to better equipped HFs, presence of providers, and demand generation activities; (b) development and implementation of a real‐time monitoring system of HRH will empower government officials to take actions to reduce absenteeism; this in turn will improve trust in HFs and thus increase the demand for and utilization of health services; (c) training will translate into better provider knowledge, skills, and competencies, thus better health outcomes; and (d) data generation and capacity building to monitor service delivery will lead to evidence‐based decision making. For Component 2, critical assumptions include the following: (a) newly upgraded schools will increase enrollment of girls and boys; (b)


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | methodology and describe the steps for implementing it in the Ethiopian case. Section 3 provides illustrations of the results for areas in four Ethiopian regions, and Section 4 concludes the paper. **2. The “Best Fit” Approach to Downscaling** “Downscaling” describes the process by which information from a large, heterogeneous global climate dataset is tailored to local conditions to produce local weather projections. Downscaling has two essential components: a system for benchmarking local-historical weather data, and a system for bridging from these historical data to GCM forecasts. One problem is that GCMs are calibrated at global scale, and individual GCMs may not fit local conditions very well. Another problem is posed by the sheer number of GCMs, which may present very different views of future prospects for a particular area. We need a methodology for judging the “fit” of each GCM to local conditions, and a tractable representation of the uncertainty faced by each area. We begin with monthly temperature and rainfall data for the period 1961-2000 (henceforth CRU), provided by the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. The data are gridded to .5°, producing 372 grid squares for Ethiopia. These fine-gridded data combine historical observations

monthly temperature and rainfall data
CRU

Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia

Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | where training materials are available and accessible for staff. ## Recommendations The following capacity development activities should be prioritized over the next year (subject to available funding) in collaboration with interested organizations: - Hold a regional workshop targeting donors to sensitize them on disability and aging inclusion in proposal and reporting. - Develop a sensitization module on inclusion for staff induction and orientation. The module could be piloted and tested in Jordan. - Establish a repository to maintain and share information, tools and resources on inclusion, preferably on the Syrian Regional Refugee Response portal. Raise awareness about the repository through working group leads. - Provide training on inclusion in programming for interested agencies.


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | 35% rejected (proportion of type of decisions for Q3 is consistent with the first two quarters of the 2017). Among children with positive decisions, 51% received refugee status, 32% were granted subsidiary protection and 17% received humanitarian status. The trend of granting subsidiary protection and humanitarian status continued in Q3 2017, particularly for children from Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire and Bangladesh. Moreover, many children saw their asylum claims rejected, particularly Pakistanis (73%), Nigerians (56%), Bangladeshis (38%), Afghans (32%), Iraqis (32%) and Syrians (4%) and Eritreans (5%). Decisions on Child Asylum Applications Main nationalities of arrivals in Greece 4% 1% Main nationalities of arrivals in Italy 3% SUBSIDIARY PROTECTION HUMANITARIAN STATUS - The difference in numbers of arrivals and asylum applications can be explained by the long waiting times before people can claim asylum, backlogs in national asylum systems, as well as the fact that applications can be submitted by persons who have arrived previously or did not necessarily come through the Mediterranean Routes. 4


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | **The World Bank** Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project (P166308) meet the academic and extracurricular needs of students. [38] The SED will recruit or depute qualified female teachers for the upgraded schools. The subcomponent will also ensure that each target school meets the model school criteria. [39] 36. **Subcomponent 2.2: Strengthening education sector stewardship (US$6.84 million equivalent)** will support strengthening education sector stewardship in selected refugee hosting districts through: (a) carrying out a functional review of selected secondary education institutions [40] as well as developing and implementing a strategy for upgrading student assessment system; (b) carrying out a functional review of PITE and developing an action plan to address recommendations proposed thereby; (c) implementing cluster‐based governance and management system [41] at schools upgraded pursuant to subcomponent 2.1(a) above; and (d) developing and pilot‐testing of a technology‐based tool to enhance SED’s capacity in regular planning and budgeting, resource rationalization, and decision making. 37. **This subcomponent will support interventions to improve quality of learning** by taking concrete steps to encourage the students to employ their analytical abilities, provide a comprehensive teacher training program to help teachers create a classroom environment conducive for learning across the province, and increase institutional capacity to manage the

Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project

Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project

Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project

Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project

Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project

Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | survivors creates challenges for adequate risk mitigation. The qualitative social assessment verified that there has been no incident of violence between host communities and refugees. The ESMF includes screening and mitigation measures to address social impacts and the social assessment provides an initial mapping of GBV support services. **(iii)** **Grievance Redress and Citizen Engagement** 67. **The qualitative social assessment has facilitated the design of inclusive, accessible, and** **transparent CE; a beneficiary feedback mechanism; and a GRM of the project** including specifications required to address the specific needs of and challenges faced by the project areas including the vulnerable groups for CE and redressal of health and education‐related grievances. The GRM design will ensure that there is a fixed time frame for resolution and the feedback loop is closed. The CE and GRM will be monitored, tracked, and reported on regularly, and relevant indicators will be included in the Results Framework. CE and GRM data will be disseminated to strengthen accountability and improve governance and inclusion of citizens’ voice and needs. 68. **Communities and individuals who believe that they are adversely affected by a WB‐supported** **project may submit complaints to existing project‐level GRMs or the WB’s Grievance Redress Service** **(GRS)** .

