[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: In mouse models, the loss of CSF1R facilitates MOZ-TIF2-induced leuekmogenesis.

Document title: PU.1-mediated upregulation of CSF1R is crucial for leukemia stem cell potential induced by MOZ-TIF2

Abstract sentences:
[0] Leukemias and other cancers possess self-renewing stem cells that help to maintain the cancer.
[1] Cancer stem cell eradication is thought to be crucial for successful anticancer therapy.
[2] Using an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) model induced by the leukemia-associated monocytic leukemia zinc finger (MOZ)-TIF2 fusion protein, we show here that AML can be cured by the ablation of leukemia stem cells.
[3] The MOZ fusion proteins MOZ-TIF2 and MOZ-CBP interacted with the transcription factor PU.1 to stimulate the expression of macrophage colony–stimulating factor receptor (CSF1R, also known as M-CSFR, c-FMS or CD115).
[4] Studies using PU.1-deficient mice showed that PU.1 is essential for the ability of MOZ-TIF2 to establish and maintain AML stem cells.
[5] Cells expressing high amounts of CSF1R (CSF1Rhigh cells), but not those expressing low amounts of CSF1R (CSF1Rlow cells), showed potent leukemia-initiating activity.
[6] Using transgenic mice expressing a drug-inducible suicide gene controlled by the CSF1R promoter, we cured AML by ablation of CSF1Rhigh cells.
[7] Moreover, induction of AML was suppressed in CSF1R-deficient mice and CSF1R inhibitors slowed the progression of MOZ-TIF2–induced leukemia.
[8] Thus, in this subtype of AML, leukemia stem cells are contained within the CSF1Rhigh cell population, and we suggest that targeting of PU.1-mediated upregulation of CSF1R expression might be a useful therapeutic approach.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [5]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Cells expressing high amounts of CSF1R (CSF1Rhigh cells), but not those expressing low amounts of CSF1R (CSF1Rlow cells), showed potent leukemia-initiating activity.". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: In mouse models, the loss of CSF1R facilitates MOZ-TIF2-induced leuekmogenesis.

Document title: PU.1-mediated upregulation of CSF1R is crucial for leukemia stem cell potential induced by MOZ-TIF2

Abstract sentences:
[0] Leukemias and other cancers possess self-renewing stem cells that help to maintain the cancer.
[1] Cancer stem cell eradication is thought to be crucial for successful anticancer therapy.
[2] Using an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) model induced by the leukemia-associated monocytic leukemia zinc finger (MOZ)-TIF2 fusion protein, we show here that AML can be cured by the ablation of leukemia stem cells.
[3] The MOZ fusion proteins MOZ-TIF2 and MOZ-CBP interacted with the transcription factor PU.1 to stimulate the expression of macrophage colony–stimulating factor receptor (CSF1R, also known as M-CSFR, c-FMS or CD115).
[4] Studies using PU.1-deficient mice showed that PU.1 is essential for the ability of MOZ-TIF2 to establish and maintain AML stem cells.
[5] Cells expressing high amounts of CSF1R (CSF1Rhigh cells), but not those expressing low amounts of CSF1R (CSF1Rlow cells), showed potent leukemia-initiating activity.
[6] Using transgenic mice expressing a drug-inducible suicide gene controlled by the CSF1R promoter, we cured AML by ablation of CSF1Rhigh cells.
[7] Moreover, induction of AML was suppressed in CSF1R-deficient mice and CSF1R inhibitors slowed the progression of MOZ-TIF2–induced leukemia.
[8] Thus, in this subtype of AML, leukemia stem cells are contained within the CSF1Rhigh cell population, and we suggest that targeting of PU.1-mediated upregulation of CSF1R expression might be a useful therapeutic approach.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [7]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Moreover, induction of AML was suppressed in CSF1R-deficient mice and CSF1R inhibitors slowed the progression of MOZ-TIF2–induced leukemia.". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: In mouse models, the loss of CSF1R facilitates MOZ-TIF2-induced leuekmogenesis.

Document title: PU.1-mediated upregulation of CSF1R is crucial for leukemia stem cell potential induced by MOZ-TIF2

Abstract sentences:
[0] Leukemias and other cancers possess self-renewing stem cells that help to maintain the cancer.
[1] Cancer stem cell eradication is thought to be crucial for successful anticancer therapy.
[2] Using an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) model induced by the leukemia-associated monocytic leukemia zinc finger (MOZ)-TIF2 fusion protein, we show here that AML can be cured by the ablation of leukemia stem cells.
[3] The MOZ fusion proteins MOZ-TIF2 and MOZ-CBP interacted with the transcription factor PU.1 to stimulate the expression of macrophage colony–stimulating factor receptor (CSF1R, also known as M-CSFR, c-FMS or CD115).
[4] Studies using PU.1-deficient mice showed that PU.1 is essential for the ability of MOZ-TIF2 to establish and maintain AML stem cells.
[5] Cells expressing high amounts of CSF1R (CSF1Rhigh cells), but not those expressing low amounts of CSF1R (CSF1Rlow cells), showed potent leukemia-initiating activity.
[6] Using transgenic mice expressing a drug-inducible suicide gene controlled by the CSF1R promoter, we cured AML by ablation of CSF1Rhigh cells.
[7] Moreover, induction of AML was suppressed in CSF1R-deficient mice and CSF1R inhibitors slowed the progression of MOZ-TIF2–induced leukemia.
[8] Thus, in this subtype of AML, leukemia stem cells are contained within the CSF1Rhigh cell population, and we suggest that targeting of PU.1-mediated upregulation of CSF1R expression might be a useful therapeutic approach.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [8]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Thus, in this subtype of AML, leukemia stem cells are contained within the CSF1Rhigh cell population, and we suggest that targeting of PU.1-mediated upregulation of CSF1R expression might be a useful therapeutic approach.". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: In transgenic mice harboring green florescent protein under the control of the Sox2 promoter, less than ten percent of the cells with green florescent colocalize with cell proliferation markers.

Document title: Cell Stem Cell Article In Vivo Fate Analysis Reveals the Multipotent and Self-Renewal Capacities of Sox2 + Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Hippocampus

Abstract sentences:
[0] To characterize the properties of adult neural stem cells (NSCs), we generated and analyzed Sox2-GFP transgenic mice.
[1] Sox2-GFP cells in the subgranular zone (SGZ) express markers specific for progenitors, but they represent two morphologically distinct populations that differ in proliferation levels.
[2] Lentivirus- and retrovirus-mediated fate-tracing studies showed that Sox2+ cells in the SGZ have potential to give rise to neurons and astrocytes, revealing their multipotency at the population as well as at a single-cell level.
[3] A subpopulation of Sox2+ cells gives rise to cells that retain Sox2, highlighting Sox2+ cells as a primary source for adult NSCs.
[4] In response to mitotic signals, increased proliferation of Sox2+ cells is coupled with the generation of Sox2+ NSCs as well as neuronal precursors.
[5] An asymmetric contribution of Sox2+ NSCs may play an important role in maintaining the constant size of the NSC pool and producing newly born neurons during adult neurogenesis.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: In young and middle-aged adults, current or remote uses of ADHD medications do not increase the risk of serious cardiovascular events.

Document title: ADHD medications and risk of serious cardiovascular events in young and middle-aged adults.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT More than 1.5 million US adults use stimulants and other medications labeled for treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
[1] These agents can increase heart rate and blood pressure, raising concerns about their cardiovascular safety.
[2] OBJECTIVE To examine whether current use of medications prescribed primarily to treat ADHD is associated with increased risk of serious cardiovascular events in young and middle-aged adults.
[3] DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Retrospective, population-based cohort study using electronic health care records from 4 study sites (OptumInsight Epidemiology, Tennessee Medicaid, Kaiser Permanente California, and the HMO Research Network), starting in 1986 at 1 site and ending in 2005 at all sites, with additional covariate assessment using 2007 survey data.
[4] Participants were adults aged 25 through 64 years with dispensed prescriptions for methylphenidate, amphetamine, or atomoxetine at baseline.
[5] Each medication user (n = 150,359) was matched to 2 nonusers on study site, birth year, sex, and calendar year (443,198 total users and nonusers).
[6] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serious cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction (MI), sudden cardiac death (SCD), or stroke, with comparison between current or new users and remote users to account for potential healthy-user bias.
[7] RESULTS During 806,182 person-years of follow-up (median, 1.3 years per person), 1357 cases of MI, 296 cases of SCD, and 575 cases of stroke occurred.
[8] There were 107,322 person-years of current use (median, 0.33 years), with a crude incidence per 1000 person-years of 1.34 (95% CI, 1.14-1.57) for MI, 0.30 (95% CI, 0.20-0.42) for SCD, and 0.56 (95% CI, 0.43-0.72) for stroke.
[9] The multivariable-adjusted rate ratio (RR) of serious cardiovascular events for current use vs nonuse of ADHD medications was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.72-0.96).
[10] Among new users of ADHD medications, the adjusted RR was 0.77 (95% CI, 0.63-0.94).
[11] The adjusted RR for current use vs remote use was 1.03 (95% CI, 0.86-1.24); for new use vs remote use, the adjusted RR was 1.02 (95% CI, 0.82-1.28); the upper limit of 1.28 corresponds to an additional 0.19 events per 1000 person-years at ages 25-44 years and 0.77 events per 1000 person-years at ages 45-64 years.
[12] CONCLUSIONS Among young and middle-aged adults, current or new use of ADHD medications, compared with nonuse or remote use, was not associated with an increased risk of serious cardiovascular events.
[13] Apparent protective associations likely represent healthy-user bias.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [9, 10]
Explanation: Evidence states: "The multivariable-adjusted rate ratio (RR) of serious cardiovascular events for current use vs nonuse of ADHD medications was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.72-0.96). Among new users of ADHD medications, the adjusted RR was 0.77 (95% CI, 0.63-0.94).". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: In young and middle-aged adults, current or remote uses of ADHD medications do not increase the risk of serious cardiovascular events.

