[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: The sliding activity of kinesin-8 protein Kip3 promotes bipolar spindle assembly.

Document title: Microtubule sliding activity of a kinesin-8 promotes spindle assembly and spindle length control

Abstract sentences:
[0] Molecular motors play critical roles in the formation of mitotic spindles, either through controlling the stability of individual microtubules, or by crosslinking and sliding microtubule arrays.
[1] Kinesin-8 motors are best known for their regulatory roles in controlling microtubule dynamics.
[2] They contain microtubule-destabilizing activities, and restrict spindle length in a wide variety of cell types and organisms.
[3] Here, we report an antiparallel microtubule-sliding activity of the budding yeast kinesin-8, Kip3.
[4] The in vivo importance of this sliding activity was established through the identification of complementary Kip3 mutants that separate the sliding activity and microtubule-destabilizing activity.
[5] In conjunction with Cin8, a kinesin-5 family member, the sliding activity of Kip3 promotes bipolar spindle assembly and the maintenance of genome stability.
[6] We propose a slide-disassemble model where the sliding and destabilizing activity of Kip3 balance during pre-anaphase.
[7] This facilitates normal spindle assembly.
[8] However, the destabilizing activity of Kip3 dominates in late anaphase, inhibiting spindle elongation and ultimately promoting spindle disassembly.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [5]
Explanation: Evidence states: "In conjunction with Cin8, a kinesin-5 family member, the sliding activity of Kip3 promotes bipolar spindle assembly and the maintenance of genome stability.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: The tip of the inner tube of the toxic type VI secretion system (T6SS) antibacterial effector in Escherichia coli (E. coli) carries toxic effector proteins.

Document title: PAAR-repeat proteins sharpen and diversify the Type VI secretion system spike

Abstract sentences:
[0] The bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a large multicomponent, dynamic macromolecular machine that has an important role in the ecology of many Gram-negative bacteria.
[1] T6SS is responsible for translocation of a wide range of toxic effector molecules, allowing predatory cells to kill both prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic prey cells.
[2] The T6SS organelle is functionally analogous to contractile tails of bacteriophages and is thought to attack cells by initially penetrating them with a trimeric protein complex called the VgrG spike.
[3] Neither the exact protein composition of the T6SS organelle nor the mechanisms of effector selection and delivery are known.
[4] Here we report that proteins from the PAAR (proline-alanine-alanine-arginine) repeat superfamily form a sharp conical extension on the VgrG spike, which is further involved in attaching effector domains to the spike.
[5] The crystal structures of two PAAR-repeat proteins bound to VgrG-like partners show that these proteins sharpen the tip of the T6SS spike complex.
[6] We demonstrate that PAAR proteins are essential for T6SS-mediated secretion and target cell killing by Vibrio cholerae and Acinetobacter baylyi.
[7] Our results indicate a new model of the T6SS organelle in which the VgrG-PAAR spike complex is decorated with multiple effectors that are delivered simultaneously into target cells in a single contraction-driven translocation event.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [4, 5]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Here we report that proteins from the PAAR (proline-alanine-alanine-arginine) repeat superfamily form a sharp conical extension on the VgrG spike, which is further involved in attaching effector domains to the spike. The crystal structures of two PAAR-repeat proteins bound to VgrG-like partners show that these proteins sharpen the tip of the T6SS spike complex.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: The tip of the inner tube of the toxic type VI secretion system (T6SS) antibacterial effector in Escherichia coli (E. coli) carries toxic effector proteins.

Document title: PAAR-repeat proteins sharpen and diversify the Type VI secretion system spike

Abstract sentences:
[0] The bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a large multicomponent, dynamic macromolecular machine that has an important role in the ecology of many Gram-negative bacteria.
[1] T6SS is responsible for translocation of a wide range of toxic effector molecules, allowing predatory cells to kill both prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic prey cells.
[2] The T6SS organelle is functionally analogous to contractile tails of bacteriophages and is thought to attack cells by initially penetrating them with a trimeric protein complex called the VgrG spike.
[3] Neither the exact protein composition of the T6SS organelle nor the mechanisms of effector selection and delivery are known.
[4] Here we report that proteins from the PAAR (proline-alanine-alanine-arginine) repeat superfamily form a sharp conical extension on the VgrG spike, which is further involved in attaching effector domains to the spike.
[5] The crystal structures of two PAAR-repeat proteins bound to VgrG-like partners show that these proteins sharpen the tip of the T6SS spike complex.
[6] We demonstrate that PAAR proteins are essential for T6SS-mediated secretion and target cell killing by Vibrio cholerae and Acinetobacter baylyi.
[7] Our results indicate a new model of the T6SS organelle in which the VgrG-PAAR spike complex is decorated with multiple effectors that are delivered simultaneously into target cells in a single contraction-driven translocation event.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [7]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Our results indicate a new model of the T6SS organelle in which the VgrG-PAAR spike complex is decorated with multiple effectors that are delivered simultaneously into target cells in a single contraction-driven translocation event.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: The treatment of cancer patients with co-IR blockade does not cause any adverse autoimmune events.

Document title: Is autoimmunity the Achilles' heel of cancer immunotherapy?

Abstract sentences:
[0] The emergence of immuno-oncology as the first broadly successful strategy for metastatic cancer will require clinicians to integrate this new pillar of medicine with chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted small-molecule compounds.
[1] Of equal importance is gaining an understanding of the limitations and toxicities of immunotherapy.
[2] Immunotherapy was initially perceived to be a relatively less toxic approach to cancer treatment than other available therapies—and surely it is, when compared to those.
[3] However, as the use of immunotherapy becomes more common, especially as first- and second-line treatments, immunotoxicity and autoimmunity are emerging as the Achilles' heel of immunotherapy.
[4] In this Perspective, we discuss evidence that the occurrence of immunotoxicity bodes well for the patient, and describe mechanisms that might be related to the induction of autoimmunity.
[5] We then explore approaches to limit immunotoxicity, and discuss the future directions of research and reporting that are needed to diminish it.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: The treatment of cancer patients with co-IR blockade precipitates adverse autoimmune events.

Document title: Is autoimmunity the Achilles' heel of cancer immunotherapy?

Abstract sentences:
[0] The emergence of immuno-oncology as the first broadly successful strategy for metastatic cancer will require clinicians to integrate this new pillar of medicine with chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted small-molecule compounds.
[1] Of equal importance is gaining an understanding of the limitations and toxicities of immunotherapy.
[2] Immunotherapy was initially perceived to be a relatively less toxic approach to cancer treatment than other available therapies—and surely it is, when compared to those.
[3] However, as the use of immunotherapy becomes more common, especially as first- and second-line treatments, immunotoxicity and autoimmunity are emerging as the Achilles' heel of immunotherapy.
[4] In this Perspective, we discuss evidence that the occurrence of immunotoxicity bodes well for the patient, and describe mechanisms that might be related to the induction of autoimmunity.
[5] We then explore approaches to limit immunotoxicity, and discuss the future directions of research and reporting that are needed to diminish it.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: The ureABIEFGH gene cluster encodes urease maturation proteins : UreD/UreH, UreE, UreF, and UreG.

Document title: Structure of the proton-gated urea channel from the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori

Abstract sentences:
[0] Half the world's population is chronically infected with Helicobacter pylori, causing gastritis, gastric ulcers and an increased incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma.
[1] Its proton-gated inner-membrane urea channel, HpUreI, is essential for survival in the acidic environment of the stomach.
[2] The channel is closed at neutral pH and opens at acidic pH to allow the rapid access of urea to cytoplasmic urease.
[3] Urease produces NH(3) and CO(2), neutralizing entering protons and thus buffering the periplasm to a pH of roughly 6.1 even in gastric juice at a pH below 2.0.
[4] Here we report the structure of HpUreI, revealing six protomers assembled in a hexameric ring surrounding a central bilayer plug of ordered lipids.
[5] Each protomer encloses a channel formed by a twisted bundle of six transmembrane helices.
[6] The bundle defines a previously unobserved fold comprising a two-helix hairpin motif repeated three times around the central axis of the channel, without the inverted repeat of mammalian-type urea transporters.
[7] Both the channel and the protomer interface contain residues conserved in the AmiS/UreI superfamily, suggesting the preservation of channel architecture and oligomeric state in this superfamily.
[8] Predominantly aromatic or aliphatic side chains line the entire channel and define two consecutive constriction sites in the middle of the channel.
[9] Mutation of Trp 153 in the cytoplasmic constriction site to Ala or Phe decreases the selectivity for urea in comparison with thiourea, suggesting that solute interaction with Trp 153 contributes specificity.
[10] The previously unobserved hexameric channel structure described here provides a new model for the permeation of urea and other small amide solutes in prokaryotes and archaea.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: The ureABIEFGH gene cluster is induced by nickel (II) ion.