qualitative social assessment
CE and GRM data


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | modifies local rainfall and temperature averages. Hence, the resulting projections from the various global climate models were tailored to different regions in Mexico by Climate Change Knowledge Portal at a resolution of 50 x 50 km approx. Baseline data on daily temperature and precipitation employed for the projections cover the period from 1950 to 2000, and pro jections for average daily temperature and precipitation are for 2030 âĂŞ 2039. To determine how greenhouse emission will affect changes in precipitation and temperature, climatic models need to be combined with emission models that predict the amount of man made greenhouse emissions [8] . The Third IPCC Assessment Report accepts several emission models. We choose A2 which assumes a business as usual scenario (i.e., same trend changes in economic growth, use of fossil fuels and population growth). Annual temperatures are expected to rise between 0.49 and 2.46 degrees Celsius in 2030-2039, compared to the historic average from 1950-2000. The largest increases in temperature are expected in coastal areas, including the Yucatan Peninsula and the southern region of the Gulf of Mexico, comprising the states of Quintana Roo, Yucatan, Tabasco, Campeche and Veracruz. In the Pacific, the states of Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Guerrero and

Baseline data on daily temperature and precipitation

Baseline data on daily temperature and precipitation

Baseline data on daily temperature and precipitation

Baseline data on daily temperature and precipitation

Baseline data on daily temperature and precipitation


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | Registered refugee data from UNHCR as of December 31, 2019. _Note_ : The table includes data for districts with more than 10,000 registered refugees. **B. Sectoral and Institutional Context** 9. **Pakistan has invested significantly in designing refugee protection framework and** **administrative practices that are consistent with international standards and norms.** Pakistan’s Protection Framework for Afghan Refugees has developed over time. It includes: (a) implementing administrative and legal measures for refugees, such as the exemption from applicability of the 1946 Foreigners’ Act; (b) authorizing Afghan refugees to work in the country; (c) issuing and renewing PoR cards with the support of the UNHCR; (d) signing of the regional Solutions Strategy for Afghan Refugees (SSAR) in 2012, with Iran and Afghanistan, under UNHCR facilitation; and (e) approving the Repatriation and Management Policy for Afghan Refugees (RMP) in 2017. This Protection Framework has been found to be adequate by the UNHCR and the World Bank. 10. **Pakistan’s refugee management approach draws from the principles of the SSAR.** It has three pillars: (a) support voluntary repatriation, (b) promote sustainable reintegration in Afghanistan, and (c) provide continued assistance to host communities. The SSAR has five outcomes: (a) support to voluntary repatriation, (b) access to shelter

Pakistan
Iran and Afghanistan
Afghanistan


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | **The World Bank** Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project (P166308) staffed with male teachers. The project will take a two‐pronged approach to address these core constraints and aims to achieve at least 50 percent of enrollment of girls in targeted schools. First, the project will help foster enrollment across schooling levels by upgrading existing girls’ primary schools to middle schools and middle schools to high schools with basic facilities and providing additional schooling in the same facilities that are closer to the girls’ homes. Second, the project will motivate parents to let girls enroll and stay in school by hiring qualified female teachers for all upgraded girls’ schools. Qualified female teachers will be encouraged to apply by the DEA and/or through mobilization activities (for example, PTSMC and community outreach) and will be trained to better deliver concept‐based learning. Cumulatively, these actions will support girls to access education in the most underdeveloped areas in the country. A PDO indicator on the cumulative number of female students enrolled in project schools and an intermediate indicator on the percentage of targeted female teachers trained will track progress toward closing the gender gap. **E. Climate Co‐benefits** 70. **The project aims to improve the resilience of


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | 8.42 9.86 1.44 Jalisco 14.07 17.81 3.74 Michoac ́an de Ocampo 19.14 23.83 4.69 **West** **18.81** **15.13** **3.68** Campeche 40.08 40.20 0.13 Quintana Roo 6.48 7.09 0.61 Yucat ́an 9.93 12.54 2.61 **Peninsula** **13.31** **11.89** **1.42** Guerrero 35.34 37.10 1.75 Chiapas 45.87 47.79 1.92 Oaxaca 28.90 33.74 4.84 **South** **42.45** **40.11** **2.34** **National** **17.68** **15.25** **2.43** Note: Poverty estimates at regional and state levels are population-weighted. 17

Poverty estimates at regional and state levels

Poverty estimates at regional and state levels

Poverty estimates at regional and state levels


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | in the project implementation manual (PIM)); (vi) supplies for handwashing facilities using WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene standards [14] ; and (vii) basic sanitation facilities using JMP standards [15] in critical areas and capacity building for call/hotline centers. 26. **Sub-component 1.3 Social Support to Households** . The sub-component will support patients and their families, especially those who are isolated. Psychosocial support and other mental health interventions will be supported to minimize the impact on the mental well-being of people facing long periods of social isolation due to the adoption of social distancing measures. This support will be targeted to the elderly infected people or those who have lost family members due to COVID-19 [16], and frontline workers involved in the response or through 12 As COVID-19 would place a substantial burden on inpatient and outpatient health care services, support would be provided for rehabilitating and equipping selected health facilities for the delivery of critical medical services and to help them cope with the increased demand of services likely to arise due to the pandemic, while strengthening intra-hospital infection control measures. Steps would be taken to increase hospital bed availability, including deferring elective procedures, more