Document title: ADHD medications and risk of serious cardiovascular events in young and middle-aged adults.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT More than 1.5 million US adults use stimulants and other medications labeled for treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
[1] These agents can increase heart rate and blood pressure, raising concerns about their cardiovascular safety.
[2] OBJECTIVE To examine whether current use of medications prescribed primarily to treat ADHD is associated with increased risk of serious cardiovascular events in young and middle-aged adults.
[3] DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Retrospective, population-based cohort study using electronic health care records from 4 study sites (OptumInsight Epidemiology, Tennessee Medicaid, Kaiser Permanente California, and the HMO Research Network), starting in 1986 at 1 site and ending in 2005 at all sites, with additional covariate assessment using 2007 survey data.
[4] Participants were adults aged 25 through 64 years with dispensed prescriptions for methylphenidate, amphetamine, or atomoxetine at baseline.
[5] Each medication user (n = 150,359) was matched to 2 nonusers on study site, birth year, sex, and calendar year (443,198 total users and nonusers).
[6] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serious cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction (MI), sudden cardiac death (SCD), or stroke, with comparison between current or new users and remote users to account for potential healthy-user bias.
[7] RESULTS During 806,182 person-years of follow-up (median, 1.3 years per person), 1357 cases of MI, 296 cases of SCD, and 575 cases of stroke occurred.
[8] There were 107,322 person-years of current use (median, 0.33 years), with a crude incidence per 1000 person-years of 1.34 (95% CI, 1.14-1.57) for MI, 0.30 (95% CI, 0.20-0.42) for SCD, and 0.56 (95% CI, 0.43-0.72) for stroke.
[9] The multivariable-adjusted rate ratio (RR) of serious cardiovascular events for current use vs nonuse of ADHD medications was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.72-0.96).
[10] Among new users of ADHD medications, the adjusted RR was 0.77 (95% CI, 0.63-0.94).
[11] The adjusted RR for current use vs remote use was 1.03 (95% CI, 0.86-1.24); for new use vs remote use, the adjusted RR was 1.02 (95% CI, 0.82-1.28); the upper limit of 1.28 corresponds to an additional 0.19 events per 1000 person-years at ages 25-44 years and 0.77 events per 1000 person-years at ages 45-64 years.
[12] CONCLUSIONS Among young and middle-aged adults, current or new use of ADHD medications, compared with nonuse or remote use, was not associated with an increased risk of serious cardiovascular events.
[13] Apparent protective associations likely represent healthy-user bias.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [12]
Explanation: Evidence states: "CONCLUSIONS Among young and middle-aged adults, current or new use of ADHD medications, compared with nonuse or remote use, was not associated with an increased risk of serious cardiovascular events.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Incidence of heart failure decreased by 10% in women since 1979.

Document title: Trends in heart failure incidence and survival in a community-based population.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT The epidemic of heart failure has yet to be fully investigated, and data on incidence, survival, and sex-specific temporal trends in community-based populations are limited.
[1] OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the incidence of heart failure has declined and survival after heart failure diagnosis has improved over time but that secular trends have diverged by sex.
[2] DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Population-based cohort study using the resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project conducted in Olmsted County, Minnesota.
[3] Patients were 4537 Olmsted County residents (57% women; mean [SD] age, 74 [14] years) with a diagnosis of heart failure between 1979 and 2000.
[4] Framingham criteria and clinical criteria were used to validate the diagnosis   MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence of heart failure and survival after heart failure diagnosis.
[5] RESULTS The incidence of heart failure was higher among men (378/100 000 persons; 95% confidence interval [CI], 361-395 for men; 289/100 000 persons; 95% CI, 277-300 for women) and did not change over time among men or women.
[6] After a mean follow-up of 4.2 years (range, 0-23.8 years), 3347 deaths occurred, including 1930 among women and 1417 among men.
[7] Survival after heart failure diagnosis was worse among men than women (relative risk, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.24-1.43) but overall improved over time (5-year age-adjusted survival, 43% in 1979-1984 vs 52% in 1996-2000, P<.001).
[8] However, men and younger persons experienced larger survival gains, contrasting with less or no improvement for women and elderly persons.
[9] CONCLUSION In this community-based cohort, the incidence of heart failure has not declined during 2 decades, but survival after onset of heart failure has increased overall, with less improvement among women and elderly persons.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [5]
Explanation: Evidence states: "RESULTS The incidence of heart failure was higher among men (378/100 000 persons; 95% confidence interval [CI], 361-395 for men; 289/100 000 persons; 95% CI, 277-300 for women) and did not change over time among men or women.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Incidence rates of cervical cancer have decreased.

Document title: Effect of screening on cervical cancer mortality in England and Wales: analysis of trends with an age period cohort model.

Abstract sentences:
[0] The number of women dying from cervical cancer in 1997 was 7% lower than in 1996 and has fallen by over 25% since 1992.1 Such rapid change must be at least partly due to cervical screening, although strong cohort effects have caused large fluctuations in cervical mortality in the past.2 We modelled mortality data, taking into account the effects of age and year of birth and looking for trends in time within four age groups to estimate the beneficial effects of cervical screening.
[1] We obtained mortality data, in 5 year age bands, from death registrations in England and Wales and calculated rates using mid-year population estimates.
[2] Mortality since 1993 was adjusted upwards by 4% because of changes in classification of cause of death.3  We modelled the data assuming that the age specific mortality is the product of a smoothly varying age effect, birth cohort effect, and age dependent …

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [0]
Explanation: Evidence states: "The number of women dying from cervical cancer in 1997 was 7% lower than in 1996 and has fallen by over 25% since 1992.1 Such rapid change must be at least partly due to cervical screening, although strong cohort effects have caused large fluctuations in cervical mortality in the past.2 We modelled mortality data, taking into account the effects of age and year of birth and looking for trends in time within four age groups to estimate the beneficial effects of cervical screening.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Incidence rates of cervical cancer have decreased.

Document title: The effect of mass screening on incidence and mortality of squamous and adenocarcinoma of cervix uteri.

Abstract sentences:
[0] OBJECTIVE To describe the efficacy of the Finnish mass screening program for cervical squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, as reflected by changes of incidence and mortality rate.
[1] METHODS Cervical cancer incidence and mortality data were obtained from the Finnish Cancer Registry.
[2] Data were available from the year 1953, when the registry was established.
[3] The nationwide mass screening program in Finland was started in the mid-1960s.
[4] A centralized organization administers this program.
[5] Women age 30-60 years are notified for screening every 5 years.
[6] RESULTS The mean incidence of cervical carcinoma in the early 1960s was 15.4 per 10(5) woman-years.
[7] In 1991, it was only 2.7 per 10(5) woman-years.
[8] The mortality rate has decreased in the same proportion since the mass screening program.
[9] In the early 1960s, the mortality was 6.6 and in 1991 1.4 per 10(5) woman-years.
[10] However, the decrease of the incidence is seen almost exclusively in squamous cell carcinomas.
[11] The mortality caused by adenocarcinoma has decreased in screened birth cohorts, but the incidence rate has remained the same.
[12] CONCLUSIONS The Finnish mass screening program has been effective and its continuation is of utmost importance.
[13] In the future more attention should be given to glandular cell atypias in cervical smears.
[14] Thus, it might be possible to decrease the incidence of cervical adenocarcinoma.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [6, 7]
Explanation: Evidence states: "RESULTS The mean incidence of cervical carcinoma in the early 1960s was 15.4 per 10(5) woman-years. In 1991, it was only 2.7 per 10(5) woman-years.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Incidence rates of cervical cancer have decreased.

Document title: Mass screening programmes and trends in cervical cancer in Finland and the Netherlands.