Document title: Structure of the proton-gated urea channel from the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori

Abstract sentences:
[0] Half the world's population is chronically infected with Helicobacter pylori, causing gastritis, gastric ulcers and an increased incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma.
[1] Its proton-gated inner-membrane urea channel, HpUreI, is essential for survival in the acidic environment of the stomach.
[2] The channel is closed at neutral pH and opens at acidic pH to allow the rapid access of urea to cytoplasmic urease.
[3] Urease produces NH(3) and CO(2), neutralizing entering protons and thus buffering the periplasm to a pH of roughly 6.1 even in gastric juice at a pH below 2.0.
[4] Here we report the structure of HpUreI, revealing six protomers assembled in a hexameric ring surrounding a central bilayer plug of ordered lipids.
[5] Each protomer encloses a channel formed by a twisted bundle of six transmembrane helices.
[6] The bundle defines a previously unobserved fold comprising a two-helix hairpin motif repeated three times around the central axis of the channel, without the inverted repeat of mammalian-type urea transporters.
[7] Both the channel and the protomer interface contain residues conserved in the AmiS/UreI superfamily, suggesting the preservation of channel architecture and oligomeric state in this superfamily.
[8] Predominantly aromatic or aliphatic side chains line the entire channel and define two consecutive constriction sites in the middle of the channel.
[9] Mutation of Trp 153 in the cytoplasmic constriction site to Ala or Phe decreases the selectivity for urea in comparison with thiourea, suggesting that solute interaction with Trp 153 contributes specificity.
[10] The previously unobserved hexameric channel structure described here provides a new model for the permeation of urea and other small amide solutes in prokaryotes and archaea.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Therapeutic use of the drug Dapsone to treat pyoderma gangrenous is based on anecdotal evidence.

Document title: Clinical features and treatment of peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT Peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum (PPG), an unusual variant of pyoderma gangrenosum, has been reported almost exclusively in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and is frequently misdiagnosed.
[1] OBJECTIVE To better characterize the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of PPG.
[2] DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Retrospective analysis of 7 patients with PPG observed in a university-affiliated community setting between 1988 and December 1999.
[3] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical and histopathologic features, associated disorders, and microbiologic findings.
[4] RESULTS Two patients had Crohn disease, 2 had ulcerative colitis, and 3 had abdominal cancer.
[5] Five patients had at least 1 relapse of PPG after initial healing.
[6] Although 3 of 4 patients with IBD had active bowel disease, a parallel course with PPG occurred in only 1 patient.
[7] Both patients whose stoma was relocated developed an ulcer at the new site.
[8] Effective therapies included topical superpotent corticosteroids; intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide at the ulcer margin; topical cromolyn sodium; oral dapsone, prednisone, cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil; and intravenous infliximab.
[9] CONCLUSION Our experiences demonstrate that although PPG has been most often reported in patients with IBD, it may occur in the absence of IBD.
[10] Biopsy of the skin lesion is not diagnostic but excludes other causes.
[11] Relocation of the stoma may be associated with a new ulceration and should be avoided.
[12] Trauma to the skin of a predisposed patient may elicit the pustules or ulcerations associated with pathergy.
[13] JAMA.
[14] 2000;284:1546-1548.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: There is an inverse relationship between hip fractures and statin use.

Document title: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and the risk of hip fractures in elderly patients.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT Recent animal studies have found that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) lipid-lowering drugs (statins) substantially increase bone formation, but whether statin use in humans results in clinically meaningful bone formation or a reduction in the risk of osteoporotic fractures is not known.
[1] OBJECTIVE To determine whether the use of statins is associated with reduced hip fracture risk.
[2] DESIGN Case-control study.
[3] SETTING AND PATIENTS A total of 6110 New Jersey residents aged 65 years or older and enrolled in Medicare and either Medicaid or the Pharmacy Assistance for the Aged and Disabled program.
[4] Case patients (n=1222) underwent surgical repair of a hip fracture in 1994.
[5] Control patients (n=4888) were identified at a ratio of 4:1 and frequency-matched to case patients for age and sex.
[6] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Adjusted odds ratio (OR) of hip fracture by statin use in the 180 days and 3 years prior to the index date (the earliest date of admission for surgery), adjusted for demographic and clinical characteristics and health care utilization.
[7] RESULTS Use of statins in either the prior 180 days (adjusted OR, 0.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33-0.76) or prior 3 years (adjusted OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.40-0.82) was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of hip fracture, even after controlling for variables such as race, insurance status, psychoactive medications, estrogen and thiazide use, ischemic heart disease, cancer, and diabetes mellitus.
[8] No significant relationship was observed between use of nonstatin lipid-lowering agents and hip fracture risk.
[9] Clear relationships were observed between the degree of reduction in hip fracture risk and the extent of statin use; there was no evidence of such relationships with nonstatin lipid-lowering agents.
[10] After adjusting for extent of statin use in the prior 3 years, current use (on the index date) was associated with a 71% reduction in risk (adjusted OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.10-0.81).
[11] The relationship between statin use and hip fracture risk persisted after controlling for variables such as the number of medications, the Charlson comorbidity index score, and hospitalization or nursing home stay in the last 180 days, as well as after excluding patients who were in a nursing home prior to their index date or who died in the year after their index date.
[12] Use of nonstatin lipid-lowering agents was not observed to be associated with reduction in hip fracture risk in any of these alternative models or analyses.
[13] CONCLUSIONS These findings support an association between statin use by elderly patients and reduction in the risk of hip fracture.
[14] Controlled trials are needed to exclude the possibility of unmeasured confounders.
[15] JAMA.
[16] 2000;283:3211-3216

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [7]
Explanation: Evidence states: "RESULTS Use of statins in either the prior 180 days (adjusted OR, 0.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33-0.76) or prior 3 years (adjusted OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.40-0.82) was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of hip fracture, even after controlling for variables such as race, insurance status, psychoactive medications, estrogen and thiazide use, ischemic heart disease, cancer, and diabetes mellitus.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: There is an inverse relationship between hip fractures and statin use.

Document title: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and the risk of hip fractures in elderly patients.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT Recent animal studies have found that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) lipid-lowering drugs (statins) substantially increase bone formation, but whether statin use in humans results in clinically meaningful bone formation or a reduction in the risk of osteoporotic fractures is not known.
[1] OBJECTIVE To determine whether the use of statins is associated with reduced hip fracture risk.
[2] DESIGN Case-control study.
[3] SETTING AND PATIENTS A total of 6110 New Jersey residents aged 65 years or older and enrolled in Medicare and either Medicaid or the Pharmacy Assistance for the Aged and Disabled program.
[4] Case patients (n=1222) underwent surgical repair of a hip fracture in 1994.
[5] Control patients (n=4888) were identified at a ratio of 4:1 and frequency-matched to case patients for age and sex.
[6] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Adjusted odds ratio (OR) of hip fracture by statin use in the 180 days and 3 years prior to the index date (the earliest date of admission for surgery), adjusted for demographic and clinical characteristics and health care utilization.
[7] RESULTS Use of statins in either the prior 180 days (adjusted OR, 0.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33-0.76) or prior 3 years (adjusted OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.40-0.82) was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of hip fracture, even after controlling for variables such as race, insurance status, psychoactive medications, estrogen and thiazide use, ischemic heart disease, cancer, and diabetes mellitus.
[8] No significant relationship was observed between use of nonstatin lipid-lowering agents and hip fracture risk.
[9] Clear relationships were observed between the degree of reduction in hip fracture risk and the extent of statin use; there was no evidence of such relationships with nonstatin lipid-lowering agents.
[10] After adjusting for extent of statin use in the prior 3 years, current use (on the index date) was associated with a 71% reduction in risk (adjusted OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.10-0.81).
[11] The relationship between statin use and hip fracture risk persisted after controlling for variables such as the number of medications, the Charlson comorbidity index score, and hospitalization or nursing home stay in the last 180 days, as well as after excluding patients who were in a nursing home prior to their index date or who died in the year after their index date.
[12] Use of nonstatin lipid-lowering agents was not observed to be associated with reduction in hip fracture risk in any of these alternative models or analyses.
[13] CONCLUSIONS These findings support an association between statin use by elderly patients and reduction in the risk of hip fracture.
[14] Controlled trials are needed to exclude the possibility of unmeasured confounders.
[15] JAMA.
[16] 2000;283:3211-3216

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [9]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Clear relationships were observed between the degree of reduction in hip fracture risk and the extent of statin use; there was no evidence of such relationships with nonstatin lipid-lowering agents.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: There is an inverse relationship between hip fractures and statin use.

