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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cd2885dc7757b4530ed7d97852c17f3f28cddd8a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/http/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,180 @@ +from enum import StrEnum, IntEnum, _simple_enum + +__all__ = ['HTTPStatus', 'HTTPMethod'] + + +@_simple_enum(IntEnum) +class HTTPStatus: + """HTTP status codes and reason phrases + + Status codes from the following RFCs are all observed: + + * RFC 7231: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1), obsoletes 2616 + * RFC 6585: Additional HTTP Status Codes + * RFC 3229: Delta encoding in HTTP + * RFC 4918: HTTP Extensions for WebDAV, obsoletes 2518 + * RFC 5842: Binding Extensions to WebDAV + * RFC 7238: Permanent Redirect + * RFC 2295: Transparent Content Negotiation in HTTP + * RFC 2774: An HTTP Extension Framework + * RFC 7725: An HTTP Status Code to Report Legal Obstacles + * RFC 7540: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2) + * RFC 2324: Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol (HTCPCP/1.0) + * RFC 8297: An HTTP Status Code for Indicating Hints + * RFC 8470: Using Early Data in HTTP + """ + def __new__(cls, value, phrase, description=''): + obj = int.__new__(cls, value) + obj._value_ = value + + obj.phrase = phrase + obj.description = description + return obj + + # informational + CONTINUE = 100, 'Continue', 'Request received, please continue' + SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = (101, 'Switching Protocols', + 'Switching to new protocol; obey Upgrade header') + PROCESSING = 102, 'Processing' + EARLY_HINTS = 103, 'Early Hints' + + # success + OK = 200, 'OK', 'Request fulfilled, document follows' + CREATED = 201, 'Created', 'Document created, URL follows' + ACCEPTED = (202, 'Accepted', + 'Request accepted, processing continues off-line') + NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = (203, + 'Non-Authoritative Information', 'Request fulfilled from cache') + NO_CONTENT = 204, 'No Content', 'Request fulfilled, nothing follows' + RESET_CONTENT = 205, 'Reset Content', 'Clear input form for further input' + PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206, 'Partial Content', 'Partial content follows' + MULTI_STATUS = 207, 'Multi-Status' + ALREADY_REPORTED = 208, 'Already Reported' + IM_USED = 226, 'IM Used' + + # redirection + MULTIPLE_CHOICES = (300, 'Multiple Choices', + 'Object has several resources -- see URI list') + MOVED_PERMANENTLY = (301, 'Moved Permanently', + 'Object moved permanently -- see URI list') + FOUND = 302, 'Found', 'Object moved temporarily -- see URI list' + SEE_OTHER = 303, 'See Other', 'Object moved -- see Method and URL list' + NOT_MODIFIED = (304, 'Not Modified', + 'Document has not changed since given time') + USE_PROXY = (305, 'Use Proxy', + 'You must use proxy specified in Location to access this resource') + TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = (307, 'Temporary Redirect', + 'Object moved temporarily -- see URI list') + PERMANENT_REDIRECT = (308, 'Permanent Redirect', + 'Object moved permanently -- see URI list') + + # client error + BAD_REQUEST = (400, 'Bad Request', + 'Bad request syntax or unsupported method') + UNAUTHORIZED = (401, 'Unauthorized', + 'No permission -- see authorization schemes') + PAYMENT_REQUIRED = (402, 'Payment Required', + 'No payment -- see charging schemes') + FORBIDDEN = (403, 'Forbidden', + 'Request forbidden -- authorization will not help') + NOT_FOUND = (404, 'Not Found', + 'Nothing matches the given URI') + METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = (405, 'Method Not Allowed', + 'Specified method is invalid for this resource') + NOT_ACCEPTABLE = (406, 'Not Acceptable', + 'URI not available in preferred format') + PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = (407, + 'Proxy Authentication Required', + 'You must authenticate with this proxy before proceeding') + REQUEST_TIMEOUT = (408, 'Request Timeout', + 'Request timed out; try again later') + CONFLICT = 409, 'Conflict', 'Request conflict' + GONE = (410, 'Gone', + 'URI no longer exists and has been permanently removed') + LENGTH_REQUIRED = (411, 'Length Required', + 'Client must specify Content-Length') + PRECONDITION_FAILED = (412, 'Precondition Failed', + 'Precondition in headers is false') + REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = (413, 'Request Entity Too Large', + 'Entity is too large') + REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = (414, 'Request-URI Too Long', + 'URI is too long') + UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = (415, 'Unsupported Media Type', + 'Entity body in unsupported format') + REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = (416, + 'Requested Range Not Satisfiable', + 'Cannot satisfy request range') + EXPECTATION_FAILED = (417, 'Expectation Failed', + 'Expect condition could not be satisfied') + IM_A_TEAPOT = (418, 'I\'m a Teapot', + 'Server refuses to brew coffee because it is a teapot.') + MISDIRECTED_REQUEST = (421, 'Misdirected Request', + 'Server is not able to produce a response') + UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY = 422, 'Unprocessable Entity' + LOCKED = 423, 'Locked' + FAILED_DEPENDENCY = 424, 'Failed Dependency' + TOO_EARLY = 425, 'Too Early' + UPGRADE_REQUIRED = 426, 'Upgrade Required' + PRECONDITION_REQUIRED = (428, 'Precondition Required', + 'The origin server requires the request to be conditional') + TOO_MANY_REQUESTS = (429, 'Too Many Requests', + 'The user has sent too many requests in ' + 'a given amount of time ("rate limiting")') + REQUEST_HEADER_FIELDS_TOO_LARGE = (431, + 'Request Header Fields Too Large', + 'The server is unwilling to process the request because its header ' + 'fields are too large') + UNAVAILABLE_FOR_LEGAL_REASONS = (451, + 'Unavailable For Legal Reasons', + 'The server is denying access to the ' + 'resource as a consequence of a legal demand') + + # server errors + INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = (500, 'Internal Server Error', + 'Server got itself in trouble') + NOT_IMPLEMENTED = (501, 'Not Implemented', + 'Server does not support this operation') + BAD_GATEWAY = (502, 'Bad Gateway', + 'Invalid responses from another server/proxy') + SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = (503, 'Service Unavailable', + 'The server cannot process the request due to a high load') + GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = (504, 'Gateway Timeout', + 'The gateway server did not receive a timely response') + HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = (505, 'HTTP Version Not Supported', + 'Cannot fulfill request') + VARIANT_ALSO_NEGOTIATES = 506, 'Variant Also Negotiates' + INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE = 507, 'Insufficient Storage' + LOOP_DETECTED = 508, 'Loop Detected' + NOT_EXTENDED = 510, 'Not Extended' + NETWORK_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = (511, + 'Network Authentication Required', + 'The client needs to authenticate to gain network access') + + +@_simple_enum(StrEnum) +class HTTPMethod: + """HTTP methods and descriptions + + Methods from the following RFCs are all observed: + + * RFC 7231: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1), obsoletes 2616 + * RFC 5789: PATCH Method for HTTP + """ + def __new__(cls, value, description): + obj = str.__new__(cls, value) + obj._value_ = value + obj.description = description + return obj + + def __repr__(self): + return "<%s.%s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self._name_) + + CONNECT = 'CONNECT', 'Establish a connection to the server.' + DELETE = 'DELETE', 'Remove the target.' + GET = 'GET', 'Retrieve the target.' + HEAD = 'HEAD', 'Same as GET, but only retrieve the status line and header section.' + OPTIONS = 'OPTIONS', 'Describe the communication options for the target.' + PATCH = 'PATCH', 'Apply partial modifications to a target.' + POST = 'POST', 'Perform target-specific processing with the request payload.' + PUT = 'PUT', 'Replace the target with the request payload.' + TRACE = 'TRACE', 'Perform a message loop-back test along the path to the target.' diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/http/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-311.pyc b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/http/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2a9aead94f1d8bdf382f007497a29087ee9395be Binary files /dev/null and b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/http/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git 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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e6c164aeda7013daac742fe6c7b15376821e743e Binary files /dev/null and b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/http/__pycache__/cookies.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/http/__pycache__/server.cpython-311.pyc b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/http/__pycache__/server.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca6a2fa2ba28f40494487f6daecf8490b59a71a3 Binary files /dev/null and b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/http/__pycache__/server.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/http/client.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/http/client.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c977612732afbcd994dd9c868d7dd2fd37e3d6dc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/http/client.py @@ -0,0 +1,1566 @@ +r"""HTTP/1.1 client library + + + + +HTTPConnection goes through a number of "states", which define when a client +may legally make another request or fetch the response for a particular +request. This diagram details these state transitions: + + (null) + | + | HTTPConnection() + v + Idle + | + | putrequest() + v + Request-started + | + | ( putheader() )* endheaders() + v + Request-sent + |\_____________________________ + | | getresponse() raises + | response = getresponse() | ConnectionError + v v + Unread-response Idle + [Response-headers-read] + |\____________________ + | | + | response.read() | putrequest() + v v + Idle Req-started-unread-response + ______/| + / | + response.read() | | ( putheader() )* endheaders() + v v + Request-started Req-sent-unread-response + | + | response.read() + v + Request-sent + +This diagram presents the following rules: + -- a second request may not be started until {response-headers-read} + -- a response [object] cannot be retrieved until {request-sent} + -- there is no differentiation between an unread response body and a + partially read response body + +Note: this enforcement is applied by the HTTPConnection class. The + HTTPResponse class does not enforce this state machine, which + implies sophisticated clients may accelerate the request/response + pipeline. Caution should be taken, though: accelerating the states + beyond the above pattern may imply knowledge of the server's + connection-close behavior for certain requests. For example, it + is impossible to tell whether the server will close the connection + UNTIL the response headers have been read; this means that further + requests cannot be placed into the pipeline until it is known that + the server will NOT be closing the connection. + +Logical State __state __response +------------- ------- ---------- +Idle _CS_IDLE None +Request-started _CS_REQ_STARTED None +Request-sent _CS_REQ_SENT None +Unread-response _CS_IDLE +Req-started-unread-response _CS_REQ_STARTED +Req-sent-unread-response _CS_REQ_SENT +""" + +import email.parser +import email.message +import errno +import http +import io +import re +import socket +import sys +import collections.abc +from urllib.parse import urlsplit + +# HTTPMessage, parse_headers(), and the HTTP status code constants are +# intentionally omitted for simplicity +__all__ = ["HTTPResponse", "HTTPConnection", + "HTTPException", "NotConnected", "UnknownProtocol", + "UnknownTransferEncoding", "UnimplementedFileMode", + "IncompleteRead", "InvalidURL", "ImproperConnectionState", + "CannotSendRequest", "CannotSendHeader", "ResponseNotReady", + "BadStatusLine", "LineTooLong", "RemoteDisconnected", "error", + "responses"] + +HTTP_PORT = 80 +HTTPS_PORT = 443 + +_UNKNOWN = 'UNKNOWN' + +# connection states +_CS_IDLE = 'Idle' +_CS_REQ_STARTED = 'Request-started' +_CS_REQ_SENT = 'Request-sent' + + +# hack to maintain backwards compatibility +globals().update(http.HTTPStatus.__members__) + +# another hack to maintain backwards compatibility +# Mapping status codes to official W3C names +responses = {v: v.phrase for v in http.HTTPStatus.__members__.values()} + +# maximal line length when calling readline(). +_MAXLINE = 65536 +_MAXHEADERS = 100 + +# Data larger than this will be read in chunks, to prevent extreme +# overallocation. +_MIN_READ_BUF_SIZE = 1 << 20 + + +# Header name/value ABNF (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.2) +# +# VCHAR = %x21-7E +# obs-text = %x80-FF +# header-field = field-name ":" OWS field-value OWS +# field-name = token +# field-value = *( field-content / obs-fold ) +# field-content = field-vchar [ 1*( SP / HTAB ) field-vchar ] +# field-vchar = VCHAR / obs-text +# +# obs-fold = CRLF 1*( SP / HTAB ) +# ; obsolete line folding +# ; see Section 3.2.4 + +# token = 1*tchar +# +# tchar = "!" / "#" / "$" / "%" / "&" / "'" / "*" +# / "+" / "-" / "." / "^" / "_" / "`" / "|" / "~" +# / DIGIT / ALPHA +# ; any VCHAR, except delimiters +# +# VCHAR defined in http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5234#appendix-B.1 + +# the patterns for both name and value are more lenient than RFC +# definitions to allow for backwards compatibility +_is_legal_header_name = re.compile(rb'[^:\s][^:\r\n]*').fullmatch +_is_illegal_header_value = re.compile(rb'\n(?![ \t])|\r(?![ \t\n])').search + +# These characters are not allowed within HTTP URL paths. +# See https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.3 and the +# https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#appendix-A pchar definition. +# Prevents CVE-2019-9740. Includes control characters such as \r\n. +# We don't restrict chars above \x7f as putrequest() limits us to ASCII. +_contains_disallowed_url_pchar_re = re.compile('[\x00-\x20\x7f]') +# Arguably only these _should_ allowed: +# _is_allowed_url_pchars_re = re.compile(r"^[/!$&'()*+,;=:@%a-zA-Z0-9._~-]+$") +# We are more lenient for assumed real world compatibility purposes. + +# These characters are not allowed within HTTP method names +# to prevent http header injection. +_contains_disallowed_method_pchar_re = re.compile('[\x00-\x1f]') + +# We always set the Content-Length header for these methods because some +# servers will otherwise respond with a 411 +_METHODS_EXPECTING_BODY = {'PATCH', 'POST', 'PUT'} + + +def _encode(data, name='data'): + """Call data.encode("latin-1") but show a better error message.""" + try: + return data.encode("latin-1") + except UnicodeEncodeError as err: + raise UnicodeEncodeError( + err.encoding, + err.object, + err.start, + err.end, + "%s (%.20r) is not valid Latin-1. Use %s.encode('utf-8') " + "if you want to send it encoded in UTF-8." % + (name.title(), data[err.start:err.end], name)) from None + +def _strip_ipv6_iface(enc_name: bytes) -> bytes: + """Remove interface scope from IPv6 address.""" + enc_name, percent, _ = enc_name.partition(b"%") + if percent: + assert enc_name.startswith(b'['), enc_name + enc_name += b']' + return enc_name + +class HTTPMessage(email.message.Message): + # XXX The only usage of this method is in + # http.server.CGIHTTPRequestHandler. Maybe move the code there so + # that it doesn't need to be part of the public API. The API has + # never been defined so this could cause backwards compatibility + # issues. + + def getallmatchingheaders(self, name): + """Find all header lines matching a given header name. + + Look through the list of headers and find all lines matching a given + header name (and their continuation lines). A list of the lines is + returned, without interpretation. If the header does not occur, an + empty list is returned. If the header occurs multiple times, all + occurrences are returned. Case is not important in the header name. + + """ + name = name.lower() + ':' + n = len(name) + lst = [] + hit = 0 + for line in self.keys(): + if line[:n].lower() == name: + hit = 1 + elif not line[:1].isspace(): + hit = 0 + if hit: + lst.append(line) + return lst + +def _read_headers(fp): + """Reads potential header lines into a list from a file pointer. + + Length of line is limited by _MAXLINE, and number of + headers is limited by _MAXHEADERS. + """ + headers = [] + while True: + line = fp.readline(_MAXLINE + 1) + if len(line) > _MAXLINE: + raise LineTooLong("header line") + headers.append(line) + if len(headers) > _MAXHEADERS: + raise HTTPException("got more than %d headers" % _MAXHEADERS) + if line in (b'\r\n', b'\n', b''): + break + return headers + +def parse_headers(fp, _class=HTTPMessage): + """Parses only RFC2822 headers from a file pointer. + + email Parser wants to see strings rather than bytes. + But a TextIOWrapper around self.rfile would buffer too many bytes + from the stream, bytes which we later need to read as bytes. + So we read the correct bytes here, as bytes, for email Parser + to parse. + + """ + headers = _read_headers(fp) + hstring = b''.join(headers).decode('iso-8859-1') + return email.parser.Parser(_class=_class).parsestr(hstring) + + +class HTTPResponse(io.BufferedIOBase): + + # See RFC 2616 sec 19.6 and RFC 1945 sec 6 for details. + + # The bytes from the socket object are iso-8859-1 strings. + # See RFC 2616 sec 2.2 which notes an exception for MIME-encoded + # text following RFC 2047. The basic status line parsing only + # accepts iso-8859-1. + + def __init__(self, sock, debuglevel=0, method=None, url=None): + # If the response includes a content-length header, we need to + # make sure that the client doesn't read more than the + # specified number of bytes. If it does, it will block until + # the server times out and closes the connection. This will + # happen if a self.fp.read() is done (without a size) whether + # self.fp is buffered or not. So, no self.fp.read() by + # clients unless they know what they are doing. + self.fp = sock.makefile("rb") + self.debuglevel = debuglevel + self._method = method + + # The HTTPResponse object is returned via urllib. The clients + # of http and urllib expect different attributes for the + # headers. headers is used here and supports urllib. msg is + # provided as a backwards compatibility layer for http + # clients. + + self.headers = self.msg = None + + # from the Status-Line of the response + self.version = _UNKNOWN # HTTP-Version + self.status = _UNKNOWN # Status-Code + self.reason = _UNKNOWN # Reason-Phrase + + self.chunked = _UNKNOWN # is "chunked" being used? + self.chunk_left = _UNKNOWN # bytes left to read in current chunk + self.length = _UNKNOWN # number of bytes left in response + self.will_close = _UNKNOWN # conn will close at end of response + + def _read_status(self): + line = str(self.fp.readline(_MAXLINE + 1), "iso-8859-1") + if len(line) > _MAXLINE: + raise LineTooLong("status line") + if self.debuglevel > 0: + print("reply:", repr(line)) + if not line: + # Presumably, the server closed the connection before + # sending a valid response. + raise RemoteDisconnected("Remote end closed connection without" + " response") + try: + version, status, reason = line.split(None, 2) + except ValueError: + try: + version, status = line.split(None, 1) + reason = "" + except ValueError: + # empty version will cause next test to fail. + version = "" + if not version.startswith("HTTP/"): + self._close_conn() + raise BadStatusLine(line) + + # The status code is a three-digit number + try: + status = int(status) + if status < 100 or status > 999: + raise BadStatusLine(line) + except ValueError: + raise BadStatusLine(line) + return version, status, reason + + def begin(self): + if self.headers is not None: + # we've already started reading the response + return + + # read until we get a non-100 response + while True: + version, status, reason = self._read_status() + if status != CONTINUE: + break + # skip the header from the 100 response + skipped_headers = _read_headers(self.fp) + if self.debuglevel > 0: + print("headers:", skipped_headers) + del skipped_headers + + self.code = self.status = status + self.reason = reason.strip() + if version in ("HTTP/1.0", "HTTP/0.9"): + # Some servers might still return "0.9", treat it as 1.0 anyway + self.version = 10 + elif version.startswith("HTTP/1."): + self.version = 11 # use HTTP/1.1 code for HTTP/1.x where x>=1 + else: + raise UnknownProtocol(version) + + self.headers = self.msg = parse_headers(self.fp) + + if self.debuglevel > 0: + for hdr, val in self.headers.items(): + print("header:", hdr + ":", val) + + # are we using the chunked-style of transfer encoding? + tr_enc = self.headers.get("transfer-encoding") + if tr_enc and tr_enc.lower() == "chunked": + self.chunked = True + self.chunk_left = None + else: + self.chunked = False + + # will the connection close at the end of the response? + self.will_close = self._check_close() + + # do we have a Content-Length? + # NOTE: RFC 2616, S4.4, #3 says we ignore this if tr_enc is "chunked" + self.length = None + length = self.headers.get("content-length") + if length and not self.chunked: + try: + self.length = int(length) + except ValueError: + self.length = None + else: + if self.length < 0: # ignore nonsensical negative lengths + self.length = None + else: + self.length = None + + # does the body have a fixed length? (of zero) + if (status == NO_CONTENT or status == NOT_MODIFIED or + 100 <= status < 200 or # 1xx codes + self._method == "HEAD"): + self.length = 0 + + # if the connection remains open, and we aren't using chunked, and + # a content-length was not provided, then assume that the connection + # WILL close. + if (not self.will_close and + not self.chunked and + self.length is None): + self.will_close = True + + def _check_close(self): + conn = self.headers.get("connection") + if self.version == 11: + # An HTTP/1.1 proxy is assumed to stay open unless + # explicitly closed. + if conn and "close" in conn.lower(): + return True + return False + + # Some HTTP/1.0 implementations have support for persistent + # connections, using rules different than HTTP/1.1. + + # For older HTTP, Keep-Alive indicates persistent connection. + if self.headers.get("keep-alive"): + return False + + # At least Akamai returns a "Connection: Keep-Alive" header, + # which was supposed to be sent by the client. + if conn and "keep-alive" in conn.lower(): + return False + + # Proxy-Connection is a netscape hack. + pconn = self.headers.get("proxy-connection") + if pconn and "keep-alive" in pconn.lower(): + return False + + # otherwise, assume it will close + return True + + def _close_conn(self): + fp = self.fp + self.fp = None + fp.close() + + def close(self): + try: + super().close() # set "closed" flag + finally: + if self.fp: + self._close_conn() + + # These implementations are for the benefit of io.BufferedReader. + + # XXX This class should probably be revised to act more like + # the "raw stream" that BufferedReader expects. + + def flush(self): + super().flush() + if self.fp: + self.fp.flush() + + def readable(self): + """Always returns True""" + return True + + # End of "raw stream" methods + + def isclosed(self): + """True if the connection is closed.""" + # NOTE: it is possible that we will not ever call self.close(). This + # case occurs when will_close is TRUE, length is None, and we + # read up to the last byte, but NOT past it. + # + # IMPLIES: if will_close is FALSE, then self.close() will ALWAYS be + # called, meaning self.isclosed() is meaningful. + return self.fp is None + + def read(self, amt=None): + """Read and return the response body, or up to the next amt bytes.""" + if self.fp is None: + return b"" + + if self._method == "HEAD": + self._close_conn() + return b"" + + if self.chunked: + return self._read_chunked(amt) + + if amt is not None: + if self.length is not None and amt > self.length: + # clip the read to the "end of response" + amt = self.length + s = self.fp.read(amt) + if not s and amt: + # Ideally, we would raise IncompleteRead if the content-length + # wasn't satisfied, but it might break compatibility. + self._close_conn() + elif self.length is not None: + self.length -= len(s) + if not self.length: + self._close_conn() + return s + else: + # Amount is not given (unbounded read) so we must check self.length + if self.length is None: + s = self.fp.read() + else: + try: + s = self._safe_read(self.length) + except IncompleteRead: + self._close_conn() + raise + self.length = 0 + self._close_conn() # we read everything + return s + + def readinto(self, b): + """Read up to len(b) bytes into bytearray b and return the number + of bytes read. + """ + + if self.fp is None: + return 0 + + if self._method == "HEAD": + self._close_conn() + return 0 + + if self.chunked: + return self._readinto_chunked(b) + + if self.length is not None: + if len(b) > self.length: + # clip the read to the "end of response" + b = memoryview(b)[0:self.length] + + # we do not use _safe_read() here because this may be a .will_close + # connection, and the user is reading more bytes than will be provided + # (for example, reading in 1k chunks) + n = self.fp.readinto(b) + if not n and b: + # Ideally, we would raise IncompleteRead if the content-length + # wasn't satisfied, but it might break compatibility. + self._close_conn() + elif self.length is not None: + self.length -= n + if not self.length: + self._close_conn() + return n + + def _read_next_chunk_size(self): + # Read the next chunk size from the file + line = self.fp.readline(_MAXLINE + 1) + if len(line) > _MAXLINE: + raise LineTooLong("chunk size") + i = line.find(b";") + if i >= 0: + line = line[:i] # strip chunk-extensions + try: + return int(line, 16) + except ValueError: + # close the connection as protocol synchronisation is + # probably lost + self._close_conn() + raise + + def _read_and_discard_trailer(self): + # read and discard trailer up to the CRLF terminator + ### note: we shouldn't have any trailers! + while True: + line = self.fp.readline(_MAXLINE + 1) + if len(line) > _MAXLINE: + raise LineTooLong("trailer line") + if not line: + # a vanishingly small number of sites EOF without + # sending the trailer + break + if line in (b'\r\n', b'\n', b''): + break + + def _get_chunk_left(self): + # return self.chunk_left, reading a new chunk if necessary. + # chunk_left == 0: at the end of the current chunk, need to close it + # chunk_left == None: No current chunk, should read next. + # This function returns non-zero or None if the last chunk has + # been read. + chunk_left = self.chunk_left + if not chunk_left: # Can be 0 or None + if chunk_left is not None: + # We are at the end of chunk, discard chunk end + self._safe_read(2) # toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk + try: + chunk_left = self._read_next_chunk_size() + except ValueError: + raise IncompleteRead(b'') + if chunk_left == 0: + # last chunk: 1*("0") [ chunk-extension ] CRLF + self._read_and_discard_trailer() + # we read everything; close the "file" + self._close_conn() + chunk_left = None + self.chunk_left = chunk_left + return chunk_left + + def _read_chunked(self, amt=None): + assert self.chunked != _UNKNOWN + value = [] + try: + while True: + chunk_left = self._get_chunk_left() + if chunk_left is None: + break + + if amt is not None and amt <= chunk_left: + value.append(self._safe_read(amt)) + self.chunk_left = chunk_left - amt + break + + value.append(self._safe_read(chunk_left)) + if amt is not None: + amt -= chunk_left + self.chunk_left = 0 + return b''.join(value) + except IncompleteRead as exc: + raise IncompleteRead(b''.join(value)) from exc + + def _readinto_chunked(self, b): + assert self.chunked != _UNKNOWN + total_bytes = 0 + mvb = memoryview(b) + try: + while True: + chunk_left = self._get_chunk_left() + if chunk_left is None: + return total_bytes + + if len(mvb) <= chunk_left: + n = self._safe_readinto(mvb) + self.chunk_left = chunk_left - n + return total_bytes + n + + temp_mvb = mvb[:chunk_left] + n = self._safe_readinto(temp_mvb) + mvb = mvb[n:] + total_bytes += n + self.chunk_left = 0 + + except IncompleteRead: + raise IncompleteRead(bytes(b[0:total_bytes])) + + def _safe_read(self, amt): + """Read the number of bytes requested. + + This function should be used when bytes "should" be present for + reading. If the bytes are truly not available (due to EOF), then the + IncompleteRead exception can be used to detect the problem. + """ + cursize = min(amt, _MIN_READ_BUF_SIZE) + data = self.fp.read(cursize) + if len(data) >= amt: + return data + if len(data) < cursize: + raise IncompleteRead(data, amt - len(data)) + + data = io.BytesIO(data) + data.seek(0, 2) + while True: + # This is a geometric increase in read size (never more than + # doubling out the current length of data per loop iteration). + delta = min(cursize, amt - cursize) + data.write(self.fp.read(delta)) + if data.tell() >= amt: + return data.getvalue() + cursize += delta + if data.tell() < cursize: + raise IncompleteRead(data.getvalue(), amt - data.tell()) + + def _safe_readinto(self, b): + """Same as _safe_read, but for reading into a buffer.""" + amt = len(b) + n = self.fp.readinto(b) + if n < amt: + raise IncompleteRead(bytes(b[:n]), amt-n) + return n + + def read1(self, n=-1): + """Read with at most one underlying system call. If at least one + byte is buffered, return that instead. + """ + if self.fp is None or self._method == "HEAD": + return b"" + if self.chunked: + return self._read1_chunked(n) + if self.length is not None and (n < 0 or n > self.length): + n = self.length + result = self.fp.read1(n) + if not result and n: + self._close_conn() + elif self.length is not None: + self.length -= len(result) + if not self.length: + self._close_conn() + return result + + def peek(self, n=-1): + # Having this enables IOBase.readline() to read more than one + # byte at a time + if self.fp is None or self._method == "HEAD": + return b"" + if self.chunked: + return self._peek_chunked(n) + return self.fp.peek(n) + + def readline(self, limit=-1): + if self.fp is None or self._method == "HEAD": + return b"" + if self.chunked: + # Fallback to IOBase readline which uses peek() and read() + return super().readline(limit) + if self.length is not None and (limit < 0 or limit > self.length): + limit = self.length + result = self.fp.readline(limit) + if not result and limit: + self._close_conn() + elif self.length is not None: + self.length -= len(result) + if not self.length: + self._close_conn() + return result + + def _read1_chunked(self, n): + # Strictly speaking, _get_chunk_left() may cause more than one read, + # but that is ok, since that is to satisfy the chunked protocol. + chunk_left = self._get_chunk_left() + if chunk_left is None or n == 0: + return b'' + if not (0 <= n <= chunk_left): + n = chunk_left # if n is negative or larger than chunk_left + read = self.fp.read1(n) + self.chunk_left -= len(read) + if not read: + raise IncompleteRead(b"") + return read + + def _peek_chunked(self, n): + # Strictly speaking, _get_chunk_left() may cause more than one read, + # but that is ok, since that is to satisfy the chunked protocol. + try: + chunk_left = self._get_chunk_left() + except IncompleteRead: + return b'' # peek doesn't worry about protocol + if chunk_left is None: + return b'' # eof + # peek is allowed to return more than requested. Just request the + # entire chunk, and truncate what we get. + return self.fp.peek(chunk_left)[:chunk_left] + + def fileno(self): + return self.fp.fileno() + + def getheader(self, name, default=None): + '''Returns the value of the header matching *name*. + + If there are multiple matching headers, the values are + combined into a single string separated by commas and spaces. + + If no matching header is found, returns *default* or None if + the *default* is not specified. + + If the headers are unknown, raises http.client.ResponseNotReady. + + ''' + if self.headers is None: + raise ResponseNotReady() + headers = self.headers.get_all(name) or default + if isinstance(headers, str) or not hasattr(headers, '__iter__'): + return headers + else: + return ', '.join(headers) + + def getheaders(self): + """Return list of (header, value) tuples.""" + if self.headers is None: + raise ResponseNotReady() + return list(self.headers.items()) + + # We override IOBase.__iter__ so that it doesn't check for closed-ness + + def __iter__(self): + return self + + # For compatibility with old-style urllib responses. + + def info(self): + '''Returns an instance of the class mimetools.Message containing + meta-information associated with the URL. + + When the method is HTTP, these headers are those returned by + the server at the head of the retrieved HTML page (including + Content-Length and Content-Type). + + When the method is FTP, a Content-Length header will be + present if (as is now usual) the server passed back a file + length in response to the FTP retrieval request. A + Content-Type header will be present if the MIME type can be + guessed. + + When the method is local-file, returned headers will include + a Date representing the file's last-modified time, a + Content-Length giving file size, and a Content-Type + containing a guess at the file's type. See also the + description of the mimetools module. + + ''' + return self.headers + + def geturl(self): + '''Return the real URL of the page. + + In some cases, the HTTP server redirects a client to another + URL. The urlopen() function handles this transparently, but in + some cases the caller needs to know which URL the client was + redirected to. The geturl() method can be used to get at this + redirected URL. + + ''' + return self.url + + def getcode(self): + '''Return the HTTP status code that was sent with the response, + or None if the URL is not an HTTP URL. + + ''' + return self.status + +class HTTPConnection: + + _http_vsn = 11 + _http_vsn_str = 'HTTP/1.1' + + response_class = HTTPResponse + default_port = HTTP_PORT + auto_open = 1 + debuglevel = 0 + + @staticmethod + def _is_textIO(stream): + """Test whether a file-like object is a text or a binary stream. + """ + return isinstance(stream, io.TextIOBase) + + @staticmethod + def _get_content_length(body, method): + """Get the content-length based on the body. + + If the body is None, we set Content-Length: 0 for methods that expect + a body (RFC 7230, Section 3.3.2). We also set the Content-Length for + any method if the body is a str or bytes-like object and not a file. + """ + if body is None: + # do an explicit check for not None here to distinguish + # between unset and set but empty + if method.upper() in _METHODS_EXPECTING_BODY: + return 0 + else: + return None + + if hasattr(body, 'read'): + # file-like object. + return None + + try: + # does it implement the buffer protocol (bytes, bytearray, array)? + mv = memoryview(body) + return mv.nbytes + except TypeError: + pass + + if isinstance(body, str): + return len(body) + + return None + + def __init__(self, host, port=None, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, + source_address=None, blocksize=8192): + self.timeout = timeout + self.source_address = source_address + self.blocksize = blocksize + self.sock = None + self._buffer = [] + self.__response = None + self.__state = _CS_IDLE + self._method = None + self._tunnel_host = None + self._tunnel_port = None + self._tunnel_headers = {} + + (self.host, self.port) = self._get_hostport(host, port) + + self._validate_host(self.host) + + # This is stored as an instance variable to allow unit + # tests to replace it with a suitable mockup + self._create_connection = socket.create_connection + + def set_tunnel(self, host, port=None, headers=None): + """Set up host and port for HTTP CONNECT tunnelling. + + In a connection that uses HTTP CONNECT tunneling, the host passed to the + constructor is used as a proxy server that relays all communication to + the endpoint passed to `set_tunnel`. This done by sending an HTTP + CONNECT request to the proxy server when the connection is established. + + This method must be called before the HTTP connection has been + established. + + The headers argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP headers to send + with the CONNECT request. + """ + + if self.sock: + raise RuntimeError("Can't set up tunnel for established connection") + + self._tunnel_host, self._tunnel_port = self._get_hostport(host, port) + if headers: + self._tunnel_headers = headers + else: + self._tunnel_headers.clear() + + def _get_hostport(self, host, port): + if port is None: + i = host.rfind(':') + j = host.rfind(']') # ipv6 addresses have [...] + if i > j: + try: + port = int(host[i+1:]) + except ValueError: + if host[i+1:] == "": # http://foo.com:/ == http://foo.com/ + port = self.default_port + else: + raise InvalidURL("nonnumeric port: '%s'" % host[i+1:]) + host = host[:i] + else: + port = self.default_port + if host and host[0] == '[' and host[-1] == ']': + host = host[1:-1] + + return (host, port) + + def set_debuglevel(self, level): + self.debuglevel = level + + def _wrap_ipv6(self, ip): + if b':' in ip and ip[0] != b'['[0]: + return b"[" + ip + b"]" + return ip + + def _tunnel(self): + connect = b"CONNECT %s:%d HTTP/1.0\r\n" % ( + self._wrap_ipv6(self._tunnel_host.encode("ascii")), + self._tunnel_port) + headers = [connect] + for header, value in self._tunnel_headers.items(): + headers.append(f"{header}: {value}\r\n".encode("latin-1")) + headers.append(b"\r\n") + # Making a single send() call instead of one per line encourages + # the host OS to use a more optimal packet size instead of + # potentially emitting a series of small packets. + self.send(b"".join(headers)) + del headers + + response = self.response_class(self.sock, method=self._method) + try: + (version, code, message) = response._read_status() + + if code != http.HTTPStatus.OK: + self.close() + raise OSError(f"Tunnel connection failed: {code} {message.strip()}") + while True: + line = response.fp.readline(_MAXLINE + 1) + if len(line) > _MAXLINE: + raise LineTooLong("header line") + if not line: + # for sites which EOF without sending a trailer + break + if line in (b'\r\n', b'\n', b''): + break + + if self.debuglevel > 0: + print('header:', line.decode()) + finally: + response.close() + + def connect(self): + """Connect to the host and port specified in __init__.""" + sys.audit("http.client.connect", self, self.host, self.port) + self.sock = self._create_connection( + (self.host,self.port), self.timeout, self.source_address) + # Might fail in OSs that don't implement TCP_NODELAY + try: + self.sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1) + except OSError as e: + if e.errno != errno.ENOPROTOOPT: + raise + + if self._tunnel_host: + self._tunnel() + + def close(self): + """Close the connection to the HTTP server.""" + self.__state = _CS_IDLE + try: + sock = self.sock + if sock: + self.sock = None + sock.close() # close it manually... there may be other refs + finally: + response = self.__response + if response: + self.__response = None + response.close() + + def send(self, data): + """Send `data' to the server. + ``data`` can be a string object, a bytes object, an array object, a + file-like object that supports a .read() method, or an iterable object. + """ + + if self.sock is None: + if self.auto_open: + self.connect() + else: + raise NotConnected() + + if self.debuglevel > 0: + print("send:", repr(data)) + if hasattr(data, "read") : + if self.debuglevel > 0: + print("sending a readable") + encode = self._is_textIO(data) + if encode and self.debuglevel > 0: + print("encoding file using iso-8859-1") + while 1: + datablock = data.read(self.blocksize) + if not datablock: + break + if encode: + datablock = datablock.encode("iso-8859-1") + sys.audit("http.client.send", self, datablock) + self.sock.sendall(datablock) + return + sys.audit("http.client.send", self, data) + try: + self.sock.sendall(data) + except TypeError: + if isinstance(data, collections.abc.Iterable): + for d in data: + self.sock.sendall(d) + else: + raise TypeError("data should be a bytes-like object " + "or an iterable, got %r" % type(data)) + + def _output(self, s): + """Add a line of output to the current request buffer. + + Assumes that the line does *not* end with \\r\\n. + """ + self._buffer.append(s) + + def _read_readable(self, readable): + if self.debuglevel > 0: + print("reading a readable") + encode = self._is_textIO(readable) + if encode and self.debuglevel > 0: + print("encoding file using iso-8859-1") + while True: + datablock = readable.read(self.blocksize) + if not datablock: + break + if encode: + datablock = datablock.encode("iso-8859-1") + yield datablock + + def _send_output(self, message_body=None, encode_chunked=False): + """Send the currently buffered request and clear the buffer. + + Appends an extra \\r\\n to the buffer. + A message_body may be specified, to be appended to the request. + """ + self._buffer.extend((b"", b"")) + msg = b"\r\n".join(self._buffer) + del self._buffer[:] + self.send(msg) + + if message_body is not None: + + # create a consistent interface to message_body + if hasattr(message_body, 'read'): + # Let file-like take precedence over byte-like. This + # is needed to allow the current position of mmap'ed + # files to be taken into account. + chunks = self._read_readable(message_body) + else: + try: + # this is solely to check to see if message_body + # implements the buffer API. it /would/ be easier + # to capture if PyObject_CheckBuffer was exposed + # to Python. + memoryview(message_body) + except TypeError: + try: + chunks = iter(message_body) + except TypeError: + raise TypeError("message_body should be a bytes-like " + "object or an iterable, got %r" + % type(message_body)) + else: + # the object implements the buffer interface and + # can be passed directly into socket methods + chunks = (message_body,) + + for chunk in chunks: + if not chunk: + if self.debuglevel > 0: + print('Zero length chunk ignored') + continue + + if encode_chunked and self._http_vsn == 11: + # chunked encoding + chunk = f'{len(chunk):X}\r\n'.encode('ascii') + chunk \ + + b'\r\n' + self.send(chunk) + + if encode_chunked and self._http_vsn == 11: + # end chunked transfer + self.send(b'0\r\n\r\n') + + def putrequest(self, method, url, skip_host=False, + skip_accept_encoding=False): + """Send a request to the server. + + `method' specifies an HTTP request method, e.g. 'GET'. + `url' specifies the object being requested, e.g. '/index.html'. + `skip_host' if True does not add automatically a 'Host:' header + `skip_accept_encoding' if True does not add automatically an + 'Accept-Encoding:' header + """ + + # if a prior response has been completed, then forget about it. + if self.__response and self.__response.isclosed(): + self.__response = None + + + # in certain cases, we cannot issue another request on this connection. + # this occurs when: + # 1) we are in the process of sending a request. (_CS_REQ_STARTED) + # 2) a response to a previous request has signalled that it is going + # to close the connection upon completion. + # 3) the headers for the previous response have not been read, thus + # we cannot determine whether point (2) is true. (_CS_REQ_SENT) + # + # if there is no prior response, then we can request at will. + # + # if point (2) is true, then we will have passed the socket to the + # response (effectively meaning, "there is no prior response"), and + # will open a new one when a new request is made. + # + # Note: if a prior response exists, then we *can* start a new request. + # We are not allowed to begin fetching the response to this new + # request, however, until that prior response is complete. + # + if self.__state == _CS_IDLE: + self.__state = _CS_REQ_STARTED + else: + raise CannotSendRequest(self.__state) + + self._validate_method(method) + + # Save the method for use later in the response phase + self._method = method + + url = url or '/' + self._validate_path(url) + + request = '%s %s %s' % (method, url, self._http_vsn_str) + + self._output(self._encode_request(request)) + + if self._http_vsn == 11: + # Issue some standard headers for better HTTP/1.1 compliance + + if not skip_host: + # this header is issued *only* for HTTP/1.1 + # connections. more specifically, this means it is + # only issued when the client uses the new + # HTTPConnection() class. backwards-compat clients + # will be using HTTP/1.0 and those clients may be + # issuing this header themselves. we should NOT issue + # it twice; some web servers (such as Apache) barf + # when they see two Host: headers + + # If we need a non-standard port,include it in the + # header. If the request is going through a proxy, + # but the host of the actual URL, not the host of the + # proxy. + + netloc = '' + if url.startswith('http'): + nil, netloc, nil, nil, nil = urlsplit(url) + + if netloc: + try: + netloc_enc = netloc.encode("ascii") + except UnicodeEncodeError: + netloc_enc = netloc.encode("idna") + self.putheader('Host', _strip_ipv6_iface(netloc_enc)) + else: + if self._tunnel_host: + host = self._tunnel_host + port = self._tunnel_port + else: + host = self.host + port = self.port + + try: + host_enc = host.encode("ascii") + except UnicodeEncodeError: + host_enc = host.encode("idna") + + # As per RFC 273, IPv6 address should be wrapped with [] + # when used as Host header + host_enc = self._wrap_ipv6(host_enc) + if ":" in host: + host_enc = _strip_ipv6_iface(host_enc) + + if port == self.default_port: + self.putheader('Host', host_enc) + else: + host_enc = host_enc.decode("ascii") + self.putheader('Host', "%s:%s" % (host_enc, port)) + + # note: we are assuming that clients will not attempt to set these + # headers since *this* library must deal with the + # consequences. this also means that when the supporting + # libraries are updated to recognize other forms, then this + # code should be changed (removed or updated). + + # we only want a Content-Encoding of "identity" since we don't + # support encodings such as x-gzip or x-deflate. + if not skip_accept_encoding: + self.putheader('Accept-Encoding', 'identity') + + # we can accept "chunked" Transfer-Encodings, but no others + # NOTE: no TE header implies *only* "chunked" + #self.putheader('TE', 'chunked') + + # if TE is supplied in the header, then it must appear in a + # Connection header. + #self.putheader('Connection', 'TE') + + else: + # For HTTP/1.0, the server will assume "not chunked" + pass + + def _encode_request(self, request): + # ASCII also helps prevent CVE-2019-9740. + return request.encode('ascii') + + def _validate_method(self, method): + """Validate a method name for putrequest.""" + # prevent http header injection + match = _contains_disallowed_method_pchar_re.search(method) + if match: + raise ValueError( + f"method can't contain control characters. {method!r} " + f"(found at least {match.group()!r})") + + def _validate_path(self, url): + """Validate a url for putrequest.""" + # Prevent CVE-2019-9740. + match = _contains_disallowed_url_pchar_re.search(url) + if match: + raise InvalidURL(f"URL can't contain control characters. {url!r} " + f"(found at least {match.group()!r})") + + def _validate_host(self, host): + """Validate a host so it doesn't contain control characters.""" + # Prevent CVE-2019-18348. + match = _contains_disallowed_url_pchar_re.search(host) + if match: + raise InvalidURL(f"URL can't contain control characters. {host!r} " + f"(found at least {match.group()!r})") + + def putheader(self, header, *values): + """Send a request header line to the server. + + For example: h.putheader('Accept', 'text/html') + """ + if self.__state != _CS_REQ_STARTED: + raise CannotSendHeader() + + if hasattr(header, 'encode'): + header = header.encode('ascii') + + if not _is_legal_header_name(header): + raise ValueError('Invalid header name %r' % (header,)) + + values = list(values) + for i, one_value in enumerate(values): + if hasattr(one_value, 'encode'): + values[i] = one_value.encode('latin-1') + elif isinstance(one_value, int): + values[i] = str(one_value).encode('ascii') + + if _is_illegal_header_value(values[i]): + raise ValueError('Invalid header value %r' % (values[i],)) + + value = b'\r\n\t'.join(values) + header = header + b': ' + value + self._output(header) + + def endheaders(self, message_body=None, *, encode_chunked=False): + """Indicate that the last header line has been sent to the server. + + This method sends the request to the server. The optional message_body + argument can be used to pass a message body associated with the + request. + """ + if self.__state == _CS_REQ_STARTED: + self.__state = _CS_REQ_SENT + else: + raise CannotSendHeader() + self._send_output(message_body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked) + + def request(self, method, url, body=None, headers={}, *, + encode_chunked=False): + """Send a complete request to the server.""" + self._send_request(method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked) + + def _send_request(self, method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked): + # Honor explicitly requested Host: and Accept-Encoding: headers. + header_names = frozenset(k.lower() for k in headers) + skips = {} + if 'host' in header_names: + skips['skip_host'] = 1 + if 'accept-encoding' in header_names: + skips['skip_accept_encoding'] = 1 + + self.putrequest(method, url, **skips) + + # chunked encoding will happen if HTTP/1.1 is used and either + # the caller passes encode_chunked=True or the following + # conditions hold: + # 1. content-length has not been explicitly set + # 2. the body is a file or iterable, but not a str or bytes-like + # 3. Transfer-Encoding has NOT been explicitly set by the caller + + if 'content-length' not in header_names: + # only chunk body if not explicitly set for backwards + # compatibility, assuming the client code is already handling the + # chunking + if 'transfer-encoding' not in header_names: + # if content-length cannot be automatically determined, fall + # back to chunked encoding + encode_chunked = False + content_length = self._get_content_length(body, method) + if content_length is None: + if body is not None: + if self.debuglevel > 0: + print('Unable to determine size of %r' % body) + encode_chunked = True + self.putheader('Transfer-Encoding', 'chunked') + else: + self.putheader('Content-Length', str(content_length)) + else: + encode_chunked = False + + for hdr, value in headers.items(): + self.putheader(hdr, value) + if isinstance(body, str): + # RFC 2616 Section 3.7.1 says that text default has a + # default charset of iso-8859-1. + body = _encode(body, 'body') + self.endheaders(body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked) + + def getresponse(self): + """Get the response from the server. + + If the HTTPConnection is in the correct state, returns an + instance of HTTPResponse or of whatever object is returned by + the response_class variable. + + If a request has not been sent or if a previous response has + not be handled, ResponseNotReady is raised. If the HTTP + response indicates that the connection should be closed, then + it will be closed before the response is returned. When the + connection is closed, the underlying socket is closed. + """ + + # if a prior response has been completed, then forget about it. + if self.__response and self.__response.isclosed(): + self.__response = None + + # if a prior response exists, then it must be completed (otherwise, we + # cannot read this response's header to determine the connection-close + # behavior) + # + # note: if a prior response existed, but was connection-close, then the + # socket and response were made independent of this HTTPConnection + # object since a new request requires that we open a whole new + # connection + # + # this means the prior response had one of two states: + # 1) will_close: this connection was reset and the prior socket and + # response operate independently + # 2) persistent: the response was retained and we await its + # isclosed() status to become true. + # + if self.__state != _CS_REQ_SENT or self.__response: + raise ResponseNotReady(self.__state) + + if self.debuglevel > 0: + response = self.response_class(self.sock, self.debuglevel, + method=self._method) + else: + response = self.response_class(self.sock, method=self._method) + + try: + try: + response.begin() + except ConnectionError: + self.close() + raise + assert response.will_close != _UNKNOWN + self.__state = _CS_IDLE + + if response.will_close: + # this effectively passes the connection to the response + self.close() + else: + # remember this, so we can tell when it is complete + self.__response = response + + return response + except: + response.close() + raise + +try: + import ssl +except ImportError: + pass +else: + class HTTPSConnection(HTTPConnection): + "This class allows communication via SSL." + + default_port = HTTPS_PORT + + # XXX Should key_file and cert_file be deprecated in favour of context? + + def __init__(self, host, port=None, key_file=None, cert_file=None, + timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, + source_address=None, *, context=None, + check_hostname=None, blocksize=8192): + super(HTTPSConnection, self).__init__(host, port, timeout, + source_address, + blocksize=blocksize) + if (key_file is not None or cert_file is not None or + check_hostname is not None): + import warnings + warnings.warn("key_file, cert_file and check_hostname are " + "deprecated, use a custom context instead.", + DeprecationWarning, 2) + self.key_file = key_file + self.cert_file = cert_file + if context is None: + context = ssl._create_default_https_context() + # send ALPN extension to indicate HTTP/1.1 protocol + if self._http_vsn == 11: + context.set_alpn_protocols(['http/1.1']) + # enable PHA for TLS 1.3 connections if available + if context.post_handshake_auth is not None: + context.post_handshake_auth = True + will_verify = context.verify_mode != ssl.CERT_NONE + if check_hostname is None: + check_hostname = context.check_hostname + if check_hostname and not will_verify: + raise ValueError("check_hostname needs a SSL context with " + "either CERT_OPTIONAL or CERT_REQUIRED") + if key_file or cert_file: + context.load_cert_chain(cert_file, key_file) + # cert and key file means the user wants to authenticate. + # enable TLS 1.3 PHA implicitly even for custom contexts. + if context.post_handshake_auth is not None: + context.post_handshake_auth = True + self._context = context + if check_hostname is not None: + self._context.check_hostname = check_hostname + + def connect(self): + "Connect to a host on a given (SSL) port." + + super().connect() + + if self._tunnel_host: + server_hostname = self._tunnel_host + else: + server_hostname = self.host + + self.sock = self._context.wrap_socket(self.sock, + server_hostname=server_hostname) + + __all__.append("HTTPSConnection") + +class HTTPException(Exception): + # Subclasses that define an __init__ must call Exception.__init__ + # or define self.args. Otherwise, str() will fail. + pass + +class NotConnected(HTTPException): + pass + +class InvalidURL(HTTPException): + pass + +class UnknownProtocol(HTTPException): + def __init__(self, version): + self.args = version, + self.version = version + +class UnknownTransferEncoding(HTTPException): + pass + +class UnimplementedFileMode(HTTPException): + pass + +class IncompleteRead(HTTPException): + def __init__(self, partial, expected=None): + self.args = partial, + self.partial = partial + self.expected = expected + def __repr__(self): + if self.expected is not None: + e = ', %i more expected' % self.expected + else: + e = '' + return '%s(%i bytes read%s)' % (self.__class__.__name__, + len(self.partial), e) + __str__ = object.__str__ + +class ImproperConnectionState(HTTPException): + pass + +class CannotSendRequest(ImproperConnectionState): + pass + +class CannotSendHeader(ImproperConnectionState): + pass + +class ResponseNotReady(ImproperConnectionState): + pass + +class BadStatusLine(HTTPException): + def __init__(self, line): + if not line: + line = repr(line) + self.args = line, + self.line = line + +class LineTooLong(HTTPException): + def __init__(self, line_type): + HTTPException.__init__(self, "got more than %d bytes when reading %s" + % (_MAXLINE, line_type)) + +class RemoteDisconnected(ConnectionResetError, BadStatusLine): + def __init__(self, *pos, **kw): + BadStatusLine.__init__(self, "") + ConnectionResetError.__init__(self, *pos, **kw) + +# for backwards compatibility +error = HTTPException diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/http/cookiejar.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/http/cookiejar.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e622fc36cbfcf6203c05211ae73053cd7ddab058 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/http/cookiejar.py @@ -0,0 +1,2126 @@ +r"""HTTP cookie handling for web clients. + +This module has (now fairly distant) origins in Gisle Aas' Perl module +HTTP::Cookies, from the libwww-perl library. + +Docstrings, comments and debug strings in this code refer to the +attributes of the HTTP cookie system as cookie-attributes, to distinguish +them clearly from Python attributes. + +Class diagram (note that BSDDBCookieJar and the MSIE* classes are not +distributed with the Python standard library, but are available from +http://wwwsearch.sf.net/): + + CookieJar____ + / \ \ + FileCookieJar \ \ + / | \ \ \ + MozillaCookieJar | LWPCookieJar \ \ + | | \ + | ---MSIEBase | \ + | / | | \ + | / MSIEDBCookieJar BSDDBCookieJar + |/ + MSIECookieJar + +""" + +__all__ = ['Cookie', 'CookieJar', 'CookiePolicy', 'DefaultCookiePolicy', + 'FileCookieJar', 'LWPCookieJar', 'LoadError', 'MozillaCookieJar'] + +import os +import copy +import datetime +import re +import time +import urllib.parse, urllib.request +import threading as _threading +import http.client # only for the default HTTP port +from calendar import timegm + +debug = False # set to True to enable debugging via the logging module +logger = None + +def _debug(*args): + if not debug: + return + global logger + if not logger: + import logging + logger = logging.getLogger("http.cookiejar") + return logger.debug(*args) + +HTTPONLY_ATTR = "HTTPOnly" +HTTPONLY_PREFIX = "#HttpOnly_" +DEFAULT_HTTP_PORT = str(http.client.HTTP_PORT) +NETSCAPE_MAGIC_RGX = re.compile("#( Netscape)? HTTP Cookie File") +MISSING_FILENAME_TEXT = ("a filename was not supplied (nor was the CookieJar " + "instance initialised with one)") +NETSCAPE_HEADER_TEXT = """\ +# Netscape HTTP Cookie File +# http://curl.haxx.se/rfc/cookie_spec.html +# This is a generated file! Do not edit. + +""" + +def _warn_unhandled_exception(): + # There are a few catch-all except: statements in this module, for + # catching input that's bad in unexpected ways. Warn if any + # exceptions are caught there. + import io, warnings, traceback + f = io.StringIO() + traceback.print_exc(None, f) + msg = f.getvalue() + warnings.warn("http.cookiejar bug!\n%s" % msg, stacklevel=2) + + +# Date/time conversion +# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +EPOCH_YEAR = 1970 +def _timegm(tt): + year, month, mday, hour, min, sec = tt[:6] + if ((year >= EPOCH_YEAR) and (1 <= month <= 12) and (1 <= mday <= 31) and + (0 <= hour <= 24) and (0 <= min <= 59) and (0 <= sec <= 61)): + return timegm(tt) + else: + return None + +DAYS = ["Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat", "Sun"] +MONTHS = ["Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", + "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"] +MONTHS_LOWER = [month.lower() for month in MONTHS] + +def time2isoz(t=None): + """Return a string representing time in seconds since epoch, t. + + If the function is called without an argument, it will use the current + time. + + The format of the returned string is like "YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ssZ", + representing Universal Time (UTC, aka GMT). An example of this format is: + + 1994-11-24 08:49:37Z + + """ + if t is None: + dt = datetime.datetime.utcnow() + else: + dt = datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(t) + return "%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02dZ" % ( + dt.year, dt.month, dt.day, dt.hour, dt.minute, dt.second) + +def time2netscape(t=None): + """Return a string representing time in seconds since epoch, t. + + If the function is called without an argument, it will use the current + time. + + The format of the returned string is like this: + + Wed, DD-Mon-YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT + + """ + if t is None: + dt = datetime.datetime.utcnow() + else: + dt = datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(t) + return "%s, %02d-%s-%04d %02d:%02d:%02d GMT" % ( + DAYS[dt.weekday()], dt.day, MONTHS[dt.month-1], + dt.year, dt.hour, dt.minute, dt.second) + + +UTC_ZONES = {"GMT": None, "UTC": None, "UT": None, "Z": None} + +TIMEZONE_RE = re.compile(r"^([-+])?(\d\d?):?(\d\d)?$", re.ASCII) +def offset_from_tz_string(tz): + offset = None + if tz in UTC_ZONES: + offset = 0 + else: + m = TIMEZONE_RE.search(tz) + if m: + offset = 3600 * int(m.group(2)) + if m.group(3): + offset = offset + 60 * int(m.group(3)) + if m.group(1) == '-': + offset = -offset + return offset + +def _str2time(day, mon, yr, hr, min, sec, tz): + yr = int(yr) + if yr > datetime.MAXYEAR: + return None + + # translate month name to number + # month numbers start with 1 (January) + try: + mon = MONTHS_LOWER.index(mon.lower())+1 + except ValueError: + # maybe it's already a number + try: + imon = int(mon) + except ValueError: + return None + if 1 <= imon <= 12: + mon = imon + else: + return None + + # make sure clock elements are defined + if hr is None: hr = 0 + if min is None: min = 0 + if sec is None: sec = 0 + + day = int(day) + hr = int(hr) + min = int(min) + sec = int(sec) + + if yr < 1000: + # find "obvious" year + cur_yr = time.localtime(time.time())[0] + m = cur_yr % 100 + tmp = yr + yr = yr + cur_yr - m + m = m - tmp + if abs(m) > 50: + if m > 0: yr = yr + 100 + else: yr = yr - 100 + + # convert UTC time tuple to seconds since epoch (not timezone-adjusted) + t = _timegm((yr, mon, day, hr, min, sec, tz)) + + if t is not None: + # adjust time using timezone string, to get absolute time since epoch + if tz is None: + tz = "UTC" + tz = tz.upper() + offset = offset_from_tz_string(tz) + if offset is None: + return None + t = t - offset + + return t + +STRICT_DATE_RE = re.compile( + r"^[SMTWF][a-z][a-z], (\d\d) ([JFMASOND][a-z][a-z]) " + r"(\d\d\d\d) (\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d) GMT$", re.ASCII) +WEEKDAY_RE = re.compile( + r"^(?:Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat)[a-z]*,?\s*", re.I | re.ASCII) +LOOSE_HTTP_DATE_RE = re.compile( + r"""^ + (\d\d?) # day + (?:\s+|[-\/]) + (\w+) # month + (?:\s+|[-\/]) + (\d+) # year + (?: + (?:\s+|:) # separator before clock + (\d\d?):(\d\d) # hour:min + (?::(\d\d))? # optional seconds + )? # optional clock + \s* + (?: + ([-+]?\d{2,4}|(?![APap][Mm]\b)[A-Za-z]+) # timezone + \s* + )? + (?: + \(\w+\) # ASCII representation of timezone in parens. + \s* + )?$""", re.X | re.ASCII) +def http2time(text): + """Returns time in seconds since epoch of time represented by a string. + + Return value is an integer. + + None is returned if the format of str is unrecognized, the time is outside + the representable range, or the timezone string is not recognized. If the + string contains no timezone, UTC is assumed. + + The timezone in the string may be numerical (like "-0800" or "+0100") or a + string timezone (like "UTC", "GMT", "BST" or "EST"). Currently, only the + timezone strings equivalent to UTC (zero offset) are known to the function. + + The function loosely parses the following formats: + + Wed, 09 Feb 1994 22:23:32 GMT -- HTTP format + Tuesday, 08-Feb-94 14:15:29 GMT -- old rfc850 HTTP format + Tuesday, 08-Feb-1994 14:15:29 GMT -- broken rfc850 HTTP format + 09 Feb 1994 22:23:32 GMT -- HTTP format (no weekday) + 08-Feb-94 14:15:29 GMT -- rfc850 format (no weekday) + 08-Feb-1994 14:15:29 GMT -- broken rfc850 format (no weekday) + + The parser ignores leading and trailing whitespace. The time may be + absent. + + If the year is given with only 2 digits, the function will select the + century that makes the year closest to the current date. + + """ + # fast exit for strictly conforming string + m = STRICT_DATE_RE.search(text) + if m: + g = m.groups() + mon = MONTHS_LOWER.index(g[1].lower()) + 1 + tt = (int(g[2]), mon, int(g[0]), + int(g[3]), int(g[4]), float(g[5])) + return _timegm(tt) + + # No, we need some messy parsing... + + # clean up + text = text.lstrip() + text = WEEKDAY_RE.sub("", text, 1) # Useless weekday + + # tz is time zone specifier string + day, mon, yr, hr, min, sec, tz = [None]*7 + + # loose regexp parse + m = LOOSE_HTTP_DATE_RE.search(text) + if m is not None: + day, mon, yr, hr, min, sec, tz = m.groups() + else: + return None # bad format + + return _str2time(day, mon, yr, hr, min, sec, tz) + +ISO_DATE_RE = re.compile( + r"""^ + (\d{4}) # year + [-\/]? + (\d\d?) # numerical month + [-\/]? + (\d\d?) # day + (?: + (?:\s+|[-:Tt]) # separator before clock + (\d\d?):?(\d\d) # hour:min + (?::?(\d\d(?:\.\d*)?))? # optional seconds (and fractional) + )? # optional clock + \s* + (?: + ([-+]?\d\d?:?(:?\d\d)? + |Z|z) # timezone (Z is "zero meridian", i.e. GMT) + \s* + )?$""", re.X | re. ASCII) +def iso2time(text): + """ + As for http2time, but parses the ISO 8601 formats: + + 1994-02-03 14:15:29 -0100 -- ISO 8601 format + 1994-02-03 14:15:29 -- zone is optional + 1994-02-03 -- only date + 1994-02-03T14:15:29 -- Use T as separator + 19940203T141529Z -- ISO 8601 compact format + 19940203 -- only date + + """ + # clean up + text = text.lstrip() + + # tz is time zone specifier string + day, mon, yr, hr, min, sec, tz = [None]*7 + + # loose regexp parse + m = ISO_DATE_RE.search(text) + if m is not None: + # XXX there's an extra bit of the timezone I'm ignoring here: is + # this the right thing to do? + yr, mon, day, hr, min, sec, tz, _ = m.groups() + else: + return None # bad format + + return _str2time(day, mon, yr, hr, min, sec, tz) + + +# Header parsing +# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +def unmatched(match): + """Return unmatched part of re.Match object.""" + start, end = match.span(0) + return match.string[:start]+match.string[end:] + +HEADER_TOKEN_RE = re.compile(r"^\s*([^=\s;,]+)") +HEADER_QUOTED_VALUE_RE = re.compile(r"^\s*=\s*\"([^\"\\]*(?:\\.[^\"\\]*)*)\"") +HEADER_VALUE_RE = re.compile(r"^\s*=\s*([^\s;,]*)") +HEADER_ESCAPE_RE = re.compile(r"\\(.)") +def split_header_words(header_values): + r"""Parse header values into a list of lists containing key,value pairs. + + The function knows how to deal with ",", ";" and "=" as well as quoted + values after "=". A list of space separated tokens are parsed as if they + were separated by ";". + + If the header_values passed as argument contains multiple values, then they + are treated as if they were a single value separated by comma ",". + + This means that this function is useful for parsing header fields that + follow this syntax (BNF as from the HTTP/1.1 specification, but we relax + the requirement for tokens). + + headers = #header + header = (token | parameter) *( [";"] (token | parameter)) + + token = 1* + separators = "(" | ")" | "<" | ">" | "@" + | "," | ";" | ":" | "\" | <"> + | "/" | "[" | "]" | "?" | "=" + | "{" | "}" | SP | HT + + quoted-string = ( <"> *(qdtext | quoted-pair ) <"> ) + qdtext = > + quoted-pair = "\" CHAR + + parameter = attribute "=" value + attribute = token + value = token | quoted-string + + Each header is represented by a list of key/value pairs. The value for a + simple token (not part of a parameter) is None. Syntactically incorrect + headers will not necessarily be parsed as you would want. + + This is easier to describe with some examples: + + >>> split_header_words(['foo="bar"; port="80,81"; discard, bar=baz']) + [[('foo', 'bar'), ('port', '80,81'), ('discard', None)], [('bar', 'baz')]] + >>> split_header_words(['text/html; charset="iso-8859-1"']) + [[('text/html', None), ('charset', 'iso-8859-1')]] + >>> split_header_words([r'Basic realm="\"foo\bar\""']) + [[('Basic', None), ('realm', '"foobar"')]] + + """ + assert not isinstance(header_values, str) + result = [] + for text in header_values: + orig_text = text + pairs = [] + while text: + m = HEADER_TOKEN_RE.search(text) + if m: + text = unmatched(m) + name = m.group(1) + m = HEADER_QUOTED_VALUE_RE.search(text) + if m: # quoted value + text = unmatched(m) + value = m.group(1) + value = HEADER_ESCAPE_RE.sub(r"\1", value) + else: + m = HEADER_VALUE_RE.search(text) + if m: # unquoted value + text = unmatched(m) + value = m.group(1) + value = value.rstrip() + else: + # no value, a lone token + value = None + pairs.append((name, value)) + elif text.lstrip().startswith(","): + # concatenated headers, as per RFC 2616 section 4.2 + text = text.lstrip()[1:] + if pairs: result.append(pairs) + pairs = [] + else: + # skip junk + non_junk, nr_junk_chars = re.subn(r"^[=\s;]*", "", text) + assert nr_junk_chars > 0, ( + "split_header_words bug: '%s', '%s', %s" % + (orig_text, text, pairs)) + text = non_junk + if pairs: result.append(pairs) + return result + +HEADER_JOIN_ESCAPE_RE = re.compile(r"([\"\\])") +def join_header_words(lists): + """Do the inverse (almost) of the conversion done by split_header_words. + + Takes a list of lists of (key, value) pairs and produces a single header + value. Attribute values are quoted if needed. + + >>> join_header_words([[("text/plain", None), ("charset", "iso-8859-1")]]) + 'text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"' + >>> join_header_words([[("text/plain", None)], [("charset", "iso-8859-1")]]) + 'text/plain, charset="iso-8859-1"' + + """ + headers = [] + for pairs in lists: + attr = [] + for k, v in pairs: + if v is not None: + if not re.search(r"^\w+$", v): + v = HEADER_JOIN_ESCAPE_RE.sub(r"\\\1", v) # escape " and \ + v = '"%s"' % v + k = "%s=%s" % (k, v) + attr.append(k) + if attr: headers.append("; ".join(attr)) + return ", ".join(headers) + +def strip_quotes(text): + if text.startswith('"'): + text = text[1:] + if text.endswith('"'): + text = text[:-1] + return text + +def parse_ns_headers(ns_headers): + """Ad-hoc parser for Netscape protocol cookie-attributes. + + The old Netscape cookie format for Set-Cookie can for instance contain + an unquoted "," in the expires field, so we have to use this ad-hoc + parser instead of split_header_words. + + XXX This may not make the best possible effort to parse all the crap + that Netscape Cookie headers contain. Ronald Tschalar's HTTPClient + parser is probably better, so could do worse than following that if + this ever gives any trouble. + + Currently, this is also used for parsing RFC 2109 cookies. + + """ + known_attrs = ("expires", "domain", "path", "secure", + # RFC 2109 attrs (may turn up in Netscape cookies, too) + "version", "port", "max-age") + + result = [] + for ns_header in ns_headers: + pairs = [] + version_set = False + + # XXX: The following does not strictly adhere to RFCs in that empty + # names and values are legal (the former will only appear once and will + # be overwritten if multiple occurrences are present). This is + # mostly to deal with backwards compatibility. + for ii, param in enumerate(ns_header.split(';')): + param = param.strip() + + key, sep, val = param.partition('=') + key = key.strip() + + if not key: + if ii == 0: + break + else: + continue + + # allow for a distinction between present and empty and missing + # altogether + val = val.strip() if sep else None + + if ii != 0: + lc = key.lower() + if lc in known_attrs: + key = lc + + if key == "version": + # This is an RFC 2109 cookie. + if val is not None: + val = strip_quotes(val) + version_set = True + elif key == "expires": + # convert expires date to seconds since epoch + if val is not None: + val = http2time(strip_quotes(val)) # None if invalid + pairs.append((key, val)) + + if pairs: + if not version_set: + pairs.append(("version", "0")) + result.append(pairs) + + return result + + +IPV4_RE = re.compile(r"\.\d+$", re.ASCII) +def is_HDN(text): + """Return True if text is a host domain name.""" + # XXX + # This may well be wrong. Which RFC is HDN defined in, if any (for + # the purposes of RFC 2965)? + # For the current implementation, what about IPv6? Remember to look + # at other uses of IPV4_RE also, if change this. + if IPV4_RE.search(text): + return False + if text == "": + return False + if text[0] == "." or text[-1] == ".": + return False + return True + +def domain_match(A, B): + """Return True if domain A domain-matches domain B, according to RFC 2965. + + A and B may be host domain names or IP addresses. + + RFC 2965, section 1: + + Host names can be specified either as an IP address or a HDN string. + Sometimes we compare one host name with another. (Such comparisons SHALL + be case-insensitive.) Host A's name domain-matches host B's if + + * their host name strings string-compare equal; or + + * A is a HDN string and has the form NB, where N is a non-empty + name string, B has the form .B', and B' is a HDN string. (So, + x.y.com domain-matches .Y.com but not Y.com.) + + Note that domain-match is not a commutative operation: a.b.c.com + domain-matches .c.com, but not the reverse. + + """ + # Note that, if A or B are IP addresses, the only relevant part of the + # definition of the domain-match algorithm is the direct string-compare. + A = A.lower() + B = B.lower() + if A == B: + return True + if not is_HDN(A): + return False + i = A.rfind(B) + if i == -1 or i == 0: + # A does not have form NB, or N is the empty string + return False + if not B.startswith("."): + return False + if not is_HDN(B[1:]): + return False + return True + +def liberal_is_HDN(text): + """Return True if text is a sort-of-like a host domain name. + + For accepting/blocking domains. + + """ + if IPV4_RE.search(text): + return False + return True + +def user_domain_match(A, B): + """For blocking/accepting domains. + + A and B may be host domain names or IP addresses. + + """ + A = A.lower() + B = B.lower() + if not (liberal_is_HDN(A) and liberal_is_HDN(B)): + if A == B: + # equal IP addresses + return True + return False + initial_dot = B.startswith(".") + if initial_dot and A.endswith(B): + return True + if not initial_dot and A == B: + return True + return False + +cut_port_re = re.compile(r":\d+$", re.ASCII) +def request_host(request): + """Return request-host, as defined by RFC 2965. + + Variation from RFC: returned value is lowercased, for convenient + comparison. + + """ + url = request.get_full_url() + host = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)[1] + if host == "": + host = request.get_header("Host", "") + + # remove port, if present + host = cut_port_re.sub("", host, 1) + return host.lower() + +def eff_request_host(request): + """Return a tuple (request-host, effective request-host name). + + As defined by RFC 2965, except both are lowercased. + + """ + erhn = req_host = request_host(request) + if req_host.find(".") == -1 and not IPV4_RE.search(req_host): + erhn = req_host + ".local" + return req_host, erhn + +def request_path(request): + """Path component of request-URI, as defined by RFC 2965.""" + url = request.get_full_url() + parts = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url) + path = escape_path(parts.path) + if not path.startswith("/"): + # fix bad RFC 2396 absoluteURI + path = "/" + path + return path + +def request_port(request): + host = request.host + i = host.find(':') + if i >= 0: + port = host[i+1:] + try: + int(port) + except ValueError: + _debug("nonnumeric port: '%s'", port) + return None + else: + port = DEFAULT_HTTP_PORT + return port + +# Characters in addition to A-Z, a-z, 0-9, '_', '.', and '-' that don't +# need to be escaped to form a valid HTTP URL (RFCs 2396 and 1738). +HTTP_PATH_SAFE = "%/;:@&=+$,!~*'()" +ESCAPED_CHAR_RE = re.compile(r"%([0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F])") +def uppercase_escaped_char(match): + return "%%%s" % match.group(1).upper() +def escape_path(path): + """Escape any invalid characters in HTTP URL, and uppercase all escapes.""" + # There's no knowing what character encoding was used to create URLs + # containing %-escapes, but since we have to pick one to escape invalid + # path characters, we pick UTF-8, as recommended in the HTML 4.0 + # specification: + # http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/appendix/notes.html#h-B.2.1 + # And here, kind of: draft-fielding-uri-rfc2396bis-03 + # (And in draft IRI specification: draft-duerst-iri-05) + # (And here, for new URI schemes: RFC 2718) + path = urllib.parse.quote(path, HTTP_PATH_SAFE) + path = ESCAPED_CHAR_RE.sub(uppercase_escaped_char, path) + return path + +def reach(h): + """Return reach of host h, as defined by RFC 2965, section 1. + + The reach R of a host name H is defined as follows: + + * If + + - H is the host domain name of a host; and, + + - H has the form A.B; and + + - A has no embedded (that is, interior) dots; and + + - B has at least one embedded dot, or B is the string "local". + then the reach of H is .B. + + * Otherwise, the reach of H is H. + + >>> reach("www.acme.com") + '.acme.com' + >>> reach("acme.com") + 'acme.com' + >>> reach("acme.local") + '.local' + + """ + i = h.find(".") + if i >= 0: + #a = h[:i] # this line is only here to show what a is + b = h[i+1:] + i = b.find(".") + if is_HDN(h) and (i >= 0 or b == "local"): + return "."+b + return h + +def is_third_party(request): + """ + + RFC 2965, section 3.3.6: + + An unverifiable transaction is to a third-party host if its request- + host U does not domain-match the reach R of the request-host O in the + origin transaction. + + """ + req_host = request_host(request) + if not domain_match(req_host, reach(request.origin_req_host)): + return True + else: + return False + + +class Cookie: + """HTTP Cookie. + + This class represents both Netscape and RFC 2965 cookies. + + This is deliberately a very simple class. It just holds attributes. It's + possible to construct Cookie instances that don't comply with the cookie + standards. CookieJar.make_cookies is the factory function for Cookie + objects -- it deals with cookie parsing, supplying defaults, and + normalising to the representation used in this class. CookiePolicy is + responsible for checking them to see whether they should be accepted from + and returned to the server. + + Note that the port may be present in the headers, but unspecified ("Port" + rather than"Port=80", for example); if this is the case, port is None. + + """ + + def __init__(self, version, name, value, + port, port_specified, + domain, domain_specified, domain_initial_dot, + path, path_specified, + secure, + expires, + discard, + comment, + comment_url, + rest, + rfc2109=False, + ): + + if version is not None: version = int(version) + if expires is not None: expires = int(float(expires)) + if port is None and port_specified is True: + raise ValueError("if port is None, port_specified must be false") + + self.version = version + self.name = name + self.value = value + self.port = port + self.port_specified = port_specified + # normalise case, as per RFC 2965 section 3.3.3 + self.domain = domain.lower() + self.domain_specified = domain_specified + # Sigh. We need to know whether the domain given in the + # cookie-attribute had an initial dot, in order to follow RFC 2965 + # (as clarified in draft errata). Needed for the returned $Domain + # value. + self.domain_initial_dot = domain_initial_dot + self.path = path + self.path_specified = path_specified + self.secure = secure + self.expires = expires + self.discard = discard + self.comment = comment + self.comment_url = comment_url + self.rfc2109 = rfc2109 + + self._rest = copy.copy(rest) + + def has_nonstandard_attr(self, name): + return name in self._rest + def get_nonstandard_attr(self, name, default=None): + return self._rest.get(name, default) + def set_nonstandard_attr(self, name, value): + self._rest[name] = value + + def is_expired(self, now=None): + if now is None: now = time.time() + if (self.expires is not None) and (self.expires <= now): + return True + return False + + def __str__(self): + if self.port is None: p = "" + else: p = ":"+self.port + limit = self.domain + p + self.path + if self.value is not None: + namevalue = "%s=%s" % (self.name, self.value) + else: + namevalue = self.name + return "" % (namevalue, limit) + + def __repr__(self): + args = [] + for name in ("version", "name", "value", + "port", "port_specified", + "domain", "domain_specified", "domain_initial_dot", + "path", "path_specified", + "secure", "expires", "discard", "comment", "comment_url", + ): + attr = getattr(self, name) + args.append("%s=%s" % (name, repr(attr))) + args.append("rest=%s" % repr(self._rest)) + args.append("rfc2109=%s" % repr(self.rfc2109)) + return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, ", ".join(args)) + + +class CookiePolicy: + """Defines which cookies get accepted from and returned to server. + + May also modify cookies, though this is probably a bad idea. + + The subclass DefaultCookiePolicy defines the standard rules for Netscape + and RFC 2965 cookies -- override that if you want a customized policy. + + """ + def set_ok(self, cookie, request): + """Return true if (and only if) cookie should be accepted from server. + + Currently, pre-expired cookies never get this far -- the CookieJar + class deletes such cookies itself. + + """ + raise NotImplementedError() + + def return_ok(self, cookie, request): + """Return true if (and only if) cookie should be returned to server.""" + raise NotImplementedError() + + def domain_return_ok(self, domain, request): + """Return false if cookies should not be returned, given cookie domain. + """ + return True + + def path_return_ok(self, path, request): + """Return false if cookies should not be returned, given cookie path. + """ + return True + + +class DefaultCookiePolicy(CookiePolicy): + """Implements the standard rules for accepting and returning cookies.""" + + DomainStrictNoDots = 1 + DomainStrictNonDomain = 2 + DomainRFC2965Match = 4 + + DomainLiberal = 0 + DomainStrict = DomainStrictNoDots|DomainStrictNonDomain + + def __init__(self, + blocked_domains=None, allowed_domains=None, + netscape=True, rfc2965=False, + rfc2109_as_netscape=None, + hide_cookie2=False, + strict_domain=False, + strict_rfc2965_unverifiable=True, + strict_ns_unverifiable=False, + strict_ns_domain=DomainLiberal, + strict_ns_set_initial_dollar=False, + strict_ns_set_path=False, + secure_protocols=("https", "wss") + ): + """Constructor arguments should be passed as keyword arguments only.""" + self.netscape = netscape + self.rfc2965 = rfc2965 + self.rfc2109_as_netscape = rfc2109_as_netscape + self.hide_cookie2 = hide_cookie2 + self.strict_domain = strict_domain + self.strict_rfc2965_unverifiable = strict_rfc2965_unverifiable + self.strict_ns_unverifiable = strict_ns_unverifiable + self.strict_ns_domain = strict_ns_domain + self.strict_ns_set_initial_dollar = strict_ns_set_initial_dollar + self.strict_ns_set_path = strict_ns_set_path + self.secure_protocols = secure_protocols + + if blocked_domains is not None: + self._blocked_domains = tuple(blocked_domains) + else: + self._blocked_domains = () + + if allowed_domains is not None: + allowed_domains = tuple(allowed_domains) + self._allowed_domains = allowed_domains + + def blocked_domains(self): + """Return the sequence of blocked domains (as a tuple).""" + return self._blocked_domains + def set_blocked_domains(self, blocked_domains): + """Set the sequence of blocked domains.""" + self._blocked_domains = tuple(blocked_domains) + + def is_blocked(self, domain): + for blocked_domain in self._blocked_domains: + if user_domain_match(domain, blocked_domain): + return True + return False + + def allowed_domains(self): + """Return None, or the sequence of allowed domains (as a tuple).""" + return self._allowed_domains + def set_allowed_domains(self, allowed_domains): + """Set the sequence of allowed domains, or None.""" + if allowed_domains is not None: + allowed_domains = tuple(allowed_domains) + self._allowed_domains = allowed_domains + + def is_not_allowed(self, domain): + if self._allowed_domains is None: + return False + for allowed_domain in self._allowed_domains: + if user_domain_match(domain, allowed_domain): + return False + return True + + def set_ok(self, cookie, request): + """ + If you override .set_ok(), be sure to call this method. If it returns + false, so should your subclass (assuming your subclass wants to be more + strict about which cookies to accept). + + """ + _debug(" - checking cookie %s=%s", cookie.name, cookie.value) + + assert cookie.name is not None + + for n in "version", "verifiability", "name", "path", "domain", "port": + fn_name = "set_ok_"+n + fn = getattr(self, fn_name) + if not fn(cookie, request): + return False + + return True + + def set_ok_version(self, cookie, request): + if cookie.version is None: + # Version is always set to 0 by parse_ns_headers if it's a Netscape + # cookie, so this must be an invalid RFC 2965 cookie. + _debug(" Set-Cookie2 without version attribute (%s=%s)", + cookie.name, cookie.value) + return False + if cookie.version > 0 and not self.rfc2965: + _debug(" RFC 2965 cookies are switched off") + return False + elif cookie.version == 0 and not self.netscape: + _debug(" Netscape cookies are switched off") + return False + return True + + def set_ok_verifiability(self, cookie, request): + if request.unverifiable and is_third_party(request): + if cookie.version > 0 and self.strict_rfc2965_unverifiable: + _debug(" third-party RFC 2965 cookie during " + "unverifiable transaction") + return False + elif cookie.version == 0 and self.strict_ns_unverifiable: + _debug(" third-party Netscape cookie during " + "unverifiable transaction") + return False + return True + + def set_ok_name(self, cookie, request): + # Try and stop servers setting V0 cookies designed to hack other + # servers that know both V0 and V1 protocols. + if (cookie.version == 0 and self.strict_ns_set_initial_dollar and + cookie.name.startswith("$")): + _debug(" illegal name (starts with '$'): '%s'", cookie.name) + return False + return True + + def set_ok_path(self, cookie, request): + if cookie.path_specified: + req_path = request_path(request) + if ((cookie.version > 0 or + (cookie.version == 0 and self.strict_ns_set_path)) and + not self.path_return_ok(cookie.path, request)): + _debug(" path attribute %s is not a prefix of request " + "path %s", cookie.path, req_path) + return False + return True + + def set_ok_domain(self, cookie, request): + if self.is_blocked(cookie.domain): + _debug(" domain %s is in user block-list", cookie.domain) + return False + if self.is_not_allowed(cookie.domain): + _debug(" domain %s is not in user allow-list", cookie.domain) + return False + if cookie.domain_specified: + req_host, erhn = eff_request_host(request) + domain = cookie.domain + if self.strict_domain and (domain.count(".") >= 2): + # XXX This should probably be compared with the Konqueror + # (kcookiejar.cpp) and Mozilla implementations, but it's a + # losing battle. + i = domain.rfind(".") + j = domain.rfind(".", 0, i) + if j == 0: # domain like .foo.bar + tld = domain[i+1:] + sld = domain[j+1:i] + if sld.lower() in ("co", "ac", "com", "edu", "org", "net", + "gov", "mil", "int", "aero", "biz", "cat", "coop", + "info", "jobs", "mobi", "museum", "name", "pro", + "travel", "eu") and len(tld) == 2: + # domain like .co.uk + _debug(" country-code second level domain %s", domain) + return False + if domain.startswith("."): + undotted_domain = domain[1:] + else: + undotted_domain = domain + embedded_dots = (undotted_domain.find(".") >= 0) + if not embedded_dots and not erhn.endswith(".local"): + _debug(" non-local domain %s contains no embedded dot", + domain) + return False + if cookie.version == 0: + if (not (erhn.endswith(domain) or + erhn.endswith(f"{undotted_domain}.local")) and + (not erhn.startswith(".") and + not ("."+erhn).endswith(domain))): + _debug(" effective request-host %s (even with added " + "initial dot) does not end with %s", + erhn, domain) + return False + if (cookie.version > 0 or + (self.strict_ns_domain & self.DomainRFC2965Match)): + if not domain_match(erhn, domain): + _debug(" effective request-host %s does not domain-match " + "%s", erhn, domain) + return False + if (cookie.version > 0 or + (self.strict_ns_domain & self.DomainStrictNoDots)): + host_prefix = req_host[:-len(domain)] + if (host_prefix.find(".") >= 0 and + not IPV4_RE.search(req_host)): + _debug(" host prefix %s for domain %s contains a dot", + host_prefix, domain) + return False + return True + + def set_ok_port(self, cookie, request): + if cookie.port_specified: + req_port = request_port(request) + if req_port is None: + req_port = "80" + else: + req_port = str(req_port) + for p in cookie.port.split(","): + try: + int(p) + except ValueError: + _debug(" bad port %s (not numeric)", p) + return False + if p == req_port: + break + else: + _debug(" request port (%s) not found in %s", + req_port, cookie.port) + return False + return True + + def return_ok(self, cookie, request): + """ + If you override .return_ok(), be sure to call this method. If it + returns false, so should your subclass (assuming your subclass wants to + be more strict about which cookies to return). + + """ + # Path has already been checked by .path_return_ok(), and domain + # blocking done by .domain_return_ok(). + _debug(" - checking cookie %s=%s", cookie.name, cookie.value) + + for n in "version", "verifiability", "secure", "expires", "port", "domain": + fn_name = "return_ok_"+n + fn = getattr(self, fn_name) + if not fn(cookie, request): + return False + return True + + def return_ok_version(self, cookie, request): + if cookie.version > 0 and not self.rfc2965: + _debug(" RFC 2965 cookies are switched off") + return False + elif cookie.version == 0 and not self.netscape: + _debug(" Netscape cookies are switched off") + return False + return True + + def return_ok_verifiability(self, cookie, request): + if request.unverifiable and is_third_party(request): + if cookie.version > 0 and self.strict_rfc2965_unverifiable: + _debug(" third-party RFC 2965 cookie during unverifiable " + "transaction") + return False + elif cookie.version == 0 and self.strict_ns_unverifiable: + _debug(" third-party Netscape cookie during unverifiable " + "transaction") + return False + return True + + def return_ok_secure(self, cookie, request): + if cookie.secure and request.type not in self.secure_protocols: + _debug(" secure cookie with non-secure request") + return False + return True + + def return_ok_expires(self, cookie, request): + if cookie.is_expired(self._now): + _debug(" cookie expired") + return False + return True + + def return_ok_port(self, cookie, request): + if cookie.port: + req_port = request_port(request) + if req_port is None: + req_port = "80" + for p in cookie.port.split(","): + if p == req_port: + break + else: + _debug(" request port %s does not match cookie port %s", + req_port, cookie.port) + return False + return True + + def return_ok_domain(self, cookie, request): + req_host, erhn = eff_request_host(request) + domain = cookie.domain + + if domain and not domain.startswith("."): + dotdomain = "." + domain + else: + dotdomain = domain + + # strict check of non-domain cookies: Mozilla does this, MSIE5 doesn't + if (cookie.version == 0 and + (self.strict_ns_domain & self.DomainStrictNonDomain) and + not cookie.domain_specified and domain != erhn): + _debug(" cookie with unspecified domain does not string-compare " + "equal to request domain") + return False + + if cookie.version > 0 and not domain_match(erhn, domain): + _debug(" effective request-host name %s does not domain-match " + "RFC 2965 cookie domain %s", erhn, domain) + return False + if cookie.version == 0 and not ("."+erhn).endswith(dotdomain): + _debug(" request-host %s does not match Netscape cookie domain " + "%s", req_host, domain) + return False + return True + + def domain_return_ok(self, domain, request): + # Liberal check of. This is here as an optimization to avoid + # having to load lots of MSIE cookie files unless necessary. + req_host, erhn = eff_request_host(request) + if not req_host.startswith("."): + req_host = "."+req_host + if not erhn.startswith("."): + erhn = "."+erhn + if domain and not domain.startswith("."): + dotdomain = "." + domain + else: + dotdomain = domain + if not (req_host.endswith(dotdomain) or erhn.endswith(dotdomain)): + #_debug(" request domain %s does not match cookie domain %s", + # req_host, domain) + return False + + if self.is_blocked(domain): + _debug(" domain %s is in user block-list", domain) + return False + if self.is_not_allowed(domain): + _debug(" domain %s is not in user allow-list", domain) + return False + + return True + + def path_return_ok(self, path, request): + _debug("- checking cookie path=%s", path) + req_path = request_path(request) + pathlen = len(path) + if req_path == path: + return True + elif (req_path.startswith(path) and + (path.endswith("/") or req_path[pathlen:pathlen+1] == "/")): + return True + + _debug(" %s does not path-match %s", req_path, path) + return False + +def deepvalues(mapping): + """Iterates over nested mapping, depth-first""" + for obj in list(mapping.values()): + mapping = False + try: + obj.items + except AttributeError: + pass + else: + mapping = True + yield from deepvalues(obj) + if not mapping: + yield obj + + +# Used as second parameter to dict.get() method, to distinguish absent +# dict key from one with a None value. +class Absent: pass + +class CookieJar: + """Collection of HTTP cookies. + + You may not need to know about this class: try + urllib.request.build_opener(HTTPCookieProcessor).open(url). + """ + + non_word_re = re.compile(r"\W") + quote_re = re.compile(r"([\"\\])") + strict_domain_re = re.compile(r"\.?[^.]*") + domain_re = re.compile(r"[^.]*") + dots_re = re.compile(r"^\.+") + + magic_re = re.compile(r"^\#LWP-Cookies-(\d+\.\d+)", re.ASCII) + + def __init__(self, policy=None): + if policy is None: + policy = DefaultCookiePolicy() + self._policy = policy + + self._cookies_lock = _threading.RLock() + self._cookies = {} + + def set_policy(self, policy): + self._policy = policy + + def _cookies_for_domain(self, domain, request): + cookies = [] + if not self._policy.domain_return_ok(domain, request): + return [] + _debug("Checking %s for cookies to return", domain) + cookies_by_path = self._cookies[domain] + for path in cookies_by_path.keys(): + if not self._policy.path_return_ok(path, request): + continue + cookies_by_name = cookies_by_path[path] + for cookie in cookies_by_name.values(): + if not self._policy.return_ok(cookie, request): + _debug(" not returning cookie") + continue + _debug(" it's a match") + cookies.append(cookie) + return cookies + + def _cookies_for_request(self, request): + """Return a list of cookies to be returned to server.""" + cookies = [] + for domain in self._cookies.keys(): + cookies.extend(self._cookies_for_domain(domain, request)) + return cookies + + def _cookie_attrs(self, cookies): + """Return a list of cookie-attributes to be returned to server. + + like ['foo="bar"; $Path="/"', ...] + + The $Version attribute is also added when appropriate (currently only + once per request). + + """ + # add cookies in order of most specific (ie. longest) path first + cookies.sort(key=lambda a: len(a.path), reverse=True) + + version_set = False + + attrs = [] + for cookie in cookies: + # set version of Cookie header + # XXX + # What should it be if multiple matching Set-Cookie headers have + # different versions themselves? + # Answer: there is no answer; was supposed to be settled by + # RFC 2965 errata, but that may never appear... + version = cookie.version + if not version_set: + version_set = True + if version > 0: + attrs.append("$Version=%s" % version) + + # quote cookie value if necessary + # (not for Netscape protocol, which already has any quotes + # intact, due to the poorly-specified Netscape Cookie: syntax) + if ((cookie.value is not None) and + self.non_word_re.search(cookie.value) and version > 0): + value = self.quote_re.sub(r"\\\1", cookie.value) + else: + value = cookie.value + + # add cookie-attributes to be returned in Cookie header + if cookie.value is None: + attrs.append(cookie.name) + else: + attrs.append("%s=%s" % (cookie.name, value)) + if version > 0: + if cookie.path_specified: + attrs.append('$Path="%s"' % cookie.path) + if cookie.domain.startswith("."): + domain = cookie.domain + if (not cookie.domain_initial_dot and + domain.startswith(".")): + domain = domain[1:] + attrs.append('$Domain="%s"' % domain) + if cookie.port is not None: + p = "$Port" + if cookie.port_specified: + p = p + ('="%s"' % cookie.port) + attrs.append(p) + + return attrs + + def add_cookie_header(self, request): + """Add correct Cookie: header to request (urllib.request.Request object). + + The Cookie2 header is also added unless policy.hide_cookie2 is true. + + """ + _debug("add_cookie_header") + self._cookies_lock.acquire() + try: + + self._policy._now = self._now = int(time.time()) + + cookies = self._cookies_for_request(request) + + attrs = self._cookie_attrs(cookies) + if attrs: + if not request.has_header("Cookie"): + request.add_unredirected_header( + "Cookie", "; ".join(attrs)) + + # if necessary, advertise that we know RFC 2965 + if (self._policy.rfc2965 and not self._policy.hide_cookie2 and + not request.has_header("Cookie2")): + for cookie in cookies: + if cookie.version != 1: + request.add_unredirected_header("Cookie2", '$Version="1"') + break + + finally: + self._cookies_lock.release() + + self.clear_expired_cookies() + + def _normalized_cookie_tuples(self, attrs_set): + """Return list of tuples containing normalised cookie information. + + attrs_set is the list of lists of key,value pairs extracted from + the Set-Cookie or Set-Cookie2 headers. + + Tuples are name, value, standard, rest, where name and value are the + cookie name and value, standard is a dictionary containing the standard + cookie-attributes (discard, secure, version, expires or max-age, + domain, path and port) and rest is a dictionary containing the rest of + the cookie-attributes. + + """ + cookie_tuples = [] + + boolean_attrs = "discard", "secure" + value_attrs = ("version", + "expires", "max-age", + "domain", "path", "port", + "comment", "commenturl") + + for cookie_attrs in attrs_set: + name, value = cookie_attrs[0] + + # Build dictionary of standard cookie-attributes (standard) and + # dictionary of other cookie-attributes (rest). + + # Note: expiry time is normalised to seconds since epoch. V0 + # cookies should have the Expires cookie-attribute, and V1 cookies + # should have Max-Age, but since V1 includes RFC 2109 cookies (and + # since V0 cookies may be a mish-mash of Netscape and RFC 2109), we + # accept either (but prefer Max-Age). + max_age_set = False + + bad_cookie = False + + standard = {} + rest = {} + for k, v in cookie_attrs[1:]: + lc = k.lower() + # don't lose case distinction for unknown fields + if lc in value_attrs or lc in boolean_attrs: + k = lc + if k in boolean_attrs and v is None: + # boolean cookie-attribute is present, but has no value + # (like "discard", rather than "port=80") + v = True + if k in standard: + # only first value is significant + continue + if k == "domain": + if v is None: + _debug(" missing value for domain attribute") + bad_cookie = True + break + # RFC 2965 section 3.3.3 + v = v.lower() + if k == "expires": + if max_age_set: + # Prefer max-age to expires (like Mozilla) + continue + if v is None: + _debug(" missing or invalid value for expires " + "attribute: treating as session cookie") + continue + if k == "max-age": + max_age_set = True + try: + v = int(v) + except ValueError: + _debug(" missing or invalid (non-numeric) value for " + "max-age attribute") + bad_cookie = True + break + # convert RFC 2965 Max-Age to seconds since epoch + # XXX Strictly you're supposed to follow RFC 2616 + # age-calculation rules. Remember that zero Max-Age + # is a request to discard (old and new) cookie, though. + k = "expires" + v = self._now + v + if (k in value_attrs) or (k in boolean_attrs): + if (v is None and + k not in ("port", "comment", "commenturl")): + _debug(" missing value for %s attribute" % k) + bad_cookie = True + break + standard[k] = v + else: + rest[k] = v + + if bad_cookie: + continue + + cookie_tuples.append((name, value, standard, rest)) + + return cookie_tuples + + def _cookie_from_cookie_tuple(self, tup, request): + # standard is dict of standard cookie-attributes, rest is dict of the + # rest of them + name, value, standard, rest = tup + + domain = standard.get("domain", Absent) + path = standard.get("path", Absent) + port = standard.get("port", Absent) + expires = standard.get("expires", Absent) + + # set the easy defaults + version = standard.get("version", None) + if version is not None: + try: + version = int(version) + except ValueError: + return None # invalid version, ignore cookie + secure = standard.get("secure", False) + # (discard is also set if expires is Absent) + discard = standard.get("discard", False) + comment = standard.get("comment", None) + comment_url = standard.get("commenturl", None) + + # set default path + if path is not Absent and path != "": + path_specified = True + path = escape_path(path) + else: + path_specified = False + path = request_path(request) + i = path.rfind("/") + if i != -1: + if version == 0: + # Netscape spec parts company from reality here + path = path[:i] + else: + path = path[:i+1] + if len(path) == 0: path = "/" + + # set default domain + domain_specified = domain is not Absent + # but first we have to remember whether it starts with a dot + domain_initial_dot = False + if domain_specified: + domain_initial_dot = bool(domain.startswith(".")) + if domain is Absent: + req_host, erhn = eff_request_host(request) + domain = erhn + elif not domain.startswith("."): + domain = "."+domain + + # set default port + port_specified = False + if port is not Absent: + if port is None: + # Port attr present, but has no value: default to request port. + # Cookie should then only be sent back on that port. + port = request_port(request) + else: + port_specified = True + port = re.sub(r"\s+", "", port) + else: + # No port attr present. Cookie can be sent back on any port. + port = None + + # set default expires and discard + if expires is Absent: + expires = None + discard = True + elif expires <= self._now: + # Expiry date in past is request to delete cookie. This can't be + # in DefaultCookiePolicy, because can't delete cookies there. + try: + self.clear(domain, path, name) + except KeyError: + pass + _debug("Expiring cookie, domain='%s', path='%s', name='%s'", + domain, path, name) + return None + + return Cookie(version, + name, value, + port, port_specified, + domain, domain_specified, domain_initial_dot, + path, path_specified, + secure, + expires, + discard, + comment, + comment_url, + rest) + + def _cookies_from_attrs_set(self, attrs_set, request): + cookie_tuples = self._normalized_cookie_tuples(attrs_set) + + cookies = [] + for tup in cookie_tuples: + cookie = self._cookie_from_cookie_tuple(tup, request) + if cookie: cookies.append(cookie) + return cookies + + def _process_rfc2109_cookies(self, cookies): + rfc2109_as_ns = getattr(self._policy, 'rfc2109_as_netscape', None) + if rfc2109_as_ns is None: + rfc2109_as_ns = not self._policy.rfc2965 + for cookie in cookies: + if cookie.version == 1: + cookie.rfc2109 = True + if rfc2109_as_ns: + # treat 2109 cookies as Netscape cookies rather than + # as RFC2965 cookies + cookie.version = 0 + + def make_cookies(self, response, request): + """Return sequence of Cookie objects extracted from response object.""" + # get cookie-attributes for RFC 2965 and Netscape protocols + headers = response.info() + rfc2965_hdrs = headers.get_all("Set-Cookie2", []) + ns_hdrs = headers.get_all("Set-Cookie", []) + self._policy._now = self._now = int(time.time()) + + rfc2965 = self._policy.rfc2965 + netscape = self._policy.netscape + + if ((not rfc2965_hdrs and not ns_hdrs) or + (not ns_hdrs and not rfc2965) or + (not rfc2965_hdrs and not netscape) or + (not netscape and not rfc2965)): + return [] # no relevant cookie headers: quick exit + + try: + cookies = self._cookies_from_attrs_set( + split_header_words(rfc2965_hdrs), request) + except Exception: + _warn_unhandled_exception() + cookies = [] + + if ns_hdrs and netscape: + try: + # RFC 2109 and Netscape cookies + ns_cookies = self._cookies_from_attrs_set( + parse_ns_headers(ns_hdrs), request) + except Exception: + _warn_unhandled_exception() + ns_cookies = [] + self._process_rfc2109_cookies(ns_cookies) + + # Look for Netscape cookies (from Set-Cookie headers) that match + # corresponding RFC 2965 cookies (from Set-Cookie2 headers). + # For each match, keep the RFC 2965 cookie and ignore the Netscape + # cookie (RFC 2965 section 9.1). Actually, RFC 2109 cookies are + # bundled in with the Netscape cookies for this purpose, which is + # reasonable behaviour. + if rfc2965: + lookup = {} + for cookie in cookies: + lookup[(cookie.domain, cookie.path, cookie.name)] = None + + def no_matching_rfc2965(ns_cookie, lookup=lookup): + key = ns_cookie.domain, ns_cookie.path, ns_cookie.name + return key not in lookup + ns_cookies = filter(no_matching_rfc2965, ns_cookies) + + if ns_cookies: + cookies.extend(ns_cookies) + + return cookies + + def set_cookie_if_ok(self, cookie, request): + """Set a cookie if policy says it's OK to do so.""" + self._cookies_lock.acquire() + try: + self._policy._now = self._now = int(time.time()) + + if self._policy.set_ok(cookie, request): + self.set_cookie(cookie) + + + finally: + self._cookies_lock.release() + + def set_cookie(self, cookie): + """Set a cookie, without checking whether or not it should be set.""" + c = self._cookies + self._cookies_lock.acquire() + try: + if cookie.domain not in c: c[cookie.domain] = {} + c2 = c[cookie.domain] + if cookie.path not in c2: c2[cookie.path] = {} + c3 = c2[cookie.path] + c3[cookie.name] = cookie + finally: + self._cookies_lock.release() + + def extract_cookies(self, response, request): + """Extract cookies from response, where allowable given the request.""" + _debug("extract_cookies: %s", response.info()) + self._cookies_lock.acquire() + try: + for cookie in self.make_cookies(response, request): + if self._policy.set_ok(cookie, request): + _debug(" setting cookie: %s", cookie) + self.set_cookie(cookie) + finally: + self._cookies_lock.release() + + def clear(self, domain=None, path=None, name=None): + """Clear some cookies. + + Invoking this method without arguments will clear all cookies. If + given a single argument, only cookies belonging to that domain will be + removed. If given two arguments, cookies belonging to the specified + path within that domain are removed. If given three arguments, then + the cookie with the specified name, path and domain is removed. + + Raises KeyError if no matching cookie exists. + + """ + if name is not None: + if (domain is None) or (path is None): + raise ValueError( + "domain and path must be given to remove a cookie by name") + del self._cookies[domain][path][name] + elif path is not None: + if domain is None: + raise ValueError( + "domain must be given to remove cookies by path") + del self._cookies[domain][path] + elif domain is not None: + del self._cookies[domain] + else: + self._cookies = {} + + def clear_session_cookies(self): + """Discard all session cookies. + + Note that the .save() method won't save session cookies anyway, unless + you ask otherwise by passing a true ignore_discard argument. + + """ + self._cookies_lock.acquire() + try: + for cookie in self: + if cookie.discard: + self.clear(cookie.domain, cookie.path, cookie.name) + finally: + self._cookies_lock.release() + + def clear_expired_cookies(self): + """Discard all expired cookies. + + You probably don't need to call this method: expired cookies are never + sent back to the server (provided you're using DefaultCookiePolicy), + this method is called by CookieJar itself every so often, and the + .save() method won't save expired cookies anyway (unless you ask + otherwise by passing a true ignore_expires argument). + + """ + self._cookies_lock.acquire() + try: + now = time.time() + for cookie in self: + if cookie.is_expired(now): + self.clear(cookie.domain, cookie.path, cookie.name) + finally: + self._cookies_lock.release() + + def __iter__(self): + return deepvalues(self._cookies) + + def __len__(self): + """Return number of contained cookies.""" + i = 0 + for cookie in self: i = i + 1 + return i + + def __repr__(self): + r = [] + for cookie in self: r.append(repr(cookie)) + return "<%s[%s]>" % (self.__class__.__name__, ", ".join(r)) + + def __str__(self): + r = [] + for cookie in self: r.append(str(cookie)) + return "<%s[%s]>" % (self.__class__.__name__, ", ".join(r)) + + +# derives from OSError for backwards-compatibility with Python 2.4.0 +class LoadError(OSError): pass + +class FileCookieJar(CookieJar): + """CookieJar that can be loaded from and saved to a file.""" + + def __init__(self, filename=None, delayload=False, policy=None): + """ + Cookies are NOT loaded from the named file until either the .load() or + .revert() method is called. + + """ + CookieJar.__init__(self, policy) + if filename is not None: + filename = os.fspath(filename) + self.filename = filename + self.delayload = bool(delayload) + + def save(self, filename=None, ignore_discard=False, ignore_expires=False): + """Save cookies to a file.""" + raise NotImplementedError() + + def load(self, filename=None, ignore_discard=False, ignore_expires=False): + """Load cookies from a file.""" + if filename is None: + if self.filename is not None: filename = self.filename + else: raise ValueError(MISSING_FILENAME_TEXT) + + with open(filename) as f: + self._really_load(f, filename, ignore_discard, ignore_expires) + + def revert(self, filename=None, + ignore_discard=False, ignore_expires=False): + """Clear all cookies and reload cookies from a saved file. + + Raises LoadError (or OSError) if reversion is not successful; the + object's state will not be altered if this happens. + + """ + if filename is None: + if self.filename is not None: filename = self.filename + else: raise ValueError(MISSING_FILENAME_TEXT) + + self._cookies_lock.acquire() + try: + + old_state = copy.deepcopy(self._cookies) + self._cookies = {} + try: + self.load(filename, ignore_discard, ignore_expires) + except OSError: + self._cookies = old_state + raise + + finally: + self._cookies_lock.release() + + +def lwp_cookie_str(cookie): + """Return string representation of Cookie in the LWP cookie file format. + + Actually, the format is extended a bit -- see module docstring. + + """ + h = [(cookie.name, cookie.value), + ("path", cookie.path), + ("domain", cookie.domain)] + if cookie.port is not None: h.append(("port", cookie.port)) + if cookie.path_specified: h.append(("path_spec", None)) + if cookie.port_specified: h.append(("port_spec", None)) + if cookie.domain_initial_dot: h.append(("domain_dot", None)) + if cookie.secure: h.append(("secure", None)) + if cookie.expires: h.append(("expires", + time2isoz(float(cookie.expires)))) + if cookie.discard: h.append(("discard", None)) + if cookie.comment: h.append(("comment", cookie.comment)) + if cookie.comment_url: h.append(("commenturl", cookie.comment_url)) + + keys = sorted(cookie._rest.keys()) + for k in keys: + h.append((k, str(cookie._rest[k]))) + + h.append(("version", str(cookie.version))) + + return join_header_words([h]) + +class LWPCookieJar(FileCookieJar): + """ + The LWPCookieJar saves a sequence of "Set-Cookie3" lines. + "Set-Cookie3" is the format used by the libwww-perl library, not known + to be compatible with any browser, but which is easy to read and + doesn't lose information about RFC 2965 cookies. + + Additional methods + + as_lwp_str(ignore_discard=True, ignore_expired=True) + + """ + + def as_lwp_str(self, ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True): + """Return cookies as a string of "\\n"-separated "Set-Cookie3" headers. + + ignore_discard and ignore_expires: see docstring for FileCookieJar.save + + """ + now = time.time() + r = [] + for cookie in self: + if not ignore_discard and cookie.discard: + continue + if not ignore_expires and cookie.is_expired(now): + continue + r.append("Set-Cookie3: %s" % lwp_cookie_str(cookie)) + return "\n".join(r+[""]) + + def save(self, filename=None, ignore_discard=False, ignore_expires=False): + if filename is None: + if self.filename is not None: filename = self.filename + else: raise ValueError(MISSING_FILENAME_TEXT) + + with os.fdopen( + os.open(filename, os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY | os.O_TRUNC, 0o600), + 'w', + ) as f: + # There really isn't an LWP Cookies 2.0 format, but this indicates + # that there is extra information in here (domain_dot and + # port_spec) while still being compatible with libwww-perl, I hope. + f.write("#LWP-Cookies-2.0\n") + f.write(self.as_lwp_str(ignore_discard, ignore_expires)) + + def _really_load(self, f, filename, ignore_discard, ignore_expires): + magic = f.readline() + if not self.magic_re.search(magic): + msg = ("%r does not look like a Set-Cookie3 (LWP) format " + "file" % filename) + raise LoadError(msg) + + now = time.time() + + header = "Set-Cookie3:" + boolean_attrs = ("port_spec", "path_spec", "domain_dot", + "secure", "discard") + value_attrs = ("version", + "port", "path", "domain", + "expires", + "comment", "commenturl") + + try: + while 1: + line = f.readline() + if line == "": break + if not line.startswith(header): + continue + line = line[len(header):].strip() + + for data in split_header_words([line]): + name, value = data[0] + standard = {} + rest = {} + for k in boolean_attrs: + standard[k] = False + for k, v in data[1:]: + if k is not None: + lc = k.lower() + else: + lc = None + # don't lose case distinction for unknown fields + if (lc in value_attrs) or (lc in boolean_attrs): + k = lc + if k in boolean_attrs: + if v is None: v = True + standard[k] = v + elif k in value_attrs: + standard[k] = v + else: + rest[k] = v + + h = standard.get + expires = h("expires") + discard = h("discard") + if expires is not None: + expires = iso2time(expires) + if expires is None: + discard = True + domain = h("domain") + domain_specified = domain.startswith(".") + c = Cookie(h("version"), name, value, + h("port"), h("port_spec"), + domain, domain_specified, h("domain_dot"), + h("path"), h("path_spec"), + h("secure"), + expires, + discard, + h("comment"), + h("commenturl"), + rest) + if not ignore_discard and c.discard: + continue + if not ignore_expires and c.is_expired(now): + continue + self.set_cookie(c) + except OSError: + raise + except Exception: + _warn_unhandled_exception() + raise LoadError("invalid Set-Cookie3 format file %r: %r" % + (filename, line)) + + +class MozillaCookieJar(FileCookieJar): + """ + + WARNING: you may want to backup your browser's cookies file if you use + this class to save cookies. I *think* it works, but there have been + bugs in the past! + + This class differs from CookieJar only in the format it uses to save and + load cookies to and from a file. This class uses the Mozilla/Netscape + `cookies.txt' format. curl and lynx use this file format, too. + + Don't expect cookies saved while the browser is running to be noticed by + the browser (in fact, Mozilla on unix will overwrite your saved cookies if + you change them on disk while it's running; on Windows, you probably can't + save at all while the browser is running). + + Note that the Mozilla/Netscape format will downgrade RFC2965 cookies to + Netscape cookies on saving. + + In particular, the cookie version and port number information is lost, + together with information about whether or not Path, Port and Discard were + specified by the Set-Cookie2 (or Set-Cookie) header, and whether or not the + domain as set in the HTTP header started with a dot (yes, I'm aware some + domains in Netscape files start with a dot and some don't -- trust me, you + really don't want to know any more about this). + + Note that though Mozilla and Netscape use the same format, they use + slightly different headers. The class saves cookies using the Netscape + header by default (Mozilla can cope with that). + + """ + + def _really_load(self, f, filename, ignore_discard, ignore_expires): + now = time.time() + + if not NETSCAPE_MAGIC_RGX.match(f.readline()): + raise LoadError( + "%r does not look like a Netscape format cookies file" % + filename) + + try: + while 1: + line = f.readline() + rest = {} + + if line == "": break + + # httponly is a cookie flag as defined in rfc6265 + # when encoded in a netscape cookie file, + # the line is prepended with "#HttpOnly_" + if line.startswith(HTTPONLY_PREFIX): + rest[HTTPONLY_ATTR] = "" + line = line[len(HTTPONLY_PREFIX):] + + # last field may be absent, so keep any trailing tab + if line.endswith("\n"): line = line[:-1] + + # skip comments and blank lines XXX what is $ for? + if (line.strip().startswith(("#", "$")) or + line.strip() == ""): + continue + + domain, domain_specified, path, secure, expires, name, value = \ + line.split("\t") + secure = (secure == "TRUE") + domain_specified = (domain_specified == "TRUE") + if name == "": + # cookies.txt regards 'Set-Cookie: foo' as a cookie + # with no name, whereas http.cookiejar regards it as a + # cookie with no value. + name = value + value = None + + initial_dot = domain.startswith(".") + assert domain_specified == initial_dot + + discard = False + if expires == "": + expires = None + discard = True + + # assume path_specified is false + c = Cookie(0, name, value, + None, False, + domain, domain_specified, initial_dot, + path, False, + secure, + expires, + discard, + None, + None, + rest) + if not ignore_discard and c.discard: + continue + if not ignore_expires and c.is_expired(now): + continue + self.set_cookie(c) + + except OSError: + raise + except Exception: + _warn_unhandled_exception() + raise LoadError("invalid Netscape format cookies file %r: %r" % + (filename, line)) + + def save(self, filename=None, ignore_discard=False, ignore_expires=False): + if filename is None: + if self.filename is not None: filename = self.filename + else: raise ValueError(MISSING_FILENAME_TEXT) + + with os.fdopen( + os.open(filename, os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY | os.O_TRUNC, 0o600), + 'w', + ) as f: + f.write(NETSCAPE_HEADER_TEXT) + now = time.time() + for cookie in self: + domain = cookie.domain + if not ignore_discard and cookie.discard: + continue + if not ignore_expires and cookie.is_expired(now): + continue + if cookie.secure: secure = "TRUE" + else: secure = "FALSE" + if domain.startswith("."): initial_dot = "TRUE" + else: initial_dot = "FALSE" + if cookie.expires is not None: + expires = str(cookie.expires) + else: + expires = "" + if cookie.value is None: + # cookies.txt regards 'Set-Cookie: foo' as a cookie + # with no name, whereas http.cookiejar regards it as a + # cookie with no value. + name = "" + value = cookie.name + else: + name = cookie.name + value = cookie.value + if cookie.has_nonstandard_attr(HTTPONLY_ATTR): + domain = HTTPONLY_PREFIX + domain + f.write( + "\t".join([domain, initial_dot, cookie.path, + secure, expires, name, value])+ + "\n") diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/http/cookies.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/http/cookies.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5cfa7a8072c7f74b61fc70f0d5df9e4830b6d673 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/http/cookies.py @@ -0,0 +1,613 @@ +#### +# Copyright 2000 by Timothy O'Malley +# +# All Rights Reserved +# +# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software +# and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby +# granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all +# copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission +# notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of +# Timothy O'Malley not be used in advertising or publicity +# pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written +# prior permission. +# +# Timothy O'Malley DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS +# SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY +# AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL Timothy O'Malley BE LIABLE FOR +# ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES +# WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, +# WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS +# ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR +# PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. +# +#### +# +# Id: Cookie.py,v 2.29 2000/08/23 05:28:49 timo Exp +# by Timothy O'Malley +# +# Cookie.py is a Python module for the handling of HTTP +# cookies as a Python dictionary. See RFC 2109 for more +# information on cookies. +# +# The original idea to treat Cookies as a dictionary came from +# Dave Mitchell (davem@magnet.com) in 1995, when he released the +# first version of nscookie.py. +# +#### + +r""" +Here's a sample session to show how to use this module. +At the moment, this is the only documentation. + +The Basics +---------- + +Importing is easy... + + >>> from http import cookies + +Most of the time you start by creating a cookie. + + >>> C = cookies.SimpleCookie() + +Once you've created your Cookie, you can add values just as if it were +a dictionary. + + >>> C = cookies.SimpleCookie() + >>> C["fig"] = "newton" + >>> C["sugar"] = "wafer" + >>> C.output() + 'Set-Cookie: fig=newton\r\nSet-Cookie: sugar=wafer' + +Notice that the printable representation of a Cookie is the +appropriate format for a Set-Cookie: header. This is the +default behavior. You can change the header and printed +attributes by using the .output() function + + >>> C = cookies.SimpleCookie() + >>> C["rocky"] = "road" + >>> C["rocky"]["path"] = "/cookie" + >>> print(C.output(header="Cookie:")) + Cookie: rocky=road; Path=/cookie + >>> print(C.output(attrs=[], header="Cookie:")) + Cookie: rocky=road + +The load() method of a Cookie extracts cookies from a string. In a +CGI script, you would use this method to extract the cookies from the +HTTP_COOKIE environment variable. + + >>> C = cookies.SimpleCookie() + >>> C.load("chips=ahoy; vienna=finger") + >>> C.output() + 'Set-Cookie: chips=ahoy\r\nSet-Cookie: vienna=finger' + +The load() method is darn-tootin smart about identifying cookies +within a string. Escaped quotation marks, nested semicolons, and other +such trickeries do not confuse it. + + >>> C = cookies.SimpleCookie() + >>> C.load('keebler="E=everybody; L=\\"Loves\\"; fudge=;";') + >>> print(C) + Set-Cookie: keebler="E=everybody; L=\"Loves\"; fudge=;" + +Each element of the Cookie also supports all of the RFC 2109 +Cookie attributes. Here's an example which sets the Path +attribute. + + >>> C = cookies.SimpleCookie() + >>> C["oreo"] = "doublestuff" + >>> C["oreo"]["path"] = "/" + >>> print(C) + Set-Cookie: oreo=doublestuff; Path=/ + +Each dictionary element has a 'value' attribute, which gives you +back the value associated with the key. + + >>> C = cookies.SimpleCookie() + >>> C["twix"] = "none for you" + >>> C["twix"].value + 'none for you' + +The SimpleCookie expects that all values should be standard strings. +Just to be sure, SimpleCookie invokes the str() builtin to convert +the value to a string, when the values are set dictionary-style. + + >>> C = cookies.SimpleCookie() + >>> C["number"] = 7 + >>> C["string"] = "seven" + >>> C["number"].value + '7' + >>> C["string"].value + 'seven' + >>> C.output() + 'Set-Cookie: number=7\r\nSet-Cookie: string=seven' + +Finis. +""" + +# +# Import our required modules +# +import re +import string +import types + +__all__ = ["CookieError", "BaseCookie", "SimpleCookie"] + +_nulljoin = ''.join +_semispacejoin = '; '.join +_spacejoin = ' '.join + +# +# Define an exception visible to External modules +# +class CookieError(Exception): + pass + + +# These quoting routines conform to the RFC2109 specification, which in +# turn references the character definitions from RFC2068. They provide +# a two-way quoting algorithm. Any non-text character is translated +# into a 4 character sequence: a forward-slash followed by the +# three-digit octal equivalent of the character. Any '\' or '"' is +# quoted with a preceding '\' slash. +# Because of the way browsers really handle cookies (as opposed to what +# the RFC says) we also encode "," and ";". +# +# These are taken from RFC2068 and RFC2109. +# _LegalChars is the list of chars which don't require "'s +# _Translator hash-table for fast quoting +# +_LegalChars = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + "!#$%&'*+-.^_`|~:" +_UnescapedChars = _LegalChars + ' ()/<=>?@[]{}' + +_Translator = {n: '\\%03o' % n + for n in set(range(256)) - set(map(ord, _UnescapedChars))} +_Translator.update({ + ord('"'): '\\"', + ord('\\'): '\\\\', +}) + +_is_legal_key = re.compile('[%s]+' % re.escape(_LegalChars)).fullmatch +_control_character_re = re.compile(r'[\x00-\x1F\x7F]') + + +def _has_control_character(*val): + """Detects control characters within a value. + Supports any type, as header values can be any type. + """ + return any(_control_character_re.search(str(v)) for v in val) + + +def _quote(str): + r"""Quote a string for use in a cookie header. + + If the string does not need to be double-quoted, then just return the + string. Otherwise, surround the string in doublequotes and quote + (with a \) special characters. + """ + if str is None or _is_legal_key(str): + return str + else: + return '"' + str.translate(_Translator) + '"' + + +_unquote_sub = re.compile(r'\\(?:([0-3][0-7][0-7])|(.))').sub + +def _unquote_replace(m): + if m[1]: + return chr(int(m[1], 8)) + else: + return m[2] + +def _unquote(str): + # If there aren't any doublequotes, + # then there can't be any special characters. See RFC 2109. + if str is None or len(str) < 2: + return str + if str[0] != '"' or str[-1] != '"': + return str + + # We have to assume that we must decode this string. + # Down to work. + + # Remove the "s + str = str[1:-1] + + # Check for special sequences. Examples: + # \012 --> \n + # \" --> " + # + return _unquote_sub(_unquote_replace, str) + +# The _getdate() routine is used to set the expiration time in the cookie's HTTP +# header. By default, _getdate() returns the current time in the appropriate +# "expires" format for a Set-Cookie header. The one optional argument is an +# offset from now, in seconds. For example, an offset of -3600 means "one hour +# ago". The offset may be a floating point number. +# + +_weekdayname = ['Mon', 'Tue', 'Wed', 'Thu', 'Fri', 'Sat', 'Sun'] + +_monthname = [None, + 'Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', + 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec'] + +def _getdate(future=0, weekdayname=_weekdayname, monthname=_monthname): + from time import gmtime, time + now = time() + year, month, day, hh, mm, ss, wd, y, z = gmtime(now + future) + return "%s, %02d %3s %4d %02d:%02d:%02d GMT" % \ + (weekdayname[wd], day, monthname[month], year, hh, mm, ss) + + +class Morsel(dict): + """A class to hold ONE (key, value) pair. + + In a cookie, each such pair may have several attributes, so this class is + used to keep the attributes associated with the appropriate key,value pair. + This class also includes a coded_value attribute, which is used to hold + the network representation of the value. + """ + # RFC 2109 lists these attributes as reserved: + # path comment domain + # max-age secure version + # + # For historical reasons, these attributes are also reserved: + # expires + # + # This is an extension from Microsoft: + # httponly + # + # This dictionary provides a mapping from the lowercase + # variant on the left to the appropriate traditional + # formatting on the right. + _reserved = { + "expires" : "expires", + "path" : "Path", + "comment" : "Comment", + "domain" : "Domain", + "max-age" : "Max-Age", + "secure" : "Secure", + "httponly" : "HttpOnly", + "version" : "Version", + "samesite" : "SameSite", + } + + _flags = {'secure', 'httponly'} + + def __init__(self): + # Set defaults + self._key = self._value = self._coded_value = None + + # Set default attributes + for key in self._reserved: + dict.__setitem__(self, key, "") + + @property + def key(self): + return self._key + + @property + def value(self): + return self._value + + @property + def coded_value(self): + return self._coded_value + + def __setitem__(self, K, V): + K = K.lower() + if not K in self._reserved: + raise CookieError("Invalid attribute %r" % (K,)) + if _has_control_character(K, V): + raise CookieError(f"Control characters are not allowed in cookies {K!r} {V!r}") + dict.__setitem__(self, K, V) + + def setdefault(self, key, val=None): + key = key.lower() + if key not in self._reserved: + raise CookieError("Invalid attribute %r" % (key,)) + if _has_control_character(key, val): + raise CookieError("Control characters are not allowed in cookies %r %r" % (key, val,)) + return dict.setdefault(self, key, val) + + def __eq__(self, morsel): + if not isinstance(morsel, Morsel): + return NotImplemented + return (dict.__eq__(self, morsel) and + self._value == morsel._value and + self._key == morsel._key and + self._coded_value == morsel._coded_value) + + __ne__ = object.__ne__ + + def copy(self): + morsel = Morsel() + dict.update(morsel, self) + morsel.__dict__.update(self.__dict__) + return morsel + + def update(self, values): + data = {} + for key, val in dict(values).items(): + key = key.lower() + if key not in self._reserved: + raise CookieError("Invalid attribute %r" % (key,)) + data[key] = val + dict.update(self, data) + + def isReservedKey(self, K): + return K.lower() in self._reserved + + def set(self, key, val, coded_val): + if key.lower() in self._reserved: + raise CookieError('Attempt to set a reserved key %r' % (key,)) + if not _is_legal_key(key): + raise CookieError('Illegal key %r' % (key,)) + if _has_control_character(key, val, coded_val): + raise CookieError( + "Control characters are not allowed in cookies %r %r %r" % (key, val, coded_val,)) + + # It's a good key, so save it. + self._key = key + self._value = val + self._coded_value = coded_val + + def __getstate__(self): + return { + 'key': self._key, + 'value': self._value, + 'coded_value': self._coded_value, + } + + def __setstate__(self, state): + self._key = state['key'] + self._value = state['value'] + self._coded_value = state['coded_value'] + + def output(self, attrs=None, header="Set-Cookie:"): + return "%s %s" % (header, self.OutputString(attrs)) + + __str__ = output + + def __repr__(self): + return '<%s: %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.OutputString()) + + def js_output(self, attrs=None): + # Print javascript + return """ + + """ % (self.OutputString(attrs).replace('"', r'\"')) + + def OutputString(self, attrs=None): + # Build up our result + # + result = [] + append = result.append + + # First, the key=value pair + append("%s=%s" % (self.key, self.coded_value)) + + # Now add any defined attributes + if attrs is None: + attrs = self._reserved + items = sorted(self.items()) + for key, value in items: + if value == "": + continue + if key not in attrs: + continue + if key == "expires" and isinstance(value, int): + append("%s=%s" % (self._reserved[key], _getdate(value))) + elif key == "max-age" and isinstance(value, int): + append("%s=%d" % (self._reserved[key], value)) + elif key == "comment" and isinstance(value, str): + append("%s=%s" % (self._reserved[key], _quote(value))) + elif key in self._flags: + if value: + append(str(self._reserved[key])) + else: + append("%s=%s" % (self._reserved[key], value)) + + # Return the result + return _semispacejoin(result) + + __class_getitem__ = classmethod(types.GenericAlias) + + +# +# Pattern for finding cookie +# +# This used to be strict parsing based on the RFC2109 and RFC2068 +# specifications. I have since discovered that MSIE 3.0x doesn't +# follow the character rules outlined in those specs. As a +# result, the parsing rules here are less strict. +# + +_LegalKeyChars = r"\w\d!#%&'~_`><@,:/\$\*\+\-\.\^\|\)\(\?\}\{\=" +_LegalValueChars = _LegalKeyChars + r'\[\]' +_CookiePattern = re.compile(r""" + \s* # Optional whitespace at start of cookie + (?P # Start of group 'key' + [""" + _LegalKeyChars + r"""]+? # Any word of at least one letter + ) # End of group 'key' + ( # Optional group: there may not be a value. + \s*=\s* # Equal Sign + (?P # Start of group 'val' + "(?:[^\\"]|\\.)*" # Any doublequoted string + | # or + \w{3},\s[\w\d\s-]{9,11}\s[\d:]{8}\sGMT # Special case for "expires" attr + | # or + [""" + _LegalValueChars + r"""]* # Any word or empty string + ) # End of group 'val' + )? # End of optional value group + \s* # Any number of spaces. + (\s+|;|$) # Ending either at space, semicolon, or EOS. + """, re.ASCII | re.VERBOSE) # re.ASCII may be removed if safe. + + +# At long last, here is the cookie class. Using this class is almost just like +# using a dictionary. See this module's docstring for example usage. +# +class BaseCookie(dict): + """A container class for a set of Morsels.""" + + def value_decode(self, val): + """real_value, coded_value = value_decode(STRING) + Called prior to setting a cookie's value from the network + representation. The VALUE is the value read from HTTP + header. + Override this function to modify the behavior of cookies. + """ + return val, val + + def value_encode(self, val): + """real_value, coded_value = value_encode(VALUE) + Called prior to setting a cookie's value from the dictionary + representation. The VALUE is the value being assigned. + Override this function to modify the behavior of cookies. + """ + strval = str(val) + return strval, strval + + def __init__(self, input=None): + if input: + self.load(input) + + def __set(self, key, real_value, coded_value): + """Private method for setting a cookie's value""" + M = self.get(key, Morsel()) + M.set(key, real_value, coded_value) + dict.__setitem__(self, key, M) + + def __setitem__(self, key, value): + """Dictionary style assignment.""" + if isinstance(value, Morsel): + # allow assignment of constructed Morsels (e.g. for pickling) + dict.__setitem__(self, key, value) + else: + rval, cval = self.value_encode(value) + self.__set(key, rval, cval) + + def output(self, attrs=None, header="Set-Cookie:", sep="\015\012"): + """Return a string suitable for HTTP.""" + result = [] + items = sorted(self.items()) + for key, value in items: + value_output = value.output(attrs, header) + if _has_control_character(value_output): + raise CookieError("Control characters are not allowed in cookies") + result.append(value_output) + return sep.join(result) + + __str__ = output + + def __repr__(self): + l = [] + items = sorted(self.items()) + for key, value in items: + l.append('%s=%s' % (key, repr(value.value))) + return '<%s: %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, _spacejoin(l)) + + def js_output(self, attrs=None): + """Return a string suitable for JavaScript.""" + result = [] + items = sorted(self.items()) + for key, value in items: + result.append(value.js_output(attrs)) + return _nulljoin(result) + + def load(self, rawdata): + """Load cookies from a string (presumably HTTP_COOKIE) or + from a dictionary. Loading cookies from a dictionary 'd' + is equivalent to calling: + map(Cookie.__setitem__, d.keys(), d.values()) + """ + if isinstance(rawdata, str): + self.__parse_string(rawdata) + else: + # self.update() wouldn't call our custom __setitem__ + for key, value in rawdata.items(): + self[key] = value + return + + def __parse_string(self, str, patt=_CookiePattern): + i = 0 # Our starting point + n = len(str) # Length of string + parsed_items = [] # Parsed (type, key, value) triples + morsel_seen = False # A key=value pair was previously encountered + + TYPE_ATTRIBUTE = 1 + TYPE_KEYVALUE = 2 + + # We first parse the whole cookie string and reject it if it's + # syntactically invalid (this helps avoid some classes of injection + # attacks). + while 0 <= i < n: + # Start looking for a cookie + match = patt.match(str, i) + if not match: + # No more cookies + break + + key, value = match.group("key"), match.group("val") + i = match.end(0) + + if key[0] == "$": + if not morsel_seen: + # We ignore attributes which pertain to the cookie + # mechanism as a whole, such as "$Version". + # See RFC 2965. (Does anyone care?) + continue + parsed_items.append((TYPE_ATTRIBUTE, key[1:], value)) + elif key.lower() in Morsel._reserved: + if not morsel_seen: + # Invalid cookie string + return + if value is None: + if key.lower() in Morsel._flags: + parsed_items.append((TYPE_ATTRIBUTE, key, True)) + else: + # Invalid cookie string + return + else: + parsed_items.append((TYPE_ATTRIBUTE, key, _unquote(value))) + elif value is not None: + parsed_items.append((TYPE_KEYVALUE, key, self.value_decode(value))) + morsel_seen = True + else: + # Invalid cookie string + return + + # The cookie string is valid, apply it. + M = None # current morsel + for tp, key, value in parsed_items: + if tp == TYPE_ATTRIBUTE: + assert M is not None + M[key] = value + else: + assert tp == TYPE_KEYVALUE + rval, cval = value + self.__set(key, rval, cval) + M = self[key] + + +class SimpleCookie(BaseCookie): + """ + SimpleCookie supports strings as cookie values. When setting + the value using the dictionary assignment notation, SimpleCookie + calls the builtin str() to convert the value to a string. Values + received from HTTP are kept as strings. + """ + def value_decode(self, val): + return _unquote(val), val + + def value_encode(self, val): + strval = str(val) + return strval, _quote(strval) diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/http/server.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/http/server.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cdeb8f097db6b3b89aed0ea9d015ffc050c97093 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/http/server.py @@ -0,0 +1,1334 @@ +"""HTTP server classes. + +Note: BaseHTTPRequestHandler doesn't implement any HTTP request; see +SimpleHTTPRequestHandler for simple implementations of GET, HEAD and POST, +and CGIHTTPRequestHandler for CGI scripts. + +It does, however, optionally implement HTTP/1.1 persistent connections, +as of version 0.3. + +Notes on CGIHTTPRequestHandler +------------------------------ + +This class implements GET and POST requests to cgi-bin scripts. + +If the os.fork() function is not present (e.g. on Windows), +subprocess.Popen() is used as a fallback, with slightly altered semantics. + +In all cases, the implementation is intentionally naive -- all +requests are executed synchronously. + +SECURITY WARNING: DON'T USE THIS CODE UNLESS YOU ARE INSIDE A FIREWALL +-- it may execute arbitrary Python code or external programs. + +Note that status code 200 is sent prior to execution of a CGI script, so +scripts cannot send other status codes such as 302 (redirect). + +XXX To do: + +- log requests even later (to capture byte count) +- log user-agent header and other interesting goodies +- send error log to separate file +""" + + +# See also: +# +# HTTP Working Group T. Berners-Lee +# INTERNET-DRAFT R. T. Fielding +# H. Frystyk Nielsen +# Expires September 8, 1995 March 8, 1995 +# +# URL: http://www.ics.uci.edu/pub/ietf/http/draft-ietf-http-v10-spec-00.txt +# +# and +# +# Network Working Group R. Fielding +# Request for Comments: 2616 et al +# Obsoletes: 2068 June 1999 +# Category: Standards Track +# +# URL: http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2616.html + +# Log files +# --------- +# +# Here's a quote from the NCSA httpd docs about log file format. +# +# | The logfile format is as follows. Each line consists of: +# | +# | host rfc931 authuser [DD/Mon/YYYY:hh:mm:ss] "request" ddd bbbb +# | +# | host: Either the DNS name or the IP number of the remote client +# | rfc931: Any information returned by identd for this person, +# | - otherwise. +# | authuser: If user sent a userid for authentication, the user name, +# | - otherwise. +# | DD: Day +# | Mon: Month (calendar name) +# | YYYY: Year +# | hh: hour (24-hour format, the machine's timezone) +# | mm: minutes +# | ss: seconds +# | request: The first line of the HTTP request as sent by the client. +# | ddd: the status code returned by the server, - if not available. +# | bbbb: the total number of bytes sent, +# | *not including the HTTP/1.0 header*, - if not available +# | +# | You can determine the name of the file accessed through request. +# +# (Actually, the latter is only true if you know the server configuration +# at the time the request was made!) + +__version__ = "0.6" + +__all__ = [ + "HTTPServer", "ThreadingHTTPServer", "BaseHTTPRequestHandler", + "SimpleHTTPRequestHandler", "CGIHTTPRequestHandler", +] + +import copy +import datetime +import email.utils +import html +import http.client +import io +import itertools +import mimetypes +import os +import posixpath +import select +import shutil +import socket # For gethostbyaddr() +import socketserver +import sys +import time +import urllib.parse + +from http import HTTPStatus + + +# Default error message template +DEFAULT_ERROR_MESSAGE = """\ + + + + + Error response + + +

Error response

+

Error code: %(code)d

+

Message: %(message)s.