Abstract sentences:
[0] With respect to cervical cancer management, Finland and the Netherlands are comparable in relevant characteristics, e.g., fertility rate, age-of-mother at first birth and a national screening programme for several years.
[1] The aim of this study is to compare trends in incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer in Finland and the Netherlands in relation to the introduction and intensity of the screening programmes.
[2] Therefore, incidence and mortality rates were calculated using the Cancer Registries of Finland and the Netherlands.
[3] Data on screening intensity were obtained from the Finnish Cancer Registry and the Dutch evaluation centre at ErasmusMC-Rotterdam.
[4] Women aged 30-60 have been screened every 5 years, in Finland since 1992 and in the Netherlands since 1996.
[5] Screening protocols for smear taking and referral to the gynaecologist are comparable.
[6] Incidence and mortality rates have declined more in Finland.
[7] In 2003, age-adjusted incidence and mortality in Finland were 4.0 and 0.9 and in the Netherlands 4.9 and 1.4 per 100,000 woman-years, respectively.
[8] Excess smear use in the Netherlands was estimated to be 24 per 1,000 women during a 5-year interval compared to 121 in Finland.
[9] The decline in mortality in Finland seems to be almost completely related to the screening programme whereas in the Netherlands it was initially considered to be a natural decline.
[10] Differences in risk factors might also play a role: the Netherlands has higher population density and higher percentages of immigrants and (female) smokers.
[11] The greater excess smear use in Finland might also have affected incidence.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [6]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Incidence and mortality rates have declined more in Finland.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Incidence rates of cervical cancer have increased due to nationwide screening programs based primarily on cytology to detect uterine cervical cancer.

Document title: Mass screening programmes and trends in cervical cancer in Finland and the Netherlands.

Abstract sentences:
[0] With respect to cervical cancer management, Finland and the Netherlands are comparable in relevant characteristics, e.g., fertility rate, age-of-mother at first birth and a national screening programme for several years.
[1] The aim of this study is to compare trends in incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer in Finland and the Netherlands in relation to the introduction and intensity of the screening programmes.
[2] Therefore, incidence and mortality rates were calculated using the Cancer Registries of Finland and the Netherlands.
[3] Data on screening intensity were obtained from the Finnish Cancer Registry and the Dutch evaluation centre at ErasmusMC-Rotterdam.
[4] Women aged 30-60 have been screened every 5 years, in Finland since 1992 and in the Netherlands since 1996.
[5] Screening protocols for smear taking and referral to the gynaecologist are comparable.
[6] Incidence and mortality rates have declined more in Finland.
[7] In 2003, age-adjusted incidence and mortality in Finland were 4.0 and 0.9 and in the Netherlands 4.9 and 1.4 per 100,000 woman-years, respectively.
[8] Excess smear use in the Netherlands was estimated to be 24 per 1,000 women during a 5-year interval compared to 121 in Finland.
[9] The decline in mortality in Finland seems to be almost completely related to the screening programme whereas in the Netherlands it was initially considered to be a natural decline.
[10] Differences in risk factors might also play a role: the Netherlands has higher population density and higher percentages of immigrants and (female) smokers.
[11] The greater excess smear use in Finland might also have affected incidence.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [6]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Incidence and mortality rates have declined more in Finland.". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Incidence rates of cervical cancer have increased due to nationwide screening programs based primarily on cytology to detect uterine cervical cancer.

Document title: Mass screening programmes and trends in cervical cancer in Finland and the Netherlands.

Abstract sentences:
[0] With respect to cervical cancer management, Finland and the Netherlands are comparable in relevant characteristics, e.g., fertility rate, age-of-mother at first birth and a national screening programme for several years.
[1] The aim of this study is to compare trends in incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer in Finland and the Netherlands in relation to the introduction and intensity of the screening programmes.
[2] Therefore, incidence and mortality rates were calculated using the Cancer Registries of Finland and the Netherlands.
[3] Data on screening intensity were obtained from the Finnish Cancer Registry and the Dutch evaluation centre at ErasmusMC-Rotterdam.
[4] Women aged 30-60 have been screened every 5 years, in Finland since 1992 and in the Netherlands since 1996.
[5] Screening protocols for smear taking and referral to the gynaecologist are comparable.
[6] Incidence and mortality rates have declined more in Finland.
[7] In 2003, age-adjusted incidence and mortality in Finland were 4.0 and 0.9 and in the Netherlands 4.9 and 1.4 per 100,000 woman-years, respectively.
[8] Excess smear use in the Netherlands was estimated to be 24 per 1,000 women during a 5-year interval compared to 121 in Finland.
[9] The decline in mortality in Finland seems to be almost completely related to the screening programme whereas in the Netherlands it was initially considered to be a natural decline.
[10] Differences in risk factors might also play a role: the Netherlands has higher population density and higher percentages of immigrants and (female) smokers.
[11] The greater excess smear use in Finland might also have affected incidence.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [9]
Explanation: Evidence states: "The decline in mortality in Finland seems to be almost completely related to the screening programme whereas in the Netherlands it was initially considered to be a natural decline.". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Increased microtubule acetylation repairs LRRK2 Roc-COR domain mutation induced locomotor deficits.

Document title: Increasing microtubule acetylation rescues axonal transport and locomotor deficits caused by LRRK2 Roc-COR domain mutations

Abstract sentences:
[0] Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutations are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease.
[1] LRRK2 is a multifunctional protein affecting many cellular processes and has been described to bind microtubules.
[2] Defective microtubule-based axonal transport is hypothesized to contribute to Parkinson's disease, but whether LRRK2 mutations affect this process to mediate pathogenesis is not known.
[3] Here we find that LRRK2 containing pathogenic Roc-COR domain mutations (R1441C, Y1699C) preferentially associates with deacetylated microtubules, and inhibits axonal transport in primary neurons and in Drosophila, causing locomotor deficits in vivo.
[4] In vitro, increasing microtubule acetylation using deacetylase inhibitors or the tubulin acetylase αTAT1 prevents association of mutant LRRK2 with microtubules, and the deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) restores axonal transport.
[5] In vivo knockdown of the deacetylases HDAC6 and Sirt2, or administration of TSA rescues both axonal transport and locomotor behavior.
[6] Thus, this study reveals a pathogenic mechanism and a potential intervention for Parkinson's disease.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [4]
Explanation: Evidence states: "In vitro, increasing microtubule acetylation using deacetylase inhibitors or the tubulin acetylase αTAT1 prevents association of mutant LRRK2 with microtubules, and the deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) restores axonal transport.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Increased vessel density along with a reduction in fibrosis decreases the efficacy of chemotherapy treatments.

Document title: Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling enhances delivery of chemotherapy in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer.

Abstract sentences:
[0] Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is among the most lethal human cancers in part because it is insensitive to many chemotherapeutic drugs.
[1] Studying a mouse model of PDA that is refractory to the clinically used drug gemcitabine, we found that the tumors in this model were poorly perfused and poorly vascularized, properties that are shared with human PDA.
[2] We tested whether the delivery and efficacy of gemcitabine in the mice could be improved by coadministration of IPI-926, a drug that depletes tumor-associated stromal tissue by inhibition of the Hedgehog cellular signaling pathway.
[3] The combination therapy produced a transient increase in intratumoral vascular density and intratumoral concentration of gemcitabine, leading to transient stabilization of disease.
[4] Thus, inefficient drug delivery may be an important contributor to chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [2, 3]
Explanation: Evidence states: "We tested whether the delivery and efficacy of gemcitabine in the mice could be improved by coadministration of IPI-926, a drug that depletes tumor-associated stromal tissue by inhibition of the Hedgehog cellular signaling pathway. The combination therapy produced a transient increase in intratumoral vascular density and intratumoral concentration of gemcitabine, leading to transient stabilization of disease.". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Individuals with low serum vitamin D concentrations have increased risk of multiple sclerosis.

Document title: Past exposure to sun, skin phenotype, and risk of multiple sclerosis: case-control study.

Abstract sentences:
[0] OBJECTIVE To examine whether past high sun exposure is associated with a reduced risk of multiple sclerosis.
[1] DESIGN Population based case-control study.
[2] SETTING Tasmania, latitudes 41-3 degrees S.   PARTICIPANTS 136 cases with multiple sclerosis and 272 controls randomly drawn from the community and matched on sex and year of birth.
[3] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Multiple sclerosis defined by both clinical and magnetic resonance imaging criteria.
[4] RESULTS Higher sun exposure when aged 6-15 years (average 2-3 hours or more a day in summer during weekends and holidays) was associated with a decreased risk of multiple sclerosis (adjusted odds ratio 0.31, 95% confidence interval 0.16 to 0.59).
[5] Higher exposure in winter seemed more important than higher exposure in summer.
[6] Greater actinic damage was also independently associated with a decreased risk of multiple sclerosis (0.32, 0.11 to 0.88 for grades 4-6 disease).
[7] A dose-response relation was observed between multiple sclerosis and decreasing sun exposure when aged 6-15 years and with actinic damage.
[8] CONCLUSION Higher sun exposure during childhood and early adolescence is associated with a reduced risk of multiple sclerosis.
[9] Insufficient ultraviolet radiation may therefore influence the development of multiple sclerosis.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Infection of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 is most frequent in individuals of African origin.

Document title: HTLV-I/II associated disease in England and Wales, 1993-7: retrospective review of serology requests.

Abstract sentences:
[0] Apart from HIV two exogenous retroviruses (human T cell leukaemia viruses type I (HTLV-I) and type II (HTLV-II)) infect humans.
[1] HTLV-I infection is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean, Africa, and Melanesia and is found among immigrants from these regions in Europe.
[2] HTLV-I infection is associated with a 1-5% lifetime risk of adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma, 1 a 0.25% lifetime risk of HTLV-I associated myelopathy, 2 and other inflammatory conditions (uveitis, alveolitis, and arthritis).1 HTLV-II infection is endemic in some native American and African peoples and among injecting drug users and has been associated with neurological disease.1 Between 1986 and 1992, 100 cases of HTLV-I associated myelopathy and 44 cases of adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma were diagnosed in the United Kingdom.3 Adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma was first described in 1977 and patients with it have a mean life expectancy of only six months, so most of the 44 cases were probably incident cases.
[3] …

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Inositol lipid 3-phosphatase PTEN converts Ptdlns(3,4)P 2 into phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate.