Document title: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and the risk of hip fractures in elderly patients.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT Recent animal studies have found that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) lipid-lowering drugs (statins) substantially increase bone formation, but whether statin use in humans results in clinically meaningful bone formation or a reduction in the risk of osteoporotic fractures is not known.
[1] OBJECTIVE To determine whether the use of statins is associated with reduced hip fracture risk.
[2] DESIGN Case-control study.
[3] SETTING AND PATIENTS A total of 6110 New Jersey residents aged 65 years or older and enrolled in Medicare and either Medicaid or the Pharmacy Assistance for the Aged and Disabled program.
[4] Case patients (n=1222) underwent surgical repair of a hip fracture in 1994.
[5] Control patients (n=4888) were identified at a ratio of 4:1 and frequency-matched to case patients for age and sex.
[6] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Adjusted odds ratio (OR) of hip fracture by statin use in the 180 days and 3 years prior to the index date (the earliest date of admission for surgery), adjusted for demographic and clinical characteristics and health care utilization.
[7] RESULTS Use of statins in either the prior 180 days (adjusted OR, 0.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33-0.76) or prior 3 years (adjusted OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.40-0.82) was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of hip fracture, even after controlling for variables such as race, insurance status, psychoactive medications, estrogen and thiazide use, ischemic heart disease, cancer, and diabetes mellitus.
[8] No significant relationship was observed between use of nonstatin lipid-lowering agents and hip fracture risk.
[9] Clear relationships were observed between the degree of reduction in hip fracture risk and the extent of statin use; there was no evidence of such relationships with nonstatin lipid-lowering agents.
[10] After adjusting for extent of statin use in the prior 3 years, current use (on the index date) was associated with a 71% reduction in risk (adjusted OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.10-0.81).
[11] The relationship between statin use and hip fracture risk persisted after controlling for variables such as the number of medications, the Charlson comorbidity index score, and hospitalization or nursing home stay in the last 180 days, as well as after excluding patients who were in a nursing home prior to their index date or who died in the year after their index date.
[12] Use of nonstatin lipid-lowering agents was not observed to be associated with reduction in hip fracture risk in any of these alternative models or analyses.
[13] CONCLUSIONS These findings support an association between statin use by elderly patients and reduction in the risk of hip fracture.
[14] Controlled trials are needed to exclude the possibility of unmeasured confounders.
[15] JAMA.
[16] 2000;283:3211-3216

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [10]
Explanation: Evidence states: "After adjusting for extent of statin use in the prior 3 years, current use (on the index date) was associated with a 71% reduction in risk (adjusted OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.10-0.81).". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: There is an inverse relationship between hip fractures and statin use.

Document title: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and the risk of hip fractures in elderly patients.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT Recent animal studies have found that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) lipid-lowering drugs (statins) substantially increase bone formation, but whether statin use in humans results in clinically meaningful bone formation or a reduction in the risk of osteoporotic fractures is not known.
[1] OBJECTIVE To determine whether the use of statins is associated with reduced hip fracture risk.
[2] DESIGN Case-control study.
[3] SETTING AND PATIENTS A total of 6110 New Jersey residents aged 65 years or older and enrolled in Medicare and either Medicaid or the Pharmacy Assistance for the Aged and Disabled program.
[4] Case patients (n=1222) underwent surgical repair of a hip fracture in 1994.
[5] Control patients (n=4888) were identified at a ratio of 4:1 and frequency-matched to case patients for age and sex.
[6] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Adjusted odds ratio (OR) of hip fracture by statin use in the 180 days and 3 years prior to the index date (the earliest date of admission for surgery), adjusted for demographic and clinical characteristics and health care utilization.
[7] RESULTS Use of statins in either the prior 180 days (adjusted OR, 0.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33-0.76) or prior 3 years (adjusted OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.40-0.82) was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of hip fracture, even after controlling for variables such as race, insurance status, psychoactive medications, estrogen and thiazide use, ischemic heart disease, cancer, and diabetes mellitus.
[8] No significant relationship was observed between use of nonstatin lipid-lowering agents and hip fracture risk.
[9] Clear relationships were observed between the degree of reduction in hip fracture risk and the extent of statin use; there was no evidence of such relationships with nonstatin lipid-lowering agents.
[10] After adjusting for extent of statin use in the prior 3 years, current use (on the index date) was associated with a 71% reduction in risk (adjusted OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.10-0.81).
[11] The relationship between statin use and hip fracture risk persisted after controlling for variables such as the number of medications, the Charlson comorbidity index score, and hospitalization or nursing home stay in the last 180 days, as well as after excluding patients who were in a nursing home prior to their index date or who died in the year after their index date.
[12] Use of nonstatin lipid-lowering agents was not observed to be associated with reduction in hip fracture risk in any of these alternative models or analyses.
[13] CONCLUSIONS These findings support an association between statin use by elderly patients and reduction in the risk of hip fracture.
[14] Controlled trials are needed to exclude the possibility of unmeasured confounders.
[15] JAMA.
[16] 2000;283:3211-3216

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [13]
Explanation: Evidence states: "CONCLUSIONS These findings support an association between statin use by elderly patients and reduction in the risk of hip fracture.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: There is no association between HNF4A mutations and diabetes risks.

Document title: Macrosomia and Hyperinsulinaemic Hypoglycaemia in Patients with Heterozygous Mutations in the HNF4A Gene

Abstract sentences:
[0] Background  Macrosomia is associated with considerable neonatal and maternal morbidity.
[1] Factors that predict macrosomia are poorly understood.
[2] The increased rate of macrosomia in the offspring of pregnant women with diabetes and in congenital hyperinsulinaemia is mediated by increased foetal insulin secretion.
[3] We assessed the in utero and neonatal role of two key regulators of pancreatic insulin secretion by studying birthweight and the incidence of neonatal hypoglycaemia in patients with heterozygous mutations in the maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) genes HNF4A (encoding HNF-4α) and HNF1A/TCF1 (encoding HNF-1α), and the effect of pancreatic deletion of Hnf4a on foetal and neonatal insulin secretion in mice.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Thigh-length graduated compression stockings (GCS) did not reduce deep vein thrombosis in patients admitted to hospital who are immobile because of acute stroke.

Document title: Effectiveness of thigh-length graduated compression stockings to reduce the risk of deep vein thrombosis after stroke (CLOTS trial 1): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial

Abstract sentences:
[0] BACKGROUND Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism are common after stroke.
[1] In small trials of patients undergoing surgery, graduated compression stockings (GCS) reduce the risk of DVT.
[2] National stroke guidelines extrapolating from these trials recommend their use in patients with stroke despite insufficient evidence.
[3] We assessed the effectiveness of thigh-length GCS to reduce DVT after stroke.
[4] METHODS In this outcome-blinded, randomised controlled trial, 2518 patients who were admitted to hospital within 1 week of an acute stroke and who were immobile were enrolled from 64 centres in the UK, Italy, and Australia.
[5] Patients were allocated via a central randomisation system to routine care plus thigh-length GCS (n=1256) or to routine care plus avoidance of GCS (n=1262).
[6] A technician who was blinded to treatment allocation undertook compression Doppler ultrasound of both legs at about 7-10 days and, when practical, again at 25-30 days after enrolment.
[7] The primary outcome was the occurrence of symptomatic or asymptomatic DVT in the popliteal or femoral veins.
[8] Analyses were by intention to treat.
[9] This study is registered, number ISRCTN28163533.
[10] FINDINGS All patients were included in the analyses.
[11] The primary outcome occurred in 126 (10.0%) patients allocated to thigh-length GCS and in 133 (10.5%) allocated to avoid GCS, resulting in a non-significant absolute reduction in risk of 0.5% (95% CI -1.9% to 2.9%).
[12] Skin breaks, ulcers, blisters, and skin necrosis were significantly more common in patients allocated to GCS than in those allocated to avoid their use (64 [5%] vs 16 [1%]; odds ratio 4.18, 95% CI 2.40-7.27).
[13] INTERPRETATION These data do not lend support to the use of thigh-length GCS in patients admitted to hospital with acute stroke.
[14] National guidelines for stroke might need to be revised on the basis of these results.
[15] FUNDING Medical Research Council (UK), Chief Scientist Office of Scottish Government, Chest Heart and Stroke Scotland, Tyco Healthcare (Covidien) USA, and UK Stroke Research Network.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [11]
Explanation: Evidence states: "The primary outcome occurred in 126 (10.0%) patients allocated to thigh-length GCS and in 133 (10.5%) allocated to avoid GCS, resulting in a non-significant absolute reduction in risk of 0.5% (95% CI -1.9% to 2.9%).". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Thigh-length graduated compression stockings (GCS) did not reduce deep vein thrombosis in patients admitted to hospital who are immobile because of acute stroke.

Document title: Effectiveness of thigh-length graduated compression stockings to reduce the risk of deep vein thrombosis after stroke (CLOTS trial 1): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial

Abstract sentences:
[0] BACKGROUND Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism are common after stroke.
[1] In small trials of patients undergoing surgery, graduated compression stockings (GCS) reduce the risk of DVT.
[2] National stroke guidelines extrapolating from these trials recommend their use in patients with stroke despite insufficient evidence.
[3] We assessed the effectiveness of thigh-length GCS to reduce DVT after stroke.
[4] METHODS In this outcome-blinded, randomised controlled trial, 2518 patients who were admitted to hospital within 1 week of an acute stroke and who were immobile were enrolled from 64 centres in the UK, Italy, and Australia.
[5] Patients were allocated via a central randomisation system to routine care plus thigh-length GCS (n=1256) or to routine care plus avoidance of GCS (n=1262).
[6] A technician who was blinded to treatment allocation undertook compression Doppler ultrasound of both legs at about 7-10 days and, when practical, again at 25-30 days after enrolment.
[7] The primary outcome was the occurrence of symptomatic or asymptomatic DVT in the popliteal or femoral veins.
[8] Analyses were by intention to treat.
[9] This study is registered, number ISRCTN28163533.
[10] FINDINGS All patients were included in the analyses.
[11] The primary outcome occurred in 126 (10.0%) patients allocated to thigh-length GCS and in 133 (10.5%) allocated to avoid GCS, resulting in a non-significant absolute reduction in risk of 0.5% (95% CI -1.9% to 2.9%).
[12] Skin breaks, ulcers, blisters, and skin necrosis were significantly more common in patients allocated to GCS than in those allocated to avoid their use (64 [5%] vs 16 [1%]; odds ratio 4.18, 95% CI 2.40-7.27).
[13] INTERPRETATION These data do not lend support to the use of thigh-length GCS in patients admitted to hospital with acute stroke.
[14] National guidelines for stroke might need to be revised on the basis of these results.
[15] FUNDING Medical Research Council (UK), Chief Scientist Office of Scottish Government, Chest Heart and Stroke Scotland, Tyco Healthcare (Covidien) USA, and UK Stroke Research Network.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [13]
Explanation: Evidence states: "INTERPRETATION These data do not lend support to the use of thigh-length GCS in patients admitted to hospital with acute stroke.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Tirasemtiv has no effect on fast-twitch muscle.