+

Error code explanation: %(code)s - %(explain)s.

+ + +""" + +DEFAULT_ERROR_CONTENT_TYPE = "text/html;charset=utf-8" + +# Data larger than this will be read in chunks, to prevent extreme +# overallocation. +_MIN_READ_BUF_SIZE = 1 << 20 + +class HTTPServer(socketserver.TCPServer): + + allow_reuse_address = 1 # Seems to make sense in testing environment + + def server_bind(self): + """Override server_bind to store the server name.""" + socketserver.TCPServer.server_bind(self) + host, port = self.server_address[:2] + self.server_name = socket.getfqdn(host) + self.server_port = port + + +class ThreadingHTTPServer(socketserver.ThreadingMixIn, HTTPServer): + daemon_threads = True + + +class BaseHTTPRequestHandler(socketserver.StreamRequestHandler): + + """HTTP request handler base class. + + The following explanation of HTTP serves to guide you through the + code as well as to expose any misunderstandings I may have about + HTTP (so you don't need to read the code to figure out I'm wrong + :-). + + HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) is an extensible protocol on + top of a reliable stream transport (e.g. TCP/IP). The protocol + recognizes three parts to a request: + + 1. One line identifying the request type and path + 2. An optional set of RFC-822-style headers + 3. An optional data part + + The headers and data are separated by a blank line. + + The first line of the request has the form + + + + where is a (case-sensitive) keyword such as GET or POST, + is a string containing path information for the request, + and should be the string "HTTP/1.0" or "HTTP/1.1". + is encoded using the URL encoding scheme (using %xx to signify + the ASCII character with hex code xx). + + The specification specifies that lines are separated by CRLF but + for compatibility with the widest range of clients recommends + servers also handle LF. Similarly, whitespace in the request line + is treated sensibly (allowing multiple spaces between components + and allowing trailing whitespace). + + Similarly, for output, lines ought to be separated by CRLF pairs + but most clients grok LF characters just fine. + + If the first line of the request has the form + + + + (i.e. is left out) then this is assumed to be an HTTP + 0.9 request; this form has no optional headers and data part and + the reply consists of just the data. + + The reply form of the HTTP 1.x protocol again has three parts: + + 1. One line giving the response code + 2. An optional set of RFC-822-style headers + 3. The data + + Again, the headers and data are separated by a blank line. + + The response code line has the form + + + + where is the protocol version ("HTTP/1.0" or "HTTP/1.1"), + is a 3-digit response code indicating success or + failure of the request, and is an optional + human-readable string explaining what the response code means. + + This server parses the request and the headers, and then calls a + function specific to the request type (). Specifically, + a request SPAM will be handled by a method do_SPAM(). If no + such method exists the server sends an error response to the + client. If it exists, it is called with no arguments: + + do_SPAM() + + Note that the request name is case sensitive (i.e. SPAM and spam + are different requests). + + The various request details are stored in instance variables: + + - client_address is the client IP address in the form (host, + port); + + - command, path and version are the broken-down request line; + + - headers is an instance of email.message.Message (or a derived + class) containing the header information; + + - rfile is a file object open for reading positioned at the + start of the optional input data part; + + - wfile is a file object open for writing. + + IT IS IMPORTANT TO ADHERE TO THE PROTOCOL FOR WRITING! + + The first thing to be written must be the response line. Then + follow 0 or more header lines, then a blank line, and then the + actual data (if any). The meaning of the header lines depends on + the command executed by the server; in most cases, when data is + returned, there should be at least one header line of the form + + Content-type: / + + where and should be registered MIME types, + e.g. "text/html" or "text/plain". + + """ + + # The Python system version, truncated to its first component. + sys_version = "Python/" + sys.version.split()[0] + + # The server software version. You may want to override this. + # The format is multiple whitespace-separated strings, + # where each string is of the form name[/version]. + server_version = "BaseHTTP/" + __version__ + + error_message_format = DEFAULT_ERROR_MESSAGE + error_content_type = DEFAULT_ERROR_CONTENT_TYPE + + # The default request version. This only affects responses up until + # the point where the request line is parsed, so it mainly decides what + # the client gets back when sending a malformed request line. + # Most web servers default to HTTP 0.9, i.e. don't send a status line. + default_request_version = "HTTP/0.9" + + def parse_request(self): + """Parse a request (internal). + + The request should be stored in self.raw_requestline; the results + are in self.command, self.path, self.request_version and + self.headers. + + Return True for success, False for failure; on failure, any relevant + error response has already been sent back. + + """ + self.command = None # set in case of error on the first line + self.request_version = version = self.default_request_version + self.close_connection = True + requestline = str(self.raw_requestline, 'iso-8859-1') + requestline = requestline.rstrip('\r\n') + self.requestline = requestline + words = requestline.split() + if len(words) == 0: + return False + + if len(words) >= 3: # Enough to determine protocol version + version = words[-1] + try: + if not version.startswith('HTTP/'): + raise ValueError + base_version_number = version.split('/', 1)[1] + version_number = base_version_number.split(".") + # RFC 2145 section 3.1 says there can be only one "." and + # - major and minor numbers MUST be treated as + # separate integers; + # - HTTP/2.4 is a lower version than HTTP/2.13, which in + # turn is lower than HTTP/12.3; + # - Leading zeros MUST be ignored by recipients. + if len(version_number) != 2: + raise ValueError + if any(not component.isdigit() for component in version_number): + raise ValueError("non digit in http version") + if any(len(component) > 10 for component in version_number): + raise ValueError("unreasonable length http version") + version_number = int(version_number[0]), int(version_number[1]) + except (ValueError, IndexError): + self.send_error( + HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, + "Bad request version (%r)" % version) + return False + if version_number >= (1, 1) and self.protocol_version >= "HTTP/1.1": + self.close_connection = False + if version_number >= (2, 0): + self.send_error( + HTTPStatus.HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED, + "Invalid HTTP version (%s)" % base_version_number) + return False + self.request_version = version + + if not 2 <= len(words) <= 3: + self.send_error( + HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, + "Bad request syntax (%r)" % requestline) + return False + command, path = words[:2] + if len(words) == 2: + self.close_connection = True + if command != 'GET': + self.send_error( + HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, + "Bad HTTP/0.9 request type (%r)" % command) + return False + self.command, self.path = command, path + + # gh-87389: The purpose of replacing '//' with '/' is to protect + # against open redirect attacks possibly triggered if the path starts + # with '//' because http clients treat //path as an absolute URI + # without scheme (similar to http://path) rather than a path. + if self.path.startswith('//'): + self.path = '/' + self.path.lstrip('/') # Reduce to a single / + + # Examine the headers and look for a Connection directive. + try: + self.headers = http.client.parse_headers(self.rfile, + _class=self.MessageClass) + except http.client.LineTooLong as err: + self.send_error( + HTTPStatus.REQUEST_HEADER_FIELDS_TOO_LARGE, + "Line too long", + str(err)) + return False + except http.client.HTTPException as err: + self.send_error( + HTTPStatus.REQUEST_HEADER_FIELDS_TOO_LARGE, + "Too many headers", + str(err) + ) + return False + + conntype = self.headers.get('Connection', "") + if conntype.lower() == 'close': + self.close_connection = True + elif (conntype.lower() == 'keep-alive' and + self.protocol_version >= "HTTP/1.1"): + self.close_connection = False + # Examine the headers and look for an Expect directive + expect = self.headers.get('Expect', "") + if (expect.lower() == "100-continue" and + self.protocol_version >= "HTTP/1.1" and + self.request_version >= "HTTP/1.1"): + if not self.handle_expect_100(): + return False + return True + + def handle_expect_100(self): + """Decide what to do with an "Expect: 100-continue" header. + + If the client is expecting a 100 Continue response, we must + respond with either a 100 Continue or a final response before + waiting for the request body. The default is to always respond + with a 100 Continue. You can behave differently (for example, + reject unauthorized requests) by overriding this method. + + This method should either return True (possibly after sending + a 100 Continue response) or send an error response and return + False. + + """ + self.send_response_only(HTTPStatus.CONTINUE) + self.end_headers() + return True + + def handle_one_request(self): + """Handle a single HTTP request. + + You normally don't need to override this method; see the class + __doc__ string for information on how to handle specific HTTP + commands such as GET and POST. + + """ + try: + self.raw_requestline = self.rfile.readline(65537) + if len(self.raw_requestline) > 65536: + self.requestline = '' + self.request_version = '' + self.command = '' + self.send_error(HTTPStatus.REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG) + return + if not self.raw_requestline: + self.close_connection = True + return + if not self.parse_request(): + # An error code has been sent, just exit + return + mname = 'do_' + self.command + if not hasattr(self, mname): + self.send_error( + HTTPStatus.NOT_IMPLEMENTED, + "Unsupported method (%r)" % self.command) + return + method = getattr(self, mname) + method() + self.wfile.flush() #actually send the response if not already done. + except TimeoutError as e: + #a read or a write timed out. Discard this connection + self.log_error("Request timed out: %r", e) + self.close_connection = True + return + + def handle(self): + """Handle multiple requests if necessary.""" + self.close_connection = True + + self.handle_one_request() + while not self.close_connection: + self.handle_one_request() + + def send_error(self, code, message=None, explain=None): + """Send and log an error reply. + + Arguments are + * code: an HTTP error code + 3 digits + * message: a simple optional 1 line reason phrase. + *( HTAB / SP / VCHAR / %x80-FF ) + defaults to short entry matching the response code + * explain: a detailed message defaults to the long entry + matching the response code. + + This sends an error response (so it must be called before any + output has been generated), logs the error, and finally sends + a piece of HTML explaining the error to the user. + + """ + + try: + shortmsg, longmsg = self.responses[code] + except KeyError: + shortmsg, longmsg = '???', '???' + if message is None: + message = shortmsg + if explain is None: + explain = longmsg + self.log_error("code %d, message %s", code, message) + self.send_response(code, message) + self.send_header('Connection', 'close') + + # Message body is omitted for cases described in: + # - RFC7230: 3.3. 1xx, 204(No Content), 304(Not Modified) + # - RFC7231: 6.3.6. 205(Reset Content) + body = None + if (code >= 200 and + code not in (HTTPStatus.NO_CONTENT, + HTTPStatus.RESET_CONTENT, + HTTPStatus.NOT_MODIFIED)): + # HTML encode to prevent Cross Site Scripting attacks + # (see bug #1100201) + content = (self.error_message_format % { + 'code': code, + 'message': html.escape(message, quote=False), + 'explain': html.escape(explain, quote=False) + }) + body = content.encode('UTF-8', 'replace') + self.send_header("Content-Type", self.error_content_type) + self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(body))) + self.end_headers() + + if self.command != 'HEAD' and body: + self.wfile.write(body) + + def send_response(self, code, message=None): + """Add the response header to the headers buffer and log the + response code. + + Also send two standard headers with the server software + version and the current date. + + """ + self.log_request(code) + self.send_response_only(code, message) + self.send_header('Server', self.version_string()) + self.send_header('Date', self.date_time_string()) + + def send_response_only(self, code, message=None): + """Send the response header only.""" + if self.request_version != 'HTTP/0.9': + if message is None: + if code in self.responses: + message = self.responses[code][0] + else: + message = '' + if not hasattr(self, '_headers_buffer'): + self._headers_buffer = [] + self._headers_buffer.append(("%s %d %s\r\n" % + (self.protocol_version, code, message)).encode( + 'latin-1', 'strict')) + + def send_header(self, keyword, value): + """Send a MIME header to the headers buffer.""" + if self.request_version != 'HTTP/0.9': + if not hasattr(self, '_headers_buffer'): + self._headers_buffer = [] + self._headers_buffer.append( + ("%s: %s\r\n" % (keyword, value)).encode('latin-1', 'strict')) + + if keyword.lower() == 'connection': + if value.lower() == 'close': + self.close_connection = True + elif value.lower() == 'keep-alive': + self.close_connection = False + + def end_headers(self): + """Send the blank line ending the MIME headers.""" + if self.request_version != 'HTTP/0.9': + self._headers_buffer.append(b"\r\n") + self.flush_headers() + + def flush_headers(self): + if hasattr(self, '_headers_buffer'): + self.wfile.write(b"".join(self._headers_buffer)) + self._headers_buffer = [] + + def log_request(self, code='-', size='-'): + """Log an accepted request. + + This is called by send_response(). + + """ + if isinstance(code, HTTPStatus): + code = code.value + self.log_message('"%s" %s %s', + self.requestline, str(code), str(size)) + + def log_error(self, format, *args): + """Log an error. + + This is called when a request cannot be fulfilled. By + default it passes the message on to log_message(). + + Arguments are the same as for log_message(). + + XXX This should go to the separate error log. + + """ + + self.log_message(format, *args) + + # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unicode_characters#Control_codes + _control_char_table = str.maketrans( + {c: fr'\x{c:02x}' for c in itertools.chain(range(0x20), range(0x7f,0xa0))}) + _control_char_table[ord('\\')] = r'\\' + + def log_message(self, format, *args): + """Log an arbitrary message. + + This is used by all other logging functions. Override + it if you have specific logging wishes. + + The first argument, FORMAT, is a format string for the + message to be logged. If the format string contains + any % escapes requiring parameters, they should be + specified as subsequent arguments (it's just like + printf!). + + The client ip and current date/time are prefixed to + every message. + + Unicode control characters are replaced with escaped hex + before writing the output to stderr. + + """ + + message = format % args + sys.stderr.write("%s - - [%s] %s\n" % + (self.address_string(), + self.log_date_time_string(), + message.translate(self._control_char_table))) + + def version_string(self): + """Return the server software version string.""" + return self.server_version + ' ' + self.sys_version + + def date_time_string(self, timestamp=None): + """Return the current date and time formatted for a message header.""" + if timestamp is None: + timestamp = time.time() + return email.utils.formatdate(timestamp, usegmt=True) + + def log_date_time_string(self): + """Return the current time formatted for logging.""" + now = time.time() + year, month, day, hh, mm, ss, x, y, z = time.localtime(now) + s = "%02d/%3s/%04d %02d:%02d:%02d" % ( + day, self.monthname[month], year, hh, mm, ss) + return s + + weekdayname = ['Mon', 'Tue', 'Wed', 'Thu', 'Fri', 'Sat', 'Sun'] + + monthname = [None, + 'Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', + 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec'] + + def address_string(self): + """Return the client address.""" + + return self.client_address[0] + + # Essentially static class variables + + # The version of the HTTP protocol we support. + # Set this to HTTP/1.1 to enable automatic keepalive + protocol_version = "HTTP/1.0" + + # MessageClass used to parse headers + MessageClass = http.client.HTTPMessage + + # hack to maintain backwards compatibility + responses = { + v: (v.phrase, v.description) + for v in HTTPStatus.__members__.values() + } + + +class SimpleHTTPRequestHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler): + + """Simple HTTP request handler with GET and HEAD commands. + + This serves files from the current directory and any of its + subdirectories. The MIME type for files is determined by + calling the .guess_type() method. + + The GET and HEAD requests are identical except that the HEAD + request omits the actual contents of the file. + + """ + + server_version = "SimpleHTTP/" + __version__ + extensions_map = _encodings_map_default = { + '.gz': 'application/gzip', + '.Z': 'application/octet-stream', + '.bz2': 'application/x-bzip2', + '.xz': 'application/x-xz', + } + + def __init__(self, *args, directory=None, **kwargs): + if directory is None: + directory = os.getcwd() + self.directory = os.fspath(directory) + super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) + + def do_GET(self): + """Serve a GET request.""" + f = self.send_head() + if f: + try: + self.copyfile(f, self.wfile) + finally: + f.close() + + def do_HEAD(self): + """Serve a HEAD request.""" + f = self.send_head() + if f: + f.close() + + def send_head(self): + """Common code for GET and HEAD commands. + + This sends the response code and MIME headers. + + Return value is either a file object (which has to be copied + to the outputfile by the caller unless the command was HEAD, + and must be closed by the caller under all circumstances), or + None, in which case the caller has nothing further to do. + + """ + path = self.translate_path(self.path) + f = None + if os.path.isdir(path): + parts = urllib.parse.urlsplit(self.path) + if not parts.path.endswith('/'): + # redirect browser - doing basically what apache does + self.send_response(HTTPStatus.MOVED_PERMANENTLY) + new_parts = (parts[0], parts[1], parts[2] + '/', + parts[3], parts[4]) + new_url = urllib.parse.urlunsplit(new_parts) + self.send_header("Location", new_url) + self.send_header("Content-Length", "0") + self.end_headers() + return None + for index in "index.html", "index.htm": + index = os.path.join(path, index) + if os.path.isfile(index): + path = index + break + else: + return self.list_directory(path) + ctype = self.guess_type(path) + # check for trailing "/" which should return 404. See Issue17324 + # The test for this was added in test_httpserver.py + # However, some OS platforms accept a trailingSlash as a filename + # See discussion on python-dev and Issue34711 regarding + # parsing and rejection of filenames with a trailing slash + if path.endswith("/"): + self.send_error(HTTPStatus.NOT_FOUND, "File not found") + return None + try: + f = open(path, 'rb') + except OSError: + self.send_error(HTTPStatus.NOT_FOUND, "File not found") + return None + + try: + fs = os.fstat(f.fileno()) + # Use browser cache if possible + if ("If-Modified-Since" in self.headers + and "If-None-Match" not in self.headers): + # compare If-Modified-Since and time of last file modification + try: + ims = email.utils.parsedate_to_datetime( + self.headers["If-Modified-Since"]) + except (TypeError, IndexError, OverflowError, ValueError): + # ignore ill-formed values + pass + else: + if ims.tzinfo is None: + # obsolete format with no timezone, cf. + # https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-7.1.1.1 + ims = ims.replace(tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc) + if ims.tzinfo is datetime.timezone.utc: + # compare to UTC datetime of last modification + last_modif = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp( + fs.st_mtime, datetime.timezone.utc) + # remove microseconds, like in If-Modified-Since + last_modif = last_modif.replace(microsecond=0) + + if last_modif <= ims: + self.send_response(HTTPStatus.NOT_MODIFIED) + self.end_headers() + f.close() + return None + + self.send_response(HTTPStatus.OK) + self.send_header("Content-type", ctype) + self.send_header("Content-Length", str(fs[6])) + self.send_header("Last-Modified", + self.date_time_string(fs.st_mtime)) + self.end_headers() + return f + except: + f.close() + raise + + def list_directory(self, path): + """Helper to produce a directory listing (absent index.html). + + Return value is either a file object, or None (indicating an + error). In either case, the headers are sent, making the + interface the same as for send_head(). + + """ + try: + list = os.listdir(path) + except OSError: + self.send_error( + HTTPStatus.NOT_FOUND, + "No permission to list directory") + return None + list.sort(key=lambda a: a.lower()) + r = [] + try: + displaypath = urllib.parse.unquote(self.path, + errors='surrogatepass') + except UnicodeDecodeError: + displaypath = urllib.parse.unquote(self.path) + displaypath = html.escape(displaypath, quote=False) + enc = sys.getfilesystemencoding() + title = f'Directory listing for {displaypath}' + r.append('') + r.append('') + r.append('') + r.append(f'') + r.append(f'{title}\n') + r.append(f'\n

{title}

') + r.append('
\n
    ') + for name in list: + fullname = os.path.join(path, name) + displayname = linkname = name + # Append / for directories or @ for symbolic links + if os.path.isdir(fullname): + displayname = name + "/" + linkname = name + "/" + if os.path.islink(fullname): + displayname = name + "@" + # Note: a link to a directory displays with @ and links with / + r.append('
  • %s
    • ' + % (urllib.parse.quote(linkname, + errors='surrogatepass'), + html.escape(displayname, quote=False))) + r.append('
\n
\n\n\n') + encoded = '\n'.join(r).encode(enc, 'surrogateescape') + f = io.BytesIO() + f.write(encoded) + f.seek(0) + self.send_response(HTTPStatus.OK) + self.send_header("Content-type", "text/html; charset=%s" % enc) + self.send_header("Content-Length", str(len(encoded))) + self.end_headers() + return f + + def translate_path(self, path): + """Translate a /-separated PATH to the local filename syntax. + + Components that mean special things to the local file system + (e.g. drive or directory names) are ignored. (XXX They should + probably be diagnosed.) + + """ + # abandon query parameters + path = path.split('?',1)[0] + path = path.split('#',1)[0] + # Don't forget explicit trailing slash when normalizing. Issue17324 + trailing_slash = path.rstrip().endswith('/') + try: + path = urllib.parse.unquote(path, errors='surrogatepass') + except UnicodeDecodeError: + path = urllib.parse.unquote(path) + path = posixpath.normpath(path) + words = path.split('/') + words = filter(None, words) + path = self.directory + for word in words: + if os.path.dirname(word) or word in (os.curdir, os.pardir): + # Ignore components that are not a simple file/directory name + continue + path = os.path.join(path, word) + if trailing_slash: + path += '/' + return path + + def copyfile(self, source, outputfile): + """Copy all data between two file objects. + + The SOURCE argument is a file object open for reading + (or anything with a read() method) and the DESTINATION + argument is a file object open for writing (or + anything with a write() method). + + The only reason for overriding this would be to change + the block size or perhaps to replace newlines by CRLF + -- note however that this the default server uses this + to copy binary data as well. + + """ + shutil.copyfileobj(source, outputfile) + + def guess_type(self, path): + """Guess the type of a file. + + Argument is a PATH (a filename). + + Return value is a string of the form type/subtype, + usable for a MIME Content-type header. + + The default implementation looks the file's extension + up in the table self.extensions_map, using application/octet-stream + as a default; however it would be permissible (if + slow) to look inside the data to make a better guess. + + """ + base, ext = posixpath.splitext(path) + if ext in self.extensions_map: + return self.extensions_map[ext] + ext = ext.lower() + if ext in self.extensions_map: + return self.extensions_map[ext] + guess, _ = mimetypes.guess_type(path) + if guess: + return guess + return 'application/octet-stream' + + +# Utilities for CGIHTTPRequestHandler + +def _url_collapse_path(path): + """ + Given a URL path, remove extra '/'s and '.' path elements and collapse + any '..' references and returns a collapsed path. + + Implements something akin to RFC-2396 5.2 step 6 to parse relative paths. + The utility of this function is limited to is_cgi method and helps + preventing some security attacks. + + Returns: The reconstituted URL, which will always start with a '/'. + + Raises: IndexError if too many '..' occur within the path. + + """ + # Query component should not be involved. + path, _, query = path.partition('?') + path = urllib.parse.unquote(path) + + # Similar to os.path.split(os.path.normpath(path)) but specific to URL + # path semantics rather than local operating system semantics. + path_parts = path.split('/') + head_parts = [] + for part in path_parts[:-1]: + if part == '..': + head_parts.pop() # IndexError if more '..' than prior parts + elif part and part != '.': + head_parts.append( part ) + if path_parts: + tail_part = path_parts.pop() + if tail_part: + if tail_part == '..': + head_parts.pop() + tail_part = '' + elif tail_part == '.': + tail_part = '' + else: + tail_part = '' + + if query: + tail_part = '?'.join((tail_part, query)) + + splitpath = ('/' + '/'.join(head_parts), tail_part) + collapsed_path = "/".join(splitpath) + + return collapsed_path + + + +nobody = None + +def nobody_uid(): + """Internal routine to get nobody's uid""" + global nobody + if nobody: + return nobody + try: + import pwd + except ImportError: + return -1 + try: + nobody = pwd.getpwnam('nobody')[2] + except KeyError: + nobody = 1 + max(x[2] for x in pwd.getpwall()) + return nobody + + +def executable(path): + """Test for executable file.""" + return os.access(path, os.X_OK) + + +class CGIHTTPRequestHandler(SimpleHTTPRequestHandler): + + """Complete HTTP server with GET, HEAD and POST commands. + + GET and HEAD also support running CGI scripts. + + The POST command is *only* implemented for CGI scripts. + + """ + + # Determine platform specifics + have_fork = hasattr(os, 'fork') + + # Make rfile unbuffered -- we need to read one line and then pass + # the rest to a subprocess, so we can't use buffered input. + rbufsize = 0 + + def do_POST(self): + """Serve a POST request. + + This is only implemented for CGI scripts. + + """ + + if self.is_cgi(): + self.run_cgi() + else: + self.send_error( + HTTPStatus.NOT_IMPLEMENTED, + "Can only POST to CGI scripts") + + def send_head(self): + """Version of send_head that support CGI scripts""" + if self.is_cgi(): + return self.run_cgi() + else: + return SimpleHTTPRequestHandler.send_head(self) + + def is_cgi(self): + """Test whether self.path corresponds to a CGI script. + + Returns True and updates the cgi_info attribute to the tuple + (dir, rest) if self.path requires running a CGI script. + Returns False otherwise. + + If any exception is raised, the caller should assume that + self.path was rejected as invalid and act accordingly. + + The default implementation tests whether the normalized url + path begins with one of the strings in self.cgi_directories + (and the next character is a '/' or the end of the string). + + """ + collapsed_path = _url_collapse_path(self.path) + dir_sep = collapsed_path.find('/', 1) + while dir_sep > 0 and not collapsed_path[:dir_sep] in self.cgi_directories: + dir_sep = collapsed_path.find('/', dir_sep+1) + if dir_sep > 0: + head, tail = collapsed_path[:dir_sep], collapsed_path[dir_sep+1:] + self.cgi_info = head, tail + return True + return False + + + cgi_directories = ['/cgi-bin', '/htbin'] + + def is_executable(self, path): + """Test whether argument path is an executable file.""" + return executable(path) + + def is_python(self, path): + """Test whether argument path is a Python script.""" + head, tail = os.path.splitext(path) + return tail.lower() in (".py", ".pyw") + + def run_cgi(self): + """Execute a CGI script.""" + dir, rest = self.cgi_info + path = dir + '/' + rest + i = path.find('/', len(dir)+1) + while i >= 0: + nextdir = path[:i] + nextrest = path[i+1:] + + scriptdir = self.translate_path(nextdir) + if os.path.isdir(scriptdir): + dir, rest = nextdir, nextrest + i = path.find('/', len(dir)+1) + else: + break + + # find an explicit query string, if present. + rest, _, query = rest.partition('?') + + # dissect the part after the directory name into a script name & + # a possible additional path, to be stored in PATH_INFO. + i = rest.find('/') + if i >= 0: + script, rest = rest[:i], rest[i:] + else: + script, rest = rest, '' + + scriptname = dir + '/' + script + scriptfile = self.translate_path(scriptname) + if not os.path.exists(scriptfile): + self.send_error( + HTTPStatus.NOT_FOUND, + "No such CGI script (%r)" % scriptname) + return + if not os.path.isfile(scriptfile): + self.send_error( + HTTPStatus.FORBIDDEN, + "CGI script is not a plain file (%r)" % scriptname) + return + ispy = self.is_python(scriptname) + if self.have_fork or not ispy: + if not self.is_executable(scriptfile): + self.send_error( + HTTPStatus.FORBIDDEN, + "CGI script is not executable (%r)" % scriptname) + return + + # Reference: http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/env.html + # XXX Much of the following could be prepared ahead of time! + env = copy.deepcopy(os.environ) + env['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] = self.version_string() + env['SERVER_NAME'] = self.server.server_name + env['GATEWAY_INTERFACE'] = 'CGI/1.1' + env['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] = self.protocol_version + env['SERVER_PORT'] = str(self.server.server_port) + env['REQUEST_METHOD'] = self.command + uqrest = urllib.parse.unquote(rest) + env['PATH_INFO'] = uqrest + env['PATH_TRANSLATED'] = self.translate_path(uqrest) + env['SCRIPT_NAME'] = scriptname + env['QUERY_STRING'] = query + env['REMOTE_ADDR'] = self.client_address[0] + authorization = self.headers.get("authorization") + if authorization: + authorization = authorization.split() + if len(authorization) == 2: + import base64, binascii + env['AUTH_TYPE'] = authorization[0] + if authorization[0].lower() == "basic": + try: + authorization = authorization[1].encode('ascii') + authorization = base64.decodebytes(authorization).\ + decode('ascii') + except (binascii.Error, UnicodeError): + pass + else: + authorization = authorization.split(':') + if len(authorization) == 2: + env['REMOTE_USER'] = authorization[0] + # XXX REMOTE_IDENT + if self.headers.get('content-type') is None: + env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = self.headers.get_content_type() + else: + env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = self.headers['content-type'] + length = self.headers.get('content-length') + if length: + env['CONTENT_LENGTH'] = length + referer = self.headers.get('referer') + if referer: + env['HTTP_REFERER'] = referer + accept = self.headers.get_all('accept', ()) + env['HTTP_ACCEPT'] = ','.join(accept) + ua = self.headers.get('user-agent') + if ua: + env['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] = ua + co = filter(None, self.headers.get_all('cookie', [])) + cookie_str = ', '.join(co) + if cookie_str: + env['HTTP_COOKIE'] = cookie_str + # XXX Other HTTP_* headers + # Since we're setting the env in the parent, provide empty + # values to override previously set values + for k in ('QUERY_STRING', 'REMOTE_HOST', 'CONTENT_LENGTH', + 'HTTP_USER_AGENT', 'HTTP_COOKIE', 'HTTP_REFERER'): + env.setdefault(k, "") + + self.send_response(HTTPStatus.OK, "Script output follows") + self.flush_headers() + + decoded_query = query.replace('+', ' ') + + if self.have_fork: + # Unix -- fork as we should + args = [script] + if '=' not in decoded_query: + args.append(decoded_query) + nobody = nobody_uid() + self.wfile.flush() # Always flush before forking + pid = os.fork() + if pid != 0: + # Parent + pid, sts = os.waitpid(pid, 0) + # throw away additional data [see bug #427345] + while select.select([self.rfile], [], [], 0)[0]: + if not self.rfile.read(1): + break + exitcode = os.waitstatus_to_exitcode(sts) + if exitcode: + self.log_error(f"CGI script exit code {exitcode}") + return + # Child + try: + try: + os.setuid(nobody) + except OSError: + pass + os.dup2(self.rfile.fileno(), 0) + os.dup2(self.wfile.fileno(), 1) + os.execve(scriptfile, args, env) + except: + self.server.handle_error(self.request, self.client_address) + os._exit(127) + + else: + # Non-Unix -- use subprocess + import subprocess + cmdline = [scriptfile] + if self.is_python(scriptfile): + interp = sys.executable + if interp.lower().endswith("w.exe"): + # On Windows, use python.exe, not pythonw.exe + interp = interp[:-5] + interp[-4:] + cmdline = [interp, '-u'] + cmdline + if '=' not in query: + cmdline.append(query) + self.log_message("command: %s", subprocess.list2cmdline(cmdline)) + try: + nbytes = int(length) + except (TypeError, ValueError): + nbytes = 0 + p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, + stdin=subprocess.PIPE, + stdout=subprocess.PIPE, + stderr=subprocess.PIPE, + env = env + ) + if self.command.lower() == "post" and nbytes > 0: + cursize = 0 + data = self.rfile.read(min(nbytes, _MIN_READ_BUF_SIZE)) + while len(data) < nbytes and len(data) != cursize: + cursize = len(data) + # This is a geometric increase in read size (never more + # than doubling out the current length of data per loop + # iteration). + delta = min(cursize, nbytes - cursize) + try: + data += self.rfile.read(delta) + except TimeoutError: + break + else: + data = None + # throw away additional data [see bug #427345] + while select.select([self.rfile._sock], [], [], 0)[0]: + if not self.rfile._sock.recv(1): + break + stdout, stderr = p.communicate(data) + self.wfile.write(stdout) + if stderr: + self.log_error('%s', stderr) + p.stderr.close() + p.stdout.close() + status = p.returncode + if status: + self.log_error("CGI script exit status %#x", status) + else: + self.log_message("CGI script exited OK") + + +def _get_best_family(*address): + infos = socket.getaddrinfo( + *address, + type=socket.SOCK_STREAM, + flags=socket.AI_PASSIVE, + ) + family, type, proto, canonname, sockaddr = next(iter(infos)) + return family, sockaddr + + +def test(HandlerClass=BaseHTTPRequestHandler, + ServerClass=ThreadingHTTPServer, + protocol="HTTP/1.0", port=8000, bind=None): + """Test the HTTP request handler class. + + This runs an HTTP server on port 8000 (or the port argument). + + """ + ServerClass.address_family, addr = _get_best_family(bind, port) + HandlerClass.protocol_version = protocol + with ServerClass(addr, HandlerClass) as httpd: + host, port = httpd.socket.getsockname()[:2] + url_host = f'[{host}]' if ':' in host else host + print( + f"Serving HTTP on {host} port {port} " + f"(http://{url_host}:{port}/) ..." + ) + try: + httpd.serve_forever() + except KeyboardInterrupt: + print("\nKeyboard interrupt received, exiting.") + sys.exit(0) + +if __name__ == '__main__': + import argparse + import contextlib + + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument('--cgi', action='store_true', + help='run as CGI server') + parser.add_argument('-b', '--bind', metavar='ADDRESS', + help='bind to this address ' + '(default: all interfaces)') + parser.add_argument('-d', '--directory', default=os.getcwd(), + help='serve this directory ' + '(default: current directory)') + parser.add_argument('-p', '--protocol', metavar='VERSION', + default='HTTP/1.0', + help='conform to this HTTP version ' + '(default: %(default)s)') + parser.add_argument('port', default=8000, type=int, nargs='?', + help='bind to this port ' + '(default: %(default)s)') + args = parser.parse_args() + if args.cgi: + handler_class = CGIHTTPRequestHandler + else: + handler_class = SimpleHTTPRequestHandler + + # ensure dual-stack is not disabled; ref #38907 + class DualStackServer(ThreadingHTTPServer): + + def server_bind(self): + # suppress exception when protocol is IPv4 + with contextlib.suppress(Exception): + self.socket.setsockopt( + socket.IPPROTO_IPV6, socket.IPV6_V6ONLY, 0) + return super().server_bind() + + def finish_request(self, request, client_address): + self.RequestHandlerClass(request, client_address, self, + directory=args.directory) + + test( + HandlerClass=handler_class, + ServerClass=DualStackServer, + port=args.port, + bind=args.bind, + protocol=args.protocol, + ) diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/pydoc_data/__init__.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/pydoc_data/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/pydoc_data/_pydoc.css b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/pydoc_data/_pydoc.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a6aa2e4c1a021ef1a7030f409e371c25dce13ecd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/pydoc_data/_pydoc.css @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +/* + CSS file for pydoc. + + Contents of this file are subject to change without notice. + +*/ + +body { + background-color: #f0f0f8; +} + +table.heading tr { + background-color: #7799ee; +} + +.decor { + color: #ffffff; +} + +.title-decor { + background-color: #ffc8d8; + color: #000000; +} + +.pkg-content-decor { + background-color: #aa55cc; +} + +.index-decor { + background-color: #ee77aa; +} + +.functions-decor { + background-color: #eeaa77; +} + +.data-decor { + background-color: #55aa55; +} + +.author-decor { + background-color: #7799ee; +} + +.credits-decor { + background-color: #7799ee; +} + +.error-decor { + background-color: #bb0000; +} + +.grey { + color: #909090; +} + +.white { + color: #ffffff; +} + +.repr { + color: #c040c0; +} + +table.heading tr td.title { + vertical-align: bottom; +} + +table.heading tr td.extra { + vertical-align: bottom; + text-align: right; +} + +.heading-text { + font-family: helvetica, arial; +} + +.bigsection { + font-size: larger; +} + +.title { + font-size: x-large; +} + +.code { + font-family: monospace; +} + +table { + width: 100%; + border-spacing : 0; + border-collapse : collapse; + border: 0; +} + +td { + padding: 2; +} + +td.section-title { + vertical-align: bottom; +} + +td.multicolumn { + width: 25%; + vertical-align: bottom; +} + +td.singlecolumn { + width: 100%; +} diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/pydoc_data/topics.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/pydoc_data/topics.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..25b40327ef99a406a8519a610011d4bdb4909a6a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/pydoc_data/topics.py @@ -0,0 +1,15953 @@ +# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- +# Autogenerated by Sphinx on Tue Mar 3 00:52:44 2026 +# as part of the release process. +topics = {'assert': 'The "assert" statement\n' + '**********************\n' + '\n' + 'Assert statements are a convenient way to insert debugging ' + 'assertions\n' + 'into a program:\n' + '\n' + ' assert_stmt ::= "assert" expression ["," expression]\n' + '\n' + 'The simple form, "assert expression", is equivalent to\n' + '\n' + ' if __debug__:\n' + ' if not expression: raise AssertionError\n' + '\n' + 'The extended form, "assert expression1, expression2", is ' + 'equivalent to\n' + '\n' + ' if __debug__:\n' + ' if not expression1: raise AssertionError(expression2)\n' + '\n' + 'These equivalences assume that "__debug__" and "AssertionError" ' + 'refer\n' + 'to the built-in variables with those names. In the current\n' + 'implementation, the built-in variable "__debug__" is "True" under\n' + 'normal circumstances, "False" when optimization is requested ' + '(command\n' + 'line option "-O"). The current code generator emits no code for ' + 'an\n' + 'assert statement when optimization is requested at compile time. ' + 'Note\n' + 'that it is unnecessary to include the source code for the ' + 'expression\n' + 'that failed in the error message; it will be displayed as part of ' + 'the\n' + 'stack trace.\n' + '\n' + 'Assignments to "__debug__" are illegal. The value for the ' + 'built-in\n' + 'variable is determined when the interpreter starts.\n', + 'assignment': 'Assignment statements\n' + '*********************\n' + '\n' + 'Assignment statements are used to (re)bind names to values and ' + 'to\n' + 'modify attributes or items of mutable objects:\n' + '\n' + ' assignment_stmt ::= (target_list "=")+ (starred_expression ' + '| yield_expression)\n' + ' target_list ::= target ("," target)* [","]\n' + ' target ::= identifier\n' + ' | "(" [target_list] ")"\n' + ' | "[" [target_list] "]"\n' + ' | attributeref\n' + ' | subscription\n' + ' | slicing\n' + ' | "*" target\n' + '\n' + '(See section Primaries for the syntax definitions for ' + '*attributeref*,\n' + '*subscription*, and *slicing*.)\n' + '\n' + 'An assignment statement evaluates the expression list ' + '(remember that\n' + 'this can be a single expression or a comma-separated list, the ' + 'latter\n' + 'yielding a tuple) and assigns the single resulting object to ' + 'each of\n' + 'the target lists, from left to right.\n' + '\n' + 'Assignment is defined recursively depending on the form of the ' + 'target\n' + '(list). When a target is part of a mutable object (an ' + 'attribute\n' + 'reference, subscription or slicing), the mutable object must\n' + 'ultimately perform the assignment and decide about its ' + 'validity, and\n' + 'may raise an exception if the assignment is unacceptable. The ' + 'rules\n' + 'observed by various types and the exceptions raised are given ' + 'with the\n' + 'definition of the object types (see section The standard type\n' + 'hierarchy).\n' + '\n' + 'Assignment of an object to a target list, optionally enclosed ' + 'in\n' + 'parentheses or square brackets, is recursively defined as ' + 'follows.\n' + '\n' + '* If the target list is a single target with no trailing ' + 'comma,\n' + ' optionally in parentheses, the object is assigned to that ' + 'target.\n' + '\n' + '* Else:\n' + '\n' + ' * If the target list contains one target prefixed with an ' + 'asterisk,\n' + ' called a “starred” target: The object must be an iterable ' + 'with at\n' + ' least as many items as there are targets in the target ' + 'list, minus\n' + ' one. The first items of the iterable are assigned, from ' + 'left to\n' + ' right, to the targets before the starred target. The ' + 'final items\n' + ' of the iterable are assigned to the targets after the ' + 'starred\n' + ' target. A list of the remaining items in the iterable is ' + 'then\n' + ' assigned to the starred target (the list can be empty).\n' + '\n' + ' * Else: The object must be an iterable with the same number ' + 'of items\n' + ' as there are targets in the target list, and the items ' + 'are\n' + ' assigned, from left to right, to the corresponding ' + 'targets.\n' + '\n' + 'Assignment of an object to a single target is recursively ' + 'defined as\n' + 'follows.\n' + '\n' + '* If the target is an identifier (name):\n' + '\n' + ' * If the name does not occur in a "global" or "nonlocal" ' + 'statement\n' + ' in the current code block: the name is bound to the object ' + 'in the\n' + ' current local namespace.\n' + '\n' + ' * Otherwise: the name is bound to the object in the global ' + 'namespace\n' + ' or the outer namespace determined by "nonlocal", ' + 'respectively.\n' + '\n' + ' The name is rebound if it was already bound. This may cause ' + 'the\n' + ' reference count for the object previously bound to the name ' + 'to reach\n' + ' zero, causing the object to be deallocated and its ' + 'destructor (if it\n' + ' has one) to be called.\n' + '\n' + '* If the target is an attribute reference: The primary ' + 'expression in\n' + ' the reference is evaluated. It should yield an object with\n' + ' assignable attributes; if this is not the case, "TypeError" ' + 'is\n' + ' raised. That object is then asked to assign the assigned ' + 'object to\n' + ' the given attribute; if it cannot perform the assignment, it ' + 'raises\n' + ' an exception (usually but not necessarily ' + '"AttributeError").\n' + '\n' + ' Note: If the object is a class instance and the attribute ' + 'reference\n' + ' occurs on both sides of the assignment operator, the ' + 'right-hand side\n' + ' expression, "a.x" can access either an instance attribute or ' + '(if no\n' + ' instance attribute exists) a class attribute. The left-hand ' + 'side\n' + ' target "a.x" is always set as an instance attribute, ' + 'creating it if\n' + ' necessary. Thus, the two occurrences of "a.x" do not ' + 'necessarily\n' + ' refer to the same attribute: if the right-hand side ' + 'expression\n' + ' refers to a class attribute, the left-hand side creates a ' + 'new\n' + ' instance attribute as the target of the assignment:\n' + '\n' + ' class Cls:\n' + ' x = 3 # class variable\n' + ' inst = Cls()\n' + ' inst.x = inst.x + 1 # writes inst.x as 4 leaving Cls.x ' + 'as 3\n' + '\n' + ' This description does not necessarily apply to descriptor\n' + ' attributes, such as properties created with "property()".\n' + '\n' + '* If the target is a subscription: The primary expression in ' + 'the\n' + ' reference is evaluated. It should yield either a mutable ' + 'sequence\n' + ' object (such as a list) or a mapping object (such as a ' + 'dictionary).\n' + ' Next, the subscript expression is evaluated.\n' + '\n' + ' If the primary is a mutable sequence object (such as a ' + 'list), the\n' + ' subscript must yield an integer. If it is negative, the ' + 'sequence’s\n' + ' length is added to it. The resulting value must be a ' + 'nonnegative\n' + ' integer less than the sequence’s length, and the sequence is ' + 'asked\n' + ' to assign the assigned object to its item with that index. ' + 'If the\n' + ' index is out of range, "IndexError" is raised (assignment to ' + 'a\n' + ' subscripted sequence cannot add new items to a list).\n' + '\n' + ' If the primary is a mapping object (such as a dictionary), ' + 'the\n' + ' subscript must have a type compatible with the mapping’s key ' + 'type,\n' + ' and the mapping is then asked to create a key/value pair ' + 'which maps\n' + ' the subscript to the assigned object. This can either ' + 'replace an\n' + ' existing key/value pair with the same key value, or insert a ' + 'new\n' + ' key/value pair (if no key with the same value existed).\n' + '\n' + ' For user-defined objects, the "__setitem__()" method is ' + 'called with\n' + ' appropriate arguments.\n' + '\n' + '* If the target is a slicing: The primary expression in the ' + 'reference\n' + ' is evaluated. It should yield a mutable sequence object ' + '(such as a\n' + ' list). The assigned object should be a sequence object of ' + 'the same\n' + ' type. Next, the lower and upper bound expressions are ' + 'evaluated,\n' + ' insofar they are present; defaults are zero and the ' + 'sequence’s\n' + ' length. The bounds should evaluate to integers. If either ' + 'bound is\n' + ' negative, the sequence’s length is added to it. The ' + 'resulting\n' + ' bounds are clipped to lie between zero and the sequence’s ' + 'length,\n' + ' inclusive. Finally, the sequence object is asked to replace ' + 'the\n' + ' slice with the items of the assigned sequence. The length ' + 'of the\n' + ' slice may be different from the length of the assigned ' + 'sequence,\n' + ' thus changing the length of the target sequence, if the ' + 'target\n' + ' sequence allows it.\n' + '\n' + '**CPython implementation detail:** In the current ' + 'implementation, the\n' + 'syntax for targets is taken to be the same as for expressions, ' + 'and\n' + 'invalid syntax is rejected during the code generation phase, ' + 'causing\n' + 'less detailed error messages.\n' + '\n' + 'Although the definition of assignment implies that overlaps ' + 'between\n' + 'the left-hand side and the right-hand side are ‘simultaneous’ ' + '(for\n' + 'example "a, b = b, a" swaps two variables), overlaps *within* ' + 'the\n' + 'collection of assigned-to variables occur left-to-right, ' + 'sometimes\n' + 'resulting in confusion. For instance, the following program ' + 'prints\n' + '"[0, 2]":\n' + '\n' + ' x = [0, 1]\n' + ' i = 0\n' + ' i, x[i] = 1, 2 # i is updated, then x[i] is ' + 'updated\n' + ' print(x)\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 3132** - Extended Iterable Unpacking\n' + ' The specification for the "*target" feature.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Augmented assignment statements\n' + '===============================\n' + '\n' + 'Augmented assignment is the combination, in a single ' + 'statement, of a\n' + 'binary operation and an assignment statement:\n' + '\n' + ' augmented_assignment_stmt ::= augtarget augop ' + '(expression_list | yield_expression)\n' + ' augtarget ::= identifier | attributeref | ' + 'subscription | slicing\n' + ' augop ::= "+=" | "-=" | "*=" | "@=" | ' + '"/=" | "//=" | "%=" | "**="\n' + ' | ">>=" | "<<=" | "&=" | "^=" | "|="\n' + '\n' + '(See section Primaries for the syntax definitions of the last ' + 'three\n' + 'symbols.)\n' + '\n' + 'An augmented assignment evaluates the target (which, unlike ' + 'normal\n' + 'assignment statements, cannot be an unpacking) and the ' + 'expression\n' + 'list, performs the binary operation specific to the type of ' + 'assignment\n' + 'on the two operands, and assigns the result to the original ' + 'target.\n' + 'The target is only evaluated once.\n' + '\n' + 'An augmented assignment expression like "x += 1" can be ' + 'rewritten as\n' + '"x = x + 1" to achieve a similar, but not exactly equal ' + 'effect. In the\n' + 'augmented version, "x" is only evaluated once. Also, when ' + 'possible,\n' + 'the actual operation is performed *in-place*, meaning that ' + 'rather than\n' + 'creating a new object and assigning that to the target, the ' + 'old object\n' + 'is modified instead.\n' + '\n' + 'Unlike normal assignments, augmented assignments evaluate the ' + 'left-\n' + 'hand side *before* evaluating the right-hand side. For ' + 'example, "a[i]\n' + '+= f(x)" first looks-up "a[i]", then it evaluates "f(x)" and ' + 'performs\n' + 'the addition, and lastly, it writes the result back to ' + '"a[i]".\n' + '\n' + 'With the exception of assigning to tuples and multiple targets ' + 'in a\n' + 'single statement, the assignment done by augmented assignment\n' + 'statements is handled the same way as normal assignments. ' + 'Similarly,\n' + 'with the exception of the possible *in-place* behavior, the ' + 'binary\n' + 'operation performed by augmented assignment is the same as the ' + 'normal\n' + 'binary operations.\n' + '\n' + 'For targets which are attribute references, the same caveat ' + 'about\n' + 'class and instance attributes applies as for regular ' + 'assignments.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Annotated assignment statements\n' + '===============================\n' + '\n' + '*Annotation* assignment is the combination, in a single ' + 'statement, of\n' + 'a variable or attribute annotation and an optional assignment\n' + 'statement:\n' + '\n' + ' annotated_assignment_stmt ::= augtarget ":" expression\n' + ' ["=" (starred_expression | ' + 'yield_expression)]\n' + '\n' + 'The difference from normal Assignment statements is that only ' + 'a single\n' + 'target is allowed.\n' + '\n' + 'For simple names as assignment targets, if in class or module ' + 'scope,\n' + 'the annotations are evaluated and stored in a special class or ' + 'module\n' + 'attribute "__annotations__" that is a dictionary mapping from ' + 'variable\n' + 'names (mangled if private) to evaluated annotations. This ' + 'attribute is\n' + 'writable and is automatically created at the start of class or ' + 'module\n' + 'body execution, if annotations are found statically.\n' + '\n' + 'For expressions as assignment targets, the annotations are ' + 'evaluated\n' + 'if in class or module scope, but not stored.\n' + '\n' + 'If a name is annotated in a function scope, then this name is ' + 'local\n' + 'for that scope. Annotations are never evaluated and stored in ' + 'function\n' + 'scopes.\n' + '\n' + 'If the right hand side is present, an annotated assignment ' + 'performs\n' + 'the actual assignment before evaluating annotations (where\n' + 'applicable). If the right hand side is not present for an ' + 'expression\n' + 'target, then the interpreter evaluates the target except for ' + 'the last\n' + '"__setitem__()" or "__setattr__()" call.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 526** - Syntax for Variable Annotations\n' + ' The proposal that added syntax for annotating the types ' + 'of\n' + ' variables (including class variables and instance ' + 'variables),\n' + ' instead of expressing them through comments.\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 484** - Type hints\n' + ' The proposal that added the "typing" module to provide a ' + 'standard\n' + ' syntax for type annotations that can be used in static ' + 'analysis\n' + ' tools and IDEs.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.8: Now annotated assignments allow the ' + 'same\n' + 'expressions in the right hand side as regular assignments. ' + 'Previously,\n' + 'some expressions (like un-parenthesized tuple expressions) ' + 'caused a\n' + 'syntax error.\n', + 'async': 'Coroutines\n' + '**********\n' + '\n' + 'New in version 3.5.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Coroutine function definition\n' + '=============================\n' + '\n' + ' async_funcdef ::= [decorators] "async" "def" funcname "(" ' + '[parameter_list] ")"\n' + ' ["->" expression] ":" suite\n' + '\n' + 'Execution of Python coroutines can be suspended and resumed at ' + 'many\n' + 'points (see *coroutine*). "await" expressions, "async for" and ' + '"async\n' + 'with" can only be used in the body of a coroutine function.\n' + '\n' + 'Functions defined with "async def" syntax are always coroutine\n' + 'functions, even if they do not contain "await" or "async" ' + 'keywords.\n' + '\n' + 'It is a "SyntaxError" to use a "yield from" expression inside the ' + 'body\n' + 'of a coroutine function.\n' + '\n' + 'An example of a coroutine function:\n' + '\n' + ' async def func(param1, param2):\n' + ' do_stuff()\n' + ' await some_coroutine()\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.7: "await" and "async" are now keywords;\n' + 'previously they were only treated as such inside the body of a\n' + 'coroutine function.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'The "async for" statement\n' + '=========================\n' + '\n' + ' async_for_stmt ::= "async" for_stmt\n' + '\n' + 'An *asynchronous iterable* provides an "__aiter__" method that\n' + 'directly returns an *asynchronous iterator*, which can call\n' + 'asynchronous code in its "__anext__" method.\n' + '\n' + 'The "async for" statement allows convenient iteration over\n' + 'asynchronous iterables.\n' + '\n' + 'The following code:\n' + '\n' + ' async for TARGET in ITER:\n' + ' SUITE\n' + ' else:\n' + ' SUITE2\n' + '\n' + 'Is semantically equivalent to:\n' + '\n' + ' iter = (ITER)\n' + ' iter = type(iter).__aiter__(iter)\n' + ' running = True\n' + '\n' + ' while running:\n' + ' try:\n' + ' TARGET = await type(iter).__anext__(iter)\n' + ' except StopAsyncIteration:\n' + ' running = False\n' + ' else:\n' + ' SUITE\n' + ' else:\n' + ' SUITE2\n' + '\n' + 'See also "__aiter__()" and "__anext__()" for details.\n' + '\n' + 'It is a "SyntaxError" to use an "async for" statement outside the ' + 'body\n' + 'of a coroutine function.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'The "async with" statement\n' + '==========================\n' + '\n' + ' async_with_stmt ::= "async" with_stmt\n' + '\n' + 'An *asynchronous context manager* is a *context manager* that is ' + 'able\n' + 'to suspend execution in its *enter* and *exit* methods.\n' + '\n' + 'The following code:\n' + '\n' + ' async with EXPRESSION as TARGET:\n' + ' SUITE\n' + '\n' + 'is semantically equivalent to:\n' + '\n' + ' manager = (EXPRESSION)\n' + ' aenter = type(manager).__aenter__\n' + ' aexit = type(manager).__aexit__\n' + ' value = await aenter(manager)\n' + ' hit_except = False\n' + '\n' + ' try:\n' + ' TARGET = value\n' + ' SUITE\n' + ' except:\n' + ' hit_except = True\n' + ' if not await aexit(manager, *sys.exc_info()):\n' + ' raise\n' + ' finally:\n' + ' if not hit_except:\n' + ' await aexit(manager, None, None, None)\n' + '\n' + 'See also "__aenter__()" and "__aexit__()" for details.\n' + '\n' + 'It is a "SyntaxError" to use an "async with" statement outside the\n' + 'body of a coroutine function.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 492** - Coroutines with async and await syntax\n' + ' The proposal that made coroutines a proper standalone concept ' + 'in\n' + ' Python, and added supporting syntax.\n' + '\n' + '-[ Footnotes ]-\n' + '\n' + '[1] The exception is propagated to the invocation stack unless ' + 'there\n' + ' is a "finally" clause which happens to raise another ' + 'exception.\n' + ' That new exception causes the old one to be lost.\n' + '\n' + '[2] In pattern matching, a sequence is defined as one of the\n' + ' following:\n' + '\n' + ' * a class that inherits from "collections.abc.Sequence"\n' + '\n' + ' * a Python class that has been registered as\n' + ' "collections.abc.Sequence"\n' + '\n' + ' * a builtin class that has its (CPython) "Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE" ' + 'bit\n' + ' set\n' + '\n' + ' * a class that inherits from any of the above\n' + '\n' + ' The following standard library classes are sequences:\n' + '\n' + ' * "array.array"\n' + '\n' + ' * "collections.deque"\n' + '\n' + ' * "list"\n' + '\n' + ' * "memoryview"\n' + '\n' + ' * "range"\n' + '\n' + ' * "tuple"\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' Subject values of type "str", "bytes", and "bytearray" do ' + 'not\n' + ' match sequence patterns.\n' + '\n' + '[3] In pattern matching, a mapping is defined as one of the ' + 'following:\n' + '\n' + ' * a class that inherits from "collections.abc.Mapping"\n' + '\n' + ' * a Python class that has been registered as\n' + ' "collections.abc.Mapping"\n' + '\n' + ' * a builtin class that has its (CPython) "Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING" ' + 'bit\n' + ' set\n' + '\n' + ' * a class that inherits from any of the above\n' + '\n' + ' The standard library classes "dict" and ' + '"types.MappingProxyType"\n' + ' are mappings.\n' + '\n' + '[4] A string literal appearing as the first statement in the ' + 'function\n' + ' body is transformed into the function’s "__doc__" attribute ' + 'and\n' + ' therefore the function’s *docstring*.\n' + '\n' + '[5] A string literal appearing as the first statement in the class\n' + ' body is transformed into the namespace’s "__doc__" item and\n' + ' therefore the class’s *docstring*.\n', + 'atom-identifiers': 'Identifiers (Names)\n' + '*******************\n' + '\n' + 'An identifier occurring as an atom is a name. See ' + 'section Identifiers\n' + 'and keywords for lexical definition and section Naming ' + 'and binding for\n' + 'documentation of naming and binding.\n' + '\n' + 'When the name is bound to an object, evaluation of the ' + 'atom yields\n' + 'that object. When a name is not bound, an attempt to ' + 'evaluate it\n' + 'raises a "NameError" exception.\n' + '\n' + '**Private name mangling:** When an identifier that ' + 'textually occurs in\n' + 'a class definition begins with two or more underscore ' + 'characters and\n' + 'does not end in two or more underscores, it is ' + 'considered a *private\n' + 'name* of that class. Private names are transformed to a ' + 'longer form\n' + 'before code is generated for them. The transformation ' + 'inserts the\n' + 'class name, with leading underscores removed and a ' + 'single underscore\n' + 'inserted, in front of the name. For example, the ' + 'identifier "__spam"\n' + 'occurring in a class named "Ham" will be transformed to ' + '"_Ham__spam".\n' + 'This transformation is independent of the syntactical ' + 'context in which\n' + 'the identifier is used. If the transformed name is ' + 'extremely long\n' + '(longer than 255 characters), implementation defined ' + 'truncation may\n' + 'happen. If the class name consists only of underscores, ' + 'no\n' + 'transformation is done.\n', + 'atom-literals': 'Literals\n' + '********\n' + '\n' + 'Python supports string and bytes literals and various ' + 'numeric\n' + 'literals:\n' + '\n' + ' literal ::= stringliteral | bytesliteral\n' + ' | integer | floatnumber | imagnumber\n' + '\n' + 'Evaluation of a literal yields an object of the given type ' + '(string,\n' + 'bytes, integer, floating point number, complex number) with ' + 'the given\n' + 'value. The value may be approximated in the case of ' + 'floating point\n' + 'and imaginary (complex) literals. See section Literals for ' + 'details.\n' + '\n' + 'All literals correspond to immutable data types, and hence ' + 'the\n' + 'object’s identity is less important than its value. ' + 'Multiple\n' + 'evaluations of literals with the same value (either the ' + 'same\n' + 'occurrence in the program text or a different occurrence) ' + 'may obtain\n' + 'the same object or a different object with the same ' + 'value.\n', + 'attribute-access': 'Customizing attribute access\n' + '****************************\n' + '\n' + 'The following methods can be defined to customize the ' + 'meaning of\n' + 'attribute access (use of, assignment to, or deletion of ' + '"x.name") for\n' + 'class instances.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__getattr__(self, name)\n' + '\n' + ' Called when the default attribute access fails with ' + 'an\n' + ' "AttributeError" (either "__getattribute__()" raises ' + 'an\n' + ' "AttributeError" because *name* is not an instance ' + 'attribute or an\n' + ' attribute in the class tree for "self"; or ' + '"__get__()" of a *name*\n' + ' property raises "AttributeError"). This method ' + 'should either\n' + ' return the (computed) attribute value or raise an ' + '"AttributeError"\n' + ' exception.\n' + '\n' + ' Note that if the attribute is found through the ' + 'normal mechanism,\n' + ' "__getattr__()" is not called. (This is an ' + 'intentional asymmetry\n' + ' between "__getattr__()" and "__setattr__()".) This is ' + 'done both for\n' + ' efficiency reasons and because otherwise ' + '"__getattr__()" would have\n' + ' no way to access other attributes of the instance. ' + 'Note that at\n' + ' least for instance variables, you can fake total ' + 'control by not\n' + ' inserting any values in the instance attribute ' + 'dictionary (but\n' + ' instead inserting them in another object). See the\n' + ' "__getattribute__()" method below for a way to ' + 'actually get total\n' + ' control over attribute access.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__getattribute__(self, name)\n' + '\n' + ' Called unconditionally to implement attribute ' + 'accesses for\n' + ' instances of the class. If the class also defines ' + '"__getattr__()",\n' + ' the latter will not be called unless ' + '"__getattribute__()" either\n' + ' calls it explicitly or raises an "AttributeError". ' + 'This method\n' + ' should return the (computed) attribute value or raise ' + 'an\n' + ' "AttributeError" exception. In order to avoid ' + 'infinite recursion in\n' + ' this method, its implementation should always call ' + 'the base class\n' + ' method with the same name to access any attributes it ' + 'needs, for\n' + ' example, "object.__getattribute__(self, name)".\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' This method may still be bypassed when looking up ' + 'special methods\n' + ' as the result of implicit invocation via language ' + 'syntax or\n' + ' built-in functions. See Special method lookup.\n' + '\n' + ' For certain sensitive attribute accesses, raises an ' + 'auditing event\n' + ' "object.__getattr__" with arguments "obj" and ' + '"name".\n' + '\n' + 'object.__setattr__(self, name, value)\n' + '\n' + ' Called when an attribute assignment is attempted. ' + 'This is called\n' + ' instead of the normal mechanism (i.e. store the value ' + 'in the\n' + ' instance dictionary). *name* is the attribute name, ' + '*value* is the\n' + ' value to be assigned to it.\n' + '\n' + ' If "__setattr__()" wants to assign to an instance ' + 'attribute, it\n' + ' should call the base class method with the same name, ' + 'for example,\n' + ' "object.__setattr__(self, name, value)".\n' + '\n' + ' For certain sensitive attribute assignments, raises ' + 'an auditing\n' + ' event "object.__setattr__" with arguments "obj", ' + '"name", "value".\n' + '\n' + 'object.__delattr__(self, name)\n' + '\n' + ' Like "__setattr__()" but for attribute deletion ' + 'instead of\n' + ' assignment. This should only be implemented if "del ' + 'obj.name" is\n' + ' meaningful for the object.\n' + '\n' + ' For certain sensitive attribute deletions, raises an ' + 'auditing event\n' + ' "object.__delattr__" with arguments "obj" and ' + '"name".\n' + '\n' + 'object.__dir__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called when "dir()" is called on the object. An ' + 'iterable must be\n' + ' returned. "dir()" converts the returned iterable to a ' + 'list and\n' + ' sorts it.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Customizing module attribute access\n' + '===================================\n' + '\n' + 'Special names "__getattr__" and "__dir__" can be also ' + 'used to\n' + 'customize access to module attributes. The "__getattr__" ' + 'function at\n' + 'the module level should accept one argument which is the ' + 'name of an\n' + 'attribute and return the computed value or raise an ' + '"AttributeError".\n' + 'If an attribute is not found on a module object through ' + 'the normal\n' + 'lookup, i.e. "object.__getattribute__()", then ' + '"__getattr__" is\n' + 'searched in the module "__dict__" before raising an ' + '"AttributeError".\n' + 'If found, it is called with the attribute name and the ' + 'result is\n' + 'returned.\n' + '\n' + 'The "__dir__" function should accept no arguments, and ' + 'return an\n' + 'iterable of strings that represents the names accessible ' + 'on module. If\n' + 'present, this function overrides the standard "dir()" ' + 'search on a\n' + 'module.\n' + '\n' + 'For a more fine grained customization of the module ' + 'behavior (setting\n' + 'attributes, properties, etc.), one can set the ' + '"__class__" attribute\n' + 'of a module object to a subclass of "types.ModuleType". ' + 'For example:\n' + '\n' + ' import sys\n' + ' from types import ModuleType\n' + '\n' + ' class VerboseModule(ModuleType):\n' + ' def __repr__(self):\n' + " return f'Verbose {self.__name__}'\n" + '\n' + ' def __setattr__(self, attr, value):\n' + " print(f'Setting {attr}...')\n" + ' super().__setattr__(attr, value)\n' + '\n' + ' sys.modules[__name__].__class__ = VerboseModule\n' + '\n' + 'Note:\n' + '\n' + ' Defining module "__getattr__" and setting module ' + '"__class__" only\n' + ' affect lookups made using the attribute access syntax ' + '– directly\n' + ' accessing the module globals (whether by code within ' + 'the module, or\n' + ' via a reference to the module’s globals dictionary) is ' + 'unaffected.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.5: "__class__" module attribute is ' + 'now writable.\n' + '\n' + 'New in version 3.7: "__getattr__" and "__dir__" module ' + 'attributes.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 562** - Module __getattr__ and __dir__\n' + ' Describes the "__getattr__" and "__dir__" functions ' + 'on modules.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Implementing Descriptors\n' + '========================\n' + '\n' + 'The following methods only apply when an instance of the ' + 'class\n' + 'containing the method (a so-called *descriptor* class) ' + 'appears in an\n' + '*owner* class (the descriptor must be in either the ' + 'owner’s class\n' + 'dictionary or in the class dictionary for one of its ' + 'parents). In the\n' + 'examples below, “the attribute” refers to the attribute ' + 'whose name is\n' + 'the key of the property in the owner class’ "__dict__".\n' + '\n' + 'object.__get__(self, instance, owner=None)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to get the attribute of the owner class (class ' + 'attribute\n' + ' access) or of an instance of that class (instance ' + 'attribute\n' + ' access). The optional *owner* argument is the owner ' + 'class, while\n' + ' *instance* is the instance that the attribute was ' + 'accessed through,\n' + ' or "None" when the attribute is accessed through the ' + '*owner*.\n' + '\n' + ' This method should return the computed attribute ' + 'value or raise an\n' + ' "AttributeError" exception.\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 252** specifies that "__get__()" is callable ' + 'with one or two\n' + ' arguments. Python’s own built-in descriptors support ' + 'this\n' + ' specification; however, it is likely that some ' + 'third-party tools\n' + ' have descriptors that require both arguments. ' + 'Python’s own\n' + ' "__getattribute__()" implementation always passes in ' + 'both arguments\n' + ' whether they are required or not.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__set__(self, instance, value)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to set the attribute on an instance *instance* ' + 'of the owner\n' + ' class to a new value, *value*.\n' + '\n' + ' Note, adding "__set__()" or "__delete__()" changes ' + 'the kind of\n' + ' descriptor to a “data descriptor”. See Invoking ' + 'Descriptors for\n' + ' more details.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__delete__(self, instance)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to delete the attribute on an instance ' + '*instance* of the\n' + ' owner class.\n' + '\n' + 'Instances of descriptors may also have the ' + '"__objclass__" attribute\n' + 'present:\n' + '\n' + 'object.__objclass__\n' + '\n' + ' The attribute "__objclass__" is interpreted by the ' + '"inspect" module\n' + ' as specifying the class where this object was defined ' + '(setting this\n' + ' appropriately can assist in runtime introspection of ' + 'dynamic class\n' + ' attributes). For callables, it may indicate that an ' + 'instance of the\n' + ' given type (or a subclass) is expected or required as ' + 'the first\n' + ' positional argument (for example, CPython sets this ' + 'attribute for\n' + ' unbound methods that are implemented in C).\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Invoking Descriptors\n' + '====================\n' + '\n' + 'In general, a descriptor is an object attribute with ' + '“binding\n' + 'behavior”, one whose attribute access has been ' + 'overridden by methods\n' + 'in the descriptor protocol: "__get__()", "__set__()", ' + 'and\n' + '"__delete__()". If any of those methods are defined for ' + 'an object, it\n' + 'is said to be a descriptor.\n' + '\n' + 'The default behavior for attribute access is to get, ' + 'set, or delete\n' + 'the attribute from an object’s dictionary. For instance, ' + '"a.x" has a\n' + 'lookup chain starting with "a.__dict__[\'x\']", then\n' + '"type(a).__dict__[\'x\']", and continuing through the ' + 'base classes of\n' + '"type(a)" excluding metaclasses.\n' + '\n' + 'However, if the looked-up value is an object defining ' + 'one of the\n' + 'descriptor methods, then Python may override the default ' + 'behavior and\n' + 'invoke the descriptor method instead. Where this occurs ' + 'in the\n' + 'precedence chain depends on which descriptor methods ' + 'were defined and\n' + 'how they were called.\n' + '\n' + 'The starting point for descriptor invocation is a ' + 'binding, "a.x". How\n' + 'the arguments are assembled depends on "a":\n' + '\n' + 'Direct Call\n' + ' The simplest and least common call is when user code ' + 'directly\n' + ' invokes a descriptor method: "x.__get__(a)".\n' + '\n' + 'Instance Binding\n' + ' If binding to an object instance, "a.x" is ' + 'transformed into the\n' + ' call: "type(a).__dict__[\'x\'].__get__(a, type(a))".\n' + '\n' + 'Class Binding\n' + ' If binding to a class, "A.x" is transformed into the ' + 'call:\n' + ' "A.__dict__[\'x\'].__get__(None, A)".\n' + '\n' + 'Super Binding\n' + ' A dotted lookup such as "super(A, a).x" searches\n' + ' "a.__class__.__mro__" for a base class "B" following ' + '"A" and then\n' + ' returns "B.__dict__[\'x\'].__get__(a, A)". If not a ' + 'descriptor, "x"\n' + ' is returned unchanged.\n' + '\n' + 'For instance bindings, the precedence of descriptor ' + 'invocation depends\n' + 'on which descriptor methods are defined. A descriptor ' + 'can define any\n' + 'combination of "__get__()", "__set__()" and ' + '"__delete__()". If it\n' + 'does not define "__get__()", then accessing the ' + 'attribute will return\n' + 'the descriptor object itself unless there is a value in ' + 'the object’s\n' + 'instance dictionary. If the descriptor defines ' + '"__set__()" and/or\n' + '"__delete__()", it is a data descriptor; if it defines ' + 'neither, it is\n' + 'a non-data descriptor. Normally, data descriptors ' + 'define both\n' + '"__get__()" and "__set__()", while non-data descriptors ' + 'have just the\n' + '"__get__()" method. Data descriptors with "__get__()" ' + 'and "__set__()"\n' + '(and/or "__delete__()") defined always override a ' + 'redefinition in an\n' + 'instance dictionary. In contrast, non-data descriptors ' + 'can be\n' + 'overridden by instances.\n' + '\n' + 'Python methods (including those decorated with ' + '"@staticmethod" and\n' + '"@classmethod") are implemented as non-data ' + 'descriptors. Accordingly,\n' + 'instances can redefine and override methods. This ' + 'allows individual\n' + 'instances to acquire behaviors that differ from other ' + 'instances of the\n' + 'same class.\n' + '\n' + 'The "property()" function is implemented as a data ' + 'descriptor.\n' + 'Accordingly, instances cannot override the behavior of a ' + 'property.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + '__slots__\n' + '=========\n' + '\n' + '*__slots__* allow us to explicitly declare data members ' + '(like\n' + 'properties) and deny the creation of "__dict__" and ' + '*__weakref__*\n' + '(unless explicitly declared in *__slots__* or available ' + 'in a parent.)\n' + '\n' + 'The space saved over using "__dict__" can be ' + 'significant. Attribute\n' + 'lookup speed can be significantly improved as well.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__slots__\n' + '\n' + ' This class variable can be assigned a string, ' + 'iterable, or sequence\n' + ' of strings with variable names used by instances. ' + '*__slots__*\n' + ' reserves space for the declared variables and ' + 'prevents the\n' + ' automatic creation of "__dict__" and *__weakref__* ' + 'for each\n' + ' instance.\n' + '\n' + 'Notes on using *__slots__*:\n' + '\n' + '* When inheriting from a class without *__slots__*, the ' + '"__dict__" and\n' + ' *__weakref__* attribute of the instances will always ' + 'be accessible.\n' + '\n' + '* Without a "__dict__" variable, instances cannot be ' + 'assigned new\n' + ' variables not listed in the *__slots__* definition. ' + 'Attempts to\n' + ' assign to an unlisted variable name raises ' + '"AttributeError". If\n' + ' dynamic assignment of new variables is desired, then ' + 'add\n' + ' "\'__dict__\'" to the sequence of strings in the ' + '*__slots__*\n' + ' declaration.\n' + '\n' + '* Without a *__weakref__* variable for each instance, ' + 'classes defining\n' + ' *__slots__* do not support "weak references" to its ' + 'instances. If\n' + ' weak reference support is needed, then add ' + '"\'__weakref__\'" to the\n' + ' sequence of strings in the *__slots__* declaration.\n' + '\n' + '* *__slots__* are implemented at the class level by ' + 'creating\n' + ' descriptors for each variable name. As a result, ' + 'class attributes\n' + ' cannot be used to set default values for instance ' + 'variables defined\n' + ' by *__slots__*; otherwise, the class attribute would ' + 'overwrite the\n' + ' descriptor assignment.\n' + '\n' + '* The action of a *__slots__* declaration is not limited ' + 'to the class\n' + ' where it is defined. *__slots__* declared in parents ' + 'are available\n' + ' in child classes. However, child subclasses will get a ' + '"__dict__"\n' + ' and *__weakref__* unless they also define *__slots__* ' + '(which should\n' + ' only contain names of any *additional* slots).\n' + '\n' + '* If a class defines a slot also defined in a base ' + 'class, the instance\n' + ' variable defined by the base class slot is ' + 'inaccessible (except by\n' + ' retrieving its descriptor directly from the base ' + 'class). This\n' + ' renders the meaning of the program undefined. In the ' + 'future, a\n' + ' check may be added to prevent this.\n' + '\n' + '* "TypeError" will be raised if nonempty *__slots__* are ' + 'defined for a\n' + ' class derived from a ""variable-length" built-in type" ' + 'such as\n' + ' "int", "bytes", and "tuple".\n' + '\n' + '* Any non-string *iterable* may be assigned to ' + '*__slots__*.\n' + '\n' + '* If a "dictionary" is used to assign *__slots__*, the ' + 'dictionary keys\n' + ' will be used as the slot names. The values of the ' + 'dictionary can be\n' + ' used to provide per-attribute docstrings that will be ' + 'recognised by\n' + ' "inspect.getdoc()" and displayed in the output of ' + '"help()".\n' + '\n' + '* "__class__" assignment works only if both classes have ' + 'the same\n' + ' *__slots__*.\n' + '\n' + '* Multiple inheritance with multiple slotted parent ' + 'classes can be\n' + ' used, but only one parent is allowed to have ' + 'attributes created by\n' + ' slots (the other bases must have empty slot layouts) - ' + 'violations\n' + ' raise "TypeError".\n' + '\n' + '* If an *iterator* is used for *__slots__* then a ' + '*descriptor* is\n' + ' created for each of the iterator’s values. However, ' + 'the *__slots__*\n' + ' attribute will be an empty iterator.\n', + 'attribute-references': 'Attribute references\n' + '********************\n' + '\n' + 'An attribute reference is a primary followed by a ' + 'period and a name:\n' + '\n' + ' attributeref ::= primary "." identifier\n' + '\n' + 'The primary must evaluate to an object of a type ' + 'that supports\n' + 'attribute references, which most objects do. This ' + 'object is then\n' + 'asked to produce the attribute whose name is the ' + 'identifier. The type\n' + 'and value produced is determined by the object. ' + 'Multiple evaluations\n' + 'of the same attribute reference may yield different ' + 'objects.\n' + '\n' + 'This production can be customized by overriding the\n' + '"__getattribute__()" method or the "__getattr__()" ' + 'method. The\n' + '"__getattribute__()" method is called first and ' + 'either returns a value\n' + 'or raises "AttributeError" if the attribute is not ' + 'available.\n' + '\n' + 'If an "AttributeError" is raised and the object has ' + 'a "__getattr__()"\n' + 'method, that method is called as a fallback.\n', + 'augassign': 'Augmented assignment statements\n' + '*******************************\n' + '\n' + 'Augmented assignment is the combination, in a single statement, ' + 'of a\n' + 'binary operation and an assignment statement:\n' + '\n' + ' augmented_assignment_stmt ::= augtarget augop ' + '(expression_list | yield_expression)\n' + ' augtarget ::= identifier | attributeref | ' + 'subscription | slicing\n' + ' augop ::= "+=" | "-=" | "*=" | "@=" | ' + '"/=" | "//=" | "%=" | "**="\n' + ' | ">>=" | "<<=" | "&=" | "^=" | "|="\n' + '\n' + '(See section Primaries for the syntax definitions of the last ' + 'three\n' + 'symbols.)\n' + '\n' + 'An augmented assignment evaluates the target (which, unlike ' + 'normal\n' + 'assignment statements, cannot be an unpacking) and the ' + 'expression\n' + 'list, performs the binary operation specific to the type of ' + 'assignment\n' + 'on the two operands, and assigns the result to the original ' + 'target.\n' + 'The target is only evaluated once.\n' + '\n' + 'An augmented assignment expression like "x += 1" can be ' + 'rewritten as\n' + '"x = x + 1" to achieve a similar, but not exactly equal effect. ' + 'In the\n' + 'augmented version, "x" is only evaluated once. Also, when ' + 'possible,\n' + 'the actual operation is performed *in-place*, meaning that ' + 'rather than\n' + 'creating a new object and assigning that to the target, the old ' + 'object\n' + 'is modified instead.\n' + '\n' + 'Unlike normal assignments, augmented assignments evaluate the ' + 'left-\n' + 'hand side *before* evaluating the right-hand side. For ' + 'example, "a[i]\n' + '+= f(x)" first looks-up "a[i]", then it evaluates "f(x)" and ' + 'performs\n' + 'the addition, and lastly, it writes the result back to "a[i]".\n' + '\n' + 'With the exception of assigning to tuples and multiple targets ' + 'in a\n' + 'single statement, the assignment done by augmented assignment\n' + 'statements is handled the same way as normal assignments. ' + 'Similarly,\n' + 'with the exception of the possible *in-place* behavior, the ' + 'binary\n' + 'operation performed by augmented assignment is the same as the ' + 'normal\n' + 'binary operations.\n' + '\n' + 'For targets which are attribute references, the same caveat ' + 'about\n' + 'class and instance attributes applies as for regular ' + 'assignments.\n', + 'await': 'Await expression\n' + '****************\n' + '\n' + 'Suspend the execution of *coroutine* on an *awaitable* object. Can\n' + 'only be used inside a *coroutine function*.\n' + '\n' + ' await_expr ::= "await" primary\n' + '\n' + 'New in version 3.5.\n', + 'binary': 'Binary arithmetic operations\n' + '****************************\n' + '\n' + 'The binary arithmetic operations have the conventional priority\n' + 'levels. Note that some of these operations also apply to certain ' + 'non-\n' + 'numeric types. Apart from the power operator, there are only two\n' + 'levels, one for multiplicative operators and one for additive\n' + 'operators:\n' + '\n' + ' m_expr ::= u_expr | m_expr "*" u_expr | m_expr "@" m_expr |\n' + ' m_expr "//" u_expr | m_expr "/" u_expr |\n' + ' m_expr "%" u_expr\n' + ' a_expr ::= m_expr | a_expr "+" m_expr | a_expr "-" m_expr\n' + '\n' + 'The "*" (multiplication) operator yields the product of its ' + 'arguments.\n' + 'The arguments must either both be numbers, or one argument must be ' + 'an\n' + 'integer and the other must be a sequence. In the former case, the\n' + 'numbers are converted to a common type and then multiplied ' + 'together.\n' + 'In the latter case, sequence repetition is performed; a negative\n' + 'repetition factor yields an empty sequence.\n' + '\n' + 'This operation can be customized using the special "__mul__()" ' + 'and\n' + '"__rmul__()" methods.\n' + '\n' + 'The "@" (at) operator is intended to be used for matrix\n' + 'multiplication. No builtin Python types implement this operator.\n' + '\n' + 'New in version 3.5.\n' + '\n' + 'The "/" (division) and "//" (floor division) operators yield the\n' + 'quotient of their arguments. The numeric arguments are first\n' + 'converted to a common type. Division of integers yields a float, ' + 'while\n' + 'floor division of integers results in an integer; the result is ' + 'that\n' + 'of mathematical division with the ‘floor’ function applied to the\n' + 'result. Division by zero raises the "ZeroDivisionError" ' + 'exception.\n' + '\n' + 'This operation can be customized using the special "__truediv__()" ' + 'and\n' + '"__floordiv__()" methods.\n' + '\n' + 'The "%" (modulo) operator yields the remainder from the division ' + 'of\n' + 'the first argument by the second. The numeric arguments are ' + 'first\n' + 'converted to a common type. A zero right argument raises the\n' + '"ZeroDivisionError" exception. The arguments may be floating ' + 'point\n' + 'numbers, e.g., "3.14%0.7" equals "0.34" (since "3.14" equals ' + '"4*0.7 +\n' + '0.34".) The modulo operator always yields a result with the same ' + 'sign\n' + 'as its second operand (or zero); the absolute value of the result ' + 'is\n' + 'strictly smaller than the absolute value of the second operand ' + '[1].\n' + '\n' + 'The floor division and modulo operators are connected by the ' + 'following\n' + 'identity: "x == (x//y)*y + (x%y)". Floor division and modulo are ' + 'also\n' + 'connected with the built-in function "divmod()": "divmod(x, y) ==\n' + '(x//y, x%y)". [2].\n' + '\n' + 'In addition to performing the modulo operation on numbers, the ' + '"%"\n' + 'operator is also overloaded by string objects to perform ' + 'old-style\n' + 'string formatting (also known as interpolation). The syntax for\n' + 'string formatting is described in the Python Library Reference,\n' + 'section printf-style String Formatting.\n' + '\n' + 'The *modulo* operation can be customized using the special ' + '"__mod__()"\n' + 'method.\n' + '\n' + 'The floor division operator, the modulo operator, and the ' + '"divmod()"\n' + 'function are not defined for complex numbers. Instead, convert to ' + 'a\n' + 'floating point number using the "abs()" function if appropriate.\n' + '\n' + 'The "+" (addition) operator yields the sum of its arguments. The\n' + 'arguments must either both be numbers or both be sequences of the ' + 'same\n' + 'type. In the former case, the numbers are converted to a common ' + 'type\n' + 'and then added together. In the latter case, the sequences are\n' + 'concatenated.\n' + '\n' + 'This operation can be customized using the special "__add__()" ' + 'and\n' + '"__radd__()" methods.\n' + '\n' + 'The "-" (subtraction) operator yields the difference of its ' + 'arguments.\n' + 'The numeric arguments are first converted to a common type.\n' + '\n' + 'This operation can be customized using the special "__sub__()" ' + 'method.\n', + 'bitwise': 'Binary bitwise operations\n' + '*************************\n' + '\n' + 'Each of the three bitwise operations has a different priority ' + 'level:\n' + '\n' + ' and_expr ::= shift_expr | and_expr "&" shift_expr\n' + ' xor_expr ::= and_expr | xor_expr "^" and_expr\n' + ' or_expr ::= xor_expr | or_expr "|" xor_expr\n' + '\n' + 'The "&" operator yields the bitwise AND of its arguments, which ' + 'must\n' + 'be integers or one of them must be a custom object overriding\n' + '"__and__()" or "__rand__()" special methods.\n' + '\n' + 'The "^" operator yields the bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) of its\n' + 'arguments, which must be integers or one of them must be a ' + 'custom\n' + 'object overriding "__xor__()" or "__rxor__()" special methods.\n' + '\n' + 'The "|" operator yields the bitwise (inclusive) OR of its ' + 'arguments,\n' + 'which must be integers or one of them must be a custom object\n' + 'overriding "__or__()" or "__ror__()" special methods.\n', + 'bltin-code-objects': 'Code Objects\n' + '************\n' + '\n' + 'Code objects are used by the implementation to ' + 'represent “pseudo-\n' + 'compiled” executable Python code such as a function ' + 'body. They differ\n' + 'from function objects because they don’t contain a ' + 'reference to their\n' + 'global execution environment. Code objects are ' + 'returned by the built-\n' + 'in "compile()" function and can be extracted from ' + 'function objects\n' + 'through their "__code__" attribute. See also the ' + '"code" module.\n' + '\n' + 'Accessing "__code__" raises an auditing event ' + '"object.__getattr__"\n' + 'with arguments "obj" and ""__code__"".\n' + '\n' + 'A code object can be executed or evaluated by passing ' + 'it (instead of a\n' + 'source string) to the "exec()" or "eval()" built-in ' + 'functions.\n' + '\n' + 'See The standard type hierarchy for more ' + 'information.\n', + 'bltin-ellipsis-object': 'The Ellipsis Object\n' + '*******************\n' + '\n' + 'This object is commonly used by slicing (see ' + 'Slicings). It supports\n' + 'no special operations. There is exactly one ' + 'ellipsis object, named\n' + '"Ellipsis" (a built-in name). "type(Ellipsis)()" ' + 'produces the\n' + '"Ellipsis" singleton.\n' + '\n' + 'It is written as "Ellipsis" or "...".\n', + 'bltin-null-object': 'The Null Object\n' + '***************\n' + '\n' + 'This object is returned by functions that don’t ' + 'explicitly return a\n' + 'value. It supports no special operations. There is ' + 'exactly one null\n' + 'object, named "None" (a built-in name). "type(None)()" ' + 'produces the\n' + 'same singleton.\n' + '\n' + 'It is written as "None".\n', + 'bltin-type-objects': 'Type Objects\n' + '************\n' + '\n' + 'Type objects represent the various object types. An ' + 'object’s type is\n' + 'accessed by the built-in function "type()". There are ' + 'no special\n' + 'operations on types. The standard module "types" ' + 'defines names for\n' + 'all standard built-in types.\n' + '\n' + 'Types are written like this: "".\n', + 'booleans': 'Boolean operations\n' + '******************\n' + '\n' + ' or_test ::= and_test | or_test "or" and_test\n' + ' and_test ::= not_test | and_test "and" not_test\n' + ' not_test ::= comparison | "not" not_test\n' + '\n' + 'In the context of Boolean operations, and also when expressions ' + 'are\n' + 'used by control flow statements, the following values are ' + 'interpreted\n' + 'as false: "False", "None", numeric zero of all types, and empty\n' + 'strings and containers (including strings, tuples, lists,\n' + 'dictionaries, sets and frozensets). All other values are ' + 'interpreted\n' + 'as true. User-defined objects can customize their truth value ' + 'by\n' + 'providing a "__bool__()" method.\n' + '\n' + 'The operator "not" yields "True" if its argument is false, ' + '"False"\n' + 'otherwise.\n' + '\n' + 'The expression "x and y" first evaluates *x*; if *x* is false, ' + 'its\n' + 'value is returned; otherwise, *y* is evaluated and the resulting ' + 'value\n' + 'is returned.\n' + '\n' + 'The expression "x or y" first evaluates *x*; if *x* is true, its ' + 'value\n' + 'is returned; otherwise, *y* is evaluated and the resulting value ' + 'is\n' + 'returned.\n' + '\n' + 'Note that neither "and" nor "or" restrict the value and type ' + 'they\n' + 'return to "False" and "True", but rather return the last ' + 'evaluated\n' + 'argument. This is sometimes useful, e.g., if "s" is a string ' + 'that\n' + 'should be replaced by a default value if it is empty, the ' + 'expression\n' + '"s or \'foo\'" yields the desired value. Because "not" has to ' + 'create a\n' + 'new value, it returns a boolean value regardless of the type of ' + 'its\n' + 'argument (for example, "not \'foo\'" produces "False" rather ' + 'than "\'\'".)\n', + 'break': 'The "break" statement\n' + '*********************\n' + '\n' + ' break_stmt ::= "break"\n' + '\n' + '"break" may only occur syntactically nested in a "for" or "while"\n' + 'loop, but not nested in a function or class definition within that\n' + 'loop.\n' + '\n' + 'It terminates the nearest enclosing loop, skipping the optional ' + '"else"\n' + 'clause if the loop has one.\n' + '\n' + 'If a "for" loop is terminated by "break", the loop control target\n' + 'keeps its current value.\n' + '\n' + 'When "break" passes control out of a "try" statement with a ' + '"finally"\n' + 'clause, that "finally" clause is executed before really leaving ' + 'the\n' + 'loop.\n', + 'callable-types': 'Emulating callable objects\n' + '**************************\n' + '\n' + 'object.__call__(self[, args...])\n' + '\n' + ' Called when the instance is “called” as a function; if ' + 'this method\n' + ' is defined, "x(arg1, arg2, ...)" roughly translates to\n' + ' "type(x).__call__(x, arg1, ...)".\n', + 'calls': 'Calls\n' + '*****\n' + '\n' + 'A call calls a callable object (e.g., a *function*) with a ' + 'possibly\n' + 'empty series of *arguments*:\n' + '\n' + ' call ::= primary "(" [argument_list [","] | ' + 'comprehension] ")"\n' + ' argument_list ::= positional_arguments ["," ' + 'starred_and_keywords]\n' + ' ["," keywords_arguments]\n' + ' | starred_and_keywords ["," ' + 'keywords_arguments]\n' + ' | keywords_arguments\n' + ' positional_arguments ::= positional_item ("," positional_item)*\n' + ' positional_item ::= assignment_expression | "*" expression\n' + ' starred_and_keywords ::= ("*" expression | keyword_item)\n' + ' ("," "*" expression | "," ' + 'keyword_item)*\n' + ' keywords_arguments ::= (keyword_item | "**" expression)\n' + ' ("," keyword_item | "," "**" ' + 'expression)*\n' + ' keyword_item ::= identifier "=" expression\n' + '\n' + 'An optional trailing comma may be present after the positional and\n' + 'keyword arguments but does not affect the semantics.\n' + '\n' + 'The primary must evaluate to a callable object (user-defined\n' + 'functions, built-in functions, methods of built-in objects, class\n' + 'objects, methods of class instances, and all objects having a\n' + '"__call__()" method are callable). All argument expressions are\n' + 'evaluated before the call is attempted. Please refer to section\n' + 'Function definitions for the syntax of formal *parameter* lists.\n' + '\n' + 'If keyword arguments are present, they are first converted to\n' + 'positional arguments, as follows. First, a list of unfilled slots ' + 'is\n' + 'created for the formal parameters. If there are N positional\n' + 'arguments, they are placed in the first N slots. Next, for each\n' + 'keyword argument, the identifier is used to determine the\n' + 'corresponding slot (if the identifier is the same as the first ' + 'formal\n' + 'parameter name, the first slot is used, and so on). If the slot ' + 'is\n' + 'already filled, a "TypeError" exception is raised. Otherwise, the\n' + 'argument is placed in the slot, filling it (even if the expression ' + 'is\n' + '"None", it fills the slot). When all arguments have been ' + 'processed,\n' + 'the slots that are still unfilled are filled with the ' + 'corresponding\n' + 'default value from the function definition. (Default values are\n' + 'calculated, once, when the function is defined; thus, a mutable ' + 'object\n' + 'such as a list or dictionary used as default value will be shared ' + 'by\n' + 'all calls that don’t specify an argument value for the ' + 'corresponding\n' + 'slot; this should usually be avoided.) If there are any unfilled\n' + 'slots for which no default value is specified, a "TypeError" ' + 'exception\n' + 'is raised. Otherwise, the list of filled slots is used as the\n' + 'argument list for the call.\n' + '\n' + '**CPython implementation detail:** An implementation may provide\n' + 'built-in functions whose positional parameters do not have names, ' + 'even\n' + 'if they are ‘named’ for the purpose of documentation, and which\n' + 'therefore cannot be supplied by keyword. In CPython, this is the ' + 'case\n' + 'for functions implemented in C that use "PyArg_ParseTuple()" to ' + 'parse\n' + 'their arguments.\n' + '\n' + 'If there are more positional arguments than there are formal ' + 'parameter\n' + 'slots, a "TypeError" exception is raised, unless a formal ' + 'parameter\n' + 'using the syntax "*identifier" is present; in this case, that ' + 'formal\n' + 'parameter receives a tuple containing the excess positional ' + 'arguments\n' + '(or an empty tuple if there were no excess positional arguments).\n' + '\n' + 'If any keyword argument does not correspond to a formal parameter\n' + 'name, a "TypeError" exception is raised, unless a formal parameter\n' + 'using the syntax "**identifier" is present; in this case, that ' + 'formal\n' + 'parameter receives a dictionary containing the excess keyword\n' + 'arguments (using the keywords as keys and the argument values as\n' + 'corresponding values), or a (new) empty dictionary if there were ' + 'no\n' + 'excess keyword arguments.\n' + '\n' + 'If the syntax "*expression" appears in the function call, ' + '"expression"\n' + 'must evaluate to an *iterable*. Elements from these iterables are\n' + 'treated as if they were additional positional arguments. For the ' + 'call\n' + '"f(x1, x2, *y, x3, x4)", if *y* evaluates to a sequence *y1*, …, ' + '*yM*,\n' + 'this is equivalent to a call with M+4 positional arguments *x1*, ' + '*x2*,\n' + '*y1*, …, *yM*, *x3*, *x4*.\n' + '\n' + 'A consequence of this is that although the "*expression" syntax ' + 'may\n' + 'appear *after* explicit keyword arguments, it is processed ' + '*before*\n' + 'the keyword arguments (and any "**expression" arguments – see ' + 'below).\n' + 'So:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> def f(a, b):\n' + ' ... print(a, b)\n' + ' ...\n' + ' >>> f(b=1, *(2,))\n' + ' 2 1\n' + ' >>> f(a=1, *(2,))\n' + ' Traceback (most recent call last):\n' + ' File "", line 1, in \n' + " TypeError: f() got multiple values for keyword argument 'a'\n" + ' >>> f(1, *(2,))\n' + ' 1 2\n' + '\n' + 'It is unusual for both keyword arguments and the "*expression" ' + 'syntax\n' + 'to be used in the same call, so in practice this confusion does ' + 'not\n' + 'often arise.\n' + '\n' + 'If the syntax "**expression" appears in the function call,\n' + '"expression" must evaluate to a *mapping*, the contents of which ' + 'are\n' + 'treated as additional keyword arguments. If a parameter matching a ' + 'key\n' + 'has already been given a value (by an explicit keyword argument, ' + 'or\n' + 'from another unpacking), a "TypeError" exception is raised.\n' + '\n' + 'When "**expression" is used, each key in this mapping must be a\n' + 'string. Each value from the mapping is assigned to the first ' + 'formal\n' + 'parameter eligible for keyword assignment whose name is equal to ' + 'the\n' + 'key. A key need not be a Python identifier (e.g. ""max-temp °F"" ' + 'is\n' + 'acceptable, although it will not match any formal parameter that ' + 'could\n' + 'be declared). If there is no match to a formal parameter the ' + 'key-value\n' + 'pair is collected by the "**" parameter, if there is one, or if ' + 'there\n' + 'is not, a "TypeError" exception is raised.\n' + '\n' + 'Formal parameters using the syntax "*identifier" or "**identifier"\n' + 'cannot be used as positional argument slots or as keyword argument\n' + 'names.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.5: Function calls accept any number of "*" ' + 'and\n' + '"**" unpackings, positional arguments may follow iterable ' + 'unpackings\n' + '("*"), and keyword arguments may follow dictionary unpackings ' + '("**").\n' + 'Originally proposed by **PEP 448**.\n' + '\n' + 'A call always returns some value, possibly "None", unless it raises ' + 'an\n' + 'exception. How this value is computed depends on the type of the\n' + 'callable object.\n' + '\n' + 'If it is—\n' + '\n' + 'a user-defined function:\n' + ' The code block for the function is executed, passing it the\n' + ' argument list. The first thing the code block will do is bind ' + 'the\n' + ' formal parameters to the arguments; this is described in ' + 'section\n' + ' Function definitions. When the code block executes a "return"\n' + ' statement, this specifies the return value of the function ' + 'call.\n' + '\n' + 'a built-in function or method:\n' + ' The result is up to the interpreter; see Built-in Functions for ' + 'the\n' + ' descriptions of built-in functions and methods.\n' + '\n' + 'a class object:\n' + ' A new instance of that class is returned.\n' + '\n' + 'a class instance method:\n' + ' The corresponding user-defined function is called, with an ' + 'argument\n' + ' list that is one longer than the argument list of the call: the\n' + ' instance becomes the first argument.\n' + '\n' + 'a class instance:\n' + ' The class must define a "__call__()" method; the effect is then ' + 'the\n' + ' same as if that method was called.\n', + 'class': 'Class definitions\n' + '*****************\n' + '\n' + 'A class definition defines a class object (see section The ' + 'standard\n' + 'type hierarchy):\n' + '\n' + ' classdef ::= [decorators] "class" classname [inheritance] ":" ' + 'suite\n' + ' inheritance ::= "(" [argument_list] ")"\n' + ' classname ::= identifier\n' + '\n' + 'A class definition is an executable statement. The inheritance ' + 'list\n' + 'usually gives a list of base classes (see Metaclasses for more\n' + 'advanced uses), so each item in the list should evaluate to a ' + 'class\n' + 'object which allows subclassing. Classes without an inheritance ' + 'list\n' + 'inherit, by default, from the base class "object"; hence,\n' + '\n' + ' class Foo:\n' + ' pass\n' + '\n' + 'is equivalent to\n' + '\n' + ' class Foo(object):\n' + ' pass\n' + '\n' + 'The class’s suite is then executed in a new execution frame (see\n' + 'Naming and binding), using a newly created local namespace and the\n' + 'original global namespace. (Usually, the suite contains mostly\n' + 'function definitions.) When the class’s suite finishes execution, ' + 'its\n' + 'execution frame is discarded but its local namespace is saved. [5] ' + 'A\n' + 'class object is then created using the inheritance list for the ' + 'base\n' + 'classes and the saved local namespace for the attribute ' + 'dictionary.\n' + 'The class name is bound to this class object in the original local\n' + 'namespace.\n' + '\n' + 'The order in which attributes are defined in the class body is\n' + 'preserved in the new class’s "__dict__". Note that this is ' + 'reliable\n' + 'only right after the class is created and only for classes that ' + 'were\n' + 'defined using the definition syntax.\n' + '\n' + 'Class creation can be customized heavily using metaclasses.\n' + '\n' + 'Classes can also be decorated: just like when decorating ' + 'functions,\n' + '\n' + ' @f1(arg)\n' + ' @f2\n' + ' class Foo: pass\n' + '\n' + 'is roughly equivalent to\n' + '\n' + ' class Foo: pass\n' + ' Foo = f1(arg)(f2(Foo))\n' + '\n' + 'The evaluation rules for the decorator expressions are the same as ' + 'for\n' + 'function decorators. The result is then bound to the class name.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.9: Classes may be decorated with any valid\n' + '"assignment_expression". Previously, the grammar was much more\n' + 'restrictive; see **PEP 614** for details.\n' + '\n' + '**Programmer’s note:** Variables defined in the class definition ' + 'are\n' + 'class attributes; they are shared by instances. Instance ' + 'attributes\n' + 'can be set in a method with "self.name = value". Both class and\n' + 'instance attributes are accessible through the notation ' + '“"self.name"”,\n' + 'and an instance attribute hides a class attribute with the same ' + 'name\n' + 'when accessed in this way. Class attributes can be used as ' + 'defaults\n' + 'for instance attributes, but using mutable values there can lead ' + 'to\n' + 'unexpected results. Descriptors can be used to create instance\n' + 'variables with different implementation details.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 3115** - Metaclasses in Python 3000\n' + ' The proposal that changed the declaration of metaclasses to ' + 'the\n' + ' current syntax, and the semantics for how classes with\n' + ' metaclasses are constructed.\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 3129** - Class Decorators\n' + ' The proposal that added class decorators. Function and ' + 'method\n' + ' decorators were introduced in **PEP 318**.\n', + 'comparisons': 'Comparisons\n' + '***********\n' + '\n' + 'Unlike C, all comparison operations in Python have the same ' + 'priority,\n' + 'which is lower than that of any arithmetic, shifting or ' + 'bitwise\n' + 'operation. Also unlike C, expressions like "a < b < c" have ' + 'the\n' + 'interpretation that is conventional in mathematics:\n' + '\n' + ' comparison ::= or_expr (comp_operator or_expr)*\n' + ' comp_operator ::= "<" | ">" | "==" | ">=" | "<=" | "!="\n' + ' | "is" ["not"] | ["not"] "in"\n' + '\n' + 'Comparisons yield boolean values: "True" or "False". Custom ' + '*rich\n' + 'comparison methods* may return non-boolean values. In this ' + 'case Python\n' + 'will call "bool()" on such value in boolean contexts.\n' + '\n' + 'Comparisons can be chained arbitrarily, e.g., "x < y <= z" ' + 'is\n' + 'equivalent to "x < y and y <= z", except that "y" is ' + 'evaluated only\n' + 'once (but in both cases "z" is not evaluated at all when "x < ' + 'y" is\n' + 'found to be false).\n' + '\n' + 'Formally, if *a*, *b*, *c*, …, *y*, *z* are expressions and ' + '*op1*,\n' + '*op2*, …, *opN* are comparison operators, then "a op1 b op2 c ' + '... y\n' + 'opN z" is equivalent to "a op1 b and b op2 c and ... y opN ' + 'z", except\n' + 'that each expression is evaluated at most once.\n' + '\n' + 'Note that "a op1 b op2 c" doesn’t imply any kind of ' + 'comparison between\n' + '*a* and *c*, so that, e.g., "x < y > z" is perfectly legal ' + '(though\n' + 'perhaps not pretty).\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Value comparisons\n' + '=================\n' + '\n' + 'The operators "<", ">", "==", ">=", "<=", and "!=" compare ' + 'the values\n' + 'of two objects. The objects do not need to have the same ' + 'type.\n' + '\n' + 'Chapter Objects, values and types states that objects have a ' + 'value (in\n' + 'addition to type and identity). The value of an object is a ' + 'rather\n' + 'abstract notion in Python: For example, there is no canonical ' + 'access\n' + 'method for an object’s value. Also, there is no requirement ' + 'that the\n' + 'value of an object should be constructed in a particular way, ' + 'e.g.\n' + 'comprised of all its data attributes. Comparison operators ' + 'implement a\n' + 'particular notion of what the value of an object is. One can ' + 'think of\n' + 'them as defining the value of an object indirectly, by means ' + 'of their\n' + 'comparison implementation.\n' + '\n' + 'Because all types are (direct or indirect) subtypes of ' + '"object", they\n' + 'inherit the default comparison behavior from "object". Types ' + 'can\n' + 'customize their comparison behavior by implementing *rich ' + 'comparison\n' + 'methods* like "__lt__()", described in Basic customization.\n' + '\n' + 'The default behavior for equality comparison ("==" and "!=") ' + 'is based\n' + 'on the identity of the objects. Hence, equality comparison ' + 'of\n' + 'instances with the same identity results in equality, and ' + 'equality\n' + 'comparison of instances with different identities results in\n' + 'inequality. A motivation for this default behavior is the ' + 'desire that\n' + 'all objects should be reflexive (i.e. "x is y" implies "x == ' + 'y").\n' + '\n' + 'A default order comparison ("<", ">", "<=", and ">=") is not ' + 'provided;\n' + 'an attempt raises "TypeError". A motivation for this default ' + 'behavior\n' + 'is the lack of a similar invariant as for equality.\n' + '\n' + 'The behavior of the default equality comparison, that ' + 'instances with\n' + 'different identities are always unequal, may be in contrast ' + 'to what\n' + 'types will need that have a sensible definition of object ' + 'value and\n' + 'value-based equality. Such types will need to customize ' + 'their\n' + 'comparison behavior, and in fact, a number of built-in types ' + 'have done\n' + 'that.\n' + '\n' + 'The following list describes the comparison behavior of the ' + 'most\n' + 'important built-in types.\n' + '\n' + '* Numbers of built-in numeric types (Numeric Types — int, ' + 'float,\n' + ' complex) and of the standard library types ' + '"fractions.Fraction" and\n' + ' "decimal.Decimal" can be compared within and across their ' + 'types,\n' + ' with the restriction that complex numbers do not support ' + 'order\n' + ' comparison. Within the limits of the types involved, they ' + 'compare\n' + ' mathematically (algorithmically) correct without loss of ' + 'precision.\n' + '\n' + ' The not-a-number values "float(\'NaN\')" and ' + '"decimal.Decimal(\'NaN\')"\n' + ' are special. Any ordered comparison of a number to a ' + 'not-a-number\n' + ' value is false. A counter-intuitive implication is that ' + 'not-a-number\n' + ' values are not equal to themselves. For example, if "x =\n' + ' float(\'NaN\')", "3 < x", "x < 3" and "x == x" are all ' + 'false, while "x\n' + ' != x" is true. This behavior is compliant with IEEE 754.\n' + '\n' + '* "None" and "NotImplemented" are singletons. **PEP 8** ' + 'advises that\n' + ' comparisons for singletons should always be done with "is" ' + 'or "is\n' + ' not", never the equality operators.\n' + '\n' + '* Binary sequences (instances of "bytes" or "bytearray") can ' + 'be\n' + ' compared within and across their types. They compare\n' + ' lexicographically using the numeric values of their ' + 'elements.\n' + '\n' + '* Strings (instances of "str") compare lexicographically ' + 'using the\n' + ' numerical Unicode code points (the result of the built-in ' + 'function\n' + ' "ord()") of their characters. [3]\n' + '\n' + ' Strings and binary sequences cannot be directly compared.\n' + '\n' + '* Sequences (instances of "tuple", "list", or "range") can be ' + 'compared\n' + ' only within each of their types, with the restriction that ' + 'ranges do\n' + ' not support order comparison. Equality comparison across ' + 'these\n' + ' types results in inequality, and ordering comparison across ' + 'these\n' + ' types raises "TypeError".\n' + '\n' + ' Sequences compare lexicographically using comparison of\n' + ' corresponding elements. The built-in containers typically ' + 'assume\n' + ' identical objects are equal to themselves. That lets them ' + 'bypass\n' + ' equality tests for identical objects to improve performance ' + 'and to\n' + ' maintain their internal invariants.\n' + '\n' + ' Lexicographical comparison between built-in collections ' + 'works as\n' + ' follows:\n' + '\n' + ' * For two collections to compare equal, they must be of the ' + 'same\n' + ' type, have the same length, and each pair of ' + 'corresponding\n' + ' elements must compare equal (for example, "[1,2] == ' + '(1,2)" is\n' + ' false because the type is not the same).\n' + '\n' + ' * Collections that support order comparison are ordered the ' + 'same as\n' + ' their first unequal elements (for example, "[1,2,x] <= ' + '[1,2,y]"\n' + ' has the same value as "x <= y"). If a corresponding ' + 'element does\n' + ' not exist, the shorter collection is ordered first (for ' + 'example,\n' + ' "[1,2] < [1,2,3]" is true).\n' + '\n' + '* Mappings (instances of "dict") compare equal if and only if ' + 'they\n' + ' have equal "(key, value)" pairs. Equality comparison of the ' + 'keys and\n' + ' values enforces reflexivity.\n' + '\n' + ' Order comparisons ("<", ">", "<=", and ">=") raise ' + '"TypeError".\n' + '\n' + '* Sets (instances of "set" or "frozenset") can be compared ' + 'within and\n' + ' across their types.\n' + '\n' + ' They define order comparison operators to mean subset and ' + 'superset\n' + ' tests. Those relations do not define total orderings (for ' + 'example,\n' + ' the two sets "{1,2}" and "{2,3}" are not equal, nor subsets ' + 'of one\n' + ' another, nor supersets of one another). Accordingly, sets ' + 'are not\n' + ' appropriate arguments for functions which depend on total ' + 'ordering\n' + ' (for example, "min()", "max()", and "sorted()" produce ' + 'undefined\n' + ' results given a list of sets as inputs).\n' + '\n' + ' Comparison of sets enforces reflexivity of its elements.\n' + '\n' + '* Most other built-in types have no comparison methods ' + 'implemented, so\n' + ' they inherit the default comparison behavior.\n' + '\n' + 'User-defined classes that customize their comparison behavior ' + 'should\n' + 'follow some consistency rules, if possible:\n' + '\n' + '* Equality comparison should be reflexive. In other words, ' + 'identical\n' + ' objects should compare equal:\n' + '\n' + ' "x is y" implies "x == y"\n' + '\n' + '* Comparison should be symmetric. In other words, the ' + 'following\n' + ' expressions should have the same result:\n' + '\n' + ' "x == y" and "y == x"\n' + '\n' + ' "x != y" and "y != x"\n' + '\n' + ' "x < y" and "y > x"\n' + '\n' + ' "x <= y" and "y >= x"\n' + '\n' + '* Comparison should be transitive. The following ' + '(non-exhaustive)\n' + ' examples illustrate that:\n' + '\n' + ' "x > y and y > z" implies "x > z"\n' + '\n' + ' "x < y and y <= z" implies "x < z"\n' + '\n' + '* Inverse comparison should result in the boolean negation. ' + 'In other\n' + ' words, the following expressions should have the same ' + 'result:\n' + '\n' + ' "x == y" and "not x != y"\n' + '\n' + ' "x < y" and "not x >= y" (for total ordering)\n' + '\n' + ' "x > y" and "not x <= y" (for total ordering)\n' + '\n' + ' The last two expressions apply to totally ordered ' + 'collections (e.g.\n' + ' to sequences, but not to sets or mappings). See also the\n' + ' "total_ordering()" decorator.\n' + '\n' + '* The "hash()" result should be consistent with equality. ' + 'Objects that\n' + ' are equal should either have the same hash value, or be ' + 'marked as\n' + ' unhashable.\n' + '\n' + 'Python does not enforce these consistency rules. In fact, ' + 'the\n' + 'not-a-number values are an example for not following these ' + 'rules.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Membership test operations\n' + '==========================\n' + '\n' + 'The operators "in" and "not in" test for membership. "x in ' + 's"\n' + 'evaluates to "True" if *x* is a member of *s*, and "False" ' + 'otherwise.\n' + '"x not in s" returns the negation of "x in s". All built-in ' + 'sequences\n' + 'and set types support this as well as dictionary, for which ' + '"in" tests\n' + 'whether the dictionary has a given key. For container types ' + 'such as\n' + 'list, tuple, set, frozenset, dict, or collections.deque, the\n' + 'expression "x in y" is equivalent to "any(x is e or x == e ' + 'for e in\n' + 'y)".\n' + '\n' + 'For the string and bytes types, "x in y" is "True" if and ' + 'only if *x*\n' + 'is a substring of *y*. An equivalent test is "y.find(x) != ' + '-1".\n' + 'Empty strings are always considered to be a substring of any ' + 'other\n' + 'string, so """ in "abc"" will return "True".\n' + '\n' + 'For user-defined classes which define the "__contains__()" ' + 'method, "x\n' + 'in y" returns "True" if "y.__contains__(x)" returns a true ' + 'value, and\n' + '"False" otherwise.\n' + '\n' + 'For user-defined classes which do not define "__contains__()" ' + 'but do\n' + 'define "__iter__()", "x in y" is "True" if some value "z", ' + 'for which\n' + 'the expression "x is z or x == z" is true, is produced while ' + 'iterating\n' + 'over "y". If an exception is raised during the iteration, it ' + 'is as if\n' + '"in" raised that exception.\n' + '\n' + 'Lastly, the old-style iteration protocol is tried: if a class ' + 'defines\n' + '"__getitem__()", "x in y" is "True" if and only if there is a ' + 'non-\n' + 'negative integer index *i* such that "x is y[i] or x == ' + 'y[i]", and no\n' + 'lower integer index raises the "IndexError" exception. (If ' + 'any other\n' + 'exception is raised, it is as if "in" raised that ' + 'exception).\n' + '\n' + 'The operator "not in" is defined to have the inverse truth ' + 'value of\n' + '"in".\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Identity comparisons\n' + '====================\n' + '\n' + 'The operators "is" and "is not" test for an object’s ' + 'identity: "x is\n' + 'y" is true if and only if *x* and *y* are the same object. ' + 'An\n' + 'Object’s identity is determined using the "id()" function. ' + '"x is not\n' + 'y" yields the inverse truth value. [4]\n', + 'compound': 'Compound statements\n' + '*******************\n' + '\n' + 'Compound statements contain (groups of) other statements; they ' + 'affect\n' + 'or control the execution of those other statements in some way. ' + 'In\n' + 'general, compound statements span multiple lines, although in ' + 'simple\n' + 'incarnations a whole compound statement may be contained in one ' + 'line.\n' + '\n' + 'The "if", "while" and "for" statements implement traditional ' + 'control\n' + 'flow constructs. "try" specifies exception handlers and/or ' + 'cleanup\n' + 'code for a group of statements, while the "with" statement ' + 'allows the\n' + 'execution of initialization and finalization code around a block ' + 'of\n' + 'code. Function and class definitions are also syntactically ' + 'compound\n' + 'statements.\n' + '\n' + 'A compound statement consists of one or more ‘clauses.’ A ' + 'clause\n' + 'consists of a header and a ‘suite.’ The clause headers of a\n' + 'particular compound statement are all at the same indentation ' + 'level.\n' + 'Each clause header begins with a uniquely identifying keyword ' + 'and ends\n' + 'with a colon. A suite is a group of statements controlled by a\n' + 'clause. A suite can be one or more semicolon-separated simple\n' + 'statements on the same line as the header, following the ' + 'header’s\n' + 'colon, or it can be one or more indented statements on ' + 'subsequent\n' + 'lines. Only the latter form of a suite can contain nested ' + 'compound\n' + 'statements; the following is illegal, mostly because it wouldn’t ' + 'be\n' + 'clear to which "if" clause a following "else" clause would ' + 'belong:\n' + '\n' + ' if test1: if test2: print(x)\n' + '\n' + 'Also note that the semicolon binds tighter than the colon in ' + 'this\n' + 'context, so that in the following example, either all or none of ' + 'the\n' + '"print()" calls are executed:\n' + '\n' + ' if x < y < z: print(x); print(y); print(z)\n' + '\n' + 'Summarizing:\n' + '\n' + ' compound_stmt ::= if_stmt\n' + ' | while_stmt\n' + ' | for_stmt\n' + ' | try_stmt\n' + ' | with_stmt\n' + ' | match_stmt\n' + ' | funcdef\n' + ' | classdef\n' + ' | async_with_stmt\n' + ' | async_for_stmt\n' + ' | async_funcdef\n' + ' suite ::= stmt_list NEWLINE | NEWLINE INDENT ' + 'statement+ DEDENT\n' + ' statement ::= stmt_list NEWLINE | compound_stmt\n' + ' stmt_list ::= simple_stmt (";" simple_stmt)* [";"]\n' + '\n' + 'Note that statements always end in a "NEWLINE" possibly followed ' + 'by a\n' + '"DEDENT". Also note that optional continuation clauses always ' + 'begin\n' + 'with a keyword that cannot start a statement, thus there are no\n' + 'ambiguities (the ‘dangling "else"’ problem is solved in Python ' + 'by\n' + 'requiring nested "if" statements to be indented).\n' + '\n' + 'The formatting of the grammar rules in the following sections ' + 'places\n' + 'each clause on a separate line for clarity.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'The "if" statement\n' + '==================\n' + '\n' + 'The "if" statement is used for conditional execution:\n' + '\n' + ' if_stmt ::= "if" assignment_expression ":" suite\n' + ' ("elif" assignment_expression ":" suite)*\n' + ' ["else" ":" suite]\n' + '\n' + 'It selects exactly one of the suites by evaluating the ' + 'expressions one\n' + 'by one until one is found to be true (see section Boolean ' + 'operations\n' + 'for the definition of true and false); then that suite is ' + 'executed\n' + '(and no other part of the "if" statement is executed or ' + 'evaluated).\n' + 'If all expressions are false, the suite of the "else" clause, ' + 'if\n' + 'present, is executed.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'The "while" statement\n' + '=====================\n' + '\n' + 'The "while" statement is used for repeated execution as long as ' + 'an\n' + 'expression is true:\n' + '\n' + ' while_stmt ::= "while" assignment_expression ":" suite\n' + ' ["else" ":" suite]\n' + '\n' + 'This repeatedly tests the expression and, if it is true, ' + 'executes the\n' + 'first suite; if the expression is false (which may be the first ' + 'time\n' + 'it is tested) the suite of the "else" clause, if present, is ' + 'executed\n' + 'and the loop terminates.\n' + '\n' + 'A "break" statement executed in the first suite terminates the ' + 'loop\n' + 'without executing the "else" clause’s suite. A "continue" ' + 'statement\n' + 'executed in the first suite skips the rest of the suite and goes ' + 'back\n' + 'to testing the expression.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'The "for" statement\n' + '===================\n' + '\n' + 'The "for" statement is used to iterate over the elements of a ' + 'sequence\n' + '(such as a string, tuple or list) or other iterable object:\n' + '\n' + ' for_stmt ::= "for" target_list "in" starred_list ":" suite\n' + ' ["else" ":" suite]\n' + '\n' + 'The "starred_list" expression is evaluated once; it should yield ' + 'an\n' + '*iterable* object. An *iterator* is created for that iterable. ' + 'The\n' + 'first item provided by the iterator is then assigned to the ' + 'target\n' + 'list using the standard rules for assignments (see Assignment\n' + 'statements), and the suite is executed. This repeats for each ' + 'item\n' + 'provided by the iterator. When the iterator is exhausted, the ' + 'suite\n' + 'in the "else" clause, if present, is executed, and the loop\n' + 'terminates.\n' + '\n' + 'A "break" statement executed in the first suite terminates the ' + 'loop\n' + 'without executing the "else" clause’s suite. A "continue" ' + 'statement\n' + 'executed in the first suite skips the rest of the suite and ' + 'continues\n' + 'with the next item, or with the "else" clause if there is no ' + 'next\n' + 'item.\n' + '\n' + 'The for-loop makes assignments to the variables in the target ' + 'list.\n' + 'This overwrites all previous assignments to those variables ' + 'including\n' + 'those made in the suite of the for-loop:\n' + '\n' + ' for i in range(10):\n' + ' print(i)\n' + ' i = 5 # this will not affect the for-loop\n' + ' # because i will be overwritten with ' + 'the next\n' + ' # index in the range\n' + '\n' + 'Names in the target list are not deleted when the loop is ' + 'finished,\n' + 'but if the sequence is empty, they will not have been assigned ' + 'to at\n' + 'all by the loop. Hint: the built-in type "range()" represents\n' + 'immutable arithmetic sequences of integers. For instance, ' + 'iterating\n' + '"range(3)" successively yields 0, 1, and then 2.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.11: Starred elements are now allowed in ' + 'the\n' + 'expression list.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'The "try" statement\n' + '===================\n' + '\n' + 'The "try" statement specifies exception handlers and/or cleanup ' + 'code\n' + 'for a group of statements:\n' + '\n' + ' try_stmt ::= try1_stmt | try2_stmt | try3_stmt\n' + ' try1_stmt ::= "try" ":" suite\n' + ' ("except" [expression ["as" identifier]] ":" ' + 'suite)+\n' + ' ["else" ":" suite]\n' + ' ["finally" ":" suite]\n' + ' try2_stmt ::= "try" ":" suite\n' + ' ("except" "*" expression ["as" identifier] ":" ' + 'suite)+\n' + ' ["else" ":" suite]\n' + ' ["finally" ":" suite]\n' + ' try3_stmt ::= "try" ":" suite\n' + ' "finally" ":" suite\n' + '\n' + 'Additional information on exceptions can be found in section\n' + 'Exceptions, and information on using the "raise" statement to ' + 'generate\n' + 'exceptions may be found in section The raise statement.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + '"except" clause\n' + '---------------\n' + '\n' + 'The "except" clause(s) specify one or more exception handlers. ' + 'When no\n' + 'exception occurs in the "try" clause, no exception handler is\n' + 'executed. When an exception occurs in the "try" suite, a search ' + 'for an\n' + 'exception handler is started. This search inspects the "except"\n' + 'clauses in turn until one is found that matches the exception. ' + 'An\n' + 'expression-less "except" clause, if present, must be last; it ' + 'matches\n' + 'any exception. For an "except" clause with an expression, that\n' + 'expression is evaluated, and the clause matches the exception if ' + 'the\n' + 'resulting object is “compatible” with the exception. An object ' + 'is\n' + 'compatible with an exception if the object is the class or a ' + '*non-\n' + 'virtual base class* of the exception object, or a tuple ' + 'containing an\n' + 'item that is the class or a non-virtual base class of the ' + 'exception\n' + 'object.\n' + '\n' + 'If no "except" clause matches the exception, the search for an\n' + 'exception handler continues in the surrounding code and on the\n' + 'invocation stack. [1]\n' + '\n' + 'If the evaluation of an expression in the header of an "except" ' + 'clause\n' + 'raises an exception, the original search for a handler is ' + 'canceled and\n' + 'a search starts for the new exception in the surrounding code ' + 'and on\n' + 'the call stack (it is treated as if the entire "try" statement ' + 'raised\n' + 'the exception).\n' + '\n' + 'When a matching "except" clause is found, the exception is ' + 'assigned to\n' + 'the target specified after the "as" keyword in that "except" ' + 'clause,\n' + 'if present, and the "except" clause’s suite is executed. All ' + '"except"\n' + 'clauses must have an executable block. When the end of this ' + 'block is\n' + 'reached, execution continues normally after the entire "try"\n' + 'statement. (This means that if two nested handlers exist for the ' + 'same\n' + 'exception, and the exception occurs in the "try" clause of the ' + 'inner\n' + 'handler, the outer handler will not handle the exception.)\n' + '\n' + 'When an exception has been assigned using "as target", it is ' + 'cleared\n' + 'at the end of the "except" clause. This is as if\n' + '\n' + ' except E as N:\n' + ' foo\n' + '\n' + 'was translated to\n' + '\n' + ' except E as N:\n' + ' try:\n' + ' foo\n' + ' finally:\n' + ' del N\n' + '\n' + 'This means the exception must be assigned to a different name to ' + 'be\n' + 'able to refer to it after the "except" clause. Exceptions are ' + 'cleared\n' + 'because with the traceback attached to them, they form a ' + 'reference\n' + 'cycle with the stack frame, keeping all locals in that frame ' + 'alive\n' + 'until the next garbage collection occurs.\n' + '\n' + 'Before an "except" clause’s suite is executed, the exception is ' + 'stored\n' + 'in the "sys" module, where it can be accessed from within the ' + 'body of\n' + 'the "except" clause by calling "sys.exception()". When leaving ' + 'an\n' + 'exception handler, the exception stored in the "sys" module is ' + 'reset\n' + 'to its previous value:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> print(sys.exception())\n' + ' None\n' + ' >>> try:\n' + ' ... raise TypeError\n' + ' ... except:\n' + ' ... print(repr(sys.exception()))\n' + ' ... try:\n' + ' ... raise ValueError\n' + ' ... except:\n' + ' ... print(repr(sys.exception()))\n' + ' ... print(repr(sys.exception()))\n' + ' ...\n' + ' TypeError()\n' + ' ValueError()\n' + ' TypeError()\n' + ' >>> print(sys.exception())\n' + ' None\n' + '\n' + '\n' + '"except*" clause\n' + '----------------\n' + '\n' + 'The "except*" clause(s) are used for handling "ExceptionGroup"s. ' + 'The\n' + 'exception type for matching is interpreted as in the case of ' + '"except",\n' + 'but in the case of exception groups we can have partial matches ' + 'when\n' + 'the type matches some of the exceptions in the group. This means ' + 'that\n' + 'multiple "except*" clauses can execute, each handling part of ' + 'the\n' + 'exception group. Each clause executes at most once and handles ' + 'an\n' + 'exception group of all matching exceptions. Each exception in ' + 'the\n' + 'group is handled by at most one "except*" clause, the first ' + 'that\n' + 'matches it.\n' + '\n' + ' >>> try:\n' + ' ... raise ExceptionGroup("eg",\n' + ' ... [ValueError(1), TypeError(2), OSError(3), ' + 'OSError(4)])\n' + ' ... except* TypeError as e:\n' + " ... print(f'caught {type(e)} with nested " + "{e.exceptions}')\n" + ' ... except* OSError as e:\n' + " ... print(f'caught {type(e)} with nested " + "{e.exceptions}')\n" + ' ...\n' + " caught with nested (TypeError(2),)\n" + " caught with nested (OSError(3), " + 'OSError(4))\n' + ' + Exception Group Traceback (most recent call last):\n' + ' | File "", line 2, in \n' + ' | ExceptionGroup: eg\n' + ' +-+---------------- 1 ----------------\n' + ' | ValueError: 1\n' + ' +------------------------------------\n' + '\n' + 'Any remaining exceptions that were not handled by any "except*" ' + 'clause\n' + 'are re-raised at the end, combined into an exception group along ' + 'with\n' + 'all exceptions that were raised from within "except*" clauses.\n' + '\n' + 'From version 3.11.4, when the entire "ExceptionGroup" is handled ' + 'and\n' + 'only one exception is raised from an "except*" clause, this ' + 'exception\n' + 'is no longer wrapped to form a new "ExceptionGroup".\n' + '\n' + 'If the raised exception is not an exception group and its type ' + 'matches\n' + 'one of the "except*" clauses, it is caught and wrapped by an ' + 'exception\n' + 'group with an empty message string.\n' + '\n' + ' >>> try:\n' + ' ... raise BlockingIOError\n' + ' ... except* BlockingIOError as e:\n' + ' ... print(repr(e))\n' + ' ...\n' + " ExceptionGroup('', (BlockingIOError()))\n" + '\n' + 'An "except*" clause must have a matching type, and this type ' + 'cannot be\n' + 'a subclass of "BaseExceptionGroup". It is not possible to mix ' + '"except"\n' + 'and "except*" in the same "try". "break", "continue" and ' + '"return"\n' + 'cannot appear in an "except*" clause.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + '"else" clause\n' + '-------------\n' + '\n' + 'The optional "else" clause is executed if the control flow ' + 'leaves the\n' + '"try" suite, no exception was raised, and no "return", ' + '"continue", or\n' + '"break" statement was executed. Exceptions in the "else" clause ' + 'are\n' + 'not handled by the preceding "except" clauses.