Document title: PTEN Regulates PI(3,4)P2 Signaling Downstream of Class I PI3K

Abstract sentences:
[0] The PI3K signaling pathway regulates cell growth and movement and is heavily mutated in cancer.
[1] Class I PI3Ks synthesize the lipid messenger PI(3,4,5)P3.
[2] PI(3,4,5)P3 can be dephosphorylated by 3- or 5-phosphatases, the latter producing PI(3,4)P2.
[3] The PTEN tumor suppressor is thought to function primarily as a PI(3,4,5)P3 3-phosphatase, limiting activation of this pathway.
[4] Here we show that PTEN also functions as a PI(3,4)P2 3-phosphatase, both in vitro and in vivo.
[5] PTEN is a major PI(3,4)P2 phosphatase in Mcf10a cytosol, and loss of PTEN and INPP4B, a known PI(3,4)P2 4-phosphatase, leads to synergistic accumulation of PI(3,4)P2, which correlated with increased invadopodia in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated cells.
[6] PTEN deletion increased PI(3,4)P2 levels in a mouse model of prostate cancer, and it inversely correlated with PI(3,4)P2 levels across several EGF-stimulated prostate and breast cancer lines.
[7] These results point to a role for PI(3,4)P2 in the phenotype caused by loss-of-function mutations or deletions in PTEN.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [4]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Here we show that PTEN also functions as a PI(3,4)P2 3-phosphatase, both in vitro and in vivo.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Input from  mental and physical health care professionals is effective at decreasing homelessness.

Document title: Mental health problems of homeless children and families: longitudinal study.

Abstract sentences:
[0] OBJECTIVE To establish the mental health needs of homeless children and families before and after rehousing.
[1] DESIGN Cross sectional, longitudinal study.
[2] SETTING City of Birmingham.
[3] SUBJECTS 58 rehoused families with 103 children aged 2-16 years and 21 comparison families of low socioeconomic status in stable housing, with 54 children.
[4] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Children's mental health problems and level of communication; mothers' mental health problems and social support one year after rehousing.
[5] RESULTS Mental health problems remained significantly higher in rehoused mothers and their children than in the comparison group (mothers 26% v 5%, P = 0.04; children 39% v 11%, P = 0.0003).
[6] Homeless mothers continued to have significantly less social support at follow up.
[7] Mothers with a history of abuse and poor social integration were more likely to have children with persistent mental health problems.
[8] CONCLUSIONS Homeless families have a high level of complex needs that cannot be met by conventional health services and arrangements.
[9] Local strategies for rapid rehousing into permanent accommodation, effective social support and health care for parents and children, and protection from violence and intimidation should be developed and implemented.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Insomnia can be effectively treated with cognitive behavioral therapy.

Document title: Cognitive behavioral therapy vs zopiclone for treatment of chronic primary insomnia in older adults: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT Insomnia is a common condition in older adults and is associated with a number of adverse medical, social, and psychological consequences.
[1] Previous research has suggested beneficial outcomes of both psychological and pharmacological treatments, but blinded placebo-controlled trials comparing the effects of these treatments are lacking.
[2] OBJECTIVE To examine short- and long-term clinical efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and pharmacological treatment in older adults experiencing chronic primary insomnia.
[3] DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of 46 adults (mean age, 60.8 y; 22 women) with chronic primary insomnia conducted between January 2004 and December 2005 in a single Norwegian university-based outpatient clinic for adults and elderly patients.
[4] INTERVENTION CBT (sleep hygiene, sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive therapy, and relaxation; n = 18), sleep medication (7.5-mg zopiclone each night; n = 16), or placebo medication (n = 12).
[5] All treatment duration was 6 weeks, and the 2 active treatments were followed up at 6 months.
[6] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Ambulant clinical polysomnographic data and sleep diaries were used to determine total wake time, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and slow-wave sleep (only assessed using polysomnography) on all 3 assessment points.
[7] RESULTS CBT resulted in improved short- and long-term outcomes compared with zopiclone on 3 out of 4 outcome measures.
[8] For most outcomes, zopiclone did not differ from placebo.
[9] Participants receiving CBT improved their sleep efficiency from 81.4% at pretreatment to 90.1% at 6-month follow-up compared with a decrease from 82.3% to 81.9% in the zopiclone group.
[10] Participants in the CBT group spent much more time in slow-wave sleep (stages 3 and 4) compared with those in other groups, and spent less time awake during the night.
[11] Total sleep time was similar in all 3 groups; at 6 months, patients receiving CBT had better sleep efficiency using polysomnography than those taking zopiclone.
[12] CONCLUSION These results suggest that interventions based on CBT are superior to zopiclone treatment both in short- and long-term management of insomnia in older adults.
[13] TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00295386.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [7]
Explanation: Evidence states: "RESULTS CBT resulted in improved short- and long-term outcomes compared with zopiclone on 3 out of 4 outcome measures.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Insomnia can be effectively treated with cognitive behavioral therapy.

Document title: Cognitive behavioral therapy vs zopiclone for treatment of chronic primary insomnia in older adults: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT Insomnia is a common condition in older adults and is associated with a number of adverse medical, social, and psychological consequences.
[1] Previous research has suggested beneficial outcomes of both psychological and pharmacological treatments, but blinded placebo-controlled trials comparing the effects of these treatments are lacking.
[2] OBJECTIVE To examine short- and long-term clinical efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and pharmacological treatment in older adults experiencing chronic primary insomnia.
[3] DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of 46 adults (mean age, 60.8 y; 22 women) with chronic primary insomnia conducted between January 2004 and December 2005 in a single Norwegian university-based outpatient clinic for adults and elderly patients.
[4] INTERVENTION CBT (sleep hygiene, sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive therapy, and relaxation; n = 18), sleep medication (7.5-mg zopiclone each night; n = 16), or placebo medication (n = 12).
[5] All treatment duration was 6 weeks, and the 2 active treatments were followed up at 6 months.
[6] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Ambulant clinical polysomnographic data and sleep diaries were used to determine total wake time, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and slow-wave sleep (only assessed using polysomnography) on all 3 assessment points.
[7] RESULTS CBT resulted in improved short- and long-term outcomes compared with zopiclone on 3 out of 4 outcome measures.
[8] For most outcomes, zopiclone did not differ from placebo.
[9] Participants receiving CBT improved their sleep efficiency from 81.4% at pretreatment to 90.1% at 6-month follow-up compared with a decrease from 82.3% to 81.9% in the zopiclone group.
[10] Participants in the CBT group spent much more time in slow-wave sleep (stages 3 and 4) compared with those in other groups, and spent less time awake during the night.
[11] Total sleep time was similar in all 3 groups; at 6 months, patients receiving CBT had better sleep efficiency using polysomnography than those taking zopiclone.
[12] CONCLUSION These results suggest that interventions based on CBT are superior to zopiclone treatment both in short- and long-term management of insomnia in older adults.
[13] TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00295386.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [9]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Participants receiving CBT improved their sleep efficiency from 81.4% at pretreatment to 90.1% at 6-month follow-up compared with a decrease from 82.3% to 81.9% in the zopiclone group.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Insomnia can be effectively treated with cognitive behavioral therapy.

Document title: Cognitive behavioral therapy vs zopiclone for treatment of chronic primary insomnia in older adults: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT Insomnia is a common condition in older adults and is associated with a number of adverse medical, social, and psychological consequences.
[1] Previous research has suggested beneficial outcomes of both psychological and pharmacological treatments, but blinded placebo-controlled trials comparing the effects of these treatments are lacking.
[2] OBJECTIVE To examine short- and long-term clinical efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and pharmacological treatment in older adults experiencing chronic primary insomnia.
[3] DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of 46 adults (mean age, 60.8 y; 22 women) with chronic primary insomnia conducted between January 2004 and December 2005 in a single Norwegian university-based outpatient clinic for adults and elderly patients.
[4] INTERVENTION CBT (sleep hygiene, sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive therapy, and relaxation; n = 18), sleep medication (7.5-mg zopiclone each night; n = 16), or placebo medication (n = 12).
[5] All treatment duration was 6 weeks, and the 2 active treatments were followed up at 6 months.
[6] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Ambulant clinical polysomnographic data and sleep diaries were used to determine total wake time, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and slow-wave sleep (only assessed using polysomnography) on all 3 assessment points.
[7] RESULTS CBT resulted in improved short- and long-term outcomes compared with zopiclone on 3 out of 4 outcome measures.
[8] For most outcomes, zopiclone did not differ from placebo.
[9] Participants receiving CBT improved their sleep efficiency from 81.4% at pretreatment to 90.1% at 6-month follow-up compared with a decrease from 82.3% to 81.9% in the zopiclone group.
[10] Participants in the CBT group spent much more time in slow-wave sleep (stages 3 and 4) compared with those in other groups, and spent less time awake during the night.
[11] Total sleep time was similar in all 3 groups; at 6 months, patients receiving CBT had better sleep efficiency using polysomnography than those taking zopiclone.
[12] CONCLUSION These results suggest that interventions based on CBT are superior to zopiclone treatment both in short- and long-term management of insomnia in older adults.
[13] TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00295386.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [10]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Participants in the CBT group spent much more time in slow-wave sleep (stages 3 and 4) compared with those in other groups, and spent less time awake during the night.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Insomnia can be effectively treated with cognitive behavioral therapy.