Document title: Activation of fast skeletal muscle troponin as a potential therapeutic approach for treating neuromuscular diseases

Abstract sentences:
[0] Limited neural input results in muscle weakness in neuromuscular disease because of a reduction in the density of muscle innervation, the rate of neuromuscular junction activation or the efficiency of synaptic transmission.
[1] We developed a small-molecule fast-skeletal-troponin activator, CK-2017357, as a means to increase muscle strength by amplifying the response of muscle when neural input is otherwise diminished secondary to neuromuscular disease.
[2] Binding selectively to the fast-skeletal-troponin complex, CK-2017357 slows the rate of calcium release from troponin C and sensitizes muscle to calcium.
[3] As a consequence, the force-calcium relationship of muscle fibers shifts leftwards, as does the force-frequency relationship of a nerve-muscle pair, so that CK-2017357 increases the production of muscle force in situ at sub-maximal nerve stimulation rates.
[4] Notably, we show that sensitization of the fast-skeletal-troponin complex to calcium improves muscle force and grip strength immediately after administration of single doses of CK-2017357 in a model of the neuromuscular disease myasthenia gravis.
[5] Troponin activation may provide a new therapeutic approach to improve physical activity in diseases where neuromuscular function is compromised.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [1]
Explanation: Evidence states: "We developed a small-molecule fast-skeletal-troponin activator, CK-2017357, as a means to increase muscle strength by amplifying the response of muscle when neural input is otherwise diminished secondary to neuromuscular disease.". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Tirasemtiv has no effect on fast-twitch muscle.

Document title: Activation of fast skeletal muscle troponin as a potential therapeutic approach for treating neuromuscular diseases

Abstract sentences:
[0] Limited neural input results in muscle weakness in neuromuscular disease because of a reduction in the density of muscle innervation, the rate of neuromuscular junction activation or the efficiency of synaptic transmission.
[1] We developed a small-molecule fast-skeletal-troponin activator, CK-2017357, as a means to increase muscle strength by amplifying the response of muscle when neural input is otherwise diminished secondary to neuromuscular disease.
[2] Binding selectively to the fast-skeletal-troponin complex, CK-2017357 slows the rate of calcium release from troponin C and sensitizes muscle to calcium.
[3] As a consequence, the force-calcium relationship of muscle fibers shifts leftwards, as does the force-frequency relationship of a nerve-muscle pair, so that CK-2017357 increases the production of muscle force in situ at sub-maximal nerve stimulation rates.
[4] Notably, we show that sensitization of the fast-skeletal-troponin complex to calcium improves muscle force and grip strength immediately after administration of single doses of CK-2017357 in a model of the neuromuscular disease myasthenia gravis.
[5] Troponin activation may provide a new therapeutic approach to improve physical activity in diseases where neuromuscular function is compromised.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [2]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Binding selectively to the fast-skeletal-troponin complex, CK-2017357 slows the rate of calcium release from troponin C and sensitizes muscle to calcium.". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Transferred UCB T cells acquire a memory-like phenotype in recipients.

Document title: Quantitative assessment of T-cell repertoire recovery after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Abstract sentences:
[0] Delayed T cell recovery and restricted T cell receptor (TCR) diversity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) are associated with increased risks of infection and cancer relapse.
[1] Technical challenges have limited faithful measurement of TCR diversity after allo-HSCT.
[2] Here we combined 5' rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends PCR with deep sequencing to quantify TCR diversity in 28 recipients of allo-HSCT using a single oligonucleotide pair.
[3] Analysis of duplicate blood samples confirmed that we accurately determined the frequency of individual TCRs.
[4] After 6 months, cord blood-graft recipients approximated the TCR diversity of healthy individuals, whereas recipients of T cell-depleted peripheral-blood stem cell grafts had 28-fold and 14-fold lower CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell diversities, respectively.
[5] After 12 months, these deficiencies had improved for the CD4(+) but not the CD8(+) T cell compartment.
[6] Overall, this method provides unprecedented views of T cell repertoire recovery after allo-HSCT and may identify patients at high risk of infection or relapse.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Transplanted human glial cells can differentiate within the host animal.

Document title: Forebrain engraftment by human glial progenitor cells enhances synaptic plasticity and learning in adult mice.

Abstract sentences:
[0] Human astrocytes are larger and more complex than those of infraprimate mammals, suggesting that their role in neural processing has expanded with evolution.
[1] To assess the cell-autonomous and species-selective properties of human glia, we engrafted human glial progenitor cells (GPCs) into neonatal immunodeficient mice.
[2] Upon maturation, the recipient brains exhibited large numbers and high proportions of both human glial progenitors and astrocytes.
[3] The engrafted human glia were gap-junction-coupled to host astroglia, yet retained the size and pleomorphism of hominid astroglia, and propagated Ca2+ signals 3-fold faster than their hosts.
[4] Long-term potentiation (LTP) was sharply enhanced in the human glial chimeric mice, as was their learning, as assessed by Barnes maze navigation, object-location memory, and both contextual and tone fear conditioning.
[5] Mice allografted with murine GPCs showed no enhancement of either LTP or learning.
[6] These findings indicate that human glia differentially enhance both activity-dependent plasticity and learning in mice.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [2]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Upon maturation, the recipient brains exhibited large numbers and high proportions of both human glial progenitors and astrocytes.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Transplanted human glial progenitor cells are incapable of forming a neural network with host animals' neurons.

Document title: Forebrain engraftment by human glial progenitor cells enhances synaptic plasticity and learning in adult mice.

Abstract sentences:
[0] Human astrocytes are larger and more complex than those of infraprimate mammals, suggesting that their role in neural processing has expanded with evolution.
[1] To assess the cell-autonomous and species-selective properties of human glia, we engrafted human glial progenitor cells (GPCs) into neonatal immunodeficient mice.
[2] Upon maturation, the recipient brains exhibited large numbers and high proportions of both human glial progenitors and astrocytes.
[3] The engrafted human glia were gap-junction-coupled to host astroglia, yet retained the size and pleomorphism of hominid astroglia, and propagated Ca2+ signals 3-fold faster than their hosts.
[4] Long-term potentiation (LTP) was sharply enhanced in the human glial chimeric mice, as was their learning, as assessed by Barnes maze navigation, object-location memory, and both contextual and tone fear conditioning.
[5] Mice allografted with murine GPCs showed no enhancement of either LTP or learning.
[6] These findings indicate that human glia differentially enhance both activity-dependent plasticity and learning in mice.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [4]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Long-term potentiation (LTP) was sharply enhanced in the human glial chimeric mice, as was their learning, as assessed by Barnes maze navigation, object-location memory, and both contextual and tone fear conditioning.". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) are pro-inflammatory cytokines that inhibit IL-6 and IL-10.

Document title: Inter-individual variability and genetic influences on cytokine responses to bacteria and fungi

Abstract sentences:
[0] Little is known about the inter-individual variation of cytokine responses to different pathogens in healthy individuals.
[1] To systematically describe cytokine responses elicited by distinct pathogens and to determine the effect of genetic variation on cytokine production, we profiled cytokines produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 197 individuals of European origin from the 200 Functional Genomics (200FG) cohort in the Human Functional Genomics Project (http://www.humanfunctionalgenomics.org), obtained over three different years.
[2] We compared bacteria- and fungi-induced cytokine profiles and found that most cytokine responses were organized around a physiological response to specific pathogens, rather than around a particular immune pathway or cytokine.
[3] We then correlated genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes with cytokine abundance and identified six cytokine quantitative trait loci (QTLs).
[4] Among them, a cytokine QTL at the NAA35-GOLM1 locus markedly modulated interleukin (IL)-6 production in response to multiple pathogens and was associated with susceptibility to candidemia.
[5] Furthermore, the cytokine QTLs that we identified were enriched among SNPs previously associated with infectious diseases and heart diseases.
[6] These data reveal and begin to explain the variability in cytokine production by human immune cells in response to pathogens.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: UCB T cells maintain high TCR diversity after transplantation.