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + '"finally" clause\n' + '----------------\n' + '\n' + 'If "finally" is present, it specifies a ‘cleanup’ handler. The ' + '"try"\n' + 'clause is executed, including any "except" and "else" clauses. ' + 'If an\n' + 'exception occurs in any of the clauses and is not handled, the\n' + 'exception is temporarily saved. The "finally" clause is ' + 'executed. If\n' + 'there is a saved exception it is re-raised at the end of the ' + '"finally"\n' + 'clause. If the "finally" clause raises another exception, the ' + 'saved\n' + 'exception is set as the context of the new exception. If the ' + '"finally"\n' + 'clause executes a "return", "break" or "continue" statement, the ' + 'saved\n' + 'exception is discarded:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> def f():\n' + ' ... try:\n' + ' ... 1/0\n' + ' ... finally:\n' + ' ... return 42\n' + ' ...\n' + ' >>> f()\n' + ' 42\n' + '\n' + 'The exception information is not available to the program ' + 'during\n' + 'execution of the "finally" clause.\n' + '\n' + 'When a "return", "break" or "continue" statement is executed in ' + 'the\n' + '"try" suite of a "try"…"finally" statement, the "finally" clause ' + 'is\n' + 'also executed ‘on the way out.’\n' + '\n' + 'The return value of a function is determined by the last ' + '"return"\n' + 'statement executed. Since the "finally" clause always executes, ' + 'a\n' + '"return" statement executed in the "finally" clause will always ' + 'be the\n' + 'last one executed:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> def foo():\n' + ' ... try:\n' + " ... return 'try'\n" + ' ... finally:\n' + " ... return 'finally'\n" + ' ...\n' + ' >>> foo()\n' + " 'finally'\n" + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.8: Prior to Python 3.8, a "continue" ' + 'statement\n' + 'was illegal in the "finally" clause due to a problem with the\n' + 'implementation.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'The "with" statement\n' + '====================\n' + '\n' + 'The "with" statement is used to wrap the execution of a block ' + 'with\n' + 'methods defined by a context manager (see section With ' + 'Statement\n' + 'Context Managers). This allows common "try"…"except"…"finally" ' + 'usage\n' + 'patterns to be encapsulated for convenient reuse.\n' + '\n' + ' with_stmt ::= "with" ( "(" with_stmt_contents ","? ' + '")" | with_stmt_contents ) ":" suite\n' + ' with_stmt_contents ::= with_item ("," with_item)*\n' + ' with_item ::= expression ["as" target]\n' + '\n' + 'The execution of the "with" statement with one “item” proceeds ' + 'as\n' + 'follows:\n' + '\n' + '1. The context expression (the expression given in the ' + '"with_item") is\n' + ' evaluated to obtain a context manager.\n' + '\n' + '2. The context manager’s "__enter__()" is loaded for later use.\n' + '\n' + '3. The context manager’s "__exit__()" is loaded for later use.\n' + '\n' + '4. The context manager’s "__enter__()" method is invoked.\n' + '\n' + '5. If a target was included in the "with" statement, the return ' + 'value\n' + ' from "__enter__()" is assigned to it.\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' The "with" statement guarantees that if the "__enter__()" ' + 'method\n' + ' returns without an error, then "__exit__()" will always be\n' + ' called. Thus, if an error occurs during the assignment to ' + 'the\n' + ' target list, it will be treated the same as an error ' + 'occurring\n' + ' within the suite would be. See step 7 below.\n' + '\n' + '6. The suite is executed.\n' + '\n' + '7. The context manager’s "__exit__()" method is invoked. If an\n' + ' exception caused the suite to be exited, its type, value, ' + 'and\n' + ' traceback are passed as arguments to "__exit__()". Otherwise, ' + 'three\n' + ' "None" arguments are supplied.\n' + '\n' + ' If the suite was exited due to an exception, and the return ' + 'value\n' + ' from the "__exit__()" method was false, the exception is ' + 'reraised.\n' + ' If the return value was true, the exception is suppressed, ' + 'and\n' + ' execution continues with the statement following the "with"\n' + ' statement.\n' + '\n' + ' If the suite was exited for any reason other than an ' + 'exception, the\n' + ' return value from "__exit__()" is ignored, and execution ' + 'proceeds\n' + ' at the normal location for the kind of exit that was taken.\n' + '\n' + 'The following code:\n' + '\n' + ' with EXPRESSION as TARGET:\n' + ' SUITE\n' + '\n' + 'is semantically equivalent to:\n' + '\n' + ' manager = (EXPRESSION)\n' + ' enter = type(manager).__enter__\n' + ' exit = type(manager).__exit__\n' + ' value = enter(manager)\n' + ' hit_except = False\n' + '\n' + ' try:\n' + ' TARGET = value\n' + ' SUITE\n' + ' except:\n' + ' hit_except = True\n' + ' if not exit(manager, *sys.exc_info()):\n' + ' raise\n' + ' finally:\n' + ' if not hit_except:\n' + ' exit(manager, None, None, None)\n' + '\n' + 'With more than one item, the context managers are processed as ' + 'if\n' + 'multiple "with" statements were nested:\n' + '\n' + ' with A() as a, B() as b:\n' + ' SUITE\n' + '\n' + 'is semantically equivalent to:\n' + '\n' + ' with A() as a:\n' + ' with B() as b:\n' + ' SUITE\n' + '\n' + 'You can also write multi-item context managers in multiple lines ' + 'if\n' + 'the items are surrounded by parentheses. For example:\n' + '\n' + ' with (\n' + ' A() as a,\n' + ' B() as b,\n' + ' ):\n' + ' SUITE\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.1: Support for multiple context ' + 'expressions.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.10: Support for using grouping parentheses ' + 'to\n' + 'break the statement in multiple lines.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 343** - The “with” statement\n' + ' The specification, background, and examples for the Python ' + '"with"\n' + ' statement.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'The "match" statement\n' + '=====================\n' + '\n' + 'New in version 3.10.\n' + '\n' + 'The match statement is used for pattern matching. Syntax:\n' + '\n' + ' match_stmt ::= \'match\' subject_expr ":" NEWLINE INDENT ' + 'case_block+ DEDENT\n' + ' subject_expr ::= star_named_expression "," ' + 'star_named_expressions?\n' + ' | named_expression\n' + ' case_block ::= \'case\' patterns [guard] ":" block\n' + '\n' + 'Note:\n' + '\n' + ' This section uses single quotes to denote soft keywords.\n' + '\n' + 'Pattern matching takes a pattern as input (following "case") and ' + 'a\n' + 'subject value (following "match"). The pattern (which may ' + 'contain\n' + 'subpatterns) is matched against the subject value. The outcomes ' + 'are:\n' + '\n' + '* A match success or failure (also termed a pattern success or\n' + ' failure).\n' + '\n' + '* Possible binding of matched values to a name. The ' + 'prerequisites for\n' + ' this are further discussed below.\n' + '\n' + 'The "match" and "case" keywords are soft keywords.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' * **PEP 634** – Structural Pattern Matching: Specification\n' + '\n' + ' * **PEP 636** – Structural Pattern Matching: Tutorial\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Overview\n' + '--------\n' + '\n' + 'Here’s an overview of the logical flow of a match statement:\n' + '\n' + '1. The subject expression "subject_expr" is evaluated and a ' + 'resulting\n' + ' subject value obtained. If the subject expression contains a ' + 'comma,\n' + ' a tuple is constructed using the standard rules.\n' + '\n' + '2. Each pattern in a "case_block" is attempted to match with ' + 'the\n' + ' subject value. The specific rules for success or failure are\n' + ' described below. The match attempt can also bind some or all ' + 'of the\n' + ' standalone names within the pattern. The precise pattern ' + 'binding\n' + ' rules vary per pattern type and are specified below. **Name\n' + ' bindings made during a successful pattern match outlive the\n' + ' executed block and can be used after the match statement**.\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' During failed pattern matches, some subpatterns may ' + 'succeed. Do\n' + ' not rely on bindings being made for a failed match. ' + 'Conversely,\n' + ' do not rely on variables remaining unchanged after a ' + 'failed\n' + ' match. The exact behavior is dependent on implementation ' + 'and may\n' + ' vary. This is an intentional decision made to allow ' + 'different\n' + ' implementations to add optimizations.\n' + '\n' + '3. If the pattern succeeds, the corresponding guard (if present) ' + 'is\n' + ' evaluated. In this case all name bindings are guaranteed to ' + 'have\n' + ' happened.\n' + '\n' + ' * If the guard evaluates as true or is missing, the "block" ' + 'inside\n' + ' "case_block" is executed.\n' + '\n' + ' * Otherwise, the next "case_block" is attempted as described ' + 'above.\n' + '\n' + ' * If there are no further case blocks, the match statement ' + 'is\n' + ' completed.\n' + '\n' + 'Note:\n' + '\n' + ' Users should generally never rely on a pattern being ' + 'evaluated.\n' + ' Depending on implementation, the interpreter may cache values ' + 'or use\n' + ' other optimizations which skip repeated evaluations.\n' + '\n' + 'A sample match statement:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> flag = False\n' + ' >>> match (100, 200):\n' + ' ... case (100, 300): # Mismatch: 200 != 300\n' + " ... print('Case 1')\n" + ' ... case (100, 200) if flag: # Successful match, but ' + 'guard fails\n' + " ... print('Case 2')\n" + ' ... case (100, y): # Matches and binds y to 200\n' + " ... print(f'Case 3, y: {y}')\n" + ' ... case _: # Pattern not attempted\n' + " ... print('Case 4, I match anything!')\n" + ' ...\n' + ' Case 3, y: 200\n' + '\n' + 'In this case, "if flag" is a guard. Read more about that in the ' + 'next\n' + 'section.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Guards\n' + '------\n' + '\n' + ' guard ::= "if" named_expression\n' + '\n' + 'A "guard" (which is part of the "case") must succeed for code ' + 'inside\n' + 'the "case" block to execute. It takes the form: "if" followed ' + 'by an\n' + 'expression.\n' + '\n' + 'The logical flow of a "case" block with a "guard" follows:\n' + '\n' + '1. Check that the pattern in the "case" block succeeded. If ' + 'the\n' + ' pattern failed, the "guard" is not evaluated and the next ' + '"case"\n' + ' block is checked.\n' + '\n' + '2. If the pattern succeeded, evaluate the "guard".\n' + '\n' + ' * If the "guard" condition evaluates as true, the case block ' + 'is\n' + ' selected.\n' + '\n' + ' * If the "guard" condition evaluates as false, the case block ' + 'is\n' + ' not selected.\n' + '\n' + ' * If the "guard" raises an exception during evaluation, the\n' + ' exception bubbles up.\n' + '\n' + 'Guards are allowed to have side effects as they are ' + 'expressions.\n' + 'Guard evaluation must proceed from the first to the last case ' + 'block,\n' + 'one at a time, skipping case blocks whose pattern(s) don’t all\n' + 'succeed. (I.e., guard evaluation must happen in order.) Guard\n' + 'evaluation must stop once a case block is selected.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Irrefutable Case Blocks\n' + '-----------------------\n' + '\n' + 'An irrefutable case block is a match-all case block. A match\n' + 'statement may have at most one irrefutable case block, and it ' + 'must be\n' + 'last.\n' + '\n' + 'A case block is considered irrefutable if it has no guard and ' + 'its\n' + 'pattern is irrefutable. A pattern is considered irrefutable if ' + 'we can\n' + 'prove from its syntax alone that it will always succeed. Only ' + 'the\n' + 'following patterns are irrefutable:\n' + '\n' + '* AS Patterns whose left-hand side is irrefutable\n' + '\n' + '* OR Patterns containing at least one irrefutable pattern\n' + '\n' + '* Capture Patterns\n' + '\n' + '* Wildcard Patterns\n' + '\n' + '* parenthesized irrefutable patterns\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Patterns\n' + '--------\n' + '\n' + 'Note:\n' + '\n' + ' This section uses grammar notations beyond standard EBNF:\n' + '\n' + ' * the notation "SEP.RULE+" is shorthand for "RULE (SEP ' + 'RULE)*"\n' + '\n' + ' * the notation "!RULE" is shorthand for a negative lookahead\n' + ' assertion\n' + '\n' + 'The top-level syntax for "patterns" is:\n' + '\n' + ' patterns ::= open_sequence_pattern | pattern\n' + ' pattern ::= as_pattern | or_pattern\n' + ' closed_pattern ::= | literal_pattern\n' + ' | capture_pattern\n' + ' | wildcard_pattern\n' + ' | value_pattern\n' + ' | group_pattern\n' + ' | sequence_pattern\n' + ' | mapping_pattern\n' + ' | class_pattern\n' + '\n' + 'The descriptions below will include a description “in simple ' + 'terms” of\n' + 'what a pattern does for illustration purposes (credits to ' + 'Raymond\n' + 'Hettinger for a document that inspired most of the ' + 'descriptions). Note\n' + 'that these descriptions are purely for illustration purposes and ' + '**may\n' + 'not** reflect the underlying implementation. Furthermore, they ' + 'do not\n' + 'cover all valid forms.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'OR Patterns\n' + '~~~~~~~~~~~\n' + '\n' + 'An OR pattern is two or more patterns separated by vertical bars ' + '"|".\n' + 'Syntax:\n' + '\n' + ' or_pattern ::= "|".closed_pattern+\n' + '\n' + 'Only the final subpattern may be irrefutable, and each ' + 'subpattern must\n' + 'bind the same set of names to avoid ambiguity.\n' + '\n' + 'An OR pattern matches each of its subpatterns in turn to the ' + 'subject\n' + 'value, until one succeeds. The OR pattern is then considered\n' + 'successful. Otherwise, if none of the subpatterns succeed, the ' + 'OR\n' + 'pattern fails.\n' + '\n' + 'In simple terms, "P1 | P2 | ..." will try to match "P1", if it ' + 'fails\n' + 'it will try to match "P2", succeeding immediately if any ' + 'succeeds,\n' + 'failing otherwise.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'AS Patterns\n' + '~~~~~~~~~~~\n' + '\n' + 'An AS pattern matches an OR pattern on the left of the "as" ' + 'keyword\n' + 'against a subject. Syntax:\n' + '\n' + ' as_pattern ::= or_pattern "as" capture_pattern\n' + '\n' + 'If the OR pattern fails, the AS pattern fails. Otherwise, the ' + 'AS\n' + 'pattern binds the subject to the name on the right of the as ' + 'keyword\n' + 'and succeeds. "capture_pattern" cannot be a "_".\n' + '\n' + 'In simple terms "P as NAME" will match with "P", and on success ' + 'it\n' + 'will set "NAME = ".\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Literal Patterns\n' + '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n' + '\n' + 'A literal pattern corresponds to most literals in Python. ' + 'Syntax:\n' + '\n' + ' literal_pattern ::= signed_number\n' + ' | signed_number "+" NUMBER\n' + ' | signed_number "-" NUMBER\n' + ' | strings\n' + ' | "None"\n' + ' | "True"\n' + ' | "False"\n' + ' | signed_number: NUMBER | "-" NUMBER\n' + '\n' + 'The rule "strings" and the token "NUMBER" are defined in the ' + 'standard\n' + 'Python grammar. Triple-quoted strings are supported. Raw ' + 'strings and\n' + 'byte strings are supported. f-strings are not supported.\n' + '\n' + 'The forms "signed_number \'+\' NUMBER" and "signed_number \'-\' ' + 'NUMBER"\n' + 'are for expressing complex numbers; they require a real number ' + 'on the\n' + 'left and an imaginary number on the right. E.g. "3 + 4j".\n' + '\n' + 'In simple terms, "LITERAL" will succeed only if " ==\n' + 'LITERAL". For the singletons "None", "True" and "False", the ' + '"is"\n' + 'operator is used.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Capture Patterns\n' + '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n' + '\n' + 'A capture pattern binds the subject value to a name. Syntax:\n' + '\n' + " capture_pattern ::= !'_' NAME\n" + '\n' + 'A single underscore "_" is not a capture pattern (this is what ' + '"!\'_\'"\n' + 'expresses). It is instead treated as a "wildcard_pattern".\n' + '\n' + 'In a given pattern, a given name can only be bound once. E.g. ' + '"case\n' + 'x, x: ..." is invalid while "case [x] | x: ..." is allowed.\n' + '\n' + 'Capture patterns always succeed. The binding follows scoping ' + 'rules\n' + 'established by the assignment expression operator in **PEP ' + '572**; the\n' + 'name becomes a local variable in the closest containing function ' + 'scope\n' + 'unless there’s an applicable "global" or "nonlocal" statement.\n' + '\n' + 'In simple terms "NAME" will always succeed and it will set "NAME ' + '=\n' + '".\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Wildcard Patterns\n' + '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n' + '\n' + 'A wildcard pattern always succeeds (matches anything) and binds ' + 'no\n' + 'name. Syntax:\n' + '\n' + " wildcard_pattern ::= '_'\n" + '\n' + '"_" is a soft keyword within any pattern, but only within ' + 'patterns.\n' + 'It is an identifier, as usual, even within "match" subject\n' + 'expressions, "guard"s, and "case" blocks.\n' + '\n' + 'In simple terms, "_" will always succeed.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Value Patterns\n' + '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n' + '\n' + 'A value pattern represents a named value in Python. Syntax:\n' + '\n' + ' value_pattern ::= attr\n' + ' attr ::= name_or_attr "." NAME\n' + ' name_or_attr ::= attr | NAME\n' + '\n' + 'The dotted name in the pattern is looked up using standard ' + 'Python name\n' + 'resolution rules. The pattern succeeds if the value found ' + 'compares\n' + 'equal to the subject value (using the "==" equality operator).\n' + '\n' + 'In simple terms "NAME1.NAME2" will succeed only if " ' + '==\n' + 'NAME1.NAME2"\n' + '\n' + 'Note:\n' + '\n' + ' If the same value occurs multiple times in the same match ' + 'statement,\n' + ' the interpreter may cache the first value found and reuse it ' + 'rather\n' + ' than repeat the same lookup. This cache is strictly tied to a ' + 'given\n' + ' execution of a given match statement.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Group Patterns\n' + '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n' + '\n' + 'A group pattern allows users to add parentheses around patterns ' + 'to\n' + 'emphasize the intended grouping. Otherwise, it has no ' + 'additional\n' + 'syntax. Syntax:\n' + '\n' + ' group_pattern ::= "(" pattern ")"\n' + '\n' + 'In simple terms "(P)" has the same effect as "P".\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Sequence Patterns\n' + '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n' + '\n' + 'A sequence pattern contains several subpatterns to be matched ' + 'against\n' + 'sequence elements. The syntax is similar to the unpacking of a ' + 'list or\n' + 'tuple.\n' + '\n' + ' sequence_pattern ::= "[" [maybe_sequence_pattern] "]"\n' + ' | "(" [open_sequence_pattern] ")"\n' + ' open_sequence_pattern ::= maybe_star_pattern "," ' + '[maybe_sequence_pattern]\n' + ' maybe_sequence_pattern ::= ",".maybe_star_pattern+ ","?\n' + ' maybe_star_pattern ::= star_pattern | pattern\n' + ' star_pattern ::= "*" (capture_pattern | ' + 'wildcard_pattern)\n' + '\n' + 'There is no difference if parentheses or square brackets are ' + 'used for\n' + 'sequence patterns (i.e. "(...)" vs "[...]" ).\n' + '\n' + 'Note:\n' + '\n' + ' A single pattern enclosed in parentheses without a trailing ' + 'comma\n' + ' (e.g. "(3 | 4)") is a group pattern. While a single pattern ' + 'enclosed\n' + ' in square brackets (e.g. "[3 | 4]") is still a sequence ' + 'pattern.\n' + '\n' + 'At most one star subpattern may be in a sequence pattern. The ' + 'star\n' + 'subpattern may occur in any position. If no star subpattern is\n' + 'present, the sequence pattern is a fixed-length sequence ' + 'pattern;\n' + 'otherwise it is a variable-length sequence pattern.\n' + '\n' + 'The following is the logical flow for matching a sequence ' + 'pattern\n' + 'against a subject value:\n' + '\n' + '1. If the subject value is not a sequence [2], the sequence ' + 'pattern\n' + ' fails.\n' + '\n' + '2. If the subject value is an instance of "str", "bytes" or\n' + ' "bytearray" the sequence pattern fails.\n' + '\n' + '3. The subsequent steps depend on whether the sequence pattern ' + 'is\n' + ' fixed or variable-length.\n' + '\n' + ' If the sequence pattern is fixed-length:\n' + '\n' + ' 1. If the length of the subject sequence is not equal to the ' + 'number\n' + ' of subpatterns, the sequence pattern fails\n' + '\n' + ' 2. Subpatterns in the sequence pattern are matched to their\n' + ' corresponding items in the subject sequence from left to ' + 'right.\n' + ' Matching stops as soon as a subpattern fails. If all\n' + ' subpatterns succeed in matching their corresponding item, ' + 'the\n' + ' sequence pattern succeeds.\n' + '\n' + ' Otherwise, if the sequence pattern is variable-length:\n' + '\n' + ' 1. If the length of the subject sequence is less than the ' + 'number of\n' + ' non-star subpatterns, the sequence pattern fails.\n' + '\n' + ' 2. The leading non-star subpatterns are matched to their\n' + ' corresponding items as for fixed-length sequences.\n' + '\n' + ' 3. If the previous step succeeds, the star subpattern matches ' + 'a\n' + ' list formed of the remaining subject items, excluding the\n' + ' remaining items corresponding to non-star subpatterns ' + 'following\n' + ' the star subpattern.\n' + '\n' + ' 4. Remaining non-star subpatterns are matched to their\n' + ' corresponding subject items, as for a fixed-length ' + 'sequence.\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' The length of the subject sequence is obtained via "len()" ' + '(i.e.\n' + ' via the "__len__()" protocol). This length may be cached ' + 'by the\n' + ' interpreter in a similar manner as value patterns.\n' + '\n' + 'In simple terms "[P1, P2, P3," … ", P]" matches only if all ' + 'the\n' + 'following happens:\n' + '\n' + '* check "" is a sequence\n' + '\n' + '* "len(subject) == "\n' + '\n' + '* "P1" matches "[0]" (note that this match can also ' + 'bind\n' + ' names)\n' + '\n' + '* "P2" matches "[1]" (note that this match can also ' + 'bind\n' + ' names)\n' + '\n' + '* … and so on for the corresponding pattern/element.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Mapping Patterns\n' + '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n' + '\n' + 'A mapping pattern contains one or more key-value patterns. The ' + 'syntax\n' + 'is similar to the construction of a dictionary. Syntax:\n' + '\n' + ' mapping_pattern ::= "{" [items_pattern] "}"\n' + ' items_pattern ::= ",".key_value_pattern+ ","?\n' + ' key_value_pattern ::= (literal_pattern | value_pattern) ":" ' + 'pattern\n' + ' | double_star_pattern\n' + ' double_star_pattern ::= "**" capture_pattern\n' + '\n' + 'At most one double star pattern may be in a mapping pattern. ' + 'The\n' + 'double star pattern must be the last subpattern in the mapping\n' + 'pattern.\n' + '\n' + 'Duplicate keys in mapping patterns are disallowed. Duplicate ' + 'literal\n' + 'keys will raise a "SyntaxError". Two keys that otherwise have ' + 'the same\n' + 'value will raise a "ValueError" at runtime.\n' + '\n' + 'The following is the logical flow for matching a mapping ' + 'pattern\n' + 'against a subject value:\n' + '\n' + '1. If the subject value is not a mapping [3],the mapping ' + 'pattern\n' + ' fails.\n' + '\n' + '2. If every key given in the mapping pattern is present in the ' + 'subject\n' + ' mapping, and the pattern for each key matches the ' + 'corresponding\n' + ' item of the subject mapping, the mapping pattern succeeds.\n' + '\n' + '3. If duplicate keys are detected in the mapping pattern, the ' + 'pattern\n' + ' is considered invalid. A "SyntaxError" is raised for ' + 'duplicate\n' + ' literal values; or a "ValueError" for named keys of the same ' + 'value.\n' + '\n' + 'Note:\n' + '\n' + ' Key-value pairs are matched using the two-argument form of ' + 'the\n' + ' mapping subject’s "get()" method. Matched key-value pairs ' + 'must\n' + ' already be present in the mapping, and not created on-the-fly ' + 'via\n' + ' "__missing__()" or "__getitem__()".\n' + '\n' + 'In simple terms "{KEY1: P1, KEY2: P2, ... }" matches only if all ' + 'the\n' + 'following happens:\n' + '\n' + '* check "" is a mapping\n' + '\n' + '* "KEY1 in "\n' + '\n' + '* "P1" matches "[KEY1]"\n' + '\n' + '* … and so on for the corresponding KEY/pattern pair.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Class Patterns\n' + '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n' + '\n' + 'A class pattern represents a class and its positional and ' + 'keyword\n' + 'arguments (if any). Syntax:\n' + '\n' + ' class_pattern ::= name_or_attr "(" [pattern_arguments ' + '","?] ")"\n' + ' pattern_arguments ::= positional_patterns ["," ' + 'keyword_patterns]\n' + ' | keyword_patterns\n' + ' positional_patterns ::= ",".pattern+\n' + ' keyword_patterns ::= ",".keyword_pattern+\n' + ' keyword_pattern ::= NAME "=" pattern\n' + '\n' + 'The same keyword should not be repeated in class patterns.\n' + '\n' + 'The following is the logical flow for matching a class pattern ' + 'against\n' + 'a subject value:\n' + '\n' + '1. If "name_or_attr" is not an instance of the builtin "type" , ' + 'raise\n' + ' "TypeError".\n' + '\n' + '2. If the subject value is not an instance of "name_or_attr" ' + '(tested\n' + ' via "isinstance()"), the class pattern fails.\n' + '\n' + '3. If no pattern arguments are present, the pattern succeeds.\n' + ' Otherwise, the subsequent steps depend on whether keyword or\n' + ' positional argument patterns are present.\n' + '\n' + ' For a number of built-in types (specified below), a single\n' + ' positional subpattern is accepted which will match the ' + 'entire\n' + ' subject; for these types keyword patterns also work as for ' + 'other\n' + ' types.\n' + '\n' + ' If only keyword patterns are present, they are processed as\n' + ' follows, one by one:\n' + '\n' + ' I. The keyword is looked up as an attribute on the subject.\n' + '\n' + ' * If this raises an exception other than "AttributeError", ' + 'the\n' + ' exception bubbles up.\n' + '\n' + ' * If this raises "AttributeError", the class pattern has ' + 'failed.\n' + '\n' + ' * Else, the subpattern associated with the keyword pattern ' + 'is\n' + ' matched against the subject’s attribute value. If this ' + 'fails,\n' + ' the class pattern fails; if this succeeds, the match ' + 'proceeds\n' + ' to the next keyword.\n' + '\n' + ' II. If all keyword patterns succeed, the class pattern ' + 'succeeds.\n' + '\n' + ' If any positional patterns are present, they are converted ' + 'to\n' + ' keyword patterns using the "__match_args__" attribute on the ' + 'class\n' + ' "name_or_attr" before matching:\n' + '\n' + ' I. The equivalent of "getattr(cls, "__match_args__", ())" is\n' + ' called.\n' + '\n' + ' * If this raises an exception, the exception bubbles up.\n' + '\n' + ' * If the returned value is not a tuple, the conversion ' + 'fails and\n' + ' "TypeError" is raised.\n' + '\n' + ' * If there are more positional patterns than\n' + ' "len(cls.__match_args__)", "TypeError" is raised.\n' + '\n' + ' * Otherwise, positional pattern "i" is converted to a ' + 'keyword\n' + ' pattern using "__match_args__[i]" as the keyword.\n' + ' "__match_args__[i]" must be a string; if not "TypeError" ' + 'is\n' + ' raised.\n' + '\n' + ' * If there are duplicate keywords, "TypeError" is raised.\n' + '\n' + ' See also:\n' + '\n' + ' Customizing positional arguments in class pattern ' + 'matching\n' + '\n' + ' II. Once all positional patterns have been converted to ' + 'keyword\n' + ' patterns,\n' + ' the match proceeds as if there were only keyword ' + 'patterns.\n' + '\n' + ' For the following built-in types the handling of positional\n' + ' subpatterns is different:\n' + '\n' + ' * "bool"\n' + '\n' + ' * "bytearray"\n' + '\n' + ' * "bytes"\n' + '\n' + ' * "dict"\n' + '\n' + ' * "float"\n' + '\n' + ' * "frozenset"\n' + '\n' + ' * "int"\n' + '\n' + ' * "list"\n' + '\n' + ' * "set"\n' + '\n' + ' * "str"\n' + '\n' + ' * "tuple"\n' + '\n' + ' These classes accept a single positional argument, and the ' + 'pattern\n' + ' there is matched against the whole object rather than an ' + 'attribute.\n' + ' For example "int(0|1)" matches the value "0", but not the ' + 'value\n' + ' "0.0".\n' + '\n' + 'In simple terms "CLS(P1, attr=P2)" matches only if the ' + 'following\n' + 'happens:\n' + '\n' + '* "isinstance(, CLS)"\n' + '\n' + '* convert "P1" to a keyword pattern using "CLS.__match_args__"\n' + '\n' + '* For each keyword argument "attr=P2":\n' + '\n' + ' * "hasattr(, "attr")"\n' + '\n' + ' * "P2" matches ".attr"\n' + '\n' + '* … and so on for the corresponding keyword argument/pattern ' + 'pair.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' * **PEP 634** – Structural Pattern Matching: Specification\n' + '\n' + ' * **PEP 636** – Structural Pattern Matching: Tutorial\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Function definitions\n' + '====================\n' + '\n' + 'A function definition defines a user-defined function object ' + '(see\n' + 'section The standard type hierarchy):\n' + '\n' + ' funcdef ::= [decorators] "def" funcname "(" ' + '[parameter_list] ")"\n' + ' ["->" expression] ":" suite\n' + ' decorators ::= decorator+\n' + ' decorator ::= "@" assignment_expression ' + 'NEWLINE\n' + ' parameter_list ::= defparameter ("," ' + 'defparameter)* "," "/" ["," [parameter_list_no_posonly]]\n' + ' | parameter_list_no_posonly\n' + ' parameter_list_no_posonly ::= defparameter ("," ' + 'defparameter)* ["," [parameter_list_starargs]]\n' + ' | parameter_list_starargs\n' + ' parameter_list_starargs ::= "*" [parameter] ("," ' + 'defparameter)* ["," ["**" parameter [","]]]\n' + ' | "**" parameter [","]\n' + ' parameter ::= identifier [":" expression]\n' + ' defparameter ::= parameter ["=" expression]\n' + ' funcname ::= identifier\n' + '\n' + 'A function definition is an executable statement. Its execution ' + 'binds\n' + 'the function name in the current local namespace to a function ' + 'object\n' + '(a wrapper around the executable code for the function). This\n' + 'function object contains a reference to the current global ' + 'namespace\n' + 'as the global namespace to be used when the function is called.\n' + '\n' + 'The function definition does not execute the function body; this ' + 'gets\n' + 'executed only when the function is called. [4]\n' + '\n' + 'A function definition may be wrapped by one or more *decorator*\n' + 'expressions. Decorator expressions are evaluated when the ' + 'function is\n' + 'defined, in the scope that contains the function definition. ' + 'The\n' + 'result must be a callable, which is invoked with the function ' + 'object\n' + 'as the only argument. The returned value is bound to the ' + 'function name\n' + 'instead of the function object. Multiple decorators are applied ' + 'in\n' + 'nested fashion. For example, the following code\n' + '\n' + ' @f1(arg)\n' + ' @f2\n' + ' def func(): pass\n' + '\n' + 'is roughly equivalent to\n' + '\n' + ' def func(): pass\n' + ' func = f1(arg)(f2(func))\n' + '\n' + 'except that the original function is not temporarily bound to ' + 'the name\n' + '"func".\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.9: Functions may be decorated with any ' + 'valid\n' + '"assignment_expression". Previously, the grammar was much more\n' + 'restrictive; see **PEP 614** for details.\n' + '\n' + 'When one or more *parameters* have the form *parameter* "="\n' + '*expression*, the function is said to have “default parameter ' + 'values.”\n' + 'For a parameter with a default value, the corresponding ' + '*argument* may\n' + 'be omitted from a call, in which case the parameter’s default ' + 'value is\n' + 'substituted. If a parameter has a default value, all following\n' + 'parameters up until the “"*"” must also have a default value — ' + 'this is\n' + 'a syntactic restriction that is not expressed by the grammar.\n' + '\n' + '**Default parameter values are evaluated from left to right when ' + 'the\n' + 'function definition is executed.** This means that the ' + 'expression is\n' + 'evaluated once, when the function is defined, and that the same ' + '“pre-\n' + 'computed” value is used for each call. This is especially ' + 'important\n' + 'to understand when a default parameter value is a mutable ' + 'object, such\n' + 'as a list or a dictionary: if the function modifies the object ' + '(e.g.\n' + 'by appending an item to a list), the default parameter value is ' + 'in\n' + 'effect modified. This is generally not what was intended. A ' + 'way\n' + 'around this is to use "None" as the default, and explicitly test ' + 'for\n' + 'it in the body of the function, e.g.:\n' + '\n' + ' def whats_on_the_telly(penguin=None):\n' + ' if penguin is None:\n' + ' penguin = []\n' + ' penguin.append("property of the zoo")\n' + ' return penguin\n' + '\n' + 'Function call semantics are described in more detail in section ' + 'Calls.\n' + 'A function call always assigns values to all parameters ' + 'mentioned in\n' + 'the parameter list, either from positional arguments, from ' + 'keyword\n' + 'arguments, or from default values. If the form “"*identifier"” ' + 'is\n' + 'present, it is initialized to a tuple receiving any excess ' + 'positional\n' + 'parameters, defaulting to the empty tuple. If the form\n' + '“"**identifier"” is present, it is initialized to a new ordered\n' + 'mapping receiving any excess keyword arguments, defaulting to a ' + 'new\n' + 'empty mapping of the same type. Parameters after “"*"” or\n' + '“"*identifier"” are keyword-only parameters and may only be ' + 'passed by\n' + 'keyword arguments. Parameters before “"/"” are positional-only\n' + 'parameters and may only be passed by positional arguments.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.8: The "/" function parameter syntax may be ' + 'used\n' + 'to indicate positional-only parameters. See **PEP 570** for ' + 'details.\n' + '\n' + 'Parameters may have an *annotation* of the form “": ' + 'expression"”\n' + 'following the parameter name. Any parameter may have an ' + 'annotation,\n' + 'even those of the form "*identifier" or "**identifier". ' + 'Functions may\n' + 'have “return” annotation of the form “"-> expression"” after ' + 'the\n' + 'parameter list. These annotations can be any valid Python ' + 'expression.\n' + 'The presence of annotations does not change the semantics of a\n' + 'function. The annotation values are available as values of a\n' + 'dictionary keyed by the parameters’ names in the ' + '"__annotations__"\n' + 'attribute of the function object. If the "annotations" import ' + 'from\n' + '"__future__" is used, annotations are preserved as strings at ' + 'runtime\n' + 'which enables postponed evaluation. Otherwise, they are ' + 'evaluated\n' + 'when the function definition is executed. In this case ' + 'annotations\n' + 'may be evaluated in a different order than they appear in the ' + 'source\n' + 'code.\n' + '\n' + 'It is also possible to create anonymous functions (functions not ' + 'bound\n' + 'to a name), for immediate use in expressions. This uses lambda\n' + 'expressions, described in section Lambdas. Note that the ' + 'lambda\n' + 'expression is merely a shorthand for a simplified function ' + 'definition;\n' + 'a function defined in a “"def"” statement can be passed around ' + 'or\n' + 'assigned to another name just like a function defined by a ' + 'lambda\n' + 'expression. The “"def"” form is actually more powerful since ' + 'it\n' + 'allows the execution of multiple statements and annotations.\n' + '\n' + '**Programmer’s note:** Functions are first-class objects. A ' + '“"def"”\n' + 'statement executed inside a function definition defines a local\n' + 'function that can be returned or passed around. Free variables ' + 'used\n' + 'in the nested function can access the local variables of the ' + 'function\n' + 'containing the def. See section Naming and binding for ' + 'details.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 3107** - Function Annotations\n' + ' The original specification for function annotations.\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 484** - Type Hints\n' + ' Definition of a standard meaning for annotations: type ' + 'hints.\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 526** - Syntax for Variable Annotations\n' + ' Ability to type hint variable declarations, including ' + 'class\n' + ' variables and instance variables.\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 563** - Postponed Evaluation of Annotations\n' + ' Support for forward references within annotations by ' + 'preserving\n' + ' annotations in a string form at runtime instead of eager\n' + ' evaluation.\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 318** - Decorators for Functions and Methods\n' + ' Function and method decorators were introduced. Class ' + 'decorators\n' + ' were introduced in **PEP 3129**.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Class definitions\n' + '=================\n' + '\n' + 'A class definition defines a class object (see section The ' + 'standard\n' + 'type hierarchy):\n' + '\n' + ' classdef ::= [decorators] "class" classname [inheritance] ' + '":" suite\n' + ' inheritance ::= "(" [argument_list] ")"\n' + ' classname ::= identifier\n' + '\n' + 'A class definition is an executable statement. The inheritance ' + 'list\n' + 'usually gives a list of base classes (see Metaclasses for more\n' + 'advanced uses), so each item in the list should evaluate to a ' + 'class\n' + 'object which allows subclassing. Classes without an inheritance ' + 'list\n' + 'inherit, by default, from the base class "object"; hence,\n' + '\n' + ' class Foo:\n' + ' pass\n' + '\n' + 'is equivalent to\n' + '\n' + ' class Foo(object):\n' + ' pass\n' + '\n' + 'The class’s suite is then executed in a new execution frame ' + '(see\n' + 'Naming and binding), using a newly created local namespace and ' + 'the\n' + 'original global namespace. (Usually, the suite contains mostly\n' + 'function definitions.) When the class’s suite finishes ' + 'execution, its\n' + 'execution frame is discarded but its local namespace is saved. ' + '[5] A\n' + 'class object is then created using the inheritance list for the ' + 'base\n' + 'classes and the saved local namespace for the attribute ' + 'dictionary.\n' + 'The class name is bound to this class object in the original ' + 'local\n' + 'namespace.\n' + '\n' + 'The order in which attributes are defined in the class body is\n' + 'preserved in the new class’s "__dict__". Note that this is ' + 'reliable\n' + 'only right after the class is created and only for classes that ' + 'were\n' + 'defined using the definition syntax.\n' + '\n' + 'Class creation can be customized heavily using metaclasses.\n' + '\n' + 'Classes can also be decorated: just like when decorating ' + 'functions,\n' + '\n' + ' @f1(arg)\n' + ' @f2\n' + ' class Foo: pass\n' + '\n' + 'is roughly equivalent to\n' + '\n' + ' class Foo: pass\n' + ' Foo = f1(arg)(f2(Foo))\n' + '\n' + 'The evaluation rules for the decorator expressions are the same ' + 'as for\n' + 'function decorators. The result is then bound to the class ' + 'name.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.9: Classes may be decorated with any valid\n' + '"assignment_expression". Previously, the grammar was much more\n' + 'restrictive; see **PEP 614** for details.\n' + '\n' + '**Programmer’s note:** Variables defined in the class definition ' + 'are\n' + 'class attributes; they are shared by instances. Instance ' + 'attributes\n' + 'can be set in a method with "self.name = value". Both class ' + 'and\n' + 'instance attributes are accessible through the notation ' + '“"self.name"”,\n' + 'and an instance attribute hides a class attribute with the same ' + 'name\n' + 'when accessed in this way. Class attributes can be used as ' + 'defaults\n' + 'for instance attributes, but using mutable values there can lead ' + 'to\n' + 'unexpected results. Descriptors can be used to create instance\n' + 'variables with different implementation details.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 3115** - Metaclasses in Python 3000\n' + ' The proposal that changed the declaration of metaclasses to ' + 'the\n' + ' current syntax, and the semantics for how classes with\n' + ' metaclasses are constructed.\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 3129** - Class Decorators\n' + ' The proposal that added class decorators. Function and ' + 'method\n' + ' decorators were introduced in **PEP 318**.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Coroutines\n' + '==========\n' + '\n' + 'New in version 3.5.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Coroutine function definition\n' + '-----------------------------\n' + '\n' + ' async_funcdef ::= [decorators] "async" "def" funcname "(" ' + '[parameter_list] ")"\n' + ' ["->" expression] ":" suite\n' + '\n' + 'Execution of Python coroutines can be suspended and resumed at ' + 'many\n' + 'points (see *coroutine*). "await" expressions, "async for" and ' + '"async\n' + 'with" can only be used in the body of a coroutine function.\n' + '\n' + 'Functions defined with "async def" syntax are always coroutine\n' + 'functions, even if they do not contain "await" or "async" ' + 'keywords.\n' + '\n' + 'It is a "SyntaxError" to use a "yield from" expression inside ' + 'the body\n' + 'of a coroutine function.\n' + '\n' + 'An example of a coroutine function:\n' + '\n' + ' async def func(param1, param2):\n' + ' do_stuff()\n' + ' await some_coroutine()\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.7: "await" and "async" are now keywords;\n' + 'previously they were only treated as such inside the body of a\n' + 'coroutine function.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'The "async for" statement\n' + '-------------------------\n' + '\n' + ' async_for_stmt ::= "async" for_stmt\n' + '\n' + 'An *asynchronous iterable* provides an "__aiter__" method that\n' + 'directly returns an *asynchronous iterator*, which can call\n' + 'asynchronous code in its "__anext__" method.\n' + '\n' + 'The "async for" statement allows convenient iteration over\n' + 'asynchronous iterables.\n' + '\n' + 'The following code:\n' + '\n' + ' async for TARGET in ITER:\n' + ' SUITE\n' + ' else:\n' + ' SUITE2\n' + '\n' + 'Is semantically equivalent to:\n' + '\n' + ' iter = (ITER)\n' + ' iter = type(iter).__aiter__(iter)\n' + ' running = True\n' + '\n' + ' while running:\n' + ' try:\n' + ' TARGET = await type(iter).__anext__(iter)\n' + ' except StopAsyncIteration:\n' + ' running = False\n' + ' else:\n' + ' SUITE\n' + ' else:\n' + ' SUITE2\n' + '\n' + 'See also "__aiter__()" and "__anext__()" for details.\n' + '\n' + 'It is a "SyntaxError" to use an "async for" statement outside ' + 'the body\n' + 'of a coroutine function.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'The "async with" statement\n' + '--------------------------\n' + '\n' + ' async_with_stmt ::= "async" with_stmt\n' + '\n' + 'An *asynchronous context manager* is a *context manager* that is ' + 'able\n' + 'to suspend execution in its *enter* and *exit* methods.\n' + '\n' + 'The following code:\n' + '\n' + ' async with EXPRESSION as TARGET:\n' + ' SUITE\n' + '\n' + 'is semantically equivalent to:\n' + '\n' + ' manager = (EXPRESSION)\n' + ' aenter = type(manager).__aenter__\n' + ' aexit = type(manager).__aexit__\n' + ' value = await aenter(manager)\n' + ' hit_except = False\n' + '\n' + ' try:\n' + ' TARGET = value\n' + ' SUITE\n' + ' except:\n' + ' hit_except = True\n' + ' if not await aexit(manager, *sys.exc_info()):\n' + ' raise\n' + ' finally:\n' + ' if not hit_except:\n' + ' await aexit(manager, None, None, None)\n' + '\n' + 'See also "__aenter__()" and "__aexit__()" for details.\n' + '\n' + 'It is a "SyntaxError" to use an "async with" statement outside ' + 'the\n' + 'body of a coroutine function.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 492** - Coroutines with async and await syntax\n' + ' The proposal that made coroutines a proper standalone ' + 'concept in\n' + ' Python, and added supporting syntax.\n' + '\n' + '-[ Footnotes ]-\n' + '\n' + '[1] The exception is propagated to the invocation stack unless ' + 'there\n' + ' is a "finally" clause which happens to raise another ' + 'exception.\n' + ' That new exception causes the old one to be lost.\n' + '\n' + '[2] In pattern matching, a sequence is defined as one of the\n' + ' following:\n' + '\n' + ' * a class that inherits from "collections.abc.Sequence"\n' + '\n' + ' * a Python class that has been registered as\n' + ' "collections.abc.Sequence"\n' + '\n' + ' * a builtin class that has its (CPython) ' + '"Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE" bit\n' + ' set\n' + '\n' + ' * a class that inherits from any of the above\n' + '\n' + ' The following standard library classes are sequences:\n' + '\n' + ' * "array.array"\n' + '\n' + ' * "collections.deque"\n' + '\n' + ' * "list"\n' + '\n' + ' * "memoryview"\n' + '\n' + ' * "range"\n' + '\n' + ' * "tuple"\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' Subject values of type "str", "bytes", and "bytearray" do ' + 'not\n' + ' match sequence patterns.\n' + '\n' + '[3] In pattern matching, a mapping is defined as one of the ' + 'following:\n' + '\n' + ' * a class that inherits from "collections.abc.Mapping"\n' + '\n' + ' * a Python class that has been registered as\n' + ' "collections.abc.Mapping"\n' + '\n' + ' * a builtin class that has its (CPython) ' + '"Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING" bit\n' + ' set\n' + '\n' + ' * a class that inherits from any of the above\n' + '\n' + ' The standard library classes "dict" and ' + '"types.MappingProxyType"\n' + ' are mappings.\n' + '\n' + '[4] A string literal appearing as the first statement in the ' + 'function\n' + ' body is transformed into the function’s "__doc__" attribute ' + 'and\n' + ' therefore the function’s *docstring*.\n' + '\n' + '[5] A string literal appearing as the first statement in the ' + 'class\n' + ' body is transformed into the namespace’s "__doc__" item and\n' + ' therefore the class’s *docstring*.\n', + 'context-managers': 'With Statement Context Managers\n' + '*******************************\n' + '\n' + 'A *context manager* is an object that defines the ' + 'runtime context to\n' + 'be established when executing a "with" statement. The ' + 'context manager\n' + 'handles the entry into, and the exit from, the desired ' + 'runtime context\n' + 'for the execution of the block of code. Context ' + 'managers are normally\n' + 'invoked using the "with" statement (described in section ' + 'The with\n' + 'statement), but can also be used by directly invoking ' + 'their methods.\n' + '\n' + 'Typical uses of context managers include saving and ' + 'restoring various\n' + 'kinds of global state, locking and unlocking resources, ' + 'closing opened\n' + 'files, etc.\n' + '\n' + 'For more information on context managers, see Context ' + 'Manager Types.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__enter__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Enter the runtime context related to this object. The ' + '"with"\n' + ' statement will bind this method’s return value to the ' + 'target(s)\n' + ' specified in the "as" clause of the statement, if ' + 'any.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback)\n' + '\n' + ' Exit the runtime context related to this object. The ' + 'parameters\n' + ' describe the exception that caused the context to be ' + 'exited. If the\n' + ' context was exited without an exception, all three ' + 'arguments will\n' + ' be "None".\n' + '\n' + ' If an exception is supplied, and the method wishes to ' + 'suppress the\n' + ' exception (i.e., prevent it from being propagated), ' + 'it should\n' + ' return a true value. Otherwise, the exception will be ' + 'processed\n' + ' normally upon exit from this method.\n' + '\n' + ' Note that "__exit__()" methods should not reraise the ' + 'passed-in\n' + ' exception; this is the caller’s responsibility.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 343** - The “with” statement\n' + ' The specification, background, and examples for the ' + 'Python "with"\n' + ' statement.\n', + 'continue': 'The "continue" statement\n' + '************************\n' + '\n' + ' continue_stmt ::= "continue"\n' + '\n' + '"continue" may only occur syntactically nested in a "for" or ' + '"while"\n' + 'loop, but not nested in a function or class definition within ' + 'that\n' + 'loop. It continues with the next cycle of the nearest enclosing ' + 'loop.\n' + '\n' + 'When "continue" passes control out of a "try" statement with a\n' + '"finally" clause, that "finally" clause is executed before ' + 'really\n' + 'starting the next loop cycle.\n', + 'conversions': 'Arithmetic conversions\n' + '**********************\n' + '\n' + 'When a description of an arithmetic operator below uses the ' + 'phrase\n' + '“the numeric arguments are converted to a common type”, this ' + 'means\n' + 'that the operator implementation for built-in types works as ' + 'follows:\n' + '\n' + '* If either argument is a complex number, the other is ' + 'converted to\n' + ' complex;\n' + '\n' + '* otherwise, if either argument is a floating point number, ' + 'the other\n' + ' is converted to floating point;\n' + '\n' + '* otherwise, both must be integers and no conversion is ' + 'necessary.\n' + '\n' + 'Some additional rules apply for certain operators (e.g., a ' + 'string as a\n' + 'left argument to the ‘%’ operator). Extensions must define ' + 'their own\n' + 'conversion behavior.\n', + 'customization': 'Basic customization\n' + '*******************\n' + '\n' + 'object.__new__(cls[, ...])\n' + '\n' + ' Called to create a new instance of class *cls*. ' + '"__new__()" is a\n' + ' static method (special-cased so you need not declare it ' + 'as such)\n' + ' that takes the class of which an instance was requested ' + 'as its\n' + ' first argument. The remaining arguments are those ' + 'passed to the\n' + ' object constructor expression (the call to the class). ' + 'The return\n' + ' value of "__new__()" should be the new object instance ' + '(usually an\n' + ' instance of *cls*).\n' + '\n' + ' Typical implementations create a new instance of the ' + 'class by\n' + ' invoking the superclass’s "__new__()" method using\n' + ' "super().__new__(cls[, ...])" with appropriate arguments ' + 'and then\n' + ' modifying the newly created instance as necessary before ' + 'returning\n' + ' it.\n' + '\n' + ' If "__new__()" is invoked during object construction and ' + 'it returns\n' + ' an instance of *cls*, then the new instance’s ' + '"__init__()" method\n' + ' will be invoked like "__init__(self[, ...])", where ' + '*self* is the\n' + ' new instance and the remaining arguments are the same as ' + 'were\n' + ' passed to the object constructor.\n' + '\n' + ' If "__new__()" does not return an instance of *cls*, ' + 'then the new\n' + ' instance’s "__init__()" method will not be invoked.\n' + '\n' + ' "__new__()" is intended mainly to allow subclasses of ' + 'immutable\n' + ' types (like int, str, or tuple) to customize instance ' + 'creation. It\n' + ' is also commonly overridden in custom metaclasses in ' + 'order to\n' + ' customize class creation.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__init__(self[, ...])\n' + '\n' + ' Called after the instance has been created (by ' + '"__new__()"), but\n' + ' before it is returned to the caller. The arguments are ' + 'those\n' + ' passed to the class constructor expression. If a base ' + 'class has an\n' + ' "__init__()" method, the derived class’s "__init__()" ' + 'method, if\n' + ' any, must explicitly call it to ensure proper ' + 'initialization of the\n' + ' base class part of the instance; for example:\n' + ' "super().__init__([args...])".\n' + '\n' + ' Because "__new__()" and "__init__()" work together in ' + 'constructing\n' + ' objects ("__new__()" to create it, and "__init__()" to ' + 'customize\n' + ' it), no non-"None" value may be returned by ' + '"__init__()"; doing so\n' + ' will cause a "TypeError" to be raised at runtime.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__del__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called when the instance is about to be destroyed. This ' + 'is also\n' + ' called a finalizer or (improperly) a destructor. If a ' + 'base class\n' + ' has a "__del__()" method, the derived class’s ' + '"__del__()" method,\n' + ' if any, must explicitly call it to ensure proper ' + 'deletion of the\n' + ' base class part of the instance.\n' + '\n' + ' It is possible (though not recommended!) for the ' + '"__del__()" method\n' + ' to postpone destruction of the instance by creating a ' + 'new reference\n' + ' to it. This is called object *resurrection*. It is\n' + ' implementation-dependent whether "__del__()" is called a ' + 'second\n' + ' time when a resurrected object is about to be destroyed; ' + 'the\n' + ' current *CPython* implementation only calls it once.\n' + '\n' + ' It is not guaranteed that "__del__()" methods are called ' + 'for\n' + ' objects that still exist when the interpreter exits.\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' "del x" doesn’t directly call "x.__del__()" — the ' + 'former\n' + ' decrements the reference count for "x" by one, and the ' + 'latter is\n' + ' only called when "x"’s reference count reaches zero.\n' + '\n' + ' **CPython implementation detail:** It is possible for a ' + 'reference\n' + ' cycle to prevent the reference count of an object from ' + 'going to\n' + ' zero. In this case, the cycle will be later detected ' + 'and deleted\n' + ' by the *cyclic garbage collector*. A common cause of ' + 'reference\n' + ' cycles is when an exception has been caught in a local ' + 'variable.\n' + ' The frame’s locals then reference the exception, which ' + 'references\n' + ' its own traceback, which references the locals of all ' + 'frames caught\n' + ' in the traceback.\n' + '\n' + ' See also: Documentation for the "gc" module.\n' + '\n' + ' Warning:\n' + '\n' + ' Due to the precarious circumstances under which ' + '"__del__()"\n' + ' methods are invoked, exceptions that occur during ' + 'their execution\n' + ' are ignored, and a warning is printed to "sys.stderr" ' + 'instead.\n' + ' In particular:\n' + '\n' + ' * "__del__()" can be invoked when arbitrary code is ' + 'being\n' + ' executed, including from any arbitrary thread. If ' + '"__del__()"\n' + ' needs to take a lock or invoke any other blocking ' + 'resource, it\n' + ' may deadlock as the resource may already be taken by ' + 'the code\n' + ' that gets interrupted to execute "__del__()".\n' + '\n' + ' * "__del__()" can be executed during interpreter ' + 'shutdown. As a\n' + ' consequence, the global variables it needs to access ' + '(including\n' + ' other modules) may already have been deleted or set ' + 'to "None".\n' + ' Python guarantees that globals whose name begins ' + 'with a single\n' + ' underscore are deleted from their module before ' + 'other globals\n' + ' are deleted; if no other references to such globals ' + 'exist, this\n' + ' may help in assuring that imported modules are still ' + 'available\n' + ' at the time when the "__del__()" method is called.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__repr__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called by the "repr()" built-in function to compute the ' + '“official”\n' + ' string representation of an object. If at all possible, ' + 'this\n' + ' should look like a valid Python expression that could be ' + 'used to\n' + ' recreate an object with the same value (given an ' + 'appropriate\n' + ' environment). If this is not possible, a string of the ' + 'form\n' + ' "<...some useful description...>" should be returned. ' + 'The return\n' + ' value must be a string object. If a class defines ' + '"__repr__()" but\n' + ' not "__str__()", then "__repr__()" is also used when an ' + '“informal”\n' + ' string representation of instances of that class is ' + 'required.\n' + '\n' + ' This is typically used for debugging, so it is important ' + 'that the\n' + ' representation is information-rich and unambiguous.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__str__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called by "str(object)" and the built-in functions ' + '"format()" and\n' + ' "print()" to compute the “informal” or nicely printable ' + 'string\n' + ' representation of an object. The return value must be a ' + 'string\n' + ' object.\n' + '\n' + ' This method differs from "object.__repr__()" in that ' + 'there is no\n' + ' expectation that "__str__()" return a valid Python ' + 'expression: a\n' + ' more convenient or concise representation can be used.\n' + '\n' + ' The default implementation defined by the built-in type ' + '"object"\n' + ' calls "object.__repr__()".\n' + '\n' + 'object.__bytes__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called by bytes to compute a byte-string representation ' + 'of an\n' + ' object. This should return a "bytes" object.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__format__(self, format_spec)\n' + '\n' + ' Called by the "format()" built-in function, and by ' + 'extension,\n' + ' evaluation of formatted string literals and the ' + '"str.format()"\n' + ' method, to produce a “formatted” string representation ' + 'of an\n' + ' object. The *format_spec* argument is a string that ' + 'contains a\n' + ' description of the formatting options desired. The ' + 'interpretation\n' + ' of the *format_spec* argument is up to the type ' + 'implementing\n' + ' "__format__()", however most classes will either ' + 'delegate\n' + ' formatting to one of the built-in types, or use a ' + 'similar\n' + ' formatting option syntax.\n' + '\n' + ' See Format Specification Mini-Language for a description ' + 'of the\n' + ' standard formatting syntax.\n' + '\n' + ' The return value must be a string object.\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.4: The __format__ method of ' + '"object" itself\n' + ' raises a "TypeError" if passed any non-empty string.\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.7: "object.__format__(x, \'\')" is ' + 'now\n' + ' equivalent to "str(x)" rather than "format(str(x), ' + '\'\')".\n' + '\n' + 'object.__lt__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__le__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__eq__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__ne__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__gt__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__ge__(self, other)\n' + '\n' + ' These are the so-called “rich comparison” methods. The\n' + ' correspondence between operator symbols and method names ' + 'is as\n' + ' follows: "xy" calls\n' + ' "x.__gt__(y)", and "x>=y" calls "x.__ge__(y)".\n' + '\n' + ' A rich comparison method may return the singleton ' + '"NotImplemented"\n' + ' if it does not implement the operation for a given pair ' + 'of\n' + ' arguments. By convention, "False" and "True" are ' + 'returned for a\n' + ' successful comparison. However, these methods can return ' + 'any value,\n' + ' so if the comparison operator is used in a Boolean ' + 'context (e.g.,\n' + ' in the condition of an "if" statement), Python will call ' + '"bool()"\n' + ' on the value to determine if the result is true or ' + 'false.\n' + '\n' + ' By default, "object" implements "__eq__()" by using ' + '"is", returning\n' + ' "NotImplemented" in the case of a false comparison: ' + '"True if x is y\n' + ' else NotImplemented". For "__ne__()", by default it ' + 'delegates to\n' + ' "__eq__()" and inverts the result unless it is ' + '"NotImplemented".\n' + ' There are no other implied relationships among the ' + 'comparison\n' + ' operators or default implementations; for example, the ' + 'truth of\n' + ' "(x.__hash__".\n' + '\n' + ' If a class that does not override "__eq__()" wishes to ' + 'suppress\n' + ' hash support, it should include "__hash__ = None" in the ' + 'class\n' + ' definition. A class which defines its own "__hash__()" ' + 'that\n' + ' explicitly raises a "TypeError" would be incorrectly ' + 'identified as\n' + ' hashable by an "isinstance(obj, ' + 'collections.abc.Hashable)" call.\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' By default, the "__hash__()" values of str and bytes ' + 'objects are\n' + ' “salted” with an unpredictable random value. Although ' + 'they\n' + ' remain constant within an individual Python process, ' + 'they are not\n' + ' predictable between repeated invocations of ' + 'Python.This is\n' + ' intended to provide protection against a ' + 'denial-of-service caused\n' + ' by carefully chosen inputs that exploit the worst ' + 'case\n' + ' performance of a dict insertion, *O*(*n*^2) ' + 'complexity. See\n' + ' http://ocert.org/advisories/ocert-2011-003.html for\n' + ' details.Changing hash values affects the iteration ' + 'order of sets.\n' + ' Python has never made guarantees about this ordering ' + '(and it\n' + ' typically varies between 32-bit and 64-bit builds).See ' + 'also\n' + ' "PYTHONHASHSEED".\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.3: Hash randomization is enabled by ' + 'default.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__bool__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to implement truth value testing and the built-in ' + 'operation\n' + ' "bool()"; should return "False" or "True". When this ' + 'method is not\n' + ' defined, "__len__()" is called, if it is defined, and ' + 'the object is\n' + ' considered true if its result is nonzero. If a class ' + 'defines\n' + ' neither "__len__()" nor "__bool__()", all its instances ' + 'are\n' + ' considered true.\n', + 'debugger': '"pdb" — The Python Debugger\n' + '***************************\n' + '\n' + '**Source code:** Lib/pdb.py\n' + '\n' + '======================================================================\n' + '\n' + 'The module "pdb" defines an interactive source code debugger ' + 'for\n' + 'Python programs. It supports setting (conditional) breakpoints ' + 'and\n' + 'single stepping at the source line level, inspection of stack ' + 'frames,\n' + 'source code listing, and evaluation of arbitrary Python code in ' + 'the\n' + 'context of any stack frame. It also supports post-mortem ' + 'debugging\n' + 'and can be called under program control.\n' + '\n' + 'The debugger is extensible – it is actually defined as the ' + 'class\n' + '"Pdb". This is currently undocumented but easily understood by ' + 'reading\n' + 'the source. The extension interface uses the modules "bdb" and ' + '"cmd".\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' Module "faulthandler"\n' + ' Used to dump Python tracebacks explicitly, on a fault, ' + 'after a\n' + ' timeout, or on a user signal.\n' + '\n' + ' Module "traceback"\n' + ' Standard interface to extract, format and print stack ' + 'traces of\n' + ' Python programs.\n' + '\n' + 'The typical usage to break into the debugger is to insert:\n' + '\n' + ' import pdb; pdb.set_trace()\n' + '\n' + 'Or:\n' + '\n' + ' breakpoint()\n' + '\n' + 'at the location you want to break into the debugger, and then ' + 'run the\n' + 'program. You can then step through the code following this ' + 'statement,\n' + 'and continue running without the debugger using the "continue"\n' + 'command.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.7: The built-in "breakpoint()", when called ' + 'with\n' + 'defaults, can be used instead of "import pdb; pdb.set_trace()".\n' + '\n' + ' def double(x):\n' + ' breakpoint()\n' + ' return x * 2\n' + ' val = 3\n' + ' print(f"{val} * 2 is {double(val)}")\n' + '\n' + 'The debugger’s prompt is "(Pdb)", which is the indicator that ' + 'you are\n' + 'in debug mode:\n' + '\n' + ' > ...(3)double()\n' + ' -> return x * 2\n' + ' (Pdb) p x\n' + ' 3\n' + ' (Pdb) continue\n' + ' 3 * 2 is 6\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.3: Tab-completion via the "readline" module ' + 'is\n' + 'available for commands and command arguments, e.g. the current ' + 'global\n' + 'and local names are offered as arguments of the "p" command.\n' + '\n' + 'You can also invoke "pdb" from the command line to debug other\n' + 'scripts. For example:\n' + '\n' + ' python -m pdb myscript.py\n' + '\n' + 'When invoked as a module, pdb will automatically enter ' + 'post-mortem\n' + 'debugging if the program being debugged exits abnormally. After ' + 'post-\n' + 'mortem debugging (or after normal exit of the program), pdb ' + 'will\n' + 'restart the program. Automatic restarting preserves pdb’s state ' + '(such\n' + 'as breakpoints) and in most cases is more useful than quitting ' + 'the\n' + 'debugger upon program’s exit.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.2: Added the "-c" option to execute ' + 'commands as\n' + 'if given in a ".pdbrc" file; see Debugger Commands.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.7: Added the "-m" option to execute ' + 'modules\n' + 'similar to the way "python -m" does. As with a script, the ' + 'debugger\n' + 'will pause execution just before the first line of the module.\n' + '\n' + 'Typical usage to execute a statement under control of the ' + 'debugger is:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> import pdb\n' + ' >>> def f(x):\n' + ' ... print(1 / x)\n' + ' >>> pdb.run("f(2)")\n' + ' > (1)()\n' + ' (Pdb) continue\n' + ' 0.5\n' + ' >>>\n' + '\n' + 'The typical usage to inspect a crashed program is:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> import pdb\n' + ' >>> def f(x):\n' + ' ... print(1 / x)\n' + ' ...\n' + ' >>> f(0)\n' + ' Traceback (most recent call last):\n' + ' File "", line 1, in \n' + ' File "", line 2, in f\n' + ' ZeroDivisionError: division by zero\n' + ' >>> pdb.pm()\n' + ' > (2)f()\n' + ' (Pdb) p x\n' + ' 0\n' + ' (Pdb)\n' + '\n' + 'The module defines the following functions; each enters the ' + 'debugger\n' + 'in a slightly different way:\n' + '\n' + 'pdb.run(statement, globals=None, locals=None)\n' + '\n' + ' Execute the *statement* (given as a string or a code object) ' + 'under\n' + ' debugger control. The debugger prompt appears before any ' + 'code is\n' + ' executed; you can set breakpoints and type "continue", or you ' + 'can\n' + ' step through the statement using "step" or "next" (all these\n' + ' commands are explained below). The optional *globals* and ' + '*locals*\n' + ' arguments specify the environment in which the code is ' + 'executed; by\n' + ' default the dictionary of the module "__main__" is used. ' + '(See the\n' + ' explanation of the built-in "exec()" or "eval()" functions.)\n' + '\n' + 'pdb.runeval(expression, globals=None, locals=None)\n' + '\n' + ' Evaluate the *expression* (given as a string or a code ' + 'object)\n' + ' under debugger control. When "runeval()" returns, it returns ' + 'the\n' + ' value of the *expression*. Otherwise this function is ' + 'similar to\n' + ' "run()".\n' + '\n' + 'pdb.runcall(function, *args, **kwds)\n' + '\n' + ' Call the *function* (a function or method object, not a ' + 'string)\n' + ' with the given arguments. When "runcall()" returns, it ' + 'returns\n' + ' whatever the function call returned. The debugger prompt ' + 'appears\n' + ' as soon as the function is entered.\n' + '\n' + 'pdb.set_trace(*, header=None)\n' + '\n' + ' Enter the debugger at the calling stack frame. This is ' + 'useful to\n' + ' hard-code a breakpoint at a given point in a program, even if ' + 'the\n' + ' code is not otherwise being debugged (e.g. when an assertion\n' + ' fails). If given, *header* is printed to the console just ' + 'before\n' + ' debugging begins.\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.7: The keyword-only argument *header*.\n' + '\n' + 'pdb.post_mortem(traceback=None)\n' + '\n' + ' Enter post-mortem debugging of the given *traceback* object. ' + 'If no\n' + ' *traceback* is given, it uses the one of the exception that ' + 'is\n' + ' currently being handled (an exception must be being handled ' + 'if the\n' + ' default is to be used).\n' + '\n' + 'pdb.pm()\n' + '\n' + ' Enter post-mortem debugging of the traceback found in\n' + ' "sys.last_traceback".\n' + '\n' + 'The "run*" functions and "set_trace()" are aliases for ' + 'instantiating\n' + 'the "Pdb" class and calling the method of the same name. If you ' + 'want\n' + 'to access further features, you have to do this yourself:\n' + '\n' + "class pdb.Pdb(completekey='tab', stdin=None, stdout=None, " + 'skip=None, nosigint=False, readrc=True)\n' + '\n' + ' "Pdb" is the debugger class.\n' + '\n' + ' The *completekey*, *stdin* and *stdout* arguments are passed ' + 'to the\n' + ' underlying "cmd.Cmd" class; see the description there.\n' + '\n' + ' The *skip* argument, if given, must be an iterable of ' + 'glob-style\n' + ' module name patterns. The debugger will not step into frames ' + 'that\n' + ' originate in a module that matches one of these patterns. ' + '[1]\n' + '\n' + ' By default, Pdb sets a handler for the SIGINT signal (which ' + 'is sent\n' + ' when the user presses "Ctrl-C" on the console) when you give ' + 'a\n' + ' "continue" command. This allows you to break into the ' + 'debugger\n' + ' again by pressing "Ctrl-C". If you want Pdb not to touch ' + 'the\n' + ' SIGINT handler, set *nosigint* to true.\n' + '\n' + ' The *readrc* argument defaults to true and controls whether ' + 'Pdb\n' + ' will load .pdbrc files from the filesystem.\n' + '\n' + ' Example call to enable tracing with *skip*:\n' + '\n' + " import pdb; pdb.Pdb(skip=['django.*']).set_trace()\n" + '\n' + ' Raises an auditing event "pdb.Pdb" with no arguments.\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.1: Added the *skip* parameter.\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.2: Added the *nosigint* parameter. ' + 'Previously,\n' + ' a SIGINT handler was never set by Pdb.\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.6: The *readrc* argument.\n' + '\n' + ' run(statement, globals=None, locals=None)\n' + ' runeval(expression, globals=None, locals=None)\n' + ' runcall(function, *args, **kwds)\n' + ' set_trace()\n' + '\n' + ' See the documentation for the functions explained above.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Debugger Commands\n' + '=================\n' + '\n' + 'The commands recognized by the debugger are listed below. Most\n' + 'commands can be abbreviated to one or two letters as indicated; ' + 'e.g.\n' + '"h(elp)" means that either "h" or "help" can be used to enter ' + 'the help\n' + 'command (but not "he" or "hel", nor "H" or "Help" or "HELP").\n' + 'Arguments to commands must be separated by whitespace (spaces ' + 'or\n' + 'tabs). Optional arguments are enclosed in square brackets ' + '("[]") in\n' + 'the command syntax; the square brackets must not be typed.\n' + 'Alternatives in the command syntax are separated by a vertical ' + 'bar\n' + '("|").\n' + '\n' + 'Entering a blank line repeats the last command entered. ' + 'Exception: if\n' + 'the last command was a "list" command, the next 11 lines are ' + 'listed.\n' + '\n' + 'Commands that the debugger doesn’t recognize are assumed to be ' + 'Python\n' + 'statements and are executed in the context of the program being\n' + 'debugged. Python statements can also be prefixed with an ' + 'exclamation\n' + 'point ("!"). This is a powerful way to inspect the program ' + 'being\n' + 'debugged; it is even possible to change a variable or call a ' + 'function.\n' + 'When an exception occurs in such a statement, the exception name ' + 'is\n' + 'printed but the debugger’s state is not changed.\n' + '\n' + 'The debugger supports aliases. Aliases can have parameters ' + 'which\n' + 'allows one a certain level of adaptability to the context under\n' + 'examination.\n' + '\n' + 'Multiple commands may be entered on a single line, separated by ' + '";;".\n' + '(A single ";" is not used as it is the separator for multiple ' + 'commands\n' + 'in a line that is passed to the Python parser.) No intelligence ' + 'is\n' + 'applied to separating the commands; the input is split at the ' + 'first\n' + '";;" pair, even if it is in the middle of a quoted string. A\n' + 'workaround for strings with double semicolons is to use ' + 'implicit\n' + 'string concatenation "\';\'\';\'" or "";"";"".\n' + '\n' + 'If a file ".pdbrc" exists in the user’s home directory or in ' + 'the\n' + 'current directory, it is read with "\'utf-8\'" encoding and ' + 'executed as\n' + 'if it had been typed at the debugger prompt, with the exception ' + 'that\n' + 'empty lines and lines starting with "#" are ignored. This is\n' + 'particularly useful for aliases. If both files exist, the one ' + 'in the\n' + 'home directory is read first and aliases defined there can be\n' + 'overridden by the local file.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.2: ".pdbrc" can now contain commands that\n' + 'continue debugging, such as "continue" or "next". Previously, ' + 'these\n' + 'commands had no effect.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.11: ".pdbrc" is now read with "\'utf-8\'" ' + 'encoding.\n' + 'Previously, it was read with the system locale encoding.\n' + '\n' + 'h(elp) [command]\n' + '\n' + ' Without argument, print the list of available commands. With ' + 'a\n' + ' *command* as argument, print help about that command. "help ' + 'pdb"\n' + ' displays the full documentation (the docstring of the "pdb"\n' + ' module). Since the *command* argument must be an identifier, ' + '"help\n' + ' exec" must be entered to get help on the "!" command.\n' + '\n' + 'w(here)\n' + '\n' + ' Print a stack trace, with the most recent frame at the ' + 'bottom. An\n' + ' arrow (">") indicates the current frame, which determines ' + 'the\n' + ' context of most commands.\n' + '\n' + 'd(own) [count]\n' + '\n' + ' Move the current frame *count* (default one) levels down in ' + 'the\n' + ' stack trace (to a newer frame).\n' + '\n' + 'u(p) [count]\n' + '\n' + ' Move the current frame *count* (default one) levels up in the ' + 'stack\n' + ' trace (to an older frame).\n' + '\n' + 'b(reak) [([filename:]lineno | function) [, condition]]\n' + '\n' + ' With a *lineno* argument, set a break there in the current ' + 'file.\n' + ' With a *function* argument, set a break at the first ' + 'executable\n' + ' statement within that function. The line number may be ' + 'prefixed\n' + ' with a filename and a colon, to specify a breakpoint in ' + 'another\n' + ' file (probably one that hasn’t been loaded yet). The file ' + 'is\n' + ' searched on "sys.path". Note that each breakpoint is ' + 'assigned a\n' + ' number to which all the other breakpoint commands refer.\n' + '\n' + ' If a second argument is present, it is an expression which ' + 'must\n' + ' evaluate to true before the breakpoint is honored.\n' + '\n' + ' Without argument, list all breaks, including for each ' + 'breakpoint,\n' + ' the number of times that breakpoint has been hit, the ' + 'current\n' + ' ignore count, and the associated condition if any.\n' + '\n' + 'tbreak [([filename:]lineno | function) [, condition]]\n' + '\n' + ' Temporary breakpoint, which is removed automatically when it ' + 'is\n' + ' first hit. The arguments are the same as for "break".\n' + '\n' + 'cl(ear) [filename:lineno | bpnumber ...]\n' + '\n' + ' With a *filename:lineno* argument, clear all the breakpoints ' + 'at\n' + ' this line. With a space separated list of breakpoint numbers, ' + 'clear\n' + ' those breakpoints. Without argument, clear all breaks (but ' + 'first\n' + ' ask confirmation).\n' + '\n' + 'disable [bpnumber ...]\n' + '\n' + ' Disable the breakpoints given as a space separated list of\n' + ' breakpoint numbers. Disabling a breakpoint means it cannot ' + 'cause\n' + ' the program to stop execution, but unlike clearing a ' + 'breakpoint, it\n' + ' remains in the list of breakpoints and can be (re-)enabled.\n' + '\n' + 'enable [bpnumber ...]\n' + '\n' + ' Enable the breakpoints specified.\n' + '\n' + 'ignore bpnumber [count]\n' + '\n' + ' Set the ignore count for the given breakpoint number. If ' + '*count*\n' + ' is omitted, the ignore count is set to 0. A breakpoint ' + 'becomes\n' + ' active when the ignore count is zero. When non-zero, the ' + '*count*\n' + ' is decremented each time the breakpoint is reached and the\n' + ' breakpoint is not disabled and any associated condition ' + 'evaluates\n' + ' to true.\n' + '\n' + 'condition bpnumber [condition]\n' + '\n' + ' Set a new *condition* for the breakpoint, an expression which ' + 'must\n' + ' evaluate to true before the breakpoint is honored. If ' + '*condition*\n' + ' is absent, any existing condition is removed; i.e., the ' + 'breakpoint\n' + ' is made unconditional.\n' + '\n' + 'commands [bpnumber]\n' + '\n' + ' Specify a list of commands for breakpoint number *bpnumber*. ' + 'The\n' + ' commands themselves appear on the following lines. Type a ' + 'line\n' + ' containing just "end" to terminate the commands. An example:\n' + '\n' + ' (Pdb) commands 1\n' + ' (com) p some_variable\n' + ' (com) end\n' + ' (Pdb)\n' + '\n' + ' To remove all commands from a breakpoint, type "commands" ' + 'and\n' + ' follow it immediately with "end"; that is, give no commands.\n' + '\n' + ' With no *bpnumber* argument, "commands" refers to the last\n' + ' breakpoint set.\n' + '\n' + ' You can use breakpoint commands to start your program up ' + 'again.\n' + ' Simply use the "continue" command, or "step", or any other ' + 'command\n' + ' that resumes execution.\n' + '\n' + ' Specifying any command resuming execution (currently ' + '"continue",\n' + ' "step", "next", "return", "jump", "quit" and their ' + 'abbreviations)\n' + ' terminates the command list (as if that command was ' + 'immediately\n' + ' followed by end). This is because any time you resume ' + 'execution\n' + ' (even with a simple next or step), you may encounter another\n' + ' breakpoint—which could have its own command list, leading to\n' + ' ambiguities about which list to execute.\n' + '\n' + ' If you use the "silent" command in the command list, the ' + 'usual\n' + ' message about stopping at a breakpoint is not printed. This ' + 'may be\n' + ' desirable for breakpoints that are to print a specific ' + 'message and\n' + ' then continue. If none of the other commands print anything, ' + 'you\n' + ' see no sign that the breakpoint was reached.\n' + '\n' + 's(tep)\n' + '\n' + ' Execute the current line, stop at the first possible ' + 'occasion\n' + ' (either in a function that is called or on the next line in ' + 'the\n' + ' current function).\n' + '\n' + 'n(ext)\n' + '\n' + ' Continue execution until the next line in the current ' + 'function is\n' + ' reached or it returns. (The difference between "next" and ' + '"step"\n' + ' is that "step" stops inside a called function, while "next"\n' + ' executes called functions at (nearly) full speed, only ' + 'stopping at\n' + ' the next line in the current function.)\n' + '\n' + 'unt(il) [lineno]\n' + '\n' + ' Without argument, continue execution until the line with a ' + 'number\n' + ' greater than the current one is reached.\n' + '\n' + ' With *lineno*, continue execution until a line with a number\n' + ' greater or equal to *lineno* is reached. In both cases, also ' + 'stop\n' + ' when the current frame returns.\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.2: Allow giving an explicit line ' + 'number.\n' + '\n' + 'r(eturn)\n' + '\n' + ' Continue execution until the current function returns.\n' + '\n' + 'c(ont(inue))\n' + '\n' + ' Continue execution, only stop when a breakpoint is ' + 'encountered.\n' + '\n' + 'j(ump) lineno\n' + '\n' + ' Set the next line that will be executed. Only available in ' + 'the\n' + ' bottom-most frame. This lets you jump back and execute code ' + 'again,\n' + ' or jump forward to skip code that you don’t want to run.\n' + '\n' + ' It should be noted that not all jumps are allowed – for ' + 'instance it\n' + ' is not possible to jump into the middle of a "for" loop or ' + 'out of a\n' + ' "finally" clause.\n' + '\n' + 'l(ist) [first[, last]]\n' + '\n' + ' List source code for the current file. Without arguments, ' + 'list 11\n' + ' lines around the current line or continue the previous ' + 'listing.\n' + ' With "." as argument, list 11 lines around the current line. ' + 'With\n' + ' one argument, list 11 lines around at that line. With two\n' + ' arguments, list the given range; if the second argument is ' + 'less\n' + ' than the first, it is interpreted as a count.\n' + '\n' + ' The current line in the current frame is indicated by "->". ' + 'If an\n' + ' exception is being debugged, the line where the exception ' + 'was\n' + ' originally raised or propagated is indicated by ">>", if it ' + 'differs\n' + ' from the current line.\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.2: Added the ">>" marker.\n' + '\n' + 'll | longlist\n' + '\n' + ' List all source code for the current function or frame.\n' + ' Interesting lines are marked as for "list".\n' + '\n' + ' New in version 3.2.\n' + '\n' + 'a(rgs)\n' + '\n' + ' Print the arguments of the current function and their ' + 'current\n' + ' values.\n' + '\n' + 'p expression\n' + '\n' + ' Evaluate *expression* in the current context and print its ' + 'value.\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' "print()" can also be used, but is not a debugger command — ' + 'this\n' + ' executes the Python "print()" function.\n' + '\n' + 'pp expression\n' + '\n' + ' Like the "p" command, except the value of *expression* is ' + 'pretty-\n' + ' printed using the "pprint" module.\n' + '\n' + 'whatis expression\n' + '\n' + ' Print the type of *expression*.\n' + '\n' + 'source expression\n' + '\n' + ' Try to get source code of *expression* and display it.\n' + '\n' + ' New in version 3.2.\n' + '\n' + 'display [expression]\n' + '\n' + ' Display the value of *expression* if it changed, each time\n' + ' execution stops in the current frame.\n' + '\n' + ' Without *expression*, list all display expressions for the ' + 'current\n' + ' frame.\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' Display evaluates *expression* and compares to the result ' + 'of the\n' + ' previous evaluation of *expression*, so when the result is\n' + ' mutable, display may not be able to pick up the changes.\n' + '\n' + ' Example:\n' + '\n' + ' lst = []\n' + ' breakpoint()\n' + ' pass\n' + ' lst.append(1)\n' + ' print(lst)\n' + '\n' + ' Display won’t realize "lst" has been changed because the ' + 'result of\n' + ' evaluation is modified in place by "lst.append(1)" before ' + 'being\n' + ' compared:\n' + '\n' + ' > example.py(3)()\n' + ' -> pass\n' + ' (Pdb) display lst\n' + ' display lst: []\n' + ' (Pdb) n\n' + ' > example.py(4)()\n' + ' -> lst.append(1)\n' + ' (Pdb) n\n' + ' > example.py(5)()\n' + ' -> print(lst)\n' + ' (Pdb)\n' + '\n' + ' You can do some tricks with copy mechanism to make it work:\n' + '\n' + ' > example.py(3)()\n' + ' -> pass\n' + ' (Pdb) display lst[:]\n' + ' display lst[:]: []\n' + ' (Pdb) n\n' + ' > example.py(4)()\n' + ' -> lst.append(1)\n' + ' (Pdb) n\n' + ' > example.py(5)()\n' + ' -> print(lst)\n' + ' display lst[:]: [1] [old: []]\n' + ' (Pdb)\n' + '\n' + ' New in version 3.2.\n' + '\n' + 'undisplay [expression]\n' + '\n' + ' Do not display *expression* anymore in the current frame. ' + 'Without\n' + ' *expression*, clear all display expressions for the current ' + 'frame.\n' + '\n' + ' New in version 3.2.\n' + '\n' + 'interact\n' + '\n' + ' Start an interactive interpreter (using the "code" module) ' + 'whose\n' + ' global namespace contains all the (global and local) names ' + 'found in\n' + ' the current scope.\n' + '\n' + ' New in version 3.2.\n' + '\n' + 'alias [name [command]]\n' + '\n' + ' Create an alias called *name* that executes *command*. The\n' + ' *command* must *not* be enclosed in quotes. Replaceable ' + 'parameters\n' + ' can be indicated by "%1", "%2", and so on, while "%*" is ' + 'replaced\n' + ' by all the parameters. If *command* is omitted, the current ' + 'alias\n' + ' for *name* is shown. If no arguments are given, all aliases ' + 'are\n' + ' listed.\n' + '\n' + ' Aliases may be nested and can contain anything that can be ' + 'legally\n' + ' typed at the pdb prompt. Note that internal pdb commands ' + '*can* be\n' + ' overridden by aliases. Such a command is then hidden until ' + 'the\n' + ' alias is removed. Aliasing is recursively applied to the ' + 'first\n' + ' word of the command line; all other words in the line are ' + 'left\n' + ' alone.\n' + '\n' + ' As an example, here are two useful aliases (especially when ' + 'placed\n' + ' in the ".pdbrc" file):\n' + '\n' + ' # Print instance variables (usage "pi classInst")\n' + ' alias pi for k in %1.__dict__.keys(): print(f"%1.{k} = ' + '{%1.__dict__[k]}")\n' + ' # Print instance variables in self\n' + ' alias ps pi self\n' + '\n' + 'unalias name\n' + '\n' + ' Delete the specified alias *name*.\n' + '\n' + '! statement\n' + '\n' + ' Execute the (one-line) *statement* in the context of the ' + 'current\n' + ' stack frame. The exclamation point can be omitted unless the ' + 'first\n' + ' word of the statement resembles a debugger command. To set ' + 'a\n' + ' global variable, you can prefix the assignment command with ' + 'a\n' + ' "global" statement on the same line, e.g.:\n' + '\n' + " (Pdb) global list_options; list_options = ['-l']\n" + ' (Pdb)\n' + '\n' + 'run [args ...]\n' + 'restart [args ...]\n' + '\n' + ' Restart the debugged Python program. If *args* is supplied, ' + 'it is\n' + ' split with "shlex" and the result is used as the new ' + '"sys.argv".\n' + ' History, breakpoints, actions and debugger options are ' + 'preserved.\n' + ' "restart" is an alias for "run".\n' + '\n' + 'q(uit)\n' + '\n' + ' Quit from the debugger. The program being executed is ' + 'aborted.\n' + '\n' + 'debug code\n' + '\n' + ' Enter a recursive debugger that steps through *code* (which ' + 'is an\n' + ' arbitrary expression or statement to be executed in the ' + 'current\n' + ' environment).\n' + '\n' + 'retval\n' + '\n' + ' Print the return value for the last return of the current ' + 'function.\n' + '\n' + '-[ Footnotes ]-\n' + '\n' + '[1] Whether a frame is considered to originate in a certain ' + 'module is\n' + ' determined by the "__name__" in the frame globals.\n', + 'del': 'The "del" statement\n' + '*******************\n' + '\n' + ' del_stmt ::= "del" target_list\n' + '\n' + 'Deletion is recursively defined very similar to the way assignment ' + 'is\n' + 'defined. Rather than spelling it out in full details, here are some\n' + 'hints.\n' + '\n' + 'Deletion of a target list recursively deletes each target, from left\n' + 'to right.\n' + '\n' + 'Deletion of a name removes the binding of that name from the local ' + 'or\n' + 'global namespace, depending on whether the name occurs in a "global"\n' + 'statement in the same code block. If the name is unbound, a\n' + '"NameError" exception will be raised.\n' + '\n' + 'Deletion of attribute references, subscriptions and slicings is ' + 'passed\n' + 'to the primary object involved; deletion of a slicing is in general\n' + 'equivalent to assignment of an empty slice of the right type (but ' + 'even\n' + 'this is determined by the sliced object).\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.2: Previously it was illegal to delete a name\n' + 'from the local namespace if it occurs as a free variable in a nested\n' + 'block.\n', + 'dict': 'Dictionary displays\n' + '*******************\n' + '\n' + 'A dictionary display is a possibly empty series of dict items\n' + '(key/value pairs) enclosed in curly braces:\n' + '\n' + ' dict_display ::= "{" [dict_item_list | dict_comprehension] ' + '"}"\n' + ' dict_item_list ::= dict_item ("," dict_item)* [","]\n' + ' dict_item ::= expression ":" expression | "**" or_expr\n' + ' dict_comprehension ::= expression ":" expression comp_for\n' + '\n' + 'A dictionary display yields a new dictionary object.\n' + '\n' + 'If a comma-separated sequence of dict items is given, they are\n' + 'evaluated from left to right to define the entries of the ' + 'dictionary:\n' + 'each key object is used as a key into the dictionary to store the\n' + 'corresponding value. This means that you can specify the same key\n' + 'multiple times in the dict item list, and the final dictionary’s ' + 'value\n' + 'for that key will be the last one given.\n' + '\n' + 'A double asterisk "**" denotes *dictionary unpacking*. Its operand\n' + 'must be a *mapping*. Each mapping item is added to the new\n' + 'dictionary. Later values replace values already set by earlier ' + 'dict\n' + 'items and earlier dictionary unpackings.\n' + '\n' + 'New in version 3.5: Unpacking into dictionary displays, originally\n' + 'proposed by **PEP 448**.\n' + '\n' + 'A dict comprehension, in contrast to list and set comprehensions,\n' + 'needs two expressions separated with a colon followed by the usual\n' + '“for” and “if” clauses. When the comprehension is run, the ' + 'resulting\n' + 'key and value elements are inserted in the new dictionary in the ' + 'order\n' + 'they are produced.\n' + '\n' + 'Restrictions on the types of the key values are listed earlier in\n' + 'section The standard type hierarchy. (To summarize, the key type\n' + 'should be *hashable*, which excludes all mutable objects.) Clashes\n' + 'between duplicate keys are not detected; the last value (textually\n' + 'rightmost in the display) stored for a given key value prevails.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.8: Prior to Python 3.8, in dict ' + 'comprehensions,\n' + 'the evaluation order of key and value was not well-defined. In\n' + 'CPython, the value was evaluated before the key. Starting with ' + '3.8,\n' + 'the key is evaluated before the value, as proposed by **PEP 572**.\n', + 'dynamic-features': 'Interaction with dynamic features\n' + '*********************************\n' + '\n' + 'Name resolution of free variables occurs at runtime, not ' + 'at compile\n' + 'time. This means that the following code will print 42:\n' + '\n' + ' i = 10\n' + ' def f():\n' + ' print(i)\n' + ' i = 42\n' + ' f()\n' + '\n' + 'The "eval()" and "exec()" functions do not have access ' + 'to the full\n' + 'environment for resolving names. Names may be resolved ' + 'in the local\n' + 'and global namespaces of the caller. Free variables are ' + 'not resolved\n' + 'in the nearest enclosing namespace, but in the global ' + 'namespace. [1]\n' + 'The "exec()" and "eval()" functions have optional ' + 'arguments to\n' + 'override the global and local namespace. If only one ' + 'namespace is\n' + 'specified, it is used for both.\n', + 'else': 'The "if" statement\n' + '******************\n' + '\n' + 'The "if" statement is used for conditional execution:\n' + '\n' + ' if_stmt ::= "if" assignment_expression ":" suite\n' + ' ("elif" assignment_expression ":" suite)*\n' + ' ["else" ":" suite]\n' + '\n' + 'It selects exactly one of the suites by evaluating the expressions ' + 'one\n' + 'by one until one is found to be true (see section Boolean ' + 'operations\n' + 'for the definition of true and false); then that suite is executed\n' + '(and no other part of the "if" statement is executed or evaluated).\n' + 'If all expressions are false, the suite of the "else" clause, if\n' + 'present, is executed.\n', + 'exceptions': 'Exceptions\n' + '**********\n' + '\n' + 'Exceptions are a means of breaking out of the normal flow of ' + 'control\n' + 'of a code block in order to handle errors or other ' + 'exceptional\n' + 'conditions. An exception is *raised* at the point where the ' + 'error is\n' + 'detected; it may be *handled* by the surrounding code block or ' + 'by any\n' + 'code block that directly or indirectly invoked the code block ' + 'where\n' + 'the error occurred.\n' + '\n' + 'The Python interpreter raises an exception when it detects a ' + 'run-time\n' + 'error (such as division by zero). A Python program can also\n' + 'explicitly raise an exception with the "raise" statement. ' + 'Exception\n' + 'handlers are specified with the "try" … "except" statement. ' + 'The\n' + '"finally" clause of such a statement can be used to specify ' + 'cleanup\n' + 'code which does not handle the exception, but is executed ' + 'whether an\n' + 'exception occurred or not in the preceding code.\n' + '\n' + 'Python uses the “termination” model of error handling: an ' + 'exception\n' + 'handler can find out what happened and continue execution at ' + 'an outer\n' + 'level, but it cannot repair the cause of the error and retry ' + 'the\n' + 'failing operation (except by re-entering the offending piece ' + 'of code\n' + 'from the top).\n' + '\n' + 'When an exception is not handled at all, the interpreter ' + 'terminates\n' + 'execution of the program, or returns to its interactive main ' + 'loop. In\n' + 'either case, it prints a stack traceback, except when the ' + 'exception is\n' + '"SystemExit".\n' + '\n' + 'Exceptions are identified by class instances. The "except" ' + 'clause is\n' + 'selected depending on the class of the instance: it must ' + 'reference the\n' + 'class of the instance or a *non-virtual base class* thereof. ' + 'The\n' + 'instance can be received by the handler and can carry ' + 'additional\n' + 'information about the exceptional condition.\n' + '\n' + 'Note:\n' + '\n' + ' Exception messages are not part of the Python API. Their ' + 'contents\n' + ' may change from one version of Python to the next without ' + 'warning\n' + ' and should not be relied on by code which will run under ' + 'multiple\n' + ' versions of the interpreter.\n' + '\n' + 'See also the description of the "try" statement in section The ' + 'try\n' + 'statement and "raise" statement in section The raise ' + 'statement.\n' + '\n' + '-[ Footnotes ]-\n' + '\n' + '[1] This limitation occurs because the code that is executed ' + 'by these\n' + ' operations is not available at the time the module is ' + 'compiled.\n', + 'execmodel': 'Execution model\n' + '***************\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Structure of a program\n' + '======================\n' + '\n' + 'A Python program is constructed from code blocks. A *block* is ' + 'a piece\n' + 'of Python program text that is executed as a unit. The ' + 'following are\n' + 'blocks: a module, a function body, and a class definition. ' + 'Each\n' + 'command typed interactively is a block. A script file (a file ' + 'given\n' + 'as standard input to the interpreter or specified as a command ' + 'line\n' + 'argument to the interpreter) is a code block. A script command ' + '(a\n' + 'command specified on the interpreter command line with the ' + '"-c"\n' + 'option) is a code block. A module run as a top level script (as ' + 'module\n' + '"__main__") from the command line using a "-m" argument is also ' + 'a code\n' + 'block. The string argument passed to the built-in functions ' + '"eval()"\n' + 'and "exec()" is a code block.\n' + '\n' + 'A code block is executed in an *execution frame*. A frame ' + 'contains\n' + 'some administrative information (used for debugging) and ' + 'determines\n' + 'where and how execution continues after the code block’s ' + 'execution has\n' + 'completed.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Naming and binding\n' + '==================\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Binding of names\n' + '----------------\n' + '\n' + '*Names* refer to objects. Names are introduced by name ' + 'binding\n' + 'operations.\n' + '\n' + 'The following constructs bind names:\n' + '\n' + '* formal parameters to functions,\n' + '\n' + '* class definitions,\n' + '\n' + '* function definitions,\n' + '\n' + '* assignment expressions,\n' + '\n' + '* targets that are identifiers if occurring in an assignment:\n' + '\n' + ' * "for" loop header,\n' + '\n' + ' * after "as" in a "with" statement, "except" clause, ' + '"except*"\n' + ' clause, or in the as-pattern in structural pattern ' + 'matching,\n' + '\n' + ' * in a capture pattern in structural pattern matching\n' + '\n' + '* "import" statements.\n' + '\n' + 'The "import" statement of the form "from ... import *" binds ' + 'all names\n' + 'defined in the imported module, except those beginning with an\n' + 'underscore. This form may only be used at the module level.\n' + '\n' + 'A target occurring in a "del" statement is also considered ' + 'bound for\n' + 'this purpose (though the actual semantics are to unbind the ' + 'name).\n' + '\n' + 'Each assignment or import statement occurs within a block ' + 'defined by a\n' + 'class or function definition or at the module level (the ' + 'top-level\n' + 'code block).\n' + '\n' + 'If a name is bound in a block, it is a local variable of that ' + 'block,\n' + 'unless declared as "nonlocal" or "global". If a name is bound ' + 'at the\n' + 'module level, it is a global variable. (The variables of the ' + 'module\n' + 'code block are local and global.) If a variable is used in a ' + 'code\n' + 'block but not defined there, it is a *free variable*.\n' + '\n' + 'Each occurrence of a name in the program text refers to the ' + '*binding*\n' + 'of that name established by the following name resolution ' + 'rules.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Resolution of names\n' + '-------------------\n' + '\n' + 'A *scope* defines the visibility of a name within a block. If ' + 'a local\n' + 'variable is defined in a block, its scope includes that block. ' + 'If the\n' + 'definition occurs in a function block, the scope extends to any ' + 'blocks\n' + 'contained within the defining one, unless a contained block ' + 'introduces\n' + 'a different binding for the name.\n' + '\n' + 'When a name is used in a code block, it is resolved using the ' + 'nearest\n' + 'enclosing scope. The set of all such scopes visible to a code ' + 'block\n' + 'is called the block’s *environment*.\n' + '\n' + 'When a name is not found at all, a "NameError" exception is ' + 'raised. If\n' + 'the current scope is a function scope, and the name refers to a ' + 'local\n' + 'variable that has not yet been bound to a value at the point ' + 'where the\n' + 'name is used, an "UnboundLocalError" exception is raised.\n' + '"UnboundLocalError" is a subclass of "NameError".\n' + '\n' + 'If a name binding operation occurs anywhere within a code ' + 'block, all\n' + 'uses of the name within the block are treated as references to ' + 'the\n' + 'current block. This can lead to errors when a name is used ' + 'within a\n' + 'block before it is bound. This rule is subtle. Python lacks\n' + 'declarations and allows name binding operations to occur ' + 'anywhere\n' + 'within a code block. The local variables of a code block can ' + 'be\n' + 'determined by scanning the entire text of the block for name ' + 'binding\n' + 'operations. See the FAQ entry on UnboundLocalError for ' + 'examples.\n' + '\n' + 'If the "global" statement occurs within a block, all uses of ' + 'the names\n' + 'specified in the statement refer to the bindings of those names ' + 'in the\n' + 'top-level namespace. Names are resolved in the top-level ' + 'namespace by\n' + 'searching the global namespace, i.e. the namespace of the ' + 'module\n' + 'containing the code block, and the builtins namespace, the ' + 'namespace\n' + 'of the module "builtins". The global namespace is searched ' + 'first. If\n' + 'the names are not found there, the builtins namespace is ' + 'searched.\n' + 'The "global" statement must precede all uses of the listed ' + 'names.\n' + '\n' + 'The "global" statement has the same scope as a name binding ' + 'operation\n' + 'in the same block. If the nearest enclosing scope for a free ' + 'variable\n' + 'contains a global statement, the free variable is treated as a ' + 'global.\n' + '\n' + 'The "nonlocal" statement causes corresponding names to refer ' + 'to\n' + 'previously bound variables in the nearest enclosing function ' + 'scope.\n' + '"SyntaxError" is raised at compile time if the given name does ' + 'not\n' + 'exist in any enclosing function scope.\n' + '\n' + 'The namespace for a module is automatically created the first ' + 'time a\n' + 'module is imported. The main module for a script is always ' + 'called\n' + '"__main__".\n' + '\n' + 'Class definition blocks and arguments to "exec()" and "eval()" ' + 'are\n' + 'special in the context of name resolution. A class definition ' + 'is an\n' + 'executable statement that may use and define names. These ' + 'references\n' + 'follow the normal rules for name resolution with an exception ' + 'that\n' + 'unbound local variables are looked up in the global namespace. ' + 'The\n' + 'namespace of the class definition becomes the attribute ' + 'dictionary of\n' + 'the class. The scope of names defined in a class block is ' + 'limited to\n' + 'the class block; it does not extend to the code blocks of ' + 'methods –\n' + 'this includes comprehensions and generator expressions since ' + 'they are\n' + 'implemented using a function scope. This means that the ' + 'following\n' + 'will fail:\n' + '\n' + ' class A:\n' + ' a = 42\n' + ' b = list(a + i for i in range(10))\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Builtins and restricted execution\n' + '---------------------------------\n' + '\n' + '**CPython implementation detail:** Users should not touch\n' + '"__builtins__"; it is strictly an implementation detail. ' + 'Users\n' + 'wanting to override values in the builtins namespace should ' + '"import"\n' + 'the "builtins" module and modify its attributes appropriately.\n' + '\n' + 'The builtins namespace associated with the execution of a code ' + 'block\n' + 'is actually found by looking up the name "__builtins__" in its ' + 'global\n' + 'namespace; this should be a dictionary or a module (in the ' + 'latter case\n' + 'the module’s dictionary is used). By default, when in the ' + '"__main__"\n' + 'module, "__builtins__" is the built-in module "builtins"; when ' + 'in any\n' + 'other module, "__builtins__" is an alias for the dictionary of ' + 'the\n' + '"builtins" module itself.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Interaction with dynamic features\n' + '---------------------------------\n' + '\n' + 'Name resolution of free variables occurs at runtime, not at ' + 'compile\n' + 'time. This means that the following code will print 42:\n' + '\n' + ' i = 10\n' + ' def f():\n' + ' print(i)\n' + ' i = 42\n' + ' f()\n' + '\n' + 'The "eval()" and "exec()" functions do not have access to the ' + 'full\n' + 'environment for resolving names. Names may be resolved in the ' + 'local\n' + 'and global namespaces of the caller. Free variables are not ' + 'resolved\n' + 'in the nearest enclosing namespace, but in the global ' + 'namespace. [1]\n' + 'The "exec()" and "eval()" functions have optional arguments to\n' + 'override the global and local namespace. If only one namespace ' + 'is\n' + 'specified, it is used for both.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Exceptions\n' + '==========\n' + '\n' + 'Exceptions are a means of breaking out of the normal flow of ' + 'control\n' + 'of a code block in order to handle errors or other exceptional\n' + 'conditions. An exception is *raised* at the point where the ' + 'error is\n' + 'detected; it may be *handled* by the surrounding code block or ' + 'by any\n' + 'code block that directly or indirectly invoked the code block ' + 'where\n' + 'the error occurred.\n' + '\n' + 'The Python interpreter raises an exception when it detects a ' + 'run-time\n' + 'error (such as division by zero). A Python program can also\n' + 'explicitly raise an exception with the "raise" statement. ' + 'Exception\n' + 'handlers are specified with the "try" … "except" statement. ' + 'The\n' + '"finally" clause of such a statement can be used to specify ' + 'cleanup\n' + 'code which does not handle the exception, but is executed ' + 'whether an\n' + 'exception occurred or not in the preceding code.\n' + '\n' + 'Python uses the “termination” model of error handling: an ' + 'exception\n' + 'handler can find out what happened and continue execution at an ' + 'outer\n' + 'level, but it cannot repair the cause of the error and retry ' + 'the\n' + 'failing operation (except by re-entering the offending piece of ' + 'code\n' + 'from the top).\n' + '\n' + 'When an exception is not handled at all, the interpreter ' + 'terminates\n' + 'execution of the program, or returns to its interactive main ' + 'loop. In\n' + 'either case, it prints a stack traceback, except when the ' + 'exception is\n' + '"SystemExit".\n' + '\n' + 'Exceptions are identified by class instances. The "except" ' + 'clause is\n' + 'selected depending on the class of the instance: it must ' + 'reference the\n' + 'class of the instance or a *non-virtual base class* thereof. ' + 'The\n' + 'instance can be received by the handler and can carry ' + 'additional\n' + 'information about the exceptional condition.\n' + '\n' + 'Note:\n' + '\n' + ' Exception messages are not part of the Python API. Their ' + 'contents\n' + ' may change from one version of Python to the next without ' + 'warning\n' + ' and should not be relied on by code which will run under ' + 'multiple\n' + ' versions of the interpreter.\n' + '\n' + 'See also the description of the "try" statement in section The ' + 'try\n' + 'statement and "raise" statement in section The raise ' + 'statement.\n' + '\n' + '-[ Footnotes ]-\n' + '\n' + '[1] This limitation occurs because the code that is executed by ' + 'these\n' + ' operations is not available at the time the module is ' + 'compiled.\n', + 'exprlists': 'Expression lists\n' + '****************\n' + '\n' + ' expression_list ::= expression ("," expression)* [","]\n' + ' starred_list ::= starred_item ("," starred_item)* ' + '[","]\n' + ' starred_expression ::= expression | (starred_item ",")* ' + '[starred_item]\n' + ' starred_item ::= assignment_expression | "*" or_expr\n' + '\n' + 'Except when part of a list or set display, an expression list\n' + 'containing at least one comma yields a tuple. The length of ' + 'the tuple\n' + 'is the number of expressions in the list. The expressions are\n' + 'evaluated from left to right.\n' + '\n' + 'An asterisk "*" denotes *iterable unpacking*. Its operand must ' + 'be an\n' + '*iterable*. The iterable is expanded into a sequence of items, ' + 'which\n' + 'are included in the new tuple, list, or set, at the site of ' + 'the\n' + 'unpacking.\n' + '\n' + 'New in version 3.5: Iterable unpacking in expression lists, ' + 'originally\n' + 'proposed by **PEP 448**.\n' + '\n' + 'A trailing comma is required only to create a one-item tuple, ' + 'such as\n' + '"1,"; it is optional in all other cases. A single expression ' + 'without a\n' + 'trailing comma doesn’t create a tuple, but rather yields the ' + 'value of\n' + 'that expression. (To create an empty tuple, use an empty pair ' + 'of\n' + 'parentheses: "()".)\n', + 'floating': 'Floating point literals\n' + '***********************\n' + '\n' + 'Floating point literals are described by the following lexical\n' + 'definitions:\n' + '\n' + ' floatnumber ::= pointfloat | exponentfloat\n' + ' pointfloat ::= [digitpart] fraction | digitpart "."\n' + ' exponentfloat ::= (digitpart | pointfloat) exponent\n' + ' digitpart ::= digit (["_"] digit)*\n' + ' fraction ::= "." digitpart\n' + ' exponent ::= ("e" | "E") ["+" | "-"] digitpart\n' + '\n' + 'Note that the integer and exponent parts are always interpreted ' + 'using\n' + 'radix 10. For example, "077e010" is legal, and denotes the same ' + 'number\n' + 'as "77e10". The allowed range of floating point literals is\n' + 'implementation-dependent. As in integer literals, underscores ' + 'are\n' + 'supported for digit grouping.\n' + '\n' + 'Some examples of floating point literals:\n' + '\n' + ' 3.14 10. .001 1e100 3.14e-10 0e0 ' + '3.14_15_93\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.6: Underscores are now allowed for ' + 'grouping\n' + 'purposes in literals.\n', + 'for': 'The "for" statement\n' + '*******************\n' + '\n' + 'The "for" statement is used to iterate over the elements of a ' + 'sequence\n' + '(such as a string, tuple or list) or other iterable object:\n' + '\n' + ' for_stmt ::= "for" target_list "in" starred_list ":" suite\n' + ' ["else" ":" suite]\n' + '\n' + 'The "starred_list" expression is evaluated once; it should yield an\n' + '*iterable* object. An *iterator* is created for that iterable. The\n' + 'first item provided by the iterator is then assigned to the target\n' + 'list using the standard rules for assignments (see Assignment\n' + 'statements), and the suite is executed. This repeats for each item\n' + 'provided by the iterator. When the iterator is exhausted, the suite\n' + 'in the "else" clause, if present, is executed, and the loop\n' + 'terminates.\n' + '\n' + 'A "break" statement executed in the first suite terminates the loop\n' + 'without executing the "else" clause’s suite. A "continue" statement\n' + 'executed in the first suite skips the rest of the suite and ' + 'continues\n' + 'with the next item, or with the "else" clause if there is no next\n' + 'item.\n' + '\n' + 'The for-loop makes assignments to the variables in the target list.\n' + 'This overwrites all previous assignments to those variables ' + 'including\n' + 'those made in the suite of the for-loop:\n' + '\n' + ' for i in range(10):\n' + ' print(i)\n' + ' i = 5 # this will not affect the for-loop\n' + ' # because i will be overwritten with the ' + 'next\n' + ' # index in the range\n' + '\n' + 'Names in the target list are not deleted when the loop is finished,\n' + 'but if the sequence is empty, they will not have been assigned to at\n' + 'all by the loop. Hint: the built-in type "range()" represents\n' + 'immutable arithmetic sequences of integers. For instance, iterating\n' + '"range(3)" successively yields 0, 1, and then 2.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.11: Starred elements are now allowed in the\n' + 'expression list.\n', + 'formatstrings': 'Format String Syntax\n' + '********************\n' + '\n' + 'The "str.format()" method and the "Formatter" class share ' + 'the same\n' + 'syntax for format strings (although in the case of ' + '"Formatter",\n' + 'subclasses can define their own format string syntax). The ' + 'syntax is\n' + 'related to that of formatted string literals, but it is ' + 'less\n' + 'sophisticated and, in particular, does not support ' + 'arbitrary\n' + 'expressions.\n' + '\n' + 'Format strings contain “replacement fields” surrounded by ' + 'curly braces\n' + '"{}". Anything that is not contained in braces is ' + 'considered literal\n' + 'text, which is copied unchanged to the output. If you need ' + 'to include\n' + 'a brace character in the literal text, it can be escaped by ' + 'doubling:\n' + '"{{" and "}}".\n' + '\n' + 'The grammar for a replacement field is as follows:\n' + '\n' + ' replacement_field ::= "{" [field_name] ["!" conversion] ' + '[":" format_spec] "}"\n' + ' field_name ::= arg_name ("." attribute_name | "[" ' + 'element_index "]")*\n' + ' arg_name ::= [identifier | digit+]\n' + ' attribute_name ::= identifier\n' + ' element_index ::= digit+ | index_string\n' + ' index_string ::= ' + '+\n' + ' conversion ::= "r" | "s" | "a"\n' + ' format_spec ::= format-spec:format_spec\n' + '\n' + 'In less formal terms, the replacement field can start with ' + 'a\n' + '*field_name* that specifies the object whose value is to be ' + 'formatted\n' + 'and inserted into the output instead of the replacement ' + 'field. The\n' + '*field_name* is optionally followed by a *conversion* ' + 'field, which is\n' + 'preceded by an exclamation point "\'!\'", and a ' + '*format_spec*, which is\n' + 'preceded by a colon "\':\'". These specify a non-default ' + 'format for the\n' + 'replacement value.\n' + '\n' + 'See also the Format Specification Mini-Language section.\n' + '\n' + 'The *field_name* itself begins with an *arg_name* that is ' + 'either a\n' + 'number or a keyword. If it’s a number, it refers to a ' + 'positional\n' + 'argument, and if it’s a keyword, it refers to a named ' + 'keyword\n' + 'argument. An *arg_name* is treated as a number if a call ' + 'to\n' + '"str.isdecimal()" on the string would return true. If the ' + 'numerical\n' + 'arg_names in a format string are 0, 1, 2, … in sequence, ' + 'they can all\n' + 'be omitted (not just some) and the numbers 0, 1, 2, … will ' + 'be\n' + 'automatically inserted in that order. Because *arg_name* is ' + 'not quote-\n' + 'delimited, it is not possible to specify arbitrary ' + 'dictionary keys\n' + '(e.g., the strings "\'10\'" or "\':-]\'") within a format ' + 'string. The\n' + '*arg_name* can be followed by any number of index or ' + 'attribute\n' + 'expressions. An expression of the form "\'.name\'" selects ' + 'the named\n' + 'attribute using "getattr()", while an expression of the ' + 'form\n' + '"\'[index]\'" does an index lookup using "__getitem__()".\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.1: The positional argument specifiers ' + 'can be\n' + 'omitted for "str.format()", so "\'{} {}\'.format(a, b)" is ' + 'equivalent to\n' + '"\'{0} {1}\'.format(a, b)".\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.4: The positional argument specifiers ' + 'can be\n' + 'omitted for "Formatter".\n' + '\n' + 'Some simple format string examples:\n' + '\n' + ' "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first ' + 'positional argument\n' + ' "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly ' + 'references the first positional argument\n' + ' "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to ' + '{1}"\n' + ' "My quest is {name}" # References keyword ' + "argument 'name'\n" + ' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # \'weight\' attribute ' + 'of first positional arg\n' + ' "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of ' + "keyword argument 'players'.\n" + '\n' + 'The *conversion* field causes a type coercion before ' + 'formatting.\n' + 'Normally, the job of formatting a value is done by the ' + '"__format__()"\n' + 'method of the value itself. However, in some cases it is ' + 'desirable to\n' + 'force a type to be formatted as a string, overriding its ' + 'own\n' + 'definition of formatting. By converting the value to a ' + 'string before\n' + 'calling "__format__()", the normal formatting logic is ' + 'bypassed.\n' + '\n' + 'Three conversion flags are currently supported: "\'!s\'" ' + 'which calls\n' + '"str()" on the value, "\'!r\'" which calls "repr()" and ' + '"\'!a\'" which\n' + 'calls "ascii()".\n' + '\n' + 'Some examples:\n' + '\n' + ' "Harold\'s a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the ' + 'argument first\n' + ' "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the ' + 'argument first\n' + ' "More {!a}" # Calls ascii() on the ' + 'argument first\n' + '\n' + 'The *format_spec* field contains a specification of how the ' + 'value\n' + 'should be presented, including such details as field width, ' + 'alignment,\n' + 'padding, decimal precision and so on. Each value type can ' + 'define its\n' + 'own “formatting mini-language” or interpretation of the ' + '*format_spec*.\n' + '\n' + 'Most built-in types support a common formatting ' + 'mini-language, which\n' + 'is described in the next section.\n' + '\n' + 'A *format_spec* field can also include nested replacement ' + 'fields\n' + 'within it. These nested replacement fields may contain a ' + 'field name,\n' + 'conversion flag and format specification, but deeper ' + 'nesting is not\n' + 'allowed. The replacement fields within the format_spec ' + 'are\n' + 'substituted before the *format_spec* string is interpreted. ' + 'This\n' + 'allows the formatting of a value to be dynamically ' + 'specified.\n' + '\n' + 'See the Format examples section for some examples.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Format Specification Mini-Language\n' + '==================================\n' + '\n' + '“Format specifications” are used within replacement fields ' + 'contained\n' + 'within a format string to define how individual values are ' + 'presented\n' + '(see Format String Syntax and f-strings). They can also be ' + 'passed\n' + 'directly to the built-in "format()" function. Each ' + 'formattable type\n' + 'may define how the format specification is to be ' + 'interpreted.\n' + '\n' + 'Most built-in types implement the following options for ' + 'format\n' + 'specifications, although some of the formatting options are ' + 'only\n' + 'supported by the numeric types.\n' + '\n' + 'A general convention is that an empty format specification ' + 'produces\n' + 'the same result as if you had called "str()" on the value. ' + 'A non-empty\n' + 'format specification typically modifies the result.\n' + '\n' + 'The general form of a *standard format specifier* is:\n' + '\n' + ' format_spec ::= ' + '[[fill]align][sign]["z"]["#"]["0"][width][grouping_option]["." ' + 'precision][type]\n' + ' fill ::= \n' + ' align ::= "<" | ">" | "=" | "^"\n' + ' sign ::= "+" | "-" | " "\n' + ' width ::= digit+\n' + ' grouping_option ::= "_" | ","\n' + ' precision ::= digit+\n' + ' type ::= "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "E" | "f" | ' + '"F" | "g" | "G" | "n" | "o" | "s" | "x" | "X" | "%"\n' + '\n' + 'If a valid *align* value is specified, it can be preceded ' + 'by a *fill*\n' + 'character that can be any character and defaults to a space ' + 'if\n' + 'omitted. It is not possible to use a literal curly brace ' + '(”"{"” or\n' + '“"}"”) as the *fill* character in a formatted string ' + 'literal or when\n' + 'using the "str.format()" method. However, it is possible ' + 'to insert a\n' + 'curly brace with a nested replacement field. This ' + 'limitation doesn’t\n' + 'affect the "format()" function.\n' + '\n' + 'The meaning of the various alignment options is as ' + 'follows:\n' + '\n' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| Option | ' + 'Meaning ' + '|\n' + '|===========|============================================================|\n' + '| "\'<\'" | Forces the field to be left-aligned within ' + 'the available |\n' + '| | space (this is the default for most ' + 'objects). |\n' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| "\'>\'" | Forces the field to be right-aligned within ' + 'the available |\n' + '| | space (this is the default for ' + 'numbers). |\n' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| "\'=\'" | Forces the padding to be placed after the ' + 'sign (if any) |\n' + '| | but before the digits. This is used for ' + 'printing fields |\n' + '| | in the form ‘+000000120’. This alignment ' + 'option is only |\n' + '| | valid for numeric types. It becomes the ' + 'default for |\n' + '| | numbers when ‘0’ immediately precedes the ' + 'field width. |\n' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| "\'^\'" | Forces the field to be centered within the ' + 'available |\n' + '| | ' + 'space. ' + '|\n' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + '\n' + 'Note that unless a minimum field width is defined, the ' + 'field width\n' + 'will always be the same size as the data to fill it, so ' + 'that the\n' + 'alignment option has no meaning in this case.\n' + '\n' + 'The *sign* option is only valid for number types, and can ' + 'be one of\n' + 'the following:\n' + '\n' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| Option | ' + 'Meaning ' + '|\n' + '|===========|============================================================|\n' + '| "\'+\'" | indicates that a sign should be used for ' + 'both positive as |\n' + '| | well as negative ' + 'numbers. |\n' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| "\'-\'" | indicates that a sign should be used only ' + 'for negative |\n' + '| | numbers (this is the default ' + 'behavior). |\n' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| space | indicates that a leading space should be used ' + 'on positive |\n' + '| | numbers, and a minus sign on negative ' + 'numbers. |\n' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + '\n' + 'The "\'z\'" option coerces negative zero floating-point ' + 'values to\n' + 'positive zero after rounding to the format precision. This ' + 'option is\n' + 'only valid for floating-point presentation types.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.11: Added the "\'z\'" option (see also ' + '**PEP\n' + '682**).\n' + '\n' + 'The "\'#\'" option causes the “alternate form” to be used ' + 'for the\n' + 'conversion. The alternate form is defined differently for ' + 'different\n' + 'types. This option is only valid for integer, float and ' + 'complex\n' + 'types. For integers, when binary, octal, or hexadecimal ' + 'output is\n' + 'used, this option adds the respective prefix "\'0b\'", ' + '"\'0o\'", "\'0x\'",\n' + 'or "\'0X\'" to the output value. For float and complex the ' + 'alternate\n' + 'form causes the result of the conversion to always contain ' + 'a decimal-\n' + 'point character, even if no digits follow it. Normally, a ' + 'decimal-\n' + 'point character appears in the result of these conversions ' + 'only if a\n' + 'digit follows it. In addition, for "\'g\'" and "\'G\'" ' + 'conversions,\n' + 'trailing zeros are not removed from the result.\n' + '\n' + 'The "\',\'" option signals the use of a comma for a ' + 'thousands separator.\n' + 'For a locale aware separator, use the "\'n\'" integer ' + 'presentation type\n' + 'instead.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.1: Added the "\',\'" option (see also ' + '**PEP 378**).\n' + '\n' + 'The "\'_\'" option signals the use of an underscore for a ' + 'thousands\n' + 'separator for floating point presentation types and for ' + 'integer\n' + 'presentation type "\'d\'". For integer presentation types ' + '"\'b\'", "\'o\'",\n' + '"\'x\'", and "\'X\'", underscores will be inserted every 4 ' + 'digits. For\n' + 'other presentation types, specifying this option is an ' + 'error.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.6: Added the "\'_\'" option (see also ' + '**PEP 515**).\n' + '\n' + '*width* is a decimal integer defining the minimum total ' + 'field width,\n' + 'including any prefixes, separators, and other formatting ' + 'characters.\n' + 'If not specified, then the field width will be determined ' + 'by the\n' + 'content.\n' + '\n' + 'When no explicit alignment is given, preceding the *width* ' + 'field by a\n' + 'zero ("\'0\'") character enables sign-aware zero-padding ' + 'for numeric\n' + 'types. This is equivalent to a *fill* character of "\'0\'" ' + 'with an\n' + '*alignment* type of "\'=\'".\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.10: Preceding the *width* field by ' + '"\'0\'" no\n' + 'longer affects the default alignment for strings.\n' + '\n' + 'The *precision* is a decimal integer indicating how many ' + 'digits should\n' + 'be displayed after the decimal point for presentation types ' + '"\'f\'" and\n' + '"\'F\'", or before and after the decimal point for ' + 'presentation types\n' + '"\'g\'" or "\'G\'". For string presentation types the ' + 'field indicates the\n' + 'maximum field size - in other words, how many characters ' + 'will be used\n' + 'from the field content. The *precision* is not allowed for ' + 'integer\n' + 'presentation types.\n' + '\n' + 'Finally, the *type* determines how the data should be ' + 'presented.\n' + '\n' + 'The available string presentation types are:\n' + '\n' + ' ' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + ' | Type | ' + 'Meaning ' + '|\n' + ' ' + '|===========|============================================================|\n' + ' | "\'s\'" | String format. This is the default type ' + 'for strings and |\n' + ' | | may be ' + 'omitted. |\n' + ' ' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + ' | None | The same as ' + '"\'s\'". |\n' + ' ' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + '\n' + 'The available integer presentation types are:\n' + '\n' + ' ' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + ' | Type | ' + 'Meaning ' + '|\n' + ' ' + '|===========|============================================================|\n' + ' | "\'b\'" | Binary format. Outputs the number in ' + 'base 2. |\n' + ' ' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\'c\'" | Character. Converts the integer to the ' + 'corresponding |\n' + ' | | unicode character before ' + 'printing. |\n' + ' ' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\'d\'" | Decimal Integer. Outputs the number in ' + 'base 10. |\n' + ' ' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\'o\'" | Octal format. Outputs the number in base ' + '8. |\n' + ' ' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\'x\'" | Hex format. Outputs the number in base ' + '16, using lower- |\n' + ' | | case letters for the digits above ' + '9. |\n' + ' ' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\'X\'" | Hex format. Outputs the number in base ' + '16, using upper- |\n' + ' | | case letters for the digits above 9. In ' + 'case "\'#\'" is |\n' + ' | | specified, the prefix "\'0x\'" will be ' + 'upper-cased to "\'0X\'" |\n' + ' | | as ' + 'well. |\n' + ' ' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\'n\'" | Number. This is the same as "\'d\'", ' + 'except that it uses the |\n' + ' | | current locale setting to insert the ' + 'appropriate number |\n' + ' | | separator ' + 'characters. |\n' + ' ' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + ' | None | The same as ' + '"\'d\'". |\n' + ' ' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + '\n' + 'In addition to the above presentation types, integers can ' + 'be formatted\n' + 'with the floating point presentation types listed below ' + '(except "\'n\'"\n' + 'and "None"). When doing so, "float()" is used to convert ' + 'the integer\n' + 'to a floating point number before formatting.\n' + '\n' + 'The available presentation types for "float" and "Decimal" ' + 'values are:\n' + '\n' + ' ' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + ' | Type | ' + 'Meaning ' + '|\n' + ' ' + '|===========|============================================================|\n' + ' | "\'e\'" | Scientific notation. For a given ' + 'precision "p", formats |\n' + ' | | the number in scientific notation with the ' + 'letter ‘e’ |\n' + ' | | separating the coefficient from the ' + 'exponent. The |\n' + ' | | coefficient has one digit before and "p" ' + 'digits after the |\n' + ' | | decimal point, for a total of "p + 1" ' + 'significant digits. |\n' + ' | | With no precision given, uses a precision ' + 'of "6" digits |\n' + ' | | after the decimal point for "float", and ' + 'shows all |\n' + ' | | coefficient digits for "Decimal". If no ' + 'digits follow the |\n' + ' | | decimal point, the decimal point is also ' + 'removed unless |\n' + ' | | the "#" option is ' + 'used. |\n' + ' ' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\'E\'" | Scientific notation. Same as "\'e\'" ' + 'except it uses an upper |\n' + ' | | case ‘E’ as the separator ' + 'character. |\n' + ' ' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\'f\'" | Fixed-point notation. For a given ' + 'precision "p", formats |\n' + ' | | the number as a decimal number with ' + 'exactly "p" digits |\n' + ' | | following the decimal point. With no ' + 'precision given, uses |\n' + ' | | a precision of "6" digits after the ' + 'decimal point for |\n' + ' | | "float", and uses a precision large enough ' + 'to show all |\n' + ' | | coefficient digits for "Decimal". If no ' + 'digits follow the |\n' + ' | | decimal point, the decimal point is also ' + 'removed unless |\n' + ' | | the "#" option is ' + 'used. |\n' + ' ' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\'F\'" | Fixed-point notation. Same as "\'f\'", ' + 'but converts "nan" to |\n' + ' | | "NAN" and "inf" to ' + '"INF". |\n' + ' ' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\'g\'" | General format. For a given precision ' + '"p >= 1", this |\n' + ' | | rounds the number to "p" significant ' + 'digits and then |\n' + ' | | formats the result in either fixed-point ' + 'format or in |\n' + ' | | scientific notation, depending on its ' + 'magnitude. A |\n' + ' | | precision of "0" is treated as equivalent ' + 'to a precision |\n' + ' | | of "1". The precise rules are as follows: ' + 'suppose that |\n' + ' | | the result formatted with presentation ' + 'type "\'e\'" and |\n' + ' | | precision "p-1" would have exponent ' + '"exp". Then, if "m <= |\n' + ' | | exp < p", where "m" is -4 for floats and ' + '-6 for |\n' + ' | | "Decimals", the number is formatted with ' + 'presentation type |\n' + ' | | "\'f\'" and precision "p-1-exp". ' + 'Otherwise, the number is |\n' + ' | | formatted with presentation type "\'e\'" ' + 'and precision |\n' + ' | | "p-1". In both cases insignificant ' + 'trailing zeros are |\n' + ' | | removed from the significand, and the ' + 'decimal point is |\n' + ' | | also removed if there are no remaining ' + 'digits following |\n' + ' | | it, unless the "\'#\'" option is used. ' + 'With no precision |\n' + ' | | given, uses a precision of "6" significant ' + 'digits for |\n' + ' | | "float". For "Decimal", the coefficient of ' + 'the result is |\n' + ' | | formed from the coefficient digits of the ' + 'value; |\n' + ' | | scientific notation is used for values ' + 'smaller than "1e-6" |\n' + ' | | in absolute value and values where the ' + 'place value of the |\n' + ' | | least significant digit is larger than 1, ' + 'and fixed-point |\n' + ' | | notation is used otherwise. Positive and ' + 'negative |\n' + ' | | infinity, positive and negative zero, and ' + 'nans, are |\n' + ' | | formatted as "inf", "-inf", "0", "-0" and ' + '"nan" |\n' + ' | | respectively, regardless of the ' + 'precision. |\n' + ' ' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\'G\'" | General format. Same as "\'g\'" except ' + 'switches to "\'E\'" if |\n' + ' | | the number gets too large. The ' + 'representations of infinity |\n' + ' | | and NaN are uppercased, ' + 'too. |\n' + ' ' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\'n\'" | Number. This is the same as "\'g\'", ' + 'except that it uses the |\n' + ' | | current locale setting to insert the ' + 'appropriate number |\n' + ' | | separator ' + 'characters. |\n' + ' ' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\'%\'" | Percentage. Multiplies the number by 100 ' + 'and displays in |\n' + ' | | fixed ("\'f\'") format, followed by a ' + 'percent sign. |\n' + ' ' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + ' | None | For "float" this is the same as "\'g\'", ' + 'except that when |\n' + ' | | fixed-point notation is used to format the ' + 'result, it |\n' + ' | | always includes at least one digit past ' + 'the decimal point. |\n' + ' | | The precision used is as large as needed ' + 'to represent the |\n' + ' | | given value faithfully. For "Decimal", ' + 'this is the same |\n' + ' | | as either "\'g\'" or "\'G\'" depending on ' + 'the value of |\n' + ' | | "context.capitals" for the current decimal ' + 'context. The |\n' + ' | | overall effect is to match the output of ' + '"str()" as |\n' + ' | | altered by the other format ' + 'modifiers. |\n' + ' ' + '+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Format examples\n' + '===============\n' + '\n' + 'This section contains examples of the "str.format()" syntax ' + 'and\n' + 'comparison with the old "%"-formatting.