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | ### **DATA AND ASSESSMENTS** **FOR OOSC** While significant progress has been made towards global OOSC enrolment targets since 2000, UNESCO’s Institute of Statistics (UIS) reports the decline in OOSC figures has slowed since 2005. Global data from 2014 suggests that 58 million children between the ages of 6 and 11 years and 63 million adolescents between the ages of 12 and 15 years do not have access to education. [2] If current trends continue, 43% of OOSC – 15 million girls and 10 million boys – are likely to never enroll in school. [3] Furthermore, **over one-third of the** **world’s out-of-school primary aged population** **lives in conflict-affected states** . [4] Children affected by conflict are more likely to be displaced either in their home countries or as refugees, which has a direct effect on school attendance and completion. Refugee children are not included in global statistics, though UNHCR continues to advocate for their inclusion. Refugee children have unique educational needs. Joint assessments conducted with government and education partners will clarify real, rather than perceived, reasons refugee children and youth may be out of school, and establish strategic approaches to addressing their needs. It is possible to generally calculate refugee participation


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | SGBV SWG in Jordan, along with significant numbers of Somalis and Sudanese. [2] The 2015 Vulnerability Assessment Framework (VAF) Baseline Survey found high levels of economic vulnerability, with 86% of Syrian refugee households identified as living under the poverty line of USD 98 per person per month. Their financial resources depleted, many families now increasingly turn to negative coping mechanisms such as exploitative labor, school dropout of children and child labor, and early marriage. While these coping mechanisms may help meet a family’s immediate subsistence needs, they often do so at the cost of increased exposure to exploitation or human rights violations, and limitation of future opportunities and prospects. At the close of 2015, despite a reduction in violence in Syria brought by a partial cessation of hostilities, opportunities for voluntary repatriation remain only a future hope. While resettlement opportunities were significantly expanded (with 24,374 refugees submitted to resettlement countries during the year), the vast majority of refugees remains in Jordan without foreseeable prospects for a durable solution. ## **Types of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence** The GBVIMS categorizes the various forms of SGBV into six major types: forced marriage; psychological/emotional abuse; physical assault; denial of resources; sexual assault, and rape.

2015 Vulnerability Assessment Framework
GBVIMS


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | **The World Bank** Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project (P166308) feeding practices that decrease the prevalence of child diarrhea), this CBA identifies only a lower bound of project benefits. **Table 1.2. Discounted Project Costs of Health Component (current US$)** |Years|Present Value|Col3| |---|---|---| |**Years**|**2% Discount Rate**|**4% Discount Rate**| |2020|2,478,360|2,430,581| |2021|3,996,990|3,844,363| |2022|4,445,516|4,193,332| |2023|3,622,024|3,350,689| |2024|3,326,210|3,017,714| |Total|17,869,100|16,836,680| 9. **Mortality avoided is estimated based on the number of additional health services provided** **under the project.** As a first step, utilization rates of reproductive, maternal, and child health services over the project cycle—both with and without the project—are projected. Three types of services are considered: skilled birth attendance, measles vaccination, and family planning visits. Baseline utilization data for 2017 and 2018, in the target HFs came from the Balochistan DHIS. To project the 2019 utilization for each service, the average over the two baseline years is used, accounting for increases in utilization due to population growth by applying to this the mean annualized, district‐specific population growth rate derived from the 1998 and 2017 Pakistan censuses. [69] It is assumed that the project benefits will materialize from the second year over the period FY21–24 and that the magnitude of impacts is expected to depend on the type of

Pakistan censuses
Balochistan DHIS
1998 and 2017 Pakistan censuses


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | the historic average from 1950-2000. The largest increases in temperature are expected in coastal areas, including the Yucatan Peninsula and the southern region of the Gulf of Mexico, comprising the states of Quintana Roo, Yucatan, Tabasco, Campeche and Veracruz. In the Pacific, the states of Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Guerrero and central Jalisco exhibit the greater increases in temperature. Central Mexico appears less warm than coastal regions; al though some desertic areas in Hidalgo and Queretaro display temperature increases (see Fig. 1). Annual rainfall will change between -169 mm and +57mm. However, as Fig. 2 shows, almost the entire country will be facing a drier world by 2030-39. Desertic areas in states like Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon, Zacatecas and San Luis will become drier, as will the states of Chiapas, Tabasco, Veracruz and Puebla. **2.4** **Poverty** The integration of income and consumption data from household surveys with census data has enabled the creation of municipal poverty maps in Mexico [9] . We rely on such information for 2000 and 2005, using income poverty levels in three officially-defined (until 2011) alternative Fourth Assessment Report. 8Information about the basic characteristics of the emissions scenarios used can be found at the SRES Emissions scenarios. http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm.