Document title: Quantitative assessment of T-cell repertoire recovery after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Abstract sentences:
[0] Delayed T cell recovery and restricted T cell receptor (TCR) diversity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) are associated with increased risks of infection and cancer relapse.
[1] Technical challenges have limited faithful measurement of TCR diversity after allo-HSCT.
[2] Here we combined 5' rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends PCR with deep sequencing to quantify TCR diversity in 28 recipients of allo-HSCT using a single oligonucleotide pair.
[3] Analysis of duplicate blood samples confirmed that we accurately determined the frequency of individual TCRs.
[4] After 6 months, cord blood-graft recipients approximated the TCR diversity of healthy individuals, whereas recipients of T cell-depleted peripheral-blood stem cell grafts had 28-fold and 14-fold lower CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell diversities, respectively.
[5] After 12 months, these deficiencies had improved for the CD4(+) but not the CD8(+) T cell compartment.
[6] Overall, this method provides unprecedented views of T cell repertoire recovery after allo-HSCT and may identify patients at high risk of infection or relapse.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [4]
Explanation: Evidence states: "After 6 months, cord blood-graft recipients approximated the TCR diversity of healthy individuals, whereas recipients of T cell-depleted peripheral-blood stem cell grafts had 28-fold and 14-fold lower CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell diversities, respectively.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: UCB T cells reduce TCR diversity after transplantation.

Document title: Quantitative assessment of T-cell repertoire recovery after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Abstract sentences:
[0] Delayed T cell recovery and restricted T cell receptor (TCR) diversity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) are associated with increased risks of infection and cancer relapse.
[1] Technical challenges have limited faithful measurement of TCR diversity after allo-HSCT.
[2] Here we combined 5' rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends PCR with deep sequencing to quantify TCR diversity in 28 recipients of allo-HSCT using a single oligonucleotide pair.
[3] Analysis of duplicate blood samples confirmed that we accurately determined the frequency of individual TCRs.
[4] After 6 months, cord blood-graft recipients approximated the TCR diversity of healthy individuals, whereas recipients of T cell-depleted peripheral-blood stem cell grafts had 28-fold and 14-fold lower CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell diversities, respectively.
[5] After 12 months, these deficiencies had improved for the CD4(+) but not the CD8(+) T cell compartment.
[6] Overall, this method provides unprecedented views of T cell repertoire recovery after allo-HSCT and may identify patients at high risk of infection or relapse.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [4]
Explanation: Evidence states: "After 6 months, cord blood-graft recipients approximated the TCR diversity of healthy individuals, whereas recipients of T cell-depleted peripheral-blood stem cell grafts had 28-fold and 14-fold lower CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell diversities, respectively.". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Ubiquitin ligase UBC13 generates a K63-linked polyubiquitin moiety at PCNA K164.

Document title: Replication Fork Slowing and Reversal upon DNA Damage Require PCNA Polyubiquitination and ZRANB3 DNA Translocase Activity

Abstract sentences:
[0] DNA damage tolerance during eukaryotic replication is orchestrated by PCNA ubiquitination.
[1] While monoubiquitination activates mutagenic translesion synthesis, polyubiquitination activates an error-free pathway, elusive in mammals, enabling damage bypass by template switching.
[2] Fork reversal is driven in vitro by multiple enzymes, including the DNA translocase ZRANB3, shown to bind polyubiquitinated PCNA.
[3] However, whether this interaction promotes fork remodeling and template switching in vivo was unknown.
[4] Here we show that damage-induced fork reversal in mammalian cells requires PCNA ubiquitination, UBC13, and K63-linked polyubiquitin chains, previously involved in error-free damage tolerance.
[5] Fork reversal in vivo also requires ZRANB3 translocase activity and its interaction with polyubiquitinated PCNA, pinpointing ZRANB3 as a key effector of error-free DNA damage tolerance.
[6] Mutations affecting fork reversal also induced unrestrained fork progression and chromosomal breakage, suggesting fork remodeling as a global fork slowing and protection mechanism.
[7] Targeting these fork protection systems represents a promising strategy to potentiate cancer chemotherapy.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [4]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Here we show that damage-induced fork reversal in mammalian cells requires PCNA ubiquitination, UBC13, and K63-linked polyubiquitin chains, previously involved in error-free damage tolerance.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Ultrasound guidance significantly raises the number of traumatic procedures when attempting needle insertion.

Document title: Ultrasound imaging for lumbar punctures and epidural catheterisations: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract sentences:
[0] OBJECTIVE To determine whether ultrasound imaging can reduce the risk of failed lumbar punctures or epidural catheterisations, when compared with standard palpation methods, and whether ultrasound imaging can reduce traumatic procedures, insertion attempts, and needle redirections.
[1] DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
[2] DATA SOURCES Ovid Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to May 2012, without restriction by language or publication status.
[3] REVIEW METHODS Randomised trials that compared ultrasound imaging with standard methods (no imaging) in the performance of a lumbar puncture or epidural catheterisation were identified.
[4] RESULTS 14 studies with a total of 1334 patients were included (674 patients assigned to the ultrasound group, 660 to the control group).
[5] Five studies evaluated lumbar punctures and nine evaluated epidural catheterisations.
[6] Six of 624 procedures conducted in the ultrasound group failed; 44 of 610 procedures in the control group failed.
[7] Ultrasound imaging reduced the risk of failed procedures (risk ratio 0.21 (95% confidence interval 0.10 to 0.43), P<0.001).
[8] Risk reduction was similar when subgroup analysis was performed for lumbar punctures (risk ratio 0.19 (0.07 to 0.56), P=0.002) or epidural catheterisations (0.23 (0.09 to 0.60), P=0.003).
[9] Ultrasound imaging also significantly reduced the risk of traumatic procedures (risk ratio 0.27 (0.11 to 0.67), P=0.005), the number of insertion attempts (mean difference -0.44 (-0.64 to -0.24), P<0.001), and the number of needle redirections (mean difference -1.00 (-1.24 to -0.75), P<0.001).
[10] CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound imaging can reduce the risk of failed or traumatic lumbar punctures and epidural catheterisations, as well as the number of needle insertions and redirections.
[11] Ultrasound may be a useful adjunct for these procedures.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [7, 8, 9]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Ultrasound imaging reduced the risk of failed procedures (risk ratio 0.21 (95% confidence interval 0.10 to 0.43), P<0.001). Risk reduction was similar when subgroup analysis was performed for lumbar punctures (risk ratio 0.19 (0.07 to 0.56), P=0.002) or epidural catheterisations (0.23 (0.09 to 0.60), P=0.003). Ultrasound imaging also significantly reduced the risk of traumatic procedures (risk ratio 0.27 (0.11 to 0.67), P=0.005), the number of insertion attempts (mean difference -0.44 (-0.64 to -0.24), P<0.001), and the number of needle redirections (mean difference -1.00 (-1.24 to -0.75), P<0.001).". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Ultrasound guidance significantly raises the number of traumatic procedures when attempting needle insertion.

Document title: Ultrasound imaging for lumbar punctures and epidural catheterisations: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract sentences:
[0] OBJECTIVE To determine whether ultrasound imaging can reduce the risk of failed lumbar punctures or epidural catheterisations, when compared with standard palpation methods, and whether ultrasound imaging can reduce traumatic procedures, insertion attempts, and needle redirections.
[1] DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
[2] DATA SOURCES Ovid Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to May 2012, without restriction by language or publication status.
[3] REVIEW METHODS Randomised trials that compared ultrasound imaging with standard methods (no imaging) in the performance of a lumbar puncture or epidural catheterisation were identified.
[4] RESULTS 14 studies with a total of 1334 patients were included (674 patients assigned to the ultrasound group, 660 to the control group).
[5] Five studies evaluated lumbar punctures and nine evaluated epidural catheterisations.
[6] Six of 624 procedures conducted in the ultrasound group failed; 44 of 610 procedures in the control group failed.
[7] Ultrasound imaging reduced the risk of failed procedures (risk ratio 0.21 (95% confidence interval 0.10 to 0.43), P<0.001).
[8] Risk reduction was similar when subgroup analysis was performed for lumbar punctures (risk ratio 0.19 (0.07 to 0.56), P=0.002) or epidural catheterisations (0.23 (0.09 to 0.60), P=0.003).
[9] Ultrasound imaging also significantly reduced the risk of traumatic procedures (risk ratio 0.27 (0.11 to 0.67), P=0.005), the number of insertion attempts (mean difference -0.44 (-0.64 to -0.24), P<0.001), and the number of needle redirections (mean difference -1.00 (-1.24 to -0.75), P<0.001).
[10] CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound imaging can reduce the risk of failed or traumatic lumbar punctures and epidural catheterisations, as well as the number of needle insertions and redirections.
[11] Ultrasound may be a useful adjunct for these procedures.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [10]
Explanation: Evidence states: "CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound imaging can reduce the risk of failed or traumatic lumbar punctures and epidural catheterisations, as well as the number of needle insertions and redirections.". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Up-regulation of the p53 pathway and related molecular events casues cancer resistance and results in a significantly shortened lifespan marked by senescent cells and accelerated organismal aging.