\n' + '\n' + 'In most of the cases the syntax is similar to the old ' + '"%"-formatting,\n' + 'with the addition of the "{}" and with ":" used instead of ' + '"%". For\n' + 'example, "\'%03.2f\'" can be translated to "\'{:03.2f}\'".\n' + '\n' + 'The new format syntax also supports new and different ' + 'options, shown\n' + 'in the following examples.\n' + '\n' + 'Accessing arguments by position:\n' + '\n' + " >>> '{0}, {1}, {2}'.format('a', 'b', 'c')\n" + " 'a, b, c'\n" + " >>> '{}, {}, {}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') # 3.1+ only\n" + " 'a, b, c'\n" + " >>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format('a', 'b', 'c')\n" + " 'c, b, a'\n" + " >>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format(*'abc') # unpacking " + 'argument sequence\n' + " 'c, b, a'\n" + " >>> '{0}{1}{0}'.format('abra', 'cad') # arguments' " + 'indices can be repeated\n' + " 'abracadabra'\n" + '\n' + 'Accessing arguments by name:\n' + '\n' + " >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, " + "{longitude}'.format(latitude='37.24N', " + "longitude='-115.81W')\n" + " 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W'\n" + " >>> coord = {'latitude': '37.24N', 'longitude': " + "'-115.81W'}\n" + " >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, " + "{longitude}'.format(**coord)\n" + " 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W'\n" + '\n' + 'Accessing arguments’ attributes:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> c = 3-5j\n' + " >>> ('The complex number {0} is formed from the real " + "part {0.real} '\n" + " ... 'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.').format(c)\n" + " 'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part " + "3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.'\n" + ' >>> class Point:\n' + ' ... def __init__(self, x, y):\n' + ' ... self.x, self.y = x, y\n' + ' ... def __str__(self):\n' + " ... return 'Point({self.x}, " + "{self.y})'.format(self=self)\n" + ' ...\n' + ' >>> str(Point(4, 2))\n' + " 'Point(4, 2)'\n" + '\n' + 'Accessing arguments’ items:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> coord = (3, 5)\n' + " >>> 'X: {0[0]}; Y: {0[1]}'.format(coord)\n" + " 'X: 3; Y: 5'\n" + '\n' + 'Replacing "%s" and "%r":\n' + '\n' + ' >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn\'t: ' + '{!s}".format(\'test1\', \'test2\')\n' + ' "repr() shows quotes: \'test1\'; str() doesn\'t: test2"\n' + '\n' + 'Aligning the text and specifying a width:\n' + '\n' + " >>> '{:<30}'.format('left aligned')\n" + " 'left aligned '\n" + " >>> '{:>30}'.format('right aligned')\n" + " ' right aligned'\n" + " >>> '{:^30}'.format('centered')\n" + " ' centered '\n" + " >>> '{:*^30}'.format('centered') # use '*' as a fill " + 'char\n' + " '***********centered***********'\n" + '\n' + 'Replacing "%+f", "%-f", and "% f" and specifying a sign:\n' + '\n' + " >>> '{:+f}; {:+f}'.format(3.14, -3.14) # show it " + 'always\n' + " '+3.140000; -3.140000'\n" + " >>> '{: f}; {: f}'.format(3.14, -3.14) # show a space " + 'for positive numbers\n' + " ' 3.140000; -3.140000'\n" + " >>> '{:-f}; {:-f}'.format(3.14, -3.14) # show only the " + "minus -- same as '{:f}; {:f}'\n" + " '3.140000; -3.140000'\n" + '\n' + 'Replacing "%x" and "%o" and converting the value to ' + 'different bases:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> # format also supports binary numbers\n' + ' >>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:x}; oct: {0:o}; bin: ' + '{0:b}".format(42)\n' + " 'int: 42; hex: 2a; oct: 52; bin: 101010'\n" + ' >>> # with 0x, 0o, or 0b as prefix:\n' + ' >>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:#x}; oct: {0:#o}; bin: ' + '{0:#b}".format(42)\n' + " 'int: 42; hex: 0x2a; oct: 0o52; bin: 0b101010'\n" + '\n' + 'Using the comma as a thousands separator:\n' + '\n' + " >>> '{:,}'.format(1234567890)\n" + " '1,234,567,890'\n" + '\n' + 'Expressing a percentage:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> points = 19\n' + ' >>> total = 22\n' + " >>> 'Correct answers: {:.2%}'.format(points/total)\n" + " 'Correct answers: 86.36%'\n" + '\n' + 'Using type-specific formatting:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> import datetime\n' + ' >>> d = datetime.datetime(2010, 7, 4, 12, 15, 58)\n' + " >>> '{:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S}'.format(d)\n" + " '2010-07-04 12:15:58'\n" + '\n' + 'Nesting arguments and more complex examples:\n' + '\n' + " >>> for align, text in zip('<^>', ['left', 'center', " + "'right']):\n" + " ... '{0:{fill}{align}16}'.format(text, fill=align, " + 'align=align)\n' + ' ...\n' + " 'left<<<<<<<<<<<<'\n" + " '^^^^^center^^^^^'\n" + " '>>>>>>>>>>>right'\n" + ' >>>\n' + ' >>> octets = [192, 168, 0, 1]\n' + " >>> '{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}'.format(*octets)\n" + " 'C0A80001'\n" + ' >>> int(_, 16)\n' + ' 3232235521\n' + ' >>>\n' + ' >>> width = 5\n' + ' >>> for num in range(5,12): \n' + " ... for base in 'dXob':\n" + " ... print('{0:{width}{base}}'.format(num, " + "base=base, width=width), end=' ')\n" + ' ... print()\n' + ' ...\n' + ' 5 5 5 101\n' + ' 6 6 6 110\n' + ' 7 7 7 111\n' + ' 8 8 10 1000\n' + ' 9 9 11 1001\n' + ' 10 A 12 1010\n' + ' 11 B 13 1011\n', + 'function': 'Function definitions\n' + '********************\n' + '\n' + 'A function definition defines a user-defined function object ' + '(see\n' + 'section The standard type hierarchy):\n' + '\n' + ' funcdef ::= [decorators] "def" funcname "(" ' + '[parameter_list] ")"\n' + ' ["->" expression] ":" suite\n' + ' decorators ::= decorator+\n' + ' decorator ::= "@" assignment_expression ' + 'NEWLINE\n' + ' parameter_list ::= defparameter ("," ' + 'defparameter)* "," "/" ["," [parameter_list_no_posonly]]\n' + ' | parameter_list_no_posonly\n' + ' parameter_list_no_posonly ::= defparameter ("," ' + 'defparameter)* ["," [parameter_list_starargs]]\n' + ' | parameter_list_starargs\n' + ' parameter_list_starargs ::= "*" [parameter] ("," ' + 'defparameter)* ["," ["**" parameter [","]]]\n' + ' | "**" parameter [","]\n' + ' parameter ::= identifier [":" expression]\n' + ' defparameter ::= parameter ["=" expression]\n' + ' funcname ::= identifier\n' + '\n' + 'A function definition is an executable statement. Its execution ' + 'binds\n' + 'the function name in the current local namespace to a function ' + 'object\n' + '(a wrapper around the executable code for the function). This\n' + 'function object contains a reference to the current global ' + 'namespace\n' + 'as the global namespace to be used when the function is called.\n' + '\n' + 'The function definition does not execute the function body; this ' + 'gets\n' + 'executed only when the function is called. [4]\n' + '\n' + 'A function definition may be wrapped by one or more *decorator*\n' + 'expressions. Decorator expressions are evaluated when the ' + 'function is\n' + 'defined, in the scope that contains the function definition. ' + 'The\n' + 'result must be a callable, which is invoked with the function ' + 'object\n' + 'as the only argument. The returned value is bound to the ' + 'function name\n' + 'instead of the function object. Multiple decorators are applied ' + 'in\n' + 'nested fashion. For example, the following code\n' + '\n' + ' @f1(arg)\n' + ' @f2\n' + ' def func(): pass\n' + '\n' + 'is roughly equivalent to\n' + '\n' + ' def func(): pass\n' + ' func = f1(arg)(f2(func))\n' + '\n' + 'except that the original function is not temporarily bound to ' + 'the name\n' + '"func".\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.9: Functions may be decorated with any ' + 'valid\n' + '"assignment_expression". Previously, the grammar was much more\n' + 'restrictive; see **PEP 614** for details.\n' + '\n' + 'When one or more *parameters* have the form *parameter* "="\n' + '*expression*, the function is said to have “default parameter ' + 'values.”\n' + 'For a parameter with a default value, the corresponding ' + '*argument* may\n' + 'be omitted from a call, in which case the parameter’s default ' + 'value is\n' + 'substituted. If a parameter has a default value, all following\n' + 'parameters up until the “"*"” must also have a default value — ' + 'this is\n' + 'a syntactic restriction that is not expressed by the grammar.\n' + '\n' + '**Default parameter values are evaluated from left to right when ' + 'the\n' + 'function definition is executed.** This means that the ' + 'expression is\n' + 'evaluated once, when the function is defined, and that the same ' + '“pre-\n' + 'computed” value is used for each call. This is especially ' + 'important\n' + 'to understand when a default parameter value is a mutable ' + 'object, such\n' + 'as a list or a dictionary: if the function modifies the object ' + '(e.g.\n' + 'by appending an item to a list), the default parameter value is ' + 'in\n' + 'effect modified. This is generally not what was intended. A ' + 'way\n' + 'around this is to use "None" as the default, and explicitly test ' + 'for\n' + 'it in the body of the function, e.g.:\n' + '\n' + ' def whats_on_the_telly(penguin=None):\n' + ' if penguin is None:\n' + ' penguin = []\n' + ' penguin.append("property of the zoo")\n' + ' return penguin\n' + '\n' + 'Function call semantics are described in more detail in section ' + 'Calls.\n' + 'A function call always assigns values to all parameters ' + 'mentioned in\n' + 'the parameter list, either from positional arguments, from ' + 'keyword\n' + 'arguments, or from default values. If the form “"*identifier"” ' + 'is\n' + 'present, it is initialized to a tuple receiving any excess ' + 'positional\n' + 'parameters, defaulting to the empty tuple. If the form\n' + '“"**identifier"” is present, it is initialized to a new ordered\n' + 'mapping receiving any excess keyword arguments, defaulting to a ' + 'new\n' + 'empty mapping of the same type. Parameters after “"*"” or\n' + '“"*identifier"” are keyword-only parameters and may only be ' + 'passed by\n' + 'keyword arguments. Parameters before “"/"” are positional-only\n' + 'parameters and may only be passed by positional arguments.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.8: The "/" function parameter syntax may be ' + 'used\n' + 'to indicate positional-only parameters. See **PEP 570** for ' + 'details.\n' + '\n' + 'Parameters may have an *annotation* of the form “": ' + 'expression"”\n' + 'following the parameter name. Any parameter may have an ' + 'annotation,\n' + 'even those of the form "*identifier" or "**identifier". ' + 'Functions may\n' + 'have “return” annotation of the form “"-> expression"” after ' + 'the\n' + 'parameter list. These annotations can be any valid Python ' + 'expression.\n' + 'The presence of annotations does not change the semantics of a\n' + 'function. The annotation values are available as values of a\n' + 'dictionary keyed by the parameters’ names in the ' + '"__annotations__"\n' + 'attribute of the function object. If the "annotations" import ' + 'from\n' + '"__future__" is used, annotations are preserved as strings at ' + 'runtime\n' + 'which enables postponed evaluation. Otherwise, they are ' + 'evaluated\n' + 'when the function definition is executed. In this case ' + 'annotations\n' + 'may be evaluated in a different order than they appear in the ' + 'source\n' + 'code.\n' + '\n' + 'It is also possible to create anonymous functions (functions not ' + 'bound\n' + 'to a name), for immediate use in expressions. This uses lambda\n' + 'expressions, described in section Lambdas. Note that the ' + 'lambda\n' + 'expression is merely a shorthand for a simplified function ' + 'definition;\n' + 'a function defined in a “"def"” statement can be passed around ' + 'or\n' + 'assigned to another name just like a function defined by a ' + 'lambda\n' + 'expression. The “"def"” form is actually more powerful since ' + 'it\n' + 'allows the execution of multiple statements and annotations.\n' + '\n' + '**Programmer’s note:** Functions are first-class objects. A ' + '“"def"”\n' + 'statement executed inside a function definition defines a local\n' + 'function that can be returned or passed around. Free variables ' + 'used\n' + 'in the nested function can access the local variables of the ' + 'function\n' + 'containing the def. See section Naming and binding for ' + 'details.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 3107** - Function Annotations\n' + ' The original specification for function annotations.\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 484** - Type Hints\n' + ' Definition of a standard meaning for annotations: type ' + 'hints.\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 526** - Syntax for Variable Annotations\n' + ' Ability to type hint variable declarations, including ' + 'class\n' + ' variables and instance variables.\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 563** - Postponed Evaluation of Annotations\n' + ' Support for forward references within annotations by ' + 'preserving\n' + ' annotations in a string form at runtime instead of eager\n' + ' evaluation.\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 318** - Decorators for Functions and Methods\n' + ' Function and method decorators were introduced. Class ' + 'decorators\n' + ' were introduced in **PEP 3129**.\n', + 'global': 'The "global" statement\n' + '**********************\n' + '\n' + ' global_stmt ::= "global" identifier ("," identifier)*\n' + '\n' + 'The "global" statement is a declaration which holds for the ' + 'entire\n' + 'current code block. It means that the listed identifiers are to ' + 'be\n' + 'interpreted as globals. It would be impossible to assign to a ' + 'global\n' + 'variable without "global", although free variables may refer to\n' + 'globals without being declared global.\n' + '\n' + 'Names listed in a "global" statement must not be used in the same ' + 'code\n' + 'block textually preceding that "global" statement.\n' + '\n' + 'Names listed in a "global" statement must not be defined as ' + 'formal\n' + 'parameters, or as targets in "with" statements or "except" ' + 'clauses, or\n' + 'in a "for" target list, "class" definition, function definition,\n' + '"import" statement, or variable annotation.\n' + '\n' + '**CPython implementation detail:** The current implementation does ' + 'not\n' + 'enforce some of these restrictions, but programs should not abuse ' + 'this\n' + 'freedom, as future implementations may enforce them or silently ' + 'change\n' + 'the meaning of the program.\n' + '\n' + '**Programmer’s note:** "global" is a directive to the parser. It\n' + 'applies only to code parsed at the same time as the "global"\n' + 'statement. In particular, a "global" statement contained in a ' + 'string\n' + 'or code object supplied to the built-in "exec()" function does ' + 'not\n' + 'affect the code block *containing* the function call, and code\n' + 'contained in such a string is unaffected by "global" statements in ' + 'the\n' + 'code containing the function call. The same applies to the ' + '"eval()"\n' + 'and "compile()" functions.\n', + 'id-classes': 'Reserved classes of identifiers\n' + '*******************************\n' + '\n' + 'Certain classes of identifiers (besides keywords) have ' + 'special\n' + 'meanings. These classes are identified by the patterns of ' + 'leading and\n' + 'trailing underscore characters:\n' + '\n' + '"_*"\n' + ' Not imported by "from module import *".\n' + '\n' + '"_"\n' + ' In a "case" pattern within a "match" statement, "_" is a ' + 'soft\n' + ' keyword that denotes a wildcard.\n' + '\n' + ' Separately, the interactive interpreter makes the result of ' + 'the\n' + ' last evaluation available in the variable "_". (It is ' + 'stored in the\n' + ' "builtins" module, alongside built-in functions like ' + '"print".)\n' + '\n' + ' Elsewhere, "_" is a regular identifier. It is often used to ' + 'name\n' + ' “special” items, but it is not special to Python itself.\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' The name "_" is often used in conjunction with\n' + ' internationalization; refer to the documentation for the\n' + ' "gettext" module for more information on this ' + 'convention.It is\n' + ' also commonly used for unused variables.\n' + '\n' + '"__*__"\n' + ' System-defined names, informally known as “dunder” names. ' + 'These\n' + ' names are defined by the interpreter and its ' + 'implementation\n' + ' (including the standard library). Current system names are\n' + ' discussed in the Special method names section and ' + 'elsewhere. More\n' + ' will likely be defined in future versions of Python. *Any* ' + 'use of\n' + ' "__*__" names, in any context, that does not follow ' + 'explicitly\n' + ' documented use, is subject to breakage without warning.\n' + '\n' + '"__*"\n' + ' Class-private names. Names in this category, when used ' + 'within the\n' + ' context of a class definition, are re-written to use a ' + 'mangled form\n' + ' to help avoid name clashes between “private” attributes of ' + 'base and\n' + ' derived classes. See section Identifiers (Names).\n', + 'identifiers': 'Identifiers and keywords\n' + '************************\n' + '\n' + 'Identifiers (also referred to as *names*) are described by ' + 'the\n' + 'following lexical definitions.\n' + '\n' + 'The syntax of identifiers in Python is based on the Unicode ' + 'standard\n' + 'annex UAX-31, with elaboration and changes as defined below; ' + 'see also\n' + '**PEP 3131** for further details.\n' + '\n' + 'Within the ASCII range (U+0001..U+007F), the valid characters ' + 'for\n' + 'identifiers are the same as in Python 2.x: the uppercase and ' + 'lowercase\n' + 'letters "A" through "Z", the underscore "_" and, except for ' + 'the first\n' + 'character, the digits "0" through "9".\n' + '\n' + 'Python 3.0 introduces additional characters from outside the ' + 'ASCII\n' + 'range (see **PEP 3131**). For these characters, the ' + 'classification\n' + 'uses the version of the Unicode Character Database as ' + 'included in the\n' + '"unicodedata" module.\n' + '\n' + 'Identifiers are unlimited in length. Case is significant.\n' + '\n' + ' identifier ::= xid_start xid_continue*\n' + ' id_start ::= \n' + ' id_continue ::= \n' + ' xid_start ::= \n' + ' xid_continue ::= \n' + '\n' + 'The Unicode category codes mentioned above stand for:\n' + '\n' + '* *Lu* - uppercase letters\n' + '\n' + '* *Ll* - lowercase letters\n' + '\n' + '* *Lt* - titlecase letters\n' + '\n' + '* *Lm* - modifier letters\n' + '\n' + '* *Lo* - other letters\n' + '\n' + '* *Nl* - letter numbers\n' + '\n' + '* *Mn* - nonspacing marks\n' + '\n' + '* *Mc* - spacing combining marks\n' + '\n' + '* *Nd* - decimal numbers\n' + '\n' + '* *Pc* - connector punctuations\n' + '\n' + '* *Other_ID_Start* - explicit list of characters in ' + 'PropList.txt to\n' + ' support backwards compatibility\n' + '\n' + '* *Other_ID_Continue* - likewise\n' + '\n' + 'All identifiers are converted into the normal form NFKC while ' + 'parsing;\n' + 'comparison of identifiers is based on NFKC.\n' + '\n' + 'A non-normative HTML file listing all valid identifier ' + 'characters for\n' + 'Unicode 14.0.0 can be found at\n' + 'https://www.unicode.org/Public/14.0.0/ucd/DerivedCoreProperties.txt\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Keywords\n' + '========\n' + '\n' + 'The following identifiers are used as reserved words, or ' + '*keywords* of\n' + 'the language, and cannot be used as ordinary identifiers. ' + 'They must\n' + 'be spelled exactly as written here:\n' + '\n' + ' False await else import pass\n' + ' None break except in raise\n' + ' True class finally is return\n' + ' and continue for lambda try\n' + ' as def from nonlocal while\n' + ' assert del global not with\n' + ' async elif if or yield\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Soft Keywords\n' + '=============\n' + '\n' + 'New in version 3.10.\n' + '\n' + 'Some identifiers are only reserved under specific contexts. ' + 'These are\n' + 'known as *soft keywords*. The identifiers "match", "case" ' + 'and "_" can\n' + 'syntactically act as keywords in contexts related to the ' + 'pattern\n' + 'matching statement, but this distinction is done at the ' + 'parser level,\n' + 'not when tokenizing.\n' + '\n' + 'As soft keywords, their use with pattern matching is possible ' + 'while\n' + 'still preserving compatibility with existing code that uses ' + '"match",\n' + '"case" and "_" as identifier names.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Reserved classes of identifiers\n' + '===============================\n' + '\n' + 'Certain classes of identifiers (besides keywords) have ' + 'special\n' + 'meanings. These classes are identified by the patterns of ' + 'leading and\n' + 'trailing underscore characters:\n' + '\n' + '"_*"\n' + ' Not imported by "from module import *".\n' + '\n' + '"_"\n' + ' In a "case" pattern within a "match" statement, "_" is a ' + 'soft\n' + ' keyword that denotes a wildcard.\n' + '\n' + ' Separately, the interactive interpreter makes the result ' + 'of the\n' + ' last evaluation available in the variable "_". (It is ' + 'stored in the\n' + ' "builtins" module, alongside built-in functions like ' + '"print".)\n' + '\n' + ' Elsewhere, "_" is a regular identifier. It is often used ' + 'to name\n' + ' “special” items, but it is not special to Python itself.\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' The name "_" is often used in conjunction with\n' + ' internationalization; refer to the documentation for ' + 'the\n' + ' "gettext" module for more information on this ' + 'convention.It is\n' + ' also commonly used for unused variables.\n' + '\n' + '"__*__"\n' + ' System-defined names, informally known as “dunder” names. ' + 'These\n' + ' names are defined by the interpreter and its ' + 'implementation\n' + ' (including the standard library). Current system names ' + 'are\n' + ' discussed in the Special method names section and ' + 'elsewhere. More\n' + ' will likely be defined in future versions of Python. ' + '*Any* use of\n' + ' "__*__" names, in any context, that does not follow ' + 'explicitly\n' + ' documented use, is subject to breakage without warning.\n' + '\n' + '"__*"\n' + ' Class-private names. Names in this category, when used ' + 'within the\n' + ' context of a class definition, are re-written to use a ' + 'mangled form\n' + ' to help avoid name clashes between “private” attributes of ' + 'base and\n' + ' derived classes. See section Identifiers (Names).\n', + 'if': 'The "if" statement\n' + '******************\n' + '\n' + 'The "if" statement is used for conditional execution:\n' + '\n' + ' if_stmt ::= "if" assignment_expression ":" suite\n' + ' ("elif" assignment_expression ":" suite)*\n' + ' ["else" ":" suite]\n' + '\n' + 'It selects exactly one of the suites by evaluating the expressions ' + 'one\n' + 'by one until one is found to be true (see section Boolean operations\n' + 'for the definition of true and false); then that suite is executed\n' + '(and no other part of the "if" statement is executed or evaluated).\n' + 'If all expressions are false, the suite of the "else" clause, if\n' + 'present, is executed.\n', + 'imaginary': 'Imaginary literals\n' + '******************\n' + '\n' + 'Imaginary literals are described by the following lexical ' + 'definitions:\n' + '\n' + ' imagnumber ::= (floatnumber | digitpart) ("j" | "J")\n' + '\n' + 'An imaginary literal yields a complex number with a real part ' + 'of 0.0.\n' + 'Complex numbers are represented as a pair of floating point ' + 'numbers\n' + 'and have the same restrictions on their range. To create a ' + 'complex\n' + 'number with a nonzero real part, add a floating point number to ' + 'it,\n' + 'e.g., "(3+4j)". Some examples of imaginary literals:\n' + '\n' + ' 3.14j 10.j 10j .001j 1e100j 3.14e-10j ' + '3.14_15_93j\n', + 'import': 'The "import" statement\n' + '**********************\n' + '\n' + ' import_stmt ::= "import" module ["as" identifier] ("," ' + 'module ["as" identifier])*\n' + ' | "from" relative_module "import" identifier ' + '["as" identifier]\n' + ' ("," identifier ["as" identifier])*\n' + ' | "from" relative_module "import" "(" ' + 'identifier ["as" identifier]\n' + ' ("," identifier ["as" identifier])* [","] ")"\n' + ' | "from" relative_module "import" "*"\n' + ' module ::= (identifier ".")* identifier\n' + ' relative_module ::= "."* module | "."+\n' + '\n' + 'The basic import statement (no "from" clause) is executed in two\n' + 'steps:\n' + '\n' + '1. find a module, loading and initializing it if necessary\n' + '\n' + '2. define a name or names in the local namespace for the scope ' + 'where\n' + ' the "import" statement occurs.\n' + '\n' + 'When the statement contains multiple clauses (separated by commas) ' + 'the\n' + 'two steps are carried out separately for each clause, just as ' + 'though\n' + 'the clauses had been separated out into individual import ' + 'statements.\n' + '\n' + 'The details of the first step, finding and loading modules, are\n' + 'described in greater detail in the section on the import system, ' + 'which\n' + 'also describes the various types of packages and modules that can ' + 'be\n' + 'imported, as well as all the hooks that can be used to customize ' + 'the\n' + 'import system. Note that failures in this step may indicate ' + 'either\n' + 'that the module could not be located, *or* that an error occurred\n' + 'while initializing the module, which includes execution of the\n' + 'module’s code.\n' + '\n' + 'If the requested module is retrieved successfully, it will be ' + 'made\n' + 'available in the local namespace in one of three ways:\n' + '\n' + '* If the module name is followed by "as", then the name following ' + '"as"\n' + ' is bound directly to the imported module.\n' + '\n' + '* If no other name is specified, and the module being imported is ' + 'a\n' + ' top level module, the module’s name is bound in the local ' + 'namespace\n' + ' as a reference to the imported module\n' + '\n' + '* If the module being imported is *not* a top level module, then ' + 'the\n' + ' name of the top level package that contains the module is bound ' + 'in\n' + ' the local namespace as a reference to the top level package. ' + 'The\n' + ' imported module must be accessed using its full qualified name\n' + ' rather than directly\n' + '\n' + 'The "from" form uses a slightly more complex process:\n' + '\n' + '1. find the module specified in the "from" clause, loading and\n' + ' initializing it if necessary;\n' + '\n' + '2. for each of the identifiers specified in the "import" clauses:\n' + '\n' + ' 1. check if the imported module has an attribute by that name\n' + '\n' + ' 2. if not, attempt to import a submodule with that name and ' + 'then\n' + ' check the imported module again for that attribute\n' + '\n' + ' 3. if the attribute is not found, "ImportError" is raised.\n' + '\n' + ' 4. otherwise, a reference to that value is stored in the local\n' + ' namespace, using the name in the "as" clause if it is ' + 'present,\n' + ' otherwise using the attribute name\n' + '\n' + 'Examples:\n' + '\n' + ' import foo # foo imported and bound locally\n' + ' import foo.bar.baz # foo, foo.bar, and foo.bar.baz ' + 'imported, foo bound locally\n' + ' import foo.bar.baz as fbb # foo, foo.bar, and foo.bar.baz ' + 'imported, foo.bar.baz bound as fbb\n' + ' from foo.bar import baz # foo, foo.bar, and foo.bar.baz ' + 'imported, foo.bar.baz bound as baz\n' + ' from foo import attr # foo imported and foo.attr bound as ' + 'attr\n' + '\n' + 'If the list of identifiers is replaced by a star ("\'*\'"), all ' + 'public\n' + 'names defined in the module are bound in the local namespace for ' + 'the\n' + 'scope where the "import" statement occurs.\n' + '\n' + 'The *public names* defined by a module are determined by checking ' + 'the\n' + 'module’s namespace for a variable named "__all__"; if defined, it ' + 'must\n' + 'be a sequence of strings which are names defined or imported by ' + 'that\n' + 'module. The names given in "__all__" are all considered public ' + 'and\n' + 'are required to exist. If "__all__" is not defined, the set of ' + 'public\n' + 'names includes all names found in the module’s namespace which do ' + 'not\n' + 'begin with an underscore character ("\'_\'"). "__all__" should ' + 'contain\n' + 'the entire public API. It is intended to avoid accidentally ' + 'exporting\n' + 'items that are not part of the API (such as library modules which ' + 'were\n' + 'imported and used within the module).\n' + '\n' + 'The wild card form of import — "from module import *" — is only\n' + 'allowed at the module level. Attempting to use it in class or\n' + 'function definitions will raise a "SyntaxError".\n' + '\n' + 'When specifying what module to import you do not have to specify ' + 'the\n' + 'absolute name of the module. When a module or package is ' + 'contained\n' + 'within another package it is possible to make a relative import ' + 'within\n' + 'the same top package without having to mention the package name. ' + 'By\n' + 'using leading dots in the specified module or package after "from" ' + 'you\n' + 'can specify how high to traverse up the current package hierarchy\n' + 'without specifying exact names. One leading dot means the current\n' + 'package where the module making the import exists. Two dots means ' + 'up\n' + 'one package level. Three dots is up two levels, etc. So if you ' + 'execute\n' + '"from . import mod" from a module in the "pkg" package then you ' + 'will\n' + 'end up importing "pkg.mod". If you execute "from ..subpkg2 import ' + 'mod"\n' + 'from within "pkg.subpkg1" you will import "pkg.subpkg2.mod". The\n' + 'specification for relative imports is contained in the Package\n' + 'Relative Imports section.\n' + '\n' + '"importlib.import_module()" is provided to support applications ' + 'that\n' + 'determine dynamically the modules to be loaded.\n' + '\n' + 'Raises an auditing event "import" with arguments "module", ' + '"filename",\n' + '"sys.path", "sys.meta_path", "sys.path_hooks".\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Future statements\n' + '=================\n' + '\n' + 'A *future statement* is a directive to the compiler that a ' + 'particular\n' + 'module should be compiled using syntax or semantics that will be\n' + 'available in a specified future release of Python where the ' + 'feature\n' + 'becomes standard.\n' + '\n' + 'The future statement is intended to ease migration to future ' + 'versions\n' + 'of Python that introduce incompatible changes to the language. ' + 'It\n' + 'allows use of the new features on a per-module basis before the\n' + 'release in which the feature becomes standard.\n' + '\n' + ' future_stmt ::= "from" "__future__" "import" feature ["as" ' + 'identifier]\n' + ' ("," feature ["as" identifier])*\n' + ' | "from" "__future__" "import" "(" feature ' + '["as" identifier]\n' + ' ("," feature ["as" identifier])* [","] ")"\n' + ' feature ::= identifier\n' + '\n' + 'A future statement must appear near the top of the module. The ' + 'only\n' + 'lines that can appear before a future statement are:\n' + '\n' + '* the module docstring (if any),\n' + '\n' + '* comments,\n' + '\n' + '* blank lines, and\n' + '\n' + '* other future statements.\n' + '\n' + 'The only feature that requires using the future statement is\n' + '"annotations" (see **PEP 563**).\n' + '\n' + 'All historical features enabled by the future statement are still\n' + 'recognized by Python 3. The list includes "absolute_import",\n' + '"division", "generators", "generator_stop", "unicode_literals",\n' + '"print_function", "nested_scopes" and "with_statement". They are ' + 'all\n' + 'redundant because they are always enabled, and only kept for ' + 'backwards\n' + 'compatibility.\n' + '\n' + 'A future statement is recognized and treated specially at compile\n' + 'time: Changes to the semantics of core constructs are often\n' + 'implemented by generating different code. It may even be the ' + 'case\n' + 'that a new feature introduces new incompatible syntax (such as a ' + 'new\n' + 'reserved word), in which case the compiler may need to parse the\n' + 'module differently. Such decisions cannot be pushed off until\n' + 'runtime.\n' + '\n' + 'For any given release, the compiler knows which feature names ' + 'have\n' + 'been defined, and raises a compile-time error if a future ' + 'statement\n' + 'contains a feature not known to it.\n' + '\n' + 'The direct runtime semantics are the same as for any import ' + 'statement:\n' + 'there is a standard module "__future__", described later, and it ' + 'will\n' + 'be imported in the usual way at the time the future statement is\n' + 'executed.\n' + '\n' + 'The interesting runtime semantics depend on the specific feature\n' + 'enabled by the future statement.\n' + '\n' + 'Note that there is nothing special about the statement:\n' + '\n' + ' import __future__ [as name]\n' + '\n' + 'That is not a future statement; it’s an ordinary import statement ' + 'with\n' + 'no special semantics or syntax restrictions.\n' + '\n' + 'Code compiled by calls to the built-in functions "exec()" and\n' + '"compile()" that occur in a module "M" containing a future ' + 'statement\n' + 'will, by default, use the new syntax or semantics associated with ' + 'the\n' + 'future statement. This can be controlled by optional arguments ' + 'to\n' + '"compile()" — see the documentation of that function for details.\n' + '\n' + 'A future statement typed at an interactive interpreter prompt ' + 'will\n' + 'take effect for the rest of the interpreter session. If an\n' + 'interpreter is started with the "-i" option, is passed a script ' + 'name\n' + 'to execute, and the script includes a future statement, it will be ' + 'in\n' + 'effect in the interactive session started after the script is\n' + 'executed.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 236** - Back to the __future__\n' + ' The original proposal for the __future__ mechanism.\n', + 'in': 'Membership test operations\n' + '**************************\n' + '\n' + 'The operators "in" and "not in" test for membership. "x in s"\n' + 'evaluates to "True" if *x* is a member of *s*, and "False" otherwise.\n' + '"x not in s" returns the negation of "x in s". All built-in ' + 'sequences\n' + 'and set types support this as well as dictionary, for which "in" ' + 'tests\n' + 'whether the dictionary has a given key. For container types such as\n' + 'list, tuple, set, frozenset, dict, or collections.deque, the\n' + 'expression "x in y" is equivalent to "any(x is e or x == e for e in\n' + 'y)".\n' + '\n' + 'For the string and bytes types, "x in y" is "True" if and only if *x*\n' + 'is a substring of *y*. An equivalent test is "y.find(x) != -1".\n' + 'Empty strings are always considered to be a substring of any other\n' + 'string, so """ in "abc"" will return "True".\n' + '\n' + 'For user-defined classes which define the "__contains__()" method, "x\n' + 'in y" returns "True" if "y.__contains__(x)" returns a true value, and\n' + '"False" otherwise.\n' + '\n' + 'For user-defined classes which do not define "__contains__()" but do\n' + 'define "__iter__()", "x in y" is "True" if some value "z", for which\n' + 'the expression "x is z or x == z" is true, is produced while ' + 'iterating\n' + 'over "y". If an exception is raised during the iteration, it is as if\n' + '"in" raised that exception.\n' + '\n' + 'Lastly, the old-style iteration protocol is tried: if a class defines\n' + '"__getitem__()", "x in y" is "True" if and only if there is a non-\n' + 'negative integer index *i* such that "x is y[i] or x == y[i]", and no\n' + 'lower integer index raises the "IndexError" exception. (If any other\n' + 'exception is raised, it is as if "in" raised that exception).\n' + '\n' + 'The operator "not in" is defined to have the inverse truth value of\n' + '"in".\n', + 'integers': 'Integer literals\n' + '****************\n' + '\n' + 'Integer literals are described by the following lexical ' + 'definitions:\n' + '\n' + ' integer ::= decinteger | bininteger | octinteger | ' + 'hexinteger\n' + ' decinteger ::= nonzerodigit (["_"] digit)* | "0"+ (["_"] ' + '"0")*\n' + ' bininteger ::= "0" ("b" | "B") (["_"] bindigit)+\n' + ' octinteger ::= "0" ("o" | "O") (["_"] octdigit)+\n' + ' hexinteger ::= "0" ("x" | "X") (["_"] hexdigit)+\n' + ' nonzerodigit ::= "1"..."9"\n' + ' digit ::= "0"..."9"\n' + ' bindigit ::= "0" | "1"\n' + ' octdigit ::= "0"..."7"\n' + ' hexdigit ::= digit | "a"..."f" | "A"..."F"\n' + '\n' + 'There is no limit for the length of integer literals apart from ' + 'what\n' + 'can be stored in available memory.\n' + '\n' + 'Underscores are ignored for determining the numeric value of ' + 'the\n' + 'literal. They can be used to group digits for enhanced ' + 'readability.\n' + 'One underscore can occur between digits, and after base ' + 'specifiers\n' + 'like "0x".\n' + '\n' + 'Note that leading zeros in a non-zero decimal number are not ' + 'allowed.\n' + 'This is for disambiguation with C-style octal literals, which ' + 'Python\n' + 'used before version 3.0.\n' + '\n' + 'Some examples of integer literals:\n' + '\n' + ' 7 2147483647 0o177 0b100110111\n' + ' 3 79228162514264337593543950336 0o377 0xdeadbeef\n' + ' 100_000_000_000 0b_1110_0101\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.6: Underscores are now allowed for ' + 'grouping\n' + 'purposes in literals.\n', + 'lambda': 'Lambdas\n' + '*******\n' + '\n' + ' lambda_expr ::= "lambda" [parameter_list] ":" expression\n' + '\n' + 'Lambda expressions (sometimes called lambda forms) are used to ' + 'create\n' + 'anonymous functions. The expression "lambda parameters: ' + 'expression"\n' + 'yields a function object. The unnamed object behaves like a ' + 'function\n' + 'object defined with:\n' + '\n' + ' def (parameters):\n' + ' return expression\n' + '\n' + 'See section Function definitions for the syntax of parameter ' + 'lists.\n' + 'Note that functions created with lambda expressions cannot ' + 'contain\n' + 'statements or annotations.\n', + 'lists': 'List displays\n' + '*************\n' + '\n' + 'A list display is a possibly empty series of expressions enclosed ' + 'in\n' + 'square brackets:\n' + '\n' + ' list_display ::= "[" [starred_list | comprehension] "]"\n' + '\n' + 'A list display yields a new list object, the contents being ' + 'specified\n' + 'by either a list of expressions or a comprehension. When a comma-\n' + 'separated list of expressions is supplied, its elements are ' + 'evaluated\n' + 'from left to right and placed into the list object in that order.\n' + 'When a comprehension is supplied, the list is constructed from the\n' + 'elements resulting from the comprehension.\n', + 'naming': 'Naming and binding\n' + '******************\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Binding of names\n' + '================\n' + '\n' + '*Names* refer to objects. Names are introduced by name binding\n' + 'operations.\n' + '\n' + 'The following constructs bind names:\n' + '\n' + '* formal parameters to functions,\n' + '\n' + '* class definitions,\n' + '\n' + '* function definitions,\n' + '\n' + '* assignment expressions,\n' + '\n' + '* targets that are identifiers if occurring in an assignment:\n' + '\n' + ' * "for" loop header,\n' + '\n' + ' * after "as" in a "with" statement, "except" clause, "except*"\n' + ' clause, or in the as-pattern in structural pattern matching,\n' + '\n' + ' * in a capture pattern in structural pattern matching\n' + '\n' + '* "import" statements.\n' + '\n' + 'The "import" statement of the form "from ... import *" binds all ' + 'names\n' + 'defined in the imported module, except those beginning with an\n' + 'underscore. This form may only be used at the module level.\n' + '\n' + 'A target occurring in a "del" statement is also considered bound ' + 'for\n' + 'this purpose (though the actual semantics are to unbind the ' + 'name).\n' + '\n' + 'Each assignment or import statement occurs within a block defined ' + 'by a\n' + 'class or function definition or at the module level (the ' + 'top-level\n' + 'code block).\n' + '\n' + 'If a name is bound in a block, it is a local variable of that ' + 'block,\n' + 'unless declared as "nonlocal" or "global". If a name is bound at ' + 'the\n' + 'module level, it is a global variable. (The variables of the ' + 'module\n' + 'code block are local and global.) If a variable is used in a ' + 'code\n' + 'block but not defined there, it is a *free variable*.\n' + '\n' + 'Each occurrence of a name in the program text refers to the ' + '*binding*\n' + 'of that name established by the following name resolution rules.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Resolution of names\n' + '===================\n' + '\n' + 'A *scope* defines the visibility of a name within a block. If a ' + 'local\n' + 'variable is defined in a block, its scope includes that block. If ' + 'the\n' + 'definition occurs in a function block, the scope extends to any ' + 'blocks\n' + 'contained within the defining one, unless a contained block ' + 'introduces\n' + 'a different binding for the name.\n' + '\n' + 'When a name is used in a code block, it is resolved using the ' + 'nearest\n' + 'enclosing scope. The set of all such scopes visible to a code ' + 'block\n' + 'is called the block’s *environment*.\n' + '\n' + 'When a name is not found at all, a "NameError" exception is ' + 'raised. If\n' + 'the current scope is a function scope, and the name refers to a ' + 'local\n' + 'variable that has not yet been bound to a value at the point where ' + 'the\n' + 'name is used, an "UnboundLocalError" exception is raised.\n' + '"UnboundLocalError" is a subclass of "NameError".\n' + '\n' + 'If a name binding operation occurs anywhere within a code block, ' + 'all\n' + 'uses of the name within the block are treated as references to ' + 'the\n' + 'current block. This can lead to errors when a name is used within ' + 'a\n' + 'block before it is bound. This rule is subtle. Python lacks\n' + 'declarations and allows name binding operations to occur anywhere\n' + 'within a code block. The local variables of a code block can be\n' + 'determined by scanning the entire text of the block for name ' + 'binding\n' + 'operations. See the FAQ entry on UnboundLocalError for examples.\n' + '\n' + 'If the "global" statement occurs within a block, all uses of the ' + 'names\n' + 'specified in the statement refer to the bindings of those names in ' + 'the\n' + 'top-level namespace. Names are resolved in the top-level ' + 'namespace by\n' + 'searching the global namespace, i.e. the namespace of the module\n' + 'containing the code block, and the builtins namespace, the ' + 'namespace\n' + 'of the module "builtins". The global namespace is searched ' + 'first. If\n' + 'the names are not found there, the builtins namespace is ' + 'searched.\n' + 'The "global" statement must precede all uses of the listed names.\n' + '\n' + 'The "global" statement has the same scope as a name binding ' + 'operation\n' + 'in the same block. If the nearest enclosing scope for a free ' + 'variable\n' + 'contains a global statement, the free variable is treated as a ' + 'global.\n' + '\n' + 'The "nonlocal" statement causes corresponding names to refer to\n' + 'previously bound variables in the nearest enclosing function ' + 'scope.\n' + '"SyntaxError" is raised at compile time if the given name does ' + 'not\n' + 'exist in any enclosing function scope.\n' + '\n' + 'The namespace for a module is automatically created the first time ' + 'a\n' + 'module is imported. The main module for a script is always ' + 'called\n' + '"__main__".\n' + '\n' + 'Class definition blocks and arguments to "exec()" and "eval()" ' + 'are\n' + 'special in the context of name resolution. A class definition is ' + 'an\n' + 'executable statement that may use and define names. These ' + 'references\n' + 'follow the normal rules for name resolution with an exception ' + 'that\n' + 'unbound local variables are looked up in the global namespace. ' + 'The\n' + 'namespace of the class definition becomes the attribute dictionary ' + 'of\n' + 'the class. The scope of names defined in a class block is limited ' + 'to\n' + 'the class block; it does not extend to the code blocks of methods ' + '–\n' + 'this includes comprehensions and generator expressions since they ' + 'are\n' + 'implemented using a function scope. This means that the ' + 'following\n' + 'will fail:\n' + '\n' + ' class A:\n' + ' a = 42\n' + ' b = list(a + i for i in range(10))\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Builtins and restricted execution\n' + '=================================\n' + '\n' + '**CPython implementation detail:** Users should not touch\n' + '"__builtins__"; it is strictly an implementation detail. Users\n' + 'wanting to override values in the builtins namespace should ' + '"import"\n' + 'the "builtins" module and modify its attributes appropriately.\n' + '\n' + 'The builtins namespace associated with the execution of a code ' + 'block\n' + 'is actually found by looking up the name "__builtins__" in its ' + 'global\n' + 'namespace; this should be a dictionary or a module (in the latter ' + 'case\n' + 'the module’s dictionary is used). By default, when in the ' + '"__main__"\n' + 'module, "__builtins__" is the built-in module "builtins"; when in ' + 'any\n' + 'other module, "__builtins__" is an alias for the dictionary of ' + 'the\n' + '"builtins" module itself.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Interaction with dynamic features\n' + '=================================\n' + '\n' + 'Name resolution of free variables occurs at runtime, not at ' + 'compile\n' + 'time. This means that the following code will print 42:\n' + '\n' + ' i = 10\n' + ' def f():\n' + ' print(i)\n' + ' i = 42\n' + ' f()\n' + '\n' + 'The "eval()" and "exec()" functions do not have access to the ' + 'full\n' + 'environment for resolving names. Names may be resolved in the ' + 'local\n' + 'and global namespaces of the caller. Free variables are not ' + 'resolved\n' + 'in the nearest enclosing namespace, but in the global namespace. ' + '[1]\n' + 'The "exec()" and "eval()" functions have optional arguments to\n' + 'override the global and local namespace. If only one namespace ' + 'is\n' + 'specified, it is used for both.\n', + 'nonlocal': 'The "nonlocal" statement\n' + '************************\n' + '\n' + ' nonlocal_stmt ::= "nonlocal" identifier ("," identifier)*\n' + '\n' + 'The "nonlocal" statement causes the listed identifiers to refer ' + 'to\n' + 'previously bound variables in the nearest enclosing scope ' + 'excluding\n' + 'globals. This is important because the default behavior for ' + 'binding is\n' + 'to search the local namespace first. The statement allows\n' + 'encapsulated code to rebind variables outside of the local ' + 'scope\n' + 'besides the global (module) scope.\n' + '\n' + 'Names listed in a "nonlocal" statement, unlike those listed in ' + 'a\n' + '"global" statement, must refer to pre-existing bindings in an\n' + 'enclosing scope (the scope in which a new binding should be ' + 'created\n' + 'cannot be determined unambiguously).\n' + '\n' + 'Names listed in a "nonlocal" statement must not collide with ' + 'pre-\n' + 'existing bindings in the local scope.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 3104** - Access to Names in Outer Scopes\n' + ' The specification for the "nonlocal" statement.\n', + 'numbers': 'Numeric literals\n' + '****************\n' + '\n' + 'There are three types of numeric literals: integers, floating ' + 'point\n' + 'numbers, and imaginary numbers. There are no complex literals\n' + '(complex numbers can be formed by adding a real number and an\n' + 'imaginary number).\n' + '\n' + 'Note that numeric literals do not include a sign; a phrase like ' + '"-1"\n' + 'is actually an expression composed of the unary operator ‘"-"’ ' + 'and the\n' + 'literal "1".\n', + 'numeric-types': 'Emulating numeric types\n' + '***********************\n' + '\n' + 'The following methods can be defined to emulate numeric ' + 'objects.\n' + 'Methods corresponding to operations that are not supported ' + 'by the\n' + 'particular kind of number implemented (e.g., bitwise ' + 'operations for\n' + 'non-integral numbers) should be left undefined.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__add__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__sub__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__mul__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__matmul__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__truediv__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__floordiv__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__mod__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__divmod__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__pow__(self, other[, modulo])\n' + 'object.__lshift__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rshift__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__and__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__xor__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__or__(self, other)\n' + '\n' + ' These methods are called to implement the binary ' + 'arithmetic\n' + ' operations ("+", "-", "*", "@", "/", "//", "%", ' + '"divmod()",\n' + ' "pow()", "**", "<<", ">>", "&", "^", "|"). For ' + 'instance, to\n' + ' evaluate the expression "x + y", where *x* is an ' + 'instance of a\n' + ' class that has an "__add__()" method, ' + '"type(x).__add__(x, y)" is\n' + ' called. The "__divmod__()" method should be the ' + 'equivalent to\n' + ' using "__floordiv__()" and "__mod__()"; it should not be ' + 'related to\n' + ' "__truediv__()". Note that "__pow__()" should be ' + 'defined to accept\n' + ' an optional third argument if the ternary version of the ' + 'built-in\n' + ' "pow()" function is to be supported.\n' + '\n' + ' If one of those methods does not support the operation ' + 'with the\n' + ' supplied arguments, it should return "NotImplemented".\n' + '\n' + 'object.__radd__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rsub__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rmul__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rmatmul__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rtruediv__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rfloordiv__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rmod__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rdivmod__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rpow__(self, other[, modulo])\n' + 'object.__rlshift__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rrshift__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rand__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rxor__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__ror__(self, other)\n' + '\n' + ' These methods are called to implement the binary ' + 'arithmetic\n' + ' operations ("+", "-", "*", "@", "/", "//", "%", ' + '"divmod()",\n' + ' "pow()", "**", "<<", ">>", "&", "^", "|") with reflected ' + '(swapped)\n' + ' operands. These functions are only called if the left ' + 'operand does\n' + ' not support the corresponding operation [3] and the ' + 'operands are of\n' + ' different types. [4] For instance, to evaluate the ' + 'expression "x -\n' + ' y", where *y* is an instance of a class that has an ' + '"__rsub__()"\n' + ' method, "type(y).__rsub__(y, x)" is called if ' + '"type(x).__sub__(x,\n' + ' y)" returns "NotImplemented".\n' + '\n' + ' Note that ternary "pow()" will not try calling ' + '"__rpow__()" (the\n' + ' coercion rules would become too complicated).\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' If the right operand’s type is a subclass of the left ' + 'operand’s\n' + ' type and that subclass provides a different ' + 'implementation of the\n' + ' reflected method for the operation, this method will ' + 'be called\n' + ' before the left operand’s non-reflected method. This ' + 'behavior\n' + ' allows subclasses to override their ancestors’ ' + 'operations.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__iadd__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__isub__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__imul__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__imatmul__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__itruediv__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__ifloordiv__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__imod__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__ipow__(self, other[, modulo])\n' + 'object.__ilshift__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__irshift__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__iand__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__ixor__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__ior__(self, other)\n' + '\n' + ' These methods are called to implement the augmented ' + 'arithmetic\n' + ' assignments ("+=", "-=", "*=", "@=", "/=", "//=", "%=", ' + '"**=",\n' + ' "<<=", ">>=", "&=", "^=", "|="). These methods should ' + 'attempt to\n' + ' do the operation in-place (modifying *self*) and return ' + 'the result\n' + ' (which could be, but does not have to be, *self*). If a ' + 'specific\n' + ' method is not defined, or if that method returns ' + '"NotImplemented",\n' + ' the augmented assignment falls back to the normal ' + 'methods. For\n' + ' instance, if *x* is an instance of a class with an ' + '"__iadd__()"\n' + ' method, "x += y" is equivalent to "x = x.__iadd__(y)" . ' + 'If\n' + ' "__iadd__()" does not exist, or if "x.__iadd__(y)" ' + 'returns\n' + ' "NotImplemented", "x.__add__(y)" and "y.__radd__(x)" ' + 'are\n' + ' considered, as with the evaluation of "x + y". In ' + 'certain\n' + ' situations, augmented assignment can result in ' + 'unexpected errors\n' + ' (see Why does a_tuple[i] += [‘item’] raise an exception ' + 'when the\n' + ' addition works?), but this behavior is in fact part of ' + 'the data\n' + ' model.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__neg__(self)\n' + 'object.__pos__(self)\n' + 'object.__abs__(self)\n' + 'object.__invert__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to implement the unary arithmetic operations ' + '("-", "+",\n' + ' "abs()" and "~").\n' + '\n' + 'object.__complex__(self)\n' + 'object.__int__(self)\n' + 'object.__float__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to implement the built-in functions "complex()", ' + '"int()" and\n' + ' "float()". Should return a value of the appropriate ' + 'type.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__index__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to implement "operator.index()", and whenever ' + 'Python needs\n' + ' to losslessly convert the numeric object to an integer ' + 'object (such\n' + ' as in slicing, or in the built-in "bin()", "hex()" and ' + '"oct()"\n' + ' functions). Presence of this method indicates that the ' + 'numeric\n' + ' object is an integer type. Must return an integer.\n' + '\n' + ' If "__int__()", "__float__()" and "__complex__()" are ' + 'not defined\n' + ' then corresponding built-in functions "int()", "float()" ' + 'and\n' + ' "complex()" fall back to "__index__()".\n' + '\n' + 'object.__round__(self[, ndigits])\n' + 'object.__trunc__(self)\n' + 'object.__floor__(self)\n' + 'object.__ceil__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to implement the built-in function "round()" and ' + '"math"\n' + ' functions "trunc()", "floor()" and "ceil()". Unless ' + '*ndigits* is\n' + ' passed to "__round__()" all these methods should return ' + 'the value\n' + ' of the object truncated to an "Integral" (typically an ' + '"int").\n' + '\n' + ' The built-in function "int()" falls back to ' + '"__trunc__()" if\n' + ' neither "__int__()" nor "__index__()" is defined.\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.11: The delegation of "int()" to ' + '"__trunc__()"\n' + ' is deprecated.\n', + 'objects': 'Objects, values and types\n' + '*************************\n' + '\n' + '*Objects* are Python’s abstraction for data. All data in a ' + 'Python\n' + 'program is represented by objects or by relations between ' + 'objects. (In\n' + 'a sense, and in conformance to Von Neumann’s model of a “stored\n' + 'program computer”, code is also represented by objects.)\n' + '\n' + 'Every object has an identity, a type and a value. An object’s\n' + '*identity* never changes once it has been created; you may think ' + 'of it\n' + 'as the object’s address in memory. The "is" operator compares ' + 'the\n' + 'identity of two objects; the "id()" function returns an integer\n' + 'representing its identity.\n' + '\n' + '**CPython implementation detail:** For CPython, "id(x)" is the ' + 'memory\n' + 'address where "x" is stored.\n' + '\n' + 'An object’s type determines the operations that the object ' + 'supports\n' + '(e.g., “does it have a length?”) and also defines the possible ' + 'values\n' + 'for objects of that type. The "type()" function returns an ' + 'object’s\n' + 'type (which is an object itself). Like its identity, an ' + 'object’s\n' + '*type* is also unchangeable. [1]\n' + '\n' + 'The *value* of some objects can change. Objects whose value can\n' + 'change are said to be *mutable*; objects whose value is ' + 'unchangeable\n' + 'once they are created are called *immutable*. (The value of an\n' + 'immutable container object that contains a reference to a ' + 'mutable\n' + 'object can change when the latter’s value is changed; however ' + 'the\n' + 'container is still considered immutable, because the collection ' + 'of\n' + 'objects it contains cannot be changed. So, immutability is not\n' + 'strictly the same as having an unchangeable value, it is more ' + 'subtle.)\n' + 'An object’s mutability is determined by its type; for instance,\n' + 'numbers, strings and tuples are immutable, while dictionaries ' + 'and\n' + 'lists are mutable.\n' + '\n' + 'Objects are never explicitly destroyed; however, when they ' + 'become\n' + 'unreachable they may be garbage-collected. An implementation is\n' + 'allowed to postpone garbage collection or omit it altogether — it ' + 'is a\n' + 'matter of implementation quality how garbage collection is\n' + 'implemented, as long as no objects are collected that are still\n' + 'reachable.\n' + '\n' + '**CPython implementation detail:** CPython currently uses a ' + 'reference-\n' + 'counting scheme with (optional) delayed detection of cyclically ' + 'linked\n' + 'garbage, which collects most objects as soon as they become\n' + 'unreachable, but is not guaranteed to collect garbage containing\n' + 'circular references. See the documentation of the "gc" module ' + 'for\n' + 'information on controlling the collection of cyclic garbage. ' + 'Other\n' + 'implementations act differently and CPython may change. Do not ' + 'depend\n' + 'on immediate finalization of objects when they become unreachable ' + '(so\n' + 'you should always close files explicitly).\n' + '\n' + 'Note that the use of the implementation’s tracing or debugging\n' + 'facilities may keep objects alive that would normally be ' + 'collectable.\n' + 'Also note that catching an exception with a "try"…"except" ' + 'statement\n' + 'may keep objects alive.\n' + '\n' + 'Some objects contain references to “external” resources such as ' + 'open\n' + 'files or windows. It is understood that these resources are ' + 'freed\n' + 'when the object is garbage-collected, but since garbage ' + 'collection is\n' + 'not guaranteed to happen, such objects also provide an explicit ' + 'way to\n' + 'release the external resource, usually a "close()" method. ' + 'Programs\n' + 'are strongly recommended to explicitly close such objects. The\n' + '"try"…"finally" statement and the "with" statement provide ' + 'convenient\n' + 'ways to do this.\n' + '\n' + 'Some objects contain references to other objects; these are ' + 'called\n' + '*containers*. Examples of containers are tuples, lists and\n' + 'dictionaries. The references are part of a container’s value. ' + 'In\n' + 'most cases, when we talk about the value of a container, we imply ' + 'the\n' + 'values, not the identities of the contained objects; however, ' + 'when we\n' + 'talk about the mutability of a container, only the identities of ' + 'the\n' + 'immediately contained objects are implied. So, if an immutable\n' + 'container (like a tuple) contains a reference to a mutable ' + 'object, its\n' + 'value changes if that mutable object is changed.\n' + '\n' + 'Types affect almost all aspects of object behavior. Even the\n' + 'importance of object identity is affected in some sense: for ' + 'immutable\n' + 'types, operations that compute new values may actually return a\n' + 'reference to any existing object with the same type and value, ' + 'while\n' + 'for mutable objects this is not allowed. E.g., after "a = 1; b = ' + '1",\n' + '"a" and "b" may or may not refer to the same object with the ' + 'value\n' + 'one, depending on the implementation, but after "c = []; d = []", ' + '"c"\n' + 'and "d" are guaranteed to refer to two different, unique, newly\n' + 'created empty lists. (Note that "c = d = []" assigns the same ' + 'object\n' + 'to both "c" and "d".)\n', + 'operator-summary': 'Operator precedence\n' + '*******************\n' + '\n' + 'The following table summarizes the operator precedence ' + 'in Python, from\n' + 'highest precedence (most binding) to lowest precedence ' + '(least\n' + 'binding). Operators in the same box have the same ' + 'precedence. Unless\n' + 'the syntax is explicitly given, operators are binary. ' + 'Operators in\n' + 'the same box group left to right (except for ' + 'exponentiation and\n' + 'conditional expressions, which group from right to ' + 'left).\n' + '\n' + 'Note that comparisons, membership tests, and identity ' + 'tests, all have\n' + 'the same precedence and have a left-to-right chaining ' + 'feature as\n' + 'described in the Comparisons section.\n' + '\n' + '+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n' + '| Operator | ' + 'Description |\n' + '|=================================================|=======================================|\n' + '| "(expressions...)", "[expressions...]", "{key: | ' + 'Binding or parenthesized expression, |\n' + '| value...}", "{expressions...}" | list ' + 'display, dictionary display, set |\n' + '| | ' + 'display |\n' + '+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n' + '| "x[index]", "x[index:index]", | ' + 'Subscription, slicing, call, |\n' + '| "x(arguments...)", "x.attribute" | ' + 'attribute reference |\n' + '+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n' + '| "await x" | ' + 'Await expression |\n' + '+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n' + '| "**" | ' + 'Exponentiation [5] |\n' + '+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n' + '| "+x", "-x", "~x" | ' + 'Positive, negative, bitwise NOT |\n' + '+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n' + '| "*", "@", "/", "//", "%" | ' + 'Multiplication, matrix |\n' + '| | ' + 'multiplication, division, floor |\n' + '| | ' + 'division, remainder [6] |\n' + '+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n' + '| "+", "-" | ' + 'Addition and subtraction |\n' + '+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n' + '| "<<", ">>" | ' + 'Shifts |\n' + '+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n' + '| "&" | ' + 'Bitwise AND |\n' + '+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n' + '| "^" | ' + 'Bitwise XOR |\n' + '+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n' + '| "|" | ' + 'Bitwise OR |\n' + '+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n' + '| "in", "not in", "is", "is not", "<", "<=", ">", | ' + 'Comparisons, including membership |\n' + '| ">=", "!=", "==" | ' + 'tests and identity tests |\n' + '+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n' + '| "not x" | ' + 'Boolean NOT |\n' + '+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n' + '| "and" | ' + 'Boolean AND |\n' + '+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n' + '| "or" | ' + 'Boolean OR |\n' + '+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n' + '| "if" – "else" | ' + 'Conditional expression |\n' + '+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n' + '| "lambda" | ' + 'Lambda expression |\n' + '+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n' + '| ":=" | ' + 'Assignment expression |\n' + '+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n' + '\n' + '-[ Footnotes ]-\n' + '\n' + '[1] While "abs(x%y) < abs(y)" is true mathematically, ' + 'for floats it\n' + ' may not be true numerically due to roundoff. For ' + 'example, and\n' + ' assuming a platform on which a Python float is an ' + 'IEEE 754 double-\n' + ' precision number, in order that "-1e-100 % 1e100" ' + 'have the same\n' + ' sign as "1e100", the computed result is "-1e-100 + ' + '1e100", which\n' + ' is numerically exactly equal to "1e100". The ' + 'function\n' + ' "math.fmod()" returns a result whose sign matches ' + 'the sign of the\n' + ' first argument instead, and so returns "-1e-100" in ' + 'this case.\n' + ' Which approach is more appropriate depends on the ' + 'application.\n' + '\n' + '[2] If x is very close to an exact integer multiple of ' + 'y, it’s\n' + ' possible for "x//y" to be one larger than ' + '"(x-x%y)//y" due to\n' + ' rounding. In such cases, Python returns the latter ' + 'result, in\n' + ' order to preserve that "divmod(x,y)[0] * y + x % y" ' + 'be very close\n' + ' to "x".\n' + '\n' + '[3] The Unicode standard distinguishes between *code ' + 'points* (e.g.\n' + ' U+0041) and *abstract characters* (e.g. “LATIN ' + 'CAPITAL LETTER A”).\n' + ' While most abstract characters in Unicode are only ' + 'represented\n' + ' using one code point, there is a number of abstract ' + 'characters\n' + ' that can in addition be represented using a sequence ' + 'of more than\n' + ' one code point. For example, the abstract character ' + '“LATIN\n' + ' CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA” can be represented as ' + 'a single\n' + ' *precomposed character* at code position U+00C7, or ' + 'as a sequence\n' + ' of a *base character* at code position U+0043 (LATIN ' + 'CAPITAL\n' + ' LETTER C), followed by a *combining character* at ' + 'code position\n' + ' U+0327 (COMBINING CEDILLA).\n' + '\n' + ' The comparison operators on strings compare at the ' + 'level of\n' + ' Unicode code points. This may be counter-intuitive ' + 'to humans. For\n' + ' example, ""\\u00C7" == "\\u0043\\u0327"" is "False", ' + 'even though both\n' + ' strings represent the same abstract character “LATIN ' + 'CAPITAL\n' + ' LETTER C WITH CEDILLA”.\n' + '\n' + ' To compare strings at the level of abstract ' + 'characters (that is,\n' + ' in a way intuitive to humans), use ' + '"unicodedata.normalize()".\n' + '\n' + '[4] Due to automatic garbage-collection, free lists, and ' + 'the dynamic\n' + ' nature of descriptors, you may notice seemingly ' + 'unusual behaviour\n' + ' in certain uses of the "is" operator, like those ' + 'involving\n' + ' comparisons between instance methods, or constants. ' + 'Check their\n' + ' documentation for more info.\n' + '\n' + '[5] The power operator "**" binds less tightly than an ' + 'arithmetic or\n' + ' bitwise unary operator on its right, that is, ' + '"2**-1" is "0.5".\n' + '\n' + '[6] The "%" operator is also used for string formatting; ' + 'the same\n' + ' precedence applies.\n', + 'pass': 'The "pass" statement\n' + '********************\n' + '\n' + ' pass_stmt ::= "pass"\n' + '\n' + '"pass" is a null operation — when it is executed, nothing happens. ' + 'It\n' + 'is useful as a placeholder when a statement is required ' + 'syntactically,\n' + 'but no code needs to be executed, for example:\n' + '\n' + ' def f(arg): pass # a function that does nothing (yet)\n' + '\n' + ' class C: pass # a class with no methods (yet)\n', + 'power': 'The power operator\n' + '******************\n' + '\n' + 'The power operator binds more tightly than unary operators on its\n' + 'left; it binds less tightly than unary operators on its right. ' + 'The\n' + 'syntax is:\n' + '\n' + ' power ::= (await_expr | primary) ["**" u_expr]\n' + '\n' + 'Thus, in an unparenthesized sequence of power and unary operators, ' + 'the\n' + 'operators are evaluated from right to left (this does not ' + 'constrain\n' + 'the evaluation order for the operands): "-1**2" results in "-1".\n' + '\n' + 'The power operator has the same semantics as the built-in "pow()"\n' + 'function, when called with two arguments: it yields its left ' + 'argument\n' + 'raised to the power of its right argument. The numeric arguments ' + 'are\n' + 'first converted to a common type, and the result is of that type.\n' + '\n' + 'For int operands, the result has the same type as the operands ' + 'unless\n' + 'the second argument is negative; in that case, all arguments are\n' + 'converted to float and a float result is delivered. For example,\n' + '"10**2" returns "100", but "10**-2" returns "0.01".\n' + '\n' + 'Raising "0.0" to a negative power results in a ' + '"ZeroDivisionError".\n' + 'Raising a negative number to a fractional power results in a ' + '"complex"\n' + 'number. (In earlier versions it raised a "ValueError".)\n' + '\n' + 'This operation can be customized using the special "__pow__()" ' + 'method.\n', + 'raise': 'The "raise" statement\n' + '*********************\n' + '\n' + ' raise_stmt ::= "raise" [expression ["from" expression]]\n' + '\n' + 'If no expressions are present, "raise" re-raises the exception that ' + 'is\n' + 'currently being handled, which is also known as the *active\n' + 'exception*. If there isn’t currently an active exception, a\n' + '"RuntimeError" exception is raised indicating that this is an ' + 'error.\n' + '\n' + 'Otherwise, "raise" evaluates the first expression as the exception\n' + 'object. It must be either a subclass or an instance of\n' + '"BaseException". If it is a class, the exception instance will be\n' + 'obtained when needed by instantiating the class with no arguments.\n' + '\n' + 'The *type* of the exception is the exception instance’s class, the\n' + '*value* is the instance itself.\n' + '\n' + 'A traceback object is normally created automatically when an ' + 'exception\n' + 'is raised and attached to it as the "__traceback__" attribute. You ' + 'can\n' + 'create an exception and set your own traceback in one step using ' + 'the\n' + '"with_traceback()" exception method (which returns the same ' + 'exception\n' + 'instance, with its traceback set to its argument), like so:\n' + '\n' + ' raise Exception("foo occurred").with_traceback(tracebackobj)\n' + '\n' + 'The "from" clause is used for exception chaining: if given, the ' + 'second\n' + '*expression* must be another exception class or instance. If the\n' + 'second expression is an exception instance, it will be attached to ' + 'the\n' + 'raised exception as the "__cause__" attribute (which is writable). ' + 'If\n' + 'the expression is an exception class, the class will be ' + 'instantiated\n' + 'and the resulting exception instance will be attached to the ' + 'raised\n' + 'exception as the "__cause__" attribute. If the raised exception is ' + 'not\n' + 'handled, both exceptions will be printed:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> try:\n' + ' ... print(1 / 0)\n' + ' ... except Exception as exc:\n' + ' ... raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened") from exc\n' + ' ...\n' + ' Traceback (most recent call last):\n' + ' File "", line 2, in \n' + ' print(1 / 0)\n' + ' ~~^~~\n' + ' ZeroDivisionError: division by zero\n' + '\n' + ' The above exception was the direct cause of the following ' + 'exception:\n' + '\n' + ' Traceback (most recent call last):\n' + ' File "", line 4, in \n' + ' raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened") from exc\n' + ' RuntimeError: Something bad happened\n' + '\n' + 'A similar mechanism works implicitly if a new exception is raised ' + 'when\n' + 'an exception is already being handled. An exception may be ' + 'handled\n' + 'when an "except" or "finally" clause, or a "with" statement, is ' + 'used.\n' + 'The previous exception is then attached as the new exception’s\n' + '"__context__" attribute:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> try:\n' + ' ... print(1 / 0)\n' + ' ... except:\n' + ' ... raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened")\n' + ' ...\n' + ' Traceback (most recent call last):\n' + ' File "", line 2, in \n' + ' print(1 / 0)\n' + ' ~~^~~\n' + ' ZeroDivisionError: division by zero\n' + '\n' + ' During handling of the above exception, another exception ' + 'occurred:\n' + '\n' + ' Traceback (most recent call last):\n' + ' File "", line 4, in \n' + ' raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened")\n' + ' RuntimeError: Something bad happened\n' + '\n' + 'Exception chaining can be explicitly suppressed by specifying ' + '"None"\n' + 'in the "from" clause:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> try:\n' + ' ... print(1 / 0)\n' + ' ... except:\n' + ' ... raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened") from None\n' + ' ...\n' + ' Traceback (most recent call last):\n' + ' File "", line 4, in \n' + ' RuntimeError: Something bad happened\n' + '\n' + 'Additional information on exceptions can be found in section\n' + 'Exceptions, and information about handling exceptions is in ' + 'section\n' + 'The try statement.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.3: "None" is now permitted as "Y" in "raise X\n' + 'from Y".Added the "__suppress_context__" attribute to suppress\n' + 'automatic display of the exception context.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.11: If the traceback of the active exception ' + 'is\n' + 'modified in an "except" clause, a subsequent "raise" statement re-\n' + 'raises the exception with the modified traceback. Previously, the\n' + 'exception was re-raised with the traceback it had when it was ' + 'caught.\n', + 'return': 'The "return" statement\n' + '**********************\n' + '\n' + ' return_stmt ::= "return" [expression_list]\n' + '\n' + '"return" may only occur syntactically nested in a function ' + 'definition,\n' + 'not within a nested class definition.\n' + '\n' + 'If an expression list is present, it is evaluated, else "None" is\n' + 'substituted.\n' + '\n' + '"return" leaves the current function call with the expression list ' + '(or\n' + '"None") as return value.\n' + '\n' + 'When "return" passes control out of a "try" statement with a ' + '"finally"\n' + 'clause, that "finally" clause is executed before really leaving ' + 'the\n' + 'function.\n' + '\n' + 'In a generator function, the "return" statement indicates that ' + 'the\n' + 'generator is done and will cause "StopIteration" to be raised. ' + 'The\n' + 'returned value (if any) is used as an argument to construct\n' + '"StopIteration" and becomes the "StopIteration.value" attribute.\n' + '\n' + 'In an asynchronous generator function, an empty "return" ' + 'statement\n' + 'indicates that the asynchronous generator is done and will cause\n' + '"StopAsyncIteration" to be raised. A non-empty "return" statement ' + 'is\n' + 'a syntax error in an asynchronous generator function.\n', + 'sequence-types': 'Emulating container types\n' + '*************************\n' + '\n' + 'The following methods can be defined to implement ' + 'container objects.\n' + 'Containers usually are *sequences* (such as "lists" or ' + '"tuples") or\n' + '*mappings* (like "dictionaries"), but can represent other ' + 'containers\n' + 'as well. The first set of methods is used either to ' + 'emulate a\n' + 'sequence or to emulate a mapping; the difference is that ' + 'for a\n' + 'sequence, the allowable keys should be the integers *k* ' + 'for which "0\n' + '<= k < N" where *N* is the length of the sequence, or ' + '"slice" objects,\n' + 'which define a range of items. It is also recommended ' + 'that mappings\n' + 'provide the methods "keys()", "values()", "items()", ' + '"get()",\n' + '"clear()", "setdefault()", "pop()", "popitem()", "copy()", ' + 'and\n' + '"update()" behaving similar to those for Python’s ' + 'standard\n' + '"dictionary" objects. The "collections.abc" module ' + 'provides a\n' + '"MutableMapping" *abstract base class* to help create ' + 'those methods\n' + 'from a base set of "__getitem__()", "__setitem__()", ' + '"__delitem__()",\n' + 'and "keys()". Mutable sequences should provide methods ' + '"append()",\n' + '"count()", "index()", "extend()", "insert()", "pop()", ' + '"remove()",\n' + '"reverse()" and "sort()", like Python standard "list" ' + 'objects.\n' + 'Finally, sequence types should implement addition ' + '(meaning\n' + 'concatenation) and multiplication (meaning repetition) by ' + 'defining the\n' + 'methods "__add__()", "__radd__()", "__iadd__()", ' + '"__mul__()",\n' + '"__rmul__()" and "__imul__()" described below; they should ' + 'not define\n' + 'other numerical operators. It is recommended that both ' + 'mappings and\n' + 'sequences implement the "__contains__()" method to allow ' + 'efficient use\n' + 'of the "in" operator; for mappings, "in" should search the ' + 'mapping’s\n' + 'keys; for sequences, it should search through the values. ' + 'It is\n' + 'further recommended that both mappings and sequences ' + 'implement the\n' + '"__iter__()" method to allow efficient iteration through ' + 'the\n' + 'container; for mappings, "__iter__()" should iterate ' + 'through the\n' + 'object’s keys; for sequences, it should iterate through ' + 'the values.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__len__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to implement the built-in function "len()". ' + 'Should return\n' + ' the length of the object, an integer ">=" 0. Also, an ' + 'object that\n' + ' doesn’t define a "__bool__()" method and whose ' + '"__len__()" method\n' + ' returns zero is considered to be false in a Boolean ' + 'context.\n' + '\n' + ' **CPython implementation detail:** In CPython, the ' + 'length is\n' + ' required to be at most "sys.maxsize". If the length is ' + 'larger than\n' + ' "sys.maxsize" some features (such as "len()") may ' + 'raise\n' + ' "OverflowError". To prevent raising "OverflowError" by ' + 'truth value\n' + ' testing, an object must define a "__bool__()" method.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__length_hint__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to implement "operator.length_hint()". Should ' + 'return an\n' + ' estimated length for the object (which may be greater ' + 'or less than\n' + ' the actual length). The length must be an integer ">=" ' + '0. The\n' + ' return value may also be "NotImplemented", which is ' + 'treated the\n' + ' same as if the "__length_hint__" method didn’t exist at ' + 'all. This\n' + ' method is purely an optimization and is never required ' + 'for\n' + ' correctness.\n' + '\n' + ' New in version 3.4.\n' + '\n' + 'Note:\n' + '\n' + ' Slicing is done exclusively with the following three ' + 'methods. A\n' + ' call like\n' + '\n' + ' a[1:2] = b\n' + '\n' + ' is translated to\n' + '\n' + ' a[slice(1, 2, None)] = b\n' + '\n' + ' and so forth. Missing slice items are always filled in ' + 'with "None".\n' + '\n' + 'object.__getitem__(self, key)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to implement evaluation of "self[key]". For ' + '*sequence*\n' + ' types, the accepted keys should be integers. ' + 'Optionally, they may\n' + ' support "slice" objects as well. Negative index ' + 'support is also\n' + ' optional. If *key* is of an inappropriate type, ' + '"TypeError" may be\n' + ' raised; if *key* is a value outside the set of indexes ' + 'for the\n' + ' sequence (after any special interpretation of negative ' + 'values),\n' + ' "IndexError" should be raised. For *mapping* types, if ' + '*key* is\n' + ' missing (not in the container), "KeyError" should be ' + 'raised.\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' "for" loops expect that an "IndexError" will be ' + 'raised for\n' + ' illegal indexes to allow proper detection of the end ' + 'of the\n' + ' sequence.\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' When subscripting a *class*, the special class ' + 'method\n' + ' "__class_getitem__()" may be called instead of ' + '"__getitem__()".\n' + ' See __class_getitem__ versus __getitem__ for more ' + 'details.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__setitem__(self, key, value)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to implement assignment to "self[key]". Same ' + 'note as for\n' + ' "__getitem__()". This should only be implemented for ' + 'mappings if\n' + ' the objects support changes to the values for keys, or ' + 'if new keys\n' + ' can be added, or for sequences if elements can be ' + 'replaced. The\n' + ' same exceptions should be raised for improper *key* ' + 'values as for\n' + ' the "__getitem__()" method.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__delitem__(self, key)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to implement deletion of "self[key]". Same note ' + 'as for\n' + ' "__getitem__()". This should only be implemented for ' + 'mappings if\n' + ' the objects support removal of keys, or for sequences ' + 'if elements\n' + ' can be removed from the sequence. The same exceptions ' + 'should be\n' + ' raised for improper *key* values as for the ' + '"__getitem__()" method.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__missing__(self, key)\n' + '\n' + ' Called by "dict"."__getitem__()" to implement ' + '"self[key]" for dict\n' + ' subclasses when key is not in the dictionary.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__iter__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' This method is called when an *iterator* is required ' + 'for a\n' + ' container. This method should return a new iterator ' + 'object that can\n' + ' iterate over all the objects in the container. For ' + 'mappings, it\n' + ' should iterate over the keys of the container.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__reversed__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called (if present) by the "reversed()" built-in to ' + 'implement\n' + ' reverse iteration. It should return a new iterator ' + 'object that\n' + ' iterates over all the objects in the container in ' + 'reverse order.\n' + '\n' + ' If the "__reversed__()" method is not provided, the ' + '"reversed()"\n' + ' built-in will fall back to using the sequence protocol ' + '("__len__()"\n' + ' and "__getitem__()"). Objects that support the ' + 'sequence protocol\n' + ' should only provide "__reversed__()" if they can ' + 'provide an\n' + ' implementation that is more efficient than the one ' + 'provided by\n' + ' "reversed()".\n' + '\n' + 'The membership test operators ("in" and "not in") are ' + 'normally\n' + 'implemented as an iteration through a container. However, ' + 'container\n' + 'objects can supply the following special method with a ' + 'more efficient\n' + 'implementation, which also does not require the object be ' + 'iterable.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__contains__(self, item)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to implement membership test operators. Should ' + 'return true\n' + ' if *item* is in *self*, false otherwise. For mapping ' + 'objects, this\n' + ' should consider the keys of the mapping rather than the ' + 'values or\n' + ' the key-item pairs.\n' + '\n' + ' For objects that don’t define "__contains__()", the ' + 'membership test\n' + ' first tries iteration via "__iter__()", then the old ' + 'sequence\n' + ' iteration protocol via "__getitem__()", see this ' + 'section in the\n' + ' language reference.\n', + 'shifting': 'Shifting operations\n' + '*******************\n' + '\n' + 'The shifting operations have lower priority than the arithmetic\n' + 'operations:\n' + '\n' + ' shift_expr ::= a_expr | shift_expr ("<<" | ">>") a_expr\n' + '\n' + 'These operators accept integers as arguments. They shift the ' + 'first\n' + 'argument to the left or right by the number of bits given by ' + 'the\n' + 'second argument.\n' + '\n' + 'This operation can be customized using the special ' + '"__lshift__()" and\n' + '"__rshift__()" methods.\n' + '\n' + 'A right shift by *n* bits is defined as floor division by ' + '"pow(2,n)".\n' + 'A left shift by *n* bits is defined as multiplication with ' + '"pow(2,n)".\n', + 'slicings': 'Slicings\n' + '********\n' + '\n' + 'A slicing selects a range of items in a sequence object (e.g., ' + 'a\n' + 'string, tuple or list). Slicings may be used as expressions or ' + 'as\n' + 'targets in assignment or "del" statements. The syntax for a ' + 'slicing:\n' + '\n' + ' slicing ::= primary "[" slice_list "]"\n' + ' slice_list ::= slice_item ("," slice_item)* [","]\n' + ' slice_item ::= expression | proper_slice\n' + ' proper_slice ::= [lower_bound] ":" [upper_bound] [ ":" ' + '[stride] ]\n' + ' lower_bound ::= expression\n' + ' upper_bound ::= expression\n' + ' stride ::= expression\n' + '\n' + 'There is ambiguity in the formal syntax here: anything that ' + 'looks like\n' + 'an expression list also looks like a slice list, so any ' + 'subscription\n' + 'can be interpreted as a slicing. Rather than further ' + 'complicating the\n' + 'syntax, this is disambiguated by defining that in this case the\n' + 'interpretation as a subscription takes priority over the\n' + 'interpretation as a slicing (this is the case if the slice list\n' + 'contains no proper slice).\n' + '\n' + 'The semantics for a slicing are as follows. The primary is ' + 'indexed\n' + '(using the same "__getitem__()" method as normal subscription) ' + 'with a\n' + 'key that is constructed from the slice list, as follows. If the ' + 'slice\n' + 'list contains at least one comma, the key is a tuple containing ' + 'the\n' + 'conversion of the slice items; otherwise, the conversion of the ' + 'lone\n' + 'slice item is the key. The conversion of a slice item that is ' + 'an\n' + 'expression is that expression. The conversion of a proper slice ' + 'is a\n' + 'slice object (see section The standard type hierarchy) whose ' + '"start",\n' + '"stop" and "step" attributes are the values of the expressions ' + 'given\n' + 'as lower bound, upper bound and stride, respectively, ' + 'substituting\n' + '"None" for missing expressions.\n', + 'specialattrs': 'Special Attributes\n' + '******************\n' + '\n' + 'The implementation adds a few special read-only attributes ' + 'to several\n' + 'object types, where they are relevant. Some of these are ' + 'not reported\n' + 'by the "dir()" built-in function.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__dict__\n' + '\n' + ' A dictionary or other mapping object used to store an ' + 'object’s\n' + ' (writable) attributes.\n' + '\n' + 'instance.__class__\n' + '\n' + ' The class to which a class instance belongs.\n' + '\n' + 'class.__bases__\n' + '\n' + ' The tuple of base classes of a class object.\n' + '\n' + 'definition.__name__\n' + '\n' + ' The name of the class, function, method, descriptor, or ' + 'generator\n' + ' instance.\n' + '\n' + 'definition.__qualname__\n' + '\n' + ' The *qualified name* of the class, function, method, ' + 'descriptor, or\n' + ' generator instance.\n' + '\n' + ' New in version 3.3.\n' + '\n' + 'class.__mro__\n' + '\n' + ' This attribute is a tuple of classes that are considered ' + 'when\n' + ' looking for base classes during method resolution.\n' + '\n' + 'class.mro()\n' + '\n' + ' This method can be overridden by a metaclass to customize ' + 'the\n' + ' method resolution order for its instances. It is called ' + 'at class\n' + ' instantiation, and its result is stored in "__mro__".\n' + '\n' + 'class.__subclasses__()\n' + '\n' + ' Each class keeps a list of weak references to its ' + 'immediate\n' + ' subclasses. This method returns a list of all those ' + 'references\n' + ' still alive. The list is in definition order. Example:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> int.__subclasses__()\n' + " [, , , " + "]\n", + 'specialnames': 'Special method names\n' + '********************\n' + '\n' + 'A class can implement certain operations that are invoked by ' + 'special\n' + 'syntax (such as arithmetic operations or subscripting and ' + 'slicing) by\n' + 'defining methods with special names. This is Python’s ' + 'approach to\n' + '*operator overloading*, allowing classes to define their own ' + 'behavior\n' + 'with respect to language operators. For instance, if a ' + 'class defines\n' + 'a method named "__getitem__()", and "x" is an instance of ' + 'this class,\n' + 'then "x[i]" is roughly equivalent to "type(x).__getitem__(x, ' + 'i)".\n' + 'Except where mentioned, attempts to execute an operation ' + 'raise an\n' + 'exception when no appropriate method is defined (typically\n' + '"AttributeError" or "TypeError").\n' + '\n' + 'Setting a special method to "None" indicates that the ' + 'corresponding\n' + 'operation is not available. For example, if a class sets ' + '"__iter__()"\n' + 'to "None", the class is not iterable, so calling "iter()" on ' + 'its\n' + 'instances will raise a "TypeError" (without falling back to\n' + '"__getitem__()"). [2]\n' + '\n' + 'When implementing a class that emulates any built-in type, ' + 'it is\n' + 'important that the emulation only be implemented to the ' + 'degree that it\n' + 'makes sense for the object being modelled. For example, ' + 'some\n' + 'sequences may work well with retrieval of individual ' + 'elements, but\n' + 'extracting a slice may not make sense. (One example of this ' + 'is the\n' + '"NodeList" interface in the W3C’s Document Object Model.)\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Basic customization\n' + '===================\n' + '\n' + 'object.__new__(cls[, ...])\n' + '\n' + ' Called to create a new instance of class *cls*. ' + '"__new__()" is a\n' + ' static method (special-cased so you need not declare it ' + 'as such)\n' + ' that takes the class of which an instance was requested ' + 'as its\n' + ' first argument. The remaining arguments are those passed ' + 'to the\n' + ' object constructor expression (the call to the class). ' + 'The return\n' + ' value of "__new__()" should be the new object instance ' + '(usually an\n' + ' instance of *cls*).\n' + '\n' + ' Typical implementations create a new instance of the ' + 'class by\n' + ' invoking the superclass’s "__new__()" method using\n' + ' "super().__new__(cls[, ...])" with appropriate arguments ' + 'and then\n' + ' modifying the newly created instance as necessary before ' + 'returning\n' + ' it.\n' + '\n' + ' If "__new__()" is invoked during object construction and ' + 'it returns\n' + ' an instance of *cls*, then the new instance’s ' + '"__init__()" method\n' + ' will be invoked like "__init__(self[, ...])", where ' + '*self* is the\n' + ' new instance and the remaining arguments are the same as ' + 'were\n' + ' passed to the object constructor.\n' + '\n' + ' If "__new__()" does not return an instance of *cls*, then ' + 'the new\n' + ' instance’s "__init__()" method will not be invoked.\n' + '\n' + ' "__new__()" is intended mainly to allow subclasses of ' + 'immutable\n' + ' types (like int, str, or tuple) to customize instance ' + 'creation. It\n' + ' is also commonly overridden in custom metaclasses in ' + 'order to\n' + ' customize class creation.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__init__(self[, ...])\n' + '\n' + ' Called after the instance has been created (by ' + '"__new__()"), but\n' + ' before it is returned to the caller. The arguments are ' + 'those\n' + ' passed to the class constructor expression. If a base ' + 'class has an\n' + ' "__init__()" method, the derived class’s "__init__()" ' + 'method, if\n' + ' any, must explicitly call it to ensure proper ' + 'initialization of the\n' + ' base class part of the instance; for example:\n' + ' "super().__init__([args...])".\n' + '\n' + ' Because "__new__()" and "__init__()" work together in ' + 'constructing\n' + ' objects ("__new__()" to create it, and "__init__()" to ' + 'customize\n' + ' it), no non-"None" value may be returned by "__init__()"; ' + 'doing so\n' + ' will cause a "TypeError" to be raised at runtime.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__del__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called when the instance is about to be destroyed. This ' + 'is also\n' + ' called a finalizer or (improperly) a destructor. If a ' + 'base class\n' + ' has a "__del__()" method, the derived class’s "__del__()" ' + 'method,\n' + ' if any, must explicitly call it to ensure proper deletion ' + 'of the\n' + ' base class part of the instance.\n' + '\n' + ' It is possible (though not recommended!) for the ' + '"__del__()" method\n' + ' to postpone destruction of the instance by creating a new ' + 'reference\n' + ' to it. This is called object *resurrection*. It is\n' + ' implementation-dependent whether "__del__()" is called a ' + 'second\n' + ' time when a resurrected object is about to be destroyed; ' + 'the\n' + ' current *CPython* implementation only calls it once.\n' + '\n' + ' It is not guaranteed that "__del__()" methods are called ' + 'for\n' + ' objects that still exist when the interpreter exits.\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' "del x" doesn’t directly call "x.__del__()" — the ' + 'former\n' + ' decrements the reference count for "x" by one, and the ' + 'latter is\n' + ' only called when "x"’s reference count reaches zero.\n' + '\n' + ' **CPython implementation detail:** It is possible for a ' + 'reference\n' + ' cycle to prevent the reference count of an object from ' + 'going to\n' + ' zero. In this case, the cycle will be later detected and ' + 'deleted\n' + ' by the *cyclic garbage collector*. A common cause of ' + 'reference\n' + ' cycles is when an exception has been caught in a local ' + 'variable.\n' + ' The frame’s locals then reference the exception, which ' + 'references\n' + ' its own traceback, which references the locals of all ' + 'frames caught\n' + ' in the traceback.\n' + '\n' + ' See also: Documentation for the "gc" module.\n' + '\n' + ' Warning:\n' + '\n' + ' Due to the precarious circumstances under which ' + '"__del__()"\n' + ' methods are invoked, exceptions that occur during their ' + 'execution\n' + ' are ignored, and a warning is printed to "sys.stderr" ' + 'instead.\n' + ' In particular:\n' + '\n' + ' * "__del__()" can be invoked when arbitrary code is ' + 'being\n' + ' executed, including from any arbitrary thread. If ' + '"__del__()"\n' + ' needs to take a lock or invoke any other blocking ' + 'resource, it\n' + ' may deadlock as the resource may already be taken by ' + 'the code\n' + ' that gets interrupted to execute "__del__()".\n' + '\n' + ' * "__del__()" can be executed during interpreter ' + 'shutdown. As a\n' + ' consequence, the global variables it needs to access ' + '(including\n' + ' other modules) may already have been deleted or set ' + 'to "None".\n' + ' Python guarantees that globals whose name begins with ' + 'a single\n' + ' underscore are deleted from their module before other ' + 'globals\n' + ' are deleted; if no other references to such globals ' + 'exist, this\n' + ' may help in assuring that imported modules are still ' + 'available\n' + ' at the time when the "__del__()" method is called.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__repr__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called by the "repr()" built-in function to compute the ' + '“official”\n' + ' string representation of an object. If at all possible, ' + 'this\n' + ' should look like a valid Python expression that could be ' + 'used to\n' + ' recreate an object with the same value (given an ' + 'appropriate\n' + ' environment). If this is not possible, a string of the ' + 'form\n' + ' "<...some useful description...>" should be returned. The ' + 'return\n' + ' value must be a string object. If a class defines ' + '"__repr__()" but\n' + ' not "__str__()", then "__repr__()" is also used when an ' + '“informal”\n' + ' string representation of instances of that class is ' + 'required.\n' + '\n' + ' This is typically used for debugging, so it is important ' + 'that the\n' + ' representation is information-rich and unambiguous.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__str__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called by "str(object)" and the built-in functions ' + '"format()" and\n' + ' "print()" to compute the “informal” or nicely printable ' + 'string\n' + ' representation of an object. The return value must be a ' + 'string\n' + ' object.\n' + '\n' + ' This method differs from "object.__repr__()" in that ' + 'there is no\n' + ' expectation that "__str__()" return a valid Python ' + 'expression: a\n' + ' more convenient or concise representation can be used.\n' + '\n' + ' The default implementation defined by the built-in type ' + '"object"\n' + ' calls "object.__repr__()".\n' + '\n' + 'object.__bytes__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called by bytes to compute a byte-string representation ' + 'of an\n' + ' object. This should return a "bytes" object.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__format__(self, format_spec)\n' + '\n' + ' Called by the "format()" built-in function, and by ' + 'extension,\n' + ' evaluation of formatted string literals and the ' + '"str.format()"\n' + ' method, to produce a “formatted” string representation of ' + 'an\n' + ' object. The *format_spec* argument is a string that ' + 'contains a\n' + ' description of the formatting options desired. The ' + 'interpretation\n' + ' of the *format_spec* argument is up to the type ' + 'implementing\n' + ' "__format__()", however most classes will either ' + 'delegate\n' + ' formatting to one of the built-in types, or use a ' + 'similar\n' + ' formatting option syntax.\n' + '\n' + ' See Format Specification Mini-Language for a description ' + 'of the\n' + ' standard formatting syntax.\n' + '\n' + ' The return value must be a string object.\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.4: The __format__ method of "object" ' + 'itself\n' + ' raises a "TypeError" if passed any non-empty string.\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.7: "object.__format__(x, \'\')" is ' + 'now\n' + ' equivalent to "str(x)" rather than "format(str(x), ' + '\'\')".\n' + '\n' + 'object.__lt__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__le__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__eq__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__ne__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__gt__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__ge__(self, other)\n' + '\n' + ' These are the so-called “rich comparison” methods. The\n' + ' correspondence between operator symbols and method names ' + 'is as\n' + ' follows: "xy" calls\n' + ' "x.__gt__(y)", and "x>=y" calls "x.__ge__(y)".\n' + '\n' + ' A rich comparison method may return the singleton ' + '"NotImplemented"\n' + ' if it does not implement the operation for a given pair ' + 'of\n' + ' arguments. By convention, "False" and "True" are returned ' + 'for a\n' + ' successful comparison. However, these methods can return ' + 'any value,\n' + ' so if the comparison operator is used in a Boolean ' + 'context (e.g.,\n' + ' in the condition of an "if" statement), Python will call ' + '"bool()"\n' + ' on the value to determine if the result is true or ' + 'false.\n' + '\n' + ' By default, "object" implements "__eq__()" by using "is", ' + 'returning\n' + ' "NotImplemented" in the case of a false comparison: "True ' + 'if x is y\n' + ' else NotImplemented". For "__ne__()", by default it ' + 'delegates to\n' + ' "__eq__()" and inverts the result unless it is ' + '"NotImplemented".\n' + ' There are no other implied relationships among the ' + 'comparison\n' + ' operators or default implementations; for example, the ' + 'truth of\n' + ' "(x.__hash__".\n' + '\n' + ' If a class that does not override "__eq__()" wishes to ' + 'suppress\n' + ' hash support, it should include "__hash__ = None" in the ' + 'class\n' + ' definition. A class which defines its own "__hash__()" ' + 'that\n' + ' explicitly raises a "TypeError" would be incorrectly ' + 'identified as\n' + ' hashable by an "isinstance(obj, ' + 'collections.abc.Hashable)" call.\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' By default, the "__hash__()" values of str and bytes ' + 'objects are\n' + ' “salted” with an unpredictable random value. Although ' + 'they\n' + ' remain constant within an individual Python process, ' + 'they are not\n' + ' predictable between repeated invocations of Python.This ' + 'is\n' + ' intended to provide protection against a ' + 'denial-of-service caused\n' + ' by carefully chosen inputs that exploit the worst case\n' + ' performance of a dict insertion, *O*(*n*^2) ' + 'complexity. See\n' + ' http://ocert.org/advisories/ocert-2011-003.html for\n' + ' details.Changing hash values affects the iteration ' + 'order of sets.\n' + ' Python has never made guarantees about this ordering ' + '(and it\n' + ' typically varies between 32-bit and 64-bit builds).See ' + 'also\n' + ' "PYTHONHASHSEED".\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.3: Hash randomization is enabled by ' + 'default.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__bool__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to implement truth value testing and the built-in ' + 'operation\n' + ' "bool()"; should return "False" or "True". When this ' + 'method is not\n' + ' defined, "__len__()" is called, if it is defined, and the ' + 'object is\n' + ' considered true if its result is nonzero. If a class ' + 'defines\n' + ' neither "__len__()" nor "__bool__()", all its instances ' + 'are\n' + ' considered true.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Customizing attribute access\n' + '============================\n' + '\n' + 'The following methods can be defined to customize the ' + 'meaning of\n' + 'attribute access (use of, assignment to, or deletion of ' + '"x.name") for\n' + 'class instances.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__getattr__(self, name)\n' + '\n' + ' Called when the default attribute access fails with an\n' + ' "AttributeError" (either "__getattribute__()" raises an\n' + ' "AttributeError" because *name* is not an instance ' + 'attribute or an\n' + ' attribute in the class tree for "self"; or "__get__()" of ' + 'a *name*\n' + ' property raises "AttributeError"). This method should ' + 'either\n' + ' return the (computed) attribute value or raise an ' + '"AttributeError"\n' + ' exception.\n' + '\n' + ' Note that if the attribute is found through the normal ' + 'mechanism,\n' + ' "__getattr__()" is not called. (This is an intentional ' + 'asymmetry\n' + ' between "__getattr__()" and "__setattr__()".) This is ' + 'done both for\n' + ' efficiency reasons and because otherwise "__getattr__()" ' + 'would have\n' + ' no way to access other attributes of the instance. Note ' + 'that at\n' + ' least for instance variables, you can fake total control ' + 'by not\n' + ' inserting any values in the instance attribute dictionary ' + '(but\n' + ' instead inserting them in another object). See the\n' + ' "__getattribute__()" method below for a way to actually ' + 'get total\n' + ' control over attribute access.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__getattribute__(self, name)\n' + '\n' + ' Called unconditionally to implement attribute accesses ' + 'for\n' + ' instances of the class. If the class also defines ' + '"__getattr__()",\n' + ' the latter will not be called unless "__getattribute__()" ' + 'either\n' + ' calls it explicitly or raises an "AttributeError". This ' + 'method\n' + ' should return the (computed) attribute value or raise an\n' + ' "AttributeError" exception. In order to avoid infinite ' + 'recursion in\n' + ' this method, its implementation should always call the ' + 'base class\n' + ' method with the same name to access any attributes it ' + 'needs, for\n' + ' example, "object.__getattribute__(self, name)".\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' This method may still be bypassed when looking up ' + 'special methods\n' + ' as the result of implicit invocation via language ' + 'syntax or\n' + ' built-in functions. See Special method lookup.\n' + '\n' + ' For certain sensitive attribute accesses, raises an ' + 'auditing event\n' + ' "object.__getattr__" with arguments "obj" and "name".\n' + '\n' + 'object.__setattr__(self, name, value)\n' + '\n' + ' Called when an attribute assignment is attempted. This ' + 'is called\n' + ' instead of the normal mechanism (i.e. store the value in ' + 'the\n' + ' instance dictionary). *name* is the attribute name, ' + '*value* is the\n' + ' value to be assigned to it.\n' + '\n' + ' If "__setattr__()" wants to assign to an instance ' + 'attribute, it\n' + ' should call the base class method with the same name, for ' + 'example,\n' + ' "object.__setattr__(self, name, value)".\n' + '\n' + ' For certain sensitive attribute assignments, raises an ' + 'auditing\n' + ' event "object.__setattr__" with arguments "obj", "name", ' + '"value".\n' + '\n' + 'object.__delattr__(self, name)\n' + '\n' + ' Like "__setattr__()" but for attribute deletion instead ' + 'of\n' + ' assignment. This should only be implemented if "del ' + 'obj.name" is\n' + ' meaningful for the object.\n' + '\n' + ' For certain sensitive attribute deletions, raises an ' + 'auditing event\n' + ' "object.__delattr__" with arguments "obj" and "name".\n' + '\n' + 'object.__dir__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called when "dir()" is called on the object. An iterable ' + 'must be\n' + ' returned. "dir()" converts the returned iterable to a ' + 'list and\n' + ' sorts it.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Customizing module attribute access\n' + '-----------------------------------\n' + '\n' + 'Special names "__getattr__" and "__dir__" can be also used ' + 'to\n' + 'customize access to module attributes. The "__getattr__" ' + 'function at\n' + 'the module level should accept one argument which is the ' + 'name of an\n' + 'attribute and return the computed value or raise an ' + '"AttributeError".\n' + 'If an attribute is not found on a module object through the ' + 'normal\n' + 'lookup, i.e. "object.__getattribute__()", then "__getattr__" ' + 'is\n' + 'searched in the module "__dict__" before raising an ' + '"AttributeError".\n' + 'If found, it is called with the attribute name and the ' + 'result is\n' + 'returned.\n' + '\n' + 'The "__dir__" function should accept no arguments, and ' + 'return an\n' + 'iterable of strings that represents the names accessible on ' + 'module. If\n' + 'present, this function overrides the standard "dir()" search ' + 'on a\n' + 'module.\n' + '\n' + 'For a more fine grained customization of the module behavior ' + '(setting\n' + 'attributes, properties, etc.), one can set the "__class__" ' + 'attribute\n' + 'of a module object to a subclass of "types.ModuleType". For ' + 'example:\n' + '\n' + ' import sys\n' + ' from types import ModuleType\n' + '\n' + ' class VerboseModule(ModuleType):\n' + ' def __repr__(self):\n' + " return f'Verbose {self.__name__}'\n" + '\n' + ' def __setattr__(self, attr, value):\n' + " print(f'Setting {attr}...')\n" + ' super().__setattr__(attr, value)\n' + '\n' + ' sys.modules[__name__].__class__ = VerboseModule\n' + '\n' + 'Note:\n' + '\n' + ' Defining module "__getattr__" and setting module ' + '"__class__" only\n' + ' affect lookups made using the attribute access syntax – ' + 'directly\n' + ' accessing the module globals (whether by code within the ' + 'module, or\n' + ' via a reference to the module’s globals dictionary) is ' + 'unaffected.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.5: "__class__" module attribute is now ' + 'writable.\n' + '\n' + 'New in version 3.7: "__getattr__" and "__dir__" module ' + 'attributes.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 562** - Module __getattr__ and __dir__\n' + ' Describes the "__getattr__" and "__dir__" functions on ' + 'modules.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Implementing Descriptors\n' + '------------------------\n' + '\n' + 'The following methods only apply when an instance of the ' + 'class\n' + 'containing the method (a so-called *descriptor* class) ' + 'appears in an\n' + '*owner* class (the descriptor must be in either the owner’s ' + 'class\n' + 'dictionary or in the class dictionary for one of its ' + 'parents). In the\n' + 'examples below, “the attribute” refers to the attribute ' + 'whose name is\n' + 'the key of the property in the owner class’ "__dict__".\n' + '\n' + 'object.__get__(self, instance, owner=None)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to get the attribute of the owner class (class ' + 'attribute\n' + ' access) or of an instance of that class (instance ' + 'attribute\n' + ' access). The optional *owner* argument is the owner ' + 'class, while\n' + ' *instance* is the instance that the attribute was ' + 'accessed through,\n' + ' or "None" when the attribute is accessed through the ' + '*owner*.\n' + '\n' + ' This method should return the computed attribute value or ' + 'raise an\n' + ' "AttributeError" exception.\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 252** specifies that "__get__()" is callable with ' + 'one or two\n' + ' arguments. Python’s own built-in descriptors support ' + 'this\n' + ' specification; however, it is likely that some ' + 'third-party tools\n' + ' have descriptors that require both arguments. Python’s ' + 'own\n' + ' "__getattribute__()" implementation always passes in both ' + 'arguments\n' + ' whether they are required or not.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__set__(self, instance, value)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to set the attribute on an instance *instance* of ' + 'the owner\n' + ' class to a new value, *value*.\n' + '\n' + ' Note, adding "__set__()" or "__delete__()" changes the ' + 'kind of\n' + ' descriptor to a “data descriptor”. See Invoking ' + 'Descriptors for\n' + ' more details.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__delete__(self, instance)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to delete the attribute on an instance *instance* ' + 'of the\n' + ' owner class.\n' + '\n' + 'Instances of descriptors may also have the "__objclass__" ' + 'attribute\n' + 'present:\n' + '\n' + 'object.__objclass__\n' + '\n' + ' The attribute "__objclass__" is interpreted by the ' + '"inspect" module\n' + ' as specifying the class where this object was defined ' + '(setting this\n' + ' appropriately can assist in runtime introspection of ' + 'dynamic class\n' + ' attributes). For callables, it may indicate that an ' + 'instance of the\n' + ' given type (or a subclass) is expected or required as the ' + 'first\n' + ' positional argument (for example, CPython sets this ' + 'attribute for\n' + ' unbound methods that are implemented in C).\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Invoking Descriptors\n' + '--------------------\n' + '\n' + 'In general, a descriptor is an object attribute with ' + '“binding\n' + 'behavior”, one whose attribute access has been overridden by ' + 'methods\n' + 'in the descriptor protocol: "__get__()", "__set__()", and\n' + '"__delete__()". If any of those methods are defined for an ' + 'object, it\n' + 'is said to be a descriptor.\n' + '\n' + 'The default behavior for attribute access is to get, set, or ' + 'delete\n' + 'the attribute from an object’s dictionary. For instance, ' + '"a.x" has a\n' + 'lookup chain starting with "a.__dict__[\'x\']", then\n' + '"type(a).__dict__[\'x\']", and continuing through the base ' + 'classes of\n' + '"type(a)" excluding metaclasses.\n' + '\n' + 'However, if the looked-up value is an object defining one of ' + 'the\n' + 'descriptor methods, then Python may override the default ' + 'behavior and\n' + 'invoke the descriptor method instead. Where this occurs in ' + 'the\n' + 'precedence chain depends on which descriptor methods were ' + 'defined and\n' + 'how they were called.\n' + '\n' + 'The starting point for descriptor invocation is a binding, ' + '"a.x". How\n' + 'the arguments are assembled depends on "a":\n' + '\n' + 'Direct Call\n' + ' The simplest and least common call is when user code ' + 'directly\n' + ' invokes a descriptor method: "x.__get__(a)".\n' + '\n' + 'Instance Binding\n' + ' If binding to an object instance, "a.x" is transformed ' + 'into the\n' + ' call: "type(a).__dict__[\'x\'].__get__(a, type(a))".\n' + '\n' + 'Class Binding\n' + ' If binding to a class, "A.x" is transformed into the ' + 'call:\n' + ' "A.__dict__[\'x\'].__get__(None, A)".\n' + '\n' + 'Super Binding\n' + ' A dotted lookup such as "super(A, a).x" searches\n' + ' "a.__class__.__mro__" for a base class "B" following "A" ' + 'and then\n' + ' returns "B.__dict__[\'x\'].__get__(a, A)". If not a ' + 'descriptor, "x"\n' + ' is returned unchanged.\n' + '\n' + 'For instance bindings, the precedence of descriptor ' + 'invocation depends\n' + 'on which descriptor methods are defined. A descriptor can ' + 'define any\n' + 'combination of "__get__()", "__set__()" and "__delete__()". ' + 'If it\n' + 'does not define "__get__()", then accessing the attribute ' + 'will return\n' + 'the descriptor object itself unless there is a value in the ' + 'object’s\n' + 'instance dictionary. If the descriptor defines "__set__()" ' + 'and/or\n' + '"__delete__()", it is a data descriptor; if it defines ' + 'neither, it is\n' + 'a non-data descriptor. Normally, data descriptors define ' + 'both\n' + '"__get__()" and "__set__()", while non-data descriptors have ' + 'just the\n' + '"__get__()" method. Data descriptors with "__get__()" and ' + '"__set__()"\n' + '(and/or "__delete__()") defined always override a ' + 'redefinition in an\n' + 'instance dictionary. In contrast, non-data descriptors can ' + 'be\n' + 'overridden by instances.\n' + '\n' + 'Python methods (including those decorated with ' + '"@staticmethod" and\n' + '"@classmethod") are implemented as non-data descriptors. ' + 'Accordingly,\n' + 'instances can redefine and override methods. This allows ' + 'individual\n' + 'instances to acquire behaviors that differ from other ' + 'instances of the\n' + 'same class.\n' + '\n' + 'The "property()" function is implemented as a data ' + 'descriptor.\n' + 'Accordingly, instances cannot override the behavior of a ' + 'property.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + '__slots__\n' + '---------\n' + '\n' + '*__slots__* allow us to explicitly declare data members ' + '(like\n' + 'properties) and deny the creation of "__dict__" and ' + '*__weakref__*\n' + '(unless explicitly declared in *__slots__* or available in a ' + 'parent.)\n' + '\n' + 'The space saved over using "__dict__" can be significant. ' + 'Attribute\n' + 'lookup speed can be significantly improved as well.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__slots__\n' + '\n' + ' This class variable can be assigned a string, iterable, ' + 'or sequence\n' + ' of strings with variable names used by instances. ' + '*__slots__*\n' + ' reserves space for the declared variables and prevents ' + 'the\n' + ' automatic creation of "__dict__" and *__weakref__* for ' + 'each\n' + ' instance.\n' + '\n' + 'Notes on using *__slots__*:\n' + '\n' + '* When inheriting from a class without *__slots__*, the ' + '"__dict__" and\n' + ' *__weakref__* attribute of the instances will always be ' + 'accessible.\n' + '\n' + '* Without a "__dict__" variable, instances cannot be ' + 'assigned new\n' + ' variables not listed in the *__slots__* definition. ' + 'Attempts to\n' + ' assign to an unlisted variable name raises ' + '"AttributeError". If\n' + ' dynamic assignment of new variables is desired, then add\n' + ' "\'__dict__\'" to the sequence of strings in the ' + '*__slots__*\n' + ' declaration.\n' + '\n' + '* Without a *__weakref__* variable for each instance, ' + 'classes defining\n' + ' *__slots__* do not support "weak references" to its ' + 'instances. If\n' + ' weak reference support is needed, then add ' + '"\'__weakref__\'" to the\n' + ' sequence of strings in the *__slots__* declaration.\n' + '\n' + '* *__slots__* are implemented at the class level by ' + 'creating\n' + ' descriptors for each variable name. As a result, class ' + 'attributes\n' + ' cannot be used to set default values for instance ' + 'variables defined\n' + ' by *__slots__*; otherwise, the class attribute would ' + 'overwrite the\n' + ' descriptor assignment.\n' + '\n' + '* The action of a *__slots__* declaration is not limited to ' + 'the class\n' + ' where it is defined. *__slots__* declared in parents are ' + 'available\n' + ' in child classes. However, child subclasses will get a ' + '"__dict__"\n' + ' and *__weakref__* unless they also define *__slots__* ' + '(which should\n' + ' only contain names of any *additional* slots).\n' + '\n' + '* If a class defines a slot also defined in a base class, ' + 'the instance\n' + ' variable defined by the base class slot is inaccessible ' + '(except by\n' + ' retrieving its descriptor directly from the base class). ' + 'This\n' + ' renders the meaning of the program undefined. In the ' + 'future, a\n' + ' check may be added to prevent this.\n' + '\n' + '* "TypeError" will be raised if nonempty *__slots__* are ' + 'defined for a\n' + ' class derived from a ""variable-length" built-in type" ' + 'such as\n' + ' "int", "bytes", and "tuple".\n' + '\n' + '* Any non-string *iterable* may be assigned to *__slots__*.\n' + '\n' + '* If a "dictionary" is used to assign *__slots__*, the ' + 'dictionary keys\n' + ' will be used as the slot names. The values of the ' + 'dictionary can be\n' + ' used to provide per-attribute docstrings that will be ' + 'recognised by\n' + ' "inspect.getdoc()" and displayed in the output of ' + '"help()".\n' + '\n' + '* "__class__" assignment works only if both classes have the ' + 'same\n' + ' *__slots__*.\n' + '\n' + '* Multiple inheritance with multiple slotted parent classes ' + 'can be\n' + ' used, but only one parent is allowed to have attributes ' + 'created by\n' + ' slots (the other bases must have empty slot layouts) - ' + 'violations\n' + ' raise "TypeError".\n' + '\n' + '* If an *iterator* is used for *__slots__* then a ' + '*descriptor* is\n' + ' created for each of the iterator’s values. However, the ' + '*__slots__*\n' + ' attribute will be an empty iterator.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Customizing class creation\n' + '==========================\n' + '\n' + 'Whenever a class inherits from another class, ' + '"__init_subclass__()" is\n' + 'called on the parent class. This way, it is possible to ' + 'write classes\n' + 'which change the behavior of subclasses. This is closely ' + 'related to\n' + 'class decorators, but where class decorators only affect the ' + 'specific\n' + 'class they’re applied to, "__init_subclass__" solely applies ' + 'to future\n' + 'subclasses of the class defining the method.\n' + '\n' + 'classmethod object.__init_subclass__(cls)\n' + '\n' + ' This method is called whenever the containing class is ' + 'subclassed.\n' + ' *cls* is then the new subclass. If defined as a normal ' + 'instance\n' + ' method, this method is implicitly converted to a class ' + 'method.\n' + '\n' + ' Keyword arguments which are given to a new class are ' + 'passed to the\n' + ' parent class’s "__init_subclass__". For compatibility ' + 'with other\n' + ' classes using "__init_subclass__", one should take out ' + 'the needed\n' + ' keyword arguments and pass the others over to the base ' + 'class, as\n' + ' in:\n' + '\n' + ' class Philosopher:\n' + ' def __init_subclass__(cls, /, default_name, ' + '**kwargs):\n' + ' super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)\n' + ' cls.default_name = default_name\n' + '\n' + ' class AustralianPhilosopher(Philosopher, ' + 'default_name="Bruce"):\n' + ' pass\n' + '\n' + ' The default implementation "object.__init_subclass__" ' + 'does nothing,\n' + ' but raises an error if it is called with any arguments.\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' The metaclass hint "metaclass" is consumed by the rest ' + 'of the\n' + ' type machinery, and is never passed to ' + '"__init_subclass__"\n' + ' implementations. The actual metaclass (rather than the ' + 'explicit\n' + ' hint) can be accessed as "type(cls)".\n' + '\n' + ' New in version 3.6.\n' + '\n' + 'When a class is created, "type.__new__()" scans the class ' + 'variables\n' + 'and makes callbacks to those with a "__set_name__()" hook.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__set_name__(self, owner, name)\n' + '\n' + ' Automatically called at the time the owning class *owner* ' + 'is\n' + ' created. The object has been assigned to *name* in that ' + 'class:\n' + '\n' + ' class A:\n' + ' x = C() # Automatically calls: x.__set_name__(A, ' + "'x')\n" + '\n' + ' If the class variable is assigned after the class is ' + 'created,\n' + ' "__set_name__()" will not be called automatically. If ' + 'needed,\n' + ' "__set_name__()" can be called directly:\n' + '\n' + ' class A:\n' + ' pass\n' + '\n' + ' c = C()\n' + ' A.x = c # The hook is not called\n' + " c.__set_name__(A, 'x') # Manually invoke the hook\n" + '\n' + ' See Creating the class object for more details.\n' + '\n' + ' New in version 3.6.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Metaclasses\n' + '-----------\n' + '\n' + 'By default, classes are constructed using "type()". The ' + 'class body is\n' + 'executed in a new namespace and the class name is bound ' + 'locally to the\n' + 'result of "type(name, bases, namespace)".\n' + '\n' + 'The class creation process can be customized by passing the\n' + '"metaclass" keyword argument in the class definition line, ' + 'or by\n' + 'inheriting from an existing class that included such an ' + 'argument. In\n' + 'the following example, both "MyClass" and "MySubclass" are ' + 'instances\n' + 'of "Meta":\n' + '\n' + ' class Meta(type):\n' + ' pass\n' + '\n' + ' class MyClass(metaclass=Meta):\n' + ' pass\n' + '\n' + ' class MySubclass(MyClass):\n' + ' pass\n' + '\n' + 'Any other keyword arguments that are specified in the class ' + 'definition\n' + 'are passed through to all metaclass operations described ' + 'below.\n' + '\n' + 'When a class definition is executed, the following steps ' + 'occur:\n' + '\n' + '* MRO entries are resolved;\n' + '\n' + '* the appropriate metaclass is determined;\n' + '\n' + '* the class namespace is prepared;\n' + '\n' + '* the class body is executed;\n' + '\n' + '* the class object is created.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Resolving MRO entries\n' + '---------------------\n' + '\n' + 'object.__mro_entries__(self, bases)\n' + '\n' + ' If a base that appears in a class definition is not an ' + 'instance of\n' + ' "type", then an "__mro_entries__()" method is searched on ' + 'the base.\n' + ' If an "__mro_entries__()" method is found, the base is ' + 'substituted\n' + ' with the result of a call to "__mro_entries__()" when ' + 'creating the\n' + ' class. The method is called with the original bases tuple ' + 'passed to\n' + ' the *bases* parameter, and must return a tuple of classes ' + 'that will\n' + ' be used instead of the base. The returned tuple may be ' + 'empty: in\n' + ' these cases, the original base is ignored.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' "types.resolve_bases()"\n' + ' Dynamically resolve bases that are not instances of ' + '"type".\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 560**\n' + ' Core support for typing module and generic types.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Determining the appropriate metaclass\n' + '-------------------------------------\n' + '\n' + 'The appropriate metaclass for a class definition is ' + 'determined as\n' + 'follows:\n' + '\n' + '* if no bases and no explicit metaclass are given, then ' + '"type()" is\n' + ' used;\n' + '\n' + '* if an explicit metaclass is given and it is *not* an ' + 'instance of\n' + ' "type()", then it is used directly as the metaclass;\n' + '\n' + '* if an instance of "type()" is given as the explicit ' + 'metaclass, or\n' + ' bases are defined, then the most derived metaclass is ' + 'used.\n' + '\n' + 'The most derived metaclass is selected from the explicitly ' + 'specified\n' + 'metaclass (if any) and the metaclasses (i.e. "type(cls)") of ' + 'all\n' + 'specified base classes. The most derived metaclass is one ' + 'which is a\n' + 'subtype of *all* of these candidate metaclasses. If none of ' + 'the\n' + 'candidate metaclasses meets that criterion, then the class ' + 'definition\n' + 'will fail with "TypeError".\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Preparing the class namespace\n' + '-----------------------------\n' + '\n' + 'Once the appropriate metaclass has been identified, then the ' + 'class\n' + 'namespace is prepared. If the metaclass has a "__prepare__" ' + 'attribute,\n' + 'it is called as "namespace = metaclass.__prepare__(name, ' + 'bases,\n' + '**kwds)" (where the additional keyword arguments, if any, ' + 'come from\n' + 'the class definition). The "__prepare__" method should be ' + 'implemented\n' + 'as a "classmethod". The namespace returned by "__prepare__" ' + 'is passed\n' + 'in to "__new__", but when the final class object is created ' + 'the\n' + 'namespace is copied into a new "dict".\n' + '\n' + 'If the metaclass has no "__prepare__" attribute, then the ' + 'class\n' + 'namespace is initialised as an empty ordered mapping.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 3115** - Metaclasses in Python 3000\n' + ' Introduced the "__prepare__" namespace hook\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Executing the class body\n' + '------------------------\n' + '\n' + 'The class body is executed (approximately) as "exec(body, ' + 'globals(),\n' + 'namespace)". The key difference from a normal call to ' + '"exec()" is that\n' + 'lexical scoping allows the class body (including any ' + 'methods) to\n' + 'reference names from the current and outer scopes when the ' + 'class\n' + 'definition occurs inside a function.\n' + '\n' + 'However, even when the class definition occurs inside the ' + 'function,\n' + 'methods defined inside the class still cannot see names ' + 'defined at the\n' + 'class scope. Class variables must be accessed through the ' + 'first\n' + 'parameter of instance or class methods, or through the ' + 'implicit\n' + 'lexically scoped "__class__" reference described in the next ' + 'section.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Creating the class object\n' + '-------------------------\n' + '\n' + 'Once the class namespace has been populated by executing the ' + 'class\n' + 'body, the class object is created by calling ' + '"metaclass(name, bases,\n' + 'namespace, **kwds)" (the additional keywords passed here are ' + 'the same\n' + 'as those passed to "__prepare__").\n' + '\n' + 'This class object is the one that will be referenced by the ' + 'zero-\n' + 'argument form of "super()". "__class__" is an implicit ' + 'closure\n' + 'reference created by the compiler if any methods in a class ' + 'body refer\n' + 'to either "__class__" or "super". This allows the zero ' + 'argument form\n' + 'of "super()" to correctly identify the class being defined ' + 'based on\n' + 'lexical scoping, while the class or instance that was used ' + 'to make the\n' + 'current call is identified based on the first argument ' + 'passed to the\n' + 'method.\n' + '\n' + '**CPython implementation detail:** In CPython 3.6 and later, ' + 'the\n' + '"__class__" cell is passed to the metaclass as a ' + '"__classcell__" entry\n' + 'in the class namespace. If present, this must be propagated ' + 'up to the\n' + '"type.__new__" call in order for the class to be ' + 'initialised\n' + 'correctly. Failing to do so will result in a "RuntimeError" ' + 'in Python\n' + '3.8.\n' + '\n' + 'When using the default metaclass "type", or any metaclass ' + 'that\n' + 'ultimately calls "type.__new__", the following additional\n' + 'customization steps are invoked after creating the class ' + 'object:\n' + '\n' + '1. The "type.__new__" method collects all of the attributes ' + 'in the\n' + ' class namespace that define a "__set_name__()" method;\n' + '\n' + '2. Those "__set_name__" methods are called with the class ' + 'being\n' + ' defined and the assigned name of that particular ' + 'attribute;\n' + '\n' + '3. The "__init_subclass__()" hook is called on the immediate ' + 'parent of\n' + ' the new class in its method resolution order.\n' + '\n' + 'After the class object is created, it is passed to the ' + 'class\n' + 'decorators included in the class definition (if any) and the ' + 'resulting\n' + 'object is bound in the local namespace as the defined ' + 'class.\n' + '\n' + 'When a new class is created by "type.