Document title: Cognitive behavioral therapy vs zopiclone for treatment of chronic primary insomnia in older adults: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT Insomnia is a common condition in older adults and is associated with a number of adverse medical, social, and psychological consequences.
[1] Previous research has suggested beneficial outcomes of both psychological and pharmacological treatments, but blinded placebo-controlled trials comparing the effects of these treatments are lacking.
[2] OBJECTIVE To examine short- and long-term clinical efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and pharmacological treatment in older adults experiencing chronic primary insomnia.
[3] DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of 46 adults (mean age, 60.8 y; 22 women) with chronic primary insomnia conducted between January 2004 and December 2005 in a single Norwegian university-based outpatient clinic for adults and elderly patients.
[4] INTERVENTION CBT (sleep hygiene, sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive therapy, and relaxation; n = 18), sleep medication (7.5-mg zopiclone each night; n = 16), or placebo medication (n = 12).
[5] All treatment duration was 6 weeks, and the 2 active treatments were followed up at 6 months.
[6] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Ambulant clinical polysomnographic data and sleep diaries were used to determine total wake time, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and slow-wave sleep (only assessed using polysomnography) on all 3 assessment points.
[7] RESULTS CBT resulted in improved short- and long-term outcomes compared with zopiclone on 3 out of 4 outcome measures.
[8] For most outcomes, zopiclone did not differ from placebo.
[9] Participants receiving CBT improved their sleep efficiency from 81.4% at pretreatment to 90.1% at 6-month follow-up compared with a decrease from 82.3% to 81.9% in the zopiclone group.
[10] Participants in the CBT group spent much more time in slow-wave sleep (stages 3 and 4) compared with those in other groups, and spent less time awake during the night.
[11] Total sleep time was similar in all 3 groups; at 6 months, patients receiving CBT had better sleep efficiency using polysomnography than those taking zopiclone.
[12] CONCLUSION These results suggest that interventions based on CBT are superior to zopiclone treatment both in short- and long-term management of insomnia in older adults.
[13] TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00295386.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [12]
Explanation: Evidence states: "CONCLUSION These results suggest that interventions based on CBT are superior to zopiclone treatment both in short- and long-term management of insomnia in older adults.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Insulin increases risk of severe kidney failure.

Document title: Diabetes treatments and risk of amputation, blindness, severe kidney failure, hyperglycaemia, and hypoglycaemia: open cohort study in primary care

Abstract sentences:
[0] OBJECTIVE To assess the risks of amputation, blindness, severe kidney failure, hyperglycaemia, and hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes associated with prescribed diabetes drugs, particularly newer agents including gliptins or glitazones (thiazolidinediones).
[1] DESIGN Open cohort study in primary care.
[2] SETTING 1243 practices contributing data to the QResearch database in England.
[3] PARTICIPANTS 469,688 patients with type 2 diabetes aged 25-84 years between 1 April 2007 and 31 January 2015.
[4] EXPOSURES Hypoglycaemic agents (glitazones, gliptins, metformin, sulphonylureas, insulin, and other) alone and in combination.
[5] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES First recorded diagnoses of amputation, blindness, severe kidney failure, hyperglycaemia, and hypoglycaemia recorded on patients' primary care, mortality, or hospital records.
[6] Cox models estimated hazard ratios for diabetes treatments adjusting for potential confounders.
[7] RESULTS 21,308 (4.5%) and 32,533 (6.9%) patients received prescriptions for glitazones and gliptins during follow-up, respectively.
[8] Compared with non-use, glitazones were associated with a decreased risk of blindness (adjusted hazard ratio 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.57 to 0.89; rate 14.4 per 10,000 person years of exposure) and an increased risk of hypoglycaemia (1.22, 1.10 to 1.37; 65.1); gliptins were associated with a decreased risk of hypoglycaemia (0.86, 0.77 to 0.96; 45.8).
[9] Although the numbers of patients prescribed gliptin monotherapy or glitazones monotherapy were relatively low, there were significantly increased risks of severe kidney failure compared with metformin monotherapy (adjusted hazard ratio 2.55, 95% confidence interval 1.13 to 5.74).
[10] We found significantly lower risks of hyperglycaemia among patients prescribed dual therapy involving metformin with either gliptins (0.78, 0.62 to 0.97) or glitazones (0.60, 0.45 to 0.80) compared with metformin monotherapy.
[11] Patients prescribed triple therapy with metformin, sulphonylureas, and either gliptins (adjusted hazard ratio 5.07, 95% confidence interval 4.28 to 6.00) or glitazones (6.32, 5.35 to 7.45) had significantly higher risks of hypoglycaemia than those prescribed metformin monotherapy, but these risks were similar to those involving dual therapy with metformin and sulphonylureas (6.03, 5.47 to 6.63).
[12] Patients prescribed triple therapy with metformin, sulphonylureas, and glitazones had a significantly reduced risk of blindness compared with metformin monotherapy (0.67, 0.48 to 0.94).
[13] CONCLUSIONS We have found lower risks of hyperglycaemia among patients prescribed dual therapy involving metformin with either gliptins or glitazones compared with metformin alone.
[14] Compared with metformin monotherapy, triple therapy with metformin, sulphonylureas, and either gliptins or glitazones was associated with an increased risk of hypoglycaemia, which was similar to the risk for dual therapy with metformin and sulphonylureas.
[15] Compared with metformin monotherapy, triple therapy with metformin, sulphonylureas, and glitazones was associated with a reduced risk of blindness.
[16] These results, while subject to residual confounding, could have implications for the prescribing of hypoglycaemic drugs.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Integrating classroom-based collaborative learning with Web-based collaborative learning leads to subpar class performance

Document title: Computer assisted learning in undergraduate medical education.

Abstract sentences:
[0] It is becoming “a truth universally acknowledged” that the education of undergraduate medical students will be enhanced through the use of computer assisted learning.
[1] Access to the wide range of online options illustrated in the figure must surely make learning more exciting, effective, and likely to be retained.
[2] This assumption is potentially but by no means inevitably correct.
[3] ### Box 1: Why fund computer assisted learning?
[4] Computer assisted learning is inevitable —Individual lecturers and departments are already beginning to introduce a wide range of computer based applications, sometimes in a haphazard way.
[5] Planned and coordinated development is better than indiscriminate expansion  It is convenient and flexible —Courses supported by computer assisted learning applications may require fewer face to face lectures and seminars and place fewer geographical and temporal constraints on staff and students.
[6] Students at peripheral hospitals or primary care centres may benefit in particular  Unique presentational benefits —Computer presentation is particularly suited to subjects that are visually intensive, detail oriented, and difficult to conceptualise, such as complex biochemical processes or microscopic images.1 Furthermore, “virtual” cases may reduce the need to use animal or human tissue in learning  Personalised learning —Each learner can progress at his or her preferred pace.
[7] They can repeat, interrupt, and resume at will, which may have particular advantages for weaker students  Economies of scale —Once an application has been set up, the incremental cost of offering it to additional students is relatively small  Competitive advantage —Potential applicants may use the quality of information technology to discriminate between medical schools.
[8] A “leading edge” virtual campus is likely to attract good students  Achieves the ultimate goal of higher education —The goal is to link people into learning communities.
[9] Computer applications, especially the internet and world wide web, are an extremely efficient way of doing this2  Expands pedagogical horizons —The most controversial argument for … RETURN TO TEXT

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Ivermectin is used to treat lymphatic filariasis.

Document title: “Rapid-Impact Interventions”: How a Policy of Integrated Control for Africa's Neglected Tropical Diseases Could Benefit the Poor

Abstract sentences:
[0] Over the past two decades there have been significant achievements in the control of a handful of important human tropical infections [1].
[1] These achievements include the substantive reductions in the prevalence and incidence of the so-called neglected diseases such as lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, guinea worm, leprosy, and trachoma (Box 1) [2].
[2] Each of these neglected diseases is a poverty-promoting and often stigmatizing condition occurring primarily in rural areas of low-income countries (Box 2) [3].
[3] They are ancient afflictions, described in the Bible and other ancient texts, which have burdened humanity for millennia [3].
[4] But now, as a result of aggressive regional vertical interventions, there is a possibility that some neglected tropical infections could be eventually controlled to the point of elimination in some areas of endemicity [2–8].
[5] In the case of guinea worm infection, disease eradication might also soon be possible [9].
[6] Box 2.
[7] Common Features of the Neglected Tropical Diseases          Ancient afflictions that have burdened humanity for centuries      Poverty-promoting conditions      Associated with stigma      Rural areas of low-income countries and fragile states      No commercial markets for products that target these diseases      Interventions, when applied, have a history of success

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Ivermectin is used to treat onchocerciasis.