Document title: Senescent Cells, Tumor Suppression, and Organismal Aging: Good Citizens, Bad Neighbors

Abstract sentences:
[0] Cells from organisms with renewable tissues can permanently withdraw from the cell cycle in response to diverse stress, including dysfunctional telomeres, DNA damage, strong mitogenic signals, and disrupted chromatin.
[1] This response, termed cellular senescence, is controlled by the p53 and RB tumor suppressor proteins and constitutes a potent anticancer mechanism.
[2] Nonetheless, senescent cells acquire phenotypic changes that may contribute to aging and certain age-related diseases, including late-life cancer.
[3] Thus, the senescence response may be antagonistically pleiotropic, promoting early-life survival by curtailing the development of cancer but eventually limiting longevity as dysfunctional senescent cells accumulate.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Upregulation of mosGCTL-1 is induced upon infection with West Nile virus.

Document title: A C-Type Lectin Collaborates with a CD45 Phosphatase Homolog to Facilitate West Nile Virus Infection of Mosquitoes

Abstract sentences:
[0] West Nile virus (WNV) is the most common arthropod-borne flavivirus in the United States; however, the vector ligand(s) that participate in infection are not known.
[1] We now show that an Aedes aegypti C-type lectin, mosGCTL-1, is induced by WNV, interacts with WNV in a calcium-dependent manner, and facilitates infection in vivo and in vitro.
[2] A mosquito homolog of human CD45 in A. aegypti, designated mosPTP-1, recruits mosGCTL-1 to enable viral attachment to cells and to enhance viral entry.
[3] In vivo experiments show that mosGCTL-1 and mosPTP-1 function as part of the same pathway and are critical for WNV infection of mosquitoes.
[4] A similar phenomenon was also observed in Culex quinquefasciatus, a natural vector of WNV, further demonstrating that these genes participate in WNV infection.
[5] During the mosquito blood-feeding process, WNV infection was blocked in vivo with mosGCTL-1 antibodies.
[6] A molecular understanding of flaviviral-arthropod interactions may lead to strategies to control viral dissemination in nature.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [3]
Explanation: Evidence states: "In vivo experiments show that mosGCTL-1 and mosPTP-1 function as part of the same pathway and are critical for WNV infection of mosquitoes.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Upregulation of mosGCTL-1 is induced upon infection with West Nile virus.

Document title: A C-Type Lectin Collaborates with a CD45 Phosphatase Homolog to Facilitate West Nile Virus Infection of Mosquitoes

Abstract sentences:
[0] West Nile virus (WNV) is the most common arthropod-borne flavivirus in the United States; however, the vector ligand(s) that participate in infection are not known.
[1] We now show that an Aedes aegypti C-type lectin, mosGCTL-1, is induced by WNV, interacts with WNV in a calcium-dependent manner, and facilitates infection in vivo and in vitro.
[2] A mosquito homolog of human CD45 in A. aegypti, designated mosPTP-1, recruits mosGCTL-1 to enable viral attachment to cells and to enhance viral entry.
[3] In vivo experiments show that mosGCTL-1 and mosPTP-1 function as part of the same pathway and are critical for WNV infection of mosquitoes.
[4] A similar phenomenon was also observed in Culex quinquefasciatus, a natural vector of WNV, further demonstrating that these genes participate in WNV infection.
[5] During the mosquito blood-feeding process, WNV infection was blocked in vivo with mosGCTL-1 antibodies.
[6] A molecular understanding of flaviviral-arthropod interactions may lead to strategies to control viral dissemination in nature.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [5]
Explanation: Evidence states: "During the mosquito blood-feeding process, WNV infection was blocked in vivo with mosGCTL-1 antibodies.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Varenicline monotherapy is more effective after 12 weeks of treatment compared to combination nicotine replacement therapies with varenicline or bupropion.

Document title: Combination varenicline and bupropion SR for tobacco-dependence treatment in cigarette smokers: a randomized trial.

Abstract sentences:
[0] IMPORTANCE Combining pharmacotherapies for tobacco-dependence treatment may increase smoking abstinence.
[1] OBJECTIVE To determine efficacy and safety of varenicline and bupropion sustained-release (SR; combination therapy) compared with varenicline (monotherapy) in cigarette smokers.
[2] DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled multicenter clinical trial with a 12-week treatment period and follow-up through week 52 conducted between October 2009 and April 2013 at 3 midwestern clinical research sites.
[3] Five hundred six adult (≥18 years) cigarette smokers were randomly assigned and 315 (62%) completed the study.
[4] INTERVENTIONS Twelve weeks of varenicline and bupropion SR or varenicline and placebo.
[5] MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcome was abstinence rates at week 12, defined as prolonged (no smoking from 2 weeks after the target quit date) abstinence and 7-day point-prevalence (no smoking past 7 days) abstinence.
[6] Secondary outcomes were prolonged and point-prevalence smoking abstinence rates at weeks 26 and 52.
[7] Outcomes were biochemically confirmed.
[8] RESULTS At 12 weeks, 53.0% of the combination therapy group achieved prolonged smoking abstinence and 56.2% achieved 7-day point-prevalence smoking abstinence compared with 43.2% and 48.6% in varenicline monotherapy (odds ratio [OR], 1.49; 95% CI, 1.05-2.12; P = .03 and OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 0.95-1.93; P = .09, respectively).
[9] At 26 weeks, 36.6% of the combination therapy group achieved prolonged and 38.2% achieved 7-day point-prevalence smoking abstinence compared with 27.6% and 31.9% in varenicline monotherapy (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.04-2.22; P = .03 and OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 0.91-1.91; P = .14, respectively).
[10] At 52 weeks, 30.9% of the combination therapy group achieved prolonged and 36.6% achieved 7-day point-prevalence smoking abstinence compared with 24.5% and 29.2% in varenicline monotherapy (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.93-2.07; P = .11 and OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 0.96-2.05; P = .08, respectively).
[11] Participants receiving combination therapy reported more anxiety (7.2% vs 3.1%; P = .04) and depressive symptoms (3.6% vs 0.8%; P = .03).
[12] CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among cigarette smokers, combined use of varenicline and bupropion, compared with varenicline alone, increased prolonged abstinence but not 7-day point prevalence at 12 and 26 weeks.
[13] Neither outcome was significantly different at 52 weeks.
[14] Further research is required to determine the role of combination therapy in smoking cessation.
[15] TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00935818.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [8]
Explanation: Evidence states: "RESULTS At 12 weeks, 53.0% of the combination therapy group achieved prolonged smoking abstinence and 56.2% achieved 7-day point-prevalence smoking abstinence compared with 43.2% and 48.6% in varenicline monotherapy (odds ratio [OR], 1.49; 95% CI, 1.05-2.12; P = .03 and OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 0.95-1.93; P = .09, respectively).". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Venules have a larger lumen diameter than arterioles.

Document title: Scaffold-based three-dimensional human fibroblast culture provides a structural matrix that supports angiogenesis in infarcted heart tissue.

Abstract sentences:
[0] BACKGROUND We have developed techniques to implant angiogenic patches onto the epicardium over regions of infarcted cardiac tissue to stimulate revascularization of the damaged tissue.
[1] These experiments used a scaffold-based 3D human dermal fibroblast culture (3DFC) as an epicardial patch.
[2] The 3DFC contains viable cells that secrete angiogenic growth factors and has previously been shown to stimulate angiogenic activity.
[3] The hypothesis tested was that a viable 3DFC cardiac patch would stimulate an angiogenic response within an area of infarcted cardiac tissue.
[4] METHODS AND RESULTS A coronary occlusion of a branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery was performed by thermal ligation in severe combined immunodeficient mice.
[5] 3DFCs with or without viable cells were sized to the damaged area, implanted in replicate mice onto the epicardium at the site of tissue injury, and compared with animals that received infarct surgery but no implant.
[6] Fourteen and 30 days after surgery, hearts were exposed and photographed, and tissue samples were prepared for histology and cytochemistry.
[7] Fourteen and 30 days after surgery, the damaged myocardium receiving viable 3DFC exhibited a significantly greater angiogenic response (including arterioles, venules, and capillaries) than nonviable and untreated control groups.
[8] CONCLUSIONS In this animal model, viable 3DFC stimulates angiogenesis within a region of cardiac infarction and can augment a repair response in damaged tissue.
[9] Therefore, a potential use for 3DFC is the repair of myocardial tissue damaged by infarction.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Venules have a thinner or absent smooth layer compared to arterioles.

Document title: Scaffold-based three-dimensional human fibroblast culture provides a structural matrix that supports angiogenesis in infarcted heart tissue.

Abstract sentences:
[0] BACKGROUND We have developed techniques to implant angiogenic patches onto the epicardium over regions of infarcted cardiac tissue to stimulate revascularization of the damaged tissue.
[1] These experiments used a scaffold-based 3D human dermal fibroblast culture (3DFC) as an epicardial patch.
[2] The 3DFC contains viable cells that secrete angiogenic growth factors and has previously been shown to stimulate angiogenic activity.
[3] The hypothesis tested was that a viable 3DFC cardiac patch would stimulate an angiogenic response within an area of infarcted cardiac tissue.
[4] METHODS AND RESULTS A coronary occlusion of a branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery was performed by thermal ligation in severe combined immunodeficient mice.
[5] 3DFCs with or without viable cells were sized to the damaged area, implanted in replicate mice onto the epicardium at the site of tissue injury, and compared with animals that received infarct surgery but no implant.
[6] Fourteen and 30 days after surgery, hearts were exposed and photographed, and tissue samples were prepared for histology and cytochemistry.
[7] Fourteen and 30 days after surgery, the damaged myocardium receiving viable 3DFC exhibited a significantly greater angiogenic response (including arterioles, venules, and capillaries) than nonviable and untreated control groups.
[8] CONCLUSIONS In this animal model, viable 3DFC stimulates angiogenesis within a region of cardiac infarction and can augment a repair response in damaged tissue.
[9] Therefore, a potential use for 3DFC is the repair of myocardial tissue damaged by infarction.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Vitamin D deficiency effects the term of delivery.