income and consumption data from household surveys

income and consumption data from household surveys

income and consumption data from household surveys

income and consumption data from household surveys

income and consumption data from household surveys


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | It was believed that by explaining to farmers the scientific underpinnings of climate change, their perceptions both of the problem and the effectiveness of their responses to it would change. A survey was administered in the two communities, with randomly selected participants who included both workshop attendees and those who had not attended the work shops. The study area appears in Figure 5. Of the 84 farmers surveyed, 90% said that they had noticed major changes in the climate during their lifetime, including changes in temperature (80%), cyclones (80%), rainfall (73%), soil moisture (69%), and flooding (64%). Only 16% of the farmers thought that the changes would go away, with 45% thinking the changes would definitely continue, and 39% thinking they might continue. While none of these data about observed changes or expectations for the future are par ticularly noteworthy, what is interesting is farmers’ beliefs about what had been causing the changes. As can be seen in Figure 6, farmers were much more likely to list the gods’ and ancestors’ being unhappy as the cause of climate change than pollution from outside the community. The motivation for the workshops had been qualitative evidence of the results seen in Figure


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | SGBV SWG women, especially those who have limited physical mobility due to cultural norms and other associated challenges that restrict movement. The comprehensive approach allows for more confidential and less stigmatizing service delivery, as well as provision of immediate care needed to mitigate the health-related consequences of SGBV. **iv)** **Build capacity of service providers to better respond to early marriage** - At present an interagency project is being implemented in Jordan to develop service providers’ capacity to respond to SGBV, including early marriage, and improve data management. As part of this project a capacity assessment [4] that was conducted in Jordan to identify the learning needs of the service providers, SGBV service providers identified dealing with the survivors of early marriage as particularly challenging. In order to fill in this gap, a training module was designed focusing on two levels: the prevention of the early marriage and the provision of support to the married children. Such module is being integrated in the existing case management training. There is need to upscale this initiative based on the lessons learnt from this project as well as continuous monitoring of the service providers to be better able to serve the survivors of early


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | **2.1** **GDP** **and** **Geographic** **Data** Historic data on GDP per capita come from INEGI for 2000, 2005 and 2010. The geographic location of the municipality affects productivity, which in turn impacts poverty. Therefore we account for each municipality s latitude, longitude and elevation above sea level in the analysis. Distance from the municipality to the nearest federal and state road are also used as a proxy measure of connectivity. **2.2** **Climate** **and** **Weather** **Data** Historic weather data were imputed to municipalities using a Variable Infiltration Capacity Model (VIC) for Mexico, developed by Liang et al. (1994) [6] . The VIC model interpolates data using grids by: i) creating correlation matrices between existing rainfall stations and radar stations that indicate the presence of rain, but cannot capture its amount; ii) computing the corresponding means for both types of stations from the grids within the municipality; and iii) using those values multiplying the values of the core stations by the means ratio to scale them, through the reconstruction of a climatic model. The climatic variables employed for the study are annual average precipitation (in millime ters) and temperature, both estimated from daily records. **2.3** **Climate** **Change** **Scenarios** Climate change modifies the mean


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | of the direction and possible magnitude of the poverty effects from climate change in Mexico, rather than actual forecasts. The rest of this paper proceeds as follows. Section 2 introduces key definitions and data sources applied. Section 3 presents the empirical methodology followed by a discussion of the results in Section 4. Section 5 concludes. ##### **2 Data** This study is carried out in 2,069 municipalities from all states in Mexico, representing 84% of the total number of municipalities in the country. Missing municipalities are largely from Oaxaca and Puebla where climate model projections could not be fitted into smaller munic ipalities. Both states display pockets of high poverty (see Figure 3). However, their highly fragmented political geography, especially Oaxaca, it made unfeasible to analyze climate data (available at a resolution of 50 x 50 km approx) in some small municipalities. The analysis uses five types of information: (i) income and geographic data, (ii) climate and weather data, (iii) poverty rates, (iv) climate change scenarios, and (v) population and output (GDP) projections. Per capita GDP and geographic controls come from the National Insti tute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI). Daily precipitation in millimeters and temperature come from meteorological stations and

Daily precipitation in millimeters and temperature come from meteorological stations

Daily precipitation in millimeters and temperature come from meteorological stations

Daily precipitation in millimeters and temperature come from meteorological stations


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | UNHCR, UNICEF and IOM January to September 2017 ##### Protection risks for children arriving to Europe Central Mediterranean Route: children are at higher risk of being exploited during the journey compared to adults- 88% children vs. 75% adults responded positively to at least one human trafficking and other exploitative practices indicators from the DTM ́s Flow Monitoring Surveys conducted in Italy between April and July 2017. - Average age of children who responded positively is 16,5 and they have spent more than 6 months in transit before landing in Italy. - 93% of children who engaged in secondary migration, after spending more than a year in country different than their origin country, said they have experienced at least one situation which can indicate exposure to human trafficking and other exploitative practices. - 88% of interviewed children reported having experienced physical violence of any sort during their journey, and another 32% reported witnessing instances during their journey when someone travelling with them has been threatened with sexual violence. ##### Limitation of available data on Children and UASC: There is no comprehensive data on arrivals (both adults and children) in Europe, especially by land and air, as such movements are largely irregular