__new__", the object ' + 'provided as\n' + 'the namespace parameter is copied to a new ordered mapping ' + 'and the\n' + 'original object is discarded. The new copy is wrapped in a ' + 'read-only\n' + 'proxy, which becomes the "__dict__" attribute of the class ' + 'object.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 3135** - New super\n' + ' Describes the implicit "__class__" closure reference\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Uses for metaclasses\n' + '--------------------\n' + '\n' + 'The potential uses for metaclasses are boundless. Some ideas ' + 'that have\n' + 'been explored include enum, logging, interface checking, ' + 'automatic\n' + 'delegation, automatic property creation, proxies, ' + 'frameworks, and\n' + 'automatic resource locking/synchronization.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Customizing instance and subclass checks\n' + '========================================\n' + '\n' + 'The following methods are used to override the default ' + 'behavior of the\n' + '"isinstance()" and "issubclass()" built-in functions.\n' + '\n' + 'In particular, the metaclass "abc.ABCMeta" implements these ' + 'methods in\n' + 'order to allow the addition of Abstract Base Classes (ABCs) ' + 'as\n' + '“virtual base classes” to any class or type (including ' + 'built-in\n' + 'types), including other ABCs.\n' + '\n' + 'class.__instancecheck__(self, instance)\n' + '\n' + ' Return true if *instance* should be considered a (direct ' + 'or\n' + ' indirect) instance of *class*. If defined, called to ' + 'implement\n' + ' "isinstance(instance, class)".\n' + '\n' + 'class.__subclasscheck__(self, subclass)\n' + '\n' + ' Return true if *subclass* should be considered a (direct ' + 'or\n' + ' indirect) subclass of *class*. If defined, called to ' + 'implement\n' + ' "issubclass(subclass, class)".\n' + '\n' + 'Note that these methods are looked up on the type ' + '(metaclass) of a\n' + 'class. They cannot be defined as class methods in the ' + 'actual class.\n' + 'This is consistent with the lookup of special methods that ' + 'are called\n' + 'on instances, only in this case the instance is itself a ' + 'class.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 3119** - Introducing Abstract Base Classes\n' + ' Includes the specification for customizing ' + '"isinstance()" and\n' + ' "issubclass()" behavior through "__instancecheck__()" ' + 'and\n' + ' "__subclasscheck__()", with motivation for this ' + 'functionality in\n' + ' the context of adding Abstract Base Classes (see the ' + '"abc"\n' + ' module) to the language.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Emulating generic types\n' + '=======================\n' + '\n' + 'When using *type annotations*, it is often useful to ' + '*parameterize* a\n' + '*generic type* using Python’s square-brackets notation. For ' + 'example,\n' + 'the annotation "list[int]" might be used to signify a "list" ' + 'in which\n' + 'all the elements are of type "int".\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 484** - Type Hints\n' + ' Introducing Python’s framework for type annotations\n' + '\n' + ' Generic Alias Types\n' + ' Documentation for objects representing parameterized ' + 'generic\n' + ' classes\n' + '\n' + ' Generics, user-defined generics and "typing.Generic"\n' + ' Documentation on how to implement generic classes that ' + 'can be\n' + ' parameterized at runtime and understood by static ' + 'type-checkers.\n' + '\n' + 'A class can *generally* only be parameterized if it defines ' + 'the\n' + 'special class method "__class_getitem__()".\n' + '\n' + 'classmethod object.__class_getitem__(cls, key)\n' + '\n' + ' Return an object representing the specialization of a ' + 'generic class\n' + ' by type arguments found in *key*.\n' + '\n' + ' When defined on a class, "__class_getitem__()" is ' + 'automatically a\n' + ' class method. As such, there is no need for it to be ' + 'decorated with\n' + ' "@classmethod" when it is defined.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'The purpose of *__class_getitem__*\n' + '----------------------------------\n' + '\n' + 'The purpose of "__class_getitem__()" is to allow runtime\n' + 'parameterization of standard-library generic classes in ' + 'order to more\n' + 'easily apply *type hints* to these classes.\n' + '\n' + 'To implement custom generic classes that can be ' + 'parameterized at\n' + 'runtime and understood by static type-checkers, users should ' + 'either\n' + 'inherit from a standard library class that already ' + 'implements\n' + '"__class_getitem__()", or inherit from "typing.Generic", ' + 'which has its\n' + 'own implementation of "__class_getitem__()".\n' + '\n' + 'Custom implementations of "__class_getitem__()" on classes ' + 'defined\n' + 'outside of the standard library may not be understood by ' + 'third-party\n' + 'type-checkers such as mypy. Using "__class_getitem__()" on ' + 'any class\n' + 'for purposes other than type hinting is discouraged.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + '*__class_getitem__* versus *__getitem__*\n' + '----------------------------------------\n' + '\n' + 'Usually, the subscription of an object using square brackets ' + 'will call\n' + 'the "__getitem__()" instance method defined on the object’s ' + 'class.\n' + 'However, if the object being subscribed is itself a class, ' + 'the class\n' + 'method "__class_getitem__()" may be called instead.\n' + '"__class_getitem__()" should return a GenericAlias object if ' + 'it is\n' + 'properly defined.\n' + '\n' + 'Presented with the *expression* "obj[x]", the Python ' + 'interpreter\n' + 'follows something like the following process to decide ' + 'whether\n' + '"__getitem__()" or "__class_getitem__()" should be called:\n' + '\n' + ' from inspect import isclass\n' + '\n' + ' def subscribe(obj, x):\n' + ' """Return the result of the expression \'obj[x]\'"""\n' + '\n' + ' class_of_obj = type(obj)\n' + '\n' + ' # If the class of obj defines __getitem__,\n' + ' # call class_of_obj.__getitem__(obj, x)\n' + " if hasattr(class_of_obj, '__getitem__'):\n" + ' return class_of_obj.__getitem__(obj, x)\n' + '\n' + ' # Else, if obj is a class and defines ' + '__class_getitem__,\n' + ' # call obj.__class_getitem__(x)\n' + ' elif isclass(obj) and hasattr(obj, ' + "'__class_getitem__'):\n" + ' return obj.__class_getitem__(x)\n' + '\n' + ' # Else, raise an exception\n' + ' else:\n' + ' raise TypeError(\n' + ' f"\'{class_of_obj.__name__}\' object is not ' + 'subscriptable"\n' + ' )\n' + '\n' + 'In Python, all classes are themselves instances of other ' + 'classes. The\n' + 'class of a class is known as that class’s *metaclass*, and ' + 'most\n' + 'classes have the "type" class as their metaclass. "type" ' + 'does not\n' + 'define "__getitem__()", meaning that expressions such as ' + '"list[int]",\n' + '"dict[str, float]" and "tuple[str, bytes]" all result in\n' + '"__class_getitem__()" being called:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> # list has class "type" as its metaclass, like most ' + 'classes:\n' + ' >>> type(list)\n' + " \n" + ' >>> type(dict) == type(list) == type(tuple) == type(str) ' + '== type(bytes)\n' + ' True\n' + ' >>> # "list[int]" calls "list.__class_getitem__(int)"\n' + ' >>> list[int]\n' + ' list[int]\n' + ' >>> # list.__class_getitem__ returns a GenericAlias ' + 'object:\n' + ' >>> type(list[int])\n' + " \n" + '\n' + 'However, if a class has a custom metaclass that defines\n' + '"__getitem__()", subscribing the class may result in ' + 'different\n' + 'behaviour. An example of this can be found in the "enum" ' + 'module:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> from enum import Enum\n' + ' >>> class Menu(Enum):\n' + ' ... """A breakfast menu"""\n' + " ... SPAM = 'spam'\n" + " ... BACON = 'bacon'\n" + ' ...\n' + ' >>> # Enum classes have a custom metaclass:\n' + ' >>> type(Menu)\n' + " \n" + ' >>> # EnumMeta defines __getitem__,\n' + ' >>> # so __class_getitem__ is not called,\n' + ' >>> # and the result is not a GenericAlias object:\n' + " >>> Menu['SPAM']\n" + " \n" + " >>> type(Menu['SPAM'])\n" + " \n" + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 560** - Core Support for typing module and generic ' + 'types\n' + ' Introducing "__class_getitem__()", and outlining when ' + 'a\n' + ' subscription results in "__class_getitem__()" being ' + 'called\n' + ' instead of "__getitem__()"\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Emulating callable objects\n' + '==========================\n' + '\n' + 'object.__call__(self[, args...])\n' + '\n' + ' Called when the instance is “called” as a function; if ' + 'this method\n' + ' is defined, "x(arg1, arg2, ...)" roughly translates to\n' + ' "type(x).__call__(x, arg1, ...)".\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Emulating container types\n' + '=========================\n' + '\n' + 'The following methods can be defined to implement container ' + 'objects.\n' + 'Containers usually are *sequences* (such as "lists" or ' + '"tuples") or\n' + '*mappings* (like "dictionaries"), but can represent other ' + 'containers\n' + 'as well. The first set of methods is used either to emulate ' + 'a\n' + 'sequence or to emulate a mapping; the difference is that for ' + 'a\n' + 'sequence, the allowable keys should be the integers *k* for ' + 'which "0\n' + '<= k < N" where *N* is the length of the sequence, or ' + '"slice" objects,\n' + 'which define a range of items. It is also recommended that ' + 'mappings\n' + 'provide the methods "keys()", "values()", "items()", ' + '"get()",\n' + '"clear()", "setdefault()", "pop()", "popitem()", "copy()", ' + 'and\n' + '"update()" behaving similar to those for Python’s standard\n' + '"dictionary" objects. The "collections.abc" module provides ' + 'a\n' + '"MutableMapping" *abstract base class* to help create those ' + 'methods\n' + 'from a base set of "__getitem__()", "__setitem__()", ' + '"__delitem__()",\n' + 'and "keys()". Mutable sequences should provide methods ' + '"append()",\n' + '"count()", "index()", "extend()", "insert()", "pop()", ' + '"remove()",\n' + '"reverse()" and "sort()", like Python standard "list" ' + 'objects.\n' + 'Finally, sequence types should implement addition (meaning\n' + 'concatenation) and multiplication (meaning repetition) by ' + 'defining the\n' + 'methods "__add__()", "__radd__()", "__iadd__()", ' + '"__mul__()",\n' + '"__rmul__()" and "__imul__()" described below; they should ' + 'not define\n' + 'other numerical operators. It is recommended that both ' + 'mappings and\n' + 'sequences implement the "__contains__()" method to allow ' + 'efficient use\n' + 'of the "in" operator; for mappings, "in" should search the ' + 'mapping’s\n' + 'keys; for sequences, it should search through the values. ' + 'It is\n' + 'further recommended that both mappings and sequences ' + 'implement the\n' + '"__iter__()" method to allow efficient iteration through ' + 'the\n' + 'container; for mappings, "__iter__()" should iterate through ' + 'the\n' + 'object’s keys; for sequences, it should iterate through the ' + 'values.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__len__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to implement the built-in function "len()". ' + 'Should return\n' + ' the length of the object, an integer ">=" 0. Also, an ' + 'object that\n' + ' doesn’t define a "__bool__()" method and whose ' + '"__len__()" method\n' + ' returns zero is considered to be false in a Boolean ' + 'context.\n' + '\n' + ' **CPython implementation detail:** In CPython, the length ' + 'is\n' + ' required to be at most "sys.maxsize". If the length is ' + 'larger than\n' + ' "sys.maxsize" some features (such as "len()") may raise\n' + ' "OverflowError". To prevent raising "OverflowError" by ' + 'truth value\n' + ' testing, an object must define a "__bool__()" method.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__length_hint__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to implement "operator.length_hint()". Should ' + 'return an\n' + ' estimated length for the object (which may be greater or ' + 'less than\n' + ' the actual length). The length must be an integer ">=" 0. ' + 'The\n' + ' return value may also be "NotImplemented", which is ' + 'treated the\n' + ' same as if the "__length_hint__" method didn’t exist at ' + 'all. This\n' + ' method is purely an optimization and is never required ' + 'for\n' + ' correctness.\n' + '\n' + ' New in version 3.4.\n' + '\n' + 'Note:\n' + '\n' + ' Slicing is done exclusively with the following three ' + 'methods. A\n' + ' call like\n' + '\n' + ' a[1:2] = b\n' + '\n' + ' is translated to\n' + '\n' + ' a[slice(1, 2, None)] = b\n' + '\n' + ' and so forth. Missing slice items are always filled in ' + 'with "None".\n' + '\n' + 'object.__getitem__(self, key)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to implement evaluation of "self[key]". For ' + '*sequence*\n' + ' types, the accepted keys should be integers. Optionally, ' + 'they may\n' + ' support "slice" objects as well. Negative index support ' + 'is also\n' + ' optional. If *key* is of an inappropriate type, ' + '"TypeError" may be\n' + ' raised; if *key* is a value outside the set of indexes ' + 'for the\n' + ' sequence (after any special interpretation of negative ' + 'values),\n' + ' "IndexError" should be raised. For *mapping* types, if ' + '*key* is\n' + ' missing (not in the container), "KeyError" should be ' + 'raised.\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' "for" loops expect that an "IndexError" will be raised ' + 'for\n' + ' illegal indexes to allow proper detection of the end of ' + 'the\n' + ' sequence.\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' When subscripting a *class*, the special class method\n' + ' "__class_getitem__()" may be called instead of ' + '"__getitem__()".\n' + ' See __class_getitem__ versus __getitem__ for more ' + 'details.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__setitem__(self, key, value)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to implement assignment to "self[key]". Same note ' + 'as for\n' + ' "__getitem__()". This should only be implemented for ' + 'mappings if\n' + ' the objects support changes to the values for keys, or if ' + 'new keys\n' + ' can be added, or for sequences if elements can be ' + 'replaced. The\n' + ' same exceptions should be raised for improper *key* ' + 'values as for\n' + ' the "__getitem__()" method.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__delitem__(self, key)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to implement deletion of "self[key]". Same note ' + 'as for\n' + ' "__getitem__()". This should only be implemented for ' + 'mappings if\n' + ' the objects support removal of keys, or for sequences if ' + 'elements\n' + ' can be removed from the sequence. The same exceptions ' + 'should be\n' + ' raised for improper *key* values as for the ' + '"__getitem__()" method.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__missing__(self, key)\n' + '\n' + ' Called by "dict"."__getitem__()" to implement "self[key]" ' + 'for dict\n' + ' subclasses when key is not in the dictionary.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__iter__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' This method is called when an *iterator* is required for ' + 'a\n' + ' container. This method should return a new iterator ' + 'object that can\n' + ' iterate over all the objects in the container. For ' + 'mappings, it\n' + ' should iterate over the keys of the container.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__reversed__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called (if present) by the "reversed()" built-in to ' + 'implement\n' + ' reverse iteration. It should return a new iterator ' + 'object that\n' + ' iterates over all the objects in the container in reverse ' + 'order.\n' + '\n' + ' If the "__reversed__()" method is not provided, the ' + '"reversed()"\n' + ' built-in will fall back to using the sequence protocol ' + '("__len__()"\n' + ' and "__getitem__()"). Objects that support the sequence ' + 'protocol\n' + ' should only provide "__reversed__()" if they can provide ' + 'an\n' + ' implementation that is more efficient than the one ' + 'provided by\n' + ' "reversed()".\n' + '\n' + 'The membership test operators ("in" and "not in") are ' + 'normally\n' + 'implemented as an iteration through a container. However, ' + 'container\n' + 'objects can supply the following special method with a more ' + 'efficient\n' + 'implementation, which also does not require the object be ' + 'iterable.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__contains__(self, item)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to implement membership test operators. Should ' + 'return true\n' + ' if *item* is in *self*, false otherwise. For mapping ' + 'objects, this\n' + ' should consider the keys of the mapping rather than the ' + 'values or\n' + ' the key-item pairs.\n' + '\n' + ' For objects that don’t define "__contains__()", the ' + 'membership test\n' + ' first tries iteration via "__iter__()", then the old ' + 'sequence\n' + ' iteration protocol via "__getitem__()", see this section ' + 'in the\n' + ' language reference.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Emulating numeric types\n' + '=======================\n' + '\n' + 'The following methods can be defined to emulate numeric ' + 'objects.\n' + 'Methods corresponding to operations that are not supported ' + 'by the\n' + 'particular kind of number implemented (e.g., bitwise ' + 'operations for\n' + 'non-integral numbers) should be left undefined.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__add__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__sub__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__mul__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__matmul__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__truediv__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__floordiv__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__mod__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__divmod__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__pow__(self, other[, modulo])\n' + 'object.__lshift__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rshift__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__and__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__xor__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__or__(self, other)\n' + '\n' + ' These methods are called to implement the binary ' + 'arithmetic\n' + ' operations ("+", "-", "*", "@", "/", "//", "%", ' + '"divmod()",\n' + ' "pow()", "**", "<<", ">>", "&", "^", "|"). For instance, ' + 'to\n' + ' evaluate the expression "x + y", where *x* is an instance ' + 'of a\n' + ' class that has an "__add__()" method, "type(x).__add__(x, ' + 'y)" is\n' + ' called. The "__divmod__()" method should be the ' + 'equivalent to\n' + ' using "__floordiv__()" and "__mod__()"; it should not be ' + 'related to\n' + ' "__truediv__()". Note that "__pow__()" should be defined ' + 'to accept\n' + ' an optional third argument if the ternary version of the ' + 'built-in\n' + ' "pow()" function is to be supported.\n' + '\n' + ' If one of those methods does not support the operation ' + 'with the\n' + ' supplied arguments, it should return "NotImplemented".\n' + '\n' + 'object.__radd__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rsub__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rmul__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rmatmul__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rtruediv__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rfloordiv__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rmod__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rdivmod__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rpow__(self, other[, modulo])\n' + 'object.__rlshift__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rrshift__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rand__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__rxor__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__ror__(self, other)\n' + '\n' + ' These methods are called to implement the binary ' + 'arithmetic\n' + ' operations ("+", "-", "*", "@", "/", "//", "%", ' + '"divmod()",\n' + ' "pow()", "**", "<<", ">>", "&", "^", "|") with reflected ' + '(swapped)\n' + ' operands. These functions are only called if the left ' + 'operand does\n' + ' not support the corresponding operation [3] and the ' + 'operands are of\n' + ' different types. [4] For instance, to evaluate the ' + 'expression "x -\n' + ' y", where *y* is an instance of a class that has an ' + '"__rsub__()"\n' + ' method, "type(y).__rsub__(y, x)" is called if ' + '"type(x).__sub__(x,\n' + ' y)" returns "NotImplemented".\n' + '\n' + ' Note that ternary "pow()" will not try calling ' + '"__rpow__()" (the\n' + ' coercion rules would become too complicated).\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' If the right operand’s type is a subclass of the left ' + 'operand’s\n' + ' type and that subclass provides a different ' + 'implementation of the\n' + ' reflected method for the operation, this method will be ' + 'called\n' + ' before the left operand’s non-reflected method. This ' + 'behavior\n' + ' allows subclasses to override their ancestors’ ' + 'operations.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__iadd__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__isub__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__imul__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__imatmul__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__itruediv__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__ifloordiv__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__imod__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__ipow__(self, other[, modulo])\n' + 'object.__ilshift__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__irshift__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__iand__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__ixor__(self, other)\n' + 'object.__ior__(self, other)\n' + '\n' + ' These methods are called to implement the augmented ' + 'arithmetic\n' + ' assignments ("+=", "-=", "*=", "@=", "/=", "//=", "%=", ' + '"**=",\n' + ' "<<=", ">>=", "&=", "^=", "|="). These methods should ' + 'attempt to\n' + ' do the operation in-place (modifying *self*) and return ' + 'the result\n' + ' (which could be, but does not have to be, *self*). If a ' + 'specific\n' + ' method is not defined, or if that method returns ' + '"NotImplemented",\n' + ' the augmented assignment falls back to the normal ' + 'methods. For\n' + ' instance, if *x* is an instance of a class with an ' + '"__iadd__()"\n' + ' method, "x += y" is equivalent to "x = x.__iadd__(y)" . ' + 'If\n' + ' "__iadd__()" does not exist, or if "x.__iadd__(y)" ' + 'returns\n' + ' "NotImplemented", "x.__add__(y)" and "y.__radd__(x)" are\n' + ' considered, as with the evaluation of "x + y". In ' + 'certain\n' + ' situations, augmented assignment can result in unexpected ' + 'errors\n' + ' (see Why does a_tuple[i] += [‘item’] raise an exception ' + 'when the\n' + ' addition works?), but this behavior is in fact part of ' + 'the data\n' + ' model.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__neg__(self)\n' + 'object.__pos__(self)\n' + 'object.__abs__(self)\n' + 'object.__invert__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to implement the unary arithmetic operations ("-", ' + '"+",\n' + ' "abs()" and "~").\n' + '\n' + 'object.__complex__(self)\n' + 'object.__int__(self)\n' + 'object.__float__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to implement the built-in functions "complex()", ' + '"int()" and\n' + ' "float()". Should return a value of the appropriate ' + 'type.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__index__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to implement "operator.index()", and whenever ' + 'Python needs\n' + ' to losslessly convert the numeric object to an integer ' + 'object (such\n' + ' as in slicing, or in the built-in "bin()", "hex()" and ' + '"oct()"\n' + ' functions). Presence of this method indicates that the ' + 'numeric\n' + ' object is an integer type. Must return an integer.\n' + '\n' + ' If "__int__()", "__float__()" and "__complex__()" are not ' + 'defined\n' + ' then corresponding built-in functions "int()", "float()" ' + 'and\n' + ' "complex()" fall back to "__index__()".\n' + '\n' + 'object.__round__(self[, ndigits])\n' + 'object.__trunc__(self)\n' + 'object.__floor__(self)\n' + 'object.__ceil__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Called to implement the built-in function "round()" and ' + '"math"\n' + ' functions "trunc()", "floor()" and "ceil()". Unless ' + '*ndigits* is\n' + ' passed to "__round__()" all these methods should return ' + 'the value\n' + ' of the object truncated to an "Integral" (typically an ' + '"int").\n' + '\n' + ' The built-in function "int()" falls back to "__trunc__()" ' + 'if\n' + ' neither "__int__()" nor "__index__()" is defined.\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.11: The delegation of "int()" to ' + '"__trunc__()"\n' + ' is deprecated.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'With Statement Context Managers\n' + '===============================\n' + '\n' + 'A *context manager* is an object that defines the runtime ' + 'context to\n' + 'be established when executing a "with" statement. The ' + 'context manager\n' + 'handles the entry into, and the exit from, the desired ' + 'runtime context\n' + 'for the execution of the block of code. Context managers ' + 'are normally\n' + 'invoked using the "with" statement (described in section The ' + 'with\n' + 'statement), but can also be used by directly invoking their ' + 'methods.\n' + '\n' + 'Typical uses of context managers include saving and ' + 'restoring various\n' + 'kinds of global state, locking and unlocking resources, ' + 'closing opened\n' + 'files, etc.\n' + '\n' + 'For more information on context managers, see Context ' + 'Manager Types.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__enter__(self)\n' + '\n' + ' Enter the runtime context related to this object. The ' + '"with"\n' + ' statement will bind this method’s return value to the ' + 'target(s)\n' + ' specified in the "as" clause of the statement, if any.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback)\n' + '\n' + ' Exit the runtime context related to this object. The ' + 'parameters\n' + ' describe the exception that caused the context to be ' + 'exited. If the\n' + ' context was exited without an exception, all three ' + 'arguments will\n' + ' be "None".\n' + '\n' + ' If an exception is supplied, and the method wishes to ' + 'suppress the\n' + ' exception (i.e., prevent it from being propagated), it ' + 'should\n' + ' return a true value. Otherwise, the exception will be ' + 'processed\n' + ' normally upon exit from this method.\n' + '\n' + ' Note that "__exit__()" methods should not reraise the ' + 'passed-in\n' + ' exception; this is the caller’s responsibility.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 343** - The “with” statement\n' + ' The specification, background, and examples for the ' + 'Python "with"\n' + ' statement.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Customizing positional arguments in class pattern matching\n' + '==========================================================\n' + '\n' + 'When using a class name in a pattern, positional arguments ' + 'in the\n' + 'pattern are not allowed by default, i.e. "case MyClass(x, ' + 'y)" is\n' + 'typically invalid without special support in "MyClass". To ' + 'be able to\n' + 'use that kind of pattern, the class needs to define a ' + '*__match_args__*\n' + 'attribute.\n' + '\n' + 'object.__match_args__\n' + '\n' + ' This class variable can be assigned a tuple of strings. ' + 'When this\n' + ' class is used in a class pattern with positional ' + 'arguments, each\n' + ' positional argument will be converted into a keyword ' + 'argument,\n' + ' using the corresponding value in *__match_args__* as the ' + 'keyword.\n' + ' The absence of this attribute is equivalent to setting it ' + 'to "()".\n' + '\n' + 'For example, if "MyClass.__match_args__" is "("left", ' + '"center",\n' + '"right")" that means that "case MyClass(x, y)" is equivalent ' + 'to "case\n' + 'MyClass(left=x, center=y)". Note that the number of ' + 'arguments in the\n' + 'pattern must be smaller than or equal to the number of ' + 'elements in\n' + '*__match_args__*; if it is larger, the pattern match attempt ' + 'will\n' + 'raise a "TypeError".\n' + '\n' + 'New in version 3.10.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 634** - Structural Pattern Matching\n' + ' The specification for the Python "match" statement.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Special method lookup\n' + '=====================\n' + '\n' + 'For custom classes, implicit invocations of special methods ' + 'are only\n' + 'guaranteed to work correctly if defined on an object’s type, ' + 'not in\n' + 'the object’s instance dictionary. That behaviour is the ' + 'reason why\n' + 'the following code raises an exception:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> class C:\n' + ' ... pass\n' + ' ...\n' + ' >>> c = C()\n' + ' >>> c.__len__ = lambda: 5\n' + ' >>> len(c)\n' + ' Traceback (most recent call last):\n' + ' File "", line 1, in \n' + " TypeError: object of type 'C' has no len()\n" + '\n' + 'The rationale behind this behaviour lies with a number of ' + 'special\n' + 'methods such as "__hash__()" and "__repr__()" that are ' + 'implemented by\n' + 'all objects, including type objects. If the implicit lookup ' + 'of these\n' + 'methods used the conventional lookup process, they would ' + 'fail when\n' + 'invoked on the type object itself:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> 1 .__hash__() == hash(1)\n' + ' True\n' + ' >>> int.__hash__() == hash(int)\n' + ' Traceback (most recent call last):\n' + ' File "", line 1, in \n' + " TypeError: descriptor '__hash__' of 'int' object needs an " + 'argument\n' + '\n' + 'Incorrectly attempting to invoke an unbound method of a ' + 'class in this\n' + 'way is sometimes referred to as ‘metaclass confusion’, and ' + 'is avoided\n' + 'by bypassing the instance when looking up special methods:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> type(1).__hash__(1) == hash(1)\n' + ' True\n' + ' >>> type(int).__hash__(int) == hash(int)\n' + ' True\n' + '\n' + 'In addition to bypassing any instance attributes in the ' + 'interest of\n' + 'correctness, implicit special method lookup generally also ' + 'bypasses\n' + 'the "__getattribute__()" method even of the object’s ' + 'metaclass:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> class Meta(type):\n' + ' ... def __getattribute__(*args):\n' + ' ... print("Metaclass getattribute invoked")\n' + ' ... return type.__getattribute__(*args)\n' + ' ...\n' + ' >>> class C(object, metaclass=Meta):\n' + ' ... def __len__(self):\n' + ' ... return 10\n' + ' ... def __getattribute__(*args):\n' + ' ... print("Class getattribute invoked")\n' + ' ... return object.__getattribute__(*args)\n' + ' ...\n' + ' >>> c = C()\n' + ' >>> c.__len__() # Explicit lookup via ' + 'instance\n' + ' Class getattribute invoked\n' + ' 10\n' + ' >>> type(c).__len__(c) # Explicit lookup via ' + 'type\n' + ' Metaclass getattribute invoked\n' + ' 10\n' + ' >>> len(c) # Implicit lookup\n' + ' 10\n' + '\n' + 'Bypassing the "__getattribute__()" machinery in this fashion ' + 'provides\n' + 'significant scope for speed optimisations within the ' + 'interpreter, at\n' + 'the cost of some flexibility in the handling of special ' + 'methods (the\n' + 'special method *must* be set on the class object itself in ' + 'order to be\n' + 'consistently invoked by the interpreter).\n', + 'string-methods': 'String Methods\n' + '**************\n' + '\n' + 'Strings implement all of the common sequence operations, ' + 'along with\n' + 'the additional methods described below.\n' + '\n' + 'Strings also support two styles of string formatting, one ' + 'providing a\n' + 'large degree of flexibility and customization (see ' + '"str.format()",\n' + 'Format String Syntax and Custom String Formatting) and the ' + 'other based\n' + 'on C "printf" style formatting that handles a narrower ' + 'range of types\n' + 'and is slightly harder to use correctly, but is often ' + 'faster for the\n' + 'cases it can handle (printf-style String Formatting).\n' + '\n' + 'The Text Processing Services section of the standard ' + 'library covers a\n' + 'number of other modules that provide various text related ' + 'utilities\n' + '(including regular expression support in the "re" ' + 'module).\n' + '\n' + 'str.capitalize()\n' + '\n' + ' Return a copy of the string with its first character ' + 'capitalized\n' + ' and the rest lowercased.\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.8: The first character is now put ' + 'into\n' + ' titlecase rather than uppercase. This means that ' + 'characters like\n' + ' digraphs will only have their first letter capitalized, ' + 'instead of\n' + ' the full character.\n' + '\n' + 'str.casefold()\n' + '\n' + ' Return a casefolded copy of the string. Casefolded ' + 'strings may be\n' + ' used for caseless matching.\n' + '\n' + ' Casefolding is similar to lowercasing but more ' + 'aggressive because\n' + ' it is intended to remove all case distinctions in a ' + 'string. For\n' + ' example, the German lowercase letter "\'ß\'" is ' + 'equivalent to ""ss"".\n' + ' Since it is already lowercase, "lower()" would do ' + 'nothing to "\'ß\'";\n' + ' "casefold()" converts it to ""ss"".\n' + '\n' + ' The casefolding algorithm is described in section 3.13 ' + 'of the\n' + ' Unicode Standard.\n' + '\n' + ' New in version 3.3.\n' + '\n' + 'str.center(width[, fillchar])\n' + '\n' + ' Return centered in a string of length *width*. Padding ' + 'is done\n' + ' using the specified *fillchar* (default is an ASCII ' + 'space). The\n' + ' original string is returned if *width* is less than or ' + 'equal to\n' + ' "len(s)".\n' + '\n' + 'str.count(sub[, start[, end]])\n' + '\n' + ' Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of ' + 'substring *sub*\n' + ' in the range [*start*, *end*]. Optional arguments ' + '*start* and\n' + ' *end* are interpreted as in slice notation.\n' + '\n' + ' If *sub* is empty, returns the number of empty strings ' + 'between\n' + ' characters which is the length of the string plus one.\n' + '\n' + "str.encode(encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')\n" + '\n' + ' Return the string encoded to "bytes".\n' + '\n' + ' *encoding* defaults to "\'utf-8\'"; see Standard ' + 'Encodings for\n' + ' possible values.\n' + '\n' + ' *errors* controls how encoding errors are handled. If ' + '"\'strict\'"\n' + ' (the default), a "UnicodeError" exception is raised. ' + 'Other possible\n' + ' values are "\'ignore\'", "\'replace\'", ' + '"\'xmlcharrefreplace\'",\n' + ' "\'backslashreplace\'" and any other name registered ' + 'via\n' + ' "codecs.register_error()". See Error Handlers for ' + 'details.\n' + '\n' + ' For performance reasons, the value of *errors* is not ' + 'checked for\n' + ' validity unless an encoding error actually occurs, ' + 'Python\n' + ' Development Mode is enabled or a debug build is used.\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.1: Added support for keyword ' + 'arguments.\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.9: The value of the *errors* ' + 'argument is now\n' + ' checked in Python Development Mode and in debug mode.\n' + '\n' + 'str.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]])\n' + '\n' + ' Return "True" if the string ends with the specified ' + '*suffix*,\n' + ' otherwise return "False". *suffix* can also be a tuple ' + 'of suffixes\n' + ' to look for. With optional *start*, test beginning at ' + 'that\n' + ' position. With optional *end*, stop comparing at that ' + 'position.\n' + '\n' + 'str.expandtabs(tabsize=8)\n' + '\n' + ' Return a copy of the string where all tab characters ' + 'are replaced\n' + ' by one or more spaces, depending on the current column ' + 'and the\n' + ' given tab size. Tab positions occur every *tabsize* ' + 'characters\n' + ' (default is 8, giving tab positions at columns 0, 8, 16 ' + 'and so on).\n' + ' To expand the string, the current column is set to zero ' + 'and the\n' + ' string is examined character by character. If the ' + 'character is a\n' + ' tab ("\\t"), one or more space characters are inserted ' + 'in the result\n' + ' until the current column is equal to the next tab ' + 'position. (The\n' + ' tab character itself is not copied.) If the character ' + 'is a newline\n' + ' ("\\n") or return ("\\r"), it is copied and the current ' + 'column is\n' + ' reset to zero. Any other character is copied unchanged ' + 'and the\n' + ' current column is incremented by one regardless of how ' + 'the\n' + ' character is represented when printed.\n' + '\n' + " >>> '01\\t012\\t0123\\t01234'.expandtabs()\n" + " '01 012 0123 01234'\n" + " >>> '01\\t012\\t0123\\t01234'.expandtabs(4)\n" + " '01 012 0123 01234'\n" + '\n' + 'str.find(sub[, start[, end]])\n' + '\n' + ' Return the lowest index in the string where substring ' + '*sub* is\n' + ' found within the slice "s[start:end]". Optional ' + 'arguments *start*\n' + ' and *end* are interpreted as in slice notation. Return ' + '"-1" if\n' + ' *sub* is not found.\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' The "find()" method should be used only if you need ' + 'to know the\n' + ' position of *sub*. To check if *sub* is a substring ' + 'or not, use\n' + ' the "in" operator:\n' + '\n' + " >>> 'Py' in 'Python'\n" + ' True\n' + '\n' + 'str.format(*args, **kwargs)\n' + '\n' + ' Perform a string formatting operation. The string on ' + 'which this\n' + ' method is called can contain literal text or ' + 'replacement fields\n' + ' delimited by braces "{}". Each replacement field ' + 'contains either\n' + ' the numeric index of a positional argument, or the name ' + 'of a\n' + ' keyword argument. Returns a copy of the string where ' + 'each\n' + ' replacement field is replaced with the string value of ' + 'the\n' + ' corresponding argument.\n' + '\n' + ' >>> "The sum of 1 + 2 is {0}".format(1+2)\n' + " 'The sum of 1 + 2 is 3'\n" + '\n' + ' See Format String Syntax for a description of the ' + 'various\n' + ' formatting options that can be specified in format ' + 'strings.\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' When formatting a number ("int", "float", "complex",\n' + ' "decimal.Decimal" and subclasses) with the "n" type ' + '(ex:\n' + ' "\'{:n}\'.format(1234)"), the function temporarily ' + 'sets the\n' + ' "LC_CTYPE" locale to the "LC_NUMERIC" locale to ' + 'decode\n' + ' "decimal_point" and "thousands_sep" fields of ' + '"localeconv()" if\n' + ' they are non-ASCII or longer than 1 byte, and the ' + '"LC_NUMERIC"\n' + ' locale is different than the "LC_CTYPE" locale. This ' + 'temporary\n' + ' change affects other threads.\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.7: When formatting a number with ' + 'the "n" type,\n' + ' the function sets temporarily the "LC_CTYPE" locale to ' + 'the\n' + ' "LC_NUMERIC" locale in some cases.\n' + '\n' + 'str.format_map(mapping)\n' + '\n' + ' Similar to "str.format(**mapping)", except that ' + '"mapping" is used\n' + ' directly and not copied to a "dict". This is useful if ' + 'for example\n' + ' "mapping" is a dict subclass:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> class Default(dict):\n' + ' ... def __missing__(self, key):\n' + ' ... return key\n' + ' ...\n' + " >>> '{name} was born in " + "{country}'.format_map(Default(name='Guido'))\n" + " 'Guido was born in country'\n" + '\n' + ' New in version 3.2.\n' + '\n' + 'str.index(sub[, start[, end]])\n' + '\n' + ' Like "find()", but raise "ValueError" when the ' + 'substring is not\n' + ' found.\n' + '\n' + 'str.isalnum()\n' + '\n' + ' Return "True" if all characters in the string are ' + 'alphanumeric and\n' + ' there is at least one character, "False" otherwise. A ' + 'character\n' + ' "c" is alphanumeric if one of the following returns ' + '"True":\n' + ' "c.isalpha()", "c.isdecimal()", "c.isdigit()", or ' + '"c.isnumeric()".\n' + '\n' + 'str.isalpha()\n' + '\n' + ' Return "True" if all characters in the string are ' + 'alphabetic and\n' + ' there is at least one character, "False" otherwise. ' + 'Alphabetic\n' + ' characters are those characters defined in the Unicode ' + 'character\n' + ' database as “Letter”, i.e., those with general category ' + 'property\n' + ' being one of “Lm”, “Lt”, “Lu”, “Ll”, or “Lo”. Note ' + 'that this is\n' + ' different from the “Alphabetic” property defined in the ' + 'Unicode\n' + ' Standard.\n' + '\n' + 'str.isascii()\n' + '\n' + ' Return "True" if the string is empty or all characters ' + 'in the\n' + ' string are ASCII, "False" otherwise. ASCII characters ' + 'have code\n' + ' points in the range U+0000-U+007F.\n' + '\n' + ' New in version 3.7.\n' + '\n' + 'str.isdecimal()\n' + '\n' + ' Return "True" if all characters in the string are ' + 'decimal\n' + ' characters and there is at least one character, "False" ' + 'otherwise.\n' + ' Decimal characters are those that can be used to form ' + 'numbers in\n' + ' base 10, e.g. U+0660, ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO. ' + 'Formally a decimal\n' + ' character is a character in the Unicode General ' + 'Category “Nd”.\n' + '\n' + 'str.isdigit()\n' + '\n' + ' Return "True" if all characters in the string are ' + 'digits and there\n' + ' is at least one character, "False" otherwise. Digits ' + 'include\n' + ' decimal characters and digits that need special ' + 'handling, such as\n' + ' the compatibility superscript digits. This covers ' + 'digits which\n' + ' cannot be used to form numbers in base 10, like the ' + 'Kharosthi\n' + ' numbers. Formally, a digit is a character that has the ' + 'property\n' + ' value Numeric_Type=Digit or Numeric_Type=Decimal.\n' + '\n' + 'str.isidentifier()\n' + '\n' + ' Return "True" if the string is a valid identifier ' + 'according to the\n' + ' language definition, section Identifiers and keywords.\n' + '\n' + ' Call "keyword.iskeyword()" to test whether string "s" ' + 'is a reserved\n' + ' identifier, such as "def" and "class".\n' + '\n' + ' Example:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> from keyword import iskeyword\n' + '\n' + " >>> 'hello'.isidentifier(), iskeyword('hello')\n" + ' (True, False)\n' + " >>> 'def'.isidentifier(), iskeyword('def')\n" + ' (True, True)\n' + '\n' + 'str.islower()\n' + '\n' + ' Return "True" if all cased characters [4] in the string ' + 'are\n' + ' lowercase and there is at least one cased character, ' + '"False"\n' + ' otherwise.\n' + '\n' + 'str.isnumeric()\n' + '\n' + ' Return "True" if all characters in the string are ' + 'numeric\n' + ' characters, and there is at least one character, ' + '"False" otherwise.\n' + ' Numeric characters include digit characters, and all ' + 'characters\n' + ' that have the Unicode numeric value property, e.g. ' + 'U+2155, VULGAR\n' + ' FRACTION ONE FIFTH. Formally, numeric characters are ' + 'those with\n' + ' the property value Numeric_Type=Digit, ' + 'Numeric_Type=Decimal or\n' + ' Numeric_Type=Numeric.\n' + '\n' + 'str.isprintable()\n' + '\n' + ' Return "True" if all characters in the string are ' + 'printable or the\n' + ' string is empty, "False" otherwise. Nonprintable ' + 'characters are\n' + ' those characters defined in the Unicode character ' + 'database as\n' + ' “Other” or “Separator”, excepting the ASCII space ' + '(0x20) which is\n' + ' considered printable. (Note that printable characters ' + 'in this\n' + ' context are those which should not be escaped when ' + '"repr()" is\n' + ' invoked on a string. It has no bearing on the handling ' + 'of strings\n' + ' written to "sys.stdout" or "sys.stderr".)\n' + '\n' + 'str.isspace()\n' + '\n' + ' Return "True" if there are only whitespace characters ' + 'in the string\n' + ' and there is at least one character, "False" ' + 'otherwise.\n' + '\n' + ' A character is *whitespace* if in the Unicode character ' + 'database\n' + ' (see "unicodedata"), either its general category is ' + '"Zs"\n' + ' (“Separator, space”), or its bidirectional class is one ' + 'of "WS",\n' + ' "B", or "S".\n' + '\n' + 'str.istitle()\n' + '\n' + ' Return "True" if the string is a titlecased string and ' + 'there is at\n' + ' least one character, for example uppercase characters ' + 'may only\n' + ' follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only ' + 'cased ones.\n' + ' Return "False" otherwise.\n' + '\n' + 'str.isupper()\n' + '\n' + ' Return "True" if all cased characters [4] in the string ' + 'are\n' + ' uppercase and there is at least one cased character, ' + '"False"\n' + ' otherwise.\n' + '\n' + " >>> 'BANANA'.isupper()\n" + ' True\n' + " >>> 'banana'.isupper()\n" + ' False\n' + " >>> 'baNana'.isupper()\n" + ' False\n' + " >>> ' '.isupper()\n" + ' False\n' + '\n' + 'str.join(iterable)\n' + '\n' + ' Return a string which is the concatenation of the ' + 'strings in\n' + ' *iterable*. A "TypeError" will be raised if there are ' + 'any non-\n' + ' string values in *iterable*, including "bytes" ' + 'objects. The\n' + ' separator between elements is the string providing this ' + 'method.\n' + '\n' + 'str.ljust(width[, fillchar])\n' + '\n' + ' Return the string left justified in a string of length ' + '*width*.\n' + ' Padding is done using the specified *fillchar* (default ' + 'is an ASCII\n' + ' space). The original string is returned if *width* is ' + 'less than or\n' + ' equal to "len(s)".\n' + '\n' + 'str.lower()\n' + '\n' + ' Return a copy of the string with all the cased ' + 'characters [4]\n' + ' converted to lowercase.\n' + '\n' + ' The lowercasing algorithm used is described in section ' + '3.13 of the\n' + ' Unicode Standard.\n' + '\n' + 'str.lstrip([chars])\n' + '\n' + ' Return a copy of the string with leading characters ' + 'removed. The\n' + ' *chars* argument is a string specifying the set of ' + 'characters to be\n' + ' removed. If omitted or "None", the *chars* argument ' + 'defaults to\n' + ' removing whitespace. The *chars* argument is not a ' + 'prefix; rather,\n' + ' all combinations of its values are stripped:\n' + '\n' + " >>> ' spacious '.lstrip()\n" + " 'spacious '\n" + " >>> 'www.example.com'.lstrip('cmowz.')\n" + " 'example.com'\n" + '\n' + ' See "str.removeprefix()" for a method that will remove ' + 'a single\n' + ' prefix string rather than all of a set of characters. ' + 'For example:\n' + '\n' + " >>> 'Arthur: three!'.lstrip('Arthur: ')\n" + " 'ee!'\n" + " >>> 'Arthur: three!'.removeprefix('Arthur: ')\n" + " 'three!'\n" + '\n' + 'static str.maketrans(x[, y[, z]])\n' + '\n' + ' This static method returns a translation table usable ' + 'for\n' + ' "str.translate()".\n' + '\n' + ' If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary ' + 'mapping\n' + ' Unicode ordinals (integers) or characters (strings of ' + 'length 1) to\n' + ' Unicode ordinals, strings (of arbitrary lengths) or ' + '"None".\n' + ' Character keys will then be converted to ordinals.\n' + '\n' + ' If there are two arguments, they must be strings of ' + 'equal length,\n' + ' and in the resulting dictionary, each character in x ' + 'will be mapped\n' + ' to the character at the same position in y. If there ' + 'is a third\n' + ' argument, it must be a string, whose characters will be ' + 'mapped to\n' + ' "None" in the result.\n' + '\n' + 'str.partition(sep)\n' + '\n' + ' Split the string at the first occurrence of *sep*, and ' + 'return a\n' + ' 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the ' + 'separator\n' + ' itself, and the part after the separator. If the ' + 'separator is not\n' + ' found, return a 3-tuple containing the string itself, ' + 'followed by\n' + ' two empty strings.\n' + '\n' + 'str.removeprefix(prefix, /)\n' + '\n' + ' If the string starts with the *prefix* string, return\n' + ' "string[len(prefix):]". Otherwise, return a copy of the ' + 'original\n' + ' string:\n' + '\n' + " >>> 'TestHook'.removeprefix('Test')\n" + " 'Hook'\n" + " >>> 'BaseTestCase'.removeprefix('Test')\n" + " 'BaseTestCase'\n" + '\n' + ' New in version 3.9.\n' + '\n' + 'str.removesuffix(suffix, /)\n' + '\n' + ' If the string ends with the *suffix* string and that ' + '*suffix* is\n' + ' not empty, return "string[:-len(suffix)]". Otherwise, ' + 'return a copy\n' + ' of the original string:\n' + '\n' + " >>> 'MiscTests'.removesuffix('Tests')\n" + " 'Misc'\n" + " >>> 'TmpDirMixin'.removesuffix('Tests')\n" + " 'TmpDirMixin'\n" + '\n' + ' New in version 3.9.\n' + '\n' + 'str.replace(old, new[, count])\n' + '\n' + ' Return a copy of the string with all occurrences of ' + 'substring *old*\n' + ' replaced by *new*. If the optional argument *count* is ' + 'given, only\n' + ' the first *count* occurrences are replaced.\n' + '\n' + 'str.rfind(sub[, start[, end]])\n' + '\n' + ' Return the highest index in the string where substring ' + '*sub* is\n' + ' found, such that *sub* is contained within ' + '"s[start:end]".\n' + ' Optional arguments *start* and *end* are interpreted as ' + 'in slice\n' + ' notation. Return "-1" on failure.\n' + '\n' + 'str.rindex(sub[, start[, end]])\n' + '\n' + ' Like "rfind()" but raises "ValueError" when the ' + 'substring *sub* is\n' + ' not found.\n' + '\n' + 'str.rjust(width[, fillchar])\n' + '\n' + ' Return the string right justified in a string of length ' + '*width*.\n' + ' Padding is done using the specified *fillchar* (default ' + 'is an ASCII\n' + ' space). The original string is returned if *width* is ' + 'less than or\n' + ' equal to "len(s)".\n' + '\n' + 'str.rpartition(sep)\n' + '\n' + ' Split the string at the last occurrence of *sep*, and ' + 'return a\n' + ' 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the ' + 'separator\n' + ' itself, and the part after the separator. If the ' + 'separator is not\n' + ' found, return a 3-tuple containing two empty strings, ' + 'followed by\n' + ' the string itself.\n' + '\n' + 'str.rsplit(sep=None, maxsplit=-1)\n' + '\n' + ' Return a list of the words in the string, using *sep* ' + 'as the\n' + ' delimiter string. If *maxsplit* is given, at most ' + '*maxsplit* splits\n' + ' are done, the *rightmost* ones. If *sep* is not ' + 'specified or\n' + ' "None", any whitespace string is a separator. Except ' + 'for splitting\n' + ' from the right, "rsplit()" behaves like "split()" which ' + 'is\n' + ' described in detail below.\n' + '\n' + 'str.rstrip([chars])\n' + '\n' + ' Return a copy of the string with trailing characters ' + 'removed. The\n' + ' *chars* argument is a string specifying the set of ' + 'characters to be\n' + ' removed. If omitted or "None", the *chars* argument ' + 'defaults to\n' + ' removing whitespace. The *chars* argument is not a ' + 'suffix; rather,\n' + ' all combinations of its values are stripped:\n' + '\n' + " >>> ' spacious '.rstrip()\n" + " ' spacious'\n" + " >>> 'mississippi'.rstrip('ipz')\n" + " 'mississ'\n" + '\n' + ' See "str.removesuffix()" for a method that will remove ' + 'a single\n' + ' suffix string rather than all of a set of characters. ' + 'For example:\n' + '\n' + " >>> 'Monty Python'.rstrip(' Python')\n" + " 'M'\n" + " >>> 'Monty Python'.removesuffix(' Python')\n" + " 'Monty'\n" + '\n' + 'str.split(sep=None, maxsplit=-1)\n' + '\n' + ' Return a list of the words in the string, using *sep* ' + 'as the\n' + ' delimiter string. If *maxsplit* is given, at most ' + '*maxsplit*\n' + ' splits are done (thus, the list will have at most ' + '"maxsplit+1"\n' + ' elements). If *maxsplit* is not specified or "-1", ' + 'then there is\n' + ' no limit on the number of splits (all possible splits ' + 'are made).\n' + '\n' + ' If *sep* is given, consecutive delimiters are not ' + 'grouped together\n' + ' and are deemed to delimit empty strings (for example,\n' + ' "\'1,,2\'.split(\',\')" returns "[\'1\', \'\', ' + '\'2\']"). The *sep* argument\n' + ' may consist of multiple characters (for example,\n' + ' "\'1<>2<>3\'.split(\'<>\')" returns "[\'1\', \'2\', ' + '\'3\']"). Splitting an\n' + ' empty string with a specified separator returns ' + '"[\'\']".\n' + '\n' + ' For example:\n' + '\n' + " >>> '1,2,3'.split(',')\n" + " ['1', '2', '3']\n" + " >>> '1,2,3'.split(',', maxsplit=1)\n" + " ['1', '2,3']\n" + " >>> '1,2,,3,'.split(',')\n" + " ['1', '2', '', '3', '']\n" + '\n' + ' If *sep* is not specified or is "None", a different ' + 'splitting\n' + ' algorithm is applied: runs of consecutive whitespace ' + 'are regarded\n' + ' as a single separator, and the result will contain no ' + 'empty strings\n' + ' at the start or end if the string has leading or ' + 'trailing\n' + ' whitespace. Consequently, splitting an empty string or ' + 'a string\n' + ' consisting of just whitespace with a "None" separator ' + 'returns "[]".\n' + '\n' + ' For example:\n' + '\n' + " >>> '1 2 3'.split()\n" + " ['1', '2', '3']\n" + " >>> '1 2 3'.split(maxsplit=1)\n" + " ['1', '2 3']\n" + " >>> ' 1 2 3 '.split()\n" + " ['1', '2', '3']\n" + '\n' + 'str.splitlines(keepends=False)\n' + '\n' + ' Return a list of the lines in the string, breaking at ' + 'line\n' + ' boundaries. Line breaks are not included in the ' + 'resulting list\n' + ' unless *keepends* is given and true.\n' + '\n' + ' This method splits on the following line boundaries. ' + 'In\n' + ' particular, the boundaries are a superset of *universal ' + 'newlines*.\n' + '\n' + ' ' + '+-------------------------+-------------------------------+\n' + ' | Representation | ' + 'Description |\n' + ' ' + '|=========================|===============================|\n' + ' | "\\n" | Line ' + 'Feed |\n' + ' ' + '+-------------------------+-------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\\r" | Carriage ' + 'Return |\n' + ' ' + '+-------------------------+-------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\\r\\n" | Carriage Return + Line ' + 'Feed |\n' + ' ' + '+-------------------------+-------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\\v" or "\\x0b" | Line ' + 'Tabulation |\n' + ' ' + '+-------------------------+-------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\\f" or "\\x0c" | Form ' + 'Feed |\n' + ' ' + '+-------------------------+-------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\\x1c" | File ' + 'Separator |\n' + ' ' + '+-------------------------+-------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\\x1d" | Group ' + 'Separator |\n' + ' ' + '+-------------------------+-------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\\x1e" | Record ' + 'Separator |\n' + ' ' + '+-------------------------+-------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\\x85" | Next Line (C1 Control ' + 'Code) |\n' + ' ' + '+-------------------------+-------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\\u2028" | Line ' + 'Separator |\n' + ' ' + '+-------------------------+-------------------------------+\n' + ' | "\\u2029" | Paragraph ' + 'Separator |\n' + ' ' + '+-------------------------+-------------------------------+\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.2: "\\v" and "\\f" added to list ' + 'of line\n' + ' boundaries.\n' + '\n' + ' For example:\n' + '\n' + " >>> 'ab c\\n\\nde fg\\rkl\\r\\n'.splitlines()\n" + " ['ab c', '', 'de fg', 'kl']\n" + " >>> 'ab c\\n\\nde " + "fg\\rkl\\r\\n'.splitlines(keepends=True)\n" + " ['ab c\\n', '\\n', 'de fg\\r', 'kl\\r\\n']\n" + '\n' + ' Unlike "split()" when a delimiter string *sep* is ' + 'given, this\n' + ' method returns an empty list for the empty string, and ' + 'a terminal\n' + ' line break does not result in an extra line:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> "".splitlines()\n' + ' []\n' + ' >>> "One line\\n".splitlines()\n' + " ['One line']\n" + '\n' + ' For comparison, "split(\'\\n\')" gives:\n' + '\n' + " >>> ''.split('\\n')\n" + " ['']\n" + " >>> 'Two lines\\n'.split('\\n')\n" + " ['Two lines', '']\n" + '\n' + 'str.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]])\n' + '\n' + ' Return "True" if string starts with the *prefix*, ' + 'otherwise return\n' + ' "False". *prefix* can also be a tuple of prefixes to ' + 'look for.\n' + ' With optional *start*, test string beginning at that ' + 'position.\n' + ' With optional *end*, stop comparing string at that ' + 'position.\n' + '\n' + 'str.strip([chars])\n' + '\n' + ' Return a copy of the string with the leading and ' + 'trailing\n' + ' characters removed. The *chars* argument is a string ' + 'specifying the\n' + ' set of characters to be removed. If omitted or "None", ' + 'the *chars*\n' + ' argument defaults to removing whitespace. The *chars* ' + 'argument is\n' + ' not a prefix or suffix; rather, all combinations of its ' + 'values are\n' + ' stripped:\n' + '\n' + " >>> ' spacious '.strip()\n" + " 'spacious'\n" + " >>> 'www.example.com'.strip('cmowz.')\n" + " 'example'\n" + '\n' + ' The outermost leading and trailing *chars* argument ' + 'values are\n' + ' stripped from the string. Characters are removed from ' + 'the leading\n' + ' end until reaching a string character that is not ' + 'contained in the\n' + ' set of characters in *chars*. A similar action takes ' + 'place on the\n' + ' trailing end. For example:\n' + '\n' + " >>> comment_string = '#....... Section 3.2.1 Issue " + "#32 .......'\n" + " >>> comment_string.strip('.#! ')\n" + " 'Section 3.2.1 Issue #32'\n" + '\n' + 'str.swapcase()\n' + '\n' + ' Return a copy of the string with uppercase characters ' + 'converted to\n' + ' lowercase and vice versa. Note that it is not ' + 'necessarily true that\n' + ' "s.swapcase().swapcase() == s".\n' + '\n' + 'str.title()\n' + '\n' + ' Return a titlecased version of the string where words ' + 'start with an\n' + ' uppercase character and the remaining characters are ' + 'lowercase.\n' + '\n' + ' For example:\n' + '\n' + " >>> 'Hello world'.title()\n" + " 'Hello World'\n" + '\n' + ' The algorithm uses a simple language-independent ' + 'definition of a\n' + ' word as groups of consecutive letters. The definition ' + 'works in\n' + ' many contexts but it means that apostrophes in ' + 'contractions and\n' + ' possessives form word boundaries, which may not be the ' + 'desired\n' + ' result:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> "they\'re bill\'s friends from the UK".title()\n' + ' "They\'Re Bill\'S Friends From The Uk"\n' + '\n' + ' The "string.capwords()" function does not have this ' + 'problem, as it\n' + ' splits words on spaces only.\n' + '\n' + ' Alternatively, a workaround for apostrophes can be ' + 'constructed\n' + ' using regular expressions:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> import re\n' + ' >>> def titlecase(s):\n' + ' ... return re.sub(r"[A-Za-z]+(\'[A-Za-z]+)?",\n' + ' ... lambda mo: ' + 'mo.group(0).capitalize(),\n' + ' ... s)\n' + ' ...\n' + ' >>> titlecase("they\'re bill\'s friends.")\n' + ' "They\'re Bill\'s Friends."\n' + '\n' + 'str.translate(table)\n' + '\n' + ' Return a copy of the string in which each character has ' + 'been mapped\n' + ' through the given translation table. The table must be ' + 'an object\n' + ' that implements indexing via "__getitem__()", typically ' + 'a *mapping*\n' + ' or *sequence*. When indexed by a Unicode ordinal (an ' + 'integer), the\n' + ' table object can do any of the following: return a ' + 'Unicode ordinal\n' + ' or a string, to map the character to one or more other ' + 'characters;\n' + ' return "None", to delete the character from the return ' + 'string; or\n' + ' raise a "LookupError" exception, to map the character ' + 'to itself.\n' + '\n' + ' You can use "str.maketrans()" to create a translation ' + 'map from\n' + ' character-to-character mappings in different formats.\n' + '\n' + ' See also the "codecs" module for a more flexible ' + 'approach to custom\n' + ' character mappings.\n' + '\n' + 'str.upper()\n' + '\n' + ' Return a copy of the string with all the cased ' + 'characters [4]\n' + ' converted to uppercase. Note that ' + '"s.upper().isupper()" might be\n' + ' "False" if "s" contains uncased characters or if the ' + 'Unicode\n' + ' category of the resulting character(s) is not “Lu” ' + '(Letter,\n' + ' uppercase), but e.g. “Lt” (Letter, titlecase).\n' + '\n' + ' The uppercasing algorithm used is described in section ' + '3.13 of the\n' + ' Unicode Standard.\n' + '\n' + 'str.zfill(width)\n' + '\n' + ' Return a copy of the string left filled with ASCII ' + '"\'0\'" digits to\n' + ' make a string of length *width*. A leading sign prefix\n' + ' ("\'+\'"/"\'-\'") is handled by inserting the padding ' + '*after* the sign\n' + ' character rather than before. The original string is ' + 'returned if\n' + ' *width* is less than or equal to "len(s)".\n' + '\n' + ' For example:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> "42".zfill(5)\n' + " '00042'\n" + ' >>> "-42".zfill(5)\n' + " '-0042'\n", + 'strings': 'String and Bytes literals\n' + '*************************\n' + '\n' + 'String literals are described by the following lexical ' + 'definitions:\n' + '\n' + ' stringliteral ::= [stringprefix](shortstring | longstring)\n' + ' stringprefix ::= "r" | "u" | "R" | "U" | "f" | "F"\n' + ' | "fr" | "Fr" | "fR" | "FR" | "rf" | "rF" | ' + '"Rf" | "RF"\n' + ' shortstring ::= "\'" shortstringitem* "\'" | \'"\' ' + 'shortstringitem* \'"\'\n' + ' longstring ::= "\'\'\'" longstringitem* "\'\'\'" | ' + '\'"""\' longstringitem* \'"""\'\n' + ' shortstringitem ::= shortstringchar | stringescapeseq\n' + ' longstringitem ::= longstringchar | stringescapeseq\n' + ' shortstringchar ::= \n' + ' longstringchar ::= \n' + ' stringescapeseq ::= "\\" \n' + '\n' + ' bytesliteral ::= bytesprefix(shortbytes | longbytes)\n' + ' bytesprefix ::= "b" | "B" | "br" | "Br" | "bR" | "BR" | ' + '"rb" | "rB" | "Rb" | "RB"\n' + ' shortbytes ::= "\'" shortbytesitem* "\'" | \'"\' ' + 'shortbytesitem* \'"\'\n' + ' longbytes ::= "\'\'\'" longbytesitem* "\'\'\'" | \'"""\' ' + 'longbytesitem* \'"""\'\n' + ' shortbytesitem ::= shortbyteschar | bytesescapeseq\n' + ' longbytesitem ::= longbyteschar | bytesescapeseq\n' + ' shortbyteschar ::= \n' + ' longbyteschar ::= \n' + ' bytesescapeseq ::= "\\" \n' + '\n' + 'One syntactic restriction not indicated by these productions is ' + 'that\n' + 'whitespace is not allowed between the "stringprefix" or ' + '"bytesprefix"\n' + 'and the rest of the literal. The source character set is defined ' + 'by\n' + 'the encoding declaration; it is UTF-8 if no encoding declaration ' + 'is\n' + 'given in the source file; see section Encoding declarations.\n' + '\n' + 'In plain English: Both types of literals can be enclosed in ' + 'matching\n' + 'single quotes ("\'") or double quotes ("""). They can also be ' + 'enclosed\n' + 'in matching groups of three single or double quotes (these are\n' + 'generally referred to as *triple-quoted strings*). The ' + 'backslash\n' + '("\\") character is used to escape characters that otherwise have ' + 'a\n' + 'special meaning, such as newline, backslash itself, or the quote\n' + 'character.\n' + '\n' + 'Bytes literals are always prefixed with "\'b\'" or "\'B\'"; they ' + 'produce\n' + 'an instance of the "bytes" type instead of the "str" type. They ' + 'may\n' + 'only contain ASCII characters; bytes with a numeric value of 128 ' + 'or\n' + 'greater must be expressed with escapes.\n' + '\n' + 'Both string and bytes literals may optionally be prefixed with a\n' + 'letter "\'r\'" or "\'R\'"; such strings are called *raw strings* ' + 'and treat\n' + 'backslashes as literal characters. As a result, in string ' + 'literals,\n' + '"\'\\U\'" and "\'\\u\'" escapes in raw strings are not treated ' + 'specially.\n' + 'Given that Python 2.x’s raw unicode literals behave differently ' + 'than\n' + 'Python 3.x’s the "\'ur\'" syntax is not supported.\n' + '\n' + 'New in version 3.3: The "\'rb\'" prefix of raw bytes literals has ' + 'been\n' + 'added as a synonym of "\'br\'".Support for the unicode legacy ' + 'literal\n' + '("u\'value\'") was reintroduced to simplify the maintenance of ' + 'dual\n' + 'Python 2.x and 3.x codebases. See **PEP 414** for more ' + 'information.\n' + '\n' + 'A string literal with "\'f\'" or "\'F\'" in its prefix is a ' + '*formatted\n' + 'string literal*; see f-strings. The "\'f\'" may be combined with ' + '"\'r\'",\n' + 'but not with "\'b\'" or "\'u\'", therefore raw formatted strings ' + 'are\n' + 'possible, but formatted bytes literals are not.\n' + '\n' + 'In triple-quoted literals, unescaped newlines and quotes are ' + 'allowed\n' + '(and are retained), except that three unescaped quotes in a row\n' + 'terminate the literal. (A “quote” is the character used to open ' + 'the\n' + 'literal, i.e. either "\'" or """.)\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Escape sequences\n' + '================\n' + '\n' + 'Unless an "\'r\'" or "\'R\'" prefix is present, escape sequences ' + 'in string\n' + 'and bytes literals are interpreted according to rules similar to ' + 'those\n' + 'used by Standard C. The recognized escape sequences are:\n' + '\n' + '+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n' + '| Escape Sequence | Meaning | ' + 'Notes |\n' + '|===========================|===================================|=========|\n' + '| "\\" | Backslash and newline ignored ' + '| (1) |\n' + '+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n' + '| "\\\\" | Backslash ' + '("\\") | |\n' + '+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n' + '| "\\\'" | Single quote ' + '("\'") | |\n' + '+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n' + '| "\\"" | Double quote (""") ' + '| |\n' + '+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n' + '| "\\a" | ASCII Bell (BEL) ' + '| |\n' + '+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n' + '| "\\b" | ASCII Backspace (BS) ' + '| |\n' + '+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n' + '| "\\f" | ASCII Formfeed (FF) ' + '| |\n' + '+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n' + '| "\\n" | ASCII Linefeed (LF) ' + '| |\n' + '+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n' + '| "\\r" | ASCII Carriage Return (CR) ' + '| |\n' + '+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n' + '| "\\t" | ASCII Horizontal Tab (TAB) ' + '| |\n' + '+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n' + '| "\\v" | ASCII Vertical Tab (VT) ' + '| |\n' + '+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n' + '| "\\*ooo*" | Character with octal value *ooo* ' + '| (2,4) |\n' + '+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n' + '| "\\x*hh*" | Character with hex value *hh* ' + '| (3,4) |\n' + '+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n' + '\n' + 'Escape sequences only recognized in string literals are:\n' + '\n' + '+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n' + '| Escape Sequence | Meaning | ' + 'Notes |\n' + '|===========================|===================================|=========|\n' + '| "\\N{*name*}" | Character named *name* in the ' + '| (5) |\n' + '| | Unicode database ' + '| |\n' + '+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n' + '| "\\u*xxxx*" | Character with 16-bit hex value ' + '| (6) |\n' + '| | *xxxx* ' + '| |\n' + '+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n' + '| "\\U*xxxxxxxx*" | Character with 32-bit hex value ' + '| (7) |\n' + '| | *xxxxxxxx* ' + '| |\n' + '+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n' + '\n' + 'Notes:\n' + '\n' + '1. A backslash can be added at the end of a line to ignore the\n' + ' newline:\n' + '\n' + " >>> 'This string will not include \\\n" + " ... backslashes or newline characters.'\n" + " 'This string will not include backslashes or newline " + "characters.'\n" + '\n' + ' The same result can be achieved using triple-quoted strings, ' + 'or\n' + ' parentheses and string literal concatenation.\n' + '\n' + '2. As in Standard C, up to three octal digits are accepted.\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.11: Octal escapes with value larger than\n' + ' "0o377" produce a "DeprecationWarning". In a future Python ' + 'version\n' + ' they will be a "SyntaxWarning" and eventually a ' + '"SyntaxError".\n' + '\n' + '3. Unlike in Standard C, exactly two hex digits are required.\n' + '\n' + '4. In a bytes literal, hexadecimal and octal escapes denote the ' + 'byte\n' + ' with the given value. In a string literal, these escapes ' + 'denote a\n' + ' Unicode character with the given value.\n' + '\n' + '5. Changed in version 3.3: Support for name aliases [1] has been\n' + ' added.\n' + '\n' + '6. Exactly four hex digits are required.\n' + '\n' + '7. Any Unicode character can be encoded this way. Exactly eight ' + 'hex\n' + ' digits are required.\n' + '\n' + 'Unlike Standard C, all unrecognized escape sequences are left in ' + 'the\n' + 'string unchanged, i.e., *the backslash is left in the result*. ' + '(This\n' + 'behavior is useful when debugging: if an escape sequence is ' + 'mistyped,\n' + 'the resulting output is more easily recognized as broken.) It is ' + 'also\n' + 'important to note that the escape sequences only recognized in ' + 'string\n' + 'literals fall into the category of unrecognized escapes for ' + 'bytes\n' + 'literals.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.6: Unrecognized escape sequences produce a\n' + '"DeprecationWarning". In a future Python version they will be a\n' + '"SyntaxWarning" and eventually a "SyntaxError".\n' + '\n' + 'Even in a raw literal, quotes can be escaped with a backslash, ' + 'but the\n' + 'backslash remains in the result; for example, "r"\\""" is a ' + 'valid\n' + 'string literal consisting of two characters: a backslash and a ' + 'double\n' + 'quote; "r"\\"" is not a valid string literal (even a raw string ' + 'cannot\n' + 'end in an odd number of backslashes). Specifically, *a raw ' + 'literal\n' + 'cannot end in a single backslash* (since the backslash would ' + 'escape\n' + 'the following quote character). Note also that a single ' + 'backslash\n' + 'followed by a newline is interpreted as those two characters as ' + 'part\n' + 'of the literal, *not* as a line continuation.\n', + 'subscriptions': 'Subscriptions\n' + '*************\n' + '\n' + 'The subscription of an instance of a container class will ' + 'generally\n' + 'select an element from the container. The subscription of a ' + '*generic\n' + 'class* will generally return a GenericAlias object.\n' + '\n' + ' subscription ::= primary "[" expression_list "]"\n' + '\n' + 'When an object is subscripted, the interpreter will ' + 'evaluate the\n' + 'primary and the expression list.\n' + '\n' + 'The primary must evaluate to an object that supports ' + 'subscription. An\n' + 'object may support subscription through defining one or ' + 'both of\n' + '"__getitem__()" and "__class_getitem__()". When the primary ' + 'is\n' + 'subscripted, the evaluated result of the expression list ' + 'will be\n' + 'passed to one of these methods. For more details on when\n' + '"__class_getitem__" is called instead of "__getitem__", ' + 'see\n' + '__class_getitem__ versus __getitem__.\n' + '\n' + 'If the expression list contains at least one comma, it will ' + 'evaluate\n' + 'to a "tuple" containing the items of the expression list. ' + 'Otherwise,\n' + 'the expression list will evaluate to the value of the ' + 'list’s sole\n' + 'member.\n' + '\n' + 'For built-in objects, there are two types of objects that ' + 'support\n' + 'subscription via "__getitem__()":\n' + '\n' + '1. Mappings. If the primary is a *mapping*, the expression ' + 'list must\n' + ' evaluate to an object whose value is one of the keys of ' + 'the\n' + ' mapping, and the subscription selects the value in the ' + 'mapping that\n' + ' corresponds to that key. An example of a builtin mapping ' + 'class is\n' + ' the "dict" class.\n' + '\n' + '2. Sequences. If the primary is a *sequence*, the ' + 'expression list must\n' + ' evaluate to an "int" or a "slice" (as discussed in the ' + 'following\n' + ' section). Examples of builtin sequence classes include ' + 'the "str",\n' + ' "list" and "tuple" classes.\n' + '\n' + 'The formal syntax makes no special provision for negative ' + 'indices in\n' + '*sequences*. However, built-in sequences all provide a ' + '"__getitem__()"\n' + 'method that interprets negative indices by adding the ' + 'length of the\n' + 'sequence to the index so that, for example, "x[-1]" selects ' + 'the last\n' + 'item of "x". The resulting value must be a nonnegative ' + 'integer less\n' + 'than the number of items in the sequence, and the ' + 'subscription selects\n' + 'the item whose index is that value (counting from zero). ' + 'Since the\n' + 'support for negative indices and slicing occurs in the ' + 'object’s\n' + '"__getitem__()" method, subclasses overriding this method ' + 'will need to\n' + 'explicitly add that support.\n' + '\n' + 'A "string" is a special kind of sequence whose items are ' + '*characters*.\n' + 'A character is not a separate data type but a string of ' + 'exactly one\n' + 'character.\n', + 'truth': 'Truth Value Testing\n' + '*******************\n' + '\n' + 'Any object can be tested for truth value, for use in an "if" or\n' + '"while" condition or as operand of the Boolean operations below.\n' + '\n' + 'By default, an object is considered true unless its class defines\n' + 'either a "__bool__()" method that returns "False" or a "__len__()"\n' + 'method that returns zero, when called with the object. [1] Here ' + 'are\n' + 'most of the built-in objects considered false:\n' + '\n' + '* constants defined to be false: "None" and "False"\n' + '\n' + '* zero of any numeric type: "0", "0.0", "0j", "Decimal(0)",\n' + ' "Fraction(0, 1)"\n' + '\n' + '* empty sequences and collections: "\'\'", "()", "[]", "{}", ' + '"set()",\n' + ' "range(0)"\n' + '\n' + 'Operations and built-in functions that have a Boolean result ' + 'always\n' + 'return "0" or "False" for false and "1" or "True" for true, unless\n' + 'otherwise stated. (Important exception: the Boolean operations ' + '"or"\n' + 'and "and" always return one of their operands.)\n', + 'try': 'The "try" statement\n' + '*******************\n' + '\n' + 'The "try" statement specifies exception handlers and/or cleanup code\n' + 'for a group of statements:\n' + '\n' + ' try_stmt ::= try1_stmt | try2_stmt | try3_stmt\n' + ' try1_stmt ::= "try" ":" suite\n' + ' ("except" [expression ["as" identifier]] ":" ' + 'suite)+\n' + ' ["else" ":" suite]\n' + ' ["finally" ":" suite]\n' + ' try2_stmt ::= "try" ":" suite\n' + ' ("except" "*" expression ["as" identifier] ":" ' + 'suite)+\n' + ' ["else" ":" suite]\n' + ' ["finally" ":" suite]\n' + ' try3_stmt ::= "try" ":" suite\n' + ' "finally" ":" suite\n' + '\n' + 'Additional information on exceptions can be found in section\n' + 'Exceptions, and information on using the "raise" statement to ' + 'generate\n' + 'exceptions may be found in section The raise statement.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + '"except" clause\n' + '===============\n' + '\n' + 'The "except" clause(s) specify one or more exception handlers. When ' + 'no\n' + 'exception occurs in the "try" clause, no exception handler is\n' + 'executed. When an exception occurs in the "try" suite, a search for ' + 'an\n' + 'exception handler is started. This search inspects the "except"\n' + 'clauses in turn until one is found that matches the exception. An\n' + 'expression-less "except" clause, if present, must be last; it ' + 'matches\n' + 'any exception. For an "except" clause with an expression, that\n' + 'expression is evaluated, and the clause matches the exception if the\n' + 'resulting object is “compatible” with the exception. An object is\n' + 'compatible with an exception if the object is the class or a *non-\n' + 'virtual base class* of the exception object, or a tuple containing ' + 'an\n' + 'item that is the class or a non-virtual base class of the exception\n' + 'object.\n' + '\n' + 'If no "except" clause matches the exception, the search for an\n' + 'exception handler continues in the surrounding code and on the\n' + 'invocation stack. [1]\n' + '\n' + 'If the evaluation of an expression in the header of an "except" ' + 'clause\n' + 'raises an exception, the original search for a handler is canceled ' + 'and\n' + 'a search starts for the new exception in the surrounding code and on\n' + 'the call stack (it is treated as if the entire "try" statement ' + 'raised\n' + 'the exception).\n' + '\n' + 'When a matching "except" clause is found, the exception is assigned ' + 'to\n' + 'the target specified after the "as" keyword in that "except" clause,\n' + 'if present, and the "except" clause’s suite is executed. All ' + '"except"\n' + 'clauses must have an executable block. When the end of this block is\n' + 'reached, execution continues normally after the entire "try"\n' + 'statement. (This means that if two nested handlers exist for the ' + 'same\n' + 'exception, and the exception occurs in the "try" clause of the inner\n' + 'handler, the outer handler will not handle the exception.)\n' + '\n' + 'When an exception has been assigned using "as target", it is cleared\n' + 'at the end of the "except" clause. This is as if\n' + '\n' + ' except E as N:\n' + ' foo\n' + '\n' + 'was translated to\n' + '\n' + ' except E as N:\n' + ' try:\n' + ' foo\n' + ' finally:\n' + ' del N\n' + '\n' + 'This means the exception must be assigned to a different name to be\n' + 'able to refer to it after the "except" clause. Exceptions are ' + 'cleared\n' + 'because with the traceback attached to them, they form a reference\n' + 'cycle with the stack frame, keeping all locals in that frame alive\n' + 'until the next garbage collection occurs.\n' + '\n' + 'Before an "except" clause’s suite is executed, the exception is ' + 'stored\n' + 'in the "sys" module, where it can be accessed from within the body ' + 'of\n' + 'the "except" clause by calling "sys.exception()". When leaving an\n' + 'exception handler, the exception stored in the "sys" module is reset\n' + 'to its previous value:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> print(sys.exception())\n' + ' None\n' + ' >>> try:\n' + ' ... raise TypeError\n' + ' ... except:\n' + ' ... print(repr(sys.exception()))\n' + ' ... try:\n' + ' ... raise ValueError\n' + ' ... except:\n' + ' ... print(repr(sys.exception()))\n' + ' ... print(repr(sys.exception()))\n' + ' ...\n' + ' TypeError()\n' + ' ValueError()\n' + ' TypeError()\n' + ' >>> print(sys.exception())\n' + ' None\n' + '\n' + '\n' + '"except*" clause\n' + '================\n' + '\n' + 'The "except*" clause(s) are used for handling "ExceptionGroup"s. The\n' + 'exception type for matching is interpreted as in the case of ' + '"except",\n' + 'but in the case of exception groups we can have partial matches when\n' + 'the type matches some of the exceptions in the group. This means ' + 'that\n' + 'multiple "except*" clauses can execute, each handling part of the\n' + 'exception group. Each clause executes at most once and handles an\n' + 'exception group of all matching exceptions. Each exception in the\n' + 'group is handled by at most one "except*" clause, the first that\n' + 'matches it.\n' + '\n' + ' >>> try:\n' + ' ... raise ExceptionGroup("eg",\n' + ' ... [ValueError(1), TypeError(2), OSError(3), ' + 'OSError(4)])\n' + ' ... except* TypeError as e:\n' + " ... print(f'caught {type(e)} with nested {e.exceptions}')\n" + ' ... except* OSError as e:\n' + " ... print(f'caught {type(e)} with nested {e.exceptions}')\n" + ' ...\n' + " caught with nested (TypeError(2),)\n" + " caught with nested (OSError(3), " + 'OSError(4))\n' + ' + Exception Group Traceback (most recent call last):\n' + ' | File "", line 2, in \n' + ' | ExceptionGroup: eg\n' + ' +-+---------------- 1 ----------------\n' + ' | ValueError: 1\n' + ' +------------------------------------\n' + '\n' + 'Any remaining exceptions that were not handled by any "except*" ' + 'clause\n' + 'are re-raised at the end, combined into an exception group along ' + 'with\n' + 'all exceptions that were raised from within "except*" clauses.\n' + '\n' + 'From version 3.11.4, when the entire "ExceptionGroup" is handled and\n' + 'only one exception is raised from an "except*" clause, this ' + 'exception\n' + 'is no longer wrapped to form a new "ExceptionGroup".\n' + '\n' + 'If the raised exception is not an exception group and its type ' + 'matches\n' + 'one of the "except*" clauses, it is caught and wrapped by an ' + 'exception\n' + 'group with an empty message string.\n' + '\n' + ' >>> try:\n' + ' ... raise BlockingIOError\n' + ' ... except* BlockingIOError as e:\n' + ' ... print(repr(e))\n' + ' ...\n' + " ExceptionGroup('', (BlockingIOError()))\n" + '\n' + 'An "except*" clause must have a matching type, and this type cannot ' + 'be\n' + 'a subclass of "BaseExceptionGroup". It is not possible to mix ' + '"except"\n' + 'and "except*" in the same "try". "break", "continue" and "return"\n' + 'cannot appear in an "except*" clause.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + '"else" clause\n' + '=============\n' + '\n' + 'The optional "else" clause is executed if the control flow leaves ' + 'the\n' + '"try" suite, no exception was raised, and no "return", "continue", ' + 'or\n' + '"break" statement was executed. Exceptions in the "else" clause are\n' + 'not handled by the preceding "except" clauses.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + '"finally" clause\n' + '================\n' + '\n' + 'If "finally" is present, it specifies a ‘cleanup’ handler. The ' + '"try"\n' + 'clause is executed, including any "except" and "else" clauses. If ' + 'an\n' + 'exception occurs in any of the clauses and is not handled, the\n' + 'exception is temporarily saved. The "finally" clause is executed. ' + 'If\n' + 'there is a saved exception it is re-raised at the end of the ' + '"finally"\n' + 'clause. If the "finally" clause raises another exception, the saved\n' + 'exception is set as the context of the new exception. If the ' + '"finally"\n' + 'clause executes a "return", "break" or "continue" statement, the ' + 'saved\n' + 'exception is discarded:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> def f():\n' + ' ... try:\n' + ' ... 1/0\n' + ' ... finally:\n' + ' ... return 42\n' + ' ...\n' + ' >>> f()\n' + ' 42\n' + '\n' + 'The exception information is not available to the program during\n' + 'execution of the "finally" clause.\n' + '\n' + 'When a "return", "break" or "continue" statement is executed in the\n' + '"try" suite of a "try"…"finally" statement, the "finally" clause is\n' + 'also executed ‘on the way out.’\n' + '\n' + 'The return value of a function is determined by the last "return"\n' + 'statement executed. Since the "finally" clause always executes, a\n' + '"return" statement executed in the "finally" clause will always be ' + 'the\n' + 'last one executed:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> def foo():\n' + ' ... try:\n' + " ... return 'try'\n" + ' ... finally:\n' + " ... return 'finally'\n" + ' ...\n' + ' >>> foo()\n' + " 'finally'\n" + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.8: Prior to Python 3.8, a "continue" statement\n' + 'was illegal in the "finally" clause due to a problem with the\n' + 'implementation.\n', + 'types': 'The standard type hierarchy\n' + '***************************\n' + '\n' + 'Below is a list of the types that are built into Python. ' + 'Extension\n' + 'modules (written in C, Java, or other languages, depending on the\n' + 'implementation) can define additional types. Future versions of\n' + 'Python may add types to the type hierarchy (e.g., rational ' + 'numbers,\n' + 'efficiently stored arrays of integers, etc.), although such ' + 'additions\n' + 'will often be provided via the standard library instead.\n' + '\n' + 'Some of the type descriptions below contain a paragraph listing\n' + '‘special attributes.’ These are attributes that provide access to ' + 'the\n' + 'implementation and are not intended for general use. Their ' + 'definition\n' + 'may change in the future.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'None\n' + '====\n' + '\n' + 'This type has a single value. There is a single object with this\n' + 'value. This object is accessed through the built-in name "None". It ' + 'is\n' + 'used to signify the absence of a value in many situations, e.g., it ' + 'is\n' + 'returned from functions that don’t explicitly return anything. Its\n' + 'truth value is false.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'NotImplemented\n' + '==============\n' + '\n' + 'This type has a single value. There is a single object with this\n' + 'value. This object is accessed through the built-in name\n' + '"NotImplemented". Numeric methods and rich comparison methods ' + 'should\n' + 'return this value if they do not implement the operation for the\n' + 'operands provided. (The interpreter will then try the reflected\n' + 'operation, or some other fallback, depending on the operator.) It\n' + 'should not be evaluated in a boolean context.\n' + '\n' + 'See Implementing the arithmetic operations for more details.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.9: Evaluating "NotImplemented" in a boolean\n' + 'context is deprecated. While it currently evaluates as true, it ' + 'will\n' + 'emit a "DeprecationWarning". It will raise a "TypeError" in a ' + 'future\n' + 'version of Python.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Ellipsis\n' + '========\n' + '\n' + 'This type has a single value. There is a single object with this\n' + 'value. This object is accessed through the literal "..." or the ' + 'built-\n' + 'in name "Ellipsis". Its truth value is true.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + '"numbers.Number"\n' + '================\n' + '\n' + 'These are created by numeric literals and returned as results by\n' + 'arithmetic operators and arithmetic built-in functions. Numeric\n' + 'objects are immutable; once created their value never changes. ' + 'Python\n' + 'numbers are of course strongly related to mathematical numbers, ' + 'but\n' + 'subject to the limitations of numerical representation in ' + 'computers.\n' + '\n' + 'The string representations of the numeric classes, computed by\n' + '"__repr__()" and "__str__()", have the following properties:\n' + '\n' + '* They are valid numeric literals which, when passed to their ' + 'class\n' + ' constructor, produce an object having the value of the original\n' + ' numeric.\n' + '\n' + '* The representation is in base 10, when possible.\n' + '\n' + '* Leading zeros, possibly excepting a single zero before a decimal\n' + ' point, are not shown.\n' + '\n' + '* Trailing zeros, possibly excepting a single zero after a decimal\n' + ' point, are not shown.\n' + '\n' + '* A sign is shown only when the number is negative.\n' + '\n' + 'Python distinguishes between integers, floating point numbers, and\n' + 'complex numbers:\n' + '\n' + '\n' + '"numbers.Integral"\n' + '------------------\n' + '\n' + 'These represent elements from the mathematical set of integers\n' + '(positive and negative).\n' + '\n' + 'Note:\n' + '\n' + ' The rules for integer representation are intended to give the ' + 'most\n' + ' meaningful interpretation of shift and mask operations involving\n' + ' negative integers.\n' + '\n' + 'There are two types of integers:\n' + '\n' + 'Integers ("int")\n' + ' These represent numbers in an unlimited range, subject to ' + 'available\n' + ' (virtual) memory only. For the purpose of shift and mask\n' + ' operations, a binary representation is assumed, and negative\n' + ' numbers are represented in a variant of 2’s complement which ' + 'gives\n' + ' the illusion of an infinite string of sign bits extending to ' + 'the\n' + ' left.\n' + '\n' + 'Booleans ("bool")\n' + ' These represent the truth values False and True. The two ' + 'objects\n' + ' representing the values "False" and "True" are the only Boolean\n' + ' objects. The Boolean type is a subtype of the integer type, and\n' + ' Boolean values behave like the values 0 and 1, respectively, in\n' + ' almost all contexts, the exception being that when converted to ' + 'a\n' + ' string, the strings ""False"" or ""True"" are returned,\n' + ' respectively.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + '"numbers.Real" ("float")\n' + '------------------------\n' + '\n' + 'These represent machine-level double precision floating point ' + 'numbers.\n' + 'You are at the mercy of the underlying machine architecture (and C ' + 'or\n' + 'Java implementation) for the accepted range and handling of ' + 'overflow.\n' + 'Python does not support single-precision floating point numbers; ' + 'the\n' + 'savings in processor and memory usage that are usually the reason ' + 'for\n' + 'using these are dwarfed by the overhead of using objects in Python, ' + 'so\n' + 'there is no reason to complicate the language with two kinds of\n' + 'floating point numbers.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + '"numbers.Complex" ("complex")\n' + '-----------------------------\n' + '\n' + 'These represent complex numbers as a pair of machine-level double\n' + 'precision floating point numbers. The same caveats apply as for\n' + 'floating point numbers. The real and imaginary parts of a complex\n' + 'number "z" can be retrieved through the read-only attributes ' + '"z.real"\n' + 'and "z.imag".\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Sequences\n' + '=========\n' + '\n' + 'These represent finite ordered sets indexed by non-negative ' + 'numbers.\n' + 'The built-in function "len()" returns the number of items of a\n' + 'sequence. When the length of a sequence is *n*, the index set ' + 'contains\n' + 'the numbers 0, 1, …, *n*-1. Item *i* of sequence *a* is selected ' + 'by\n' + '"a[i]". Some sequences, including built-in sequences, interpret\n' + 'negative subscripts by adding the sequence length. For example,\n' + '"a[-2]" equals "a[n-2]", the second to last item of sequence a ' + 'with\n' + 'length "n".\n' + '\n' + 'Sequences also support slicing: "a[i:j]" selects all items with ' + 'index\n' + '*k* such that *i* "<=" *k* "<" *j*. When used as an expression, a\n' + 'slice is a sequence of the same type. The comment above about ' + 'negative\n' + 'indexes also applies to negative slice positions.\n' + '\n' + 'Some sequences also support “extended slicing” with a third “step”\n' + 'parameter: "a[i:j:k]" selects all items of *a* with index *x* where ' + '"x\n' + '= i + n*k", *n* ">=" "0" and *i* "<=" *x* "<" *j*.\n' + '\n' + 'Sequences are distinguished according to their mutability:\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Immutable sequences\n' + '-------------------\n' + '\n' + 'An object of an immutable sequence type cannot change once it is\n' + 'created. (If the object contains references to other objects, ' + 'these\n' + 'other objects may be mutable and may be changed; however, the\n' + 'collection of objects directly referenced by an immutable object\n' + 'cannot change.)\n' + '\n' + 'The following types are immutable sequences:\n' + '\n' + 'Strings\n' + ' A string is a sequence of values that represent Unicode code\n' + ' points. All the code points in the range "U+0000 - U+10FFFF" can ' + 'be\n' + ' represented in a string. Python doesn’t have a char type; ' + 'instead,\n' + ' every code point in the string is represented as a string ' + 'object\n' + ' with length "1". The built-in function "ord()" converts a code\n' + ' point from its string form to an integer in the range "0 - ' + '10FFFF";\n' + ' "chr()" converts an integer in the range "0 - 10FFFF" to the\n' + ' corresponding length "1" string object. "str.encode()" can be ' + 'used\n' + ' to convert a "str" to "bytes" using the given text encoding, ' + 'and\n' + ' "bytes.decode()" can be used to achieve the opposite.\n' + '\n' + 'Tuples\n' + ' The items of a tuple are arbitrary Python objects. Tuples of two ' + 'or\n' + ' more items are formed by comma-separated lists of expressions. ' + 'A\n' + ' tuple of one item (a ‘singleton’) can be formed by affixing a ' + 'comma\n' + ' to an expression (an expression by itself does not create a ' + 'tuple,\n' + ' since parentheses must be usable for grouping of expressions). ' + 'An\n' + ' empty tuple can be formed by an empty pair of parentheses.\n' + '\n' + 'Bytes\n' + ' A bytes object is an immutable array. The items are 8-bit ' + 'bytes,\n' + ' represented by integers in the range 0 <= x < 256. Bytes ' + 'literals\n' + ' (like "b\'abc\'") and the built-in "bytes()" constructor can be ' + 'used\n' + ' to create bytes objects. Also, bytes objects can be decoded to\n' + ' strings via the "decode()" method.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Mutable sequences\n' + '-----------------\n' + '\n' + 'Mutable sequences can be changed after they are created. The\n' + 'subscription and slicing notations can be used as the target of\n' + 'assignment and "del" (delete) statements.\n' + '\n' + 'Note:\n' + '\n' + ' The "collections" and "array" module provide additional examples ' + 'of\n' + ' mutable sequence types.\n' + '\n' + 'There are currently two intrinsic mutable sequence types:\n' + '\n' + 'Lists\n' + ' The items of a list are arbitrary Python objects. Lists are ' + 'formed\n' + ' by placing a comma-separated list of expressions in square\n' + ' brackets. (Note that there are no special cases needed to form\n' + ' lists of length 0 or 1.)\n' + '\n' + 'Byte Arrays\n' + ' A bytearray object is a mutable array. They are created by the\n' + ' built-in "bytearray()" constructor. Aside from being mutable ' + '(and\n' + ' hence unhashable), byte arrays otherwise provide the same ' + 'interface\n' + ' and functionality as immutable "bytes" objects.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Set types\n' + '=========\n' + '\n' + 'These represent unordered, finite sets of unique, immutable ' + 'objects.\n' + 'As such, they cannot be indexed by any subscript. However, they can ' + 'be\n' + 'iterated over, and the built-in function "len()" returns the number ' + 'of\n' + 'items in a set. Common uses for sets are fast membership testing,\n' + 'removing duplicates from a sequence, and computing mathematical\n' + 'operations such as intersection, union, difference, and symmetric\n' + 'difference.\n' + '\n' + 'For set elements, the same immutability rules apply as for ' + 'dictionary\n' + 'keys. Note that numeric types obey the normal rules for numeric\n' + 'comparison: if two numbers compare equal (e.g., "1" and "1.0"), ' + 'only\n' + 'one of them can be contained in a set.\n' + '\n' + 'There are currently two intrinsic set types:\n' + '\n' + 'Sets\n' + ' These represent a mutable set. They are created by the built-in\n' + ' "set()" constructor and can be modified afterwards by several\n' + ' methods, such as "add()".\n' + '\n' + 'Frozen sets\n' + ' These represent an immutable set. They are created by the ' + 'built-in\n' + ' "frozenset()" constructor. As a frozenset is immutable and\n' + ' *hashable*, it can be used again as an element of another set, ' + 'or\n' + ' as a dictionary key.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Mappings\n' + '========\n' + '\n' + 'These represent finite sets of objects indexed by arbitrary index\n' + 'sets. The subscript notation "a[k]" selects the item indexed by ' + '"k"\n' + 'from the mapping "a"; this can be used in expressions and as the\n' + 'target of assignments or "del" statements. The built-in function\n' + '"len()" returns the number of items in a mapping.\n' + '\n' + 'There is currently a single intrinsic mapping type:\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Dictionaries\n' + '------------\n' + '\n' + 'These represent finite sets of objects indexed by nearly arbitrary\n' + 'values. The only types of values not acceptable as keys are ' + 'values\n' + 'containing lists or dictionaries or other mutable types that are\n' + 'compared by value rather than by object identity, the reason being\n' + 'that the efficient implementation of dictionaries requires a key’s\n' + 'hash value to remain constant. Numeric types used for keys obey ' + 'the\n' + 'normal rules for numeric comparison: if two numbers compare equal\n' + '(e.g., "1" and "1.0") then they can be used interchangeably to ' + 'index\n' + 'the same dictionary entry.\n' + '\n' + 'Dictionaries preserve insertion order, meaning that keys will be\n' + 'produced in the same order they were added sequentially over the\n' + 'dictionary. Replacing an existing key does not change the order,\n' + 'however removing a key and re-inserting it will add it to the end\n' + 'instead of keeping its old place.\n' + '\n' + 'Dictionaries are mutable; they can be created by the "{...}" ' + 'notation\n' + '(see section Dictionary displays).\n' + '\n' + 'The extension modules "dbm.ndbm" and "dbm.gnu" provide additional\n' + 'examples of mapping types, as does the "collections" module.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.7: Dictionaries did not preserve insertion ' + 'order\n' + 'in versions of Python before 3.6. In CPython 3.6, insertion order ' + 'was\n' + 'preserved, but it was considered an implementation detail at that ' + 'time\n' + 'rather than a language guarantee.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Callable types\n' + '==============\n' + '\n' + 'These are the types to which the function call operation (see ' + 'section\n' + 'Calls) can be applied:\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'User-defined functions\n' + '----------------------\n' + '\n' + 'A user-defined function object is created by a function definition\n' + '(see section Function definitions). It should be called with an\n' + 'argument list containing the same number of items as the ' + 'function’s\n' + 'formal parameter list.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Special read-only attributes\n' + '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n' + '\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| Attribute | ' + 'Meaning |\n' + '|====================================================|====================================================|\n' + '| function.__globals__ | A reference ' + 'to the "dictionary" that holds the |\n' + '| | function’s ' + 'global variables – the global namespace |\n' + '| | of the ' + 'module in which the function was defined. |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| function.__closure__ | "None" or a ' + '"tuple" of cells that contain bindings |\n' + '| | for the ' + 'function’s free variables. A cell object |\n' + '| | has the ' + 'attribute "cell_contents". This can be |\n' + '| | used to get ' + 'the value of the cell, as well as set |\n' + '| | the ' + 'value. |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Special writable attributes\n' + '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n' + '\n' + 'Most of these attributes check the type of the assigned value:\n' + '\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| Attribute | ' + 'Meaning |\n' + '|====================================================|====================================================|\n' + '| function.__doc__ | The ' + 'function’s documentation string, or "None" if |\n' + '| | unavailable. ' + 'Not inherited by subclasses. |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| function.__name__ | The ' + 'function’s name. See also: "__name__ |\n' + '| | ' + 'attributes". |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| function.__qualname__ | The ' + 'function’s *qualified name*. See also: |\n' + '| | ' + '"__qualname__ attributes". New in version 3.3. |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| function.__module__ | The name of ' + 'the module the function was defined |\n' + '| | in, or ' + '"None" if unavailable. |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| function.__defaults__ | A "tuple" ' + 'containing default *parameter* values |\n' + '| | for those ' + 'parameters that have defaults, or "None" |\n' + '| | if no ' + 'parameters have a default value. |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| function.__code__ | The code ' + 'object representing the compiled function |\n' + '| | ' + 'body. |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| function.__dict__ | The ' + 'namespace supporting arbitrary function |\n' + '| | attributes. ' + 'See also: "__dict__ attributes". |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| function.__annotations__ | A ' + '"dictionary" containing annotations of |\n' + '| | ' + '*parameters*. The keys of the dictionary are the |\n' + '| | parameter ' + 'names, and "\'return\'" for the return |\n' + '| | annotation, ' + 'if provided. See also: Annotations |\n' + '| | Best ' + 'Practices. |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| function.__kwdefaults__ | A ' + '"dictionary" containing defaults for keyword- |\n' + '| | only ' + '*parameters*. |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '\n' + 'Function objects also support getting and setting arbitrary\n' + 'attributes, which can be used, for example, to attach metadata to\n' + 'functions. Regular attribute dot-notation is used to get and set ' + 'such\n' + 'attributes.\n' + '\n' + '**CPython implementation detail:** CPython’s current ' + 'implementation\n' + 'only supports function attributes on user-defined functions. ' + 'Function\n' + 'attributes on built-in functions may be supported in the future.\n' + '\n' + 'Additional information about a function’s definition can be ' + 'retrieved\n' + 'from its code object (accessible via the "__code__" attribute).\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Instance methods\n' + '----------------\n' + '\n' + 'An instance method object combines a class, a class instance and ' + 'any\n' + 'callable object (normally a user-defined function).\n' + '\n' + 'Special read-only attributes:\n' + '\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| method.__self__ | Refers to ' + 'the class instance object to which the |\n' + '| | method is ' + 'bound |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| method.__func__ | Refers to ' + 'the original function object |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| method.__doc__ | The method’s ' + 'documentation (same as |\n' + '| | ' + '"method.__func__.__doc__"). A "string" if the |\n' + '| | original ' + 'function had a docstring, else "None". |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| method.__name__ | The name of ' + 'the method (same as |\n' + '| | ' + '"method.__func__.__name__") |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| method.__module__ | The name of ' + 'the module the method was defined in, |\n' + '| | or "None" if ' + 'unavailable. |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '\n' + 'Methods also support accessing (but not setting) the arbitrary\n' + 'function attributes on the underlying function object.\n' + '\n' + 'User-defined method objects may be created when getting an ' + 'attribute\n' + 'of a class (perhaps via an instance of that class), if that ' + 'attribute\n' + 'is a user-defined function object or a "classmethod" object.\n' + '\n' + 'When an instance method object is created by retrieving a ' + 'user-defined\n' + 'function object from a class via one of its instances, its ' + '"__self__"\n' + 'attribute is the instance, and the method object is said to be\n' + '*bound*. The new method’s "__func__" attribute is the original\n' + 'function object.\n' + '\n' + 'When an instance method object is created by retrieving a\n' + '"classmethod" object from a class or instance, its "__self__"\n' + 'attribute is the class itself, and its "__func__" attribute is the\n' + 'function object underlying the class method.\n' + '\n' + 'When an instance method object is called, the underlying function\n' + '("__func__") is called, inserting the class instance ("__self__") ' + 'in\n' + 'front of the argument list. For instance, when "C" is a class ' + 'which\n' + 'contains a definition for a function "f()", and "x" is an instance ' + 'of\n' + '"C", calling "x.f(1)" is equivalent to calling "C.f(x, 1)".\n' + '\n' + 'When an instance method object is derived from a "classmethod" ' + 'object,\n' + 'the “class instance” stored in "__self__" will actually be the ' + 'class\n' + 'itself, so that calling either "x.f(1)" or "C.f(1)" is equivalent ' + 'to\n' + 'calling "f(C,1)" where "f" is the underlying function.\n' + '\n' + 'Note that the transformation from function object to instance ' + 'method\n' + 'object happens each time the attribute is retrieved from the ' + 'instance.\n' + 'In some cases, a fruitful optimization is to assign the attribute ' + 'to a\n' + 'local variable and call that local variable. Also notice that this\n' + 'transformation only happens for user-defined functions; other ' + 'callable\n' + 'objects (and all non-callable objects) are retrieved without\n' + 'transformation. It is also important to note that user-defined\n' + 'functions which are attributes of a class instance are not ' + 'converted\n' + 'to bound methods; this *only* happens when the function is an\n' + 'attribute of the class.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Generator functions\n' + '-------------------\n' + '\n' + 'A function or method which uses the "yield" statement (see section ' + 'The\n' + 'yield statement) is called a *generator function*. Such a ' + 'function,\n' + 'when called, always returns an *iterator* object which can be used ' + 'to\n' + 'execute the body of the function: calling the iterator’s\n' + '"iterator.__next__()" method will cause the function to execute ' + 'until\n' + 'it provides a value using the "yield" statement. When the ' + 'function\n' + 'executes a "return" statement or falls off the end, a ' + '"StopIteration"\n' + 'exception is raised and the iterator will have reached the end of ' + 'the\n' + 'set of values to be returned.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Coroutine functions\n' + '-------------------\n' + '\n' + 'A function or method which is defined using "async def" is called ' + 'a\n' + '*coroutine function*. Such a function, when called, returns a\n' + '*coroutine* object. It may contain "await" expressions, as well ' + 'as\n' + '"async with" and "async for" statements. See also the Coroutine\n' + 'Objects section.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Asynchronous generator functions\n' + '--------------------------------\n' + '\n' + 'A function or method which is defined using "async def" and which ' + 'uses\n' + 'the "yield" statement is called a *asynchronous generator ' + 'function*.\n' + 'Such a function, when called, returns an *asynchronous iterator*\n' + 'object which can be used in an "async for" statement to execute ' + 'the\n' + 'body of the function.\n' + '\n' + 'Calling the asynchronous iterator’s "aiterator.__anext__" method ' + 'will\n' + 'return an *awaitable* which when awaited will execute until it\n' + 'provides a value using the "yield" expression. When the function\n' + 'executes an empty "return" statement or falls off the end, a\n' + '"StopAsyncIteration" exception is raised and the asynchronous ' + 'iterator\n' + 'will have reached the end of the set of values to be yielded.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Built-in functions\n' + '------------------\n' + '\n' + 'A built-in function object is a wrapper around a C function. ' + 'Examples\n' + 'of built-in functions are "len()" and "math.sin()" ("math" is a\n' + 'standard built-in module). The number and type of the arguments ' + 'are\n' + 'determined by the C function. Special read-only attributes:\n' + '\n' + '* "__doc__" is the function’s documentation string, or "None" if\n' + ' unavailable. See "function.__doc__".\n' + '\n' + '* "__name__" is the function’s name. See "function.__name__".\n' + '\n' + '* "__self__" is set to "None" (but see the next item).\n' + '\n' + '* "__module__" is the name of the module the function was defined ' + 'in\n' + ' or "None" if unavailable. See "function.__module__".\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Built-in methods\n' + '----------------\n' + '\n' + 'This is really a different disguise of a built-in function, this ' + 'time\n' + 'containing an object passed to the C function as an implicit extra\n' + 'argument. An example of a built-in method is "alist.append()",\n' + 'assuming *alist* is a list object. In this case, the special ' + 'read-only\n' + 'attribute "__self__" is set to the object denoted by *alist*. (The\n' + 'attribute has the same semantics as it does with "other instance\n' + 'methods".)\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Classes\n' + '-------\n' + '\n' + 'Classes are callable. These objects normally act as factories for ' + 'new\n' + 'instances of themselves, but variations are possible for class ' + 'types\n' + 'that override "__new__()". The arguments of the call are passed ' + 'to\n' + '"__new__()" and, in the typical case, to "__init__()" to ' + 'initialize\n' + 'the new instance.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Class Instances\n' + '---------------\n' + '\n' + 'Instances of arbitrary classes can be made callable by defining a\n' + '"__call__()" method in their class.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Modules\n' + '=======\n' + '\n' + 'Modules are a basic organizational unit of Python code, and are\n' + 'created by the import system as invoked either by the "import"\n' + 'statement, or by calling functions such as ' + '"importlib.import_module()"\n' + 'and built-in "__import__()". A module object has a namespace\n' + 'implemented by a "dictionary" object (this is the dictionary\n' + 'referenced by the "__globals__" attribute of functions defined in ' + 'the\n' + 'module). Attribute references are translated to lookups in this\n' + 'dictionary, e.g., "m.x" is equivalent to "m.__dict__["x"]". A ' + 'module\n' + 'object does not contain the code object used to initialize the ' + 'module\n' + '(since it isn’t needed once the initialization is done).\n' + '\n' + 'Attribute assignment updates the module’s namespace dictionary, ' + 'e.g.,\n' + '"m.x = 1" is equivalent to "m.__dict__["x"] = 1".\n' + '\n' + 'Predefined (writable) attributes:\n' + '\n' + ' "__name__"\n' + ' The module’s name.\n' + '\n' + ' "__doc__"\n' + ' The module’s documentation string, or "None" if unavailable.\n' + '\n' + ' "__file__"\n' + ' The pathname of the file from which the module was loaded, if ' + 'it\n' + ' was loaded from a file. The "__file__" attribute may be ' + 'missing\n' + ' for certain types of modules, such as C modules that are\n' + ' statically linked into the interpreter. For extension ' + 'modules\n' + ' loaded dynamically from a shared library, it’s the pathname ' + 'of\n' + ' the shared library file.\n' + '\n' + ' "__annotations__"\n' + ' A dictionary containing *variable annotations* collected ' + 'during\n' + ' module body execution. For best practices on working with\n' + ' "__annotations__", please see Annotations Best Practices.\n' + '\n' + 'Special read-only attribute: "__dict__" is the module’s namespace ' + 'as a\n' + 'dictionary object.\n' + '\n' + '**CPython implementation detail:** Because of the way CPython ' + 'clears\n' + 'module dictionaries, the module dictionary will be cleared when ' + 'the\n' + 'module falls out of scope even if the dictionary still has live\n' + 'references. To avoid this, copy the dictionary or keep the module\n' + 'around while using its dictionary directly.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Custom classes\n' + '==============\n' + '\n' + 'Custom class types are typically created by class definitions (see\n' + 'section Class definitions). A class has a namespace implemented by ' + 'a\n' + 'dictionary object. Class attribute references are translated to\n' + 'lookups in this dictionary, e.g., "C.x" is translated to\n' + '"C.__dict__["x"]" (although there are a number of hooks which ' + 'allow\n' + 'for other means of locating attributes). When the attribute name ' + 'is\n' + 'not found there, the attribute search continues in the base ' + 'classes.\n' + 'This search of the base classes uses the C3 method resolution ' + 'order\n' + 'which behaves correctly even in the presence of ‘diamond’ ' + 'inheritance\n' + 'structures where there are multiple inheritance paths leading back ' + 'to\n' + 'a common ancestor. Additional details on the C3 MRO used by Python ' + 'can\n' + 'be found in the documentation accompanying the 2.3 release at\n' + 'https://www.python.org/download/releases/2.3/mro/.\n' + '\n' + 'When a class attribute reference (for class "C", say) would yield ' + 'a\n' + 'class method object, it is transformed into an instance method ' + 'object\n' + 'whose "__self__" attribute is "C". When it would yield a\n' + '"staticmethod" object, it is transformed into the object wrapped ' + 'by\n' + 'the static method object. See section Implementing Descriptors for\n' + 'another way in which attributes retrieved from a class may differ ' + 'from\n' + 'those actually contained in its "__dict__".\n' + '\n' + 'Class attribute assignments update the class’s dictionary, never ' + 'the\n' + 'dictionary of a base class.\n' + '\n' + 'A class object can be called (see above) to yield a class instance\n' + '(see below).\n' + '\n' + 'Special attributes:\n' + '\n' + ' "__name__"\n' + ' The class name.\n' + '\n' + ' "__module__"\n' + ' The name of the module in which the class was defined.\n' + '\n' + ' "__dict__"\n' + ' The dictionary containing the class’s namespace.\n' + '\n' + ' "__bases__"\n' + ' A tuple containing the base classes, in the order of their\n' + ' occurrence in the base class list.\n' + '\n' + ' "__doc__"\n' + ' The class’s documentation string, or "None" if undefined.\n' + '\n' + ' "__annotations__"\n' + ' A dictionary containing *variable annotations* collected ' + 'during\n' + ' class body execution. For best practices on working with\n' + ' "__annotations__", please see Annotations Best Practices.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Class instances\n' + '===============\n' + '\n' + 'A class instance is created by calling a class object (see above). ' + 'A\n' + 'class instance has a namespace implemented as a dictionary which ' + 'is\n' + 'the first place in which attribute references are searched. When ' + 'an\n' + 'attribute is not found there, and the instance’s class has an\n' + 'attribute by that name, the search continues with the class\n' + 'attributes. If a class attribute is found that is a user-defined\n' + 'function object, it is transformed into an instance method object\n' + 'whose "__self__" attribute is the instance. Static method and ' + 'class\n' + 'method objects are also transformed; see above under “Classes”. ' + 'See\n' + 'section Implementing Descriptors for another way in which ' + 'attributes\n' + 'of a class retrieved via its instances may differ from the objects\n' + 'actually stored in the class’s "__dict__". If no class attribute ' + 'is\n' + 'found, and the object’s class has a "__getattr__()" method, that ' + 'is\n' + 'called to satisfy the lookup.\n' + '\n' + 'Attribute assignments and deletions update the instance’s ' + 'dictionary,\n' + 'never a class’s dictionary. If the class has a "__setattr__()" or\n' + '"__delattr__()" method, this is called instead of updating the\n' + 'instance dictionary directly.\n' + '\n' + 'Class instances can pretend to be numbers, sequences, or mappings ' + 'if\n' + 'they have methods with certain special names. See section Special\n' + 'method names.\n' + '\n' + 'Special attributes: "__dict__" is the attribute dictionary;\n' + '"__class__" is the instance’s class.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'I/O objects (also known as file objects)\n' + '========================================\n' + '\n' + 'A *file object* represents an open file. Various shortcuts are\n' + 'available to create file objects: the "open()" built-in function, ' + 'and\n' + 'also "os.popen()", "os.fdopen()", and the "makefile()" method of\n' + 'socket objects (and perhaps by other functions or methods provided ' + 'by\n' + 'extension modules).\n' + '\n' + 'The objects "sys.stdin", "sys.stdout" and "sys.stderr" are ' + 'initialized\n' + 'to file objects corresponding to the interpreter’s standard input,\n' + 'output and error streams; they are all open in text mode and ' + 'therefore\n' + 'follow the interface defined by the "io.TextIOBase" abstract ' + 'class.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Internal types\n' + '==============\n' + '\n' + 'A few types used internally by the interpreter are exposed to the\n' + 'user. Their definitions may change with future versions of the\n' + 'interpreter, but they are mentioned here for completeness.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Code objects\n' + '------------\n' + '\n' + 'Code objects represent *byte-compiled* executable Python code, or\n' + '*bytecode*. The difference between a code object and a function ' + 'object\n' + 'is that the function object contains an explicit reference to the\n' + 'function’s globals (the module in which it was defined), while a ' + 'code\n' + 'object contains no context; also the default argument values are\n' + 'stored in the function object, not in the code object (because ' + 'they\n' + 'represent values calculated at run-time). Unlike function ' + 'objects,\n' + 'code objects are immutable and contain no references (directly or\n' + 'indirectly) to mutable objects.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Special read-only attributes\n' + '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n' + '\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| codeobject.co_name | The function ' + 'name |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| codeobject.co_qualname | The fully ' + 'qualified function name New in version |\n' + '| | ' + '3.11. |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| codeobject.co_argcount | The total ' + 'number of positional *parameters* |\n' + '| | (including ' + 'positional-only parameters and |\n' + '| | parameters ' + 'with default values) that the function |\n' + '| | ' + 'has |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| codeobject.co_posonlyargcount | The number ' + 'of positional-only *parameters* |\n' + '| | (including ' + 'arguments with default values) that the |\n' + '| | function ' + 'has |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| codeobject.co_kwonlyargcount | The number ' + 'of keyword-only *parameters* (including |\n' + '| | arguments ' + 'with default values) that the function |\n' + '| | ' + 'has |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| codeobject.co_nlocals | The number ' + 'of local variables used by the function |\n' + '| | (including ' + 'parameters) |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| codeobject.co_varnames | A "tuple" ' + 'containing the names of the local |\n' + '| | variables in ' + 'the function (starting with the |\n' + '| | parameter ' + 'names) |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| codeobject.co_cellvars | A "tuple" ' + 'containing the names of local variables |\n' + '| | that are ' + 'referenced by nested functions inside the |\n' + '| | ' + 'function |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| codeobject.co_freevars | A "tuple" ' + 'containing the names of free variables |\n' + '| | in the ' + 'function |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| codeobject.co_code | A string ' + 'representing the sequence of *bytecode* |\n' + '| | instructions ' + 'in the function |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| codeobject.co_consts | A "tuple" ' + 'containing the literals used by the |\n' + '| | *bytecode* ' + 'in the function |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| codeobject.co_names | A "tuple" ' + 'containing the names used by the |\n' + '| | *bytecode* ' + 'in the function |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| codeobject.co_filename | The name of ' + 'the file from which the code was |\n' + '| | ' + 'compiled |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| codeobject.co_firstlineno | The line ' + 'number of the first line of the function |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| codeobject.co_lnotab | A string ' + 'encoding the mapping from *bytecode* |\n' + '| | offsets to ' + 'line numbers. For details, see the |\n' + '| | source code ' + 'of the interpreter. |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| codeobject.co_stacksize | The required ' + 'stack size of the code object |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| codeobject.co_flags | An "integer" ' + 'encoding a number of flags for the |\n' + '| | ' + 'interpreter. |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '\n' + 'The following flag bits are defined for "co_flags": bit "0x04" is ' + 'set\n' + 'if the function uses the "*arguments" syntax to accept an ' + 'arbitrary\n' + 'number of positional arguments; bit "0x08" is set if the function ' + 'uses\n' + 'the "**keywords" syntax to accept arbitrary keyword arguments; bit\n' + '"0x20" is set if the function is a generator. See Code Objects Bit\n' + 'Flags for details on the semantics of each flags that might be\n' + 'present.\n' + '\n' + 'Future feature declarations ("from __future__ import division") ' + 'also\n' + 'use bits in "co_flags" to indicate whether a code object was ' + 'compiled\n' + 'with a particular feature enabled: bit "0x2000" is set if the ' + 'function\n' + 'was compiled with future division enabled; bits "0x10" and ' + '"0x1000"\n' + 'were used in earlier versions of Python.\n' + '\n' + 'Other bits in "co_flags" are reserved for internal use.\n' + '\n' + 'If a code object represents a function, the first item in ' + '"co_consts"\n' + 'is the documentation string of the function, or "None" if ' + 'undefined.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Methods on code objects\n' + '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n' + '\n' + 'codeobject.co_positions()\n' + '\n' + ' Returns an iterable over the source code positions of each\n' + ' *bytecode* instruction in the code object.\n' + '\n' + ' The iterator returns "tuple"s containing the "(start_line,\n' + ' end_line, start_column, end_column)". The *i-th* tuple ' + 'corresponds\n' + ' to the position of the source code that compiled to the *i-th* ' + 'code\n' + ' unit. Column information is 0-indexed utf-8 byte offsets on the\n' + ' given source line.\n' + '\n' + ' This positional information can be missing. A non-exhaustive ' + 'lists\n' + ' of cases where this may happen:\n' + '\n' + ' * Running the interpreter with "-X" "no_debug_ranges".\n' + '\n' + ' * Loading a pyc file compiled while using "-X" ' + '"no_debug_ranges".\n' + '\n' + ' * Position tuples corresponding to artificial instructions.\n' + '\n' + ' * Line and column numbers that can’t be represented due to\n' + ' implementation specific limitations.\n' + '\n' + ' When this occurs, some or all of the tuple elements can be ' + '"None".\n' + '\n' + ' New in version 3.11.\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' This feature requires storing column positions in code ' + 'objects\n' + ' which may result in a small increase of disk usage of ' + 'compiled\n' + ' Python files or interpreter memory usage. To avoid storing ' + 'the\n' + ' extra information and/or deactivate printing the extra ' + 'traceback\n' + ' information, the "-X" "no_debug_ranges" command line flag or ' + 'the\n' + ' "PYTHONNODEBUGRANGES" environment variable can be used.\n' + '\n' + 'codeobject.co_lines()\n' + '\n' + ' Returns an iterator that yields information about successive ' + 'ranges\n' + ' of *bytecode*s. Each item yielded is a "(start, end, lineno)"\n' + ' "tuple":\n' + '\n' + ' * "start" (an "int") represents the offset (inclusive) of the ' + 'start\n' + ' of the *bytecode* range\n' + '\n' + ' * "end" (an "int") represents the offset (exclusive) of the end ' + 'of\n' + ' the *bytecode* range\n' + '\n' + ' * "lineno" is an "int" representing the line number of the\n' + ' *bytecode* range, or "None" if the bytecodes in the given ' + 'range\n' + ' have no line number\n' + '\n' + ' The items yielded will have the following properties:\n' + '\n' + ' * The first range yielded will have a "start" of 0.\n' + '\n' + ' * The "(start, end)" ranges will be non-decreasing and ' + 'consecutive.\n' + ' That is, for any pair of "tuple"s, the "start" of the second ' + 'will\n' + ' be equal to the "end" of the first.\n' + '\n' + ' * No range will be backwards: "end >= start" for all triples.\n' + '\n' + ' * The last "tuple" yielded will have "end" equal to the size of ' + 'the\n' + ' *bytecode*.\n' + '\n' + ' Zero-width ranges, where "start == end", are allowed. ' + 'Zero-width\n' + ' ranges are used for lines that are present in the source code, ' + 'but\n' + ' have been eliminated by the *bytecode* compiler.\n' + '\n' + ' New in version 3.10.\n' + '\n' + ' See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 626** - Precise line numbers for debugging and other ' + 'tools.\n' + ' The PEP that introduced the "co_lines()" method.\n' + '\n' + 'codeobject.replace(**kwargs)\n' + '\n' + ' Return a copy of the code object with new values for the ' + 'specified\n' + ' fields.\n' + '\n' + ' New in version 3.8.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Frame objects\n' + '-------------\n' + '\n' + 'Frame objects represent execution frames. They may occur in ' + 'traceback\n' + 'objects, and are also passed to registered trace functions.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Special read-only attributes\n' + '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n' + '\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| frame.f_back | Points to ' + 'the previous stack frame (towards the |\n' + '| | caller), or ' + '"None" if this is the bottom stack |\n' + '| | ' + 'frame |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| frame.f_code | The code ' + 'object being executed in this frame. |\n' + '| | Accessing ' + 'this attribute raises an auditing event |\n' + '| | ' + '"object.__getattr__" with arguments "obj" and |\n' + '| | ' + '""f_code"". |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| frame.f_locals | The ' + 'dictionary used by the frame to look up local |\n' + '| | ' + 'variables |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| frame.f_globals | The ' + 'dictionary used by the frame to look up global |\n' + '| | ' + 'variables |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| frame.f_builtins | The ' + 'dictionary used by the frame to look up built- |\n' + '| | in ' + '(intrinsic) names |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| frame.f_lasti | The “precise ' + 'instruction” of the frame object |\n' + '| | (this is an ' + 'index into the *bytecode* string of |\n' + '| | the code ' + 'object) |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Special writable attributes\n' + '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n' + '\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| frame.f_trace | If not ' + '"None", this is a function called for |\n' + '| | various ' + 'events during code execution (this is used |\n' + '| | by ' + 'debuggers). Normally an event is triggered for |\n' + '| | each new ' + 'source line (see "f_trace_lines"). |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| frame.f_trace_lines | Set this ' + 'attribute to "False" to disable |\n' + '| | triggering a ' + 'tracing event for each source line. |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| frame.f_trace_opcodes | Set this ' + 'attribute to "True" to allow per-opcode |\n' + '| | events to be ' + 'requested. Note that this may lead to |\n' + '| | undefined ' + 'interpreter behaviour if exceptions |\n' + '| | raised by ' + 'the trace function escape to the |\n' + '| | function ' + 'being traced. |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| frame.f_lineno | The current ' + 'line number of the frame – writing to |\n' + '| | this from ' + 'within a trace function jumps to the |\n' + '| | given line ' + '(only for the bottom-most frame). A |\n' + '| | debugger can ' + 'implement a Jump command (aka Set |\n' + '| | Next ' + 'Statement) by writing to this attribute. |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Frame object methods\n' + '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n' + '\n' + 'Frame objects support one method:\n' + '\n' + 'frame.clear()\n' + '\n' + ' This method clears all references to local variables held by ' + 'the\n' + ' frame. Also, if the frame belonged to a *generator*, the ' + 'generator\n' + ' is finalized. This helps break reference cycles involving ' + 'frame\n' + ' objects (for example when catching an exception and storing its\n' + ' traceback for later use).\n' + '\n' + ' "RuntimeError" is raised if the frame is currently executing.\n' + '\n' + ' New in version 3.4.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Traceback objects\n' + '-----------------\n' + '\n' + 'Traceback objects represent the stack trace of an exception. A\n' + 'traceback object is implicitly created when an exception occurs, ' + 'and\n' + 'may also be explicitly created by calling "types.TracebackType".\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.7: Traceback objects can now be explicitly\n' + 'instantiated from Python code.\n' + '\n' + 'For implicitly created tracebacks, when the search for an ' + 'exception\n' + 'handler unwinds the execution stack, at each unwound level a ' + 'traceback\n' + 'object is inserted in front of the current traceback. When an\n' + 'exception handler is entered, the stack trace is made available to ' + 'the\n' + 'program. (See section The try statement.) It is accessible as the\n' + 'third item of the tuple returned by "sys.exc_info()", and as the\n' + '"__traceback__" attribute of the caught exception.