Document title: Association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

Abstract sentences:
[0] OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) levels on pregnancy outcomes and birth variables.
[1] DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis.
[2] DATA SOURCES Medline (1966 to August 2012), PubMed (2008 to August 2012), Embase (1980 to August 2012), CINAHL (1981 to August 2012), the Cochrane database of systematic reviews, and the Cochrane database of registered clinical trials.
[3] STUDY SELECTION Studies reporting on the association between serum 25-OHD levels during pregnancy and the outcomes of interest (pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, bacterial vaginosis, caesarean section, small for gestational age infants, birth weight, birth length, and head circumference).
[4] DATA EXTRACTION Two authors independently extracted data from original research articles, including key indicators of study quality.
[5] We pooled the most adjusted odds ratios and weighted mean differences.
[6] Associations were tested in subgroups representing different patient characteristics and study quality.
[7] RESULTS 3357 studies were identified and reviewed for eligibility.
[8] 31 eligible studies were included in the final analysis.
[9] Insufficient serum levels of 25-OHD were associated with gestational diabetes (pooled odds ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.18 to 1.89), pre-eclampsia (1.79, 1.25 to 2.58), and small for gestational age infants (1.85, 1.52 to 2.26).
[10] Pregnant women with low serum 25-OHD levels had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis and low birthweight infants but not delivery by caesarean section.
[11] CONCLUSION Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and small for gestational age infants.
[12] Pregnant women with low 25-OHD levels had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis and lower birth weight infants, but not delivery by caesarean section.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [9]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Insufficient serum levels of 25-OHD were associated with gestational diabetes (pooled odds ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.18 to 1.89), pre-eclampsia (1.79, 1.25 to 2.58), and small for gestational age infants (1.85, 1.52 to 2.26).". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Vitamin D deficiency effects the term of delivery.

Document title: Association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

Abstract sentences:
[0] OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) levels on pregnancy outcomes and birth variables.
[1] DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis.
[2] DATA SOURCES Medline (1966 to August 2012), PubMed (2008 to August 2012), Embase (1980 to August 2012), CINAHL (1981 to August 2012), the Cochrane database of systematic reviews, and the Cochrane database of registered clinical trials.
[3] STUDY SELECTION Studies reporting on the association between serum 25-OHD levels during pregnancy and the outcomes of interest (pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, bacterial vaginosis, caesarean section, small for gestational age infants, birth weight, birth length, and head circumference).
[4] DATA EXTRACTION Two authors independently extracted data from original research articles, including key indicators of study quality.
[5] We pooled the most adjusted odds ratios and weighted mean differences.
[6] Associations were tested in subgroups representing different patient characteristics and study quality.
[7] RESULTS 3357 studies were identified and reviewed for eligibility.
[8] 31 eligible studies were included in the final analysis.
[9] Insufficient serum levels of 25-OHD were associated with gestational diabetes (pooled odds ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.18 to 1.89), pre-eclampsia (1.79, 1.25 to 2.58), and small for gestational age infants (1.85, 1.52 to 2.26).
[10] Pregnant women with low serum 25-OHD levels had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis and low birthweight infants but not delivery by caesarean section.
[11] CONCLUSION Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and small for gestational age infants.
[12] Pregnant women with low 25-OHD levels had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis and lower birth weight infants, but not delivery by caesarean section.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [10]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Pregnant women with low serum 25-OHD levels had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis and low birthweight infants but not delivery by caesarean section.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Vitamin D deficiency effects the term of delivery.

Document title: Association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

Abstract sentences:
[0] OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) levels on pregnancy outcomes and birth variables.
[1] DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis.
[2] DATA SOURCES Medline (1966 to August 2012), PubMed (2008 to August 2012), Embase (1980 to August 2012), CINAHL (1981 to August 2012), the Cochrane database of systematic reviews, and the Cochrane database of registered clinical trials.
[3] STUDY SELECTION Studies reporting on the association between serum 25-OHD levels during pregnancy and the outcomes of interest (pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, bacterial vaginosis, caesarean section, small for gestational age infants, birth weight, birth length, and head circumference).
[4] DATA EXTRACTION Two authors independently extracted data from original research articles, including key indicators of study quality.
[5] We pooled the most adjusted odds ratios and weighted mean differences.
[6] Associations were tested in subgroups representing different patient characteristics and study quality.
[7] RESULTS 3357 studies were identified and reviewed for eligibility.
[8] 31 eligible studies were included in the final analysis.
[9] Insufficient serum levels of 25-OHD were associated with gestational diabetes (pooled odds ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.18 to 1.89), pre-eclampsia (1.79, 1.25 to 2.58), and small for gestational age infants (1.85, 1.52 to 2.26).
[10] Pregnant women with low serum 25-OHD levels had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis and low birthweight infants but not delivery by caesarean section.
[11] CONCLUSION Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and small for gestational age infants.
[12] Pregnant women with low 25-OHD levels had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis and lower birth weight infants, but not delivery by caesarean section.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [11]
Explanation: Evidence states: "CONCLUSION Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and small for gestational age infants.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Vitamin D deficiency effects the term of delivery.

Document title: Association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

Abstract sentences:
[0] OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) levels on pregnancy outcomes and birth variables.
[1] DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis.
[2] DATA SOURCES Medline (1966 to August 2012), PubMed (2008 to August 2012), Embase (1980 to August 2012), CINAHL (1981 to August 2012), the Cochrane database of systematic reviews, and the Cochrane database of registered clinical trials.
[3] STUDY SELECTION Studies reporting on the association between serum 25-OHD levels during pregnancy and the outcomes of interest (pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, bacterial vaginosis, caesarean section, small for gestational age infants, birth weight, birth length, and head circumference).
[4] DATA EXTRACTION Two authors independently extracted data from original research articles, including key indicators of study quality.
[5] We pooled the most adjusted odds ratios and weighted mean differences.
[6] Associations were tested in subgroups representing different patient characteristics and study quality.
[7] RESULTS 3357 studies were identified and reviewed for eligibility.
[8] 31 eligible studies were included in the final analysis.
[9] Insufficient serum levels of 25-OHD were associated with gestational diabetes (pooled odds ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.18 to 1.89), pre-eclampsia (1.79, 1.25 to 2.58), and small for gestational age infants (1.85, 1.52 to 2.26).
[10] Pregnant women with low serum 25-OHD levels had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis and low birthweight infants but not delivery by caesarean section.
[11] CONCLUSION Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and small for gestational age infants.
[12] Pregnant women with low 25-OHD levels had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis and lower birth weight infants, but not delivery by caesarean section.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [12]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Pregnant women with low 25-OHD levels had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis and lower birth weight infants, but not delivery by caesarean section.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Vitamin D deficiency is unrelated to birth weight.

Document title: Association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

Abstract sentences:
[0] OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) levels on pregnancy outcomes and birth variables.
[1] DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis.
[2] DATA SOURCES Medline (1966 to August 2012), PubMed (2008 to August 2012), Embase (1980 to August 2012), CINAHL (1981 to August 2012), the Cochrane database of systematic reviews, and the Cochrane database of registered clinical trials.
[3] STUDY SELECTION Studies reporting on the association between serum 25-OHD levels during pregnancy and the outcomes of interest (pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, bacterial vaginosis, caesarean section, small for gestational age infants, birth weight, birth length, and head circumference).
[4] DATA EXTRACTION Two authors independently extracted data from original research articles, including key indicators of study quality.
[5] We pooled the most adjusted odds ratios and weighted mean differences.
[6] Associations were tested in subgroups representing different patient characteristics and study quality.
[7] RESULTS 3357 studies were identified and reviewed for eligibility.
[8] 31 eligible studies were included in the final analysis.
[9] Insufficient serum levels of 25-OHD were associated with gestational diabetes (pooled odds ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.18 to 1.89), pre-eclampsia (1.79, 1.25 to 2.58), and small for gestational age infants (1.85, 1.52 to 2.26).
[10] Pregnant women with low serum 25-OHD levels had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis and low birthweight infants but not delivery by caesarean section.
[11] CONCLUSION Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and small for gestational age infants.
[12] Pregnant women with low 25-OHD levels had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis and lower birth weight infants, but not delivery by caesarean section.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [10]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Pregnant women with low serum 25-OHD levels had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis and low birthweight infants but not delivery by caesarean section.". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Vitamin D deficiency is unrelated to birth weight.