Document title: “Rapid-Impact Interventions”: How a Policy of Integrated Control for Africa's Neglected Tropical Diseases Could Benefit the Poor

Abstract sentences:
[0] Over the past two decades there have been significant achievements in the control of a handful of important human tropical infections [1].
[1] These achievements include the substantive reductions in the prevalence and incidence of the so-called neglected diseases such as lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, guinea worm, leprosy, and trachoma (Box 1) [2].
[2] Each of these neglected diseases is a poverty-promoting and often stigmatizing condition occurring primarily in rural areas of low-income countries (Box 2) [3].
[3] They are ancient afflictions, described in the Bible and other ancient texts, which have burdened humanity for millennia [3].
[4] But now, as a result of aggressive regional vertical interventions, there is a possibility that some neglected tropical infections could be eventually controlled to the point of elimination in some areas of endemicity [2–8].
[5] In the case of guinea worm infection, disease eradication might also soon be possible [9].
[6] Box 2.
[7] Common Features of the Neglected Tropical Diseases          Ancient afflictions that have burdened humanity for centuries      Poverty-promoting conditions      Associated with stigma      Rural areas of low-income countries and fragile states      No commercial markets for products that target these diseases      Interventions, when applied, have a history of success

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: LDL cholesterol has no involvement in the development of cardiovascular disease.

Document title: LDL-cholesterol concentrations: a genome-wide association study

Abstract sentences:
[0] BACKGROUND LDL cholesterol has a causal role in the development of cardiovascular disease.
[1] Improved understanding of the biological mechanisms that underlie the metabolism and regulation of LDL cholesterol might help to identify novel therapeutic targets.
[2] We therefore did a genome-wide association study of LDL-cholesterol concentrations.
[3] METHODS We used genome-wide association data from up to 11,685 participants with measures of circulating LDL-cholesterol concentrations across five studies, including data for 293 461 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a minor allele frequency of 5% or more that passed our quality control criteria.
[4] We also used data from a second genome-wide array in up to 4337 participants from three of these five studies, with data for 290,140 SNPs.
[5] We did replication studies in two independent populations consisting of up to 4979 participants.
[6] Statistical approaches, including meta-analysis and linkage disequilibrium plots, were used to refine association signals; we analysed pooled data from all seven populations to determine the effect of each SNP on variations in circulating LDL-cholesterol concentrations.
[7] FINDINGS In our initial scan, we found two SNPs (rs599839 [p=1.7x10(-15)] and rs4970834 [p=3.0x10(-11)]) that showed genome-wide statistical association with LDL cholesterol at chromosomal locus 1p13.3.
[8] The second genome screen found a third statistically associated SNP at the same locus (rs646776 [p=4.3x10(-9)]).
[9] Meta-analysis of data from all studies showed an association of SNPs rs599839 (combined p=1.2x10(-33)) and rs646776 (p=4.8x10(-20)) with LDL-cholesterol concentrations.
[10] SNPs rs599839 and rs646776 both explained around 1% of the variation in circulating LDL-cholesterol concentrations and were associated with about 15% of an SD change in LDL cholesterol per allele, assuming an SD of 1 mmol/L.   INTERPRETATION We found evidence for a novel locus for LDL cholesterol on chromosome 1p13.3.
[11] These results potentially provide insight into the biological mechanisms that underlie the regulation of LDL cholesterol and might help in the discovery of novel therapeutic targets for cardiovascular disease.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [0]
Explanation: Evidence states: "BACKGROUND LDL cholesterol has a causal role in the development of cardiovascular disease.". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Lack of clpC does not affect sporulation efficiency in Bacillus subtilis cells.

Document title: High-Throughput Genetic Screens Identify a Large and Diverse Collection of New Sporulation Genes in Bacillus subtilis

Abstract sentences:
[0] The differentiation of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis into a dormant spore is among the most well-characterized developmental pathways in biology.
[1] Classical genetic screens performed over the past half century identified scores of factors involved in every step of this morphological process.
[2] More recently, transcriptional profiling uncovered additional sporulation-induced genes required for successful spore development.
[3] Here, we used transposon-sequencing (Tn-seq) to assess whether there were any sporulation genes left to be discovered.
[4] Our screen identified 133 out of the 148 genes with known sporulation defects.
[5] Surprisingly, we discovered 24 additional genes that had not been previously implicated in spore formation.
[6] To investigate their functions, we used fluorescence microscopy to survey early, middle, and late stages of differentiation of null mutants from the B. subtilis ordered knockout collection.
[7] This analysis identified mutants that are delayed in the initiation of sporulation, defective in membrane remodeling, and impaired in spore maturation.
[8] Several mutants had novel sporulation phenotypes.
[9] We performed in-depth characterization of two new factors that participate in cell-cell signaling pathways during sporulation.
[10] One (SpoIIT) functions in the activation of σE in the mother cell; the other (SpoIIIL) is required for σG activity in the forespore.
[11] Our analysis also revealed that as many as 36 sporulation-induced genes with no previously reported mutant phenotypes are required for timely spore maturation.
[12] Finally, we discovered a large set of transposon insertions that trigger premature initiation of sporulation.
[13] Our results highlight the power of Tn-seq for the discovery of new genes and novel pathways in sporulation and, combined with the recently completed null mutant collection, open the door for similar screens in other, less well-characterized processes.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Less than 10% of the gabonese children with Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims syndrome (SFM) had a plasma lactate of more than 5mmol/L.

Document title: Assessment of Volume Depletion in Children with Malaria

Abstract sentences:
[0] Background The degree of volume depletion in severe malaria is currently unknown, although knowledge of fluid compartment volumes can guide therapy.
[1] To assist management of severely ill children, and to test the hypothesis that volume changes in fluid compartments reflect disease severity, we measured body compartment volumes in Gabonese children with malaria.
[2] Methods and Findings Total body water volume (TBW) and extracellular water volume (ECW) were estimated in children with severe or moderate malaria and in convalescence by tracer dilution with heavy water and bromide, respectively.
[3] Intracellular water volume (ICW) was derived from these parameters.
[4] Bioelectrical impedance analysis estimates of TBW and ECW were calibrated against dilution methods, and bioelectrical impedance analysis measurements were taken daily until discharge.
[5] Sixteen children had severe and 19 moderate malaria.
[6] Severe childhood malaria was associated with depletion of TBW (mean [SD] of 37 [33] ml/kg, or 6.7% [6.0%]) relative to measurement at discharge.
[7] This is defined as mild dehydration in other conditions.
[8] ECW measurements were normal on admission in children with severe malaria and did not rise in the first few days of admission.
[9] Volumes in different compartments (TBW, ECW, and ICW) were not related to hyperlactataemia or other clinical and laboratory markers of disease severity.
[10] Moderate malaria was not associated with a depletion of TBW.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Leukemia associated Rho guanine nucleotide-exchange factor represses RhoA in response to SRC activation.

Document title: The Rho GEFs LARG and GEF-H1 regulate the mechanical response to force on integrins

Abstract sentences:
[0] How individual cells respond to mechanical forces is of considerable interest to biologists as force affects many aspects of cell behaviour.
[1] The application of force on integrins triggers cytoskeletal rearrangements and growth of the associated adhesion complex, resulting in increased cellular stiffness, also known as reinforcement.
[2] Although RhoA has been shown to play a role during reinforcement, the molecular mechanisms that regulate its activity are unknown.
[3] By combining biochemical and biophysical approaches, we identified two guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), LARG and GEF-H1, as key molecules that regulate the cellular adaptation to force.
[4] We show that stimulation of integrins with tensional force triggers activation of these two GEFs and their recruitment to adhesion complexes.
[5] Surprisingly, activation of LARG and GEF-H1 involves distinct signalling pathways.
[6] Our results reveal that LARG is activated by the Src family tyrosine kinase Fyn, whereas GEF-H1 catalytic activity is enhanced by ERK downstream of a signalling cascade that includes FAK and Ras.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Leuko-increased blood increases infectious complications in red blood cell transfusion.

Document title: Clinical outcomes following institution of the Canadian universal leukoreduction program for red blood cell transfusions.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT A number of countries have implemented a policy of universal leukoreduction of their blood supply, but the potential role of leukoreduction in decreasing postoperative mortality and infection is unclear.
[1] OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinical outcomes following adoption of a national universal prestorage leukoreduction program for blood transfusions.
[2] DESIGN, SETTING, AND POPULATION Retrospective before-and-after cohort study conducted from August 1998 to August 2000 in 23 academic and community hospitals throughout Canada, enrolling 14 786 patients who received red blood cell transfusions following cardiac surgery or repair of hip fracture, or who required intensive care following a surgical intervention or multiple trauma.
[3] INTERVENTION Universal prestorage leukoreduction program introduced by 2 Canadian blood agencies.
[4] A total of 6982 patients were enrolled during the control period and 7804 patients were enrolled following prestorage leukoreduction.
[5] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES All-cause in-hospital mortality and serious nosocomial infections (pneumonia, bacteremia, septic shock, all surgical site infections) occurring after first transfusion and at least 2 days after index procedure or intensive care unit admission.
[6] Secondary outcomes included rates of posttransfusion fever and antibiotic use.
[7] RESULTS Unadjusted in-hospital mortality rates were significantly lower following the introduction of leukoreduction compared with the control period (6.19% vs 7.03%, respectively; P =.04).
[8] Compared with the control period, the adjusted odds of death following leukoreduction were reduced (odds ratio [OR], 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75-0.99), but serious nosocomial infections did not decrease (adjusted OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.87-1.09).
[9] The frequency of posttransfusion fevers decreased significantly following leukoreduction (adjusted OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.79-0.94), as did antibiotic use (adjusted OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.99).
[10] CONCLUSION A national universal leukoreduction program is potentially associated with decreased mortality as well as decreased fever episodes and antibiotic use after red blood cell transfusion in high-risk patients.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [8]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Compared with the control period, the adjusted odds of death following leukoreduction were reduced (odds ratio [OR], 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75-0.99), but serious nosocomial infections did not decrease (adjusted OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.87-1.09).". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Leuko-increased blood increases infectious complications in red blood cell transfusion.