\n' + '\n' + 'When the program contains no suitable handler, the stack trace is\n' + 'written (nicely formatted) to the standard error stream; if the\n' + 'interpreter is interactive, it is also made available to the user ' + 'as\n' + '"sys.last_traceback".\n' + '\n' + 'For explicitly created tracebacks, it is up to the creator of the\n' + 'traceback to determine how the "tb_next" attributes should be ' + 'linked\n' + 'to form a full stack trace.\n' + '\n' + 'Special read-only attributes:\n' + '\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| traceback.tb_frame | Points to ' + 'the execution frame of the current |\n' + '| | level. ' + 'Accessing this attribute raises an |\n' + '| | auditing ' + 'event "object.__getattr__" with arguments |\n' + '| | "obj" and ' + '""tb_frame"". |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| traceback.tb_lineno | Gives the ' + 'line number where the exception occurred |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '| traceback.tb_lasti | Indicates ' + 'the “precise instruction”. |\n' + '+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+\n' + '\n' + 'The line number and last instruction in the traceback may differ ' + 'from\n' + 'the line number of its frame object if the exception occurred in a\n' + '"try" statement with no matching except clause or with a "finally"\n' + 'clause.\n' + '\n' + 'traceback.tb_next\n' + '\n' + ' The special writable attribute "tb_next" is the next level in ' + 'the\n' + ' stack trace (towards the frame where the exception occurred), ' + 'or\n' + ' "None" if there is no next level.\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.7: This attribute is now writable\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Slice objects\n' + '-------------\n' + '\n' + 'Slice objects are used to represent slices for "__getitem__()"\n' + 'methods. They are also created by the built-in "slice()" ' + 'function.\n' + '\n' + 'Special read-only attributes: "start" is the lower bound; "stop" ' + 'is\n' + 'the upper bound; "step" is the step value; each is "None" if ' + 'omitted.\n' + 'These attributes can have any type.\n' + '\n' + 'Slice objects support one method:\n' + '\n' + 'slice.indices(self, length)\n' + '\n' + ' This method takes a single integer argument *length* and ' + 'computes\n' + ' information about the slice that the slice object would describe ' + 'if\n' + ' applied to a sequence of *length* items. It returns a tuple of\n' + ' three integers; respectively these are the *start* and *stop*\n' + ' indices and the *step* or stride length of the slice. Missing ' + 'or\n' + ' out-of-bounds indices are handled in a manner consistent with\n' + ' regular slices.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Static method objects\n' + '---------------------\n' + '\n' + 'Static method objects provide a way of defeating the transformation ' + 'of\n' + 'function objects to method objects described above. A static ' + 'method\n' + 'object is a wrapper around any other object, usually a ' + 'user-defined\n' + 'method object. When a static method object is retrieved from a ' + 'class\n' + 'or a class instance, the object actually returned is the wrapped\n' + 'object, which is not subject to any further transformation. Static\n' + 'method objects are also callable. Static method objects are created ' + 'by\n' + 'the built-in "staticmethod()" constructor.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Class method objects\n' + '--------------------\n' + '\n' + 'A class method object, like a static method object, is a wrapper\n' + 'around another object that alters the way in which that object is\n' + 'retrieved from classes and class instances. The behaviour of class\n' + 'method objects upon such retrieval is described above, under ' + '“instance\n' + 'methods”. Class method objects are created by the built-in\n' + '"classmethod()" constructor.\n', + 'typesfunctions': 'Functions\n' + '*********\n' + '\n' + 'Function objects are created by function definitions. The ' + 'only\n' + 'operation on a function object is to call it: ' + '"func(argument-list)".\n' + '\n' + 'There are really two flavors of function objects: built-in ' + 'functions\n' + 'and user-defined functions. Both support the same ' + 'operation (to call\n' + 'the function), but the implementation is different, hence ' + 'the\n' + 'different object types.\n' + '\n' + 'See Function definitions for more information.\n', + 'typesmapping': 'Mapping Types — "dict"\n' + '**********************\n' + '\n' + 'A *mapping* object maps *hashable* values to arbitrary ' + 'objects.\n' + 'Mappings are mutable objects. There is currently only one ' + 'standard\n' + 'mapping type, the *dictionary*. (For other containers see ' + 'the built-\n' + 'in "list", "set", and "tuple" classes, and the "collections" ' + 'module.)\n' + '\n' + 'A dictionary’s keys are *almost* arbitrary values. Values ' + 'that are\n' + 'not *hashable*, that is, values containing lists, ' + 'dictionaries or\n' + 'other mutable types (that are compared by value rather than ' + 'by object\n' + 'identity) may not be used as keys. Values that compare equal ' + '(such as\n' + '"1", "1.0", and "True") can be used interchangeably to index ' + 'the same\n' + 'dictionary entry.\n' + '\n' + 'class dict(**kwargs)\n' + 'class dict(mapping, **kwargs)\n' + 'class dict(iterable, **kwargs)\n' + '\n' + ' Return a new dictionary initialized from an optional ' + 'positional\n' + ' argument and a possibly empty set of keyword arguments.\n' + '\n' + ' Dictionaries can be created by several means:\n' + '\n' + ' * Use a comma-separated list of "key: value" pairs within ' + 'braces:\n' + ' "{\'jack\': 4098, \'sjoerd\': 4127}" or "{4098: ' + "'jack', 4127:\n" + ' \'sjoerd\'}"\n' + '\n' + ' * Use a dict comprehension: "{}", "{x: x ** 2 for x in ' + 'range(10)}"\n' + '\n' + ' * Use the type constructor: "dict()", "dict([(\'foo\', ' + "100), ('bar',\n" + ' 200)])", "dict(foo=100, bar=200)"\n' + '\n' + ' If no positional argument is given, an empty dictionary ' + 'is created.\n' + ' If a positional argument is given and it is a mapping ' + 'object, a\n' + ' dictionary is created with the same key-value pairs as ' + 'the mapping\n' + ' object. Otherwise, the positional argument must be an ' + '*iterable*\n' + ' object. Each item in the iterable must itself be an ' + 'iterable with\n' + ' exactly two objects. The first object of each item ' + 'becomes a key\n' + ' in the new dictionary, and the second object the ' + 'corresponding\n' + ' value. If a key occurs more than once, the last value ' + 'for that key\n' + ' becomes the corresponding value in the new dictionary.\n' + '\n' + ' If keyword arguments are given, the keyword arguments and ' + 'their\n' + ' values are added to the dictionary created from the ' + 'positional\n' + ' argument. If a key being added is already present, the ' + 'value from\n' + ' the keyword argument replaces the value from the ' + 'positional\n' + ' argument.\n' + '\n' + ' To illustrate, the following examples all return a ' + 'dictionary equal\n' + ' to "{"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}":\n' + '\n' + ' >>> a = dict(one=1, two=2, three=3)\n' + " >>> b = {'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3}\n" + " >>> c = dict(zip(['one', 'two', 'three'], [1, 2, 3]))\n" + " >>> d = dict([('two', 2), ('one', 1), ('three', 3)])\n" + " >>> e = dict({'three': 3, 'one': 1, 'two': 2})\n" + " >>> f = dict({'one': 1, 'three': 3}, two=2)\n" + ' >>> a == b == c == d == e == f\n' + ' True\n' + '\n' + ' Providing keyword arguments as in the first example only ' + 'works for\n' + ' keys that are valid Python identifiers. Otherwise, any ' + 'valid keys\n' + ' can be used.\n' + '\n' + ' These are the operations that dictionaries support (and ' + 'therefore,\n' + ' custom mapping types should support too):\n' + '\n' + ' list(d)\n' + '\n' + ' Return a list of all the keys used in the dictionary ' + '*d*.\n' + '\n' + ' len(d)\n' + '\n' + ' Return the number of items in the dictionary *d*.\n' + '\n' + ' d[key]\n' + '\n' + ' Return the item of *d* with key *key*. Raises a ' + '"KeyError" if\n' + ' *key* is not in the map.\n' + '\n' + ' If a subclass of dict defines a method "__missing__()" ' + 'and *key*\n' + ' is not present, the "d[key]" operation calls that ' + 'method with\n' + ' the key *key* as argument. The "d[key]" operation ' + 'then returns\n' + ' or raises whatever is returned or raised by the\n' + ' "__missing__(key)" call. No other operations or ' + 'methods invoke\n' + ' "__missing__()". If "__missing__()" is not defined, ' + '"KeyError"\n' + ' is raised. "__missing__()" must be a method; it cannot ' + 'be an\n' + ' instance variable:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> class Counter(dict):\n' + ' ... def __missing__(self, key):\n' + ' ... return 0\n' + ' >>> c = Counter()\n' + " >>> c['red']\n" + ' 0\n' + " >>> c['red'] += 1\n" + " >>> c['red']\n" + ' 1\n' + '\n' + ' The example above shows part of the implementation of\n' + ' "collections.Counter". A different "__missing__" ' + 'method is used\n' + ' by "collections.defaultdict".\n' + '\n' + ' d[key] = value\n' + '\n' + ' Set "d[key]" to *value*.\n' + '\n' + ' del d[key]\n' + '\n' + ' Remove "d[key]" from *d*. Raises a "KeyError" if ' + '*key* is not\n' + ' in the map.\n' + '\n' + ' key in d\n' + '\n' + ' Return "True" if *d* has a key *key*, else "False".\n' + '\n' + ' key not in d\n' + '\n' + ' Equivalent to "not key in d".\n' + '\n' + ' iter(d)\n' + '\n' + ' Return an iterator over the keys of the dictionary. ' + 'This is a\n' + ' shortcut for "iter(d.keys())".\n' + '\n' + ' clear()\n' + '\n' + ' Remove all items from the dictionary.\n' + '\n' + ' copy()\n' + '\n' + ' Return a shallow copy of the dictionary.\n' + '\n' + ' classmethod fromkeys(iterable[, value])\n' + '\n' + ' Create a new dictionary with keys from *iterable* and ' + 'values set\n' + ' to *value*.\n' + '\n' + ' "fromkeys()" is a class method that returns a new ' + 'dictionary.\n' + ' *value* defaults to "None". All of the values refer ' + 'to just a\n' + ' single instance, so it generally doesn’t make sense ' + 'for *value*\n' + ' to be a mutable object such as an empty list. To get ' + 'distinct\n' + ' values, use a dict comprehension instead.\n' + '\n' + ' get(key[, default])\n' + '\n' + ' Return the value for *key* if *key* is in the ' + 'dictionary, else\n' + ' *default*. If *default* is not given, it defaults to ' + '"None", so\n' + ' that this method never raises a "KeyError".\n' + '\n' + ' items()\n' + '\n' + ' Return a new view of the dictionary’s items ("(key, ' + 'value)"\n' + ' pairs). See the documentation of view objects.\n' + '\n' + ' keys()\n' + '\n' + ' Return a new view of the dictionary’s keys. See the\n' + ' documentation of view objects.\n' + '\n' + ' pop(key[, default])\n' + '\n' + ' If *key* is in the dictionary, remove it and return ' + 'its value,\n' + ' else return *default*. If *default* is not given and ' + '*key* is\n' + ' not in the dictionary, a "KeyError" is raised.\n' + '\n' + ' popitem()\n' + '\n' + ' Remove and return a "(key, value)" pair from the ' + 'dictionary.\n' + ' Pairs are returned in LIFO (last-in, first-out) ' + 'order.\n' + '\n' + ' "popitem()" is useful to destructively iterate over a\n' + ' dictionary, as often used in set algorithms. If the ' + 'dictionary\n' + ' is empty, calling "popitem()" raises a "KeyError".\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.7: LIFO order is now guaranteed. ' + 'In prior\n' + ' versions, "popitem()" would return an arbitrary ' + 'key/value pair.\n' + '\n' + ' reversed(d)\n' + '\n' + ' Return a reverse iterator over the keys of the ' + 'dictionary. This\n' + ' is a shortcut for "reversed(d.keys())".\n' + '\n' + ' New in version 3.8.\n' + '\n' + ' setdefault(key[, default])\n' + '\n' + ' If *key* is in the dictionary, return its value. If ' + 'not, insert\n' + ' *key* with a value of *default* and return *default*. ' + '*default*\n' + ' defaults to "None".\n' + '\n' + ' update([other])\n' + '\n' + ' Update the dictionary with the key/value pairs from ' + '*other*,\n' + ' overwriting existing keys. Return "None".\n' + '\n' + ' "update()" accepts either another dictionary object or ' + 'an\n' + ' iterable of key/value pairs (as tuples or other ' + 'iterables of\n' + ' length two). If keyword arguments are specified, the ' + 'dictionary\n' + ' is then updated with those key/value pairs: ' + '"d.update(red=1,\n' + ' blue=2)".\n' + '\n' + ' values()\n' + '\n' + ' Return a new view of the dictionary’s values. See ' + 'the\n' + ' documentation of view objects.\n' + '\n' + ' An equality comparison between one "dict.values()" ' + 'view and\n' + ' another will always return "False". This also applies ' + 'when\n' + ' comparing "dict.values()" to itself:\n' + '\n' + " >>> d = {'a': 1}\n" + ' >>> d.values() == d.values()\n' + ' False\n' + '\n' + ' d | other\n' + '\n' + ' Create a new dictionary with the merged keys and ' + 'values of *d*\n' + ' and *other*, which must both be dictionaries. The ' + 'values of\n' + ' *other* take priority when *d* and *other* share ' + 'keys.\n' + '\n' + ' New in version 3.9.\n' + '\n' + ' d |= other\n' + '\n' + ' Update the dictionary *d* with keys and values from ' + '*other*,\n' + ' which may be either a *mapping* or an *iterable* of ' + 'key/value\n' + ' pairs. The values of *other* take priority when *d* ' + 'and *other*\n' + ' share keys.\n' + '\n' + ' New in version 3.9.\n' + '\n' + ' Dictionaries compare equal if and only if they have the ' + 'same "(key,\n' + ' value)" pairs (regardless of ordering). Order comparisons ' + '(‘<’,\n' + ' ‘<=’, ‘>=’, ‘>’) raise "TypeError".\n' + '\n' + ' Dictionaries preserve insertion order. Note that ' + 'updating a key\n' + ' does not affect the order. Keys added after deletion are ' + 'inserted\n' + ' at the end.\n' + '\n' + ' >>> d = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3, "four": 4}\n' + ' >>> d\n' + " {'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3, 'four': 4}\n" + ' >>> list(d)\n' + " ['one', 'two', 'three', 'four']\n" + ' >>> list(d.values())\n' + ' [1, 2, 3, 4]\n' + ' >>> d["one"] = 42\n' + ' >>> d\n' + " {'one': 42, 'two': 2, 'three': 3, 'four': 4}\n" + ' >>> del d["two"]\n' + ' >>> d["two"] = None\n' + ' >>> d\n' + " {'one': 42, 'three': 3, 'four': 4, 'two': None}\n" + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.7: Dictionary order is guaranteed to ' + 'be\n' + ' insertion order. This behavior was an implementation ' + 'detail of\n' + ' CPython from 3.6.\n' + '\n' + ' Dictionaries and dictionary views are reversible.\n' + '\n' + ' >>> d = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3, "four": 4}\n' + ' >>> d\n' + " {'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3, 'four': 4}\n" + ' >>> list(reversed(d))\n' + " ['four', 'three', 'two', 'one']\n" + ' >>> list(reversed(d.values()))\n' + ' [4, 3, 2, 1]\n' + ' >>> list(reversed(d.items()))\n' + " [('four', 4), ('three', 3), ('two', 2), ('one', 1)]\n" + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.8: Dictionaries are now reversible.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' "types.MappingProxyType" can be used to create a read-only ' + 'view of a\n' + ' "dict".\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Dictionary view objects\n' + '=======================\n' + '\n' + 'The objects returned by "dict.keys()", "dict.values()" and\n' + '"dict.items()" are *view objects*. They provide a dynamic ' + 'view on the\n' + 'dictionary’s entries, which means that when the dictionary ' + 'changes,\n' + 'the view reflects these changes.\n' + '\n' + 'Dictionary views can be iterated over to yield their ' + 'respective data,\n' + 'and support membership tests:\n' + '\n' + 'len(dictview)\n' + '\n' + ' Return the number of entries in the dictionary.\n' + '\n' + 'iter(dictview)\n' + '\n' + ' Return an iterator over the keys, values or items ' + '(represented as\n' + ' tuples of "(key, value)") in the dictionary.\n' + '\n' + ' Keys and values are iterated over in insertion order. ' + 'This allows\n' + ' the creation of "(value, key)" pairs using "zip()": ' + '"pairs =\n' + ' zip(d.values(), d.keys())". Another way to create the ' + 'same list is\n' + ' "pairs = [(v, k) for (k, v) in d.items()]".\n' + '\n' + ' Iterating views while adding or deleting entries in the ' + 'dictionary\n' + ' may raise a "RuntimeError" or fail to iterate over all ' + 'entries.\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.7: Dictionary order is guaranteed to ' + 'be\n' + ' insertion order.\n' + '\n' + 'x in dictview\n' + '\n' + ' Return "True" if *x* is in the underlying dictionary’s ' + 'keys, values\n' + ' or items (in the latter case, *x* should be a "(key, ' + 'value)"\n' + ' tuple).\n' + '\n' + 'reversed(dictview)\n' + '\n' + ' Return a reverse iterator over the keys, values or items ' + 'of the\n' + ' dictionary. The view will be iterated in reverse order of ' + 'the\n' + ' insertion.\n' + '\n' + ' Changed in version 3.8: Dictionary views are now ' + 'reversible.\n' + '\n' + 'dictview.mapping\n' + '\n' + ' Return a "types.MappingProxyType" that wraps the ' + 'original\n' + ' dictionary to which the view refers.\n' + '\n' + ' New in version 3.10.\n' + '\n' + 'Keys views are set-like since their entries are unique and ' + '*hashable*.\n' + 'If all values are hashable, so that "(key, value)" pairs are ' + 'unique\n' + 'and hashable, then the items view is also set-like. (Values ' + 'views are\n' + 'not treated as set-like since the entries are generally not ' + 'unique.)\n' + 'For set-like views, all of the operations defined for the ' + 'abstract\n' + 'base class "collections.abc.Set" are available (for example, ' + '"==",\n' + '"<", or "^").\n' + '\n' + 'An example of dictionary view usage:\n' + '\n' + " >>> dishes = {'eggs': 2, 'sausage': 1, 'bacon': 1, " + "'spam': 500}\n" + ' >>> keys = dishes.keys()\n' + ' >>> values = dishes.values()\n' + '\n' + ' >>> # iteration\n' + ' >>> n = 0\n' + ' >>> for val in values:\n' + ' ... n += val\n' + ' >>> print(n)\n' + ' 504\n' + '\n' + ' >>> # keys and values are iterated over in the same order ' + '(insertion order)\n' + ' >>> list(keys)\n' + " ['eggs', 'sausage', 'bacon', 'spam']\n" + ' >>> list(values)\n' + ' [2, 1, 1, 500]\n' + '\n' + ' >>> # view objects are dynamic and reflect dict changes\n' + " >>> del dishes['eggs']\n" + " >>> del dishes['sausage']\n" + ' >>> list(keys)\n' + " ['bacon', 'spam']\n" + '\n' + ' >>> # set operations\n' + " >>> keys & {'eggs', 'bacon', 'salad'}\n" + " {'bacon'}\n" + " >>> keys ^ {'sausage', 'juice'} == {'juice', 'sausage', " + "'bacon', 'spam'}\n" + ' True\n' + " >>> keys | ['juice', 'juice', 'juice'] == {'bacon', " + "'spam', 'juice'}\n" + ' True\n' + '\n' + ' >>> # get back a read-only proxy for the original ' + 'dictionary\n' + ' >>> values.mapping\n' + " mappingproxy({'bacon': 1, 'spam': 500})\n" + " >>> values.mapping['spam']\n" + ' 500\n', + 'typesmethods': 'Methods\n' + '*******\n' + '\n' + 'Methods are functions that are called using the attribute ' + 'notation.\n' + 'There are two flavors: built-in methods (such as "append()" ' + 'on lists)\n' + 'and class instance method. Built-in methods are described ' + 'with the\n' + 'types that support them.\n' + '\n' + 'If you access a method (a function defined in a class ' + 'namespace)\n' + 'through an instance, you get a special object: a *bound ' + 'method* (also\n' + 'called instance method) object. When called, it will add the ' + '"self"\n' + 'argument to the argument list. Bound methods have two ' + 'special read-\n' + 'only attributes: "m.__self__" is the object on which the ' + 'method\n' + 'operates, and "m.__func__" is the function implementing the ' + 'method.\n' + 'Calling "m(arg-1, arg-2, ..., arg-n)" is completely ' + 'equivalent to\n' + 'calling "m.__func__(m.__self__, arg-1, arg-2, ..., arg-n)".\n' + '\n' + 'Like function objects, bound method objects support getting ' + 'arbitrary\n' + 'attributes. However, since method attributes are actually ' + 'stored on\n' + 'the underlying function object ("method.__func__"), setting ' + 'method\n' + 'attributes on bound methods is disallowed. Attempting to ' + 'set an\n' + 'attribute on a method results in an "AttributeError" being ' + 'raised. In\n' + 'order to set a method attribute, you need to explicitly set ' + 'it on the\n' + 'underlying function object:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> class C:\n' + ' ... def method(self):\n' + ' ... pass\n' + ' ...\n' + ' >>> c = C()\n' + " >>> c.method.whoami = 'my name is method' # can't set on " + 'the method\n' + ' Traceback (most recent call last):\n' + ' File "", line 1, in \n' + " AttributeError: 'method' object has no attribute " + "'whoami'\n" + " >>> c.method.__func__.whoami = 'my name is method'\n" + ' >>> c.method.whoami\n' + " 'my name is method'\n" + '\n' + 'See Instance methods for more information.\n', + 'typesmodules': 'Modules\n' + '*******\n' + '\n' + 'The only special operation on a module is attribute access: ' + '"m.name",\n' + 'where *m* is a module and *name* accesses a name defined in ' + '*m*’s\n' + 'symbol table. Module attributes can be assigned to. (Note ' + 'that the\n' + '"import" statement is not, strictly speaking, an operation ' + 'on a module\n' + 'object; "import foo" does not require a module object named ' + '*foo* to\n' + 'exist, rather it requires an (external) *definition* for a ' + 'module\n' + 'named *foo* somewhere.)\n' + '\n' + 'A special attribute of every module is "__dict__". This is ' + 'the\n' + 'dictionary containing the module’s symbol table. Modifying ' + 'this\n' + 'dictionary will actually change the module’s symbol table, ' + 'but direct\n' + 'assignment to the "__dict__" attribute is not possible (you ' + 'can write\n' + '"m.__dict__[\'a\'] = 1", which defines "m.a" to be "1", but ' + 'you can’t\n' + 'write "m.__dict__ = {}"). Modifying "__dict__" directly is ' + 'not\n' + 'recommended.\n' + '\n' + 'Modules built into the interpreter are written like this: ' + '"". If loaded from a file, they are ' + 'written as\n' + '"".\n', + 'typesseq': 'Sequence Types — "list", "tuple", "range"\n' + '*****************************************\n' + '\n' + 'There are three basic sequence types: lists, tuples, and range\n' + 'objects. Additional sequence types tailored for processing of ' + 'binary\n' + 'data and text strings are described in dedicated sections.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Common Sequence Operations\n' + '==========================\n' + '\n' + 'The operations in the following table are supported by most ' + 'sequence\n' + 'types, both mutable and immutable. The ' + '"collections.abc.Sequence" ABC\n' + 'is provided to make it easier to correctly implement these ' + 'operations\n' + 'on custom sequence types.\n' + '\n' + 'This table lists the sequence operations sorted in ascending ' + 'priority.\n' + 'In the table, *s* and *t* are sequences of the same type, *n*, ' + '*i*,\n' + '*j* and *k* are integers and *x* is an arbitrary object that ' + 'meets any\n' + 'type and value restrictions imposed by *s*.\n' + '\n' + 'The "in" and "not in" operations have the same priorities as ' + 'the\n' + 'comparison operations. The "+" (concatenation) and "*" ' + '(repetition)\n' + 'operations have the same priority as the corresponding numeric\n' + 'operations. [3]\n' + '\n' + '+----------------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n' + '| Operation | Result ' + '| Notes |\n' + '|============================|==================================|============|\n' + '| "x in s" | "True" if an item of *s* is ' + '| (1) |\n' + '| | equal to *x*, else "False" ' + '| |\n' + '+----------------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n' + '| "x not in s" | "False" if an item of *s* is ' + '| (1) |\n' + '| | equal to *x*, else "True" ' + '| |\n' + '+----------------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n' + '| "s + t" | the concatenation of *s* and *t* ' + '| (6)(7) |\n' + '+----------------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n' + '| "s * n" or "n * s" | equivalent to adding *s* to ' + '| (2)(7) |\n' + '| | itself *n* times ' + '| |\n' + '+----------------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n' + '| "s[i]" | *i*th item of *s*, origin 0 ' + '| (3) |\n' + '+----------------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n' + '| "s[i:j]" | slice of *s* from *i* to *j* ' + '| (3)(4) |\n' + '+----------------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n' + '| "s[i:j:k]" | slice of *s* from *i* to *j* ' + '| (3)(5) |\n' + '| | with step *k* ' + '| |\n' + '+----------------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n' + '| "len(s)" | length of *s* ' + '| |\n' + '+----------------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n' + '| "min(s)" | smallest item of *s* ' + '| |\n' + '+----------------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n' + '| "max(s)" | largest item of *s* ' + '| |\n' + '+----------------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n' + '| "s.index(x[, i[, j]])" | index of the first occurrence of ' + '| (8) |\n' + '| | *x* in *s* (at or after index ' + '| |\n' + '| | *i* and before index *j*) ' + '| |\n' + '+----------------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n' + '| "s.count(x)" | total number of occurrences of ' + '| |\n' + '| | *x* in *s* ' + '| |\n' + '+----------------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n' + '\n' + 'Sequences of the same type also support comparisons. In ' + 'particular,\n' + 'tuples and lists are compared lexicographically by comparing\n' + 'corresponding elements. This means that to compare equal, every\n' + 'element must compare equal and the two sequences must be of the ' + 'same\n' + 'type and have the same length. (For full details see ' + 'Comparisons in\n' + 'the language reference.)\n' + '\n' + 'Forward and reversed iterators over mutable sequences access ' + 'values\n' + 'using an index. That index will continue to march forward (or\n' + 'backward) even if the underlying sequence is mutated. The ' + 'iterator\n' + 'terminates only when an "IndexError" or a "StopIteration" is\n' + 'encountered (or when the index drops below zero).\n' + '\n' + 'Notes:\n' + '\n' + '1. While the "in" and "not in" operations are used only for ' + 'simple\n' + ' containment testing in the general case, some specialised ' + 'sequences\n' + ' (such as "str", "bytes" and "bytearray") also use them for\n' + ' subsequence testing:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> "gg" in "eggs"\n' + ' True\n' + '\n' + '2. Values of *n* less than "0" are treated as "0" (which yields ' + 'an\n' + ' empty sequence of the same type as *s*). Note that items in ' + 'the\n' + ' sequence *s* are not copied; they are referenced multiple ' + 'times.\n' + ' This often haunts new Python programmers; consider:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> lists = [[]] * 3\n' + ' >>> lists\n' + ' [[], [], []]\n' + ' >>> lists[0].append(3)\n' + ' >>> lists\n' + ' [[3], [3], [3]]\n' + '\n' + ' What has happened is that "[[]]" is a one-element list ' + 'containing\n' + ' an empty list, so all three elements of "[[]] * 3" are ' + 'references\n' + ' to this single empty list. Modifying any of the elements of\n' + ' "lists" modifies this single list. You can create a list of\n' + ' different lists this way:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> lists = [[] for i in range(3)]\n' + ' >>> lists[0].append(3)\n' + ' >>> lists[1].append(5)\n' + ' >>> lists[2].append(7)\n' + ' >>> lists\n' + ' [[3], [5], [7]]\n' + '\n' + ' Further explanation is available in the FAQ entry How do I ' + 'create a\n' + ' multidimensional list?.\n' + '\n' + '3. If *i* or *j* is negative, the index is relative to the end ' + 'of\n' + ' sequence *s*: "len(s) + i" or "len(s) + j" is substituted. ' + 'But\n' + ' note that "-0" is still "0".\n' + '\n' + '4. The slice of *s* from *i* to *j* is defined as the sequence ' + 'of\n' + ' items with index *k* such that "i <= k < j". If *i* or *j* ' + 'is\n' + ' greater than "len(s)", use "len(s)". If *i* is omitted or ' + '"None",\n' + ' use "0". If *j* is omitted or "None", use "len(s)". If *i* ' + 'is\n' + ' greater than or equal to *j*, the slice is empty.\n' + '\n' + '5. The slice of *s* from *i* to *j* with step *k* is defined as ' + 'the\n' + ' sequence of items with index "x = i + n*k" such that "0 <= n ' + '<\n' + ' (j-i)/k". In other words, the indices are "i", "i+k", ' + '"i+2*k",\n' + ' "i+3*k" and so on, stopping when *j* is reached (but never\n' + ' including *j*). When *k* is positive, *i* and *j* are ' + 'reduced to\n' + ' "len(s)" if they are greater. When *k* is negative, *i* and ' + '*j* are\n' + ' reduced to "len(s) - 1" if they are greater. If *i* or *j* ' + 'are\n' + ' omitted or "None", they become “end” values (which end ' + 'depends on\n' + ' the sign of *k*). Note, *k* cannot be zero. If *k* is ' + '"None", it\n' + ' is treated like "1".\n' + '\n' + '6. Concatenating immutable sequences always results in a new ' + 'object.\n' + ' This means that building up a sequence by repeated ' + 'concatenation\n' + ' will have a quadratic runtime cost in the total sequence ' + 'length.\n' + ' To get a linear runtime cost, you must switch to one of the\n' + ' alternatives below:\n' + '\n' + ' * if concatenating "str" objects, you can build a list and ' + 'use\n' + ' "str.join()" at the end or else write to an "io.StringIO"\n' + ' instance and retrieve its value when complete\n' + '\n' + ' * if concatenating "bytes" objects, you can similarly use\n' + ' "bytes.join()" or "io.BytesIO", or you can do in-place\n' + ' concatenation with a "bytearray" object. "bytearray" ' + 'objects are\n' + ' mutable and have an efficient overallocation mechanism\n' + '\n' + ' * if concatenating "tuple" objects, extend a "list" instead\n' + '\n' + ' * for other types, investigate the relevant class ' + 'documentation\n' + '\n' + '7. Some sequence types (such as "range") only support item ' + 'sequences\n' + ' that follow specific patterns, and hence don’t support ' + 'sequence\n' + ' concatenation or repetition.\n' + '\n' + '8. "index" raises "ValueError" when *x* is not found in *s*. Not ' + 'all\n' + ' implementations support passing the additional arguments *i* ' + 'and\n' + ' *j*. These arguments allow efficient searching of subsections ' + 'of\n' + ' the sequence. Passing the extra arguments is roughly ' + 'equivalent to\n' + ' using "s[i:j].index(x)", only without copying any data and ' + 'with the\n' + ' returned index being relative to the start of the sequence ' + 'rather\n' + ' than the start of the slice.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Immutable Sequence Types\n' + '========================\n' + '\n' + 'The only operation that immutable sequence types generally ' + 'implement\n' + 'that is not also implemented by mutable sequence types is ' + 'support for\n' + 'the "hash()" built-in.\n' + '\n' + 'This support allows immutable sequences, such as "tuple" ' + 'instances, to\n' + 'be used as "dict" keys and stored in "set" and "frozenset" ' + 'instances.\n' + '\n' + 'Attempting to hash an immutable sequence that contains ' + 'unhashable\n' + 'values will result in "TypeError".\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Mutable Sequence Types\n' + '======================\n' + '\n' + 'The operations in the following table are defined on mutable ' + 'sequence\n' + 'types. The "collections.abc.MutableSequence" ABC is provided to ' + 'make\n' + 'it easier to correctly implement these operations on custom ' + 'sequence\n' + 'types.\n' + '\n' + 'In the table *s* is an instance of a mutable sequence type, *t* ' + 'is any\n' + 'iterable object and *x* is an arbitrary object that meets any ' + 'type and\n' + 'value restrictions imposed by *s* (for example, "bytearray" ' + 'only\n' + 'accepts integers that meet the value restriction "0 <= x <= ' + '255").\n' + '\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| Operation | ' + 'Result | Notes |\n' + '|================================|==================================|=======================|\n' + '| "s[i] = x" | item *i* of *s* is replaced ' + 'by | |\n' + '| | ' + '*x* | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "s[i:j] = t" | slice of *s* from *i* to *j* ' + 'is | |\n' + '| | replaced by the contents of ' + 'the | |\n' + '| | iterable ' + '*t* | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "del s[i:j]" | same as "s[i:j] = ' + '[]" | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "s[i:j:k] = t" | the elements of "s[i:j:k]" ' + 'are | (1) |\n' + '| | replaced by those of ' + '*t* | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "del s[i:j:k]" | removes the elements ' + 'of | |\n' + '| | "s[i:j:k]" from the ' + 'list | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "s.append(x)" | appends *x* to the end of ' + 'the | |\n' + '| | sequence (same ' + 'as | |\n' + '| | "s[len(s):len(s)] = ' + '[x]") | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "s.clear()" | removes all items from *s* ' + '(same | (5) |\n' + '| | as "del ' + 's[:]") | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "s.copy()" | creates a shallow copy of ' + '*s* | (5) |\n' + '| | (same as ' + '"s[:]") | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "s.extend(t)" or "s += t" | extends *s* with the contents ' + 'of | |\n' + '| | *t* (for the most part the ' + 'same | |\n' + '| | as "s[len(s):len(s)] = ' + 't") | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "s *= n" | updates *s* with its ' + 'contents | (6) |\n' + '| | repeated *n* ' + 'times | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "s.insert(i, x)" | inserts *x* into *s* at ' + 'the | |\n' + '| | index given by *i* (same ' + 'as | |\n' + '| | "s[i:i] = ' + '[x]") | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "s.pop()" or "s.pop(i)" | retrieves the item at *i* ' + 'and | (2) |\n' + '| | also removes it from ' + '*s* | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "s.remove(x)" | remove the first item from ' + '*s* | (3) |\n' + '| | where "s[i]" is equal to ' + '*x* | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "s.reverse()" | reverses the items of *s* ' + 'in | (4) |\n' + '| | ' + 'place | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '\n' + 'Notes:\n' + '\n' + '1. *t* must have the same length as the slice it is replacing.\n' + '\n' + '2. The optional argument *i* defaults to "-1", so that by ' + 'default the\n' + ' last item is removed and returned.\n' + '\n' + '3. "remove()" raises "ValueError" when *x* is not found in *s*.\n' + '\n' + '4. The "reverse()" method modifies the sequence in place for ' + 'economy\n' + ' of space when reversing a large sequence. To remind users ' + 'that it\n' + ' operates by side effect, it does not return the reversed ' + 'sequence.\n' + '\n' + '5. "clear()" and "copy()" are included for consistency with the\n' + ' interfaces of mutable containers that don’t support slicing\n' + ' operations (such as "dict" and "set"). "copy()" is not part ' + 'of the\n' + ' "collections.abc.MutableSequence" ABC, but most concrete ' + 'mutable\n' + ' sequence classes provide it.\n' + '\n' + ' New in version 3.3: "clear()" and "copy()" methods.\n' + '\n' + '6. The value *n* is an integer, or an object implementing\n' + ' "__index__()". Zero and negative values of *n* clear the ' + 'sequence.\n' + ' Items in the sequence are not copied; they are referenced ' + 'multiple\n' + ' times, as explained for "s * n" under Common Sequence ' + 'Operations.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Lists\n' + '=====\n' + '\n' + 'Lists are mutable sequences, typically used to store collections ' + 'of\n' + 'homogeneous items (where the precise degree of similarity will ' + 'vary by\n' + 'application).\n' + '\n' + 'class list([iterable])\n' + '\n' + ' Lists may be constructed in several ways:\n' + '\n' + ' * Using a pair of square brackets to denote the empty list: ' + '"[]"\n' + '\n' + ' * Using square brackets, separating items with commas: "[a]", ' + '"[a,\n' + ' b, c]"\n' + '\n' + ' * Using a list comprehension: "[x for x in iterable]"\n' + '\n' + ' * Using the type constructor: "list()" or "list(iterable)"\n' + '\n' + ' The constructor builds a list whose items are the same and in ' + 'the\n' + ' same order as *iterable*’s items. *iterable* may be either ' + 'a\n' + ' sequence, a container that supports iteration, or an ' + 'iterator\n' + ' object. If *iterable* is already a list, a copy is made and\n' + ' returned, similar to "iterable[:]". For example, ' + '"list(\'abc\')"\n' + ' returns "[\'a\', \'b\', \'c\']" and "list( (1, 2, 3) )" ' + 'returns "[1, 2,\n' + ' 3]". If no argument is given, the constructor creates a new ' + 'empty\n' + ' list, "[]".\n' + '\n' + ' Many other operations also produce lists, including the ' + '"sorted()"\n' + ' built-in.\n' + '\n' + ' Lists implement all of the common and mutable sequence ' + 'operations.\n' + ' Lists also provide the following additional method:\n' + '\n' + ' sort(*, key=None, reverse=False)\n' + '\n' + ' This method sorts the list in place, using only "<" ' + 'comparisons\n' + ' between items. Exceptions are not suppressed - if any ' + 'comparison\n' + ' operations fail, the entire sort operation will fail (and ' + 'the\n' + ' list will likely be left in a partially modified state).\n' + '\n' + ' "sort()" accepts two arguments that can only be passed by\n' + ' keyword (keyword-only arguments):\n' + '\n' + ' *key* specifies a function of one argument that is used ' + 'to\n' + ' extract a comparison key from each list element (for ' + 'example,\n' + ' "key=str.lower"). The key corresponding to each item in ' + 'the list\n' + ' is calculated once and then used for the entire sorting ' + 'process.\n' + ' The default value of "None" means that list items are ' + 'sorted\n' + ' directly without calculating a separate key value.\n' + '\n' + ' The "functools.cmp_to_key()" utility is available to ' + 'convert a\n' + ' 2.x style *cmp* function to a *key* function.\n' + '\n' + ' *reverse* is a boolean value. If set to "True", then the ' + 'list\n' + ' elements are sorted as if each comparison were reversed.\n' + '\n' + ' This method modifies the sequence in place for economy of ' + 'space\n' + ' when sorting a large sequence. To remind users that it ' + 'operates\n' + ' by side effect, it does not return the sorted sequence ' + '(use\n' + ' "sorted()" to explicitly request a new sorted list ' + 'instance).\n' + '\n' + ' The "sort()" method is guaranteed to be stable. A sort ' + 'is\n' + ' stable if it guarantees not to change the relative order ' + 'of\n' + ' elements that compare equal — this is helpful for sorting ' + 'in\n' + ' multiple passes (for example, sort by department, then by ' + 'salary\n' + ' grade).\n' + '\n' + ' For sorting examples and a brief sorting tutorial, see ' + 'Sorting\n' + ' HOW TO.\n' + '\n' + ' **CPython implementation detail:** While a list is being ' + 'sorted,\n' + ' the effect of attempting to mutate, or even inspect, the ' + 'list is\n' + ' undefined. The C implementation of Python makes the list ' + 'appear\n' + ' empty for the duration, and raises "ValueError" if it can ' + 'detect\n' + ' that the list has been mutated during a sort.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Tuples\n' + '======\n' + '\n' + 'Tuples are immutable sequences, typically used to store ' + 'collections of\n' + 'heterogeneous data (such as the 2-tuples produced by the ' + '"enumerate()"\n' + 'built-in). Tuples are also used for cases where an immutable ' + 'sequence\n' + 'of homogeneous data is needed (such as allowing storage in a ' + '"set" or\n' + '"dict" instance).\n' + '\n' + 'class tuple([iterable])\n' + '\n' + ' Tuples may be constructed in a number of ways:\n' + '\n' + ' * Using a pair of parentheses to denote the empty tuple: ' + '"()"\n' + '\n' + ' * Using a trailing comma for a singleton tuple: "a," or ' + '"(a,)"\n' + '\n' + ' * Separating items with commas: "a, b, c" or "(a, b, c)"\n' + '\n' + ' * Using the "tuple()" built-in: "tuple()" or ' + '"tuple(iterable)"\n' + '\n' + ' The constructor builds a tuple whose items are the same and ' + 'in the\n' + ' same order as *iterable*’s items. *iterable* may be either ' + 'a\n' + ' sequence, a container that supports iteration, or an ' + 'iterator\n' + ' object. If *iterable* is already a tuple, it is returned\n' + ' unchanged. For example, "tuple(\'abc\')" returns "(\'a\', ' + '\'b\', \'c\')"\n' + ' and "tuple( [1, 2, 3] )" returns "(1, 2, 3)". If no argument ' + 'is\n' + ' given, the constructor creates a new empty tuple, "()".\n' + '\n' + ' Note that it is actually the comma which makes a tuple, not ' + 'the\n' + ' parentheses. The parentheses are optional, except in the ' + 'empty\n' + ' tuple case, or when they are needed to avoid syntactic ' + 'ambiguity.\n' + ' For example, "f(a, b, c)" is a function call with three ' + 'arguments,\n' + ' while "f((a, b, c))" is a function call with a 3-tuple as the ' + 'sole\n' + ' argument.\n' + '\n' + ' Tuples implement all of the common sequence operations.\n' + '\n' + 'For heterogeneous collections of data where access by name is ' + 'clearer\n' + 'than access by index, "collections.namedtuple()" may be a more\n' + 'appropriate choice than a simple tuple object.\n' + '\n' + '\n' + 'Ranges\n' + '======\n' + '\n' + 'The "range" type represents an immutable sequence of numbers and ' + 'is\n' + 'commonly used for looping a specific number of times in "for" ' + 'loops.\n' + '\n' + 'class range(stop)\n' + 'class range(start, stop[, step])\n' + '\n' + ' The arguments to the range constructor must be integers ' + '(either\n' + ' built-in "int" or any object that implements the ' + '"__index__()"\n' + ' special method). If the *step* argument is omitted, it ' + 'defaults to\n' + ' "1". If the *start* argument is omitted, it defaults to "0". ' + 'If\n' + ' *step* is zero, "ValueError" is raised.\n' + '\n' + ' For a positive *step*, the contents of a range "r" are ' + 'determined\n' + ' by the formula "r[i] = start + step*i" where "i >= 0" and ' + '"r[i] <\n' + ' stop".\n' + '\n' + ' For a negative *step*, the contents of the range are still\n' + ' determined by the formula "r[i] = start + step*i", but the\n' + ' constraints are "i >= 0" and "r[i] > stop".\n' + '\n' + ' A range object will be empty if "r[0]" does not meet the ' + 'value\n' + ' constraint. Ranges do support negative indices, but these ' + 'are\n' + ' interpreted as indexing from the end of the sequence ' + 'determined by\n' + ' the positive indices.\n' + '\n' + ' Ranges containing absolute values larger than "sys.maxsize" ' + 'are\n' + ' permitted but some features (such as "len()") may raise\n' + ' "OverflowError".\n' + '\n' + ' Range examples:\n' + '\n' + ' >>> list(range(10))\n' + ' [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]\n' + ' >>> list(range(1, 11))\n' + ' [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]\n' + ' >>> list(range(0, 30, 5))\n' + ' [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]\n' + ' >>> list(range(0, 10, 3))\n' + ' [0, 3, 6, 9]\n' + ' >>> list(range(0, -10, -1))\n' + ' [0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9]\n' + ' >>> list(range(0))\n' + ' []\n' + ' >>> list(range(1, 0))\n' + ' []\n' + '\n' + ' Ranges implement all of the common sequence operations ' + 'except\n' + ' concatenation and repetition (due to the fact that range ' + 'objects\n' + ' can only represent sequences that follow a strict pattern ' + 'and\n' + ' repetition and concatenation will usually violate that ' + 'pattern).\n' + '\n' + ' start\n' + '\n' + ' The value of the *start* parameter (or "0" if the ' + 'parameter was\n' + ' not supplied)\n' + '\n' + ' stop\n' + '\n' + ' The value of the *stop* parameter\n' + '\n' + ' step\n' + '\n' + ' The value of the *step* parameter (or "1" if the parameter ' + 'was\n' + ' not supplied)\n' + '\n' + 'The advantage of the "range" type over a regular "list" or ' + '"tuple" is\n' + 'that a "range" object will always take the same (small) amount ' + 'of\n' + 'memory, no matter the size of the range it represents (as it ' + 'only\n' + 'stores the "start", "stop" and "step" values, calculating ' + 'individual\n' + 'items and subranges as needed).\n' + '\n' + 'Range objects implement the "collections.abc.Sequence" ABC, and\n' + 'provide features such as containment tests, element index ' + 'lookup,\n' + 'slicing and support for negative indices (see Sequence Types — ' + 'list,\n' + 'tuple, range):\n' + '\n' + '>>> r = range(0, 20, 2)\n' + '>>> r\n' + 'range(0, 20, 2)\n' + '>>> 11 in r\n' + 'False\n' + '>>> 10 in r\n' + 'True\n' + '>>> r.index(10)\n' + '5\n' + '>>> r[5]\n' + '10\n' + '>>> r[:5]\n' + 'range(0, 10, 2)\n' + '>>> r[-1]\n' + '18\n' + '\n' + 'Testing range objects for equality with "==" and "!=" compares ' + 'them as\n' + 'sequences. That is, two range objects are considered equal if ' + 'they\n' + 'represent the same sequence of values. (Note that two range ' + 'objects\n' + 'that compare equal might have different "start", "stop" and ' + '"step"\n' + 'attributes, for example "range(0) == range(2, 1, 3)" or ' + '"range(0, 3,\n' + '2) == range(0, 4, 2)".)\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.2: Implement the Sequence ABC. Support ' + 'slicing\n' + 'and negative indices. Test "int" objects for membership in ' + 'constant\n' + 'time instead of iterating through all items.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.3: Define ‘==’ and ‘!=’ to compare range ' + 'objects\n' + 'based on the sequence of values they define (instead of ' + 'comparing\n' + 'based on object identity).Added the "start", "stop" and "step"\n' + 'attributes.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' * The linspace recipe shows how to implement a lazy version of ' + 'range\n' + ' suitable for floating point applications.\n', + 'typesseq-mutable': 'Mutable Sequence Types\n' + '**********************\n' + '\n' + 'The operations in the following table are defined on ' + 'mutable sequence\n' + 'types. The "collections.abc.MutableSequence" ABC is ' + 'provided to make\n' + 'it easier to correctly implement these operations on ' + 'custom sequence\n' + 'types.\n' + '\n' + 'In the table *s* is an instance of a mutable sequence ' + 'type, *t* is any\n' + 'iterable object and *x* is an arbitrary object that ' + 'meets any type and\n' + 'value restrictions imposed by *s* (for example, ' + '"bytearray" only\n' + 'accepts integers that meet the value restriction "0 <= x ' + '<= 255").\n' + '\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| Operation | ' + 'Result | Notes ' + '|\n' + '|================================|==================================|=======================|\n' + '| "s[i] = x" | item *i* of *s* is ' + 'replaced by | |\n' + '| | ' + '*x* | ' + '|\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "s[i:j] = t" | slice of *s* from *i* ' + 'to *j* is | |\n' + '| | replaced by the ' + 'contents of the | |\n' + '| | iterable ' + '*t* | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "del s[i:j]" | same as "s[i:j] = ' + '[]" | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "s[i:j:k] = t" | the elements of ' + '"s[i:j:k]" are | (1) |\n' + '| | replaced by those of ' + '*t* | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "del s[i:j:k]" | removes the elements ' + 'of | |\n' + '| | "s[i:j:k]" from the ' + 'list | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "s.append(x)" | appends *x* to the ' + 'end of the | |\n' + '| | sequence (same ' + 'as | |\n' + '| | "s[len(s):len(s)] = ' + '[x]") | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "s.clear()" | removes all items ' + 'from *s* (same | (5) |\n' + '| | as "del ' + 's[:]") | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "s.copy()" | creates a shallow ' + 'copy of *s* | (5) |\n' + '| | (same as ' + '"s[:]") | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "s.extend(t)" or "s += t" | extends *s* with the ' + 'contents of | |\n' + '| | *t* (for the most ' + 'part the same | |\n' + '| | as "s[len(s):len(s)] ' + '= t") | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "s *= n" | updates *s* with its ' + 'contents | (6) |\n' + '| | repeated *n* ' + 'times | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "s.insert(i, x)" | inserts *x* into *s* ' + 'at the | |\n' + '| | index given by *i* ' + '(same as | |\n' + '| | "s[i:i] = ' + '[x]") | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "s.pop()" or "s.pop(i)" | retrieves the item at ' + '*i* and | (2) |\n' + '| | also removes it from ' + '*s* | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "s.remove(x)" | remove the first item ' + 'from *s* | (3) |\n' + '| | where "s[i]" is equal ' + 'to *x* | |\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '| "s.reverse()" | reverses the items of ' + '*s* in | (4) |\n' + '| | ' + 'place | ' + '|\n' + '+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n' + '\n' + 'Notes:\n' + '\n' + '1. *t* must have the same length as the slice it is ' + 'replacing.\n' + '\n' + '2. The optional argument *i* defaults to "-1", so that ' + 'by default the\n' + ' last item is removed and returned.\n' + '\n' + '3. "remove()" raises "ValueError" when *x* is not found ' + 'in *s*.\n' + '\n' + '4. The "reverse()" method modifies the sequence in place ' + 'for economy\n' + ' of space when reversing a large sequence. To remind ' + 'users that it\n' + ' operates by side effect, it does not return the ' + 'reversed sequence.\n' + '\n' + '5. "clear()" and "copy()" are included for consistency ' + 'with the\n' + ' interfaces of mutable containers that don’t support ' + 'slicing\n' + ' operations (such as "dict" and "set"). "copy()" is ' + 'not part of the\n' + ' "collections.abc.MutableSequence" ABC, but most ' + 'concrete mutable\n' + ' sequence classes provide it.\n' + '\n' + ' New in version 3.3: "clear()" and "copy()" methods.\n' + '\n' + '6. The value *n* is an integer, or an object ' + 'implementing\n' + ' "__index__()". Zero and negative values of *n* clear ' + 'the sequence.\n' + ' Items in the sequence are not copied; they are ' + 'referenced multiple\n' + ' times, as explained for "s * n" under Common Sequence ' + 'Operations.\n', + 'unary': 'Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations\n' + '***************************************\n' + '\n' + 'All unary arithmetic and bitwise operations have the same ' + 'priority:\n' + '\n' + ' u_expr ::= power | "-" u_expr | "+" u_expr | "~" u_expr\n' + '\n' + 'The unary "-" (minus) operator yields the negation of its numeric\n' + 'argument; the operation can be overridden with the "__neg__()" ' + 'special\n' + 'method.\n' + '\n' + 'The unary "+" (plus) operator yields its numeric argument ' + 'unchanged;\n' + 'the operation can be overridden with the "__pos__()" special ' + 'method.\n' + '\n' + 'The unary "~" (invert) operator yields the bitwise inversion of ' + 'its\n' + 'integer argument. The bitwise inversion of "x" is defined as\n' + '"-(x+1)". It only applies to integral numbers or to custom ' + 'objects\n' + 'that override the "__invert__()" special method.\n' + '\n' + 'In all three cases, if the argument does not have the proper type, ' + 'a\n' + '"TypeError" exception is raised.\n', + 'while': 'The "while" statement\n' + '*********************\n' + '\n' + 'The "while" statement is used for repeated execution as long as an\n' + 'expression is true:\n' + '\n' + ' while_stmt ::= "while" assignment_expression ":" suite\n' + ' ["else" ":" suite]\n' + '\n' + 'This repeatedly tests the expression and, if it is true, executes ' + 'the\n' + 'first suite; if the expression is false (which may be the first ' + 'time\n' + 'it is tested) the suite of the "else" clause, if present, is ' + 'executed\n' + 'and the loop terminates.\n' + '\n' + 'A "break" statement executed in the first suite terminates the ' + 'loop\n' + 'without executing the "else" clause’s suite. A "continue" ' + 'statement\n' + 'executed in the first suite skips the rest of the suite and goes ' + 'back\n' + 'to testing the expression.\n', + 'with': 'The "with" statement\n' + '********************\n' + '\n' + 'The "with" statement is used to wrap the execution of a block with\n' + 'methods defined by a context manager (see section With Statement\n' + 'Context Managers). This allows common "try"…"except"…"finally" ' + 'usage\n' + 'patterns to be encapsulated for convenient reuse.\n' + '\n' + ' with_stmt ::= "with" ( "(" with_stmt_contents ","? ")" | ' + 'with_stmt_contents ) ":" suite\n' + ' with_stmt_contents ::= with_item ("," with_item)*\n' + ' with_item ::= expression ["as" target]\n' + '\n' + 'The execution of the "with" statement with one “item” proceeds as\n' + 'follows:\n' + '\n' + '1. The context expression (the expression given in the "with_item") ' + 'is\n' + ' evaluated to obtain a context manager.\n' + '\n' + '2. The context manager’s "__enter__()" is loaded for later use.\n' + '\n' + '3. The context manager’s "__exit__()" is loaded for later use.\n' + '\n' + '4. The context manager’s "__enter__()" method is invoked.\n' + '\n' + '5. If a target was included in the "with" statement, the return ' + 'value\n' + ' from "__enter__()" is assigned to it.\n' + '\n' + ' Note:\n' + '\n' + ' The "with" statement guarantees that if the "__enter__()" ' + 'method\n' + ' returns without an error, then "__exit__()" will always be\n' + ' called. Thus, if an error occurs during the assignment to the\n' + ' target list, it will be treated the same as an error occurring\n' + ' within the suite would be. See step 7 below.\n' + '\n' + '6. The suite is executed.\n' + '\n' + '7. The context manager’s "__exit__()" method is invoked. If an\n' + ' exception caused the suite to be exited, its type, value, and\n' + ' traceback are passed as arguments to "__exit__()". Otherwise, ' + 'three\n' + ' "None" arguments are supplied.\n' + '\n' + ' If the suite was exited due to an exception, and the return ' + 'value\n' + ' from the "__exit__()" method was false, the exception is ' + 'reraised.\n' + ' If the return value was true, the exception is suppressed, and\n' + ' execution continues with the statement following the "with"\n' + ' statement.\n' + '\n' + ' If the suite was exited for any reason other than an exception, ' + 'the\n' + ' return value from "__exit__()" is ignored, and execution ' + 'proceeds\n' + ' at the normal location for the kind of exit that was taken.\n' + '\n' + 'The following code:\n' + '\n' + ' with EXPRESSION as TARGET:\n' + ' SUITE\n' + '\n' + 'is semantically equivalent to:\n' + '\n' + ' manager = (EXPRESSION)\n' + ' enter = type(manager).__enter__\n' + ' exit = type(manager).__exit__\n' + ' value = enter(manager)\n' + ' hit_except = False\n' + '\n' + ' try:\n' + ' TARGET = value\n' + ' SUITE\n' + ' except:\n' + ' hit_except = True\n' + ' if not exit(manager, *sys.exc_info()):\n' + ' raise\n' + ' finally:\n' + ' if not hit_except:\n' + ' exit(manager, None, None, None)\n' + '\n' + 'With more than one item, the context managers are processed as if\n' + 'multiple "with" statements were nested:\n' + '\n' + ' with A() as a, B() as b:\n' + ' SUITE\n' + '\n' + 'is semantically equivalent to:\n' + '\n' + ' with A() as a:\n' + ' with B() as b:\n' + ' SUITE\n' + '\n' + 'You can also write multi-item context managers in multiple lines if\n' + 'the items are surrounded by parentheses. For example:\n' + '\n' + ' with (\n' + ' A() as a,\n' + ' B() as b,\n' + ' ):\n' + ' SUITE\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.1: Support for multiple context expressions.\n' + '\n' + 'Changed in version 3.10: Support for using grouping parentheses to\n' + 'break the statement in multiple lines.\n' + '\n' + 'See also:\n' + '\n' + ' **PEP 343** - The “with” statement\n' + ' The specification, background, and examples for the Python ' + '"with"\n' + ' statement.\n', + 'yield': 'The "yield" statement\n' + '*********************\n' + '\n' + ' yield_stmt ::= yield_expression\n' + '\n' + 'A "yield" statement is semantically equivalent to a yield ' + 'expression.\n' + 'The yield statement can be used to omit the parentheses that would\n' + 'otherwise be required in the equivalent yield expression ' + 'statement.\n' + 'For example, the yield statements\n' + '\n' + ' yield \n' + ' yield from \n' + '\n' + 'are equivalent to the yield expression statements\n' + '\n' + ' (yield )\n' + ' (yield from )\n' + '\n' + 'Yield expressions and statements are only used when defining a\n' + '*generator* function, and are only used in the body of the ' + 'generator\n' + 'function. Using yield in a function definition is sufficient to ' + 'cause\n' + 'that definition to create a generator function instead of a normal\n' + 'function.\n' + '\n' + 'For full details of "yield" semantics, refer to the Yield ' + 'expressions\n' + 'section.\n'} diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/re/__init__.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/re/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d58c2117ef3e14a9daa2529d975de1f9839075b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/re/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,374 @@ +# +# Secret Labs' Regular Expression Engine +# +# re-compatible interface for the sre matching engine +# +# Copyright (c) 1998-2001 by Secret Labs AB. All rights reserved. +# +# This version of the SRE library can be redistributed under CNRI's +# Python 1.6 license. For any other use, please contact Secret Labs +# AB (info@pythonware.com). +# +# Portions of this engine have been developed in cooperation with +# CNRI. Hewlett-Packard provided funding for 1.6 integration and +# other compatibility work. +# + +r"""Support for regular expressions (RE). + +This module provides regular expression matching operations similar to +those found in Perl. It supports both 8-bit and Unicode strings; both +the pattern and the strings being processed can contain null bytes and +characters outside the US ASCII range. + +Regular expressions can contain both special and ordinary characters. +Most ordinary characters, like "A", "a", or "0", are the simplest +regular expressions; they simply match themselves. You can +concatenate ordinary characters, so last matches the string 'last'. + +The special characters are: + "." Matches any character except a newline. + "^" Matches the start of the string. + "$" Matches the end of the string or just before the newline at + the end of the string. + "*" Matches 0 or more (greedy) repetitions of the preceding RE. + Greedy means that it will match as many repetitions as possible. + "+" Matches 1 or more (greedy) repetitions of the preceding RE. + "?" Matches 0 or 1 (greedy) of the preceding RE. + *?,+?,?? Non-greedy versions of the previous three special characters. + {m,n} Matches from m to n repetitions of the preceding RE. + {m,n}? Non-greedy version of the above. + "\\" Either escapes special characters or signals a special sequence. + [] Indicates a set of characters. + A "^" as the first character indicates a complementing set. + "|" A|B, creates an RE that will match either A or B. + (...) Matches the RE inside the parentheses. + The contents can be retrieved or matched later in the string. + (?aiLmsux) The letters set the corresponding flags defined below. + (?:...) Non-grouping version of regular parentheses. + (?P...) The substring matched by the group is accessible by name. + (?P=name) Matches the text matched earlier by the group named name. + (?#...) A comment; ignored. + (?=...) Matches if ... matches next, but doesn't consume the string. + (?!...) Matches if ... doesn't match next. + (?<=...) Matches if preceded by ... (must be fixed length). + (?= _MAXCACHE: + # Drop the oldest item + try: + del _cache[next(iter(_cache))] + except (StopIteration, RuntimeError, KeyError): + pass + _cache[type(pattern), pattern, flags] = p + return p + +@functools.lru_cache(_MAXCACHE) +def _compile_repl(repl, pattern): + # internal: compile replacement pattern + return _parser.parse_template(repl, pattern) + +def _expand(pattern, match, template): + # internal: Match.expand implementation hook + template = _parser.parse_template(template, pattern) + return _parser.expand_template(template, match) + +def _subx(pattern, template): + # internal: Pattern.sub/subn implementation helper + template = _compile_repl(template, pattern) + if not template[0] and len(template[1]) == 1: + # literal replacement + return template[1][0] + def filter(match, template=template): + return _parser.expand_template(template, match) + return filter + +# register myself for pickling + +import copyreg + +def _pickle(p): + return _compile, (p.pattern, p.flags) + +copyreg.pickle(Pattern, _pickle, _compile) + +# -------------------------------------------------------------------- +# experimental stuff (see python-dev discussions for details) + +class Scanner: + def __init__(self, lexicon, flags=0): + from ._constants import BRANCH, SUBPATTERN + if isinstance(flags, RegexFlag): + flags = flags.value + self.lexicon = lexicon + # combine phrases into a compound pattern + p = [] + s = _parser.State() + s.flags = flags + for phrase, action in lexicon: + gid = s.opengroup() + p.append(_parser.SubPattern(s, [ + (SUBPATTERN, (gid, 0, 0, _parser.parse(phrase, flags))), + ])) + s.closegroup(gid, p[-1]) + p = _parser.SubPattern(s, [(BRANCH, (None, p))]) + self.scanner = _compiler.compile(p) + def scan(self, string): + result = [] + append = result.append + match = self.scanner.scanner(string).match + i = 0 + while True: + m = match() + if not m: + break + j = m.end() + if i == j: + break + action = self.lexicon[m.lastindex-1][1] + if callable(action): + self.match = m + action = action(self, m.group()) + if action is not None: + append(action) + i = j + return result, string[i:] diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/re/_casefix.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/re/_casefix.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..06507d08bee02b2f3c7353e635d46202cc0cd8d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/re/_casefix.py @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +# Auto-generated by Tools/scripts/generate_re_casefix.py. + +# Maps the code of lowercased character to codes of different lowercased +# characters which have the same uppercase. +_EXTRA_CASES = { + # LATIN SMALL LETTER I: LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I + 0x0069: (0x0131,), # 'i': 'ı' + # LATIN SMALL LETTER S: LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S + 0x0073: (0x017f,), # 's': 'ſ' + # MICRO SIGN: GREEK SMALL LETTER MU + 0x00b5: (0x03bc,), # 'µ': 'μ' + # LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I: LATIN SMALL LETTER I + 0x0131: (0x0069,), # 'ı': 'i' + # LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S: LATIN SMALL LETTER S + 0x017f: (0x0073,), # 'ſ': 's' + # COMBINING GREEK YPOGEGRAMMENI: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA, GREEK PROSGEGRAMMENI + 0x0345: (0x03b9, 0x1fbe), # '\u0345': 'ιι' + # GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA + 0x0390: (0x1fd3,), # 'ΐ': 'ΐ' + # GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA + 0x03b0: (0x1fe3,), # 'ΰ': 'ΰ' + # GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA: GREEK BETA SYMBOL + 0x03b2: (0x03d0,), # 'β': 'ϐ' + # GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON: GREEK LUNATE EPSILON SYMBOL + 0x03b5: (0x03f5,), # 'ε': 'ϵ' + # GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA: GREEK THETA SYMBOL + 0x03b8: (0x03d1,), # 'θ': 'ϑ' + # GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA: COMBINING GREEK YPOGEGRAMMENI, GREEK PROSGEGRAMMENI + 0x03b9: (0x0345, 0x1fbe), # 'ι': '\u0345ι' + # GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA: GREEK KAPPA SYMBOL + 0x03ba: (0x03f0,), # 'κ': 'ϰ' + # GREEK SMALL LETTER MU: MICRO SIGN + 0x03bc: (0x00b5,), # 'μ': 'µ' + # GREEK SMALL LETTER PI: GREEK PI SYMBOL + 0x03c0: (0x03d6,), # 'π': 'ϖ' + # GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO: GREEK RHO SYMBOL + 0x03c1: (0x03f1,), # 'ρ': 'ϱ' + # GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA: GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA + 0x03c2: (0x03c3,), # 'ς': 'σ' + # GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA: GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA + 0x03c3: (0x03c2,), # 'σ': 'ς' + # GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI: GREEK PHI SYMBOL + 0x03c6: (0x03d5,), # 'φ': 'ϕ' + # GREEK BETA SYMBOL: GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA + 0x03d0: (0x03b2,), # 'ϐ': 'β' + # GREEK THETA SYMBOL: GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA + 0x03d1: (0x03b8,), # 'ϑ': 'θ' + # GREEK PHI SYMBOL: GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI + 0x03d5: (0x03c6,), # 'ϕ': 'φ' + # GREEK PI SYMBOL: GREEK SMALL LETTER PI + 0x03d6: (0x03c0,), # 'ϖ': 'π' + # GREEK KAPPA SYMBOL: GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA + 0x03f0: (0x03ba,), # 'ϰ': 'κ' + # GREEK RHO SYMBOL: GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO + 0x03f1: (0x03c1,), # 'ϱ': 'ρ' + # GREEK LUNATE EPSILON SYMBOL: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON + 0x03f5: (0x03b5,), # 'ϵ': 'ε' + # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER VE: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ROUNDED VE + 0x0432: (0x1c80,), # 'в': 'ᲀ' + # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DE: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER LONG-LEGGED DE + 0x0434: (0x1c81,), # 'д': 'ᲁ' + # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER NARROW O + 0x043e: (0x1c82,), # 'о': 'ᲂ' + # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER WIDE ES + 0x0441: (0x1c83,), # 'с': 'ᲃ' + # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TALL TE, CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER THREE-LEGGED TE + 0x0442: (0x1c84, 0x1c85), # 'т': 'ᲄᲅ' + # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TALL HARD SIGN + 0x044a: (0x1c86,), # 'ъ': 'ᲆ' + # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YAT: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TALL YAT + 0x0463: (0x1c87,), # 'ѣ': 'ᲇ' + # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ROUNDED VE: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER VE + 0x1c80: (0x0432,), # 'ᲀ': 'в' + # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER LONG-LEGGED DE: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DE + 0x1c81: (0x0434,), # 'ᲁ': 'д' + # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER NARROW O: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O + 0x1c82: (0x043e,), # 'ᲂ': 'о' + # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER WIDE ES: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES + 0x1c83: (0x0441,), # 'ᲃ': 'с' + # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TALL TE: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE, CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER THREE-LEGGED TE + 0x1c84: (0x0442, 0x1c85), # 'ᲄ': 'тᲅ' + # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER THREE-LEGGED TE: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE, CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TALL TE + 0x1c85: (0x0442, 0x1c84), # 'ᲅ': 'тᲄ' + # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TALL HARD SIGN: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN + 0x1c86: (0x044a,), # 'ᲆ': 'ъ' + # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TALL YAT: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YAT + 0x1c87: (0x0463,), # 'ᲇ': 'ѣ' + # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER UNBLENDED UK: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER MONOGRAPH UK + 0x1c88: (0xa64b,), # 'ᲈ': 'ꙋ' + # LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT ABOVE: LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S WITH DOT ABOVE + 0x1e61: (0x1e9b,), # 'ṡ': 'ẛ' + # LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S WITH DOT ABOVE: LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT ABOVE + 0x1e9b: (0x1e61,), # 'ẛ': 'ṡ' + # GREEK PROSGEGRAMMENI: COMBINING GREEK YPOGEGRAMMENI, GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA + 0x1fbe: (0x0345, 0x03b9), # 'ι': '\u0345ι' + # GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS + 0x1fd3: (0x0390,), # 'ΐ': 'ΐ' + # GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS + 0x1fe3: (0x03b0,), # 'ΰ': 'ΰ' + # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER MONOGRAPH UK: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER UNBLENDED UK + 0xa64b: (0x1c88,), # 'ꙋ': 'ᲈ' + # LATIN SMALL LIGATURE LONG S T: LATIN SMALL LIGATURE ST + 0xfb05: (0xfb06,), # 'ſt': 'st' + # LATIN SMALL LIGATURE ST: LATIN SMALL LIGATURE LONG S T + 0xfb06: (0xfb05,), # 'st': 'ſt' +} diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/re/_compiler.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/re/_compiler.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..285c21936f2cfab00548b6196fbd7f9209b361a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/re/_compiler.py @@ -0,0 +1,765 @@ +# +# Secret Labs' Regular Expression Engine +# +# convert template to internal format +# +# Copyright (c) 1997-2001 by Secret Labs AB. All rights reserved. +# +# See the __init__.py file for information on usage and redistribution. +# + +"""Internal support module for sre""" + +import _sre +from . import _parser +from ._constants import * +from ._casefix import _EXTRA_CASES + +assert _sre.MAGIC == MAGIC, "SRE module mismatch" + +_LITERAL_CODES = {LITERAL, NOT_LITERAL} +_SUCCESS_CODES = {SUCCESS, FAILURE} +_ASSERT_CODES = {ASSERT, ASSERT_NOT} +_UNIT_CODES = _LITERAL_CODES | {ANY, IN} + +_REPEATING_CODES = { + MIN_REPEAT: (REPEAT, MIN_UNTIL, MIN_REPEAT_ONE), + MAX_REPEAT: (REPEAT, MAX_UNTIL, REPEAT_ONE), + POSSESSIVE_REPEAT: (POSSESSIVE_REPEAT, SUCCESS, POSSESSIVE_REPEAT_ONE), +} + +def _combine_flags(flags, add_flags, del_flags, + TYPE_FLAGS=_parser.TYPE_FLAGS): + if add_flags & TYPE_FLAGS: + flags &= ~TYPE_FLAGS + return (flags | add_flags) & ~del_flags + +def _compile(code, pattern, flags): + # internal: compile a (sub)pattern + emit = code.append + _len = len + LITERAL_CODES = _LITERAL_CODES + REPEATING_CODES = _REPEATING_CODES + SUCCESS_CODES = _SUCCESS_CODES + ASSERT_CODES = _ASSERT_CODES + iscased = None + tolower = None + fixes = None + if flags & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE and not flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE: + if flags & SRE_FLAG_UNICODE: + iscased = _sre.unicode_iscased + tolower = _sre.unicode_tolower + fixes = _EXTRA_CASES + else: + iscased = _sre.ascii_iscased + tolower = _sre.ascii_tolower + for op, av in pattern: + if op in LITERAL_CODES: + if not flags & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE: + emit(op) + emit(av) + elif flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE: + emit(OP_LOCALE_IGNORE[op]) + emit(av) + elif not iscased(av): + emit(op) + emit(av) + else: + lo = tolower(av) + if not fixes: # ascii + emit(OP_IGNORE[op]) + emit(lo) + elif lo not in fixes: + emit(OP_UNICODE_IGNORE[op]) + emit(lo) + else: + emit(IN_UNI_IGNORE) + skip = _len(code); emit(0) + if op is NOT_LITERAL: + emit(NEGATE) + for k in (lo,) + fixes[lo]: + emit(LITERAL) + emit(k) + emit(FAILURE) + code[skip] = _len(code) - skip + elif op is IN: + charset, hascased = _optimize_charset(av, iscased, tolower, fixes) + if flags & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE and flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE: + emit(IN_LOC_IGNORE) + elif not hascased: + emit(IN) + elif not fixes: # ascii + emit(IN_IGNORE) + else: + emit(IN_UNI_IGNORE) + skip = _len(code); emit(0) + _compile_charset(charset, flags, code) + code[skip] = _len(code) - skip + elif op is ANY: + if flags & SRE_FLAG_DOTALL: + emit(ANY_ALL) + else: + emit(ANY) + elif op in REPEATING_CODES: + if flags & SRE_FLAG_TEMPLATE: + raise error("internal: unsupported template operator %r" % (op,)) + if _simple(av[2]): + emit(REPEATING_CODES[op][2]) + skip = _len(code); emit(0) + emit(av[0]) + emit(av[1]) + _compile(code, av[2], flags) + emit(SUCCESS) + code[skip] = _len(code) - skip + else: + emit(REPEATING_CODES[op][0]) + skip = _len(code); emit(0) + emit(av[0]) + emit(av[1]) + _compile(code, av[2], flags) + code[skip] = _len(code) - skip + emit(REPEATING_CODES[op][1]) + elif op is SUBPATTERN: + group, add_flags, del_flags, p = av + if group: + emit(MARK) + emit((group-1)*2) + # _compile_info(code, p, _combine_flags(flags, add_flags, del_flags)) + _compile(code, p, _combine_flags(flags, add_flags, del_flags)) + if group: + emit(MARK) + emit((group-1)*2+1) + elif op is ATOMIC_GROUP: + # Atomic Groups are handled by starting with an Atomic + # Group op code, then putting in the atomic group pattern + # and finally a success op code to tell any repeat + # operations within the Atomic Group to stop eating and + # pop their stack if they reach it + emit(ATOMIC_GROUP) + skip = _len(code); emit(0) + _compile(code, av, flags) + emit(SUCCESS) + code[skip] = _len(code) - skip + elif op in SUCCESS_CODES: + emit(op) + elif op in ASSERT_CODES: + emit(op) + skip = _len(code); emit(0) + if av[0] >= 0: + emit(0) # look ahead + else: + lo, hi = av[1].getwidth() + if lo > MAXCODE: + raise error("looks too much behind") + if lo != hi: + raise error("look-behind requires fixed-width pattern") + emit(lo) # look behind + _compile(code, av[1], flags) + emit(SUCCESS) + code[skip] = _len(code) - skip + elif op is AT: + emit(op) + if flags & SRE_FLAG_MULTILINE: + av = AT_MULTILINE.get(av, av) + if flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE: + av = AT_LOCALE.get(av, av) + elif flags & SRE_FLAG_UNICODE: + av = AT_UNICODE.get(av, av) + emit(av) + elif op is BRANCH: + emit(op) + tail = [] + tailappend = tail.append + for av in av[1]: + skip = _len(code); emit(0) + # _compile_info(code, av, flags) + _compile(code, av, flags) + emit(JUMP) + tailappend(_len(code)); emit(0) + code[skip] = _len(code) - skip + emit(FAILURE) # end of branch + for tail in tail: + code[tail] = _len(code) - tail + elif op is CATEGORY: + emit(op) + if flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE: + av = CH_LOCALE[av] + elif flags & SRE_FLAG_UNICODE: + av = CH_UNICODE[av] + emit(av) + elif op is GROUPREF: + if not flags & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE: + emit(op) + elif flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE: + emit(GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE) + elif not fixes: # ascii + emit(GROUPREF_IGNORE) + else: + emit(GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE) + emit(av-1) + elif op is GROUPREF_EXISTS: + emit(op) + emit(av[0]-1) + skipyes = _len(code); emit(0) + _compile(code, av[1], flags) + if av[2]: + emit(JUMP) + skipno = _len(code); emit(0) + code[skipyes] = _len(code) - skipyes + 1 + _compile(code, av[2], flags) + code[skipno] = _len(code) - skipno + else: + code[skipyes] = _len(code) - skipyes + 1 + else: + raise error("internal: unsupported operand type %r" % (op,)) + +def _compile_charset(charset, flags, code): + # compile charset subprogram + emit = code.append + for op, av in charset: + emit(op) + if op is NEGATE: + pass + elif op is LITERAL: + emit(av) + elif op is RANGE or op is RANGE_UNI_IGNORE: + emit(av[0]) + emit(av[1]) + elif op is CHARSET: + code.extend(av) + elif op is BIGCHARSET: + code.extend(av) + elif op is CATEGORY: + if flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE: + emit(CH_LOCALE[av]) + elif flags & SRE_FLAG_UNICODE: + emit(CH_UNICODE[av]) + else: + emit(av) + else: + raise error("internal: unsupported set operator %r" % (op,)) + emit(FAILURE) + +def _optimize_charset(charset, iscased=None, fixup=None, fixes=None): + # internal: optimize character set + out = [] + tail = [] + charmap = bytearray(256) + hascased = False + for op, av in charset: + while True: + try: + if op is LITERAL: + if fixup: + lo = fixup(av) + charmap[lo] = 1 + if fixes and lo in fixes: + for k in fixes[lo]: + charmap[k] = 1 + if not hascased and iscased(av): + hascased = True + else: + charmap[av] = 1 + elif op is RANGE: + r = range(av[0], av[1]+1) + if fixup: + if fixes: + for i in map(fixup, r): + charmap[i] = 1 + if i in fixes: + for k in fixes[i]: + charmap[k] = 1 + else: + for i in map(fixup, r): + charmap[i] = 1 + if not hascased: + hascased = any(map(iscased, r)) + else: + for i in r: + charmap[i] = 1 + elif op is NEGATE: + out.append((op, av)) + else: + tail.append((op, av)) + except IndexError: + if len(charmap) == 256: + # character set contains non-UCS1 character codes + charmap += b'\0' * 0xff00 + continue + # Character set contains non-BMP character codes. + # For range, all BMP characters in the range are already + # proceeded. + if fixup: + hascased = True + # For now, IN_UNI_IGNORE+LITERAL and + # IN_UNI_IGNORE+RANGE_UNI_IGNORE work for all non-BMP + # characters, because two characters (at least one of + # which is not in the BMP) match case-insensitively + # if and only if: + # 1) c1.lower() == c2.lower() + # 2) c1.lower() == c2 or c1.lower().upper() == c2 + # Also, both c.lower() and c.lower().upper() are single + # characters for every non-BMP character. + if op is RANGE: + op = RANGE_UNI_IGNORE + tail.append((op, av)) + break + + # compress character map + runs = [] + q = 0 + while True: + p = charmap.find(1, q) + if p < 0: + break + if len(runs) >= 2: + runs = None + break + q = charmap.find(0, p) + if q < 0: + runs.append((p, len(charmap))) + break + runs.append((p, q)) + if runs is not None: + # use literal/range + for p, q in runs: + if q - p == 1: + out.append((LITERAL, p)) + else: + out.append((RANGE, (p, q - 1))) + out += tail + # if the case was changed or new representation is more compact + if hascased or len(out) < len(charset): + return out, hascased + # else original character set is good enough + return charset, hascased + + # use bitmap + if len(charmap) == 256: + data = _mk_bitmap(charmap) + out.append((CHARSET, data)) + out += tail + return out, hascased + + # To represent a big charset, first a bitmap of all characters in the + # set is constructed. Then, this bitmap is sliced into chunks of 256 + # characters, duplicate chunks are eliminated, and each chunk is + # given a number. In the compiled expression, the charset is + # represented by a 32-bit word sequence, consisting of one word for + # the number of different chunks, a sequence of 256 bytes (64 words) + # of chunk numbers indexed by their original chunk position, and a + # sequence of 256-bit chunks (8 words each). + + # Compression is normally good: in a typical charset, large ranges of + # Unicode will be either completely excluded (e.g. if only cyrillic + # letters are to be matched), or completely included (e.g. if large + # subranges of Kanji match). These ranges will be represented by + # chunks of all one-bits or all zero-bits. + + # Matching can be also done efficiently: the more significant byte of + # the Unicode character is an index into the chunk number, and the + # less significant byte is a bit index in the chunk (just like the + # CHARSET matching). + + charmap = bytes(charmap) # should be hashable + comps = {} + mapping = bytearray(256) + block = 0 + data = bytearray() + for i in range(0, 65536, 256): + chunk = charmap[i: i + 256] + if chunk in comps: + mapping[i // 256] = comps[chunk] + else: + mapping[i // 256] = comps[chunk] = block + block += 1 + data += chunk + data = _mk_bitmap(data) + data[0:0] = [block] + _bytes_to_codes(mapping) + out.append((BIGCHARSET, data)) + out += tail + return out, hascased + +_CODEBITS = _sre.CODESIZE * 8 +MAXCODE = (1 << _CODEBITS) - 1 +_BITS_TRANS = b'0' + b'1' * 255 +def _mk_bitmap(bits, _CODEBITS=_CODEBITS, _int=int): + s = bits.translate(_BITS_TRANS)[::-1] + return [_int(s[i - _CODEBITS: i], 2) + for i in range(len(s), 0, -_CODEBITS)] + +def _bytes_to_codes(b): + # Convert block indices to word array + a = memoryview(b).cast('I') + assert a.itemsize == _sre.CODESIZE + assert len(a) * a.itemsize == len(b) + return a.tolist() + +def _simple(p): + # check if this subpattern is a "simple" operator + if len(p) != 1: + return False + op, av = p[0] + if op is SUBPATTERN: + return av[0] is None and _simple(av[-1]) + return op in _UNIT_CODES + +def _generate_overlap_table(prefix): + """ + Generate an overlap table for the following prefix. + An overlap table is a table of the same size as the prefix which + informs about the potential self-overlap for each index in the prefix: + - if overlap[i] == 0, prefix[i:] can't overlap prefix[0:...] + - if overlap[i] == k with 0 < k <= i, prefix[i-k+1:i+1] overlaps with + prefix[0:k] + """ + table = [0] * len(prefix) + for i in range(1, len(prefix)): + idx = table[i - 1] + while prefix[i] != prefix[idx]: + if idx == 0: + table[i] = 0 + break + idx = table[idx - 1] + else: + table[i] = idx + 1 + return table + +def _get_iscased(flags): + if not flags & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE: + return None + elif flags & SRE_FLAG_UNICODE: + return _sre.unicode_iscased + else: + return _sre.ascii_iscased + +def _get_literal_prefix(pattern, flags): + # look for literal prefix + prefix = [] + prefixappend = prefix.append + prefix_skip = None + iscased = _get_iscased(flags) + for op, av in pattern.data: + if op is LITERAL: + if iscased and iscased(av): + break + prefixappend(av) + elif op is SUBPATTERN: + group, add_flags, del_flags, p = av + flags1 = _combine_flags(flags, add_flags, del_flags) + if flags1 & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE and flags1 & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE: + break + prefix1, prefix_skip1, got_all = _get_literal_prefix(p, flags1) + if prefix_skip is None: + if group is not None: + prefix_skip = len(prefix) + elif prefix_skip1 is not None: + prefix_skip = len(prefix) + prefix_skip1 + prefix.extend(prefix1) + if not got_all: + break + else: + break + else: + return prefix, prefix_skip, True + return prefix, prefix_skip, False + +def _get_charset_prefix(pattern, flags): + while True: + if not pattern.data: + return None + op, av = pattern.data[0] + if op is not SUBPATTERN: + break + group, add_flags, del_flags, pattern = av + flags = _combine_flags(flags, add_flags, del_flags) + if flags & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE and flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE: + return None + + iscased = _get_iscased(flags) + if op is LITERAL: + if iscased and iscased(av): + return None + return [(op, av)] + elif op is BRANCH: + charset = [] + charsetappend = charset.append + for p in av[1]: + if not p: + return None + op, av = p[0] + if op is LITERAL and not (iscased and iscased(av)): + charsetappend((op, av)) + else: + return None + return charset + elif op is IN: + charset = av + if iscased: + for op, av in charset: + if op is LITERAL: + if iscased(av): + return None + elif op is RANGE: + if av[1] > 0xffff: + return None + if any(map(iscased, range(av[0], av[1]+1))): + return None + return charset + return None + +def _compile_info(code, pattern, flags): + # internal: compile an info block. in the current version, + # this contains min/max pattern width, and an optional literal + # prefix or a character map + lo, hi = pattern.getwidth() + if hi > MAXCODE: + hi = MAXCODE + if lo == 0: + code.extend([INFO, 4, 0, lo, hi]) + return + # look for a literal prefix + prefix = [] + prefix_skip = 0 + charset = [] # not used + if not (flags & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE and flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE): + # look for literal prefix + prefix, prefix_skip, got_all = _get_literal_prefix(pattern, flags) + # if no prefix, look for charset prefix + if not prefix: + charset = _get_charset_prefix(pattern, flags) +## if prefix: +## print("*** PREFIX", prefix, prefix_skip) +## if charset: +## print("*** CHARSET", charset) + # add an info block + emit = code.append + emit(INFO) + skip = len(code); emit(0) + # literal flag + mask = 0 + if prefix: + mask = SRE_INFO_PREFIX + if prefix_skip is None and got_all: + mask = mask | SRE_INFO_LITERAL + elif charset: + mask = mask | SRE_INFO_CHARSET + emit(mask) + # pattern length + if lo < MAXCODE: + emit(lo) + else: + emit(MAXCODE) + prefix = prefix[:MAXCODE] + emit(hi) + # add literal prefix + if prefix: + emit(len(prefix)) # length + if prefix_skip is None: + prefix_skip = len(prefix) + emit(prefix_skip) # skip + code.extend(prefix) + # generate overlap table + code.extend(_generate_overlap_table(prefix)) + elif charset: + charset, hascased = _optimize_charset(charset) + assert not hascased + _compile_charset(charset, flags, code) + code[skip] = len(code) - skip + +def isstring(obj): + return isinstance(obj, (str, bytes)) + +def _code(p, flags): + + flags = p.state.flags | flags + code = [] + + # compile info block + _compile_info(code, p, flags) + + # compile the pattern + _compile(code, p.data, flags) + + code.append(SUCCESS) + + return code + +def _hex_code(code): + return '[%s]' % ', '.join('%#0*x' % (_sre.CODESIZE*2+2, x) for x in code) + +def dis(code): + import sys + + labels = set() + level = 0 + offset_width = len(str(len(code) - 1)) + + def dis_(start, end): + def print_(*args, to=None): + if to is not None: + labels.add(to) + args += ('(to %d)' % (to,),) + print('%*d%s ' % (offset_width, start, ':' if start in labels else '.'), + end=' '*(level-1)) + print(*args) + + def print_2(*args): + print(end=' '*(offset_width + 2*level)) + print(*args) + + nonlocal level + level += 1 + i = start + while i < end: + start = i + op = code[i] + i += 1 + op = OPCODES[op] + if op in (SUCCESS, FAILURE, ANY, ANY_ALL, + MAX_UNTIL, MIN_UNTIL, NEGATE): + print_(op) + elif op in (LITERAL, NOT_LITERAL, + LITERAL_IGNORE, NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE, + LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE, NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE, + LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE, NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE): + arg = code[i] + i += 1 + print_(op, '%#02x (%r)' % (arg, chr(arg))) + elif op is AT: + arg = code[i] + i += 1 + arg = str(ATCODES[arg]) + assert arg[:3] == 'AT_' + print_(op, arg[3:]) + elif op is CATEGORY: + arg = code[i] + i += 1 + arg = str(CHCODES[arg]) + assert arg[:9] == 'CATEGORY_' + print_(op, arg[9:]) + elif op in (IN, IN_IGNORE, IN_UNI_IGNORE, IN_LOC_IGNORE): + skip = code[i] + print_(op, skip, to=i+skip) + dis_(i+1, i+skip) + i += skip + elif op in (RANGE, RANGE_UNI_IGNORE): + lo, hi = code[i: i+2] + i += 2 + print_(op, '%#02x %#02x (%r-%r)' % (lo, hi, chr(lo), chr(hi))) + elif op is CHARSET: + print_(op, _hex_code(code[i: i + 256//_CODEBITS])) + i += 256//_CODEBITS + elif op is BIGCHARSET: + arg = code[i] + i += 1 + mapping = list(b''.join(x.to_bytes(_sre.CODESIZE, sys.byteorder) + for x in code[i: i + 256//_sre.CODESIZE])) + print_(op, arg, mapping) + i += 256//_sre.CODESIZE + level += 1 + for j in range(arg): + print_2(_hex_code(code[i: i + 256//_CODEBITS])) + i += 256//_CODEBITS + level -= 1 + elif op in (MARK, GROUPREF, GROUPREF_IGNORE, GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE, + GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE): + arg = code[i] + i += 1 + print_(op, arg) + elif op is JUMP: + skip = code[i] + print_(op, skip, to=i+skip) + i += 1 + elif op is BRANCH: + skip = code[i] + print_(op, skip, to=i+skip) + while skip: + dis_(i+1, i+skip) + i += skip + start = i + skip = code[i] + if skip: + print_('branch', skip, to=i+skip) + else: + print_(FAILURE) + i += 1 + elif op in (REPEAT, REPEAT_ONE, MIN_REPEAT_ONE, + POSSESSIVE_REPEAT, POSSESSIVE_REPEAT_ONE): + skip, min, max = code[i: i+3] + if max == MAXREPEAT: + max = 'MAXREPEAT' + print_(op, skip, min, max, to=i+skip) + dis_(i+3, i+skip) + i += skip + elif op is GROUPREF_EXISTS: + arg, skip = code[i: i+2] + print_(op, arg, skip, to=i+skip) + i += 2 + elif op in (ASSERT, ASSERT_NOT): + skip, arg = code[i: i+2] + print_(op, skip, arg, to=i+skip) + dis_(i+2, i+skip) + i += skip + elif op is ATOMIC_GROUP: + skip = code[i] + print_(op, skip, to=i+skip) + dis_(i+1, i+skip) + i += skip + elif op is INFO: + skip, flags, min, max = code[i: i+4] + if max == MAXREPEAT: + max = 'MAXREPEAT' + print_(op, skip, bin(flags), min, max, to=i+skip) + start = i+4 + if flags & SRE_INFO_PREFIX: + prefix_len, prefix_skip = code[i+4: i+6] + print_2(' prefix_skip', prefix_skip) + start = i + 6 + prefix = code[start: start+prefix_len] + print_2(' prefix', + '[%s]' % ', '.join('%#02x' % x for x in prefix), + '(%r)' % ''.join(map(chr, prefix))) + start += prefix_len + print_2(' overlap', code[start: start+prefix_len]) + start += prefix_len + if flags & SRE_INFO_CHARSET: + level += 1 + print_2('in') + dis_(start, i+skip) + level -= 1 + i += skip + else: + raise ValueError(op) + + level -= 1 + + dis_(0, len(code)) + + +def compile(p, flags=0): + # internal: convert pattern list to internal format + + if isstring(p): + pattern = p + p = _parser.parse(p, flags) + else: + pattern = None + + code = _code(p, flags) + + if flags & SRE_FLAG_DEBUG: + print() + dis(code) + + # map in either direction + groupindex = p.state.groupdict + indexgroup = [None] * p.state.groups + for k, i in groupindex.items(): + indexgroup[i] = k + + return _sre.compile( + pattern, flags | p.state.flags, code, + p.state.groups-1, + groupindex, tuple(indexgroup) + ) diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/re/_constants.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/re/_constants.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..10ee14bfab46ee45fe5995402e29211fae305d31 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/re/_constants.py @@ -0,0 +1,220 @@ +# +# Secret Labs' Regular Expression Engine +# +# various symbols used by the regular expression engine. +# run this script to update the _sre include files! +# +# Copyright (c) 1998-2001 by Secret Labs AB. All rights reserved. +# +# See the __init__.py file for information on usage and redistribution. +# + +"""Internal support module for sre""" + +# update when constants are added or removed + +MAGIC = 20220615 + +from _sre import MAXREPEAT, MAXGROUPS + +# SRE standard exception (access as sre.error) +# should this really be here? + +class error(Exception): + """Exception raised for invalid regular expressions. + + Attributes: + + msg: The unformatted error message + pattern: The regular expression pattern + pos: The index in the pattern where compilation failed (may be None) + lineno: The line corresponding to pos (may be None) + colno: The column corresponding to pos (may be None) + """ + + __module__ = 're' + + def __init__(self, msg, pattern=None, pos=None): + self.msg = msg + self.pattern = pattern + self.pos = pos + if pattern is not None and pos is not None: + msg = '%s at position %d' % (msg, pos) + if isinstance(pattern, str): + newline = '\n' + else: + newline = b'\n' + self.lineno = pattern.count(newline, 0, pos) + 1 + self.colno = pos - pattern.rfind(newline, 0, pos) + if newline in pattern: + msg = '%s (line %d, column %d)' % (msg, self.lineno, self.colno) + else: + self.lineno = self.colno = None + super().__init__(msg) + + +class _NamedIntConstant(int): + def __new__(cls, value, name): + self = super(_NamedIntConstant, cls).__new__(cls, value) + self.name = name + return self + + def __repr__(self): + return self.name + + __reduce__ = None + +MAXREPEAT = _NamedIntConstant(MAXREPEAT, 'MAXREPEAT') + +def _makecodes(*names): + items = [_NamedIntConstant(i, name) for i, name in enumerate(names)] + globals().update({item.name: item for item in items}) + return items + +# operators +OPCODES = _makecodes( + # failure=0 success=1 (just because it looks better that way :-) + 'FAILURE', 'SUCCESS', + + 'ANY', 'ANY_ALL', + 'ASSERT', 'ASSERT_NOT', + 'AT', + 'BRANCH', + 'CATEGORY', + 'CHARSET', 'BIGCHARSET', + 'GROUPREF', 'GROUPREF_EXISTS', + 'IN', + 'INFO', + 'JUMP', + 'LITERAL', + 'MARK', + 'MAX_UNTIL', + 'MIN_UNTIL', + 'NOT_LITERAL', + 'NEGATE', + 'RANGE', + 'REPEAT', + 'REPEAT_ONE', + 'SUBPATTERN', + 'MIN_REPEAT_ONE', + 'ATOMIC_GROUP', + 'POSSESSIVE_REPEAT', + 'POSSESSIVE_REPEAT_ONE', + + 'GROUPREF_IGNORE', + 'IN_IGNORE', + 'LITERAL_IGNORE', + 'NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE', + + 'GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE', + 'IN_LOC_IGNORE', + 'LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE', + 'NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE', + + 'GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE', + 'IN_UNI_IGNORE', + 'LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE', + 'NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE', + 'RANGE_UNI_IGNORE', + + # The following opcodes are only occurred in the parser output, + # but not in the compiled code. + 'MIN_REPEAT', 'MAX_REPEAT', +) +del OPCODES[-2:] # remove MIN_REPEAT and MAX_REPEAT + +# positions +ATCODES = _makecodes( + 'AT_BEGINNING', 'AT_BEGINNING_LINE', 'AT_BEGINNING_STRING', + 'AT_BOUNDARY', 'AT_NON_BOUNDARY', + 'AT_END', 'AT_END_LINE', 'AT_END_STRING', + + 'AT_LOC_BOUNDARY', 'AT_LOC_NON_BOUNDARY', + + 'AT_UNI_BOUNDARY', 'AT_UNI_NON_BOUNDARY', +) + +# categories +CHCODES = _makecodes( + 'CATEGORY_DIGIT', 'CATEGORY_NOT_DIGIT', + 'CATEGORY_SPACE', 'CATEGORY_NOT_SPACE', + 'CATEGORY_WORD', 'CATEGORY_NOT_WORD', + 'CATEGORY_LINEBREAK', 'CATEGORY_NOT_LINEBREAK', + + 'CATEGORY_LOC_WORD', 'CATEGORY_LOC_NOT_WORD', + + 'CATEGORY_UNI_DIGIT', 'CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_DIGIT', + 'CATEGORY_UNI_SPACE', 'CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_SPACE', + 'CATEGORY_UNI_WORD', 'CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_WORD', + 'CATEGORY_UNI_LINEBREAK', 'CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_LINEBREAK', +) + + +# replacement operations for "ignore case" mode +OP_IGNORE = { + LITERAL: LITERAL_IGNORE, + NOT_LITERAL: NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE, +} + +OP_LOCALE_IGNORE = { + LITERAL: LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE, + NOT_LITERAL: NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE, +} + +OP_UNICODE_IGNORE = { + LITERAL: LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE, + NOT_LITERAL: NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE, +} + +AT_MULTILINE = { + AT_BEGINNING: AT_BEGINNING_LINE, + AT_END: AT_END_LINE +} + +AT_LOCALE = { + AT_BOUNDARY: AT_LOC_BOUNDARY, + AT_NON_BOUNDARY: AT_LOC_NON_BOUNDARY +} + +AT_UNICODE = { + AT_BOUNDARY: AT_UNI_BOUNDARY, + AT_NON_BOUNDARY: AT_UNI_NON_BOUNDARY +} + +CH_LOCALE = { + CATEGORY_DIGIT: CATEGORY_DIGIT, + CATEGORY_NOT_DIGIT: CATEGORY_NOT_DIGIT, + CATEGORY_SPACE: CATEGORY_SPACE, + CATEGORY_NOT_SPACE: CATEGORY_NOT_SPACE, + CATEGORY_WORD: CATEGORY_LOC_WORD, + CATEGORY_NOT_WORD: CATEGORY_LOC_NOT_WORD, + CATEGORY_LINEBREAK: CATEGORY_LINEBREAK, + CATEGORY_NOT_LINEBREAK: CATEGORY_NOT_LINEBREAK +} + +CH_UNICODE = { + CATEGORY_DIGIT: CATEGORY_UNI_DIGIT, + CATEGORY_NOT_DIGIT: CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_DIGIT, + CATEGORY_SPACE: CATEGORY_UNI_SPACE, + CATEGORY_NOT_SPACE: CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_SPACE, + CATEGORY_WORD: CATEGORY_UNI_WORD, + CATEGORY_NOT_WORD: CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_WORD, + CATEGORY_LINEBREAK: CATEGORY_UNI_LINEBREAK, + CATEGORY_NOT_LINEBREAK: CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_LINEBREAK +} + +# flags +SRE_FLAG_TEMPLATE = 1 # template mode (unknown purpose, deprecated) +SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE = 2 # case insensitive +SRE_FLAG_LOCALE = 4 # honour system locale +SRE_FLAG_MULTILINE = 8 # treat target as multiline string +SRE_FLAG_DOTALL = 16 # treat target as a single string +SRE_FLAG_UNICODE = 32 # use unicode "locale" +SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE = 64 # ignore whitespace and comments +SRE_FLAG_DEBUG = 128 # debugging +SRE_FLAG_ASCII = 256 # use ascii "locale" + +# flags for INFO primitive +SRE_INFO_PREFIX = 1 # has prefix +SRE_INFO_LITERAL = 2 # entire pattern is literal (given by prefix) +SRE_INFO_CHARSET = 4 # pattern starts with character from given set diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/re/_parser.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/re/_parser.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c795a7fb00fc97aa3d474d52071df6ff86cb886f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/re/_parser.py @@ -0,0 +1,1109 @@ +# +# Secret Labs' Regular Expression Engine +# +# convert re-style regular expression to sre pattern +# +# Copyright (c) 1998-2001 by Secret Labs AB. All rights reserved. +# +# See the __init__.py file for information on usage and redistribution. +# + +"""Internal support module for sre""" + +# XXX: show string offset and offending character for all errors + +from ._constants import * + +SPECIAL_CHARS = ".\\[{()*+?^$|" +REPEAT_CHARS = "*+?{" + +DIGITS = frozenset("0123456789") + +OCTDIGITS = frozenset("01234567") +HEXDIGITS = frozenset("0123456789abcdefABCDEF") +ASCIILETTERS = frozenset("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ") + +WHITESPACE = frozenset(" \t\n\r\v\f") + +_REPEATCODES = frozenset({MIN_REPEAT, MAX_REPEAT, POSSESSIVE_REPEAT}) +_UNITCODES = frozenset({ANY, RANGE, IN, LITERAL, NOT_LITERAL, CATEGORY}) + +ESCAPES = { + r"\a": (LITERAL, ord("\a")), + r"\b": (LITERAL, ord("\b")), + r"\f": (LITERAL, ord("\f")), + r"\n": (LITERAL, ord("\n")), + r"\r": (LITERAL, ord("\r")), + r"\t": (LITERAL, ord("\t")), + r"\v": (LITERAL, ord("\v")), + r"\\": (LITERAL, ord("\\")) +} + +CATEGORIES = { + r"\A": (AT, AT_BEGINNING_STRING), # start of string + r"\b": (AT, AT_BOUNDARY), + r"\B": (AT, AT_NON_BOUNDARY), + r"\d": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_DIGIT)]), + r"\D": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_NOT_DIGIT)]), + r"\s": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_SPACE)]), + r"\S": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_NOT_SPACE)]), + r"\w": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_WORD)]), + r"\W": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_NOT_WORD)]), + r"\Z": (AT, AT_END_STRING), # end of string +} + +FLAGS = { + # standard flags + "i": SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE, + "L": SRE_FLAG_LOCALE, + "m": SRE_FLAG_MULTILINE, + "s": SRE_FLAG_DOTALL, + "x": SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE, + # extensions + "a": SRE_FLAG_ASCII, + "t": SRE_FLAG_TEMPLATE, + "u": SRE_FLAG_UNICODE, +} + +TYPE_FLAGS = SRE_FLAG_ASCII | SRE_FLAG_LOCALE | SRE_FLAG_UNICODE +GLOBAL_FLAGS = SRE_FLAG_DEBUG | SRE_FLAG_TEMPLATE + +# Maximal value returned by SubPattern.getwidth(). +# Must be larger than MAXREPEAT, MAXCODE and sys.maxsize. +MAXWIDTH = 1 << 64 + +class State: + # keeps track of state for parsing + def __init__(self): + self.flags = 0 + self.groupdict = {} + self.groupwidths = [None] # group 0 + self.lookbehindgroups = None + self.grouprefpos = {} + @property + def groups(self): + return len(self.groupwidths) + def opengroup(self, name=None): + gid = self.groups + self.groupwidths.append(None) + if self.groups > MAXGROUPS: + raise error("too many groups") + if name is not None: + ogid = self.groupdict.get(name, None) + if ogid is not None: + raise error("redefinition of group name %r as group %d; " + "was group %d" % (name, gid, ogid)) + self.groupdict[name] = gid + return gid + def closegroup(self, gid, p): + self.groupwidths[gid] = p.getwidth() + def checkgroup(self, gid): + return gid < self.groups and self.groupwidths[gid] is not None + + def checklookbehindgroup(self, gid, source): + if self.lookbehindgroups is not None: + if not self.checkgroup(gid): + raise source.error('cannot refer to an open group') + if gid >= self.lookbehindgroups: + raise source.error('cannot refer to group defined in the same ' + 'lookbehind subpattern') + +class SubPattern: + # a subpattern, in intermediate form + def __init__(self, state, data=None): + self.state = state + if data is None: + data = [] + self.data = data + self.width = None + + def dump(self, level=0): + seqtypes = (tuple, list) + for op, av in self.data: + print(level*" " + str(op), end='') + if op is IN: + # member sublanguage + print() + for op, a in av: + print((level+1)*" " + str(op), a) + elif op is BRANCH: + print() + for i, a in enumerate(av[1]): + if i: + print(level*" " + "OR") + a.dump(level+1) + elif op is GROUPREF_EXISTS: + condgroup, item_yes, item_no = av + print('', condgroup) + item_yes.dump(level+1) + if item_no: + print(level*" " + "ELSE") + item_no.dump(level+1) + elif isinstance(av, SubPattern): + print() + av.dump(level+1) + elif isinstance(av, seqtypes): + nl = False + for a in av: + if isinstance(a, SubPattern): + if not nl: + print() + a.dump(level+1) + nl = True + else: + if not nl: + print(' ', end='') + print(a, end='') + nl = False + if not nl: + print() + else: + print('', av) + def __repr__(self): + return repr(self.data) + def __len__(self): + return len(self.data) + def __delitem__(self, index): + del self.data[index] + def __getitem__(self, index): + if isinstance(index, slice): + return SubPattern(self.state, self.data[index]) + return self.data[index] + def __setitem__(self, index, code): + self.data[index] = code + def insert(self, index, code): + self.data.insert(index, code) + def append(self, code): + self.data.append(code) + def getwidth(self): + # determine the width (min, max) for this subpattern + if self.width is not None: + return self.width + lo = hi = 0 + for op, av in self.data: + if op is BRANCH: + i = MAXWIDTH + j = 0 + for av in av[1]: + l, h = av.getwidth() + i = min(i, l) + j = max(j, h) + lo = lo + i + hi = hi + j + elif op is ATOMIC_GROUP: + i, j = av.getwidth() + lo = lo + i + hi = hi + j + elif op is SUBPATTERN: + i, j = av[-1].getwidth() + lo = lo + i + hi = hi + j + elif op in _REPEATCODES: + i, j = av[2].getwidth() + lo = lo + i * av[0] + if av[1] == MAXREPEAT and j: + hi = MAXWIDTH + else: + hi = hi + j * av[1] + elif op in _UNITCODES: + lo = lo + 1 + hi = hi + 1 + elif op is GROUPREF: + i, j = self.state.groupwidths[av] + lo = lo + i + hi = hi + j + elif op is GROUPREF_EXISTS: + i, j = av[1].getwidth() + if av[2] is not None: + l, h = av[2].getwidth() + i = min(i, l) + j = max(j, h) + else: + i = 0 + lo = lo + i + hi = hi + j + elif op is SUCCESS: + break + self.width = min(lo, MAXWIDTH), min(hi, MAXWIDTH) + return self.width + +class Tokenizer: + def __init__(self, string): + self.istext = isinstance(string, str) + self.string = string + if not self.istext: + string = str(string, 'latin1') + self.decoded_string = string + self.index = 0 + self.next = None + self.__next() + def __next(self): + index = self.index + try: + char = self.decoded_string[index] + except IndexError: + self.next = None + return + if char == "\\": + index += 1 + try: + char += self.decoded_string[index] + except IndexError: + raise error("bad escape (end of pattern)", + self.string, len(self.string) - 1) from None + self.index = index + 1 + self.next = char + def match(self, char): + if char == self.next: + self.__next() + return True + return False + def get(self): + this = self.next + self.__next() + return this + def getwhile(self, n, charset): + result = '' + for _ in range(n): + c = self.next + if c not in charset: + break + result += c + self.__next() + return result + def getuntil(self, terminator, name): + result = '' + while True: + c = self.next + self.__next() + if c is None: + if not result: + raise self.error("missing " + name) + raise self.error("missing %s, unterminated name" % terminator, + len(result)) + if c == terminator: + if not result: + raise self.error("missing " + name, 1) + break + result += c + return result + @property + def pos(self): + return self.index - len(self.next or '') + def tell(self): + return self.index - len(self.next or '') + def seek(self, index): + self.index = index + self.__next() + + def error(self, msg, offset=0): + if not self.istext: + msg = msg.encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace').decode('ascii') + return error(msg, self.string, self.tell() - offset) + + def checkgroupname(self, name, offset, nested): + if not name.isidentifier(): + msg = "bad character in group name %r" % name + raise self.error(msg, len(name) + offset) + if not (self.istext or name.isascii()): + import warnings + warnings.warn( + "bad character in group name %a at position %d" % + (name, self.tell() - len(name) - offset), + DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=nested + 7 + ) + +def _class_escape(source, escape): + # handle escape code inside character class + code = ESCAPES.get(escape) + if code: + return code + code = CATEGORIES.get(escape) + if code and code[0] is IN: + return code + try: + c = escape[1:2] + if c == "x": + # hexadecimal escape (exactly two digits) + escape += source.getwhile(2, HEXDIGITS) + if len(escape) != 4: + raise source.error("incomplete escape %s" % escape, len(escape)) + return LITERAL, int(escape[2:], 16) + elif c == "u" and source.istext: + # unicode escape (exactly four digits) + escape += source.getwhile(4, HEXDIGITS) + if len(escape) != 6: + raise source.error("incomplete escape %s" % escape, len(escape)) + return LITERAL, int(escape[2:], 16) + elif c == "U" and source.istext: + # unicode escape (exactly eight digits) + escape += source.getwhile(8, HEXDIGITS) + if len(escape) != 10: + raise source.error("incomplete escape %s" % escape, len(escape)) + c = int(escape[2:], 16) + chr(c) # raise ValueError for invalid code + return LITERAL, c + elif c == "N" and source.istext: + import unicodedata + # named unicode escape e.g. \N{EM DASH} + if not source.match('{'): + raise source.error("missing {") + charname = source.getuntil('}', 'character name') + try: + c = ord(unicodedata.lookup(charname)) + except (KeyError, TypeError): + raise source.error("undefined character name %r" % charname, + len(charname) + len(r'\N{}')) from None + return LITERAL, c + elif c in OCTDIGITS: + # octal escape (up to three digits) + escape += source.getwhile(2, OCTDIGITS) + c = int(escape[1:], 8) + if c > 0o377: + raise source.error('octal escape value %s outside of ' + 'range 0-0o377' % escape, len(escape)) + return LITERAL, c + elif c in DIGITS: + raise ValueError + if len(escape) == 2: + if c in ASCIILETTERS: + raise source.error('bad escape %s' % escape, len(escape)) + return LITERAL, ord(escape[1]) + except ValueError: + pass + raise source.error("bad escape %s" % escape, len(escape)) + +def _escape(source, escape, state): + # handle escape code in expression + code = CATEGORIES.get(escape) + if code: + return code + code = ESCAPES.get(escape) + if code: + return code + try: + c = escape[1:2] + if c == "x": + # hexadecimal escape + escape += source.getwhile(2, HEXDIGITS) + if len(escape) != 4: + raise source.error("incomplete escape %s" % escape, len(escape)) + return LITERAL, int(escape[2:], 16) + elif c == "u" and source.istext: + # unicode escape (exactly four digits) + escape += source.getwhile(4, HEXDIGITS) + if len(escape) != 6: + raise source.error("incomplete escape %s" % escape, len(escape)) + return LITERAL, int(escape[2:], 16) + elif c == "U" and source.istext: + # unicode escape (exactly eight digits) + escape += source.getwhile(8, HEXDIGITS) + if len(escape) != 10: + raise source.error("incomplete escape %s" % escape, len(escape)) + c = int(escape[2:], 16) + chr(c) # raise ValueError for invalid code + return LITERAL, c + elif c == "N" and source.istext: + import unicodedata + # named unicode escape e.g. \N{EM DASH} + if not source.match('{'): + raise source.error("missing {") + charname = source.getuntil('}', 'character name') + try: + c = ord(unicodedata.lookup(charname)) + except (KeyError, TypeError): + raise source.error("undefined character name %r" % charname, + len(charname) + len(r'\N{}')) from None + return LITERAL, c + elif c == "0": + # octal escape + escape += source.getwhile(2, OCTDIGITS) + return LITERAL, int(escape[1:], 8) + elif c in DIGITS: + # octal escape *or* decimal group reference (sigh) + if source.next in DIGITS: + escape += source.get() + if (escape[1] in OCTDIGITS and escape[2] in OCTDIGITS and + source.next in OCTDIGITS): + # got three octal digits; this is an octal escape + escape += source.get() + c = int(escape[1:], 8) + if c > 0o377: + raise source.error('octal escape value %s outside of ' + 'range 0-0o377' % escape, + len(escape)) + return LITERAL, c + # not an octal escape, so this is a group reference + group = int(escape[1:]) + if group < state.groups: + if not state.checkgroup(group): + raise source.error("cannot refer to an open group", + len(escape)) + state.checklookbehindgroup(group, source) + return GROUPREF, group + raise source.error("invalid group reference %d" % group, len(escape) - 1) + if len(escape) == 2: + if c in ASCIILETTERS: + raise source.error("bad escape %s" % escape, len(escape)) + return LITERAL, ord(escape[1]) + except ValueError: + pass + raise source.error("bad escape %s" % escape, len(escape)) + +def _uniq(items): + return list(dict.fromkeys(items)) + +def _parse_sub(source, state, verbose, nested): + # parse an alternation: a|b|c + + items = [] + itemsappend = items.append + sourcematch = source.match + start = source.tell() + while True: + itemsappend(_parse(source, state, verbose, nested + 1, + not nested and not items)) + if not sourcematch("|"): + break + if not nested: + verbose = state.flags & SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE + + if len(items) == 1: + return items[0] + + subpattern = SubPattern(state) + + # check if all items share a common prefix + while True: + prefix = None + for item in items: + if not item: + break + if prefix is None: + prefix = item[0] + elif item[0] != prefix: + break + else: + # all subitems start with a common "prefix". + # move it out of the branch + for item in items: + del item[0] + subpattern.append(prefix) + continue # check next one + break + + # check if the branch can be replaced by a character set + set = [] + for item in items: + if len(item) != 1: + break + op, av = item[0] + if op is LITERAL: + set.append((op, av)) + elif op is IN and av[0][0] is not NEGATE: + set.extend(av) + else: + break + else: + # we can store this as a character set instead of a + # branch (the compiler may optimize this even more) + subpattern.append((IN, _uniq(set))) + return subpattern + + subpattern.append((BRANCH, (None, items))) + return subpattern + +def _parse(source, state, verbose, nested, first=False): + # parse a simple pattern + subpattern = SubPattern(state) + + # precompute constants into local variables + subpatternappend = subpattern.append + sourceget = source.get + sourcematch = source.match + _len = len + _ord = ord + + while True: + + this = source.next + if this is None: + break # end of pattern + if this in "|)": + break # end of subpattern + sourceget() + + if verbose: + # skip whitespace and comments + if this in WHITESPACE: + continue + if this == "#": + while True: + this = sourceget() + if this is None or this == "\n": + break + continue + + if this[0] == "\\": + code = _escape(source, this, state) + subpatternappend(code) + + elif this not in SPECIAL_CHARS: + subpatternappend((LITERAL, _ord(this))) + + elif this == "[": + here = source.tell() - 1 + # character set + set = [] + setappend = set.append +## if sourcematch(":"): +## pass # handle character classes + if source.next == '[': + import warnings + warnings.warn( + 'Possible nested set at position %d' % source.tell(), + FutureWarning, stacklevel=nested + 6 + ) + negate = sourcematch("^") + # check remaining characters + while True: + this = sourceget() + if this is None: + raise source.error("unterminated character set", + source.tell() - here) + if this == "]" and set: + break + elif this[0] == "\\": + code1 = _class_escape(source, this) + else: + if set and this in '-&~|' and source.next == this: + import warnings + warnings.warn( + 'Possible set %s at position %d' % ( + 'difference' if this == '-' else + 'intersection' if this == '&' else + 'symmetric difference' if this == '~' else + 'union', + source.tell() - 1), + FutureWarning, stacklevel=nested + 6 + ) + code1 = LITERAL, _ord(this) + if sourcematch("-"): + # potential range + that = sourceget() + if that is None: + raise source.error("unterminated character set", + source.tell() - here) + if that == "]": + if code1[0] is IN: + code1 = code1[1][0] + setappend(code1) + setappend((LITERAL, _ord("-"))) + break + if that[0] == "\\": + code2 = _class_escape(source, that) + else: + if that == '-': + import warnings + warnings.warn( + 'Possible set difference at position %d' % ( + source.tell() - 2), + FutureWarning, stacklevel=nested + 6 + ) + code2 = LITERAL, _ord(that) + if code1[0] != LITERAL or code2[0] != LITERAL: + msg = "bad character range %s-%s" % (this, that) + raise source.error(msg, len(this) + 1 + len(that)) + lo = code1[1] + hi = code2[1] + if hi < lo: + msg = "bad character range %s-%s" % (this, that) + raise source.error(msg, len(this) + 1 + len(that)) + setappend((RANGE, (lo, hi))) + else: + if code1[0] is IN: + code1 = code1[1][0] + setappend(code1) + + set = _uniq(set) + # XXX: should move set optimization to compiler! + if _len(set) == 1 and set[0][0] is LITERAL: + # optimization + if negate: + subpatternappend((NOT_LITERAL, set[0][1])) + else: + subpatternappend(set[0]) + else: + if negate: + set.insert(0, (NEGATE, None)) + # charmap optimization can't be added here because + # global flags still are not known + subpatternappend((IN, set)) + + elif this in REPEAT_CHARS: + # repeat previous item + here = source.tell() + if this == "?": + min, max = 0, 1 + elif this == "*": + min, max = 0, MAXREPEAT + + elif this == "+": + min, max = 1, MAXREPEAT + elif this == "{": + if source.next == "}": + subpatternappend((LITERAL, _ord(this))) + continue + + min, max = 0, MAXREPEAT + lo = hi = "" + while source.next in DIGITS: + lo += sourceget() + if sourcematch(","): + while source.next in DIGITS: + hi += sourceget() + else: + hi = lo + if not sourcematch("}"): + subpatternappend((LITERAL, _ord(this))) + source.seek(here) + continue + + if lo: + min = int(lo) + if min >= MAXREPEAT: + raise OverflowError("the repetition number is too large") + if hi: + max = int(hi) + if max >= MAXREPEAT: + raise OverflowError("the repetition number is too large") + if max < min: + raise source.error("min repeat greater than max repeat", + source.tell() - here) + else: + raise AssertionError("unsupported quantifier %r" % (char,)) + # figure out which item to repeat + if subpattern: + item = subpattern[-1:] + else: + item = None + if not item or item[0][0] is AT: + raise source.error("nothing to repeat", + source.tell() - here + len(this)) + if item[0][0] in _REPEATCODES: + raise source.error("multiple repeat", + source.tell() - here + len(this)) + if item[0][0] is SUBPATTERN: + group, add_flags, del_flags, p = item[0][1] + if group is None and not add_flags and not del_flags: + item = p + if sourcematch("?"): + # Non-Greedy Match + subpattern[-1] = (MIN_REPEAT, (min, max, item)) + elif sourcematch("+"): + # Possessive Match (Always Greedy) + subpattern[-1] = (POSSESSIVE_REPEAT, (min, max, item)) + else: + # Greedy Match + subpattern[-1] = (MAX_REPEAT, (min, max, item)) + + elif this == ".": + subpatternappend((ANY, None)) + + elif this == "(": + start = source.tell() - 1 + capture = True + atomic = False + name = None + add_flags = 0 + del_flags = 0 + if sourcematch("?"): + # options + char = sourceget() + if char is None: + raise source.error("unexpected end of pattern") + if char == "P": + # python extensions + if sourcematch("<"): + # named group: skip forward to end of name + name = source.getuntil(">", "group name") + source.checkgroupname(name, 1, nested) + elif sourcematch("="): + # named backreference + name = source.getuntil(")", "group name") + source.checkgroupname(name, 1, nested) + gid = state.groupdict.get(name) + if gid is None: + msg = "unknown group name %r" % name + raise source.error(msg, len(name) + 1) + if not state.checkgroup(gid): + raise source.error("cannot refer to an open group", + len(name) + 1) + state.checklookbehindgroup(gid, source) + subpatternappend((GROUPREF, gid)) + continue + + else: + char = sourceget() + if char is None: + raise source.error("unexpected end of pattern") + raise source.error("unknown extension ?P" + char, + len(char) + 2) + elif char == ":": + # non-capturing group + capture = False + elif char == "#": + # comment + while True: + if source.next is None: + raise source.error("missing ), unterminated comment", + source.tell() - start) + if sourceget() == ")": + break + continue + + elif char in "=!<": + # lookahead assertions + dir = 1 + if char == "<": + char = sourceget() + if char is None: + raise source.error("unexpected end of pattern") + if char not in "=!": + raise source.error("unknown extension ?<" + char, + len(char) + 2) + dir = -1 # lookbehind + lookbehindgroups = state.lookbehindgroups + if lookbehindgroups is None: + state.lookbehindgroups = state.groups + p = _parse_sub(source, state, verbose, nested + 1) + if dir < 0: + if lookbehindgroups is None: + state.lookbehindgroups = None + if not sourcematch(")"): + raise source.error("missing ), unterminated subpattern", + source.tell() - start) + if char == "=": + subpatternappend((ASSERT, (dir, p))) + else: + subpatternappend((ASSERT_NOT, (dir, p))) + continue + + elif char == "(": + # conditional backreference group + condname = source.getuntil(")", "group name") + if condname.isidentifier(): + source.checkgroupname(condname, 1, nested) + condgroup = state.groupdict.get(condname) + if condgroup is None: + msg = "unknown group name %r" % condname + raise source.error(msg, len(condname) + 1) + else: + try: + condgroup = int(condname) + if condgroup < 0: + raise ValueError + except ValueError: + msg = "bad character in group name %r" % condname + raise source.error(msg, len(condname) + 1) from None + if not condgroup: + raise source.error("bad group number", + len(condname) + 1) + if condgroup >= MAXGROUPS: + msg = "invalid group reference %d" % condgroup + raise source.error(msg, len(condname) + 1) + if condgroup not in state.grouprefpos: + state.grouprefpos[condgroup] = ( + source.tell() - len(condname) - 1 + ) + if not (condname.isdecimal() and condname.isascii()): + import warnings + warnings.warn( + "bad character in group name %s at position %d" % + (repr(condname) if source.istext else ascii(condname), + source.tell() - len(condname) - 1), + DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=nested + 6 + ) + state.checklookbehindgroup(condgroup, source) + item_yes = _parse(source, state, verbose, nested + 1) + if source.match("|"): + item_no = _parse(source, state, verbose, nested + 1) + if source.next == "|": + raise source.error("conditional backref with more than two branches") + else: + item_no = None + if not source.match(")"): + raise source.error("missing ), unterminated subpattern", + source.tell() - start) + subpatternappend((GROUPREF_EXISTS, (condgroup, item_yes, item_no))) + continue + + elif char == ">": + # non-capturing, atomic group + capture = False + atomic = True + elif char in FLAGS or char == "-": + # flags + flags = _parse_flags(source, state, char) + if flags is None: # global flags + if not first or subpattern: + raise source.error('global flags not at the start ' + 'of the expression', + source.tell() - start) + verbose = state.flags & SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE + continue + + add_flags, del_flags = flags + capture = False + else: + raise source.error("unknown extension ?" + char, + len(char) + 1) + + # parse group contents + if capture: + try: + group = state.opengroup(name) + except error as err: + raise source.error(err.msg, len(name) + 1) from None + else: + group = None + sub_verbose = ((verbose or (add_flags & SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE)) and + not (del_flags & SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE)) + p = _parse_sub(source, state, sub_verbose, nested + 1) + if not source.match(")"): + raise source.error("missing ), unterminated subpattern", + source.tell() - start) + if group is not None: + state.closegroup(group, p) + if atomic: + assert group is None + subpatternappend((ATOMIC_GROUP, p)) + else: + subpatternappend((SUBPATTERN, (group, add_flags, del_flags, p))) + + elif this == "^": + subpatternappend((AT, AT_BEGINNING)) + + elif this == "$": + subpatternappend((AT, AT_END)) + + else: + raise AssertionError("unsupported special character %r" % (char,)) + + # unpack non-capturing groups + for i in range(len(subpattern))[::-1]: + op, av = subpattern[i] + if op is SUBPATTERN: + group, add_flags, del_flags, p = av + if group is None and not add_flags and not del_flags: + subpattern[i: i+1] = p + + return subpattern + +def _parse_flags(source, state, char): + sourceget = source.get + add_flags = 0 + del_flags = 0 + if char != "-": + while True: + flag = FLAGS[char] + if source.istext: + if char == 'L': + msg = "bad inline flags: cannot use 'L' flag with a str pattern" + raise source.error(msg) + else: + if char == 'u': + msg = "bad inline flags: cannot use 'u' flag with a bytes pattern" + raise source.error(msg) + add_flags |= flag + if (flag & TYPE_FLAGS) and (add_flags & TYPE_FLAGS) != flag: + msg = "bad inline flags: flags 'a', 'u' and 'L' are incompatible" + raise source.error(msg) + char = sourceget() + if char is None: + raise source.error("missing -, : or )") + if char in ")-:": + break + if char not in FLAGS: + msg = "unknown flag" if char.isalpha() else "missing -, : or )" + raise source.error(msg, len(char)) + if char == ")": + state.flags |= add_flags + return None + if add_flags & GLOBAL_FLAGS: + raise source.error("bad inline flags: cannot turn on global flag", 1) + if char == "-": + char = sourceget() + if char is None: + raise source.error("missing flag") + if char not in FLAGS: + msg = "unknown flag" if char.isalpha() else "missing flag" + raise source.error(msg, len(char)) + while True: + flag = FLAGS[char] + if flag & TYPE_FLAGS: + msg = "bad inline flags: cannot turn off flags 'a', 'u' and 'L'" + raise source.error(msg) + del_flags |= flag + char = sourceget() + if char is None: + raise source.error("missing :") + if char == ":": + break + if char not in FLAGS: + msg = "unknown flag" if char.isalpha() else "missing :" + raise source.error(msg, len(char)) + assert char == ":" + if del_flags & GLOBAL_FLAGS: + raise source.error("bad inline flags: cannot turn off global flag", 1) + if add_flags & del_flags: + raise source.error("bad inline flags: flag turned on and off", 1) + return add_flags, del_flags + +def fix_flags(src, flags): + # Check and fix flags according to the type of pattern (str or bytes) + if isinstance(src, str): + if flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE: + raise ValueError("cannot use LOCALE flag with a str pattern") + if not flags & SRE_FLAG_ASCII: + flags |= SRE_FLAG_UNICODE + elif flags & SRE_FLAG_UNICODE: + raise ValueError("ASCII and UNICODE flags are incompatible") + else: + if flags & SRE_FLAG_UNICODE: + raise ValueError("cannot use UNICODE flag with a bytes pattern") + if flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE and flags & SRE_FLAG_ASCII: + raise ValueError("ASCII and LOCALE flags are incompatible") + return flags + +def parse(str, flags=0, state=None): + # parse 're' pattern into list of (opcode, argument) tuples + + source = Tokenizer(str) + + if state is None: + state = State() + state.flags = flags + state.str = str + + p = _parse_sub(source, state, flags & SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE, 0) + p.state.flags = fix_flags(str, p.state.flags) + + if source.next is not None: + assert source.next == ")" + raise source.error("unbalanced parenthesis") + + for g in p.state.grouprefpos: + if g >= p.state.groups: + msg = "invalid group reference %d" % g + raise error(msg, str, p.state.grouprefpos[g]) + + if flags & SRE_FLAG_DEBUG: + p.dump() + + return p + +def parse_template(source, state): + # parse 're' replacement string into list of literals and + # group references + s = Tokenizer(source) + sget = s.get + groups = [] + literals = [] + literal = [] + lappend = literal.append + def addgroup(index, pos): + if index > state.groups: + raise s.error("invalid group reference %d" % index, pos) + if literal: + literals.append(''.join(literal)) + del literal[:] + groups.append((len(literals), index)) + literals.append(None) + groupindex = state.groupindex + while True: + this = sget() + if this is None: + break # end of replacement string + if this[0] == "\\": + # group + c = this[1] + if c == "g": + if not s.match("<"): + raise s.error("missing <") + name = s.getuntil(">", "group name") + if name.isidentifier(): + s.checkgroupname(name, 1, -1) + try: + index = groupindex[name] + except KeyError: + raise IndexError("unknown group name %r" % name) from None + else: + try: + index = int(name) + if index < 0: + raise ValueError + except ValueError: + raise s.error("bad character in group name %r" % name, + len(name) + 1) from None + if index >= MAXGROUPS: + raise s.error("invalid group reference %d" % index, + len(name) + 1) + if not (name.isdecimal() and name.isascii()): + import warnings + warnings.warn( + "bad character in group name %s at position %d" % + (repr(name) if s.istext else ascii(name), + s.tell() - len(name) - 1), + DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=5 + ) + addgroup(index, len(name) + 1) + elif c == "0": + if s.next in OCTDIGITS: + this += sget() + if s.next in OCTDIGITS: + this += sget() + lappend(chr(int(this[1:], 8) & 0xff)) + elif c in DIGITS: + isoctal = False + if s.next in DIGITS: + this += sget() + if (c in OCTDIGITS and this[2] in OCTDIGITS and + s.next in OCTDIGITS): + this += sget() + isoctal = True + c = int(this[1:], 8) + if c > 0o377: + raise s.error('octal escape value %s outside of ' + 'range 0-0o377' % this, len(this)) + lappend(chr(c)) + if not isoctal: + addgroup(int(this[1:]), len(this) - 1) + else: + try: + this = chr(ESCAPES[this][1]) + except KeyError: + if c in ASCIILETTERS: + raise s.error('bad escape %s' % this, len(this)) from None + lappend(this) + else: + lappend(this) + if literal: + literals.append(''.join(literal)) + if not isinstance(source, str): + # The tokenizer implicitly decodes bytes objects as latin-1, we must + # therefore re-encode the final representation. + literals = [None if s is None else s.encode('latin-1') for s in literals] + return groups, literals + +def expand_template(template, match): + g = match.group + empty = match.string[:0] + groups, literals = template + literals = literals[:] + try: + for index, group in groups: + literals[index] = g(group) or empty + except IndexError: + raise error("invalid group reference %d" % index) from None + return empty.join(literals) diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__init__.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..254f63f7dd6561768969b1ee03bfbaf2d6a2b6f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,4668 @@ +"""Wrapper functions for Tcl/Tk. + +Tkinter provides classes which allow the display, positioning and +control of widgets. Toplevel widgets are Tk and Toplevel. Other +widgets are Frame, Label, Entry, Text, Canvas, Button, Radiobutton, +Checkbutton, Scale, Listbox, Scrollbar, OptionMenu, Spinbox +LabelFrame and PanedWindow. + +Properties of the widgets are specified with keyword arguments. +Keyword arguments have the same name as the corresponding resource +under Tk. + +Widgets are positioned with one of the geometry managers Place, Pack +or Grid. These managers can be called with methods place, pack, grid +available in every Widget. + +Actions are bound to events by resources (e.g. keyword argument +command) or with the method bind. + +Example (Hello, World): +import tkinter +from tkinter.constants import * +tk = tkinter.Tk() +frame = tkinter.Frame(tk, relief=RIDGE, borderwidth=2) +frame.pack(fill=BOTH,expand=1) +label = tkinter.Label(frame, text="Hello, World") +label.pack(fill=X, expand=1) +button = tkinter.Button(frame,text="Exit",command=tk.destroy) +button.pack(side=BOTTOM) +tk.mainloop() +""" + +import collections +import enum +import sys +import types + +import _tkinter # If this fails your Python may not be configured for Tk +TclError = _tkinter.TclError +from tkinter.constants import * +import re + +wantobjects = 1 + +TkVersion = float(_tkinter.TK_VERSION) +TclVersion = float(_tkinter.TCL_VERSION) + +READABLE = _tkinter.READABLE +WRITABLE = _tkinter.WRITABLE +EXCEPTION = _tkinter.EXCEPTION + + +_magic_re = re.compile(r'([\\{}])') +_space_re = re.compile(r'([\s])', re.ASCII) + + +def _join(value): + """Internal function.""" + return ' '.join(map(_stringify, value)) + + +def _stringify(value): + """Internal function.""" + if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)): + if len(value) == 1: + value = _stringify(value[0]) + if _magic_re.search(value): + value = '{%s}' % value + else: + value = '{%s}' % _join(value) + else: + value = str(value) + if not value: + value = '{}' + elif _magic_re.search(value): + # add '\' before special characters and spaces + value = _magic_re.sub(r'\\\1', value) + value = value.replace('\n', r'\n') + value = _space_re.sub(r'\\\1', value) + if value[0] == '"': + value = '\\' + value + elif value[0] == '"' or _space_re.search(value): + value = '{%s}' % value + return value + + +def _flatten(seq): + """Internal function.""" + res = () + for item in seq: + if isinstance(item, (tuple, list)): + res = res + _flatten(item) + elif item is not None: + res = res + (item,) + return res + + +try: _flatten = _tkinter._flatten +except AttributeError: pass + + +def _cnfmerge(cnfs): + """Internal function.""" + if isinstance(cnfs, dict): + return cnfs + elif isinstance(cnfs, (type(None), str)): + return cnfs + else: + cnf = {} + for c in _flatten(cnfs): + try: + cnf.update(c) + except (AttributeError, TypeError) as msg: + print("_cnfmerge: fallback due to:", msg) + for k, v in c.items(): + cnf[k] = v + return cnf + + +try: _cnfmerge = _tkinter._cnfmerge +except AttributeError: pass + + +def _splitdict(tk, v, cut_minus=True, conv=None): + """Return a properly formatted dict built from Tcl list pairs. + + If cut_minus is True, the supposed '-' prefix will be removed from + keys. If conv is specified, it is used to convert values. + + Tcl list is expected to contain an even number of elements. + """ + t = tk.splitlist(v) + if len(t) % 2: + raise RuntimeError('Tcl list representing a dict is expected ' + 'to contain an even number of elements') + it = iter(t) + dict = {} + for key, value in zip(it, it): + key = str(key) + if cut_minus and key[0] == '-': + key = key[1:] + if conv: + value = conv(value) + dict[key] = value + return dict + +class _VersionInfoType(collections.namedtuple('_VersionInfoType', + ('major', 'minor', 'micro', 'releaselevel', 'serial'))): + def __str__(self): + if self.releaselevel == 'final': + return f'{self.major}.