Document title: Association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

Abstract sentences:
[0] OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) levels on pregnancy outcomes and birth variables.
[1] DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis.
[2] DATA SOURCES Medline (1966 to August 2012), PubMed (2008 to August 2012), Embase (1980 to August 2012), CINAHL (1981 to August 2012), the Cochrane database of systematic reviews, and the Cochrane database of registered clinical trials.
[3] STUDY SELECTION Studies reporting on the association between serum 25-OHD levels during pregnancy and the outcomes of interest (pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, bacterial vaginosis, caesarean section, small for gestational age infants, birth weight, birth length, and head circumference).
[4] DATA EXTRACTION Two authors independently extracted data from original research articles, including key indicators of study quality.
[5] We pooled the most adjusted odds ratios and weighted mean differences.
[6] Associations were tested in subgroups representing different patient characteristics and study quality.
[7] RESULTS 3357 studies were identified and reviewed for eligibility.
[8] 31 eligible studies were included in the final analysis.
[9] Insufficient serum levels of 25-OHD were associated with gestational diabetes (pooled odds ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.18 to 1.89), pre-eclampsia (1.79, 1.25 to 2.58), and small for gestational age infants (1.85, 1.52 to 2.26).
[10] Pregnant women with low serum 25-OHD levels had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis and low birthweight infants but not delivery by caesarean section.
[11] CONCLUSION Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and small for gestational age infants.
[12] Pregnant women with low 25-OHD levels had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis and lower birth weight infants, but not delivery by caesarean section.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [12]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Pregnant women with low 25-OHD levels had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis and lower birth weight infants, but not delivery by caesarean section.". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Women with a higher birth weight are more likely to develop breast cancer later in life.

Document title: Birth Size and Breast Cancer Risk: Re-analysis of Individual Participant Data from 32 Studies

Abstract sentences:
[0] BACKGROUND Birth size, perhaps a proxy for prenatal environment, might be a correlate of subsequent breast cancer risk, but findings from epidemiological studies have been inconsistent.
[1] We re-analysed individual participant data from published and unpublished studies to obtain more precise estimates of the magnitude and shape of the birth size-breast cancer association.
[2] METHODS AND FINDINGS Studies were identified through computer-assisted and manual searches, and personal communication with investigators.
[3] Individual participant data from 32 studies, comprising 22,058 breast cancer cases, were obtained.
[4] Random effect models were used, if appropriate, to combine study-specific estimates of effect.
[5] Birth weight was positively associated with breast cancer risk in studies based on birth records (pooled relative risk [RR] per one standard deviation [SD] [= 0.5 kg] increment in birth weight: 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.09) and parental recall when the participants were children (1.02; 95% CI 0.99-1.05), but not in those based on adult self-reports, or maternal recall during the woman's adulthood (0.98; 95% CI 0.95-1.01) (p for heterogeneity between data sources = 0.003).
[6] Relative to women who weighed 3.000-3.499 kg, the risk was 0.96 (CI 0.80-1.16) in those who weighed < 2.500 kg, and 1.12 (95% CI 1.00-1.25) in those who weighed > or = 4.000 kg (p for linear trend = 0.001) in birth record data.
[7] Birth length and head circumference from birth records were also positively associated with breast cancer risk (pooled RR per one SD increment: 1.06 [95% CI 1.03-1.10] and 1.09 [95% CI 1.03-1.15], respectively).
[8] Simultaneous adjustment for these three birth size variables showed that length was the strongest independent predictor of risk.
[9] The birth size effects did not appear to be confounded or mediated by established breast cancer risk factors and were not modified by age or menopausal status.
[10] The cumulative incidence of breast cancer per 100 women by age 80 y in the study populations was estimated to be 10.0, 10.0, 10.4, and 11.5 in those who were, respectively, in the bottom, second, third, and top fourths of the birth length distribution.
[11] CONCLUSIONS This pooled analysis of individual participant data is consistent with birth size, and in particular birth length, being an independent correlate of breast cancer risk in adulthood.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [5]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Birth weight was positively associated with breast cancer risk in studies based on birth records (pooled relative risk [RR] per one standard deviation [SD] [= 0.5 kg] increment in birth weight: 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.09) and parental recall when the participants were children (1.02; 95% CI 0.99-1.05), but not in those based on adult self-reports, or maternal recall during the woman's adulthood (0.98; 95% CI 0.95-1.01) (p for heterogeneity between data sources = 0.003).". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Women with a higher birth weight are more likely to develop breast cancer later in life.

Document title: Birth Size and Breast Cancer Risk: Re-analysis of Individual Participant Data from 32 Studies

Abstract sentences:
[0] BACKGROUND Birth size, perhaps a proxy for prenatal environment, might be a correlate of subsequent breast cancer risk, but findings from epidemiological studies have been inconsistent.
[1] We re-analysed individual participant data from published and unpublished studies to obtain more precise estimates of the magnitude and shape of the birth size-breast cancer association.
[2] METHODS AND FINDINGS Studies were identified through computer-assisted and manual searches, and personal communication with investigators.
[3] Individual participant data from 32 studies, comprising 22,058 breast cancer cases, were obtained.
[4] Random effect models were used, if appropriate, to combine study-specific estimates of effect.
[5] Birth weight was positively associated with breast cancer risk in studies based on birth records (pooled relative risk [RR] per one standard deviation [SD] [= 0.5 kg] increment in birth weight: 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.09) and parental recall when the participants were children (1.02; 95% CI 0.99-1.05), but not in those based on adult self-reports, or maternal recall during the woman's adulthood (0.98; 95% CI 0.95-1.01) (p for heterogeneity between data sources = 0.003).
[6] Relative to women who weighed 3.000-3.499 kg, the risk was 0.96 (CI 0.80-1.16) in those who weighed < 2.500 kg, and 1.12 (95% CI 1.00-1.25) in those who weighed > or = 4.000 kg (p for linear trend = 0.001) in birth record data.
[7] Birth length and head circumference from birth records were also positively associated with breast cancer risk (pooled RR per one SD increment: 1.06 [95% CI 1.03-1.10] and 1.09 [95% CI 1.03-1.15], respectively).
[8] Simultaneous adjustment for these three birth size variables showed that length was the strongest independent predictor of risk.
[9] The birth size effects did not appear to be confounded or mediated by established breast cancer risk factors and were not modified by age or menopausal status.
[10] The cumulative incidence of breast cancer per 100 women by age 80 y in the study populations was estimated to be 10.0, 10.0, 10.4, and 11.5 in those who were, respectively, in the bottom, second, third, and top fourths of the birth length distribution.
[11] CONCLUSIONS This pooled analysis of individual participant data is consistent with birth size, and in particular birth length, being an independent correlate of breast cancer risk in adulthood.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [6]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Relative to women who weighed 3.000-3.499 kg, the risk was 0.96 (CI 0.80-1.16) in those who weighed < 2.500 kg, and 1.12 (95% CI 1.00-1.25) in those who weighed > or = 4.000 kg (p for linear trend = 0.001) in birth record data.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Women with a higher birth weight are more likely to develop breast cancer later in life.

Document title: Role of birthweight in the etiology of breast cancer.

Abstract sentences:
[0] Breast cancer may originate in utero.
[1] We reviewed the available evidence on the association between birthweight and the risk of breast cancer.
[2] To date, 26 research papers addressing this issue have been published.
[3] The majority of studies identified a positive link between birthweight and premenopausal, but not postmenopausal, breast cancer.
[4] The relative risk estimate for breast cancer comparing women with high birthweight to women with low birthweight combining all studies including both pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer was 1.23 (95% confidence interval 1.13-1.34).
[5] The mechanisms underlying this association likely include elevated levels of growth factors that may increase the number of susceptible stem cells in the mammary gland or initiate tumors through DNA mutations.
[6] Loss of imprinting (LOI) of growth hormone genes relevant for intrauterine growth, such as insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), leads to abnormally high levels of these hormones evidenced by high birthweight.
[7] LOI of IGF2 has also been found in mammary tumor tissue.
[8] The role of environmental factors that stimulate such epigenetic regulation of gene expression remains to be elucidated.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [3]
Explanation: Evidence states: "The majority of studies identified a positive link between birthweight and premenopausal, but not postmenopausal, breast cancer.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Women with a higher birth weight are more likely to develop breast cancer later in life.

Document title: Role of birthweight in the etiology of breast cancer.

Abstract sentences:
[0] Breast cancer may originate in utero.
[1] We reviewed the available evidence on the association between birthweight and the risk of breast cancer.
[2] To date, 26 research papers addressing this issue have been published.
[3] The majority of studies identified a positive link between birthweight and premenopausal, but not postmenopausal, breast cancer.
[4] The relative risk estimate for breast cancer comparing women with high birthweight to women with low birthweight combining all studies including both pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer was 1.23 (95% confidence interval 1.13-1.34).
[5] The mechanisms underlying this association likely include elevated levels of growth factors that may increase the number of susceptible stem cells in the mammary gland or initiate tumors through DNA mutations.
[6] Loss of imprinting (LOI) of growth hormone genes relevant for intrauterine growth, such as insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), leads to abnormally high levels of these hormones evidenced by high birthweight.
[7] LOI of IGF2 has also been found in mammary tumor tissue.
[8] The role of environmental factors that stimulate such epigenetic regulation of gene expression remains to be elucidated.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [4]
Explanation: Evidence states: "The relative risk estimate for breast cancer comparing women with high birthweight to women with low birthweight combining all studies including both pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer was 1.23 (95% confidence interval 1.13-1.34).". This supports the claim.