Document title: Clinical outcomes following institution of the Canadian universal leukoreduction program for red blood cell transfusions.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT A number of countries have implemented a policy of universal leukoreduction of their blood supply, but the potential role of leukoreduction in decreasing postoperative mortality and infection is unclear.
[1] OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinical outcomes following adoption of a national universal prestorage leukoreduction program for blood transfusions.
[2] DESIGN, SETTING, AND POPULATION Retrospective before-and-after cohort study conducted from August 1998 to August 2000 in 23 academic and community hospitals throughout Canada, enrolling 14 786 patients who received red blood cell transfusions following cardiac surgery or repair of hip fracture, or who required intensive care following a surgical intervention or multiple trauma.
[3] INTERVENTION Universal prestorage leukoreduction program introduced by 2 Canadian blood agencies.
[4] A total of 6982 patients were enrolled during the control period and 7804 patients were enrolled following prestorage leukoreduction.
[5] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES All-cause in-hospital mortality and serious nosocomial infections (pneumonia, bacteremia, septic shock, all surgical site infections) occurring after first transfusion and at least 2 days after index procedure or intensive care unit admission.
[6] Secondary outcomes included rates of posttransfusion fever and antibiotic use.
[7] RESULTS Unadjusted in-hospital mortality rates were significantly lower following the introduction of leukoreduction compared with the control period (6.19% vs 7.03%, respectively; P =.04).
[8] Compared with the control period, the adjusted odds of death following leukoreduction were reduced (odds ratio [OR], 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75-0.99), but serious nosocomial infections did not decrease (adjusted OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.87-1.09).
[9] The frequency of posttransfusion fevers decreased significantly following leukoreduction (adjusted OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.79-0.94), as did antibiotic use (adjusted OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.99).
[10] CONCLUSION A national universal leukoreduction program is potentially associated with decreased mortality as well as decreased fever episodes and antibiotic use after red blood cell transfusion in high-risk patients.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [9]
Explanation: Evidence states: "The frequency of posttransfusion fevers decreased significantly following leukoreduction (adjusted OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.79-0.94), as did antibiotic use (adjusted OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.99).". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Leuko-increased blood increases infectious complications in red blood cell transfusion.

Document title: Clinical outcomes following institution of the Canadian universal leukoreduction program for red blood cell transfusions.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT A number of countries have implemented a policy of universal leukoreduction of their blood supply, but the potential role of leukoreduction in decreasing postoperative mortality and infection is unclear.
[1] OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinical outcomes following adoption of a national universal prestorage leukoreduction program for blood transfusions.
[2] DESIGN, SETTING, AND POPULATION Retrospective before-and-after cohort study conducted from August 1998 to August 2000 in 23 academic and community hospitals throughout Canada, enrolling 14 786 patients who received red blood cell transfusions following cardiac surgery or repair of hip fracture, or who required intensive care following a surgical intervention or multiple trauma.
[3] INTERVENTION Universal prestorage leukoreduction program introduced by 2 Canadian blood agencies.
[4] A total of 6982 patients were enrolled during the control period and 7804 patients were enrolled following prestorage leukoreduction.
[5] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES All-cause in-hospital mortality and serious nosocomial infections (pneumonia, bacteremia, septic shock, all surgical site infections) occurring after first transfusion and at least 2 days after index procedure or intensive care unit admission.
[6] Secondary outcomes included rates of posttransfusion fever and antibiotic use.
[7] RESULTS Unadjusted in-hospital mortality rates were significantly lower following the introduction of leukoreduction compared with the control period (6.19% vs 7.03%, respectively; P =.04).
[8] Compared with the control period, the adjusted odds of death following leukoreduction were reduced (odds ratio [OR], 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75-0.99), but serious nosocomial infections did not decrease (adjusted OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.87-1.09).
[9] The frequency of posttransfusion fevers decreased significantly following leukoreduction (adjusted OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.79-0.94), as did antibiotic use (adjusted OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.99).
[10] CONCLUSION A national universal leukoreduction program is potentially associated with decreased mortality as well as decreased fever episodes and antibiotic use after red blood cell transfusion in high-risk patients.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [10]
Explanation: Evidence states: "CONCLUSION A national universal leukoreduction program is potentially associated with decreased mortality as well as decreased fever episodes and antibiotic use after red blood cell transfusion in high-risk patients.". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Leuko-reduced blood reduces infectious complications in red blood cell transfusion.

Document title: Clinical outcomes following institution of the Canadian universal leukoreduction program for red blood cell transfusions.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT A number of countries have implemented a policy of universal leukoreduction of their blood supply, but the potential role of leukoreduction in decreasing postoperative mortality and infection is unclear.
[1] OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinical outcomes following adoption of a national universal prestorage leukoreduction program for blood transfusions.
[2] DESIGN, SETTING, AND POPULATION Retrospective before-and-after cohort study conducted from August 1998 to August 2000 in 23 academic and community hospitals throughout Canada, enrolling 14 786 patients who received red blood cell transfusions following cardiac surgery or repair of hip fracture, or who required intensive care following a surgical intervention or multiple trauma.
[3] INTERVENTION Universal prestorage leukoreduction program introduced by 2 Canadian blood agencies.
[4] A total of 6982 patients were enrolled during the control period and 7804 patients were enrolled following prestorage leukoreduction.
[5] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES All-cause in-hospital mortality and serious nosocomial infections (pneumonia, bacteremia, septic shock, all surgical site infections) occurring after first transfusion and at least 2 days after index procedure or intensive care unit admission.
[6] Secondary outcomes included rates of posttransfusion fever and antibiotic use.
[7] RESULTS Unadjusted in-hospital mortality rates were significantly lower following the introduction of leukoreduction compared with the control period (6.19% vs 7.03%, respectively; P =.04).
[8] Compared with the control period, the adjusted odds of death following leukoreduction were reduced (odds ratio [OR], 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75-0.99), but serious nosocomial infections did not decrease (adjusted OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.87-1.09).
[9] The frequency of posttransfusion fevers decreased significantly following leukoreduction (adjusted OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.79-0.94), as did antibiotic use (adjusted OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.99).
[10] CONCLUSION A national universal leukoreduction program is potentially associated with decreased mortality as well as decreased fever episodes and antibiotic use after red blood cell transfusion in high-risk patients.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [8]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Compared with the control period, the adjusted odds of death following leukoreduction were reduced (odds ratio [OR], 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75-0.99), but serious nosocomial infections did not decrease (adjusted OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.87-1.09).". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Leuko-reduced blood reduces infectious complications in red blood cell transfusion.

Document title: Clinical outcomes following institution of the Canadian universal leukoreduction program for red blood cell transfusions.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT A number of countries have implemented a policy of universal leukoreduction of their blood supply, but the potential role of leukoreduction in decreasing postoperative mortality and infection is unclear.
[1] OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinical outcomes following adoption of a national universal prestorage leukoreduction program for blood transfusions.
[2] DESIGN, SETTING, AND POPULATION Retrospective before-and-after cohort study conducted from August 1998 to August 2000 in 23 academic and community hospitals throughout Canada, enrolling 14 786 patients who received red blood cell transfusions following cardiac surgery or repair of hip fracture, or who required intensive care following a surgical intervention or multiple trauma.
[3] INTERVENTION Universal prestorage leukoreduction program introduced by 2 Canadian blood agencies.
[4] A total of 6982 patients were enrolled during the control period and 7804 patients were enrolled following prestorage leukoreduction.
[5] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES All-cause in-hospital mortality and serious nosocomial infections (pneumonia, bacteremia, septic shock, all surgical site infections) occurring after first transfusion and at least 2 days after index procedure or intensive care unit admission.
[6] Secondary outcomes included rates of posttransfusion fever and antibiotic use.
[7] RESULTS Unadjusted in-hospital mortality rates were significantly lower following the introduction of leukoreduction compared with the control period (6.19% vs 7.03%, respectively; P =.04).
[8] Compared with the control period, the adjusted odds of death following leukoreduction were reduced (odds ratio [OR], 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75-0.99), but serious nosocomial infections did not decrease (adjusted OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.87-1.09).
[9] The frequency of posttransfusion fevers decreased significantly following leukoreduction (adjusted OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.79-0.94), as did antibiotic use (adjusted OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.99).
[10] CONCLUSION A national universal leukoreduction program is potentially associated with decreased mortality as well as decreased fever episodes and antibiotic use after red blood cell transfusion in high-risk patients.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [9]
Explanation: Evidence states: "The frequency of posttransfusion fevers decreased significantly following leukoreduction (adjusted OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.79-0.94), as did antibiotic use (adjusted OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.99).". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Leuko-reduced blood reduces infectious complications in red blood cell transfusion.