UNHCR, UNICEF and IOM January to September 2017

UNHCR, UNICEF and IOM January to September 2017

UNHCR, UNICEF and IOM January to September 2017

UNHCR, UNICEF and IOM January to September 2017

UNHCR, UNICEF and IOM January to September 2017


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | **The World Bank** Niger COVID-19 Emergency Response Projet (P173846) **B.** **Results Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements** 35. M&E activities will be the responsibility of the FCS-PIU using information from the National Steering Committee: a. **Reporting** : The MoPH will produce a daily report to be consolidated into a monthly report for the purpose of project monitoring based on agreed targets and the progress made towards implementation of critical project activities. This report will contain tables of performance against indicators for the proposed project. b. **Supervision and implementation support** : An experienced World Bank team of health, operational, and fiduciary specialists will provide day-to-day implementation support to the MoPH and FCS-PIU. In the context of fragility, a Geo-enabling initiative will be used for project monitoring and remote supervision. c. **Large volumes of personal data, personally identifiable information and sensitive data are likely to be** **collected and used in connection with the management of the COVID-19 outbreak** . To guard against abuse of that data, the project will incorporate best international practices for dealing with such data in emergency circumstances. These measures may include data minimization (collecting only data that is necessary for the purpose); checking for data accuracy (correct or erase data

Large volumes of personal data, personally identifiable information and sensitive data

Large volumes of personal data, personally identifiable information and sensitive data

Large volumes of personal data, personally identifiable information and sensitive data


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | The analysis of educational progress in the region draws extensively on the Integrated Learning Outcome Survey (ILOS), which provides granular data on learning-adjusted years of schooling across different districts, enabling a nuanced understanding of disparities. Complementing this, the Early Grade Literacy and Numeracy Assessment (EGLNA) offers microdata that captures foundational skill acquisition among children aged 6 to 10, critical for interpreting enrollment trends in primary education. Our regression models further incorporate data from the National School Enrollment Census (NSEC), a comprehensive administrative dataset that records annual enrollment figures by grade and institution type, providing robust longitudinal insights. For triangulation, geospatial layers from the Educational Infrastructure Mapping Project (EIMP) are integrated, shedding light on the spatial distribution of educational facilities relative to population densities. While the Global Learning Equity Report (GLER) is referenced to contextualize our findings within international benchmarks, it serves a background role rather than a direct data input. The synergy of these datasets facilitates a multi-dimensional evaluation of how early learning outcomes predict subsequent educational participation, highlighting areas where policy intervention could most effectively target dropouts and underperformance.

Integrated Learning Outcome Survey (ILOS)

Early Grade Literacy and Numeracy Assessment (EGLNA)

National School Enrollment Census (NSEC)

Educational Infrastructure Mapping Project (EIMP)

primary primary primary supporting background

Integrated Learning Outcome Survey (ILOS)

Integrated Learning Outcome Survey (ILOS)

Integrated Learning Outcome Survey (ILOS)

Integrated Learning Outcome Survey (ILOS)

Early Grade Literacy and Numeracy Assessment (EGLNA)

Early Grade Literacy and Numeracy Assessment (EGLNA)

Early Grade Literacy and Numeracy Assessment (EGLNA)

Early Grade Literacy and Numeracy Assessment (EGLNA)

National School Enrollment Census (NSEC)

National School Enrollment Census (NSEC)

National School Enrollment Census (NSEC)

National School Enrollment Census (NSEC)

Educational Infrastructure Mapping Project (EIMP)

Educational Infrastructure Mapping Project (EIMP)

Educational Infrastructure Mapping Project (EIMP)


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | Recent analyses leveraging the Global Macroeconomic Dynamics Database (GMDD) have underscored nuanced correlations between fiscal trajectories and financial inclusion indices across emerging markets. Specifically, the Financial Inclusion and Access Survey (FIAS) 2023 iteration, coordinated by the International Monetary Agency (IMA), provides granular access metrics invaluable for cross-referencing with GDP growth fluctuations recorded in the Macroeconomic Trends Repository (MTR). Moreover, the Central Bank Reports on Payment Systems (CBRPS) offer administrative data that illuminate the penetration depth of digital financial instruments within rural demographics. Complementarily, the Urban Economic Indicators Dataset (UEID) supplies geospatially disaggregated economic activities that contextualize inclusion disparities within metropolitan hubs. These datasets collectively underpin econometric models forecasting the impact of monetary policy shifts on underserved populations, thereby informing policy frameworks designed to bridge inclusion gaps. Secondary references to the National Financial Literacy Survey (NFLS), although primarily background, enrich the qualitative dimensions of this analysis by elucidating behavioral economic patterns relevant to credit uptake and savings mobilization in low-income cohorts.