{self.minor}.{self.micro}' + else: + return f'{self.major}.{self.minor}{self.releaselevel[0]}{self.serial}' + +def _parse_version(version): + import re + m = re.fullmatch(r'(\d+)\.(\d+)([ab.])(\d+)', version) + major, minor, releaselevel, serial = m.groups() + major, minor, serial = int(major), int(minor), int(serial) + if releaselevel == '.': + micro = serial + serial = 0 + releaselevel = 'final' + else: + micro = 0 + releaselevel = {'a': 'alpha', 'b': 'beta'}[releaselevel] + return _VersionInfoType(major, minor, micro, releaselevel, serial) + + +@enum._simple_enum(enum.StrEnum) +class EventType: + KeyPress = '2' + Key = KeyPress + KeyRelease = '3' + ButtonPress = '4' + Button = ButtonPress + ButtonRelease = '5' + Motion = '6' + Enter = '7' + Leave = '8' + FocusIn = '9' + FocusOut = '10' + Keymap = '11' # undocumented + Expose = '12' + GraphicsExpose = '13' # undocumented + NoExpose = '14' # undocumented + Visibility = '15' + Create = '16' + Destroy = '17' + Unmap = '18' + Map = '19' + MapRequest = '20' + Reparent = '21' + Configure = '22' + ConfigureRequest = '23' + Gravity = '24' + ResizeRequest = '25' + Circulate = '26' + CirculateRequest = '27' + Property = '28' + SelectionClear = '29' # undocumented + SelectionRequest = '30' # undocumented + Selection = '31' # undocumented + Colormap = '32' + ClientMessage = '33' # undocumented + Mapping = '34' # undocumented + VirtualEvent = '35' # undocumented + Activate = '36' + Deactivate = '37' + MouseWheel = '38' + + +class Event: + """Container for the properties of an event. + + Instances of this type are generated if one of the following events occurs: + + KeyPress, KeyRelease - for keyboard events + ButtonPress, ButtonRelease, Motion, Enter, Leave, MouseWheel - for mouse events + Visibility, Unmap, Map, Expose, FocusIn, FocusOut, Circulate, + Colormap, Gravity, Reparent, Property, Destroy, Activate, + Deactivate - for window events. + + If a callback function for one of these events is registered + using bind, bind_all, bind_class, or tag_bind, the callback is + called with an Event as first argument. It will have the + following attributes (in braces are the event types for which + the attribute is valid): + + serial - serial number of event + num - mouse button pressed (ButtonPress, ButtonRelease) + focus - whether the window has the focus (Enter, Leave) + height - height of the exposed window (Configure, Expose) + width - width of the exposed window (Configure, Expose) + keycode - keycode of the pressed key (KeyPress, KeyRelease) + state - state of the event as a number (ButtonPress, ButtonRelease, + Enter, KeyPress, KeyRelease, + Leave, Motion) + state - state as a string (Visibility) + time - when the event occurred + x - x-position of the mouse + y - y-position of the mouse + x_root - x-position of the mouse on the screen + (ButtonPress, ButtonRelease, KeyPress, KeyRelease, Motion) + y_root - y-position of the mouse on the screen + (ButtonPress, ButtonRelease, KeyPress, KeyRelease, Motion) + char - pressed character (KeyPress, KeyRelease) + send_event - see X/Windows documentation + keysym - keysym of the event as a string (KeyPress, KeyRelease) + keysym_num - keysym of the event as a number (KeyPress, KeyRelease) + type - type of the event as a number + widget - widget in which the event occurred + delta - delta of wheel movement (MouseWheel) + """ + + def __repr__(self): + attrs = {k: v for k, v in self.__dict__.items() if v != '??'} + if not self.char: + del attrs['char'] + elif self.char != '??': + attrs['char'] = repr(self.char) + if not getattr(self, 'send_event', True): + del attrs['send_event'] + if self.state == 0: + del attrs['state'] + elif isinstance(self.state, int): + state = self.state + mods = ('Shift', 'Lock', 'Control', + 'Mod1', 'Mod2', 'Mod3', 'Mod4', 'Mod5', + 'Button1', 'Button2', 'Button3', 'Button4', 'Button5') + s = [] + for i, n in enumerate(mods): + if state & (1 << i): + s.append(n) + state = state & ~((1<< len(mods)) - 1) + if state or not s: + s.append(hex(state)) + attrs['state'] = '|'.join(s) + if self.delta == 0: + del attrs['delta'] + # widget usually is known + # serial and time are not very interesting + # keysym_num duplicates keysym + # x_root and y_root mostly duplicate x and y + keys = ('send_event', + 'state', 'keysym', 'keycode', 'char', + 'num', 'delta', 'focus', + 'x', 'y', 'width', 'height') + return '<%s event%s>' % ( + getattr(self.type, 'name', self.type), + ''.join(' %s=%s' % (k, attrs[k]) for k in keys if k in attrs) + ) + + +_support_default_root = True +_default_root = None + + +def NoDefaultRoot(): + """Inhibit setting of default root window. + + Call this function to inhibit that the first instance of + Tk is used for windows without an explicit parent window. + """ + global _support_default_root, _default_root + _support_default_root = False + # Delete, so any use of _default_root will immediately raise an exception. + # Rebind before deletion, so repeated calls will not fail. + _default_root = None + del _default_root + + +def _get_default_root(what=None): + if not _support_default_root: + raise RuntimeError("No master specified and tkinter is " + "configured to not support default root") + if _default_root is None: + if what: + raise RuntimeError(f"Too early to {what}: no default root window") + root = Tk() + assert _default_root is root + return _default_root + + +def _get_temp_root(): + global _support_default_root + if not _support_default_root: + raise RuntimeError("No master specified and tkinter is " + "configured to not support default root") + root = _default_root + if root is None: + assert _support_default_root + _support_default_root = False + root = Tk() + _support_default_root = True + assert _default_root is None + root.withdraw() + root._temporary = True + return root + + +def _destroy_temp_root(master): + if getattr(master, '_temporary', False): + try: + master.destroy() + except TclError: + pass + + +def _tkerror(err): + """Internal function.""" + pass + + +def _exit(code=0): + """Internal function. Calling it will raise the exception SystemExit.""" + try: + code = int(code) + except ValueError: + pass + raise SystemExit(code) + + +_varnum = 0 + + +class Variable: + """Class to define value holders for e.g. buttons. + + Subclasses StringVar, IntVar, DoubleVar, BooleanVar are specializations + that constrain the type of the value returned from get().""" + _default = "" + _tk = None + _tclCommands = None + + def __init__(self, master=None, value=None, name=None): + """Construct a variable + + MASTER can be given as master widget. + VALUE is an optional value (defaults to "") + NAME is an optional Tcl name (defaults to PY_VARnum). + + If NAME matches an existing variable and VALUE is omitted + then the existing value is retained. + """ + # check for type of NAME parameter to override weird error message + # raised from Modules/_tkinter.c:SetVar like: + # TypeError: setvar() takes exactly 3 arguments (2 given) + if name is not None and not isinstance(name, str): + raise TypeError("name must be a string") + global _varnum + if master is None: + master = _get_default_root('create variable') + self._root = master._root() + self._tk = master.tk + if name: + self._name = name + else: + self._name = 'PY_VAR' + repr(_varnum) + _varnum += 1 + if value is not None: + self.initialize(value) + elif not self._tk.getboolean(self._tk.call("info", "exists", self._name)): + self.initialize(self._default) + + def __del__(self): + """Unset the variable in Tcl.""" + if self._tk is None: + return + if self._tk.getboolean(self._tk.call("info", "exists", self._name)): + self._tk.globalunsetvar(self._name) + if self._tclCommands is not None: + for name in self._tclCommands: + #print '- Tkinter: deleted command', name + self._tk.deletecommand(name) + self._tclCommands = None + + def __str__(self): + """Return the name of the variable in Tcl.""" + return self._name + + def set(self, value): + """Set the variable to VALUE.""" + return self._tk.globalsetvar(self._name, value) + + initialize = set + + def get(self): + """Return value of variable.""" + return self._tk.globalgetvar(self._name) + + def _register(self, callback): + f = CallWrapper(callback, None, self._root).__call__ + cbname = repr(id(f)) + try: + callback = callback.__func__ + except AttributeError: + pass + try: + cbname = cbname + callback.__name__ + except AttributeError: + pass + self._tk.createcommand(cbname, f) + if self._tclCommands is None: + self._tclCommands = [] + self._tclCommands.append(cbname) + return cbname + + def trace_add(self, mode, callback): + """Define a trace callback for the variable. + + Mode is one of "read", "write", "unset", or a list or tuple of + such strings. + Callback must be a function which is called when the variable is + read, written or unset. + + Return the name of the callback. + """ + cbname = self._register(callback) + self._tk.call('trace', 'add', 'variable', + self._name, mode, (cbname,)) + return cbname + + def trace_remove(self, mode, cbname): + """Delete the trace callback for a variable. + + Mode is one of "read", "write", "unset" or a list or tuple of + such strings. Must be same as were specified in trace_add(). + cbname is the name of the callback returned from trace_add(). + """ + self._tk.call('trace', 'remove', 'variable', + self._name, mode, cbname) + for m, ca in self.trace_info(): + if self._tk.splitlist(ca)[0] == cbname: + break + else: + self._tk.deletecommand(cbname) + try: + self._tclCommands.remove(cbname) + except ValueError: + pass + + def trace_info(self): + """Return all trace callback information.""" + splitlist = self._tk.splitlist + return [(splitlist(k), v) for k, v in map(splitlist, + splitlist(self._tk.call('trace', 'info', 'variable', self._name)))] + + def trace_variable(self, mode, callback): + """Define a trace callback for the variable. + + MODE is one of "r", "w", "u" for read, write, undefine. + CALLBACK must be a function which is called when + the variable is read, written or undefined. + + Return the name of the callback. + + This deprecated method wraps a deprecated Tcl method that will + likely be removed in the future. Use trace_add() instead. + """ + # TODO: Add deprecation warning + cbname = self._register(callback) + self._tk.call("trace", "variable", self._name, mode, cbname) + return cbname + + trace = trace_variable + + def trace_vdelete(self, mode, cbname): + """Delete the trace callback for a variable. + + MODE is one of "r", "w", "u" for read, write, undefine. + CBNAME is the name of the callback returned from trace_variable or trace. + + This deprecated method wraps a deprecated Tcl method that will + likely be removed in the future. Use trace_remove() instead. + """ + # TODO: Add deprecation warning + self._tk.call("trace", "vdelete", self._name, mode, cbname) + cbname = self._tk.splitlist(cbname)[0] + for m, ca in self.trace_info(): + if self._tk.splitlist(ca)[0] == cbname: + break + else: + self._tk.deletecommand(cbname) + try: + self._tclCommands.remove(cbname) + except ValueError: + pass + + def trace_vinfo(self): + """Return all trace callback information. + + This deprecated method wraps a deprecated Tcl method that will + likely be removed in the future. Use trace_info() instead. + """ + # TODO: Add deprecation warning + return [self._tk.splitlist(x) for x in self._tk.splitlist( + self._tk.call("trace", "vinfo", self._name))] + + def __eq__(self, other): + if not isinstance(other, Variable): + return NotImplemented + return (self._name == other._name + and self.__class__.__name__ == other.__class__.__name__ + and self._tk == other._tk) + + +class StringVar(Variable): + """Value holder for strings variables.""" + _default = "" + + def __init__(self, master=None, value=None, name=None): + """Construct a string variable. + + MASTER can be given as master widget. + VALUE is an optional value (defaults to "") + NAME is an optional Tcl name (defaults to PY_VARnum). + + If NAME matches an existing variable and VALUE is omitted + then the existing value is retained. + """ + Variable.__init__(self, master, value, name) + + def get(self): + """Return value of variable as string.""" + value = self._tk.globalgetvar(self._name) + if isinstance(value, str): + return value + return str(value) + + +class IntVar(Variable): + """Value holder for integer variables.""" + _default = 0 + + def __init__(self, master=None, value=None, name=None): + """Construct an integer variable. + + MASTER can be given as master widget. + VALUE is an optional value (defaults to 0) + NAME is an optional Tcl name (defaults to PY_VARnum). + + If NAME matches an existing variable and VALUE is omitted + then the existing value is retained. + """ + Variable.__init__(self, master, value, name) + + def get(self): + """Return the value of the variable as an integer.""" + value = self._tk.globalgetvar(self._name) + try: + return self._tk.getint(value) + except (TypeError, TclError): + return int(self._tk.getdouble(value)) + + +class DoubleVar(Variable): + """Value holder for float variables.""" + _default = 0.0 + + def __init__(self, master=None, value=None, name=None): + """Construct a float variable. + + MASTER can be given as master widget. + VALUE is an optional value (defaults to 0.0) + NAME is an optional Tcl name (defaults to PY_VARnum). + + If NAME matches an existing variable and VALUE is omitted + then the existing value is retained. + """ + Variable.__init__(self, master, value, name) + + def get(self): + """Return the value of the variable as a float.""" + return self._tk.getdouble(self._tk.globalgetvar(self._name)) + + +class BooleanVar(Variable): + """Value holder for boolean variables.""" + _default = False + + def __init__(self, master=None, value=None, name=None): + """Construct a boolean variable. + + MASTER can be given as master widget. + VALUE is an optional value (defaults to False) + NAME is an optional Tcl name (defaults to PY_VARnum). + + If NAME matches an existing variable and VALUE is omitted + then the existing value is retained. + """ + Variable.__init__(self, master, value, name) + + def set(self, value): + """Set the variable to VALUE.""" + return self._tk.globalsetvar(self._name, self._tk.getboolean(value)) + + initialize = set + + def get(self): + """Return the value of the variable as a bool.""" + try: + return self._tk.getboolean(self._tk.globalgetvar(self._name)) + except TclError: + raise ValueError("invalid literal for getboolean()") + + +def mainloop(n=0): + """Run the main loop of Tcl.""" + _get_default_root('run the main loop').tk.mainloop(n) + + +getint = int + +getdouble = float + + +def getboolean(s): + """Convert Tcl object to True or False.""" + try: + return _get_default_root('use getboolean()').tk.getboolean(s) + except TclError: + raise ValueError("invalid literal for getboolean()") + + +# Methods defined on both toplevel and interior widgets + +class Misc: + """Internal class. + + Base class which defines methods common for interior widgets.""" + + # used for generating child widget names + _last_child_ids = None + + # XXX font command? + _tclCommands = None + + def destroy(self): + """Internal function. + + Delete all Tcl commands created for + this widget in the Tcl interpreter.""" + if self._tclCommands is not None: + for name in self._tclCommands: + #print '- Tkinter: deleted command', name + self.tk.deletecommand(name) + self._tclCommands = None + + def deletecommand(self, name): + """Internal function. + + Delete the Tcl command provided in NAME.""" + #print '- Tkinter: deleted command', name + self.tk.deletecommand(name) + try: + self._tclCommands.remove(name) + except ValueError: + pass + + def tk_strictMotif(self, boolean=None): + """Set Tcl internal variable, whether the look and feel + should adhere to Motif. + + A parameter of 1 means adhere to Motif (e.g. no color + change if mouse passes over slider). + Returns the set value.""" + return self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call( + 'set', 'tk_strictMotif', boolean)) + + def tk_bisque(self): + """Change the color scheme to light brown as used in Tk 3.6 and before.""" + self.tk.call('tk_bisque') + + def tk_setPalette(self, *args, **kw): + """Set a new color scheme for all widget elements. + + A single color as argument will cause that all colors of Tk + widget elements are derived from this. + Alternatively several keyword parameters and its associated + colors can be given. The following keywords are valid: + activeBackground, foreground, selectColor, + activeForeground, highlightBackground, selectBackground, + background, highlightColor, selectForeground, + disabledForeground, insertBackground, troughColor.""" + self.tk.call(('tk_setPalette',) + + _flatten(args) + _flatten(list(kw.items()))) + + def wait_variable(self, name='PY_VAR'): + """Wait until the variable is modified. + + A parameter of type IntVar, StringVar, DoubleVar or + BooleanVar must be given.""" + self.tk.call('tkwait', 'variable', name) + waitvar = wait_variable # XXX b/w compat + + def wait_window(self, window=None): + """Wait until a WIDGET is destroyed. + + If no parameter is given self is used.""" + if window is None: + window = self + self.tk.call('tkwait', 'window', window._w) + + def wait_visibility(self, window=None): + """Wait until the visibility of a WIDGET changes + (e.g. it appears). + + If no parameter is given self is used.""" + if window is None: + window = self + self.tk.call('tkwait', 'visibility', window._w) + + def setvar(self, name='PY_VAR', value='1'): + """Set Tcl variable NAME to VALUE.""" + self.tk.setvar(name, value) + + def getvar(self, name='PY_VAR'): + """Return value of Tcl variable NAME.""" + return self.tk.getvar(name) + + def getint(self, s): + try: + return self.tk.getint(s) + except TclError as exc: + raise ValueError(str(exc)) + + def getdouble(self, s): + try: + return self.tk.getdouble(s) + except TclError as exc: + raise ValueError(str(exc)) + + def getboolean(self, s): + """Return a boolean value for Tcl boolean values true and false given as parameter.""" + try: + return self.tk.getboolean(s) + except TclError: + raise ValueError("invalid literal for getboolean()") + + def focus_set(self): + """Direct input focus to this widget. + + If the application currently does not have the focus + this widget will get the focus if the application gets + the focus through the window manager.""" + self.tk.call('focus', self._w) + focus = focus_set # XXX b/w compat? + + def focus_force(self): + """Direct input focus to this widget even if the + application does not have the focus. Use with + caution!""" + self.tk.call('focus', '-force', self._w) + + def focus_get(self): + """Return the widget which has currently the focus in the + application. + + Use focus_displayof to allow working with several + displays. Return None if application does not have + the focus.""" + name = self.tk.call('focus') + if name == 'none' or not name: return None + return self._nametowidget(name) + + def focus_displayof(self): + """Return the widget which has currently the focus on the + display where this widget is located. + + Return None if the application does not have the focus.""" + name = self.tk.call('focus', '-displayof', self._w) + if name == 'none' or not name: return None + return self._nametowidget(name) + + def focus_lastfor(self): + """Return the widget which would have the focus if top level + for this widget gets the focus from the window manager.""" + name = self.tk.call('focus', '-lastfor', self._w) + if name == 'none' or not name: return None + return self._nametowidget(name) + + def tk_focusFollowsMouse(self): + """The widget under mouse will get automatically focus. Can not + be disabled easily.""" + self.tk.call('tk_focusFollowsMouse') + + def tk_focusNext(self): + """Return the next widget in the focus order which follows + widget which has currently the focus. + + The focus order first goes to the next child, then to + the children of the child recursively and then to the + next sibling which is higher in the stacking order. A + widget is omitted if it has the takefocus resource set + to 0.""" + name = self.tk.call('tk_focusNext', self._w) + if not name: return None + return self._nametowidget(name) + + def tk_focusPrev(self): + """Return previous widget in the focus order. See tk_focusNext for details.""" + name = self.tk.call('tk_focusPrev', self._w) + if not name: return None + return self._nametowidget(name) + + def after(self, ms, func=None, *args): + """Call function once after given time. + + MS specifies the time in milliseconds. FUNC gives the + function which shall be called. Additional parameters + are given as parameters to the function call. Return + identifier to cancel scheduling with after_cancel.""" + if func is None: + # I'd rather use time.sleep(ms*0.001) + self.tk.call('after', ms) + return None + else: + def callit(): + try: + func(*args) + finally: + try: + self.deletecommand(name) + except TclError: + pass + try: + callit.__name__ = func.__name__ + except AttributeError: + # Required for callable classes (bpo-44404) + callit.__name__ = type(func).__name__ + name = self._register(callit) + return self.tk.call('after', ms, name) + + def after_idle(self, func, *args): + """Call FUNC once if the Tcl main loop has no event to + process. + + Return an identifier to cancel the scheduling with + after_cancel.""" + return self.after('idle', func, *args) + + def after_cancel(self, id): + """Cancel scheduling of function identified with ID. + + Identifier returned by after or after_idle must be + given as first parameter. + """ + if not id: + raise ValueError('id must be a valid identifier returned from ' + 'after or after_idle') + try: + data = self.tk.call('after', 'info', id) + script = self.tk.splitlist(data)[0] + self.deletecommand(script) + except TclError: + pass + self.tk.call('after', 'cancel', id) + + def bell(self, displayof=0): + """Ring a display's bell.""" + self.tk.call(('bell',) + self._displayof(displayof)) + + # Clipboard handling: + def clipboard_get(self, **kw): + """Retrieve data from the clipboard on window's display. + + The window keyword defaults to the root window of the Tkinter + application. + + The type keyword specifies the form in which the data is + to be returned and should be an atom name such as STRING + or FILE_NAME. Type defaults to STRING, except on X11, where the default + is to try UTF8_STRING and fall back to STRING. + + This command is equivalent to: + + selection_get(CLIPBOARD) + """ + if 'type' not in kw and self._windowingsystem == 'x11': + try: + kw['type'] = 'UTF8_STRING' + return self.tk.call(('clipboard', 'get') + self._options(kw)) + except TclError: + del kw['type'] + return self.tk.call(('clipboard', 'get') + self._options(kw)) + + def clipboard_clear(self, **kw): + """Clear the data in the Tk clipboard. + + A widget specified for the optional displayof keyword + argument specifies the target display.""" + if 'displayof' not in kw: kw['displayof'] = self._w + self.tk.call(('clipboard', 'clear') + self._options(kw)) + + def clipboard_append(self, string, **kw): + """Append STRING to the Tk clipboard. + + A widget specified at the optional displayof keyword + argument specifies the target display. The clipboard + can be retrieved with selection_get.""" + if 'displayof' not in kw: kw['displayof'] = self._w + self.tk.call(('clipboard', 'append') + self._options(kw) + + ('--', string)) + # XXX grab current w/o window argument + + def grab_current(self): + """Return widget which has currently the grab in this application + or None.""" + name = self.tk.call('grab', 'current', self._w) + if not name: return None + return self._nametowidget(name) + + def grab_release(self): + """Release grab for this widget if currently set.""" + self.tk.call('grab', 'release', self._w) + + def grab_set(self): + """Set grab for this widget. + + A grab directs all events to this and descendant + widgets in the application.""" + self.tk.call('grab', 'set', self._w) + + def grab_set_global(self): + """Set global grab for this widget. + + A global grab directs all events to this and + descendant widgets on the display. Use with caution - + other applications do not get events anymore.""" + self.tk.call('grab', 'set', '-global', self._w) + + def grab_status(self): + """Return None, "local" or "global" if this widget has + no, a local or a global grab.""" + status = self.tk.call('grab', 'status', self._w) + if status == 'none': status = None + return status + + def option_add(self, pattern, value, priority = None): + """Set a VALUE (second parameter) for an option + PATTERN (first parameter). + + An optional third parameter gives the numeric priority + (defaults to 80).""" + self.tk.call('option', 'add', pattern, value, priority) + + def option_clear(self): + """Clear the option database. + + It will be reloaded if option_add is called.""" + self.tk.call('option', 'clear') + + def option_get(self, name, className): + """Return the value for an option NAME for this widget + with CLASSNAME. + + Values with higher priority override lower values.""" + return self.tk.call('option', 'get', self._w, name, className) + + def option_readfile(self, fileName, priority = None): + """Read file FILENAME into the option database. + + An optional second parameter gives the numeric + priority.""" + self.tk.call('option', 'readfile', fileName, priority) + + def selection_clear(self, **kw): + """Clear the current X selection.""" + if 'displayof' not in kw: kw['displayof'] = self._w + self.tk.call(('selection', 'clear') + self._options(kw)) + + def selection_get(self, **kw): + """Return the contents of the current X selection. + + A keyword parameter selection specifies the name of + the selection and defaults to PRIMARY. A keyword + parameter displayof specifies a widget on the display + to use. A keyword parameter type specifies the form of data to be + fetched, defaulting to STRING except on X11, where UTF8_STRING is tried + before STRING.""" + if 'displayof' not in kw: kw['displayof'] = self._w + if 'type' not in kw and self._windowingsystem == 'x11': + try: + kw['type'] = 'UTF8_STRING' + return self.tk.call(('selection', 'get') + self._options(kw)) + except TclError: + del kw['type'] + return self.tk.call(('selection', 'get') + self._options(kw)) + + def selection_handle(self, command, **kw): + """Specify a function COMMAND to call if the X + selection owned by this widget is queried by another + application. + + This function must return the contents of the + selection. The function will be called with the + arguments OFFSET and LENGTH which allows the chunking + of very long selections. The following keyword + parameters can be provided: + selection - name of the selection (default PRIMARY), + type - type of the selection (e.g. STRING, FILE_NAME).""" + name = self._register(command) + self.tk.call(('selection', 'handle') + self._options(kw) + + (self._w, name)) + + def selection_own(self, **kw): + """Become owner of X selection. + + A keyword parameter selection specifies the name of + the selection (default PRIMARY).""" + self.tk.call(('selection', 'own') + + self._options(kw) + (self._w,)) + + def selection_own_get(self, **kw): + """Return owner of X selection. + + The following keyword parameter can + be provided: + selection - name of the selection (default PRIMARY), + type - type of the selection (e.g. STRING, FILE_NAME).""" + if 'displayof' not in kw: kw['displayof'] = self._w + name = self.tk.call(('selection', 'own') + self._options(kw)) + if not name: return None + return self._nametowidget(name) + + def send(self, interp, cmd, *args): + """Send Tcl command CMD to different interpreter INTERP to be executed.""" + return self.tk.call(('send', interp, cmd) + args) + + def lower(self, belowThis=None): + """Lower this widget in the stacking order.""" + self.tk.call('lower', self._w, belowThis) + + def tkraise(self, aboveThis=None): + """Raise this widget in the stacking order.""" + self.tk.call('raise', self._w, aboveThis) + + lift = tkraise + + def info_patchlevel(self): + """Returns the exact version of the Tcl library.""" + patchlevel = self.tk.call('info', 'patchlevel') + return _parse_version(patchlevel) + + def winfo_atom(self, name, displayof=0): + """Return integer which represents atom NAME.""" + args = ('winfo', 'atom') + self._displayof(displayof) + (name,) + return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(args)) + + def winfo_atomname(self, id, displayof=0): + """Return name of atom with identifier ID.""" + args = ('winfo', 'atomname') \ + + self._displayof(displayof) + (id,) + return self.tk.call(args) + + def winfo_cells(self): + """Return number of cells in the colormap for this widget.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'cells', self._w)) + + def winfo_children(self): + """Return a list of all widgets which are children of this widget.""" + result = [] + for child in self.tk.splitlist( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'children', self._w)): + try: + # Tcl sometimes returns extra windows, e.g. for + # menus; those need to be skipped + result.append(self._nametowidget(child)) + except KeyError: + pass + return result + + def winfo_class(self): + """Return window class name of this widget.""" + return self.tk.call('winfo', 'class', self._w) + + def winfo_colormapfull(self): + """Return True if at the last color request the colormap was full.""" + return self.tk.getboolean( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'colormapfull', self._w)) + + def winfo_containing(self, rootX, rootY, displayof=0): + """Return the widget which is at the root coordinates ROOTX, ROOTY.""" + args = ('winfo', 'containing') \ + + self._displayof(displayof) + (rootX, rootY) + name = self.tk.call(args) + if not name: return None + return self._nametowidget(name) + + def winfo_depth(self): + """Return the number of bits per pixel.""" + return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call('winfo', 'depth', self._w)) + + def winfo_exists(self): + """Return true if this widget exists.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'exists', self._w)) + + def winfo_fpixels(self, number): + """Return the number of pixels for the given distance NUMBER + (e.g. "3c") as float.""" + return self.tk.getdouble(self.tk.call( + 'winfo', 'fpixels', self._w, number)) + + def winfo_geometry(self): + """Return geometry string for this widget in the form "widthxheight+X+Y".""" + return self.tk.call('winfo', 'geometry', self._w) + + def winfo_height(self): + """Return height of this widget.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'height', self._w)) + + def winfo_id(self): + """Return identifier ID for this widget.""" + return int(self.tk.call('winfo', 'id', self._w), 0) + + def winfo_interps(self, displayof=0): + """Return the name of all Tcl interpreters for this display.""" + args = ('winfo', 'interps') + self._displayof(displayof) + return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(args)) + + def winfo_ismapped(self): + """Return true if this widget is mapped.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'ismapped', self._w)) + + def winfo_manager(self): + """Return the window manager name for this widget.""" + return self.tk.call('winfo', 'manager', self._w) + + def winfo_name(self): + """Return the name of this widget.""" + return self.tk.call('winfo', 'name', self._w) + + def winfo_parent(self): + """Return the name of the parent of this widget.""" + return self.tk.call('winfo', 'parent', self._w) + + def winfo_pathname(self, id, displayof=0): + """Return the pathname of the widget given by ID.""" + if isinstance(id, int): + id = hex(id) + args = ('winfo', 'pathname') \ + + self._displayof(displayof) + (id,) + return self.tk.call(args) + + def winfo_pixels(self, number): + """Rounded integer value of winfo_fpixels.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'pixels', self._w, number)) + + def winfo_pointerx(self): + """Return the x coordinate of the pointer on the root window.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'pointerx', self._w)) + + def winfo_pointerxy(self): + """Return a tuple of x and y coordinates of the pointer on the root window.""" + return self._getints( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'pointerxy', self._w)) + + def winfo_pointery(self): + """Return the y coordinate of the pointer on the root window.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'pointery', self._w)) + + def winfo_reqheight(self): + """Return requested height of this widget.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'reqheight', self._w)) + + def winfo_reqwidth(self): + """Return requested width of this widget.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'reqwidth', self._w)) + + def winfo_rgb(self, color): + """Return a tuple of integer RGB values in range(65536) for color in this widget.""" + return self._getints( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'rgb', self._w, color)) + + def winfo_rootx(self): + """Return x coordinate of upper left corner of this widget on the + root window.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'rootx', self._w)) + + def winfo_rooty(self): + """Return y coordinate of upper left corner of this widget on the + root window.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'rooty', self._w)) + + def winfo_screen(self): + """Return the screen name of this widget.""" + return self.tk.call('winfo', 'screen', self._w) + + def winfo_screencells(self): + """Return the number of the cells in the colormap of the screen + of this widget.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'screencells', self._w)) + + def winfo_screendepth(self): + """Return the number of bits per pixel of the root window of the + screen of this widget.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'screendepth', self._w)) + + def winfo_screenheight(self): + """Return the number of pixels of the height of the screen of this widget + in pixel.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'screenheight', self._w)) + + def winfo_screenmmheight(self): + """Return the number of pixels of the height of the screen of + this widget in mm.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'screenmmheight', self._w)) + + def winfo_screenmmwidth(self): + """Return the number of pixels of the width of the screen of + this widget in mm.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'screenmmwidth', self._w)) + + def winfo_screenvisual(self): + """Return one of the strings directcolor, grayscale, pseudocolor, + staticcolor, staticgray, or truecolor for the default + colormodel of this screen.""" + return self.tk.call('winfo', 'screenvisual', self._w) + + def winfo_screenwidth(self): + """Return the number of pixels of the width of the screen of + this widget in pixel.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'screenwidth', self._w)) + + def winfo_server(self): + """Return information of the X-Server of the screen of this widget in + the form "XmajorRminor vendor vendorVersion".""" + return self.tk.call('winfo', 'server', self._w) + + def winfo_toplevel(self): + """Return the toplevel widget of this widget.""" + return self._nametowidget(self.tk.call( + 'winfo', 'toplevel', self._w)) + + def winfo_viewable(self): + """Return true if the widget and all its higher ancestors are mapped.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'viewable', self._w)) + + def winfo_visual(self): + """Return one of the strings directcolor, grayscale, pseudocolor, + staticcolor, staticgray, or truecolor for the + colormodel of this widget.""" + return self.tk.call('winfo', 'visual', self._w) + + def winfo_visualid(self): + """Return the X identifier for the visual for this widget.""" + return self.tk.call('winfo', 'visualid', self._w) + + def winfo_visualsavailable(self, includeids=False): + """Return a list of all visuals available for the screen + of this widget. + + Each item in the list consists of a visual name (see winfo_visual), a + depth and if includeids is true is given also the X identifier.""" + data = self.tk.call('winfo', 'visualsavailable', self._w, + 'includeids' if includeids else None) + data = [self.tk.splitlist(x) for x in self.tk.splitlist(data)] + return [self.__winfo_parseitem(x) for x in data] + + def __winfo_parseitem(self, t): + """Internal function.""" + return t[:1] + tuple(map(self.__winfo_getint, t[1:])) + + def __winfo_getint(self, x): + """Internal function.""" + return int(x, 0) + + def winfo_vrootheight(self): + """Return the height of the virtual root window associated with this + widget in pixels. If there is no virtual root window return the + height of the screen.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'vrootheight', self._w)) + + def winfo_vrootwidth(self): + """Return the width of the virtual root window associated with this + widget in pixel. If there is no virtual root window return the + width of the screen.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'vrootwidth', self._w)) + + def winfo_vrootx(self): + """Return the x offset of the virtual root relative to the root + window of the screen of this widget.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'vrootx', self._w)) + + def winfo_vrooty(self): + """Return the y offset of the virtual root relative to the root + window of the screen of this widget.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'vrooty', self._w)) + + def winfo_width(self): + """Return the width of this widget.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'width', self._w)) + + def winfo_x(self): + """Return the x coordinate of the upper left corner of this widget + in the parent.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'x', self._w)) + + def winfo_y(self): + """Return the y coordinate of the upper left corner of this widget + in the parent.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('winfo', 'y', self._w)) + + def update(self): + """Enter event loop until all pending events have been processed by Tcl.""" + self.tk.call('update') + + def update_idletasks(self): + """Enter event loop until all idle callbacks have been called. This + will update the display of windows but not process events caused by + the user.""" + self.tk.call('update', 'idletasks') + + def bindtags(self, tagList=None): + """Set or get the list of bindtags for this widget. + + With no argument return the list of all bindtags associated with + this widget. With a list of strings as argument the bindtags are + set to this list. The bindtags determine in which order events are + processed (see bind).""" + if tagList is None: + return self.tk.splitlist( + self.tk.call('bindtags', self._w)) + else: + self.tk.call('bindtags', self._w, tagList) + + def _bind(self, what, sequence, func, add, needcleanup=1): + """Internal function.""" + if isinstance(func, str): + self.tk.call(what + (sequence, func)) + elif func: + funcid = self._register(func, self._substitute, + needcleanup) + cmd = ('%sif {"[%s %s]" == "break"} break\n' + % + (add and '+' or '', + funcid, self._subst_format_str)) + self.tk.call(what + (sequence, cmd)) + return funcid + elif sequence: + return self.tk.call(what + (sequence,)) + else: + return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(what)) + + def bind(self, sequence=None, func=None, add=None): + """Bind to this widget at event SEQUENCE a call to function FUNC. + + SEQUENCE is a string of concatenated event + patterns. An event pattern is of the form + where MODIFIER is one + of Control, Mod2, M2, Shift, Mod3, M3, Lock, Mod4, M4, + Button1, B1, Mod5, M5 Button2, B2, Meta, M, Button3, + B3, Alt, Button4, B4, Double, Button5, B5 Triple, + Mod1, M1. TYPE is one of Activate, Enter, Map, + ButtonPress, Button, Expose, Motion, ButtonRelease + FocusIn, MouseWheel, Circulate, FocusOut, Property, + Colormap, Gravity Reparent, Configure, KeyPress, Key, + Unmap, Deactivate, KeyRelease Visibility, Destroy, + Leave and DETAIL is the button number for ButtonPress, + ButtonRelease and DETAIL is the Keysym for KeyPress and + KeyRelease. Examples are + for pressing Control and mouse button 1 or + for pressing A and the Alt key (KeyPress can be omitted). + An event pattern can also be a virtual event of the form + <> where AString can be arbitrary. This + event can be generated by event_generate. + If events are concatenated they must appear shortly + after each other. + + FUNC will be called if the event sequence occurs with an + instance of Event as argument. If the return value of FUNC is + "break" no further bound function is invoked. + + An additional boolean parameter ADD specifies whether FUNC will + be called additionally to the other bound function or whether + it will replace the previous function. + + Bind will return an identifier to allow deletion of the bound function with + unbind without memory leak. + + If FUNC or SEQUENCE is omitted the bound function or list + of bound events are returned.""" + + return self._bind(('bind', self._w), sequence, func, add) + + def unbind(self, sequence, funcid=None): + """Unbind for this widget the event SEQUENCE. + + If FUNCID is given, only unbind the function identified with FUNCID + and also delete the corresponding Tcl command. + + Otherwise destroy the current binding for SEQUENCE, leaving SEQUENCE + unbound. + """ + self._unbind(('bind', self._w, sequence), funcid) + + def _unbind(self, what, funcid=None): + if funcid is None: + self.tk.call(*what, '') + else: + lines = self.tk.call(what).split('\n') + prefix = f'if {{"[{funcid} ' + keep = '\n'.join(line for line in lines + if not line.startswith(prefix)) + if not keep.strip(): + keep = '' + self.tk.call(*what, keep) + self.deletecommand(funcid) + + def bind_all(self, sequence=None, func=None, add=None): + """Bind to all widgets at an event SEQUENCE a call to function FUNC. + An additional boolean parameter ADD specifies whether FUNC will + be called additionally to the other bound function or whether + it will replace the previous function. See bind for the return value.""" + return self._root()._bind(('bind', 'all'), sequence, func, add, True) + + def unbind_all(self, sequence): + """Unbind for all widgets for event SEQUENCE all functions.""" + self._root()._unbind(('bind', 'all', sequence)) + + def bind_class(self, className, sequence=None, func=None, add=None): + """Bind to widgets with bindtag CLASSNAME at event + SEQUENCE a call of function FUNC. An additional + boolean parameter ADD specifies whether FUNC will be + called additionally to the other bound function or + whether it will replace the previous function. See bind for + the return value.""" + + return self._root()._bind(('bind', className), sequence, func, add, True) + + def unbind_class(self, className, sequence): + """Unbind for all widgets with bindtag CLASSNAME for event SEQUENCE + all functions.""" + self._root()._unbind(('bind', className, sequence)) + + def mainloop(self, n=0): + """Call the mainloop of Tk.""" + self.tk.mainloop(n) + + def quit(self): + """Quit the Tcl interpreter. All widgets will be destroyed.""" + self.tk.quit() + + def _getints(self, string): + """Internal function.""" + if string: + return tuple(map(self.tk.getint, self.tk.splitlist(string))) + + def _getdoubles(self, string): + """Internal function.""" + if string: + return tuple(map(self.tk.getdouble, self.tk.splitlist(string))) + + def _getboolean(self, string): + """Internal function.""" + if string: + return self.tk.getboolean(string) + + def _displayof(self, displayof): + """Internal function.""" + if displayof: + return ('-displayof', displayof) + if displayof is None: + return ('-displayof', self._w) + return () + + @property + def _windowingsystem(self): + """Internal function.""" + try: + return self._root()._windowingsystem_cached + except AttributeError: + ws = self._root()._windowingsystem_cached = \ + self.tk.call('tk', 'windowingsystem') + return ws + + def _options(self, cnf, kw = None): + """Internal function.""" + if kw: + cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw)) + else: + cnf = _cnfmerge(cnf) + res = () + for k, v in cnf.items(): + if v is not None: + if k[-1] == '_': k = k[:-1] + if callable(v): + v = self._register(v) + elif isinstance(v, (tuple, list)): + nv = [] + for item in v: + if isinstance(item, int): + nv.append(str(item)) + elif isinstance(item, str): + nv.append(_stringify(item)) + else: + break + else: + v = ' '.join(nv) + res = res + ('-'+k, v) + return res + + def nametowidget(self, name): + """Return the Tkinter instance of a widget identified by + its Tcl name NAME.""" + name = str(name).split('.') + w = self + + if not name[0]: + w = w._root() + name = name[1:] + + for n in name: + if not n: + break + w = w.children[n] + + return w + + _nametowidget = nametowidget + + def _register(self, func, subst=None, needcleanup=1): + """Return a newly created Tcl function. If this + function is called, the Python function FUNC will + be executed. An optional function SUBST can + be given which will be executed before FUNC.""" + f = CallWrapper(func, subst, self).__call__ + name = repr(id(f)) + try: + func = func.__func__ + except AttributeError: + pass + try: + name = name + func.__name__ + except AttributeError: + pass + self.tk.createcommand(name, f) + if needcleanup: + if self._tclCommands is None: + self._tclCommands = [] + self._tclCommands.append(name) + return name + + register = _register + + def _root(self): + """Internal function.""" + w = self + while w.master is not None: w = w.master + return w + _subst_format = ('%#', '%b', '%f', '%h', '%k', + '%s', '%t', '%w', '%x', '%y', + '%A', '%E', '%K', '%N', '%W', '%T', '%X', '%Y', '%D') + _subst_format_str = " ".join(_subst_format) + + def _substitute(self, *args): + """Internal function.""" + if len(args) != len(self._subst_format): return args + getboolean = self.tk.getboolean + + getint = self.tk.getint + def getint_event(s): + """Tk changed behavior in 8.4.2, returning "??" rather more often.""" + try: + return getint(s) + except (ValueError, TclError): + return s + + nsign, b, f, h, k, s, t, w, x, y, A, E, K, N, W, T, X, Y, D = args + # Missing: (a, c, d, m, o, v, B, R) + e = Event() + # serial field: valid for all events + # number of button: ButtonPress and ButtonRelease events only + # height field: Configure, ConfigureRequest, Create, + # ResizeRequest, and Expose events only + # keycode field: KeyPress and KeyRelease events only + # time field: "valid for events that contain a time field" + # width field: Configure, ConfigureRequest, Create, ResizeRequest, + # and Expose events only + # x field: "valid for events that contain an x field" + # y field: "valid for events that contain a y field" + # keysym as decimal: KeyPress and KeyRelease events only + # x_root, y_root fields: ButtonPress, ButtonRelease, KeyPress, + # KeyRelease, and Motion events + e.serial = getint(nsign) + e.num = getint_event(b) + try: e.focus = getboolean(f) + except TclError: pass + e.height = getint_event(h) + e.keycode = getint_event(k) + e.state = getint_event(s) + e.time = getint_event(t) + e.width = getint_event(w) + e.x = getint_event(x) + e.y = getint_event(y) + e.char = A + try: e.send_event = getboolean(E) + except TclError: pass + e.keysym = K + e.keysym_num = getint_event(N) + try: + e.type = EventType(T) + except ValueError: + e.type = T + try: + e.widget = self._nametowidget(W) + except KeyError: + e.widget = W + e.x_root = getint_event(X) + e.y_root = getint_event(Y) + try: + e.delta = getint(D) + except (ValueError, TclError): + e.delta = 0 + return (e,) + + def _report_exception(self): + """Internal function.""" + exc, val, tb = sys.exc_info() + root = self._root() + root.report_callback_exception(exc, val, tb) + + def _getconfigure(self, *args): + """Call Tcl configure command and return the result as a dict.""" + cnf = {} + for x in self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(*args)): + x = self.tk.splitlist(x) + cnf[x[0][1:]] = (x[0][1:],) + x[1:] + return cnf + + def _getconfigure1(self, *args): + x = self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(*args)) + return (x[0][1:],) + x[1:] + + def _configure(self, cmd, cnf, kw): + """Internal function.""" + if kw: + cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw)) + elif cnf: + cnf = _cnfmerge(cnf) + if cnf is None: + return self._getconfigure(_flatten((self._w, cmd))) + if isinstance(cnf, str): + return self._getconfigure1(_flatten((self._w, cmd, '-'+cnf))) + self.tk.call(_flatten((self._w, cmd)) + self._options(cnf)) + # These used to be defined in Widget: + + def configure(self, cnf=None, **kw): + """Configure resources of a widget. + + The values for resources are specified as keyword + arguments. To get an overview about + the allowed keyword arguments call the method keys. + """ + return self._configure('configure', cnf, kw) + + config = configure + + def cget(self, key): + """Return the resource value for a KEY given as string.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'cget', '-' + key) + + __getitem__ = cget + + def __setitem__(self, key, value): + self.configure({key: value}) + + def keys(self): + """Return a list of all resource names of this widget.""" + splitlist = self.tk.splitlist + return [splitlist(x)[0][1:] for x in + splitlist(self.tk.call(self._w, 'configure'))] + + def __str__(self): + """Return the window path name of this widget.""" + return self._w + + def __repr__(self): + return '<%s.%s object %s>' % ( + self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__qualname__, self._w) + + # Pack methods that apply to the master + _noarg_ = ['_noarg_'] + + def pack_propagate(self, flag=_noarg_): + """Set or get the status for propagation of geometry information. + + A boolean argument specifies whether the geometry information + of the slaves will determine the size of this widget. If no argument + is given the current setting will be returned. + """ + if flag is Misc._noarg_: + return self._getboolean(self.tk.call( + 'pack', 'propagate', self._w)) + else: + self.tk.call('pack', 'propagate', self._w, flag) + + propagate = pack_propagate + + def pack_slaves(self): + """Return a list of all slaves of this widget + in its packing order.""" + return [self._nametowidget(x) for x in + self.tk.splitlist( + self.tk.call('pack', 'slaves', self._w))] + + slaves = pack_slaves + + # Place method that applies to the master + def place_slaves(self): + """Return a list of all slaves of this widget + in its packing order.""" + return [self._nametowidget(x) for x in + self.tk.splitlist( + self.tk.call( + 'place', 'slaves', self._w))] + + # Grid methods that apply to the master + + def grid_anchor(self, anchor=None): # new in Tk 8.5 + """The anchor value controls how to place the grid within the + master when no row/column has any weight. + + The default anchor is nw.""" + self.tk.call('grid', 'anchor', self._w, anchor) + + anchor = grid_anchor + + def grid_bbox(self, column=None, row=None, col2=None, row2=None): + """Return a tuple of integer coordinates for the bounding + box of this widget controlled by the geometry manager grid. + + If COLUMN, ROW is given the bounding box applies from + the cell with row and column 0 to the specified + cell. If COL2 and ROW2 are given the bounding box + starts at that cell. + + The returned integers specify the offset of the upper left + corner in the master widget and the width and height. + """ + args = ('grid', 'bbox', self._w) + if column is not None and row is not None: + args = args + (column, row) + if col2 is not None and row2 is not None: + args = args + (col2, row2) + return self._getints(self.tk.call(*args)) or None + + bbox = grid_bbox + + def _gridconvvalue(self, value): + if isinstance(value, (str, _tkinter.Tcl_Obj)): + try: + svalue = str(value) + if not svalue: + return None + elif '.' in svalue: + return self.tk.getdouble(svalue) + else: + return self.tk.getint(svalue) + except (ValueError, TclError): + pass + return value + + def _grid_configure(self, command, index, cnf, kw): + """Internal function.""" + if isinstance(cnf, str) and not kw: + if cnf[-1:] == '_': + cnf = cnf[:-1] + if cnf[:1] != '-': + cnf = '-'+cnf + options = (cnf,) + else: + options = self._options(cnf, kw) + if not options: + return _splitdict( + self.tk, + self.tk.call('grid', command, self._w, index), + conv=self._gridconvvalue) + res = self.tk.call( + ('grid', command, self._w, index) + + options) + if len(options) == 1: + return self._gridconvvalue(res) + + def grid_columnconfigure(self, index, cnf={}, **kw): + """Configure column INDEX of a grid. + + Valid resources are minsize (minimum size of the column), + weight (how much does additional space propagate to this column) + and pad (how much space to let additionally).""" + return self._grid_configure('columnconfigure', index, cnf, kw) + + columnconfigure = grid_columnconfigure + + def grid_location(self, x, y): + """Return a tuple of column and row which identify the cell + at which the pixel at position X and Y inside the master + widget is located.""" + return self._getints( + self.tk.call( + 'grid', 'location', self._w, x, y)) or None + + def grid_propagate(self, flag=_noarg_): + """Set or get the status for propagation of geometry information. + + A boolean argument specifies whether the geometry information + of the slaves will determine the size of this widget. If no argument + is given, the current setting will be returned. + """ + if flag is Misc._noarg_: + return self._getboolean(self.tk.call( + 'grid', 'propagate', self._w)) + else: + self.tk.call('grid', 'propagate', self._w, flag) + + def grid_rowconfigure(self, index, cnf={}, **kw): + """Configure row INDEX of a grid. + + Valid resources are minsize (minimum size of the row), + weight (how much does additional space propagate to this row) + and pad (how much space to let additionally).""" + return self._grid_configure('rowconfigure', index, cnf, kw) + + rowconfigure = grid_rowconfigure + + def grid_size(self): + """Return a tuple of the number of column and rows in the grid.""" + return self._getints( + self.tk.call('grid', 'size', self._w)) or None + + size = grid_size + + def grid_slaves(self, row=None, column=None): + """Return a list of all slaves of this widget + in its packing order.""" + args = () + if row is not None: + args = args + ('-row', row) + if column is not None: + args = args + ('-column', column) + return [self._nametowidget(x) for x in + self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call( + ('grid', 'slaves', self._w) + args))] + + # Support for the "event" command, new in Tk 4.2. + # By Case Roole. + + def event_add(self, virtual, *sequences): + """Bind a virtual event VIRTUAL (of the form <>) + to an event SEQUENCE such that the virtual event is triggered + whenever SEQUENCE occurs.""" + args = ('event', 'add', virtual) + sequences + self.tk.call(args) + + def event_delete(self, virtual, *sequences): + """Unbind a virtual event VIRTUAL from SEQUENCE.""" + args = ('event', 'delete', virtual) + sequences + self.tk.call(args) + + def event_generate(self, sequence, **kw): + """Generate an event SEQUENCE. Additional + keyword arguments specify parameter of the event + (e.g. x, y, rootx, rooty).""" + args = ('event', 'generate', self._w, sequence) + for k, v in kw.items(): + args = args + ('-%s' % k, str(v)) + self.tk.call(args) + + def event_info(self, virtual=None): + """Return a list of all virtual events or the information + about the SEQUENCE bound to the virtual event VIRTUAL.""" + return self.tk.splitlist( + self.tk.call('event', 'info', virtual)) + + # Image related commands + + def image_names(self): + """Return a list of all existing image names.""" + return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call('image', 'names')) + + def image_types(self): + """Return a list of all available image types (e.g. photo bitmap).""" + return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call('image', 'types')) + + +class CallWrapper: + """Internal class. Stores function to call when some user + defined Tcl function is called e.g. after an event occurred.""" + + def __init__(self, func, subst, widget): + """Store FUNC, SUBST and WIDGET as members.""" + self.func = func + self.subst = subst + self.widget = widget + + def __call__(self, *args): + """Apply first function SUBST to arguments, than FUNC.""" + try: + if self.subst: + args = self.subst(*args) + return self.func(*args) + except SystemExit: + raise + except: + self.widget._report_exception() + + +class XView: + """Mix-in class for querying and changing the horizontal position + of a widget's window.""" + + def xview(self, *args): + """Query and change the horizontal position of the view.""" + res = self.tk.call(self._w, 'xview', *args) + if not args: + return self._getdoubles(res) + + def xview_moveto(self, fraction): + """Adjusts the view in the window so that FRACTION of the + total width of the canvas is off-screen to the left.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'xview', 'moveto', fraction) + + def xview_scroll(self, number, what): + """Shift the x-view according to NUMBER which is measured in "units" + or "pages" (WHAT).""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'xview', 'scroll', number, what) + + +class YView: + """Mix-in class for querying and changing the vertical position + of a widget's window.""" + + def yview(self, *args): + """Query and change the vertical position of the view.""" + res = self.tk.call(self._w, 'yview', *args) + if not args: + return self._getdoubles(res) + + def yview_moveto(self, fraction): + """Adjusts the view in the window so that FRACTION of the + total height of the canvas is off-screen to the top.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'yview', 'moveto', fraction) + + def yview_scroll(self, number, what): + """Shift the y-view according to NUMBER which is measured in + "units" or "pages" (WHAT).""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'yview', 'scroll', number, what) + + +class Wm: + """Provides functions for the communication with the window manager.""" + + def wm_aspect(self, + minNumer=None, minDenom=None, + maxNumer=None, maxDenom=None): + """Instruct the window manager to set the aspect ratio (width/height) + of this widget to be between MINNUMER/MINDENOM and MAXNUMER/MAXDENOM. Return a tuple + of the actual values if no argument is given.""" + return self._getints( + self.tk.call('wm', 'aspect', self._w, + minNumer, minDenom, + maxNumer, maxDenom)) + + aspect = wm_aspect + + def wm_attributes(self, *args): + """This subcommand returns or sets platform specific attributes + + The first form returns a list of the platform specific flags and + their values. The second form returns the value for the specific + option. The third form sets one or more of the values. The values + are as follows: + + On Windows, -disabled gets or sets whether the window is in a + disabled state. -toolwindow gets or sets the style of the window + to toolwindow (as defined in the MSDN). -topmost gets or sets + whether this is a topmost window (displays above all other + windows). + + On Macintosh, XXXXX + + On Unix, there are currently no special attribute values. + """ + args = ('wm', 'attributes', self._w) + args + return self.tk.call(args) + + attributes = wm_attributes + + def wm_client(self, name=None): + """Store NAME in WM_CLIENT_MACHINE property of this widget. Return + current value.""" + return self.tk.call('wm', 'client', self._w, name) + + client = wm_client + + def wm_colormapwindows(self, *wlist): + """Store list of window names (WLIST) into WM_COLORMAPWINDOWS property + of this widget. This list contains windows whose colormaps differ from their + parents. Return current list of widgets if WLIST is empty.""" + if len(wlist) > 1: + wlist = (wlist,) # Tk needs a list of windows here + args = ('wm', 'colormapwindows', self._w) + wlist + if wlist: + self.tk.call(args) + else: + return [self._nametowidget(x) + for x in self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(args))] + + colormapwindows = wm_colormapwindows + + def wm_command(self, value=None): + """Store VALUE in WM_COMMAND property. It is the command + which shall be used to invoke the application. Return current + command if VALUE is None.""" + return self.tk.call('wm', 'command', self._w, value) + + command = wm_command + + def wm_deiconify(self): + """Deiconify this widget. If it was never mapped it will not be mapped. + On Windows it will raise this widget and give it the focus.""" + return self.tk.call('wm', 'deiconify', self._w) + + deiconify = wm_deiconify + + def wm_focusmodel(self, model=None): + """Set focus model to MODEL. "active" means that this widget will claim + the focus itself, "passive" means that the window manager shall give + the focus. Return current focus model if MODEL is None.""" + return self.tk.call('wm', 'focusmodel', self._w, model) + + focusmodel = wm_focusmodel + + def wm_forget(self, window): # new in Tk 8.5 + """The window will be unmapped from the screen and will no longer + be managed by wm. toplevel windows will be treated like frame + windows once they are no longer managed by wm, however, the menu + option configuration will be remembered and the menus will return + once the widget is managed again.""" + self.tk.call('wm', 'forget', window) + + forget = wm_forget + + def wm_frame(self): + """Return identifier for decorative frame of this widget if present.""" + return self.tk.call('wm', 'frame', self._w) + + frame = wm_frame + + def wm_geometry(self, newGeometry=None): + """Set geometry to NEWGEOMETRY of the form =widthxheight+x+y. Return + current value if None is given.""" + return self.tk.call('wm', 'geometry', self._w, newGeometry) + + geometry = wm_geometry + + def wm_grid(self, + baseWidth=None, baseHeight=None, + widthInc=None, heightInc=None): + """Instruct the window manager that this widget shall only be + resized on grid boundaries. WIDTHINC and HEIGHTINC are the width and + height of a grid unit in pixels. BASEWIDTH and BASEHEIGHT are the + number of grid units requested in Tk_GeometryRequest.""" + return self._getints(self.tk.call( + 'wm', 'grid', self._w, + baseWidth, baseHeight, widthInc, heightInc)) + + grid = wm_grid + + def wm_group(self, pathName=None): + """Set the group leader widgets for related widgets to PATHNAME. Return + the group leader of this widget if None is given.""" + return self.tk.call('wm', 'group', self._w, pathName) + + group = wm_group + + def wm_iconbitmap(self, bitmap=None, default=None): + """Set bitmap for the iconified widget to BITMAP. Return + the bitmap if None is given. + + Under Windows, the DEFAULT parameter can be used to set the icon + for the widget and any descendants that don't have an icon set + explicitly. DEFAULT can be the relative path to a .ico file + (example: root.iconbitmap(default='myicon.ico') ). See Tk + documentation for more information.""" + if default: + return self.tk.call('wm', 'iconbitmap', self._w, '-default', default) + else: + return self.tk.call('wm', 'iconbitmap', self._w, bitmap) + + iconbitmap = wm_iconbitmap + + def wm_iconify(self): + """Display widget as icon.""" + return self.tk.call('wm', 'iconify', self._w) + + iconify = wm_iconify + + def wm_iconmask(self, bitmap=None): + """Set mask for the icon bitmap of this widget. Return the + mask if None is given.""" + return self.tk.call('wm', 'iconmask', self._w, bitmap) + + iconmask = wm_iconmask + + def wm_iconname(self, newName=None): + """Set the name of the icon for this widget. Return the name if + None is given.""" + return self.tk.call('wm', 'iconname', self._w, newName) + + iconname = wm_iconname + + def wm_iconphoto(self, default=False, *args): # new in Tk 8.5 + """Sets the titlebar icon for this window based on the named photo + images passed through args. If default is True, this is applied to + all future created toplevels as well. + + The data in the images is taken as a snapshot at the time of + invocation. If the images are later changed, this is not reflected + to the titlebar icons. Multiple images are accepted to allow + different images sizes to be provided. The window manager may scale + provided icons to an appropriate size. + + On Windows, the images are packed into a Windows icon structure. + This will override an icon specified to wm_iconbitmap, and vice + versa. + + On X, the images are arranged into the _NET_WM_ICON X property, + which most modern window managers support. An icon specified by + wm_iconbitmap may exist simultaneously. + + On Macintosh, this currently does nothing.""" + if default: + self.tk.call('wm', 'iconphoto', self._w, "-default", *args) + else: + self.tk.call('wm', 'iconphoto', self._w, *args) + + iconphoto = wm_iconphoto + + def wm_iconposition(self, x=None, y=None): + """Set the position of the icon of this widget to X and Y. Return + a tuple of the current values of X and X if None is given.""" + return self._getints(self.tk.call( + 'wm', 'iconposition', self._w, x, y)) + + iconposition = wm_iconposition + + def wm_iconwindow(self, pathName=None): + """Set widget PATHNAME to be displayed instead of icon. Return the current + value if None is given.""" + return self.tk.call('wm', 'iconwindow', self._w, pathName) + + iconwindow = wm_iconwindow + + def wm_manage(self, widget): # new in Tk 8.5 + """The widget specified will become a stand alone top-level window. + The window will be decorated with the window managers title bar, + etc.""" + self.tk.call('wm', 'manage', widget) + + manage = wm_manage + + def wm_maxsize(self, width=None, height=None): + """Set max WIDTH and HEIGHT for this widget. If the window is gridded + the values are given in grid units. Return the current values if None + is given.""" + return self._getints(self.tk.call( + 'wm', 'maxsize', self._w, width, height)) + + maxsize = wm_maxsize + + def wm_minsize(self, width=None, height=None): + """Set min WIDTH and HEIGHT for this widget. If the window is gridded + the values are given in grid units. Return the current values if None + is given.""" + return self._getints(self.tk.call( + 'wm', 'minsize', self._w, width, height)) + + minsize = wm_minsize + + def wm_overrideredirect(self, boolean=None): + """Instruct the window manager to ignore this widget + if BOOLEAN is given with 1. Return the current value if None + is given.""" + return self._getboolean(self.tk.call( + 'wm', 'overrideredirect', self._w, boolean)) + + overrideredirect = wm_overrideredirect + + def wm_positionfrom(self, who=None): + """Instruct the window manager that the position of this widget shall + be defined by the user if WHO is "user", and by its own policy if WHO is + "program".""" + return self.tk.call('wm', 'positionfrom', self._w, who) + + positionfrom = wm_positionfrom + + def wm_protocol(self, name=None, func=None): + """Bind function FUNC to command NAME for this widget. + Return the function bound to NAME if None is given. NAME could be + e.g. "WM_SAVE_YOURSELF" or "WM_DELETE_WINDOW".""" + if callable(func): + command = self._register(func) + else: + command = func + return self.tk.call( + 'wm', 'protocol', self._w, name, command) + + protocol = wm_protocol + + def wm_resizable(self, width=None, height=None): + """Instruct the window manager whether this width can be resized + in WIDTH or HEIGHT. Both values are boolean values.""" + return self.tk.call('wm', 'resizable', self._w, width, height) + + resizable = wm_resizable + + def wm_sizefrom(self, who=None): + """Instruct the window manager that the size of this widget shall + be defined by the user if WHO is "user", and by its own policy if WHO is + "program".""" + return self.tk.call('wm', 'sizefrom', self._w, who) + + sizefrom = wm_sizefrom + + def wm_state(self, newstate=None): + """Query or set the state of this widget as one of normal, icon, + iconic (see wm_iconwindow), withdrawn, or zoomed (Windows only).""" + return self.tk.call('wm', 'state', self._w, newstate) + + state = wm_state + + def wm_title(self, string=None): + """Set the title of this widget.""" + return self.tk.call('wm', 'title', self._w, string) + + title = wm_title + + def wm_transient(self, master=None): + """Instruct the window manager that this widget is transient + with regard to widget MASTER.""" + return self.tk.call('wm', 'transient', self._w, master) + + transient = wm_transient + + def wm_withdraw(self): + """Withdraw this widget from the screen such that it is unmapped + and forgotten by the window manager. Re-draw it with wm_deiconify.""" + return self.tk.call('wm', 'withdraw', self._w) + + withdraw = wm_withdraw + + +class Tk(Misc, Wm): + """Toplevel widget of Tk which represents mostly the main window + of an application. It has an associated Tcl interpreter.""" + _w = '.' + + def __init__(self, screenName=None, baseName=None, className='Tk', + useTk=True, sync=False, use=None): + """Return a new top level widget on screen SCREENNAME. A new Tcl interpreter will + be created. BASENAME will be used for the identification of the profile file (see + readprofile). + It is constructed from sys.argv[0] without extensions if None is given. CLASSNAME + is the name of the widget class.""" + self.master = None + self.children = {} + self._tkloaded = False + # to avoid recursions in the getattr code in case of failure, we + # ensure that self.tk is always _something_. + self.tk = None + if baseName is None: + import os + baseName = os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]) + baseName, ext = os.path.splitext(baseName) + if ext not in ('.py', '.pyc'): + baseName = baseName + ext + interactive = False + self.tk = _tkinter.create(screenName, baseName, className, interactive, wantobjects, useTk, sync, use) + if useTk: + self._loadtk() + if not sys.flags.ignore_environment: + # Issue #16248: Honor the -E flag to avoid code injection. + self.readprofile(baseName, className) + + def loadtk(self): + if not self._tkloaded: + self.tk.loadtk() + self._loadtk() + + def _loadtk(self): + self._tkloaded = True + global _default_root + # Version sanity checks + tk_version = self.tk.getvar('tk_version') + if tk_version != _tkinter.TK_VERSION: + raise RuntimeError("tk.h version (%s) doesn't match libtk.a version (%s)" + % (_tkinter.TK_VERSION, tk_version)) + # Under unknown circumstances, tcl_version gets coerced to float + tcl_version = str(self.tk.getvar('tcl_version')) + if tcl_version != _tkinter.TCL_VERSION: + raise RuntimeError("tcl.h version (%s) doesn't match libtcl.a version (%s)" \ + % (_tkinter.TCL_VERSION, tcl_version)) + # Create and register the tkerror and exit commands + # We need to inline parts of _register here, _ register + # would register differently-named commands. + if self._tclCommands is None: + self._tclCommands = [] + self.tk.createcommand('tkerror', _tkerror) + self.tk.createcommand('exit', _exit) + self._tclCommands.append('tkerror') + self._tclCommands.append('exit') + if _support_default_root and _default_root is None: + _default_root = self + self.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", self.destroy) + + def destroy(self): + """Destroy this and all descendants widgets. This will + end the application of this Tcl interpreter.""" + for c in list(self.children.values()): c.destroy() + self.tk.call('destroy', self._w) + Misc.destroy(self) + global _default_root + if _support_default_root and _default_root is self: + _default_root = None + + def readprofile(self, baseName, className): + """Internal function. It reads .BASENAME.tcl and .CLASSNAME.tcl into + the Tcl Interpreter and calls exec on the contents of .BASENAME.py and + .CLASSNAME.py if such a file exists in the home directory.""" + import os + if 'HOME' in os.environ: home = os.environ['HOME'] + else: home = os.curdir + class_tcl = os.path.join(home, '.%s.tcl' % className) + class_py = os.path.join(home, '.%s.py' % className) + base_tcl = os.path.join(home, '.%s.tcl' % baseName) + base_py = os.path.join(home, '.%s.py' % baseName) + dir = {'self': self} + exec('from tkinter import *', dir) + if os.path.isfile(class_tcl): + self.tk.call('source', class_tcl) + if os.path.isfile(class_py): + exec(open(class_py).read(), dir) + if os.path.isfile(base_tcl): + self.tk.call('source', base_tcl) + if os.path.isfile(base_py): + exec(open(base_py).read(), dir) + + def report_callback_exception(self, exc, val, tb): + """Report callback exception on sys.stderr. + + Applications may want to override this internal function, and + should when sys.stderr is None.""" + import traceback + print("Exception in Tkinter callback", file=sys.stderr) + sys.last_type = exc + sys.last_value = val + sys.last_traceback = tb + traceback.print_exception(exc, val, tb) + + def __getattr__(self, attr): + "Delegate attribute access to the interpreter object" + return getattr(self.tk, attr) + +# Ideally, the classes Pack, Place and Grid disappear, the +# pack/place/grid methods are defined on the Widget class, and +# everybody uses w.pack_whatever(...) instead of Pack.whatever(w, +# ...), with pack(), place() and grid() being short for +# pack_configure(), place_configure() and grid_columnconfigure(), and +# forget() being short for pack_forget(). As a practical matter, I'm +# afraid that there is too much code out there that may be using the +# Pack, Place or Grid class, so I leave them intact -- but only as +# backwards compatibility features. Also note that those methods that +# take a master as argument (e.g. pack_propagate) have been moved to +# the Misc class (which now incorporates all methods common between +# toplevel and interior widgets). Again, for compatibility, these are +# copied into the Pack, Place or Grid class. + + +def Tcl(screenName=None, baseName=None, className='Tk', useTk=False): + return Tk(screenName, baseName, className, useTk) + + +class Pack: + """Geometry manager Pack. + + Base class to use the methods pack_* in every widget.""" + + def pack_configure(self, cnf={}, **kw): + """Pack a widget in the parent widget. Use as options: + after=widget - pack it after you have packed widget + anchor=NSEW (or subset) - position widget according to + given direction + before=widget - pack it before you will pack widget + expand=bool - expand widget if parent size grows + fill=NONE or X or Y or BOTH - fill widget if widget grows + in=master - use master to contain this widget + in_=master - see 'in' option description + ipadx=amount - add internal padding in x direction + ipady=amount - add internal padding in y direction + padx=amount - add padding in x direction + pady=amount - add padding in y direction + side=TOP or BOTTOM or LEFT or RIGHT - where to add this widget. + """ + self.tk.call( + ('pack', 'configure', self._w) + + self._options(cnf, kw)) + + pack = configure = config = pack_configure + + def pack_forget(self): + """Unmap this widget and do not use it for the packing order.""" + self.tk.call('pack', 'forget', self._w) + + forget = pack_forget + + def pack_info(self): + """Return information about the packing options + for this widget.""" + d = _splitdict(self.tk, self.tk.call('pack', 'info', self._w)) + if 'in' in d: + d['in'] = self.nametowidget(d['in']) + return d + + info = pack_info + propagate = pack_propagate = Misc.pack_propagate + slaves = pack_slaves = Misc.pack_slaves + + +class Place: + """Geometry manager Place. + + Base class to use the methods place_* in every widget.""" + + def place_configure(self, cnf={}, **kw): + """Place a widget in the parent widget. Use as options: + in=master - master relative to which the widget is placed + in_=master - see 'in' option description + x=amount - locate anchor of this widget at position x of master + y=amount - locate anchor of this widget at position y of master + relx=amount - locate anchor of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0 + relative to width of master (1.0 is right edge) + rely=amount - locate anchor of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0 + relative to height of master (1.0 is bottom edge) + anchor=NSEW (or subset) - position anchor according to given direction + width=amount - width of this widget in pixel + height=amount - height of this widget in pixel + relwidth=amount - width of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0 + relative to width of master (1.0 is the same width + as the master) + relheight=amount - height of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0 + relative to height of master (1.0 is the same + height as the master) + bordermode="inside" or "outside" - whether to take border width of + master widget into account + """ + self.tk.call( + ('place', 'configure', self._w) + + self._options(cnf, kw)) + + place = configure = config = place_configure + + def place_forget(self): + """Unmap this widget.""" + self.tk.call('place', 'forget', self._w) + + forget = place_forget + + def place_info(self): + """Return information about the placing options + for this widget.""" + d = _splitdict(self.tk, self.tk.call('place', 'info', self._w)) + if 'in' in d: + d['in'] = self.nametowidget(d['in']) + return d + + info = place_info + slaves = place_slaves = Misc.place_slaves + + +class Grid: + """Geometry manager Grid. + + Base class to use the methods grid_* in every widget.""" + # Thanks to Masazumi Yoshikawa (yosikawa@isi.edu) + + def grid_configure(self, cnf={}, **kw): + """Position a widget in the parent widget in a grid. Use as options: + column=number - use cell identified with given column (starting with 0) + columnspan=number - this widget will span several columns + in=master - use master to contain this widget + in_=master - see 'in' option description + ipadx=amount - add internal padding in x direction + ipady=amount - add internal padding in y direction + padx=amount - add padding in x direction + pady=amount - add padding in y direction + row=number - use cell identified with given row (starting with 0) + rowspan=number - this widget will span several rows + sticky=NSEW - if cell is larger on which sides will this + widget stick to the cell boundary + """ + self.tk.call( + ('grid', 'configure', self._w) + + self._options(cnf, kw)) + + grid = configure = config = grid_configure + bbox = grid_bbox = Misc.grid_bbox + columnconfigure = grid_columnconfigure = Misc.grid_columnconfigure + + def grid_forget(self): + """Unmap this widget.""" + self.tk.call('grid', 'forget', self._w) + + forget = grid_forget + + def grid_remove(self): + """Unmap this widget but remember the grid options.""" + self.tk.call('grid', 'remove', self._w) + + def grid_info(self): + """Return information about the options + for positioning this widget in a grid.""" + d = _splitdict(self.tk, self.tk.call('grid', 'info', self._w)) + if 'in' in d: + d['in'] = self.nametowidget(d['in']) + return d + + info = grid_info + location = grid_location = Misc.grid_location + propagate = grid_propagate = Misc.grid_propagate + rowconfigure = grid_rowconfigure = Misc.grid_rowconfigure + size = grid_size = Misc.grid_size + slaves = grid_slaves = Misc.grid_slaves + + +class BaseWidget(Misc): + """Internal class.""" + + def _setup(self, master, cnf): + """Internal function. Sets up information about children.""" + if master is None: + master = _get_default_root() + self.master = master + self.tk = master.tk + name = None + if 'name' in cnf: + name = cnf['name'] + del cnf['name'] + if not name: + name = self.__class__.__name__.lower() + if master._last_child_ids is None: + master._last_child_ids = {} + count = master._last_child_ids.get(name, 0) + 1 + master._last_child_ids[name] = count + if count == 1: + name = '!%s' % (name,) + else: + name = '!%s%d' % (name, count) + self._name = name + if master._w=='.': + self._w = '.' + name + else: + self._w = master._w + '.' + name + self.children = {} + if self._name in self.master.children: + self.master.children[self._name].destroy() + self.master.children[self._name] = self + + def __init__(self, master, widgetName, cnf={}, kw={}, extra=()): + """Construct a widget with the parent widget MASTER, a name WIDGETNAME + and appropriate options.""" + if kw: + cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw)) + self.widgetName = widgetName + self._setup(master, cnf) + if self._tclCommands is None: + self._tclCommands = [] + classes = [(k, v) for k, v in cnf.items() if isinstance(k, type)] + for k, v in classes: + del cnf[k] + self.tk.call( + (widgetName, self._w) + extra + self._options(cnf)) + for k, v in classes: + k.configure(self, v) + + def destroy(self): + """Destroy this and all descendants widgets.""" + for c in list(self.children.values()): c.destroy() + self.tk.call('destroy', self._w) + if self._name in self.master.children: + del self.master.children[self._name] + Misc.destroy(self) + + def _do(self, name, args=()): + # XXX Obsolete -- better use self.tk.call directly! + return self.tk.call((self._w, name) + args) + + +class Widget(BaseWidget, Pack, Place, Grid): + """Internal class. + + Base class for a widget which can be positioned with the geometry managers + Pack, Place or Grid.""" + pass + + +class Toplevel(BaseWidget, Wm): + """Toplevel widget, e.g. for dialogs.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + """Construct a toplevel widget with the parent MASTER. + + Valid resource names: background, bd, bg, borderwidth, class, + colormap, container, cursor, height, highlightbackground, + highlightcolor, highlightthickness, menu, relief, screen, takefocus, + use, visual, width.""" + if kw: + cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw)) + extra = () + for wmkey in ['screen', 'class_', 'class', 'visual', + 'colormap']: + if wmkey in cnf: + val = cnf[wmkey] + # TBD: a hack needed because some keys + # are not valid as keyword arguments + if wmkey[-1] == '_': opt = '-'+wmkey[:-1] + else: opt = '-'+wmkey + extra = extra + (opt, val) + del cnf[wmkey] + BaseWidget.__init__(self, master, 'toplevel', cnf, {}, extra) + root = self._root() + self.iconname(root.iconname()) + self.title(root.title()) + self.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", self.destroy) + + +class Button(Widget): + """Button widget.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + """Construct a button widget with the parent MASTER. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + activebackground, activeforeground, anchor, + background, bitmap, borderwidth, cursor, + disabledforeground, font, foreground + highlightbackground, highlightcolor, + highlightthickness, image, justify, + padx, pady, relief, repeatdelay, + repeatinterval, takefocus, text, + textvariable, underline, wraplength + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + command, compound, default, height, + overrelief, state, width + """ + Widget.__init__(self, master, 'button', cnf, kw) + + def flash(self): + """Flash the button. + + This is accomplished by redisplaying + the button several times, alternating between active and + normal colors. At the end of the flash the button is left + in the same normal/active state as when the command was + invoked. This command is ignored if the button's state is + disabled. + """ + self.tk.call(self._w, 'flash') + + def invoke(self): + """Invoke the command associated with the button. + + The return value is the return value from the command, + or an empty string if there is no command associated with + the button. This command is ignored if the button's state + is disabled. + """ + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'invoke') + + +class Canvas(Widget, XView, YView): + """Canvas widget to display graphical elements like lines or text.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + """Construct a canvas widget with the parent MASTER. + + Valid resource names: background, bd, bg, borderwidth, closeenough, + confine, cursor, height, highlightbackground, highlightcolor, + highlightthickness, insertbackground, insertborderwidth, + insertofftime, insertontime, insertwidth, offset, relief, + scrollregion, selectbackground, selectborderwidth, selectforeground, + state, takefocus, width, xscrollcommand, xscrollincrement, + yscrollcommand, yscrollincrement.""" + Widget.__init__(self, master, 'canvas', cnf, kw) + + def addtag(self, *args): + """Internal function.""" + self.tk.call((self._w, 'addtag') + args) + + def addtag_above(self, newtag, tagOrId): + """Add tag NEWTAG to all items above TAGORID.""" + self.addtag(newtag, 'above', tagOrId) + + def addtag_all(self, newtag): + """Add tag NEWTAG to all items.""" + self.addtag(newtag, 'all') + + def addtag_below(self, newtag, tagOrId): + """Add tag NEWTAG to all items below TAGORID.""" + self.addtag(newtag, 'below', tagOrId) + + def addtag_closest(self, newtag, x, y, halo=None, start=None): + """Add tag NEWTAG to item which is closest to pixel at X, Y. + If several match take the top-most. + All items closer than HALO are considered overlapping (all are + closest). If START is specified the next below this tag is taken.""" + self.addtag(newtag, 'closest', x, y, halo, start) + + def addtag_enclosed(self, newtag, x1, y1, x2, y2): + """Add tag NEWTAG to all items in the rectangle defined + by X1,Y1,X2,Y2.""" + self.addtag(newtag, 'enclosed', x1, y1, x2, y2) + + def addtag_overlapping(self, newtag, x1, y1, x2, y2): + """Add tag NEWTAG to all items which overlap the rectangle + defined by X1,Y1,X2,Y2.""" + self.addtag(newtag, 'overlapping', x1, y1, x2, y2) + + def addtag_withtag(self, newtag, tagOrId): + """Add tag NEWTAG to all items with TAGORID.""" + self.addtag(newtag, 'withtag', tagOrId) + + def bbox(self, *args): + """Return a tuple of X1,Y1,X2,Y2 coordinates for a rectangle + which encloses all items with tags specified as arguments.""" + return self._getints( + self.tk.call((self._w, 'bbox') + args)) or None + + def tag_unbind(self, tagOrId, sequence, funcid=None): + """Unbind for all items with TAGORID for event SEQUENCE the + function identified with FUNCID.""" + self._unbind((self._w, 'bind', tagOrId, sequence), funcid) + + def tag_bind(self, tagOrId, sequence=None, func=None, add=None): + """Bind to all items with TAGORID at event SEQUENCE a call to function FUNC. + + An additional boolean parameter ADD specifies whether FUNC will be + called additionally to the other bound function or whether it will + replace the previous function. See bind for the return value.""" + return self._bind((self._w, 'bind', tagOrId), + sequence, func, add) + + def canvasx(self, screenx, gridspacing=None): + """Return the canvas x coordinate of pixel position SCREENX rounded + to nearest multiple of GRIDSPACING units.""" + return self.tk.getdouble(self.tk.call( + self._w, 'canvasx', screenx, gridspacing)) + + def canvasy(self, screeny, gridspacing=None): + """Return the canvas y coordinate of pixel position SCREENY rounded + to nearest multiple of GRIDSPACING units.""" + return self.tk.getdouble(self.tk.call( + self._w, 'canvasy', screeny, gridspacing)) + + def coords(self, *args): + """Return a list of coordinates for the item given in ARGS.""" + # XXX Should use _flatten on args + return [self.tk.getdouble(x) for x in + self.tk.splitlist( + self.tk.call((self._w, 'coords') + args))] + + def _create(self, itemType, args, kw): # Args: (val, val, ..., cnf={}) + """Internal function.""" + args = _flatten(args) + cnf = args[-1] + if isinstance(cnf, (dict, tuple)): + args = args[:-1] + else: + cnf = {} + return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call( + self._w, 'create', itemType, + *(args + self._options(cnf, kw)))) + + def create_arc(self, *args, **kw): + """Create arc shaped region with coordinates x1,y1,x2,y2.""" + return self._create('arc', args, kw) + + def create_bitmap(self, *args, **kw): + """Create bitmap with coordinates x1,y1.""" + return self._create('bitmap', args, kw) + + def create_image(self, *args, **kw): + """Create image item with coordinates x1,y1.""" + return self._create('image', args, kw) + + def create_line(self, *args, **kw): + """Create line with coordinates x1,y1,...,xn,yn.""" + return self._create('line', args, kw) + + def create_oval(self, *args, **kw): + """Create oval with coordinates x1,y1,x2,y2.""" + return self._create('oval', args, kw) + + def create_polygon(self, *args, **kw): + """Create polygon with coordinates x1,y1,...,xn,yn.""" + return self._create('polygon', args, kw) + + def create_rectangle(self, *args, **kw): + """Create rectangle with coordinates x1,y1,x2,y2.""" + return self._create('rectangle', args, kw) + + def create_text(self, *args, **kw): + """Create text with coordinates x1,y1.""" + return self._create('text', args, kw) + + def create_window(self, *args, **kw): + """Create window with coordinates x1,y1,x2,y2.""" + return self._create('window', args, kw) + + def dchars(self, *args): + """Delete characters of text items identified by tag or id in ARGS (possibly + several times) from FIRST to LAST character (including).""" + self.tk.call((self._w, 'dchars') + args) + + def delete(self, *args): + """Delete items identified by all tag or ids contained in ARGS.""" + self.tk.call((self._w, 'delete') + args) + + def dtag(self, *args): + """Delete tag or id given as last arguments in ARGS from items + identified by first argument in ARGS.""" + self.tk.call((self._w, 'dtag') + args) + + def find(self, *args): + """Internal function.""" + return self._getints( + self.tk.call((self._w, 'find') + args)) or () + + def find_above(self, tagOrId): + """Return items above TAGORID.""" + return self.find('above', tagOrId) + + def find_all(self): + """Return all items.""" + return self.find('all') + + def find_below(self, tagOrId): + """Return all items below TAGORID.""" + return self.find('below', tagOrId) + + def find_closest(self, x, y, halo=None, start=None): + """Return item which is closest to pixel at X, Y. + If several match take the top-most. + All items closer than HALO are considered overlapping (all are + closest). If START is specified the next below this tag is taken.""" + return self.find('closest', x, y, halo, start) + + def find_enclosed(self, x1, y1, x2, y2): + """Return all items in rectangle defined + by X1,Y1,X2,Y2.""" + return self.find('enclosed', x1, y1, x2, y2) + + def find_overlapping(self, x1, y1, x2, y2): + """Return all items which overlap the rectangle + defined by X1,Y1,X2,Y2.""" + return self.find('overlapping', x1, y1, x2, y2) + + def find_withtag(self, tagOrId): + """Return all items with TAGORID.""" + return self.find('withtag', tagOrId) + + def focus(self, *args): + """Set focus to the first item specified in ARGS.""" + return self.tk.call((self._w, 'focus') + args) + + def gettags(self, *args): + """Return tags associated with the first item specified in ARGS.""" + return self.tk.splitlist( + self.tk.call((self._w, 'gettags') + args)) + + def icursor(self, *args): + """Set cursor at position POS in the item identified by TAGORID. + In ARGS TAGORID must be first.""" + self.tk.call((self._w, 'icursor') + args) + + def index(self, *args): + """Return position of cursor as integer in item specified in ARGS.""" + return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call((self._w, 'index') + args)) + + def insert(self, *args): + """Insert TEXT in item TAGORID at position POS. ARGS must + be TAGORID POS TEXT.""" + self.tk.call((self._w, 'insert') + args) + + def itemcget(self, tagOrId, option): + """Return the resource value for an OPTION for item TAGORID.""" + return self.tk.call( + (self._w, 'itemcget') + (tagOrId, '-'+option)) + + def itemconfigure(self, tagOrId, cnf=None, **kw): + """Configure resources of an item TAGORID. + + The values for resources are specified as keyword + arguments. To get an overview about + the allowed keyword arguments call the method without arguments. + """ + return self._configure(('itemconfigure', tagOrId), cnf, kw) + + itemconfig = itemconfigure + + # lower, tkraise/lift hide Misc.lower, Misc.tkraise/lift, + # so the preferred name for them is tag_lower, tag_raise + # (similar to tag_bind, and similar to the Text widget); + # unfortunately can't delete the old ones yet (maybe in 1.6) + def tag_lower(self, *args): + """Lower an item TAGORID given in ARGS + (optional below another item).""" + self.tk.call((self._w, 'lower') + args) + + lower = tag_lower + + def move(self, *args): + """Move an item TAGORID given in ARGS.""" + self.tk.call((self._w, 'move') + args) + + def moveto(self, tagOrId, x='', y=''): + """Move the items given by TAGORID in the canvas coordinate + space so that the first coordinate pair of the bottommost + item with tag TAGORID is located at position (X,Y). + X and Y may be the empty string, in which case the + corresponding coordinate will be unchanged. All items matching + TAGORID remain in the same positions relative to each other.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'moveto', tagOrId, x, y) + + def postscript(self, cnf={}, **kw): + """Print the contents of the canvas to a postscript + file. Valid options: colormap, colormode, file, fontmap, + height, pageanchor, pageheight, pagewidth, pagex, pagey, + rotate, width, x, y.""" + return self.tk.call((self._w, 'postscript') + + self._options(cnf, kw)) + + def tag_raise(self, *args): + """Raise an item TAGORID given in ARGS + (optional above another item).""" + self.tk.call((self._w, 'raise') + args) + + lift = tkraise = tag_raise + + def scale(self, *args): + """Scale item TAGORID with XORIGIN, YORIGIN, XSCALE, YSCALE.""" + self.tk.call((self._w, 'scale') + args) + + def scan_mark(self, x, y): + """Remember the current X, Y coordinates.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'mark', x, y) + + def scan_dragto(self, x, y, gain=10): + """Adjust the view of the canvas to GAIN times the + difference between X and Y and the coordinates given in + scan_mark.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'dragto', x, y, gain) + + def select_adjust(self, tagOrId, index): + """Adjust the end of the selection near the cursor of an item TAGORID to index.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'select', 'adjust', tagOrId, index) + + def select_clear(self): + """Clear the selection if it is in this widget.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'select', 'clear') + + def select_from(self, tagOrId, index): + """Set the fixed end of a selection in item TAGORID to INDEX.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'select', 'from', tagOrId, index) + + def select_item(self): + """Return the item which has the selection.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'select', 'item') or None + + def select_to(self, tagOrId, index): + """Set the variable end of a selection in item TAGORID to INDEX.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'select', 'to', tagOrId, index) + + def type(self, tagOrId): + """Return the type of the item TAGORID.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'type', tagOrId) or None + + +_checkbutton_count = 0 + +class Checkbutton(Widget): + """Checkbutton widget which is either in on- or off-state.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + """Construct a checkbutton widget with the parent MASTER. + + Valid resource names: activebackground, activeforeground, anchor, + background, bd, bg, bitmap, borderwidth, command, cursor, + disabledforeground, fg, font, foreground, height, + highlightbackground, highlightcolor, highlightthickness, image, + indicatoron, justify, offvalue, onvalue, padx, pady, relief, + selectcolor, selectimage, state, takefocus, text, textvariable, + underline, variable, width, wraplength.""" + Widget.__init__(self, master, 'checkbutton', cnf, kw) + + def _setup(self, master, cnf): + # Because Checkbutton defaults to a variable with the same name as + # the widget, Checkbutton default names must be globally unique, + # not just unique within the parent widget. + if not cnf.get('name'): + global _checkbutton_count + name = self.__class__.__name__.lower() + _checkbutton_count += 1 + # To avoid collisions with ttk.Checkbutton, use the different + # name template. + cnf['name'] = f'!{name}-{_checkbutton_count}' + super()._setup(master, cnf) + + def deselect(self): + """Put the button in off-state.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'deselect') + + def flash(self): + """Flash the button.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'flash') + + def invoke(self): + """Toggle the button and invoke a command if given as resource.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'invoke') + + def select(self): + """Put the button in on-state.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'select') + + def toggle(self): + """Toggle the button.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'toggle') + + +class Entry(Widget, XView): + """Entry widget which allows displaying simple text.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + """Construct an entry widget with the parent MASTER. + + Valid resource names: background, bd, bg, borderwidth, cursor, + exportselection, fg, font, foreground, highlightbackground, + highlightcolor, highlightthickness, insertbackground, + insertborderwidth, insertofftime, insertontime, insertwidth, + invalidcommand, invcmd, justify, relief, selectbackground, + selectborderwidth, selectforeground, show, state, takefocus, + textvariable, validate, validatecommand, vcmd, width, + xscrollcommand.""" + Widget.__init__(self, master, 'entry', cnf, kw) + + def delete(self, first, last=None): + """Delete text from FIRST to LAST (not included).""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', first, last) + + def get(self): + """Return the text.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'get') + + def icursor(self, index): + """Insert cursor at INDEX.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'icursor', index) + + def index(self, index): + """Return position of cursor.""" + return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call( + self._w, 'index', index)) + + def insert(self, index, string): + """Insert STRING at INDEX.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'insert', index, string) + + def scan_mark(self, x): + """Remember the current X, Y coordinates.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'mark', x) + + def scan_dragto(self, x): + """Adjust the view of the canvas to 10 times the + difference between X and Y and the coordinates given in + scan_mark.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'dragto', x) + + def selection_adjust(self, index): + """Adjust the end of the selection near the cursor to INDEX.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'adjust', index) + + select_adjust = selection_adjust + + def selection_clear(self): + """Clear the selection if it is in this widget.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'clear') + + select_clear = selection_clear + + def selection_from(self, index): + """Set the fixed end of a selection to INDEX.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'from', index) + + select_from = selection_from + + def selection_present(self): + """Return True if there are characters selected in the entry, False + otherwise.""" + return self.tk.getboolean( + self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'present')) + + select_present = selection_present + + def selection_range(self, start, end): + """Set the selection from START to END (not included).""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'range', start, end) + + select_range = selection_range + + def selection_to(self, index): + """Set the variable end of a selection to INDEX.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'to', index) + + select_to = selection_to + + +class Frame(Widget): + """Frame widget which may contain other widgets and can have a 3D border.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + """Construct a frame widget with the parent MASTER. + + Valid resource names: background, bd, bg, borderwidth, class, + colormap, container, cursor, height, highlightbackground, + highlightcolor, highlightthickness, relief, takefocus, visual, width.""" + cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw)) + extra = () + if 'class_' in cnf: + extra = ('-class', cnf['class_']) + del cnf['class_'] + elif 'class' in cnf: + extra = ('-class', cnf['class']) + del cnf['class'] + Widget.__init__(self, master, 'frame', cnf, {}, extra) + + +class Label(Widget): + """Label widget which can display text and bitmaps.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + """Construct a label widget with the parent MASTER. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + activebackground, activeforeground, anchor, + background, bitmap, borderwidth, cursor, + disabledforeground, font, foreground, + highlightbackground, highlightcolor, + highlightthickness, image, justify, + padx, pady, relief, takefocus, text, + textvariable, underline, wraplength + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + height, state, width + + """ + Widget.__init__(self, master, 'label', cnf, kw) + + +class Listbox(Widget, XView, YView): + """Listbox widget which can display a list of strings.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + """Construct a listbox widget with the parent MASTER. + + Valid resource names: background, bd, bg, borderwidth, cursor, + exportselection, fg, font, foreground, height, highlightbackground, + highlightcolor, highlightthickness, relief, selectbackground, + selectborderwidth, selectforeground, selectmode, setgrid, takefocus, + width, xscrollcommand, yscrollcommand, listvariable.""" + Widget.__init__(self, master, 'listbox', cnf, kw) + + def activate(self, index): + """Activate item identified by INDEX.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'activate', index) + + def bbox(self, index): + """Return a tuple of X1,Y1,X2,Y2 coordinates for a rectangle + which encloses the item identified by the given index.""" + return self._getints(self.tk.call(self._w, 'bbox', index)) or None + + def curselection(self): + """Return the indices of currently selected item.""" + return self._getints(self.tk.call(self._w, 'curselection')) or () + + def delete(self, first, last=None): + """Delete items from FIRST to LAST (included).""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', first, last) + + def get(self, first, last=None): + """Get list of items from FIRST to LAST (included).""" + if last is not None: + return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call( + self._w, 'get', first, last)) + else: + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'get', first) + + def index(self, index): + """Return index of item identified with INDEX.""" + i = self.tk.call(self._w, 'index', index) + if i == 'none': return None + return self.tk.getint(i) + + def insert(self, index, *elements): + """Insert ELEMENTS at INDEX.""" + self.tk.call((self._w, 'insert', index) + elements) + + def nearest(self, y): + """Get index of item which is nearest to y coordinate Y.""" + return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call( + self._w, 'nearest', y)) + + def scan_mark(self, x, y): + """Remember the current X, Y coordinates.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'mark', x, y) + + def scan_dragto(self, x, y): + """Adjust the view of the listbox to 10 times the + difference between X and Y and the coordinates given in + scan_mark.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'dragto', x, y) + + def see(self, index): + """Scroll such that INDEX is visible.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'see', index) + + def selection_anchor(self, index): + """Set the fixed end oft the selection to INDEX.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'anchor', index) + + select_anchor = selection_anchor + + def selection_clear(self, first, last=None): + """Clear the selection from FIRST to LAST (included).""" + self.tk.call(self._w, + 'selection', 'clear', first, last) + + select_clear = selection_clear + + def selection_includes(self, index): + """Return True if INDEX is part of the selection.""" + return self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call( + self._w, 'selection', 'includes', index)) + + select_includes = selection_includes + + def selection_set(self, first, last=None): + """Set the selection from FIRST to LAST (included) without + changing the currently selected elements.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'set', first, last) + + select_set = selection_set + + def size(self): + """Return the number of elements in the listbox.""" + return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(self._w, 'size')) + + def itemcget(self, index, option): + """Return the resource value for an ITEM and an OPTION.""" + return self.tk.call( + (self._w, 'itemcget') + (index, '-'+option)) + + def itemconfigure(self, index, cnf=None, **kw): + """Configure resources of an ITEM. + + The values for resources are specified as keyword arguments. + To get an overview about the allowed keyword arguments + call the method without arguments. + Valid resource names: background, bg, foreground, fg, + selectbackground, selectforeground.""" + return self._configure(('itemconfigure', index), cnf, kw) + + itemconfig = itemconfigure + + +class Menu(Widget): + """Menu widget which allows displaying menu bars, pull-down menus and pop-up menus.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + """Construct menu widget with the parent MASTER. + + Valid resource names: activebackground, activeborderwidth, + activeforeground, background, bd, bg, borderwidth, cursor, + disabledforeground, fg, font, foreground, postcommand, relief, + selectcolor, takefocus, tearoff, tearoffcommand, title, type.""" + Widget.__init__(self, master, 'menu', cnf, kw) + + def tk_popup(self, x, y, entry=""): + """Post the menu at position X,Y with entry ENTRY.""" + self.tk.call('tk_popup', self._w, x, y, entry) + + def activate(self, index): + """Activate entry at INDEX.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'activate', index) + + def add(self, itemType, cnf={}, **kw): + """Internal function.""" + self.tk.call((self._w, 'add', itemType) + + self._options(cnf, kw)) + + def add_cascade(self, cnf={}, **kw): + """Add hierarchical menu item.""" + self.add('cascade', cnf or kw) + + def add_checkbutton(self, cnf={}, **kw): + """Add checkbutton menu item.""" + self.add('checkbutton', cnf or kw) + + def add_command(self, cnf={}, **kw): + """Add command menu item.""" + self.add('command', cnf or kw) + + def add_radiobutton(self, cnf={}, **kw): + """Add radio menu item.""" + self.add('radiobutton', cnf or kw) + + def add_separator(self, cnf={}, **kw): + """Add separator.""" + self.add('separator', cnf or kw) + + def insert(self, index, itemType, cnf={}, **kw): + """Internal function.""" + self.tk.call((self._w, 'insert', index, itemType) + + self._options(cnf, kw)) + + def insert_cascade(self, index, cnf={}, **kw): + """Add hierarchical menu item at INDEX.""" + self.insert(index, 'cascade', cnf or kw) + + def insert_checkbutton(self, index, cnf={}, **kw): + """Add checkbutton menu item at INDEX.""" + self.insert(index, 'checkbutton', cnf or kw) + + def insert_command(self, index, cnf={}, **kw): + """Add command menu item at INDEX.""" + self.insert(index, 'command', cnf or kw) + + def insert_radiobutton(self, index, cnf={}, **kw): + """Add radio menu item at INDEX.""" + self.insert(index, 'radiobutton', cnf or kw) + + def insert_separator(self, index, cnf={}, **kw): + """Add separator at INDEX.""" + self.insert(index, 'separator', cnf or kw) + + def delete(self, index1, index2=None): + """Delete menu items between INDEX1 and INDEX2 (included).""" + if index2 is None: + index2 = index1 + + num_index1, num_index2 = self.index(index1), self.index(index2) + if (num_index1 is None) or (num_index2 is None): + num_index1, num_index2 = 0, -1 + + for i in range(num_index1, num_index2 + 1): + if 'command' in self.entryconfig(i): + c = str(self.entrycget(i, 'command')) + if c: + self.deletecommand(c) + self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', index1, index2) + + def entrycget(self, index, option): + """Return the resource value of a menu item for OPTION at INDEX.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'entrycget', index, '-' + option) + + def entryconfigure(self, index, cnf=None, **kw): + """Configure a menu item at INDEX.""" + return self._configure(('entryconfigure', index), cnf, kw) + + entryconfig = entryconfigure + + def index(self, index): + """Return the index of a menu item identified by INDEX.""" + i = self.tk.call(self._w, 'index', index) + return None if i in ('', 'none') else self.tk.getint(i) # GH-103685. + + def invoke(self, index): + """Invoke a menu item identified by INDEX and execute + the associated command.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'invoke', index) + + def post(self, x, y): + """Display a menu at position X,Y.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'post', x, y) + + def type(self, index): + """Return the type of the menu item at INDEX.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'type', index) + + def unpost(self): + """Unmap a menu.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'unpost') + + def xposition(self, index): # new in Tk 8.5 + """Return the x-position of the leftmost pixel of the menu item + at INDEX.""" + return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(self._w, 'xposition', index)) + + def yposition(self, index): + """Return the y-position of the topmost pixel of the menu item at INDEX.""" + return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call( + self._w, 'yposition', index)) + + +class Menubutton(Widget): + """Menubutton widget, obsolete since Tk8.0.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + Widget.__init__(self, master, 'menubutton', cnf, kw) + + +class Message(Widget): + """Message widget to display multiline text. Obsolete since Label does it too.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + Widget.__init__(self, master, 'message', cnf, kw) + + +class Radiobutton(Widget): + """Radiobutton widget which shows only one of several buttons in on-state.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + """Construct a radiobutton widget with the parent MASTER. + + Valid resource names: activebackground, activeforeground, anchor, + background, bd, bg, bitmap, borderwidth, command, cursor, + disabledforeground, fg, font, foreground, height, + highlightbackground, highlightcolor, highlightthickness, image, + indicatoron, justify, padx, pady, relief, selectcolor, selectimage, + state, takefocus, text, textvariable, underline, value, variable, + width, wraplength.""" + Widget.__init__(self, master, 'radiobutton', cnf, kw) + + def deselect(self): + """Put the button in off-state.""" + + self.tk.call(self._w, 'deselect') + + def flash(self): + """Flash the button.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'flash') + + def invoke(self): + """Toggle the button and invoke a command if given as resource.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'invoke') + + def select(self): + """Put the button in on-state.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'select') + + +class Scale(Widget): + """Scale widget which can display a numerical scale.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + """Construct a scale widget with the parent MASTER. + + Valid resource names: activebackground, background, bigincrement, bd, + bg, borderwidth, command, cursor, digits, fg, font, foreground, from, + highlightbackground, highlightcolor, highlightthickness, label, + length, orient, relief, repeatdelay, repeatinterval, resolution, + showvalue, sliderlength, sliderrelief, state, takefocus, + tickinterval, to, troughcolor, variable, width.""" + Widget.__init__(self, master, 'scale', cnf, kw) + + def get(self): + """Get the current value as integer or float.""" + value = self.tk.call(self._w, 'get') + try: + return self.tk.getint(value) + except (ValueError, TypeError, TclError): + return self.tk.getdouble(value) + + def set(self, value): + """Set the value to VALUE.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'set', value) + + def coords(self, value=None): + """Return a tuple (X,Y) of the point along the centerline of the + trough that corresponds to VALUE or the current value if None is + given.""" + + return self._getints(self.tk.call(self._w, 'coords', value)) + + def identify(self, x, y): + """Return where the point X,Y lies. Valid return values are "slider", + "though1" and "though2".""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'identify', x, y) + + +class Scrollbar(Widget): + """Scrollbar widget which displays a slider at a certain position.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + """Construct a scrollbar widget with the parent MASTER. + + Valid resource names: activebackground, activerelief, + background, bd, bg, borderwidth, command, cursor, + elementborderwidth, highlightbackground, + highlightcolor, highlightthickness, jump, orient, + relief, repeatdelay, repeatinterval, takefocus, + troughcolor, width.""" + Widget.__init__(self, master, 'scrollbar', cnf, kw) + + def activate(self, index=None): + """Marks the element indicated by index as active. + The only index values understood by this method are "arrow1", + "slider", or "arrow2". If any other value is specified then no + element of the scrollbar will be active. If index is not specified, + the method returns the name of the element that is currently active, + or None if no element is active.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'activate', index) or None + + def delta(self, deltax, deltay): + """Return the fractional change of the scrollbar setting if it + would be moved by DELTAX or DELTAY pixels.""" + return self.tk.getdouble( + self.tk.call(self._w, 'delta', deltax, deltay)) + + def fraction(self, x, y): + """Return the fractional value which corresponds to a slider + position of X,Y.""" + return self.tk.getdouble(self.tk.call(self._w, 'fraction', x, y)) + + def identify(self, x, y): + """Return the element under position X,Y as one of + "arrow1","slider","arrow2" or "".""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'identify', x, y) + + def get(self): + """Return the current fractional values (upper and lower end) + of the slider position.""" + return self._getdoubles(self.tk.call(self._w, 'get')) + + def set(self, first, last): + """Set the fractional values of the slider position (upper and + lower ends as value between 0 and 1).""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'set', first, last) + + +class Text(Widget, XView, YView): + """Text widget which can display text in various forms.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + """Construct a text widget with the parent MASTER. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + background, borderwidth, cursor, + exportselection, font, foreground, + highlightbackground, highlightcolor, + highlightthickness, insertbackground, + insertborderwidth, insertofftime, + insertontime, insertwidth, padx, pady, + relief, selectbackground, + selectborderwidth, selectforeground, + setgrid, takefocus, + xscrollcommand, yscrollcommand, + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + autoseparators, height, maxundo, + spacing1, spacing2, spacing3, + state, tabs, undo, width, wrap, + + """ + Widget.__init__(self, master, 'text', cnf, kw) + + def bbox(self, index): + """Return a tuple of (x,y,width,height) which gives the bounding + box of the visible part of the character at the given index.""" + return self._getints( + self.tk.call(self._w, 'bbox', index)) or None + + def compare(self, index1, op, index2): + """Return whether between index INDEX1 and index INDEX2 the + relation OP is satisfied. OP is one of <, <=, ==, >=, >, or !=.""" + return self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call( + self._w, 'compare', index1, op, index2)) + + def count(self, index1, index2, *args): # new in Tk 8.5 + """Counts the number of relevant things between the two indices. + If index1 is after index2, the result will be a negative number + (and this holds for each of the possible options). + + The actual items which are counted depends on the options given by + args. The result is a list of integers, one for the result of each + counting option given. Valid counting options are "chars", + "displaychars", "displayindices", "displaylines", "indices", + "lines", "xpixels" and "ypixels". There is an additional possible + option "update", which if given then all subsequent options ensure + that any possible out of date information is recalculated.""" + args = ['-%s' % arg for arg in args] + args += [index1, index2] + res = self.tk.call(self._w, 'count', *args) or None + if res is not None and len(args) <= 3: + return (res, ) + else: + return res + + def debug(self, boolean=None): + """Turn on the internal consistency checks of the B-Tree inside the text + widget according to BOOLEAN.""" + if boolean is None: + return self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call(self._w, 'debug')) + self.tk.call(self._w, 'debug', boolean) + + def delete(self, index1, index2=None): + """Delete the characters between INDEX1 and INDEX2 (not included).""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', index1, index2) + + def dlineinfo(self, index): + """Return tuple (x,y,width,height,baseline) giving the bounding box + and baseline position of the visible part of the line containing + the character at INDEX.""" + return self._getints(self.tk.call(self._w, 'dlineinfo', index)) + + def dump(self, index1, index2=None, command=None, **kw): + """Return the contents of the widget between index1 and index2. + + The type of contents returned in filtered based on the keyword + parameters; if 'all', 'image', 'mark', 'tag', 'text', or 'window' are + given and true, then the corresponding items are returned. The result + is a list of triples of the form (key, value, index). If none of the + keywords are true then 'all' is used by default. + + If the 'command' argument is given, it is called once for each element + of the list of triples, with the values of each triple serving as the + arguments to the function. In this case the list is not returned.""" + args = [] + func_name = None + result = None + if not command: + # Never call the dump command without the -command flag, since the + # output could involve Tcl quoting and would be a pain to parse + # right. Instead just set the command to build a list of triples + # as if we had done the parsing. + result = [] + def append_triple(key, value, index, result=result): + result.append((key, value, index)) + command = append_triple + try: + if not isinstance(command, str): + func_name = command = self._register(command) + args += ["-command", command] + for key in kw: + if kw[key]: args.append("-" + key) + args.append(index1) + if index2: + args.append(index2) + self.tk.call(self._w, "dump", *args) + return result + finally: + if func_name: + self.deletecommand(func_name) + + ## new in tk8.4 + def edit(self, *args): + """Internal method + + This method controls the undo mechanism and + the modified flag. The exact behavior of the + command depends on the option argument that + follows the edit argument. The following forms + of the command are currently supported: + + edit_modified, edit_redo, edit_reset, edit_separator + and edit_undo + + """ + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'edit', *args) + + def edit_modified(self, arg=None): + """Get or Set the modified flag + + If arg is not specified, returns the modified + flag of the widget. The insert, delete, edit undo and + edit redo commands or the user can set or clear the + modified flag. If boolean is specified, sets the + modified flag of the widget to arg. + """ + return self.edit("modified", arg) + + def edit_redo(self): + """Redo the last undone edit + + When the undo option is true, reapplies the last + undone edits provided no other edits were done since + then. Generates an error when the redo stack is empty. + Does nothing when the undo option is false. + """ + return self.edit("redo") + + def edit_reset(self): + """Clears the undo and redo stacks + """ + return self.edit("reset") + + def edit_separator(self): + """Inserts a separator (boundary) on the undo stack. + + Does nothing when the undo option is false + """ + return self.edit("separator") + + def edit_undo(self): + """Undoes the last edit action + + If the undo option is true. An edit action is defined + as all the insert and delete commands that are recorded + on the undo stack in between two separators. Generates + an error when the undo stack is empty. Does nothing + when the undo option is false + """ + return self.edit("undo") + + def get(self, index1, index2=None): + """Return the text from INDEX1 to INDEX2 (not included).""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'get', index1, index2) + # (Image commands are new in 8.0) + + def image_cget(self, index, option): + """Return the value of OPTION of an embedded image at INDEX.""" + if option[:1] != "-": + option = "-" + option + if option[-1:] == "_": + option = option[:-1] + return self.tk.call(self._w, "image", "cget", index, option) + + def image_configure(self, index, cnf=None, **kw): + """Configure an embedded image at INDEX.""" + return self._configure(('image', 'configure', index), cnf, kw) + + def image_create(self, index, cnf={}, **kw): + """Create an embedded image at INDEX.""" + return self.tk.call( + self._w, "image", "create", index, + *self._options(cnf, kw)) + + def image_names(self): + """Return all names of embedded images in this widget.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, "image", "names") + + def index(self, index): + """Return the index in the form line.char for INDEX.""" + return str(self.tk.call(self._w, 'index', index)) + + def insert(self, index, chars, *args): + """Insert CHARS before the characters at INDEX. An additional + tag can be given in ARGS. Additional CHARS and tags can follow in ARGS.""" + self.tk.call((self._w, 'insert', index, chars) + args) + + def mark_gravity(self, markName, direction=None): + """Change the gravity of a mark MARKNAME to DIRECTION (LEFT or RIGHT). + Return the current value if None is given for DIRECTION.""" + return self.tk.call( + (self._w, 'mark', 'gravity', markName, direction)) + + def mark_names(self): + """Return all mark names.""" + return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call( + self._w, 'mark', 'names')) + + def mark_set(self, markName, index): + """Set mark MARKNAME before the character at INDEX.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'mark', 'set', markName, index) + + def mark_unset(self, *markNames): + """Delete all marks in MARKNAMES.""" + self.tk.call((self._w, 'mark', 'unset') + markNames) + + def mark_next(self, index): + """Return the name of the next mark after INDEX.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'mark', 'next', index) or None + + def mark_previous(self, index): + """Return the name of the previous mark before INDEX.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'mark', 'previous', index) or None + + def peer_create(self, newPathName, cnf={}, **kw): # new in Tk 8.5 + """Creates a peer text widget with the given newPathName, and any + optional standard configuration options. By default the peer will + have the same start and end line as the parent widget, but + these can be overridden with the standard configuration options.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'peer', 'create', newPathName, + *self._options(cnf, kw)) + + def peer_names(self): # new in Tk 8.5 + """Returns a list of peers of this widget (this does not include + the widget itself).""" + return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(self._w, 'peer', 'names')) + + def replace(self, index1, index2, chars, *args): # new in Tk 8.5 + """Replaces the range of characters between index1 and index2 with + the given characters and tags specified by args. + + See the method insert for some more information about args, and the + method delete for information about the indices.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'replace', index1, index2, chars, *args) + + def scan_mark(self, x, y): + """Remember the current X, Y coordinates.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'mark', x, y) + + def scan_dragto(self, x, y): + """Adjust the view of the text to 10 times the + difference between X and Y and the coordinates given in + scan_mark.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'dragto', x, y) + + def search(self, pattern, index, stopindex=None, + forwards=None, backwards=None, exact=None, + regexp=None, nocase=None, count=None, elide=None): + """Search PATTERN beginning from INDEX until STOPINDEX. + Return the index of the first character of a match or an + empty string.""" + args = [self._w, 'search'] + if forwards: args.append('-forwards') + if backwards: args.append('-backwards') + if exact: args.append('-exact') + if regexp: args.append('-regexp') + if nocase: args.append('-nocase') + if elide: args.append('-elide') + if count: args.append('-count'); args.append(count) + if pattern and pattern[0] == '-': args.append('--') + args.append(pattern) + args.append(index) + if stopindex: args.append(stopindex) + return str(self.tk.call(tuple(args))) + + def see(self, index): + """Scroll such that the character at INDEX is visible.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'see', index) + + def tag_add(self, tagName, index1, *args): + """Add tag TAGNAME to all characters between INDEX1 and index2 in ARGS. + Additional pairs of indices may follow in ARGS.""" + self.tk.call( + (self._w, 'tag', 'add', tagName, index1) + args) + + def tag_unbind(self, tagName, sequence, funcid=None): + """Unbind for all characters with TAGNAME for event SEQUENCE the + function identified with FUNCID.""" + return self._unbind((self._w, 'tag', 'bind', tagName, sequence), funcid) + + def tag_bind(self, tagName, sequence, func, add=None): + """Bind to all characters with TAGNAME at event SEQUENCE a call to function FUNC. + + An additional boolean parameter ADD specifies whether FUNC will be + called additionally to the other bound function or whether it will + replace the previous function. See bind for the return value.""" + return self._bind((self._w, 'tag', 'bind', tagName), + sequence, func, add) + + def _tag_bind(self, tagName, sequence=None, func=None, add=None): + # For tests only + return self._bind((self._w, 'tag', 'bind', tagName), + sequence, func, add) + + def tag_cget(self, tagName, option): + """Return the value of OPTION for tag TAGNAME.""" + if option[:1] != '-': + option = '-' + option + if option[-1:] == '_': + option = option[:-1] + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'tag', 'cget', tagName, option) + + def tag_configure(self, tagName, cnf=None, **kw): + """Configure a tag TAGNAME.""" + return self._configure(('tag', 'configure', tagName), cnf, kw) + + tag_config = tag_configure + + def tag_delete(self, *tagNames): + """Delete all tags in TAGNAMES.""" + self.tk.call((self._w, 'tag', 'delete') + tagNames) + + def tag_lower(self, tagName, belowThis=None): + """Change the priority of tag TAGNAME such that it is lower + than the priority of BELOWTHIS.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'tag', 'lower', tagName, belowThis) + + def tag_names(self, index=None): + """Return a list of all tag names.""" + return self.tk.splitlist( + self.tk.call(self._w, 'tag', 'names', index)) + + def tag_nextrange(self, tagName, index1, index2=None): + """Return a list of start and end index for the first sequence of + characters between INDEX1 and INDEX2 which all have tag TAGNAME. + The text is searched forward from INDEX1.""" + return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call( + self._w, 'tag', 'nextrange', tagName, index1, index2)) + + def tag_prevrange(self, tagName, index1, index2=None): + """Return a list of start and end index for the first sequence of + characters between INDEX1 and INDEX2 which all have tag TAGNAME. + The text is searched backwards from INDEX1.""" + return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call( + self._w, 'tag', 'prevrange', tagName, index1, index2)) + + def tag_raise(self, tagName, aboveThis=None): + """Change the priority of tag TAGNAME such that it is higher + than the priority of ABOVETHIS.""" + self.tk.call( + self._w, 'tag', 'raise', tagName, aboveThis) + + def tag_ranges(self, tagName): + """Return a list of ranges of text which have tag TAGNAME.""" + return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call( + self._w, 'tag', 'ranges', tagName)) + + def tag_remove(self, tagName, index1, index2=None): + """Remove tag TAGNAME from all characters between INDEX1 and INDEX2.""" + self.tk.call( + self._w, 'tag', 'remove', tagName, index1, index2) + + def window_cget(self, index, option): + """Return the value of OPTION of an embedded window at INDEX.""" + if option[:1] != '-': + option = '-' + option + if option[-1:] == '_': + option = option[:-1] + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'window', 'cget', index, option) + + def window_configure(self, index, cnf=None, **kw): + """Configure an embedded window at INDEX.""" + return self._configure(('window', 'configure', index), cnf, kw) + + window_config = window_configure + + def window_create(self, index, cnf={}, **kw): + """Create a window at INDEX.""" + self.tk.call( + (self._w, 'window', 'create', index) + + self._options(cnf, kw)) + + def window_names(self): + """Return all names of embedded windows in this widget.""" + return self.tk.splitlist( + self.tk.call(self._w, 'window', 'names')) + + def yview_pickplace(self, *what): + """Obsolete function, use see.""" + self.tk.call((self._w, 'yview', '-pickplace') + what) + + +class _setit: + """Internal class. It wraps the command in the widget OptionMenu.""" + + def __init__(self, var, value, callback=None): + self.