Document title: Clinical outcomes following institution of the Canadian universal leukoreduction program for red blood cell transfusions.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT A number of countries have implemented a policy of universal leukoreduction of their blood supply, but the potential role of leukoreduction in decreasing postoperative mortality and infection is unclear.
[1] OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinical outcomes following adoption of a national universal prestorage leukoreduction program for blood transfusions.
[2] DESIGN, SETTING, AND POPULATION Retrospective before-and-after cohort study conducted from August 1998 to August 2000 in 23 academic and community hospitals throughout Canada, enrolling 14 786 patients who received red blood cell transfusions following cardiac surgery or repair of hip fracture, or who required intensive care following a surgical intervention or multiple trauma.
[3] INTERVENTION Universal prestorage leukoreduction program introduced by 2 Canadian blood agencies.
[4] A total of 6982 patients were enrolled during the control period and 7804 patients were enrolled following prestorage leukoreduction.
[5] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES All-cause in-hospital mortality and serious nosocomial infections (pneumonia, bacteremia, septic shock, all surgical site infections) occurring after first transfusion and at least 2 days after index procedure or intensive care unit admission.
[6] Secondary outcomes included rates of posttransfusion fever and antibiotic use.
[7] RESULTS Unadjusted in-hospital mortality rates were significantly lower following the introduction of leukoreduction compared with the control period (6.19% vs 7.03%, respectively; P =.04).
[8] Compared with the control period, the adjusted odds of death following leukoreduction were reduced (odds ratio [OR], 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75-0.99), but serious nosocomial infections did not decrease (adjusted OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.87-1.09).
[9] The frequency of posttransfusion fevers decreased significantly following leukoreduction (adjusted OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.79-0.94), as did antibiotic use (adjusted OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.99).
[10] CONCLUSION A national universal leukoreduction program is potentially associated with decreased mortality as well as decreased fever episodes and antibiotic use after red blood cell transfusion in high-risk patients.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [10]
Explanation: Evidence states: "CONCLUSION A national universal leukoreduction program is potentially associated with decreased mortality as well as decreased fever episodes and antibiotic use after red blood cell transfusion in high-risk patients.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Localization of PIN1 in the Arabidopsis embryo does not require VPS9a

Document title: Generation of cell polarity in plants links endocytosis, auxin distribution and cell fate decisions

Abstract sentences:
[0] Dynamically polarized membrane proteins define different cell boundaries and have an important role in intercellular communication—a vital feature of multicellular development.
[1] Efflux carriers for the signalling molecule auxin from the PIN family are landmarks of cell polarity in plants and have a crucial involvement in auxin distribution-dependent development including embryo patterning, organogenesis and tropisms.
[2] Polar PIN localization determines the direction of intercellular auxin flow, yet the mechanisms generating PIN polarity remain unclear.
[3] Here we identify an endocytosis-dependent mechanism of PIN polarity generation and analyse its developmental implications.
[4] Real-time PIN tracking showed that after synthesis, PINs are initially delivered to the plasma membrane in a non-polar manner and their polarity is established by subsequent endocytic recycling.
[5] Interference with PIN endocytosis either by auxin or by manipulation of the Arabidopsis Rab5 GTPase pathway prevents PIN polarization.
[6] Failure of PIN polarization transiently alters asymmetric auxin distribution during embryogenesis and increases the local auxin response in apical embryo regions.
[7] This results in ectopic expression of auxin pathway-associated root-forming master regulators in embryonic leaves and promotes homeotic transformation of leaves to roots.
[8] Our results indicate a two-step mechanism for the generation of PIN polar localization and the essential role of endocytosis in this process.
[9] It also highlights the link between endocytosis-dependent polarity of individual cells and auxin distribution-dependent cell fate establishment for multicellular patterning.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Localization of PIN1 in the roots of Arabidopsis does not require VPS9a

Document title: Generation of cell polarity in plants links endocytosis, auxin distribution and cell fate decisions

Abstract sentences:
[0] Dynamically polarized membrane proteins define different cell boundaries and have an important role in intercellular communication—a vital feature of multicellular development.
[1] Efflux carriers for the signalling molecule auxin from the PIN family are landmarks of cell polarity in plants and have a crucial involvement in auxin distribution-dependent development including embryo patterning, organogenesis and tropisms.
[2] Polar PIN localization determines the direction of intercellular auxin flow, yet the mechanisms generating PIN polarity remain unclear.
[3] Here we identify an endocytosis-dependent mechanism of PIN polarity generation and analyse its developmental implications.
[4] Real-time PIN tracking showed that after synthesis, PINs are initially delivered to the plasma membrane in a non-polar manner and their polarity is established by subsequent endocytic recycling.
[5] Interference with PIN endocytosis either by auxin or by manipulation of the Arabidopsis Rab5 GTPase pathway prevents PIN polarization.
[6] Failure of PIN polarization transiently alters asymmetric auxin distribution during embryogenesis and increases the local auxin response in apical embryo regions.
[7] This results in ectopic expression of auxin pathway-associated root-forming master regulators in embryonic leaves and promotes homeotic transformation of leaves to roots.
[8] Our results indicate a two-step mechanism for the generation of PIN polar localization and the essential role of endocytosis in this process.
[9] It also highlights the link between endocytosis-dependent polarity of individual cells and auxin distribution-dependent cell fate establishment for multicellular patterning.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Low expression of miR7a does represses target genes and exerts a biological function in ovaries.

Document title: Assessing the ceRNA hypothesis with quantitative measurements of miRNA and target abundance.

Abstract sentences:
[0] Recent studies have reported that competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) can act as sponges for a microRNA (miRNA) through their binding sites and that changes in ceRNA abundances from individual genes can modulate the activity of miRNAs.
[1] Consideration of this hypothesis would benefit from knowing the quantitative relationship between a miRNA and its endogenous target sites.
[2] Here, we altered intracellular target site abundance through expression of an miR-122 target in hepatocytes and livers and analyzed the effects on miR-122 target genes.
[3] Target repression was released in a threshold-like manner at high target site abundance (≥1.5 × 10(5) added target sites per cell), and this threshold was insensitive to the effective levels of the miRNA.
[4] Furthermore, in response to extreme metabolic liver disease models, global target site abundance of hepatocytes did not change sufficiently to affect miRNA-mediated repression.
[5] Thus, modulation of miRNA target abundance is unlikely to cause significant effects on gene expression and metabolism through a ceRNA effect.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Low expression of miR7a exerts a biological function in testis.

Document title: Assessing the ceRNA hypothesis with quantitative measurements of miRNA and target abundance.

Abstract sentences:
[0] Recent studies have reported that competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) can act as sponges for a microRNA (miRNA) through their binding sites and that changes in ceRNA abundances from individual genes can modulate the activity of miRNAs.
[1] Consideration of this hypothesis would benefit from knowing the quantitative relationship between a miRNA and its endogenous target sites.
[2] Here, we altered intracellular target site abundance through expression of an miR-122 target in hepatocytes and livers and analyzed the effects on miR-122 target genes.
[3] Target repression was released in a threshold-like manner at high target site abundance (≥1.5 × 10(5) added target sites per cell), and this threshold was insensitive to the effective levels of the miRNA.
[4] Furthermore, in response to extreme metabolic liver disease models, global target site abundance of hepatocytes did not change sufficiently to affect miRNA-mediated repression.
[5] Thus, modulation of miRNA target abundance is unlikely to cause significant effects on gene expression and metabolism through a ceRNA effect.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Low nucleosome occupancy correlates with low methylation levels across species.

Document title: Dnmt1-Independent CG Methylation Contributes to Nucleosome Positioning in Diverse Eukaryotes

Abstract sentences:
[0] Dnmt1 epigenetically propagates symmetrical CG methylation in many eukaryotes.
[1] Their genomes are typically depleted of CG dinucleotides because of imperfect repair of deaminated methylcytosines.
[2] Here, we extensively survey diverse species lacking Dnmt1 and show that, surprisingly, symmetrical CG methylation is nonetheless frequently present and catalyzed by a different DNA methyltransferase family, Dnmt5.
[3] Numerous Dnmt5-containing organisms that diverged more than a billion years ago exhibit clustered methylation, specifically in nucleosome linkers.
[4] Clustered methylation occurs at unprecedented densities and directly disfavors nucleosomes, contributing to nucleosome positioning between clusters.
[5] Dense methylation is enabled by a regime of genomic sequence evolution that enriches CG dinucleotides and drives the highest CG frequencies known.
[6] Species with linker methylation have small, transcriptionally active nuclei that approach the physical limits of chromatin compaction.
[7] These features constitute a previously unappreciated genome architecture, in which dense methylation influences nucleosome positions, likely facilitating nuclear processes under extreme spatial constraints.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [4]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Clustered methylation occurs at unprecedented densities and directly disfavors nucleosomes, contributing to nucleosome positioning between clusters.". This contradicts the claim.