Global Macroeconomic Dynamics Database
Financial Inclusion and Access Survey
Macroeconomic Trends Repository
Central Bank Reports on Payment Systems
Urban Economic Indicators Dataset
National Financial Literacy Survey

Database Survey Repository Reports Survey

primary primary primary supporting supporting background


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | Recent analyses of forced displacement patterns have increasingly utilized datasets such as the Refugee Demographic and Movement Survey (RDMS), conducted biannually by the International Migration Institute, to capture dynamic population shifts in conflict zones. Complementing this, the Displacement and Integration Statistical Archive (DISA) provides longitudinal microdata on both refugee settlements and host community interactions, which have been critical in modeling socioeconomic outcomes over time. Furthermore, the Global Urban Refugee Mapping Project (GURMP) offers geospatially explicit indicators on urban displacement hotspots, integrating satellite imagery with household survey data. These resources have been pivotal in advancing our understanding of displacement trajectories in regions affected by protracted crises. Notably, the Forced Migration Outcomes Database (FMOD) aggregates administrative records from multiple agencies, facilitating cross-referencing of protection needs and assistance delivery metrics. Additionally, background literature frequently references the Migration Policy and Protection Report (MPPR), which synthesizes policy evaluations but is not directly utilized in primary data analyses herein. Together, these datasets enable a nuanced examination of migration flows, protection challenges, and integration outcomes, underpinning recent policy frameworks aimed at enhancing durable solutions for displaced populations.

Refugee Demographic and Movement Survey (RDMS)

Displacement and Integration Statistical Archive (DISA)

Global Urban Refugee Mapping Project (GURMP)

Forced Migration Outcomes Database (FMOD)

Migration Policy and Protection Report (MPPR)

primary primary primary primary background

Refugee Demographic and Movement Survey (RDMS)

Refugee Demographic and Movement Survey (RDMS)

Refugee Demographic and Movement Survey (RDMS)

Refugee Demographic and Movement Survey (RDMS)

Refugee Demographic and Movement Survey (RDMS)

Refugee Demographic and Movement Survey (RDMS)

Displacement and Integration Statistical Archive (DISA)

Displacement and Integration Statistical Archive (DISA)

Displacement and Integration Statistical Archive (DISA)

Displacement and Integration Statistical Archive (DISA)

Global Urban Refugee Mapping Project (GURMP)

Global Urban Refugee Mapping Project (GURMP)

Global Urban Refugee Mapping Project (GURMP)

Global Urban Refugee Mapping Project (GURMP)

Forced Migration Outcomes Database (FMOD)

Forced Migration Outcomes Database (FMOD)

Forced Migration Outcomes Database (FMOD)

Forced Migration Outcomes Database (FMOD)

Migration Policy and Protection Report (MPPR)

Migration Policy and Protection Report (MPPR)

Migration Policy and Protection Report (MPPR)

Migration Policy and Protection Report (MPPR)


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | Trends in learning adjusted years of schooling (LAYS) have been extensively analyzed using the National Educational Attainment Survey (NEAS) and the Global School Enrollment Database (GSED), which provide complementary metrics on student progression and dropout rates across primary and secondary levels. While NEAS, conducted biennially since 2015, captures microdata on age-grade distortion and repetition rates, the GSED offers annual enrollment ratios disaggregated by gender and rural-urban divides, facilitating nuanced cross-country comparisons. Additionally, the longitudinal data from the International Student Cohort Study (ISCS) have been pivotal in linking early childhood learning outcomes to later academic persistence, with data collection spanning from 2010 through 2022. However, background contextualization relies on the UNESCO Institute for Statistics’ Education Indicators Report (EIR), which, although broader in scope and less temporally granular, informs interpretations of regional enrollment disparities. The integration of datasets such as the NEAS microdata and GSED indicators enables constructing refined models of educational attainment trajectories, essential for policymaking targeting marginalized populations. Furthermore, the ISCS cohort findings corroborate the critical role of early interventions in mitigating learning losses reflected in the LAYS metrics, underscoring the multifaceted approach required to enhance school completion rates in low-income contexts.

National Educational Attainment Survey (NEAS)

Global School Enrollment Database (GSED)

International Student Cohort Study (ISCS)

UNESCO Institute for Statistics’ Education Indicators Report (EIR)

National Educational Attainment Survey (NEAS)

National Educational Attainment Survey (NEAS)

National Educational Attainment Survey (NEAS)

National Educational Attainment Survey (NEAS)

National Educational Attainment Survey (NEAS)

Global School Enrollment Database (GSED)

Global School Enrollment Database (GSED)

Global School Enrollment Database (GSED)

Global School Enrollment Database (GSED)

International Student Cohort Study (ISCS)

International Student Cohort Study (ISCS)

International Student Cohort Study (ISCS)

International Student Cohort Study (ISCS)

International Student Cohort Study (ISCS)

UNESCO Institute for Statistics’ Education Indicators Report (EIR)

UNESCO Institute for Statistics’ Education Indicators Report (EIR)

UNESCO Institute for Statistics’ Education Indicators Report (EIR)

UNESCO Institute for Statistics’ Education Indicators Report (EIR)

UNESCO Institute for Statistics’ Education Indicators Report (EIR)


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | Analysis of forced displacement trends in the past decade necessitates integration of multiple data sources to discern migration patterns and refugee demographics. The Refugee Mobility Survey (RMS) conducted by the Global Migration Institute between 2015 and 2023 provides comprehensive microdata on transit and settlement phases, which complement the administrative datasets from the International Displacement Registry (IDR), offering longitudinal tracking of asylum seekers across borders. Additionally, the Multinational Conflict Displacement Database (MCDD) aggregates geospatial conflict intensity metrics and correlates these with displacement spikes observed in the Population Relocation Records (PRR), an administrative dataset managed by the United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Recent model validations employed the Forced Migration Temporal Study (FMTS), a survey capturing time-variant displacement experiences in camp settings, to refine predictive analytics on refugee flows in crisis zones. Together, these datasets underpin the analytical framework used to assess vulnerability indices and resource allocation efficiency within forcibly displaced populations in the Sahel and Horn of Africa regions.

International Displacement Registry (IDR)

Multinational Conflict Displacement Database (MCDD)

United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

primary supporting supporting supporting supporting

International Displacement Registry (IDR)

International Displacement Registry (IDR)

International Displacement Registry (IDR)

International Displacement Registry (IDR)

Multinational Conflict Displacement Database (MCDD)

Multinational Conflict Displacement Database (MCDD)

Multinational Conflict Displacement Database (MCDD)

Multinational Conflict Displacement Database (MCDD)

United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | Analysis of forced displacement trends in the Greater Eastern Corridor integrates findings from the Refugee Mobility and Integration Survey (RMIS) conducted biannually, alongside administrative records from the National Displacement Registry (NDR), which catalogues migration flows and asylum applications. Complementing these primary data, the Interagency Migration and Refugee Outcome Database (IMROD) aggregates field reports and census adjustments to refine population estimates, while the Urban Refugee Assistance Program (URAP) compiles socio-economic indicators through quarterly household assessments in host communities. Notably, the Migration Policy Evaluation Framework (MPEF) synthesizes data points from RMIS and URAP to evaluate policy impacts on integration metrics, utilizing mixed-method approaches validated by cross-referencing with NDR statistics. Background contextualization is supported by the Global Displacement Overview (GDO), a comprehensive report released annually, which provides macro-level trends but is not directly used in empirical modeling. These datasets collectively enable a granular understanding of displacement dynamics and inform targeted interventions at both national and subnational levels.

Interagency Migration and Refugee Outcome Database

primary primary supporting supporting supporting background

Interagency Migration and Refugee Outcome Database

Interagency Migration and Refugee Outcome Database

Interagency Migration and Refugee Outcome Database

Interagency Migration and Refugee Outcome Database


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | While examining forced displacement dynamics in the East African Rift, the Refugee and Migration Patterns Survey (RMPS) and the Displacement and Vulnerability Household Assessment (DVHA) provide complementary microdata that enable granular tracking of IDP populations, particularly in cross-border contexts where refugee flows intersect with prolonged internal conflicts. Recent analyses leveraging the Global Forced Migration Database (GFMD) focus on trends in asylum applications, revealing correlations with shifts in regional security metrics documented by the Conflict and Displacement Risk Index (CDRI). Although the East Africa Displacement Census (EADC) offers comprehensive enumeration data, its utility is primarily background, serving as a benchmark against which longitudinal changes observed in RMPS and DVHA are compared. Moreover, the International Migration and Refugee Resilience Report (IMRR), although not used directly in quantitative modeling here, contextualizes the policy frameworks influencing protection mechanisms across the region. Together, these datasets underpin an integrated framework for assessing the multifaceted impacts of displacement on host communities and displaced populations, highlighting the interplay between migratory pressures and socioeconomic vulnerabilities in fragile states.

Refugee and Migration Patterns Survey (RMPS)

Displacement and Vulnerability Household Assessment (DVHA)

Conflict and Displacement Risk Index (CDRI)

International Migration and Refugee Resilience Report (IMRR)

Survey Assessment Database Census Report

primary primary primary primary background supporting

Refugee and Migration Patterns Survey (RMPS)

Refugee and Migration Patterns Survey (RMPS)

Refugee and Migration Patterns Survey (RMPS)

Refugee and Migration Patterns Survey (RMPS)

Displacement and Vulnerability Household Assessment (DVHA)

Displacement and Vulnerability Household Assessment (DVHA)

Displacement and Vulnerability Household Assessment (DVHA)

Displacement and Vulnerability Household Assessment (DVHA)

Conflict and Displacement Risk Index (CDRI)

Conflict and Displacement Risk Index (CDRI)

Conflict and Displacement Risk Index (CDRI)

International Migration and Refugee Resilience Report (IMRR)

International Migration and Refugee Resilience Report (IMRR)

International Migration and Refugee Resilience Report (IMRR)

International Migration and Refugee Resilience Report (IMRR)

Conflict and Displacement Risk Index (CDRI)


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | Recent analyses leveraging the Renewable Energy Access Survey (REAS) and the National Grid Expansion Database (NGED) reveal pivotal trends in electrification rates across rural sectors. Meanwhile, the Solar Integration Metrics Report (SIMR) produced by the Energy Transition Observatory offers quarterly insights into photovoltaic penetration and grid stability. These datasets, complemented by administrative records from the Hydropower Infrastructure Registry (HIR) and the Wind Resource Assessment Survey (WRAS), facilitate a comprehensive evaluation of sectoral contributions to the national energy mix. Notably, the Renewable Energy Access Survey (REAS) serves as the primary instrument for baseline household electrification data, while the Solar Integration Metrics Report (SIMR) supports dynamic modeling of intermittency impacts. The National Grid Expansion Database (NGED), although primarily compiled for infrastructural planning, also provides supporting evidence in corroborating grid reach and capacity upgrades. Hydropower Infrastructure Registry (HIR) data, referenced in broader policy frameworks, remains a background resource, informing long-term asset management strategies. Additionally, the Wind Resource Assessment Survey (WRAS) underpins site-specific resource estimations used in micro-scale feasibility studies, thus contributing both to primary and supporting analytical contexts.

Hydropower Infrastructure Registry (HIR)

primary supporting primary background supporting

Hydropower Infrastructure Registry (HIR)

Hydropower Infrastructure Registry (HIR)

Hydropower Infrastructure Registry (HIR)

Hydropower Infrastructure Registry (HIR)


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | Recent assessments of energy access in sub-Saharan Africa have increasingly relied on the Integrated Renewable Resources Survey (IRRS) conducted by the Continental Energy Institute, which provides granular consumption profiles across urban and rural sectors from 2017 to 2023. Complementarily, the Grid Expansion Monitoring Dataset (GEMD), curated by the Global Electrification Consortium, tracks infrastructural developments and off-grid solar uptake, capturing over 10,000 settlement-level datapoints in East Africa alone. In addition, the Dynamic Energy Transition Index (DETI) aggregates country-level policy shifts and renewable capacity additions, serving as a comparative framework for national transition trajectories from 2015 onward. While these datasets form the backbone of quantitative modeling, the Household Energy Usage and Preference Survey (HEUPS), implemented biennially by the Center for Sustainable Energy Studies, offers crucial microdata on consumer behavior and appliance ownership patterns. Notably, the Regional Biomass Energy Inventory (RBEI), though primarily a background resource detailing feedstock availability and conversion efficiencies, informs scenario calibration for biomass integration pathways. Together, these data sources underpin the multidimensional analyses necessary for evaluating the pace and equity of renewable energy adoption across diverse socio-economic contexts.

Household Energy Usage and Preference Survey

Continental Energy Institute
Global Electrification Consortium
Center for Sustainable Energy Studies

primary primary primary primary background

Household Energy Usage and Preference Survey

Household Energy Usage and Preference Survey

Household Energy Usage and Preference Survey

Household Energy Usage and Preference Survey

Household Energy Usage and Preference Survey

Household Energy Usage and Preference Survey


Input: specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | Recent work on forced displacement dynamics in the context of geopolitical conflicts has leveraged multiple large-scale datasets to elucidate migration patterns and refugee settlement trends. The Refugee Movement Monitoring System (RMMS), maintained by the International Migration Observatory, provides granular monthly migration flow data critical for temporal analyses. Complementing this, the Global Displacement Impact Survey (GDIS) offers cross-sectional microdata on displaced households’ socioeconomic conditions, instrumental in identifying vulnerability clusters within host communities. Additionally, the Border Crossing Analytics Database (BCAD), compiled by the Regional Security Consortium, integrates administrative border crossing logs with biometric validation records, enhancing the accuracy of forced migration counts. For spatial analysis, the Forced Migration Geospatial Index (FMGI) amalgamates satellite-derived population density shifts with vector displacement tracking, enabling robust geospatial displacement mapping. While the National Asylum Applications Registry (NAAR) serves as a vital background reference to contextualize formal refugee claim trends, it was not used directly due to data access constraints. These datasets collectively underpin the multifaceted approach employed herein, where RMMS and BCAD provide the primary temporal and administrative flows, GDIS supplies socioeconomic microdata, and FMGI supports spatial displacement analysis, facilitating an integrated assessment framework.

Refugee Movement Monitoring System (RMMS)

Global Displacement Impact Survey (GDIS)

Border Crossing Analytics Database (BCAD)

Forced Migration Geospatial Index (FMGI)

National Asylum Applications Registry (NAAR)

International Migration Observatory
Regional Security Consortium

primary supporting primary supporting background

Refugee Movement Monitoring System (RMMS)

Refugee Movement Monitoring System (RMMS)

Refugee Movement Monitoring System (RMMS)

Refugee Movement Monitoring System (RMMS)

Refugee Movement Monitoring System (RMMS)

Global Displacement Impact Survey (GDIS)

Global Displacement Impact Survey (GDIS)

Global Displacement Impact Survey (GDIS)

Global Displacement Impact Survey (GDIS)

Border Crossing Analytics Database (BCAD)

Border Crossing Analytics Database (BCAD)

Border Crossing Analytics Database (BCAD)

Border Crossing Analytics Database (BCAD)

Border Crossing Analytics Database (BCAD)

Forced Migration Geospatial Index (FMGI)

Forced Migration Geospatial Index (FMGI)

Forced Migration Geospatial Index (FMGI)

Forced Migration Geospatial Index (FMGI)

National Asylum Applications Registry (NAAR)

National Asylum Applications Registry (NAAR)

National Asylum Applications Registry (NAAR)

National Asylum Applications Registry (NAAR)