__value = value + self.__var = var + self.__callback = callback + + def __call__(self, *args): + self.__var.set(self.__value) + if self.__callback is not None: + self.__callback(self.__value, *args) + + +class OptionMenu(Menubutton): + """OptionMenu which allows the user to select a value from a menu.""" + + def __init__(self, master, variable, value, *values, **kwargs): + """Construct an optionmenu widget with the parent MASTER, with + the resource textvariable set to VARIABLE, the initially selected + value VALUE, the other menu values VALUES and an additional + keyword argument command.""" + kw = {"borderwidth": 2, "textvariable": variable, + "indicatoron": 1, "relief": RAISED, "anchor": "c", + "highlightthickness": 2} + Widget.__init__(self, master, "menubutton", kw) + self.widgetName = 'tk_optionMenu' + menu = self.__menu = Menu(self, name="menu", tearoff=0) + self.menuname = menu._w + # 'command' is the only supported keyword + callback = kwargs.get('command') + if 'command' in kwargs: + del kwargs['command'] + if kwargs: + raise TclError('unknown option -'+next(iter(kwargs))) + menu.add_command(label=value, + command=_setit(variable, value, callback)) + for v in values: + menu.add_command(label=v, + command=_setit(variable, v, callback)) + self["menu"] = menu + + def __getitem__(self, name): + if name == 'menu': + return self.__menu + return Widget.__getitem__(self, name) + + def destroy(self): + """Destroy this widget and the associated menu.""" + Menubutton.destroy(self) + self.__menu = None + + +class Image: + """Base class for images.""" + _last_id = 0 + + def __init__(self, imgtype, name=None, cnf={}, master=None, **kw): + self.name = None + if master is None: + master = _get_default_root('create image') + self.tk = getattr(master, 'tk', master) + if not name: + Image._last_id += 1 + name = "pyimage%r" % (Image._last_id,) # tk itself would use image + if kw and cnf: cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw)) + elif kw: cnf = kw + options = () + for k, v in cnf.items(): + options = options + ('-'+k, v) + self.tk.call(('image', 'create', imgtype, name,) + options) + self.name = name + + def __str__(self): return self.name + + def __del__(self): + if self.name: + try: + self.tk.call('image', 'delete', self.name) + except TclError: + # May happen if the root was destroyed + pass + + def __setitem__(self, key, value): + self.tk.call(self.name, 'configure', '-'+key, value) + + def __getitem__(self, key): + return self.tk.call(self.name, 'configure', '-'+key) + + def configure(self, **kw): + """Configure the image.""" + res = () + for k, v in _cnfmerge(kw).items(): + if v is not None: + if k[-1] == '_': k = k[:-1] + res = res + ('-'+k, v) + self.tk.call((self.name, 'config') + res) + + config = configure + + def height(self): + """Return the height of the image.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('image', 'height', self.name)) + + def type(self): + """Return the type of the image, e.g. "photo" or "bitmap".""" + return self.tk.call('image', 'type', self.name) + + def width(self): + """Return the width of the image.""" + return self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call('image', 'width', self.name)) + + +class PhotoImage(Image): + """Widget which can display images in PGM, PPM, GIF, PNG format.""" + + def __init__(self, name=None, cnf={}, master=None, **kw): + """Create an image with NAME. + + Valid resource names: data, format, file, gamma, height, palette, + width.""" + Image.__init__(self, 'photo', name, cnf, master, **kw) + + def blank(self): + """Display a transparent image.""" + self.tk.call(self.name, 'blank') + + def cget(self, option): + """Return the value of OPTION.""" + return self.tk.call(self.name, 'cget', '-' + option) + # XXX config + + def __getitem__(self, key): + return self.tk.call(self.name, 'cget', '-' + key) + # XXX copy -from, -to, ...? + + def copy(self): + """Return a new PhotoImage with the same image as this widget.""" + destImage = PhotoImage(master=self.tk) + self.tk.call(destImage, 'copy', self.name) + return destImage + + def zoom(self, x, y=''): + """Return a new PhotoImage with the same image as this widget + but zoom it with a factor of x in the X direction and y in the Y + direction. If y is not given, the default value is the same as x. + """ + destImage = PhotoImage(master=self.tk) + if y=='': y=x + self.tk.call(destImage, 'copy', self.name, '-zoom',x,y) + return destImage + + def subsample(self, x, y=''): + """Return a new PhotoImage based on the same image as this widget + but use only every Xth or Yth pixel. If y is not given, the + default value is the same as x. + """ + destImage = PhotoImage(master=self.tk) + if y=='': y=x + self.tk.call(destImage, 'copy', self.name, '-subsample',x,y) + return destImage + + def get(self, x, y): + """Return the color (red, green, blue) of the pixel at X,Y.""" + return self.tk.call(self.name, 'get', x, y) + + def put(self, data, to=None): + """Put row formatted colors to image starting from + position TO, e.g. image.put("{red green} {blue yellow}", to=(4,6))""" + args = (self.name, 'put', data) + if to: + if to[0] == '-to': + to = to[1:] + args = args + ('-to',) + tuple(to) + self.tk.call(args) + # XXX read + + def write(self, filename, format=None, from_coords=None): + """Write image to file FILENAME in FORMAT starting from + position FROM_COORDS.""" + args = (self.name, 'write', filename) + if format: + args = args + ('-format', format) + if from_coords: + args = args + ('-from',) + tuple(from_coords) + self.tk.call(args) + + def transparency_get(self, x, y): + """Return True if the pixel at x,y is transparent.""" + return self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call( + self.name, 'transparency', 'get', x, y)) + + def transparency_set(self, x, y, boolean): + """Set the transparency of the pixel at x,y.""" + self.tk.call(self.name, 'transparency', 'set', x, y, boolean) + + +class BitmapImage(Image): + """Widget which can display images in XBM format.""" + + def __init__(self, name=None, cnf={}, master=None, **kw): + """Create a bitmap with NAME. + + Valid resource names: background, data, file, foreground, maskdata, maskfile.""" + Image.__init__(self, 'bitmap', name, cnf, master, **kw) + + +def image_names(): + tk = _get_default_root('use image_names()').tk + return tk.splitlist(tk.call('image', 'names')) + + +def image_types(): + tk = _get_default_root('use image_types()').tk + return tk.splitlist(tk.call('image', 'types')) + + +class Spinbox(Widget, XView): + """spinbox widget.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + """Construct a spinbox widget with the parent MASTER. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + activebackground, background, borderwidth, + cursor, exportselection, font, foreground, + highlightbackground, highlightcolor, + highlightthickness, insertbackground, + insertborderwidth, insertofftime, + insertontime, insertwidth, justify, relief, + repeatdelay, repeatinterval, + selectbackground, selectborderwidth + selectforeground, takefocus, textvariable + xscrollcommand. + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + buttonbackground, buttoncursor, + buttondownrelief, buttonuprelief, + command, disabledbackground, + disabledforeground, format, from, + invalidcommand, increment, + readonlybackground, state, to, + validate, validatecommand values, + width, wrap, + """ + Widget.__init__(self, master, 'spinbox', cnf, kw) + + def bbox(self, index): + """Return a tuple of X1,Y1,X2,Y2 coordinates for a + rectangle which encloses the character given by index. + + The first two elements of the list give the x and y + coordinates of the upper-left corner of the screen + area covered by the character (in pixels relative + to the widget) and the last two elements give the + width and height of the character, in pixels. The + bounding box may refer to a region outside the + visible area of the window. + """ + return self._getints(self.tk.call(self._w, 'bbox', index)) or None + + def delete(self, first, last=None): + """Delete one or more elements of the spinbox. + + First is the index of the first character to delete, + and last is the index of the character just after + the last one to delete. If last isn't specified it + defaults to first+1, i.e. a single character is + deleted. This command returns an empty string. + """ + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', first, last) + + def get(self): + """Returns the spinbox's string""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'get') + + def icursor(self, index): + """Alter the position of the insertion cursor. + + The insertion cursor will be displayed just before + the character given by index. Returns an empty string + """ + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'icursor', index) + + def identify(self, x, y): + """Returns the name of the widget at position x, y + + Return value is one of: none, buttondown, buttonup, entry + """ + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'identify', x, y) + + def index(self, index): + """Returns the numerical index corresponding to index + """ + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'index', index) + + def insert(self, index, s): + """Insert string s at index + + Returns an empty string. + """ + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'insert', index, s) + + def invoke(self, element): + """Causes the specified element to be invoked + + The element could be buttondown or buttonup + triggering the action associated with it. + """ + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'invoke', element) + + def scan(self, *args): + """Internal function.""" + return self._getints( + self.tk.call((self._w, 'scan') + args)) or () + + def scan_mark(self, x): + """Records x and the current view in the spinbox window; + + used in conjunction with later scan dragto commands. + Typically this command is associated with a mouse button + press in the widget. It returns an empty string. + """ + return self.scan("mark", x) + + def scan_dragto(self, x): + """Compute the difference between the given x argument + and the x argument to the last scan mark command + + It then adjusts the view left or right by 10 times the + difference in x-coordinates. This command is typically + associated with mouse motion events in the widget, to + produce the effect of dragging the spinbox at high speed + through the window. The return value is an empty string. + """ + return self.scan("dragto", x) + + def selection(self, *args): + """Internal function.""" + return self._getints( + self.tk.call((self._w, 'selection') + args)) or () + + def selection_adjust(self, index): + """Locate the end of the selection nearest to the character + given by index, + + Then adjust that end of the selection to be at index + (i.e including but not going beyond index). The other + end of the selection is made the anchor point for future + select to commands. If the selection isn't currently in + the spinbox, then a new selection is created to include + the characters between index and the most recent selection + anchor point, inclusive. + """ + return self.selection("adjust", index) + + def selection_clear(self): + """Clear the selection + + If the selection isn't in this widget then the + command has no effect. + """ + return self.selection("clear") + + def selection_element(self, element=None): + """Sets or gets the currently selected element. + + If a spinbutton element is specified, it will be + displayed depressed. + """ + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'element', element) + + def selection_from(self, index): + """Set the fixed end of a selection to INDEX.""" + self.selection('from', index) + + def selection_present(self): + """Return True if there are characters selected in the spinbox, False + otherwise.""" + return self.tk.getboolean( + self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'present')) + + def selection_range(self, start, end): + """Set the selection from START to END (not included).""" + self.selection('range', start, end) + + def selection_to(self, index): + """Set the variable end of a selection to INDEX.""" + self.selection('to', index) + +########################################################################### + + +class LabelFrame(Widget): + """labelframe widget.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + """Construct a labelframe widget with the parent MASTER. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + borderwidth, cursor, font, foreground, + highlightbackground, highlightcolor, + highlightthickness, padx, pady, relief, + takefocus, text + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + background, class, colormap, container, + height, labelanchor, labelwidget, + visual, width + """ + Widget.__init__(self, master, 'labelframe', cnf, kw) + +######################################################################## + + +class PanedWindow(Widget): + """panedwindow widget.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + """Construct a panedwindow widget with the parent MASTER. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + background, borderwidth, cursor, height, + orient, relief, width + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + handlepad, handlesize, opaqueresize, + sashcursor, sashpad, sashrelief, + sashwidth, showhandle, + """ + Widget.__init__(self, master, 'panedwindow', cnf, kw) + + def add(self, child, **kw): + """Add a child widget to the panedwindow in a new pane. + + The child argument is the name of the child widget + followed by pairs of arguments that specify how to + manage the windows. The possible options and values + are the ones accepted by the paneconfigure method. + """ + self.tk.call((self._w, 'add', child) + self._options(kw)) + + def remove(self, child): + """Remove the pane containing child from the panedwindow + + All geometry management options for child will be forgotten. + """ + self.tk.call(self._w, 'forget', child) + + forget = remove + + def identify(self, x, y): + """Identify the panedwindow component at point x, y + + If the point is over a sash or a sash handle, the result + is a two element list containing the index of the sash or + handle, and a word indicating whether it is over a sash + or a handle, such as {0 sash} or {2 handle}. If the point + is over any other part of the panedwindow, the result is + an empty list. + """ + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'identify', x, y) + + def proxy(self, *args): + """Internal function.""" + return self._getints( + self.tk.call((self._w, 'proxy') + args)) or () + + def proxy_coord(self): + """Return the x and y pair of the most recent proxy location + """ + return self.proxy("coord") + + def proxy_forget(self): + """Remove the proxy from the display. + """ + return self.proxy("forget") + + def proxy_place(self, x, y): + """Place the proxy at the given x and y coordinates. + """ + return self.proxy("place", x, y) + + def sash(self, *args): + """Internal function.""" + return self._getints( + self.tk.call((self._w, 'sash') + args)) or () + + def sash_coord(self, index): + """Return the current x and y pair for the sash given by index. + + Index must be an integer between 0 and 1 less than the + number of panes in the panedwindow. The coordinates given are + those of the top left corner of the region containing the sash. + pathName sash dragto index x y This command computes the + difference between the given coordinates and the coordinates + given to the last sash coord command for the given sash. It then + moves that sash the computed difference. The return value is the + empty string. + """ + return self.sash("coord", index) + + def sash_mark(self, index): + """Records x and y for the sash given by index; + + Used in conjunction with later dragto commands to move the sash. + """ + return self.sash("mark", index) + + def sash_place(self, index, x, y): + """Place the sash given by index at the given coordinates + """ + return self.sash("place", index, x, y) + + def panecget(self, child, option): + """Query a management option for window. + + Option may be any value allowed by the paneconfigure subcommand + """ + return self.tk.call( + (self._w, 'panecget') + (child, '-'+option)) + + def paneconfigure(self, tagOrId, cnf=None, **kw): + """Query or modify the management options for window. + + If no option is specified, returns a list describing all + of the available options for pathName. If option is + specified with no value, then the command returns a list + describing the one named option (this list will be identical + to the corresponding sublist of the value returned if no + option is specified). If one or more option-value pairs are + specified, then the command modifies the given widget + option(s) to have the given value(s); in this case the + command returns an empty string. The following options + are supported: + + after window + Insert the window after the window specified. window + should be the name of a window already managed by pathName. + before window + Insert the window before the window specified. window + should be the name of a window already managed by pathName. + height size + Specify a height for the window. The height will be the + outer dimension of the window including its border, if + any. If size is an empty string, or if -height is not + specified, then the height requested internally by the + window will be used initially; the height may later be + adjusted by the movement of sashes in the panedwindow. + Size may be any value accepted by Tk_GetPixels. + minsize n + Specifies that the size of the window cannot be made + less than n. This constraint only affects the size of + the widget in the paned dimension -- the x dimension + for horizontal panedwindows, the y dimension for + vertical panedwindows. May be any value accepted by + Tk_GetPixels. + padx n + Specifies a non-negative value indicating how much + extra space to leave on each side of the window in + the X-direction. The value may have any of the forms + accepted by Tk_GetPixels. + pady n + Specifies a non-negative value indicating how much + extra space to leave on each side of the window in + the Y-direction. The value may have any of the forms + accepted by Tk_GetPixels. + sticky style + If a window's pane is larger than the requested + dimensions of the window, this option may be used + to position (or stretch) the window within its pane. + Style is a string that contains zero or more of the + characters n, s, e or w. The string can optionally + contains spaces or commas, but they are ignored. Each + letter refers to a side (north, south, east, or west) + that the window will "stick" to. If both n and s + (or e and w) are specified, the window will be + stretched to fill the entire height (or width) of + its cavity. + width size + Specify a width for the window. The width will be + the outer dimension of the window including its + border, if any. If size is an empty string, or + if -width is not specified, then the width requested + internally by the window will be used initially; the + width may later be adjusted by the movement of sashes + in the panedwindow. Size may be any value accepted by + Tk_GetPixels. + + """ + if cnf is None and not kw: + return self._getconfigure(self._w, 'paneconfigure', tagOrId) + if isinstance(cnf, str) and not kw: + return self._getconfigure1( + self._w, 'paneconfigure', tagOrId, '-'+cnf) + self.tk.call((self._w, 'paneconfigure', tagOrId) + + self._options(cnf, kw)) + + paneconfig = paneconfigure + + def panes(self): + """Returns an ordered list of the child panes.""" + return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(self._w, 'panes')) + +# Test: + + +def _test(): + root = Tk() + text = "This is Tcl/Tk %s" % root.globalgetvar('tk_patchLevel') + text += "\nThis should be a cedilla: \xe7" + label = Label(root, text=text) + label.pack() + test = Button(root, text="Click me!", + command=lambda root=root: root.test.configure( + text="[%s]" % root.test['text'])) + test.pack() + root.test = test + quit = Button(root, text="QUIT", command=root.destroy) + quit.pack() + # The following three commands are needed so the window pops + # up on top on Windows... + root.iconify() + root.update() + root.deiconify() + root.mainloop() + + +__all__ = [name for name, obj in globals().items() + if not name.startswith('_') and not isinstance(obj, types.ModuleType) + and name not in {'wantobjects'}] + +if __name__ == '__main__': + _test() diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__main__.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__main__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..757880d439c02c359378c42becaf243c60484cb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__main__.py @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +"""Main entry point""" + +import sys +if sys.argv[0].endswith("__main__.py"): + sys.argv[0] = "python -m tkinter" +from . import _test as main +main() diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__pycache__/commondialog.cpython-311.pyc b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__pycache__/commondialog.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..795f6828b3ee2f26d86951bd84716a7b57d8c222 Binary files /dev/null and b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__pycache__/commondialog.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__pycache__/constants.cpython-311.pyc b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__pycache__/constants.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..722da91fcccc028199ab55c5ba0f0eb6a2e4cab9 Binary files /dev/null and b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__pycache__/constants.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__pycache__/dialog.cpython-311.pyc b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__pycache__/dialog.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8f47ca983af9075685e640d0ffc9094cf77df12 Binary files /dev/null and b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__pycache__/dialog.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__pycache__/dnd.cpython-311.pyc b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__pycache__/dnd.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..342d92c90e5a8939bab254ad8a642526fd34271e Binary files /dev/null and b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__pycache__/dnd.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__pycache__/font.cpython-311.pyc b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__pycache__/font.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..abd9d0de708cc1fafd148571f61c59e5165fbb36 Binary files /dev/null and b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__pycache__/font.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__pycache__/scrolledtext.cpython-311.pyc b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__pycache__/scrolledtext.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b26866203c758050143de71f3387f10f900491eb Binary files /dev/null and b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__pycache__/scrolledtext.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__pycache__/simpledialog.cpython-311.pyc b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__pycache__/simpledialog.cpython-311.pyc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60aa60f7999ef3a1fba10688f26283778395b9d8 Binary files /dev/null and b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/__pycache__/simpledialog.cpython-311.pyc differ diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/colorchooser.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/colorchooser.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e2fb69dba927633e614d9438a20ecee6de6b7260 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/colorchooser.py @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +# tk common color chooser dialogue +# +# this module provides an interface to the native color dialogue +# available in Tk 4.2 and newer. +# +# written by Fredrik Lundh, May 1997 +# +# fixed initialcolor handling in August 1998 +# + + +from tkinter.commondialog import Dialog + +__all__ = ["Chooser", "askcolor"] + + +class Chooser(Dialog): + """Create a dialog for the tk_chooseColor command. + + Args: + master: The master widget for this dialog. If not provided, + defaults to options['parent'] (if defined). + options: Dictionary of options for the tk_chooseColor call. + initialcolor: Specifies the selected color when the + dialog is first displayed. This can be a tk color + string or a 3-tuple of ints in the range (0, 255) + for an RGB triplet. + parent: The parent window of the color dialog. The + color dialog is displayed on top of this. + title: A string for the title of the dialog box. + """ + + command = "tk_chooseColor" + + def _fixoptions(self): + """Ensure initialcolor is a tk color string. + + Convert initialcolor from a RGB triplet to a color string. + """ + try: + color = self.options["initialcolor"] + if isinstance(color, tuple): + # Assume an RGB triplet. + self.options["initialcolor"] = "#%02x%02x%02x" % color + except KeyError: + pass + + def _fixresult(self, widget, result): + """Adjust result returned from call to tk_chooseColor. + + Return both an RGB tuple of ints in the range (0, 255) and the + tk color string in the form #rrggbb. + """ + # Result can be many things: an empty tuple, an empty string, or + # a _tkinter.Tcl_Obj, so this somewhat weird check handles that. + if not result or not str(result): + return None, None # canceled + + # To simplify application code, the color chooser returns + # an RGB tuple together with the Tk color string. + r, g, b = widget.winfo_rgb(result) + return (r//256, g//256, b//256), str(result) + + +# +# convenience stuff + +def askcolor(color=None, **options): + """Display dialog window for selection of a color. + + Convenience wrapper for the Chooser class. Displays the color + chooser dialog with color as the initial value. + """ + + if color: + options = options.copy() + options["initialcolor"] = color + + return Chooser(**options).show() + + +# -------------------------------------------------------------------- +# test stuff + +if __name__ == "__main__": + print("color", askcolor()) diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/commondialog.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/commondialog.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e595c99defb9910fd67f1d8636d6a4aeb0f6a908 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/commondialog.py @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +# base class for tk common dialogues +# +# this module provides a base class for accessing the common +# dialogues available in Tk 4.2 and newer. use filedialog, +# colorchooser, and messagebox to access the individual +# dialogs. +# +# written by Fredrik Lundh, May 1997 +# + +__all__ = ["Dialog"] + +from tkinter import Frame, _get_temp_root, _destroy_temp_root + + +class Dialog: + + command = None + + def __init__(self, master=None, **options): + if master is None: + master = options.get('parent') + self.master = master + self.options = options + + def _fixoptions(self): + pass # hook + + def _fixresult(self, widget, result): + return result # hook + + def show(self, **options): + + # update instance options + for k, v in options.items(): + self.options[k] = v + + self._fixoptions() + + master = self.master + if master is None: + master = _get_temp_root() + try: + self._test_callback(master) # The function below is replaced for some tests. + s = master.tk.call(self.command, *master._options(self.options)) + s = self._fixresult(master, s) + finally: + _destroy_temp_root(master) + + return s + + def _test_callback(self, master): + pass diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/constants.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/constants.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..63eee33d24d6c7e2a3bfb504999a74ec34b53d07 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/constants.py @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +# Symbolic constants for Tk + +# Booleans +NO=FALSE=OFF=0 +YES=TRUE=ON=1 + +# -anchor and -sticky +N='n' +S='s' +W='w' +E='e' +NW='nw' +SW='sw' +NE='ne' +SE='se' +NS='ns' +EW='ew' +NSEW='nsew' +CENTER='center' + +# -fill +NONE='none' +X='x' +Y='y' +BOTH='both' + +# -side +LEFT='left' +TOP='top' +RIGHT='right' +BOTTOM='bottom' + +# -relief +RAISED='raised' +SUNKEN='sunken' +FLAT='flat' +RIDGE='ridge' +GROOVE='groove' +SOLID = 'solid' + +# -orient +HORIZONTAL='horizontal' +VERTICAL='vertical' + +# -tabs +NUMERIC='numeric' + +# -wrap +CHAR='char' +WORD='word' + +# -align +BASELINE='baseline' + +# -bordermode +INSIDE='inside' +OUTSIDE='outside' + +# Special tags, marks and insert positions +SEL='sel' +SEL_FIRST='sel.first' +SEL_LAST='sel.last' +END='end' +INSERT='insert' +CURRENT='current' +ANCHOR='anchor' +ALL='all' # e.g. Canvas.delete(ALL) + +# Text widget and button states +NORMAL='normal' +DISABLED='disabled' +ACTIVE='active' +# Canvas state +HIDDEN='hidden' + +# Menu item types +CASCADE='cascade' +CHECKBUTTON='checkbutton' +COMMAND='command' +RADIOBUTTON='radiobutton' +SEPARATOR='separator' + +# Selection modes for list boxes +SINGLE='single' +BROWSE='browse' +MULTIPLE='multiple' +EXTENDED='extended' + +# Activestyle for list boxes +# NONE='none' is also valid +DOTBOX='dotbox' +UNDERLINE='underline' + +# Various canvas styles +PIESLICE='pieslice' +CHORD='chord' +ARC='arc' +FIRST='first' +LAST='last' +BUTT='butt' +PROJECTING='projecting' +ROUND='round' +BEVEL='bevel' +MITER='miter' + +# Arguments to xview/yview +MOVETO='moveto' +SCROLL='scroll' +UNITS='units' +PAGES='pages' diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/dialog.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/dialog.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36ae6c277cb66ac86a48f42d07ce4c08dce10738 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/dialog.py @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +# dialog.py -- Tkinter interface to the tk_dialog script. + +from tkinter import _cnfmerge, Widget, TclError, Button, Pack + +__all__ = ["Dialog"] + +DIALOG_ICON = 'questhead' + + +class Dialog(Widget): + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw)) + self.widgetName = '__dialog__' + self._setup(master, cnf) + self.num = self.tk.getint( + self.tk.call( + 'tk_dialog', self._w, + cnf['title'], cnf['text'], + cnf['bitmap'], cnf['default'], + *cnf['strings'])) + try: Widget.destroy(self) + except TclError: pass + + def destroy(self): pass + + +def _test(): + d = Dialog(None, {'title': 'File Modified', + 'text': + 'File "Python.h" has been modified' + ' since the last time it was saved.' + ' Do you want to save it before' + ' exiting the application.', + 'bitmap': DIALOG_ICON, + 'default': 0, + 'strings': ('Save File', + 'Discard Changes', + 'Return to Editor')}) + print(d.num) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + t = Button(None, {'text': 'Test', + 'command': _test, + Pack: {}}) + q = Button(None, {'text': 'Quit', + 'command': t.quit, + Pack: {}}) + t.mainloop() diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/dnd.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/dnd.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..acec61ba71f1c9f58597de27ee292176a6a23a1e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/dnd.py @@ -0,0 +1,324 @@ +"""Drag-and-drop support for Tkinter. + +This is very preliminary. I currently only support dnd *within* one +application, between different windows (or within the same window). + +I am trying to make this as generic as possible -- not dependent on +the use of a particular widget or icon type, etc. I also hope that +this will work with Pmw. + +To enable an object to be dragged, you must create an event binding +for it that starts the drag-and-drop process. Typically, you should +bind to a callback function that you write. The function +should call Tkdnd.dnd_start(source, event), where 'source' is the +object to be dragged, and 'event' is the event that invoked the call +(the argument to your callback function). Even though this is a class +instantiation, the returned instance should not be stored -- it will +be kept alive automatically for the duration of the drag-and-drop. + +When a drag-and-drop is already in process for the Tk interpreter, the +call is *ignored*; this normally averts starting multiple simultaneous +dnd processes, e.g. because different button callbacks all +dnd_start(). + +The object is *not* necessarily a widget -- it can be any +application-specific object that is meaningful to potential +drag-and-drop targets. + +Potential drag-and-drop targets are discovered as follows. Whenever +the mouse moves, and at the start and end of a drag-and-drop move, the +Tk widget directly under the mouse is inspected. This is the target +widget (not to be confused with the target object, yet to be +determined). If there is no target widget, there is no dnd target +object. If there is a target widget, and it has an attribute +dnd_accept, this should be a function (or any callable object). The +function is called as dnd_accept(source, event), where 'source' is the +object being dragged (the object passed to dnd_start() above), and +'event' is the most recent event object (generally a event; +it can also be or ). If the dnd_accept() +function returns something other than None, this is the new dnd target +object. If dnd_accept() returns None, or if the target widget has no +dnd_accept attribute, the target widget's parent is considered as the +target widget, and the search for a target object is repeated from +there. If necessary, the search is repeated all the way up to the +root widget. If none of the target widgets can produce a target +object, there is no target object (the target object is None). + +The target object thus produced, if any, is called the new target +object. It is compared with the old target object (or None, if there +was no old target widget). There are several cases ('source' is the +source object, and 'event' is the most recent event object): + +- Both the old and new target objects are None. Nothing happens. + +- The old and new target objects are the same object. Its method +dnd_motion(source, event) is called. + +- The old target object was None, and the new target object is not +None. The new target object's method dnd_enter(source, event) is +called. + +- The new target object is None, and the old target object is not +None. The old target object's method dnd_leave(source, event) is +called. + +- The old and new target objects differ and neither is None. The old +target object's method dnd_leave(source, event), and then the new +target object's method dnd_enter(source, event) is called. + +Once this is done, the new target object replaces the old one, and the +Tk mainloop proceeds. The return value of the methods mentioned above +is ignored; if they raise an exception, the normal exception handling +mechanisms take over. + +The drag-and-drop processes can end in two ways: a final target object +is selected, or no final target object is selected. When a final +target object is selected, it will always have been notified of the +potential drop by a call to its dnd_enter() method, as described +above, and possibly one or more calls to its dnd_motion() method; its +dnd_leave() method has not been called since the last call to +dnd_enter(). The target is notified of the drop by a call to its +method dnd_commit(source, event). + +If no final target object is selected, and there was an old target +object, its dnd_leave(source, event) method is called to complete the +dnd sequence. + +Finally, the source object is notified that the drag-and-drop process +is over, by a call to source.dnd_end(target, event), specifying either +the selected target object, or None if no target object was selected. +The source object can use this to implement the commit action; this is +sometimes simpler than to do it in the target's dnd_commit(). The +target's dnd_commit() method could then simply be aliased to +dnd_leave(). + +At any time during a dnd sequence, the application can cancel the +sequence by calling the cancel() method on the object returned by +dnd_start(). This will call dnd_leave() if a target is currently +active; it will never call dnd_commit(). + +""" + +import tkinter + +__all__ = ["dnd_start", "DndHandler"] + + +# The factory function + +def dnd_start(source, event): + h = DndHandler(source, event) + if h.root is not None: + return h + else: + return None + + +# The class that does the work + +class DndHandler: + + root = None + + def __init__(self, source, event): + if event.num > 5: + return + root = event.widget._root() + try: + root.__dnd + return # Don't start recursive dnd + except AttributeError: + root.__dnd = self + self.root = root + self.source = source + self.target = None + self.initial_button = button = event.num + self.initial_widget = widget = event.widget + self.release_pattern = "" % (button, button) + self.save_cursor = widget['cursor'] or "" + widget.bind(self.release_pattern, self.on_release) + widget.bind("", self.on_motion) + widget['cursor'] = "hand2" + + def __del__(self): + root = self.root + self.root = None + if root is not None: + try: + del root.__dnd + except AttributeError: + pass + + def on_motion(self, event): + x, y = event.x_root, event.y_root + target_widget = self.initial_widget.winfo_containing(x, y) + source = self.source + new_target = None + while target_widget is not None: + try: + attr = target_widget.dnd_accept + except AttributeError: + pass + else: + new_target = attr(source, event) + if new_target is not None: + break + target_widget = target_widget.master + old_target = self.target + if old_target is new_target: + if old_target is not None: + old_target.dnd_motion(source, event) + else: + if old_target is not None: + self.target = None + old_target.dnd_leave(source, event) + if new_target is not None: + new_target.dnd_enter(source, event) + self.target = new_target + + def on_release(self, event): + self.finish(event, 1) + + def cancel(self, event=None): + self.finish(event, 0) + + def finish(self, event, commit=0): + target = self.target + source = self.source + widget = self.initial_widget + root = self.root + try: + del root.__dnd + self.initial_widget.unbind(self.release_pattern) + self.initial_widget.unbind("") + widget['cursor'] = self.save_cursor + self.target = self.source = self.initial_widget = self.root = None + if target is not None: + if commit: + target.dnd_commit(source, event) + else: + target.dnd_leave(source, event) + finally: + source.dnd_end(target, event) + + +# ---------------------------------------------------------------------- +# The rest is here for testing and demonstration purposes only! + +class Icon: + + def __init__(self, name): + self.name = name + self.canvas = self.label = self.id = None + + def attach(self, canvas, x=10, y=10): + if canvas is self.canvas: + self.canvas.coords(self.id, x, y) + return + if self.canvas is not None: + self.detach() + if canvas is None: + return + label = tkinter.Label(canvas, text=self.name, + borderwidth=2, relief="raised") + id = canvas.create_window(x, y, window=label, anchor="nw") + self.canvas = canvas + self.label = label + self.id = id + label.bind("", self.press) + + def detach(self): + canvas = self.canvas + if canvas is None: + return + id = self.id + label = self.label + self.canvas = self.label = self.id = None + canvas.delete(id) + label.destroy() + + def press(self, event): + if dnd_start(self, event): + # where the pointer is relative to the label widget: + self.x_off = event.x + self.y_off = event.y + # where the widget is relative to the canvas: + self.x_orig, self.y_orig = self.canvas.coords(self.id) + + def move(self, event): + x, y = self.where(self.canvas, event) + self.canvas.coords(self.id, x, y) + + def putback(self): + self.canvas.coords(self.id, self.x_orig, self.y_orig) + + def where(self, canvas, event): + # where the corner of the canvas is relative to the screen: + x_org = canvas.winfo_rootx() + y_org = canvas.winfo_rooty() + # where the pointer is relative to the canvas widget: + x = event.x_root - x_org + y = event.y_root - y_org + # compensate for initial pointer offset + return x - self.x_off, y - self.y_off + + def dnd_end(self, target, event): + pass + + +class Tester: + + def __init__(self, root): + self.top = tkinter.Toplevel(root) + self.canvas = tkinter.Canvas(self.top, width=100, height=100) + self.canvas.pack(fill="both", expand=1) + self.canvas.dnd_accept = self.dnd_accept + + def dnd_accept(self, source, event): + return self + + def dnd_enter(self, source, event): + self.canvas.focus_set() # Show highlight border + x, y = source.where(self.canvas, event) + x1, y1, x2, y2 = source.canvas.bbox(source.id) + dx, dy = x2-x1, y2-y1 + self.dndid = self.canvas.create_rectangle(x, y, x+dx, y+dy) + self.dnd_motion(source, event) + + def dnd_motion(self, source, event): + x, y = source.where(self.canvas, event) + x1, y1, x2, y2 = self.canvas.bbox(self.dndid) + self.canvas.move(self.dndid, x-x1, y-y1) + + def dnd_leave(self, source, event): + self.top.focus_set() # Hide highlight border + self.canvas.delete(self.dndid) + self.dndid = None + + def dnd_commit(self, source, event): + self.dnd_leave(source, event) + x, y = source.where(self.canvas, event) + source.attach(self.canvas, x, y) + + +def test(): + root = tkinter.Tk() + root.geometry("+1+1") + tkinter.Button(command=root.quit, text="Quit").pack() + t1 = Tester(root) + t1.top.geometry("+1+60") + t2 = Tester(root) + t2.top.geometry("+120+60") + t3 = Tester(root) + t3.top.geometry("+240+60") + i1 = Icon("ICON1") + i2 = Icon("ICON2") + i3 = Icon("ICON3") + i1.attach(t1.canvas) + i2.attach(t2.canvas) + i3.attach(t3.canvas) + root.mainloop() + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + test() diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/filedialog.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/filedialog.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..600d0bd49fe2cf6095511a889db6477ad3bfa321 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/filedialog.py @@ -0,0 +1,493 @@ +"""File selection dialog classes. + +Classes: + +- FileDialog +- LoadFileDialog +- SaveFileDialog + +This module also presents tk common file dialogues, it provides interfaces +to the native file dialogues available in Tk 4.2 and newer, and the +directory dialogue available in Tk 8.3 and newer. +These interfaces were written by Fredrik Lundh, May 1997. +""" +__all__ = ["FileDialog", "LoadFileDialog", "SaveFileDialog", + "Open", "SaveAs", "Directory", + "askopenfilename", "asksaveasfilename", "askopenfilenames", + "askopenfile", "askopenfiles", "asksaveasfile", "askdirectory"] + +import fnmatch +import os +from tkinter import ( + Frame, LEFT, YES, BOTTOM, Entry, TOP, Button, Tk, X, + Toplevel, RIGHT, Y, END, Listbox, BOTH, Scrollbar, +) +from tkinter.dialog import Dialog +from tkinter import commondialog +from tkinter.simpledialog import _setup_dialog + + +dialogstates = {} + + +class FileDialog: + + """Standard file selection dialog -- no checks on selected file. + + Usage: + + d = FileDialog(master) + fname = d.go(dir_or_file, pattern, default, key) + if fname is None: ...canceled... + else: ...open file... + + All arguments to go() are optional. + + The 'key' argument specifies a key in the global dictionary + 'dialogstates', which keeps track of the values for the directory + and pattern arguments, overriding the values passed in (it does + not keep track of the default argument!). If no key is specified, + the dialog keeps no memory of previous state. Note that memory is + kept even when the dialog is canceled. (All this emulates the + behavior of the Macintosh file selection dialogs.) + + """ + + title = "File Selection Dialog" + + def __init__(self, master, title=None): + if title is None: title = self.title + self.master = master + self.directory = None + + self.top = Toplevel(master) + self.top.title(title) + self.top.iconname(title) + _setup_dialog(self.top) + + self.botframe = Frame(self.top) + self.botframe.pack(side=BOTTOM, fill=X) + + self.selection = Entry(self.top) + self.selection.pack(side=BOTTOM, fill=X) + self.selection.bind('', self.ok_event) + + self.filter = Entry(self.top) + self.filter.pack(side=TOP, fill=X) + self.filter.bind('', self.filter_command) + + self.midframe = Frame(self.top) + self.midframe.pack(expand=YES, fill=BOTH) + + self.filesbar = Scrollbar(self.midframe) + self.filesbar.pack(side=RIGHT, fill=Y) + self.files = Listbox(self.midframe, exportselection=0, + yscrollcommand=(self.filesbar, 'set')) + self.files.pack(side=RIGHT, expand=YES, fill=BOTH) + btags = self.files.bindtags() + self.files.bindtags(btags[1:] + btags[:1]) + self.files.bind('', self.files_select_event) + self.files.bind('', self.files_double_event) + self.filesbar.config(command=(self.files, 'yview')) + + self.dirsbar = Scrollbar(self.midframe) + self.dirsbar.pack(side=LEFT, fill=Y) + self.dirs = Listbox(self.midframe, exportselection=0, + yscrollcommand=(self.dirsbar, 'set')) + self.dirs.pack(side=LEFT, expand=YES, fill=BOTH) + self.dirsbar.config(command=(self.dirs, 'yview')) + btags = self.dirs.bindtags() + self.dirs.bindtags(btags[1:] + btags[:1]) + self.dirs.bind('', self.dirs_select_event) + self.dirs.bind('', self.dirs_double_event) + + self.ok_button = Button(self.botframe, + text="OK", + command=self.ok_command) + self.ok_button.pack(side=LEFT) + self.filter_button = Button(self.botframe, + text="Filter", + command=self.filter_command) + self.filter_button.pack(side=LEFT, expand=YES) + self.cancel_button = Button(self.botframe, + text="Cancel", + command=self.cancel_command) + self.cancel_button.pack(side=RIGHT) + + self.top.protocol('WM_DELETE_WINDOW', self.cancel_command) + # XXX Are the following okay for a general audience? + self.top.bind('', self.cancel_command) + self.top.bind('', self.cancel_command) + + def go(self, dir_or_file=os.curdir, pattern="*", default="", key=None): + if key and key in dialogstates: + self.directory, pattern = dialogstates[key] + else: + dir_or_file = os.path.expanduser(dir_or_file) + if os.path.isdir(dir_or_file): + self.directory = dir_or_file + else: + self.directory, default = os.path.split(dir_or_file) + self.set_filter(self.directory, pattern) + self.set_selection(default) + self.filter_command() + self.selection.focus_set() + self.top.wait_visibility() # window needs to be visible for the grab + self.top.grab_set() + self.how = None + self.master.mainloop() # Exited by self.quit(how) + if key: + directory, pattern = self.get_filter() + if self.how: + directory = os.path.dirname(self.how) + dialogstates[key] = directory, pattern + self.top.destroy() + return self.how + + def quit(self, how=None): + self.how = how + self.master.quit() # Exit mainloop() + + def dirs_double_event(self, event): + self.filter_command() + + def dirs_select_event(self, event): + dir, pat = self.get_filter() + subdir = self.dirs.get('active') + dir = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(self.directory, subdir)) + self.set_filter(dir, pat) + + def files_double_event(self, event): + self.ok_command() + + def files_select_event(self, event): + file = self.files.get('active') + self.set_selection(file) + + def ok_event(self, event): + self.ok_command() + + def ok_command(self): + self.quit(self.get_selection()) + + def filter_command(self, event=None): + dir, pat = self.get_filter() + try: + names = os.listdir(dir) + except OSError: + self.master.bell() + return + self.directory = dir + self.set_filter(dir, pat) + names.sort() + subdirs = [os.pardir] + matchingfiles = [] + for name in names: + fullname = os.path.join(dir, name) + if os.path.isdir(fullname): + subdirs.append(name) + elif fnmatch.fnmatch(name, pat): + matchingfiles.append(name) + self.dirs.delete(0, END) + for name in subdirs: + self.dirs.insert(END, name) + self.files.delete(0, END) + for name in matchingfiles: + self.files.insert(END, name) + head, tail = os.path.split(self.get_selection()) + if tail == os.curdir: tail = '' + self.set_selection(tail) + + def get_filter(self): + filter = self.filter.get() + filter = os.path.expanduser(filter) + if filter[-1:] == os.sep or os.path.isdir(filter): + filter = os.path.join(filter, "*") + return os.path.split(filter) + + def get_selection(self): + file = self.selection.get() + file = os.path.expanduser(file) + return file + + def cancel_command(self, event=None): + self.quit() + + def set_filter(self, dir, pat): + if not os.path.isabs(dir): + try: + pwd = os.getcwd() + except OSError: + pwd = None + if pwd: + dir = os.path.join(pwd, dir) + dir = os.path.normpath(dir) + self.filter.delete(0, END) + self.filter.insert(END, os.path.join(dir or os.curdir, pat or "*")) + + def set_selection(self, file): + self.selection.delete(0, END) + self.selection.insert(END, os.path.join(self.directory, file)) + + +class LoadFileDialog(FileDialog): + + """File selection dialog which checks that the file exists.""" + + title = "Load File Selection Dialog" + + def ok_command(self): + file = self.get_selection() + if not os.path.isfile(file): + self.master.bell() + else: + self.quit(file) + + +class SaveFileDialog(FileDialog): + + """File selection dialog which checks that the file may be created.""" + + title = "Save File Selection Dialog" + + def ok_command(self): + file = self.get_selection() + if os.path.exists(file): + if os.path.isdir(file): + self.master.bell() + return + d = Dialog(self.top, + title="Overwrite Existing File Question", + text="Overwrite existing file %r?" % (file,), + bitmap='questhead', + default=1, + strings=("Yes", "Cancel")) + if d.num != 0: + return + else: + head, tail = os.path.split(file) + if not os.path.isdir(head): + self.master.bell() + return + self.quit(file) + + +# For the following classes and modules: +# +# options (all have default values): +# +# - defaultextension: added to filename if not explicitly given +# +# - filetypes: sequence of (label, pattern) tuples. the same pattern +# may occur with several patterns. use "*" as pattern to indicate +# all files. +# +# - initialdir: initial directory. preserved by dialog instance. +# +# - initialfile: initial file (ignored by the open dialog). preserved +# by dialog instance. +# +# - parent: which window to place the dialog on top of +# +# - title: dialog title +# +# - multiple: if true user may select more than one file +# +# options for the directory chooser: +# +# - initialdir, parent, title: see above +# +# - mustexist: if true, user must pick an existing directory +# + + +class _Dialog(commondialog.Dialog): + + def _fixoptions(self): + try: + # make sure "filetypes" is a tuple + self.options["filetypes"] = tuple(self.options["filetypes"]) + except KeyError: + pass + + def _fixresult(self, widget, result): + if result: + # keep directory and filename until next time + # convert Tcl path objects to strings + try: + result = result.string + except AttributeError: + # it already is a string + pass + path, file = os.path.split(result) + self.options["initialdir"] = path + self.options["initialfile"] = file + self.filename = result # compatibility + return result + + +# +# file dialogs + +class Open(_Dialog): + "Ask for a filename to open" + + command = "tk_getOpenFile" + + def _fixresult(self, widget, result): + if isinstance(result, tuple): + # multiple results: + result = tuple([getattr(r, "string", r) for r in result]) + if result: + path, file = os.path.split(result[0]) + self.options["initialdir"] = path + # don't set initialfile or filename, as we have multiple of these + return result + if not widget.tk.wantobjects() and "multiple" in self.options: + # Need to split result explicitly + return self._fixresult(widget, widget.tk.splitlist(result)) + return _Dialog._fixresult(self, widget, result) + + +class SaveAs(_Dialog): + "Ask for a filename to save as" + + command = "tk_getSaveFile" + + +# the directory dialog has its own _fix routines. +class Directory(commondialog.Dialog): + "Ask for a directory" + + command = "tk_chooseDirectory" + + def _fixresult(self, widget, result): + if result: + # convert Tcl path objects to strings + try: + result = result.string + except AttributeError: + # it already is a string + pass + # keep directory until next time + self.options["initialdir"] = result + self.directory = result # compatibility + return result + +# +# convenience stuff + + +def askopenfilename(**options): + "Ask for a filename to open" + + return Open(**options).show() + + +def asksaveasfilename(**options): + "Ask for a filename to save as" + + return SaveAs(**options).show() + + +def askopenfilenames(**options): + """Ask for multiple filenames to open + + Returns a list of filenames or empty list if + cancel button selected + """ + options["multiple"]=1 + return Open(**options).show() + +# FIXME: are the following perhaps a bit too convenient? + + +def askopenfile(mode = "r", **options): + "Ask for a filename to open, and returned the opened file" + + filename = Open(**options).show() + if filename: + return open(filename, mode) + return None + + +def askopenfiles(mode = "r", **options): + """Ask for multiple filenames and return the open file + objects + + returns a list of open file objects or an empty list if + cancel selected + """ + + files = askopenfilenames(**options) + if files: + ofiles=[] + for filename in files: + ofiles.append(open(filename, mode)) + files=ofiles + return files + + +def asksaveasfile(mode = "w", **options): + "Ask for a filename to save as, and returned the opened file" + + filename = SaveAs(**options).show() + if filename: + return open(filename, mode) + return None + + +def askdirectory (**options): + "Ask for a directory, and return the file name" + return Directory(**options).show() + + +# -------------------------------------------------------------------- +# test stuff + +def test(): + """Simple test program.""" + root = Tk() + root.withdraw() + fd = LoadFileDialog(root) + loadfile = fd.go(key="test") + fd = SaveFileDialog(root) + savefile = fd.go(key="test") + print(loadfile, savefile) + + # Since the file name may contain non-ASCII characters, we need + # to find an encoding that likely supports the file name, and + # displays correctly on the terminal. + + # Start off with UTF-8 + enc = "utf-8" + import sys + + # See whether CODESET is defined + try: + import locale + locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL,'') + enc = locale.nl_langinfo(locale.CODESET) + except (ImportError, AttributeError): + pass + + # dialog for opening files + + openfilename=askopenfilename(filetypes=[("all files", "*")]) + try: + fp=open(openfilename,"r") + fp.close() + except: + print("Could not open File: ") + print(sys.exc_info()[1]) + + print("open", openfilename.encode(enc)) + + # dialog for saving files + + saveasfilename=asksaveasfilename() + print("saveas", saveasfilename.encode(enc)) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + test() diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/font.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/font.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e24e28ef58cde90dafe78016ce38867a008b450 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/font.py @@ -0,0 +1,239 @@ +# Tkinter font wrapper +# +# written by Fredrik Lundh, February 1998 +# + +import itertools +import tkinter + +__version__ = "0.9" +__all__ = ["NORMAL", "ROMAN", "BOLD", "ITALIC", + "nametofont", "Font", "families", "names"] + +# weight/slant +NORMAL = "normal" +ROMAN = "roman" +BOLD = "bold" +ITALIC = "italic" + + +def nametofont(name, root=None): + """Given the name of a tk named font, returns a Font representation. + """ + return Font(name=name, exists=True, root=root) + + +class Font: + """Represents a named font. + + Constructor options are: + + font -- font specifier (name, system font, or (family, size, style)-tuple) + name -- name to use for this font configuration (defaults to a unique name) + exists -- does a named font by this name already exist? + Creates a new named font if False, points to the existing font if True. + Raises _tkinter.TclError if the assertion is false. + + the following are ignored if font is specified: + + family -- font 'family', e.g. Courier, Times, Helvetica + size -- font size in points + weight -- font thickness: NORMAL, BOLD + slant -- font slant: ROMAN, ITALIC + underline -- font underlining: false (0), true (1) + overstrike -- font strikeout: false (0), true (1) + + """ + + counter = itertools.count(1) + + def _set(self, kw): + options = [] + for k, v in kw.items(): + options.append("-"+k) + options.append(str(v)) + return tuple(options) + + def _get(self, args): + options = [] + for k in args: + options.append("-"+k) + return tuple(options) + + def _mkdict(self, args): + options = {} + for i in range(0, len(args), 2): + options[args[i][1:]] = args[i+1] + return options + + def __init__(self, root=None, font=None, name=None, exists=False, + **options): + if root is None: + root = tkinter._get_default_root('use font') + tk = getattr(root, 'tk', root) + if font: + # get actual settings corresponding to the given font + font = tk.splitlist(tk.call("font", "actual", font)) + else: + font = self._set(options) + if not name: + name = "font" + str(next(self.counter)) + self.name = name + + if exists: + self.delete_font = False + # confirm font exists + if self.name not in tk.splitlist(tk.call("font", "names")): + raise tkinter._tkinter.TclError( + "named font %s does not already exist" % (self.name,)) + # if font config info supplied, apply it + if font: + tk.call("font", "configure", self.name, *font) + else: + # create new font (raises TclError if the font exists) + tk.call("font", "create", self.name, *font) + self.delete_font = True + self._tk = tk + self._split = tk.splitlist + self._call = tk.call + + def __str__(self): + return self.name + + def __repr__(self): + return f"<{self.__class__.__module__}.{self.__class__.__qualname__}" \ + f" object {self.name!r}>" + + def __eq__(self, other): + if not isinstance(other, Font): + return NotImplemented + return self.name == other.name and self._tk == other._tk + + def __getitem__(self, key): + return self.cget(key) + + def __setitem__(self, key, value): + self.configure(**{key: value}) + + def __del__(self): + try: + if self.delete_font: + self._call("font", "delete", self.name) + except Exception: + pass + + def copy(self): + "Return a distinct copy of the current font" + return Font(self._tk, **self.actual()) + + def actual(self, option=None, displayof=None): + "Return actual font attributes" + args = () + if displayof: + args = ('-displayof', displayof) + if option: + args = args + ('-' + option, ) + return self._call("font", "actual", self.name, *args) + else: + return self._mkdict( + self._split(self._call("font", "actual", self.name, *args))) + + def cget(self, option): + "Get font attribute" + return self._call("font", "config", self.name, "-"+option) + + def config(self, **options): + "Modify font attributes" + if options: + self._call("font", "config", self.name, + *self._set(options)) + else: + return self._mkdict( + self._split(self._call("font", "config", self.name))) + + configure = config + + def measure(self, text, displayof=None): + "Return text width" + args = (text,) + if displayof: + args = ('-displayof', displayof, text) + return self._tk.getint(self._call("font", "measure", self.name, *args)) + + def metrics(self, *options, **kw): + """Return font metrics. + + For best performance, create a dummy widget + using this font before calling this method.""" + args = () + displayof = kw.pop('displayof', None) + if displayof: + args = ('-displayof', displayof) + if options: + args = args + self._get(options) + return self._tk.getint( + self._call("font", "metrics", self.name, *args)) + else: + res = self._split(self._call("font", "metrics", self.name, *args)) + options = {} + for i in range(0, len(res), 2): + options[res[i][1:]] = self._tk.getint(res[i+1]) + return options + + +def families(root=None, displayof=None): + "Get font families (as a tuple)" + if root is None: + root = tkinter._get_default_root('use font.families()') + args = () + if displayof: + args = ('-displayof', displayof) + return root.tk.splitlist(root.tk.call("font", "families", *args)) + + +def names(root=None): + "Get names of defined fonts (as a tuple)" + if root is None: + root = tkinter._get_default_root('use font.names()') + return root.tk.splitlist(root.tk.call("font", "names")) + + +# -------------------------------------------------------------------- +# test stuff + +if __name__ == "__main__": + + root = tkinter.Tk() + + # create a font + f = Font(family="times", size=30, weight=NORMAL) + + print(f.actual()) + print(f.actual("family")) + print(f.actual("weight")) + + print(f.config()) + print(f.cget("family")) + print(f.cget("weight")) + + print(names()) + + print(f.measure("hello"), f.metrics("linespace")) + + print(f.metrics(displayof=root)) + + f = Font(font=("Courier", 20, "bold")) + print(f.measure("hello"), f.metrics("linespace", displayof=root)) + + w = tkinter.Label(root, text="Hello, world", font=f) + w.pack() + + w = tkinter.Button(root, text="Quit!", command=root.destroy) + w.pack() + + fb = Font(font=w["font"]).copy() + fb.config(weight=BOLD) + + w.config(font=fb) + + tkinter.mainloop() diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/messagebox.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/messagebox.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f0343b660c68c5a884f38ca78291caf14936231 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/messagebox.py @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ +# tk common message boxes +# +# this module provides an interface to the native message boxes +# available in Tk 4.2 and newer. +# +# written by Fredrik Lundh, May 1997 +# + +# +# options (all have default values): +# +# - default: which button to make default (one of the reply codes) +# +# - icon: which icon to display (see below) +# +# - message: the message to display +# +# - parent: which window to place the dialog on top of +# +# - title: dialog title +# +# - type: dialog type; that is, which buttons to display (see below) +# + +from tkinter.commondialog import Dialog + +__all__ = ["showinfo", "showwarning", "showerror", + "askquestion", "askokcancel", "askyesno", + "askyesnocancel", "askretrycancel"] + +# +# constants + +# icons +ERROR = "error" +INFO = "info" +QUESTION = "question" +WARNING = "warning" + +# types +ABORTRETRYIGNORE = "abortretryignore" +OK = "ok" +OKCANCEL = "okcancel" +RETRYCANCEL = "retrycancel" +YESNO = "yesno" +YESNOCANCEL = "yesnocancel" + +# replies +ABORT = "abort" +RETRY = "retry" +IGNORE = "ignore" +OK = "ok" +CANCEL = "cancel" +YES = "yes" +NO = "no" + + +# +# message dialog class + +class Message(Dialog): + "A message box" + + command = "tk_messageBox" + + +# +# convenience stuff + +# Rename _icon and _type options to allow overriding them in options +def _show(title=None, message=None, _icon=None, _type=None, **options): + if _icon and "icon" not in options: options["icon"] = _icon + if _type and "type" not in options: options["type"] = _type + if title: options["title"] = title + if message: options["message"] = message + res = Message(**options).show() + # In some Tcl installations, yes/no is converted into a boolean. + if isinstance(res, bool): + if res: + return YES + return NO + # In others we get a Tcl_Obj. + return str(res) + + +def showinfo(title=None, message=None, **options): + "Show an info message" + return _show(title, message, INFO, OK, **options) + + +def showwarning(title=None, message=None, **options): + "Show a warning message" + return _show(title, message, WARNING, OK, **options) + + +def showerror(title=None, message=None, **options): + "Show an error message" + return _show(title, message, ERROR, OK, **options) + + +def askquestion(title=None, message=None, **options): + "Ask a question" + return _show(title, message, QUESTION, YESNO, **options) + + +def askokcancel(title=None, message=None, **options): + "Ask if operation should proceed; return true if the answer is ok" + s = _show(title, message, QUESTION, OKCANCEL, **options) + return s == OK + + +def askyesno(title=None, message=None, **options): + "Ask a question; return true if the answer is yes" + s = _show(title, message, QUESTION, YESNO, **options) + return s == YES + + +def askyesnocancel(title=None, message=None, **options): + "Ask a question; return true if the answer is yes, None if cancelled." + s = _show(title, message, QUESTION, YESNOCANCEL, **options) + # s might be a Tcl index object, so convert it to a string + s = str(s) + if s == CANCEL: + return None + return s == YES + + +def askretrycancel(title=None, message=None, **options): + "Ask if operation should be retried; return true if the answer is yes" + s = _show(title, message, WARNING, RETRYCANCEL, **options) + return s == RETRY + + +# -------------------------------------------------------------------- +# test stuff + +if __name__ == "__main__": + + print("info", showinfo("Spam", "Egg Information")) + print("warning", showwarning("Spam", "Egg Warning")) + print("error", showerror("Spam", "Egg Alert")) + print("question", askquestion("Spam", "Question?")) + print("proceed", askokcancel("Spam", "Proceed?")) + print("yes/no", askyesno("Spam", "Got it?")) + print("yes/no/cancel", askyesnocancel("Spam", "Want it?")) + print("try again", askretrycancel("Spam", "Try again?")) diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/scrolledtext.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/scrolledtext.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f9a8815b6184b2209305c91a1402267f78e81a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/scrolledtext.py @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +"""A ScrolledText widget feels like a text widget but also has a +vertical scroll bar on its right. (Later, options may be added to +add a horizontal bar as well, to make the bars disappear +automatically when not needed, to move them to the other side of the +window, etc.) + +Configuration options are passed to the Text widget. +A Frame widget is inserted between the master and the text, to hold +the Scrollbar widget. +Most methods calls are inherited from the Text widget; Pack, Grid and +Place methods are redirected to the Frame widget however. +""" + +from tkinter import Frame, Text, Scrollbar, Pack, Grid, Place +from tkinter.constants import RIGHT, LEFT, Y, BOTH + +__all__ = ['ScrolledText'] + + +class ScrolledText(Text): + def __init__(self, master=None, **kw): + self.frame = Frame(master) + self.vbar = Scrollbar(self.frame) + self.vbar.pack(side=RIGHT, fill=Y) + + kw.update({'yscrollcommand': self.vbar.set}) + Text.__init__(self, self.frame, **kw) + self.pack(side=LEFT, fill=BOTH, expand=True) + self.vbar['command'] = self.yview + + # Copy geometry methods of self.frame without overriding Text + # methods -- hack! + text_meths = vars(Text).keys() + methods = vars(Pack).keys() | vars(Grid).keys() | vars(Place).keys() + methods = methods.difference(text_meths) + + for m in methods: + if m[0] != '_' and m != 'config' and m != 'configure': + setattr(self, m, getattr(self.frame, m)) + + def __str__(self): + return str(self.frame) + + +def example(): + from tkinter.constants import END + + stext = ScrolledText(bg='white', height=10) + stext.insert(END, __doc__) + stext.pack(fill=BOTH, side=LEFT, expand=True) + stext.focus_set() + stext.mainloop() + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + example() diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/simpledialog.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/simpledialog.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..538bbfc318d704419884abdfe251872cf075ad33 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/simpledialog.py @@ -0,0 +1,441 @@ +# +# An Introduction to Tkinter +# +# Copyright (c) 1997 by Fredrik Lundh +# +# This copyright applies to Dialog, askinteger, askfloat and asktring +# +# fredrik@pythonware.com +# http://www.pythonware.com +# +"""This modules handles dialog boxes. + +It contains the following public symbols: + +SimpleDialog -- A simple but flexible modal dialog box + +Dialog -- a base class for dialogs + +askinteger -- get an integer from the user + +askfloat -- get a float from the user + +askstring -- get a string from the user +""" + +from tkinter import * +from tkinter import _get_temp_root, _destroy_temp_root +from tkinter import messagebox + + +class SimpleDialog: + + def __init__(self, master, + text='', buttons=[], default=None, cancel=None, + title=None, class_=None): + if class_: + self.root = Toplevel(master, class_=class_) + else: + self.root = Toplevel(master) + if title: + self.root.title(title) + self.root.iconname(title) + + _setup_dialog(self.root) + + self.message = Message(self.root, text=text, aspect=400) + self.message.pack(expand=1, fill=BOTH) + self.frame = Frame(self.root) + self.frame.pack() + self.num = default + self.cancel = cancel + self.default = default + self.root.bind('', self.return_event) + for num in range(len(buttons)): + s = buttons[num] + b = Button(self.frame, text=s, + command=(lambda self=self, num=num: self.done(num))) + if num == default: + b.config(relief=RIDGE, borderwidth=8) + b.pack(side=LEFT, fill=BOTH, expand=1) + self.root.protocol('WM_DELETE_WINDOW', self.wm_delete_window) + self.root.transient(master) + _place_window(self.root, master) + + def go(self): + self.root.wait_visibility() + self.root.grab_set() + self.root.mainloop() + self.root.destroy() + return self.num + + def return_event(self, event): + if self.default is None: + self.root.bell() + else: + self.done(self.default) + + def wm_delete_window(self): + if self.cancel is None: + self.root.bell() + else: + self.done(self.cancel) + + def done(self, num): + self.num = num + self.root.quit() + + +class Dialog(Toplevel): + + '''Class to open dialogs. + + This class is intended as a base class for custom dialogs + ''' + + def __init__(self, parent, title = None): + '''Initialize a dialog. + + Arguments: + + parent -- a parent window (the application window) + + title -- the dialog title + ''' + master = parent + if master is None: + master = _get_temp_root() + + Toplevel.__init__(self, master) + + self.withdraw() # remain invisible for now + # If the parent is not viewable, don't + # make the child transient, or else it + # would be opened withdrawn + if parent is not None and parent.winfo_viewable(): + self.transient(parent) + + if title: + self.title(title) + + _setup_dialog(self) + + self.parent = parent + + self.result = None + + body = Frame(self) + self.initial_focus = self.body(body) + body.pack(padx=5, pady=5) + + self.buttonbox() + + if self.initial_focus is None: + self.initial_focus = self + + self.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", self.cancel) + + _place_window(self, parent) + + self.initial_focus.focus_set() + + # wait for window to appear on screen before calling grab_set + self.wait_visibility() + self.grab_set() + self.wait_window(self) + + def destroy(self): + '''Destroy the window''' + self.initial_focus = None + Toplevel.destroy(self) + _destroy_temp_root(self.master) + + # + # construction hooks + + def body(self, master): + '''create dialog body. + + return widget that should have initial focus. + This method should be overridden, and is called + by the __init__ method. + ''' + pass + + def buttonbox(self): + '''add standard button box. + + override if you do not want the standard buttons + ''' + + box = Frame(self) + + w = Button(box, text="OK", width=10, command=self.ok, default=ACTIVE) + w.pack(side=LEFT, padx=5, pady=5) + w = Button(box, text="Cancel", width=10, command=self.cancel) + w.pack(side=LEFT, padx=5, pady=5) + + self.bind("", self.ok) + self.bind("", self.cancel) + + box.pack() + + # + # standard button semantics + + def ok(self, event=None): + + if not self.validate(): + self.initial_focus.focus_set() # put focus back + return + + self.withdraw() + self.update_idletasks() + + try: + self.apply() + finally: + self.cancel() + + def cancel(self, event=None): + + # put focus back to the parent window + if self.parent is not None: + self.parent.focus_set() + self.destroy() + + # + # command hooks + + def validate(self): + '''validate the data + + This method is called automatically to validate the data before the + dialog is destroyed. By default, it always validates OK. + ''' + + return 1 # override + + def apply(self): + '''process the data + + This method is called automatically to process the data, *after* + the dialog is destroyed. By default, it does nothing. + ''' + + pass # override + + +# Place a toplevel window at the center of parent or screen +# It is a Python implementation of ::tk::PlaceWindow. +def _place_window(w, parent=None): + w.wm_withdraw() # Remain invisible while we figure out the geometry + w.update_idletasks() # Actualize geometry information + + minwidth = w.winfo_reqwidth() + minheight = w.winfo_reqheight() + maxwidth = w.winfo_vrootwidth() + maxheight = w.winfo_vrootheight() + if parent is not None and parent.winfo_ismapped(): + x = parent.winfo_rootx() + (parent.winfo_width() - minwidth) // 2 + y = parent.winfo_rooty() + (parent.winfo_height() - minheight) // 2 + vrootx = w.winfo_vrootx() + vrooty = w.winfo_vrooty() + x = min(x, vrootx + maxwidth - minwidth) + x = max(x, vrootx) + y = min(y, vrooty + maxheight - minheight) + y = max(y, vrooty) + if w._windowingsystem == 'aqua': + # Avoid the native menu bar which sits on top of everything. + y = max(y, 22) + else: + x = (w.winfo_screenwidth() - minwidth) // 2 + y = (w.winfo_screenheight() - minheight) // 2 + + w.wm_maxsize(maxwidth, maxheight) + w.wm_geometry('+%d+%d' % (x, y)) + w.wm_deiconify() # Become visible at the desired location + + +def _setup_dialog(w): + if w._windowingsystem == "aqua": + w.tk.call("::tk::unsupported::MacWindowStyle", "style", + w, "moveableModal", "") + elif w._windowingsystem == "x11": + w.wm_attributes("-type", "dialog") + +# -------------------------------------------------------------------- +# convenience dialogues + +class _QueryDialog(Dialog): + + def __init__(self, title, prompt, + initialvalue=None, + minvalue = None, maxvalue = None, + parent = None): + + self.prompt = prompt + self.minvalue = minvalue + self.maxvalue = maxvalue + + self.initialvalue = initialvalue + + Dialog.__init__(self, parent, title) + + def destroy(self): + self.entry = None + Dialog.destroy(self) + + def body(self, master): + + w = Label(master, text=self.prompt, justify=LEFT) + w.grid(row=0, padx=5, sticky=W) + + self.entry = Entry(master, name="entry") + self.entry.grid(row=1, padx=5, sticky=W+E) + + if self.initialvalue is not None: + self.entry.insert(0, self.initialvalue) + self.entry.select_range(0, END) + + return self.entry + + def validate(self): + try: + result = self.getresult() + except ValueError: + messagebox.showwarning( + "Illegal value", + self.errormessage + "\nPlease try again", + parent = self + ) + return 0 + + if self.minvalue is not None and result < self.minvalue: + messagebox.showwarning( + "Too small", + "The allowed minimum value is %s. " + "Please try again." % self.minvalue, + parent = self + ) + return 0 + + if self.maxvalue is not None and result > self.maxvalue: + messagebox.showwarning( + "Too large", + "The allowed maximum value is %s. " + "Please try again." % self.maxvalue, + parent = self + ) + return 0 + + self.result = result + + return 1 + + +class _QueryInteger(_QueryDialog): + errormessage = "Not an integer." + + def getresult(self): + return self.getint(self.entry.get()) + + +def askinteger(title, prompt, **kw): + '''get an integer from the user + + Arguments: + + title -- the dialog title + prompt -- the label text + **kw -- see SimpleDialog class + + Return value is an integer + ''' + d = _QueryInteger(title, prompt, **kw) + return d.result + + +class _QueryFloat(_QueryDialog): + errormessage = "Not a floating point value." + + def getresult(self): + return self.getdouble(self.entry.get()) + + +def askfloat(title, prompt, **kw): + '''get a float from the user + + Arguments: + + title -- the dialog title + prompt -- the label text + **kw -- see SimpleDialog class + + Return value is a float + ''' + d = _QueryFloat(title, prompt, **kw) + return d.result + + +class _QueryString(_QueryDialog): + def __init__(self, *args, **kw): + if "show" in kw: + self.__show = kw["show"] + del kw["show"] + else: + self.__show = None + _QueryDialog.__init__(self, *args, **kw) + + def body(self, master): + entry = _QueryDialog.body(self, master) + if self.__show is not None: + entry.configure(show=self.__show) + return entry + + def getresult(self): + return self.entry.get() + + +def askstring(title, prompt, **kw): + '''get a string from the user + + Arguments: + + title -- the dialog title + prompt -- the label text + **kw -- see SimpleDialog class + + Return value is a string + ''' + d = _QueryString(title, prompt, **kw) + return d.result + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + + def test(): + root = Tk() + def doit(root=root): + d = SimpleDialog(root, + text="This is a test dialog. " + "Would this have been an actual dialog, " + "the buttons below would have been glowing " + "in soft pink light.\n" + "Do you believe this?", + buttons=["Yes", "No", "Cancel"], + default=0, + cancel=2, + title="Test Dialog") + print(d.go()) + print(askinteger("Spam", "Egg count", initialvalue=12*12)) + print(askfloat("Spam", "Egg weight\n(in tons)", minvalue=1, + maxvalue=100)) + print(askstring("Spam", "Egg label")) + t = Button(root, text='Test', command=doit) + t.pack() + q = Button(root, text='Quit', command=t.quit) + q.pack() + t.mainloop() + + test() diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/tix.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/tix.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce218265d4a824c717565e4390387c97c0f1519b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/tix.py @@ -0,0 +1,1948 @@ +# Tix.py -- Tix widget wrappers. +# +# For Tix, see http://tix.sourceforge.net +# +# - Sudhir Shenoy (sshenoy@gol.com), Dec. 1995. +# based on an idea of Jean-Marc Lugrin (lugrin@ms.com) +# +# NOTE: In order to minimize changes to Tkinter.py, some of the code here +# (TixWidget.__init__) has been taken from Tkinter (Widget.__init__) +# and will break if there are major changes in Tkinter. +# +# The Tix widgets are represented by a class hierarchy in python with proper +# inheritance of base classes. +# +# As a result after creating a 'w = StdButtonBox', I can write +# w.ok['text'] = 'Who Cares' +# or w.ok['bg'] = w['bg'] +# or even w.ok.invoke() +# etc. +# +# Compare the demo tixwidgets.py to the original Tcl program and you will +# appreciate the advantages. +# +# NOTE: This module is deprecated since Python 3.6. + +import os +import warnings +import tkinter +from tkinter import * +from tkinter import _cnfmerge + +warnings.warn( + 'The Tix Tk extension is unmaintained, and the tkinter.tix wrapper module' + ' is deprecated in favor of tkinter.ttk', + DeprecationWarning, + stacklevel=2, + ) + +# Some more constants (for consistency with Tkinter) +WINDOW = 'window' +TEXT = 'text' +STATUS = 'status' +IMMEDIATE = 'immediate' +IMAGE = 'image' +IMAGETEXT = 'imagetext' +BALLOON = 'balloon' +AUTO = 'auto' +ACROSSTOP = 'acrosstop' + +# A few useful constants for the Grid widget +ASCII = 'ascii' +CELL = 'cell' +COLUMN = 'column' +DECREASING = 'decreasing' +INCREASING = 'increasing' +INTEGER = 'integer' +MAIN = 'main' +MAX = 'max' +REAL = 'real' +ROW = 'row' +S_REGION = 's-region' +X_REGION = 'x-region' +Y_REGION = 'y-region' + +# Some constants used by Tkinter dooneevent() +TCL_DONT_WAIT = 1 << 1 +TCL_WINDOW_EVENTS = 1 << 2 +TCL_FILE_EVENTS = 1 << 3 +TCL_TIMER_EVENTS = 1 << 4 +TCL_IDLE_EVENTS = 1 << 5 +TCL_ALL_EVENTS = 0 + +# BEWARE - this is implemented by copying some code from the Widget class +# in Tkinter (to override Widget initialization) and is therefore +# liable to break. + +# Could probably add this to Tkinter.Misc +class tixCommand: + """The tix commands provide access to miscellaneous elements + of Tix's internal state and the Tix application context. + Most of the information manipulated by these commands pertains + to the application as a whole, or to a screen or + display, rather than to a particular window. + + This is a mixin class, assumed to be mixed to Tkinter.Tk + that supports the self.tk.call method. + """ + + def tix_addbitmapdir(self, directory): + """Tix maintains a list of directories under which + the tix_getimage and tix_getbitmap commands will + search for image files. The standard bitmap directory + is $TIX_LIBRARY/bitmaps. The addbitmapdir command + adds directory into this list. By using this + command, the image files of an applications can + also be located using the tix_getimage or tix_getbitmap + command. + """ + return self.tk.call('tix', 'addbitmapdir', directory) + + def tix_cget(self, option): + """Returns the current value of the configuration + option given by option. Option may be any of the + options described in the CONFIGURATION OPTIONS section. + """ + return self.tk.call('tix', 'cget', option) + + def tix_configure(self, cnf=None, **kw): + """Query or modify the configuration options of the Tix application + context. If no option is specified, returns a dictionary all of the + available options. If option is specified with no value, then the + command returns a list describing the one named option (this list + will be identical to the corresponding sublist of the value + returned if no option is specified). If one or more option-value + pairs are specified, then the command modifies the given option(s) + to have the given value(s); in this case the command returns an + empty string. Option may be any of the configuration options. + """ + # Copied from Tkinter.py + if kw: + cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw)) + elif cnf: + cnf = _cnfmerge(cnf) + if cnf is None: + return self._getconfigure('tix', 'configure') + if isinstance(cnf, str): + return self._getconfigure1('tix', 'configure', '-'+cnf) + return self.tk.call(('tix', 'configure') + self._options(cnf)) + + def tix_filedialog(self, dlgclass=None): + """Returns the file selection dialog that may be shared among + different calls from this application. This command will create a + file selection dialog widget when it is called the first time. This + dialog will be returned by all subsequent calls to tix_filedialog. + An optional dlgclass parameter can be passed to specified what type + of file selection dialog widget is desired. Possible options are + tix FileSelectDialog or tixExFileSelectDialog. + """ + if dlgclass is not None: + return self.tk.call('tix', 'filedialog', dlgclass) + else: + return self.tk.call('tix', 'filedialog') + + def tix_getbitmap(self, name): + """Locates a bitmap file of the name name.xpm or name in one of the + bitmap directories (see the tix_addbitmapdir command above). By + using tix_getbitmap, you can avoid hard coding the pathnames of the + bitmap files in your application. When successful, it returns the + complete pathname of the bitmap file, prefixed with the character + '@'. The returned value can be used to configure the -bitmap + option of the TK and Tix widgets. + """ + return self.tk.call('tix', 'getbitmap', name) + + def tix_getimage(self, name): + """Locates an image file of the name name.xpm, name.xbm or name.ppm + in one of the bitmap directories (see the addbitmapdir command + above). If more than one file with the same name (but different + extensions) exist, then the image type is chosen according to the + depth of the X display: xbm images are chosen on monochrome + displays and color images are chosen on color displays. By using + tix_ getimage, you can avoid hard coding the pathnames of the + image files in your application. When successful, this command + returns the name of the newly created image, which can be used to + configure the -image option of the Tk and Tix widgets. + """ + return self.tk.call('tix', 'getimage', name) + + def tix_option_get(self, name): + """Gets the options maintained by the Tix + scheme mechanism. Available options include: + + active_bg active_fg bg + bold_font dark1_bg dark1_fg + dark2_bg dark2_fg disabled_fg + fg fixed_font font + inactive_bg inactive_fg input1_bg + input2_bg italic_font light1_bg + light1_fg light2_bg light2_fg + menu_font output1_bg output2_bg + select_bg select_fg selector + """ + # could use self.tk.globalgetvar('tixOption', name) + return self.tk.call('tix', 'option', 'get', name) + + def tix_resetoptions(self, newScheme, newFontSet, newScmPrio=None): + """Resets the scheme and fontset of the Tix application to + newScheme and newFontSet, respectively. This affects only those + widgets created after this call. Therefore, it is best to call the + resetoptions command before the creation of any widgets in a Tix + application. + + The optional parameter newScmPrio can be given to reset the + priority level of the Tk options set by the Tix schemes. + + Because of the way Tk handles the X option database, after Tix has + been has imported and inited, it is not possible to reset the color + schemes and font sets using the tix config command. Instead, the + tix_resetoptions command must be used. + """ + if newScmPrio is not None: + return self.tk.call('tix', 'resetoptions', newScheme, newFontSet, newScmPrio) + else: + return self.tk.call('tix', 'resetoptions', newScheme, newFontSet) + +class Tk(tkinter.Tk, tixCommand): + """Toplevel widget of Tix which represents mostly the main window + of an application. It has an associated Tcl interpreter.""" + def __init__(self, screenName=None, baseName=None, className='Tix'): + tkinter.Tk.__init__(self, screenName, baseName, className) + tixlib = os.environ.get('TIX_LIBRARY') + self.tk.eval('global auto_path; lappend auto_path [file dir [info nameof]]') + if tixlib is not None: + self.tk.eval('global auto_path; lappend auto_path {%s}' % tixlib) + self.tk.eval('global tcl_pkgPath; lappend tcl_pkgPath {%s}' % tixlib) + # Load Tix - this should work dynamically or statically + # If it's static, tcl/tix8.1/pkgIndex.tcl should have + # 'load {} Tix' + # If it's dynamic under Unix, tcl/tix8.1/pkgIndex.tcl should have + # 'load libtix8.1.8.3.so Tix' + self.tk.eval('package require Tix') + + def destroy(self): + # For safety, remove the delete_window binding before destroy + self.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", "") + tkinter.Tk.destroy(self) + +# The Tix 'tixForm' geometry manager +class Form: + """The Tix Form geometry manager + + Widgets can be arranged by specifying attachments to other widgets. + See Tix documentation for complete details""" + + def config(self, cnf={}, **kw): + self.tk.call('tixForm', self._w, *self._options(cnf, kw)) + + form = config + + def __setitem__(self, key, value): + Form.form(self, {key: value}) + + def check(self): + return self.tk.call('tixForm', 'check', self._w) + + def forget(self): + self.tk.call('tixForm', 'forget', self._w) + + def grid(self, xsize=0, ysize=0): + if (not xsize) and (not ysize): + x = self.tk.call('tixForm', 'grid', self._w) + y = self.tk.splitlist(x) + z = () + for x in y: + z = z + (self.tk.getint(x),) + return z + return self.tk.call('tixForm', 'grid', self._w, xsize, ysize) + + def info(self, option=None): + if not option: + return self.tk.call('tixForm', 'info', self._w) + if option[0] != '-': + option = '-' + option + return self.tk.call('tixForm', 'info', self._w, option) + + def slaves(self): + return [self._nametowidget(x) for x in + self.tk.splitlist( + self.tk.call( + 'tixForm', 'slaves', self._w))] + + + +tkinter.Widget.__bases__ = tkinter.Widget.__bases__ + (Form,) + +class TixWidget(tkinter.Widget): + """A TixWidget class is used to package all (or most) Tix widgets. + + Widget initialization is extended in two ways: + 1) It is possible to give a list of options which must be part of + the creation command (so called Tix 'static' options). These cannot be + given as a 'config' command later. + 2) It is possible to give the name of an existing TK widget. These are + child widgets created automatically by a Tix mega-widget. The Tk call + to create these widgets is therefore bypassed in TixWidget.__init__ + + Both options are for use by subclasses only. + """ + def __init__ (self, master=None, widgetName=None, + static_options=None, cnf={}, kw={}): + # Merge keywords and dictionary arguments + if kw: + cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw)) + else: + cnf = _cnfmerge(cnf) + + # Move static options into extra. static_options must be + # a list of keywords (or None). + extra=() + + # 'options' is always a static option + if static_options: + static_options.append('options') + else: + static_options = ['options'] + + for k,v in list(cnf.items()): + if k in static_options: + extra = extra + ('-' + k, v) + del cnf[k] + + self.widgetName = widgetName + self._setup(master, cnf) + + # If widgetName is None, this is a dummy creation call where the + # corresponding Tk widget has already been created by Tix + if widgetName: + self.tk.call(widgetName, self._w, *extra) + + # Non-static options - to be done via a 'config' command + if cnf: + Widget.config(self, cnf) + + # Dictionary to hold subwidget names for easier access. We can't + # use the children list because the public Tix names may not be the + # same as the pathname component + self.subwidget_list = {} + + # We set up an attribute access function so that it is possible to + # do w.ok['text'] = 'Hello' rather than w.subwidget('ok')['text'] = 'Hello' + # when w is a StdButtonBox. + # We can even do w.ok.invoke() because w.ok is subclassed from the + # Button class if you go through the proper constructors + def __getattr__(self, name): + if name in self.subwidget_list: + return self.subwidget_list[name] + raise AttributeError(name) + + def set_silent(self, value): + """Set a variable without calling its action routine""" + self.tk.call('tixSetSilent', self._w, value) + + def subwidget(self, name): + """Return the named subwidget (which must have been created by + the sub-class).""" + n = self._subwidget_name(name) + if not n: + raise TclError("Subwidget " + name + " not child of " + self._name) + # Remove header of name and leading dot + n = n[len(self._w)+1:] + return self._nametowidget(n) + + def subwidgets_all(self): + """Return all subwidgets.""" + names = self._subwidget_names() + if not names: + return [] + retlist = [] + for name in names: + name = name[len(self._w)+1:] + try: + retlist.append(self._nametowidget(name)) + except: + # some of the widgets are unknown e.g. border in LabelFrame + pass + return retlist + + def _subwidget_name(self,name): + """Get a subwidget name (returns a String, not a Widget !)""" + try: + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'subwidget', name) + except TclError: + return None + + def _subwidget_names(self): + """Return the name of all subwidgets.""" + try: + x = self.tk.call(self._w, 'subwidgets', '-all') + return self.tk.splitlist(x) + except TclError: + return None + + def config_all(self, option, value): + """Set configuration options for all subwidgets (and self).""" + if option == '': + return + elif not isinstance(option, str): + option = repr(option) + if not isinstance(value, str): + value = repr(value) + names = self._subwidget_names() + for name in names: + self.tk.call(name, 'configure', '-' + option, value) + # These are missing from Tkinter + def image_create(self, imgtype, cnf={}, master=None, **kw): + if master is None: + master = self + if kw and cnf: cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw)) + elif kw: cnf = kw + options = () + for k, v in cnf.items(): + if callable(v): + v = self._register(v) + options = options + ('-'+k, v) + return master.tk.call(('image', 'create', imgtype,) + options) + def image_delete(self, imgname): + try: + self.tk.call('image', 'delete', imgname) + except TclError: + # May happen if the root was destroyed + pass + +# Subwidgets are child widgets created automatically by mega-widgets. +# In python, we have to create these subwidgets manually to mirror their +# existence in Tk/Tix. +class TixSubWidget(TixWidget): + """Subwidget class. + + This is used to mirror child widgets automatically created + by Tix/Tk as part of a mega-widget in Python (which is not informed + of this)""" + + def __init__(self, master, name, + destroy_physically=1, check_intermediate=1): + if check_intermediate: + path = master._subwidget_name(name) + try: + path = path[len(master._w)+1:] + plist = path.split('.') + except: + plist = [] + + if not check_intermediate: + # immediate descendant + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, None, None, {'name' : name}) + else: + # Ensure that the intermediate widgets exist + parent = master + for i in range(len(plist) - 1): + n = '.'.join(plist[:i+1]) + try: + w = master._nametowidget(n) + parent = w + except KeyError: + # Create the intermediate widget + parent = TixSubWidget(parent, plist[i], + destroy_physically=0, + check_intermediate=0) + # The Tk widget name is in plist, not in name + if plist: + name = plist[-1] + TixWidget.__init__(self, parent, None, None, {'name' : name}) + self.destroy_physically = destroy_physically + + def destroy(self): + # For some widgets e.g., a NoteBook, when we call destructors, + # we must be careful not to destroy the frame widget since this + # also destroys the parent NoteBook thus leading to an exception + # in Tkinter when it finally calls Tcl to destroy the NoteBook + for c in list(self.children.values()): c.destroy() + if self._name in self.master.children: + del self.master.children[self._name] + if self._name in self.master.subwidget_list: + del self.master.subwidget_list[self._name] + if self.destroy_physically: + # This is bypassed only for a few widgets + self.tk.call('destroy', self._w) + + +# Useful class to create a display style - later shared by many items. +# Contributed by Steffen Kremser +class DisplayStyle: + """DisplayStyle - handle configuration options shared by + (multiple) Display Items""" + + def __init__(self, itemtype, cnf={}, *, master=None, **kw): + if master is None: + if 'refwindow' in kw: + master = kw['refwindow'] + elif 'refwindow' in cnf: + master = cnf['refwindow'] + else: + master = tkinter._get_default_root('create display style') + self.tk = master.tk + self.stylename = self.tk.call('tixDisplayStyle', itemtype, + *self._options(cnf,kw) ) + + def __str__(self): + return self.stylename + + def _options(self, cnf, kw): + if kw and cnf: + cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw)) + elif kw: + cnf = kw + opts = () + for k, v in cnf.items(): + opts = opts + ('-'+k, v) + return opts + + def delete(self): + self.tk.call(self.stylename, 'delete') + + def __setitem__(self,key,value): + self.tk.call(self.stylename, 'configure', '-%s'%key, value) + + def config(self, cnf={}, **kw): + return self._getconfigure( + self.stylename, 'configure', *self._options(cnf,kw)) + + def __getitem__(self,key): + return self.tk.call(self.stylename, 'cget', '-%s'%key) + + +###################################################### +### The Tix Widget classes - in alphabetical order ### +###################################################### + +class Balloon(TixWidget): + """Balloon help widget. + + Subwidget Class + --------- ----- + label Label + message Message""" + + # FIXME: It should inherit -superclass tixShell + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + # static seem to be -installcolormap -initwait -statusbar -cursor + static = ['options', 'installcolormap', 'initwait', 'statusbar', + 'cursor'] + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixBalloon', static, cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['label'] = _dummyLabel(self, 'label', + destroy_physically=0) + self.subwidget_list['message'] = _dummyLabel(self, 'message', + destroy_physically=0) + + def bind_widget(self, widget, cnf={}, **kw): + """Bind balloon widget to another. + One balloon widget may be bound to several widgets at the same time""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'bind', widget._w, *self._options(cnf, kw)) + + def unbind_widget(self, widget): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'unbind', widget._w) + +class ButtonBox(TixWidget): + """ButtonBox - A container for pushbuttons. + Subwidgets are the buttons added with the add method. + """ + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixButtonBox', + ['orientation', 'options'], cnf, kw) + + def add(self, name, cnf={}, **kw): + """Add a button with given name to box.""" + + btn = self.tk.call(self._w, 'add', name, *self._options(cnf, kw)) + self.subwidget_list[name] = _dummyButton(self, name) + return btn + + def invoke(self, name): + if name in self.subwidget_list: + self.tk.call(self._w, 'invoke', name) + +class ComboBox(TixWidget): + """ComboBox - an Entry field with a dropdown menu. The user can select a + choice by either typing in the entry subwidget or selecting from the + listbox subwidget. + + Subwidget Class + --------- ----- + entry Entry + arrow Button + slistbox ScrolledListBox + tick Button + cross Button : present if created with the fancy option""" + + # FIXME: It should inherit -superclass tixLabelWidget + def __init__ (self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixComboBox', + ['editable', 'dropdown', 'fancy', 'options'], + cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['label'] = _dummyLabel(self, 'label') + self.subwidget_list['entry'] = _dummyEntry(self, 'entry') + self.subwidget_list['arrow'] = _dummyButton(self, 'arrow') + self.subwidget_list['slistbox'] = _dummyScrolledListBox(self, + 'slistbox') + try: + self.subwidget_list['tick'] = _dummyButton(self, 'tick') + self.subwidget_list['cross'] = _dummyButton(self, 'cross') + except TypeError: + # unavailable when -fancy not specified + pass + + # align + + def add_history(self, str): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'addhistory', str) + + def append_history(self, str): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'appendhistory', str) + + def insert(self, index, str): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'insert', index, str) + + def pick(self, index): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'pick', index) + +class Control(TixWidget): + """Control - An entry field with value change arrows. The user can + adjust the value by pressing the two arrow buttons or by entering + the value directly into the entry. The new value will be checked + against the user-defined upper and lower limits. + + Subwidget Class + --------- ----- + incr Button + decr Button + entry Entry + label Label""" + + # FIXME: It should inherit -superclass tixLabelWidget + def __init__ (self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixControl', ['options'], cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['incr'] = _dummyButton(self, 'incr') + self.subwidget_list['decr'] = _dummyButton(self, 'decr') + self.subwidget_list['label'] = _dummyLabel(self, 'label') + self.subwidget_list['entry'] = _dummyEntry(self, 'entry') + + def decrement(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'decr') + + def increment(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'incr') + + def invoke(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'invoke') + + def update(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'update') + +class DirList(TixWidget): + """DirList - displays a list view of a directory, its previous + directories and its sub-directories. The user can choose one of + the directories displayed in the list or change to another directory. + + Subwidget Class + --------- ----- + hlist HList + hsb Scrollbar + vsb Scrollbar""" + + # FIXME: It should inherit -superclass tixScrolledHList + def __init__(self, master, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixDirList', ['options'], cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['hlist'] = _dummyHList(self, 'hlist') + self.subwidget_list['vsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'vsb') + self.subwidget_list['hsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'hsb') + + def chdir(self, dir): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'chdir', dir) + +class DirTree(TixWidget): + """DirTree - Directory Listing in a hierarchical view. + Displays a tree view of a directory, its previous directories and its + sub-directories. The user can choose one of the directories displayed + in the list or change to another directory. + + Subwidget Class + --------- ----- + hlist HList + hsb Scrollbar + vsb Scrollbar""" + + # FIXME: It should inherit -superclass tixScrolledHList + def __init__(self, master, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixDirTree', ['options'], cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['hlist'] = _dummyHList(self, 'hlist') + self.subwidget_list['vsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'vsb') + self.subwidget_list['hsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'hsb') + + def chdir(self, dir): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'chdir', dir) + +class DirSelectBox(TixWidget): + """DirSelectBox - Motif style file select box. + It is generally used for + the user to choose a file. FileSelectBox stores the files mostly + recently selected into a ComboBox widget so that they can be quickly + selected again. + + Subwidget Class + --------- ----- + selection ComboBox + filter ComboBox + dirlist ScrolledListBox + filelist ScrolledListBox""" + + def __init__(self, master, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixDirSelectBox', ['options'], cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['dirlist'] = _dummyDirList(self, 'dirlist') + self.subwidget_list['dircbx'] = _dummyFileComboBox(self, 'dircbx') + +class ExFileSelectBox(TixWidget): + """ExFileSelectBox - MS Windows style file select box. + It provides a convenient method for the user to select files. + + Subwidget Class + --------- ----- + cancel Button + ok Button + hidden Checkbutton + types ComboBox + dir ComboBox + file ComboBox + dirlist ScrolledListBox + filelist ScrolledListBox""" + + def __init__(self, master, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixExFileSelectBox', ['options'], cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['cancel'] = _dummyButton(self, 'cancel') + self.subwidget_list['ok'] = _dummyButton(self, 'ok') + self.subwidget_list['hidden'] = _dummyCheckbutton(self, 'hidden') + self.subwidget_list['types'] = _dummyComboBox(self, 'types') + self.subwidget_list['dir'] = _dummyComboBox(self, 'dir') + self.subwidget_list['dirlist'] = _dummyDirList(self, 'dirlist') + self.subwidget_list['file'] = _dummyComboBox(self, 'file') + self.subwidget_list['filelist'] = _dummyScrolledListBox(self, 'filelist') + + def filter(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'filter') + + def invoke(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'invoke') + + +# Should inherit from a Dialog class +class DirSelectDialog(TixWidget): + """The DirSelectDialog widget presents the directories in the file + system in a dialog window. The user can use this dialog window to + navigate through the file system to select the desired directory. + + Subwidgets Class + ---------- ----- + dirbox DirSelectDialog""" + + # FIXME: It should inherit -superclass tixDialogShell + def __init__(self, master, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixDirSelectDialog', + ['options'], cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['dirbox'] = _dummyDirSelectBox(self, 'dirbox') + # cancel and ok buttons are missing + + def popup(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'popup') + + def popdown(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'popdown') + + +# Should inherit from a Dialog class +class ExFileSelectDialog(TixWidget): + """ExFileSelectDialog - MS Windows style file select dialog. + It provides a convenient method for the user to select files. + + Subwidgets Class + ---------- ----- + fsbox ExFileSelectBox""" + + # FIXME: It should inherit -superclass tixDialogShell + def __init__(self, master, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixExFileSelectDialog', + ['options'], cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['fsbox'] = _dummyExFileSelectBox(self, 'fsbox') + + def popup(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'popup') + + def popdown(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'popdown') + +class FileSelectBox(TixWidget): + """ExFileSelectBox - Motif style file select box. + It is generally used for + the user to choose a file. FileSelectBox stores the files mostly + recently selected into a ComboBox widget so that they can be quickly + selected again. + + Subwidget Class + --------- ----- + selection ComboBox + filter ComboBox + dirlist ScrolledListBox + filelist ScrolledListBox""" + + def __init__(self, master, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixFileSelectBox', ['options'], cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['dirlist'] = _dummyScrolledListBox(self, 'dirlist') + self.subwidget_list['filelist'] = _dummyScrolledListBox(self, 'filelist') + self.subwidget_list['filter'] = _dummyComboBox(self, 'filter') + self.subwidget_list['selection'] = _dummyComboBox(self, 'selection') + + def apply_filter(self): # name of subwidget is same as command + self.tk.call(self._w, 'filter') + + def invoke(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'invoke') + +# Should inherit from a Dialog class +class FileSelectDialog(TixWidget): + """FileSelectDialog - Motif style file select dialog. + + Subwidgets Class + ---------- ----- + btns StdButtonBox + fsbox FileSelectBox""" + + # FIXME: It should inherit -superclass tixStdDialogShell + def __init__(self, master, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixFileSelectDialog', + ['options'], cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['btns'] = _dummyStdButtonBox(self, 'btns') + self.subwidget_list['fsbox'] = _dummyFileSelectBox(self, 'fsbox') + + def popup(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'popup') + + def popdown(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'popdown') + +class FileEntry(TixWidget): + """FileEntry - Entry field with button that invokes a FileSelectDialog. + The user can type in the filename manually. Alternatively, the user can + press the button widget that sits next to the entry, which will bring + up a file selection dialog. + + Subwidgets Class + ---------- ----- + button Button + entry Entry""" + + # FIXME: It should inherit -superclass tixLabelWidget + def __init__(self, master, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixFileEntry', + ['dialogtype', 'options'], cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['button'] = _dummyButton(self, 'button') + self.subwidget_list['entry'] = _dummyEntry(self, 'entry') + + def invoke(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'invoke') + + def file_dialog(self): + # FIXME: return python object + pass + +class HList(TixWidget, XView, YView): + """HList - Hierarchy display widget can be used to display any data + that have a hierarchical structure, for example, file system directory + trees. The list entries are indented and connected by branch lines + according to their places in the hierarchy. + + Subwidgets - None""" + + def __init__ (self,master=None,cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixHList', + ['columns', 'options'], cnf, kw) + + def add(self, entry, cnf={}, **kw): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'add', entry, *self._options(cnf, kw)) + + def add_child(self, parent=None, cnf={}, **kw): + if parent is None: + parent = '' + return self.tk.call( + self._w, 'addchild', parent, *self._options(cnf, kw)) + + def anchor_set(self, entry): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'anchor', 'set', entry) + + def anchor_clear(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'anchor', 'clear') + + def column_width(self, col=0, width=None, chars=None): + if not chars: + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'column', 'width', col, width) + else: + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'column', 'width', col, + '-char', chars) + + def delete_all(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', 'all') + + def delete_entry(self, entry): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', 'entry', entry) + + def delete_offsprings(self, entry): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', 'offsprings', entry) + + def delete_siblings(self, entry): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', 'siblings', entry) + + def dragsite_set(self, index): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'dragsite', 'set', index) + + def dragsite_clear(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'dragsite', 'clear') + + def dropsite_set(self, index): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'dropsite', 'set', index) + + def dropsite_clear(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'dropsite', 'clear') + + def header_create(self, col, cnf={}, **kw): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'header', 'create', col, *self._options(cnf, kw)) + + def header_configure(self, col, cnf={}, **kw): + if cnf is None: + return self._getconfigure(self._w, 'header', 'configure', col) + self.tk.call(self._w, 'header', 'configure', col, + *self._options(cnf, kw)) + + def header_cget(self, col, opt): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'header', 'cget', col, opt) + + def header_exists(self, col): + # A workaround to Tix library bug (issue #25464). + # The documented command is "exists", but only erroneous "exist" is + # accepted. + return self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call(self._w, 'header', 'exist', col)) + header_exist = header_exists + + def header_delete(self, col): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'header', 'delete', col) + + def header_size(self, col): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'header', 'size', col) + + def hide_entry(self, entry): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'hide', 'entry', entry) + + def indicator_create(self, entry, cnf={}, **kw): + self.tk.call( + self._w, 'indicator', 'create', entry, *self._options(cnf, kw)) + + def indicator_configure(self, entry, cnf={}, **kw): + if cnf is None: + return self._getconfigure( + self._w, 'indicator', 'configure', entry) + self.tk.call( + self._w, 'indicator', 'configure', entry, *self._options(cnf, kw)) + + def indicator_cget(self, entry, opt): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'indicator', 'cget', entry, opt) + + def indicator_exists(self, entry): + return self.tk.call (self._w, 'indicator', 'exists', entry) + + def indicator_delete(self, entry): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'indicator', 'delete', entry) + + def indicator_size(self, entry): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'indicator', 'size', entry) + + def info_anchor(self): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'info', 'anchor') + + def info_bbox(self, entry): + return self._getints( + self.tk.call(self._w, 'info', 'bbox', entry)) or None + + def info_children(self, entry=None): + c = self.tk.call(self._w, 'info', 'children', entry) + return self.tk.splitlist(c) + + def info_data(self, entry): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'info', 'data', entry) + + def info_dragsite(self): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'info', 'dragsite') + + def info_dropsite(self): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'info', 'dropsite') + + def info_exists(self, entry): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'info', 'exists', entry) + + def info_hidden(self, entry): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'info', 'hidden', entry) + + def info_next(self, entry): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'info', 'next', entry) + + def info_parent(self, entry): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'info', 'parent', entry) + + def info_prev(self, entry): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'info', 'prev', entry) + + def info_selection(self): + c = self.tk.call(self._w, 'info', 'selection') + return self.tk.splitlist(c) + + def item_cget(self, entry, col, opt): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'item', 'cget', entry, col, opt) + + def item_configure(self, entry, col, cnf={}, **kw): + if cnf is None: + return self._getconfigure(self._w, 'item', 'configure', entry, col) + self.tk.call(self._w, 'item', 'configure', entry, col, + *self._options(cnf, kw)) + + def item_create(self, entry, col, cnf={}, **kw): + self.tk.call( + self._w, 'item', 'create', entry, col, *self._options(cnf, kw)) + + def item_exists(self, entry, col): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'item', 'exists', entry, col) + + def item_delete(self, entry, col): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'item', 'delete', entry, col) + + def entrycget(self, entry, opt): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'entrycget', entry, opt) + + def entryconfigure(self, entry, cnf={}, **kw): + if cnf is None: + return self._getconfigure(self._w, 'entryconfigure', entry) + self.tk.call(self._w, 'entryconfigure', entry, + *self._options(cnf, kw)) + + def nearest(self, y): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'nearest', y) + + def see(self, entry): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'see', entry) + + def selection_clear(self, cnf={}, **kw): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'clear', *self._options(cnf, kw)) + + def selection_includes(self, entry): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'includes', entry) + + def selection_set(self, first, last=None): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'set', first, last) + + def show_entry(self, entry): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'show', 'entry', entry) + +class InputOnly(TixWidget): + """InputOnly - Invisible widget. Unix only. + + Subwidgets - None""" + + def __init__ (self,master=None,cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixInputOnly', None, cnf, kw) + +class LabelEntry(TixWidget): + """LabelEntry - Entry field with label. Packages an entry widget + and a label into one mega widget. It can be used to simplify the creation + of ``entry-form'' type of interface. + + Subwidgets Class + ---------- ----- + label Label + entry Entry""" + + def __init__ (self,master=None,cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixLabelEntry', + ['labelside','options'], cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['label'] = _dummyLabel(self, 'label') + self.subwidget_list['entry'] = _dummyEntry(self, 'entry') + +class LabelFrame(TixWidget): + """LabelFrame - Labelled Frame container. Packages a frame widget + and a label into one mega widget. To create widgets inside a + LabelFrame widget, one creates the new widgets relative to the + frame subwidget and manage them inside the frame subwidget. + + Subwidgets Class + ---------- ----- + label Label + frame Frame""" + + def __init__ (self,master=None,cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixLabelFrame', + ['labelside','options'], cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['label'] = _dummyLabel(self, 'label') + self.subwidget_list['frame'] = _dummyFrame(self, 'frame') + + +class ListNoteBook(TixWidget): + """A ListNoteBook widget is very similar to the TixNoteBook widget: + it can be used to display many windows in a limited space using a + notebook metaphor. The notebook is divided into a stack of pages + (windows). At one time only one of these pages can be shown. + The user can navigate through these pages by + choosing the name of the desired page in the hlist subwidget.""" + + def __init__(self, master, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixListNoteBook', ['options'], cnf, kw) + # Is this necessary? It's not an exposed subwidget in Tix. + self.subwidget_list['pane'] = _dummyPanedWindow(self, 'pane', + destroy_physically=0) + self.subwidget_list['hlist'] = _dummyHList(self, 'hlist') + self.subwidget_list['shlist'] = _dummyScrolledHList(self, 'shlist') + + def add(self, name, cnf={}, **kw): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'add', name, *self._options(cnf, kw)) + self.subwidget_list[name] = TixSubWidget(self, name) + return self.subwidget_list[name] + + def page(self, name): + return self.subwidget(name) + + def pages(self): + # Can't call subwidgets_all directly because we don't want .nbframe + names = self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(self._w, 'pages')) + ret = [] + for x in names: + ret.append(self.subwidget(x)) + return ret + + def raise_page(self, name): # raise is a python keyword + self.tk.call(self._w, 'raise', name) + +class Meter(TixWidget): + """The Meter widget can be used to show the progress of a background + job which may take a long time to execute. + """ + + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixMeter', + ['options'], cnf, kw) + +class NoteBook(TixWidget): + """NoteBook - Multi-page container widget (tabbed notebook metaphor). + + Subwidgets Class + ---------- ----- + nbframe NoteBookFrame + page widgets added dynamically with the add method""" + + def __init__ (self,master=None,cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self,master,'tixNoteBook', ['options'], cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['nbframe'] = TixSubWidget(self, 'nbframe', + destroy_physically=0) + + def add(self, name, cnf={}, **kw): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'add', name, *self._options(cnf, kw)) + self.subwidget_list[name] = TixSubWidget(self, name) + return self.subwidget_list[name] + + def delete(self, name): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', name) + self.subwidget_list[name].destroy() + del self.subwidget_list[name] + + def page(self, name): + return self.subwidget(name) + + def pages(self): + # Can't call subwidgets_all directly because we don't want .nbframe + names = self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(self._w, 'pages')) + ret = [] + for x in names: + ret.append(self.subwidget(x)) + return ret + + def raise_page(self, name): # raise is a python keyword + self.tk.call(self._w, 'raise', name) + + def raised(self): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'raised') + +class NoteBookFrame(TixWidget): + # FIXME: This is dangerous to expose to be called on its own. + pass + +class OptionMenu(TixWidget): + """OptionMenu - creates a menu button of options. + + Subwidget Class + --------- ----- + menubutton Menubutton + menu Menu""" + + def __init__(self, master, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixOptionMenu', ['options'], cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['menubutton'] = _dummyMenubutton(self, 'menubutton') + self.subwidget_list['menu'] = _dummyMenu(self, 'menu') + + def add_command(self, name, cnf={}, **kw): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'add', 'command', name, *self._options(cnf, kw)) + + def add_separator(self, name, cnf={}, **kw): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'add', 'separator', name, *self._options(cnf, kw)) + + def delete(self, name): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', name) + + def disable(self, name): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'disable', name) + + def enable(self, name): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'enable', name) + +class PanedWindow(TixWidget): + """PanedWindow - Multi-pane container widget + allows the user to interactively manipulate the sizes of several + panes. The panes can be arranged either vertically or horizontally.The + user changes the sizes of the panes by dragging the resize handle + between two panes. + + Subwidgets Class + ---------- ----- + g/p widgets added dynamically with the add method.""" + + def __init__(self, master, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixPanedWindow', ['orientation', 'options'], cnf, kw) + + # add delete forget panecget paneconfigure panes setsize + def add(self, name, cnf={}, **kw): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'add', name, *self._options(cnf, kw)) + self.subwidget_list[name] = TixSubWidget(self, name, + check_intermediate=0) + return self.subwidget_list[name] + + def delete(self, name): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', name) + self.subwidget_list[name].destroy() + del self.subwidget_list[name] + + def forget(self, name): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'forget', name) + + def panecget(self, entry, opt): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'panecget', entry, opt) + + def paneconfigure(self, entry, cnf={}, **kw): + if cnf is None: + return self._getconfigure(self._w, 'paneconfigure', entry) + self.tk.call(self._w, 'paneconfigure', entry, *self._options(cnf, kw)) + + def panes(self): + names = self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(self._w, 'panes')) + return [self.subwidget(x) for x in names] + +class PopupMenu(TixWidget): + """PopupMenu widget can be used as a replacement of the tk_popup command. + The advantage of the Tix PopupMenu widget is it requires less application + code to manipulate. + + + Subwidgets Class + ---------- ----- + menubutton Menubutton + menu Menu""" + + # FIXME: It should inherit -superclass tixShell + def __init__(self, master, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixPopupMenu', ['options'], cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['menubutton'] = _dummyMenubutton(self, 'menubutton') + self.subwidget_list['menu'] = _dummyMenu(self, 'menu') + + def bind_widget(self, widget): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'bind', widget._w) + + def unbind_widget(self, widget): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'unbind', widget._w) + + def post_widget(self, widget, x, y): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'post', widget._w, x, y) + +class ResizeHandle(TixWidget): + """Internal widget to draw resize handles on Scrolled widgets.""" + def __init__(self, master, cnf={}, **kw): + # There seems to be a Tix bug rejecting the configure method + # Let's try making the flags -static + flags = ['options', 'command', 'cursorfg', 'cursorbg', + 'handlesize', 'hintcolor', 'hintwidth', + 'x', 'y'] + # In fact, x y height width are configurable + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixResizeHandle', + flags, cnf, kw) + + def attach_widget(self, widget): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'attachwidget', widget._w) + + def detach_widget(self, widget): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'detachwidget', widget._w) + + def hide(self, widget): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'hide', widget._w) + + def show(self, widget): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'show', widget._w) + +class ScrolledHList(TixWidget): + """ScrolledHList - HList with automatic scrollbars.""" + + # FIXME: It should inherit -superclass tixScrolledWidget + def __init__(self, master, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixScrolledHList', ['options'], + cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['hlist'] = _dummyHList(self, 'hlist') + self.subwidget_list['vsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'vsb') + self.subwidget_list['hsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'hsb') + +class ScrolledListBox(TixWidget): + """ScrolledListBox - Listbox with automatic scrollbars.""" + + # FIXME: It should inherit -superclass tixScrolledWidget + def __init__(self, master, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixScrolledListBox', ['options'], cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['listbox'] = _dummyListbox(self, 'listbox') + self.subwidget_list['vsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'vsb') + self.subwidget_list['hsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'hsb') + +class ScrolledText(TixWidget): + """ScrolledText - Text with automatic scrollbars.""" + + # FIXME: It should inherit -superclass tixScrolledWidget + def __init__(self, master, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixScrolledText', ['options'], cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['text'] = _dummyText(self, 'text') + self.subwidget_list['vsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'vsb') + self.subwidget_list['hsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'hsb') + +class ScrolledTList(TixWidget): + """ScrolledTList - TList with automatic scrollbars.""" + + # FIXME: It should inherit -superclass tixScrolledWidget + def __init__(self, master, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixScrolledTList', ['options'], + cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['tlist'] = _dummyTList(self, 'tlist') + self.subwidget_list['vsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'vsb') + self.subwidget_list['hsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'hsb') + +class ScrolledWindow(TixWidget): + """ScrolledWindow - Window with automatic scrollbars.""" + + # FIXME: It should inherit -superclass tixScrolledWidget + def __init__(self, master, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixScrolledWindow', ['options'], cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['window'] = _dummyFrame(self, 'window') + self.subwidget_list['vsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'vsb') + self.subwidget_list['hsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'hsb') + +class Select(TixWidget): + """Select - Container of button subwidgets. It can be used to provide + radio-box or check-box style of selection options for the user. + + Subwidgets are buttons added dynamically using the add method.""" + + # FIXME: It should inherit -superclass tixLabelWidget + def __init__(self, master, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixSelect', + ['allowzero', 'radio', 'orientation', 'labelside', + 'options'], + cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['label'] = _dummyLabel(self, 'label') + + def add(self, name, cnf={}, **kw): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'add', name, *self._options(cnf, kw)) + self.subwidget_list[name] = _dummyButton(self, name) + return self.subwidget_list[name] + + def invoke(self, name): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'invoke', name) + +class Shell(TixWidget): + """Toplevel window. + + Subwidgets - None""" + + def __init__ (self,master=None,cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixShell', ['options', 'title'], cnf, kw) + +class DialogShell(TixWidget): + """Toplevel window, with popup popdown and center methods. + It tells the window manager that it is a dialog window and should be + treated specially. The exact treatment depends on the treatment of + the window manager. + + Subwidgets - None""" + + # FIXME: It should inherit from Shell + def __init__ (self,master=None,cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, + 'tixDialogShell', + ['options', 'title', 'mapped', + 'minheight', 'minwidth', + 'parent', 'transient'], cnf, kw) + + def popdown(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'popdown') + + def popup(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'popup') + + def center(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'center') + +class StdButtonBox(TixWidget): + """StdButtonBox - Standard Button Box (OK, Apply, Cancel and Help) """ + + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixStdButtonBox', + ['orientation', 'options'], cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['ok'] = _dummyButton(self, 'ok') + self.subwidget_list['apply'] = _dummyButton(self, 'apply') + self.subwidget_list['cancel'] = _dummyButton(self, 'cancel') + self.subwidget_list['help'] = _dummyButton(self, 'help') + + def invoke(self, name): + if name in self.subwidget_list: + self.tk.call(self._w, 'invoke', name) + +class TList(TixWidget, XView, YView): + """TList - Hierarchy display widget which can be + used to display data in a tabular format. The list entries of a TList + widget are similar to the entries in the Tk listbox widget. The main + differences are (1) the TList widget can display the list entries in a + two dimensional format and (2) you can use graphical images as well as + multiple colors and fonts for the list entries. + + Subwidgets - None""" + + def __init__ (self,master=None,cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixTList', ['options'], cnf, kw) + + def active_set(self, index): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'active', 'set', index) + + def active_clear(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'active', 'clear') + + def anchor_set(self, index): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'anchor', 'set', index) + + def anchor_clear(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'anchor', 'clear') + + def delete(self, from_, to=None): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', from_, to) + + def dragsite_set(self, index): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'dragsite', 'set', index) + + def dragsite_clear(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'dragsite', 'clear') + + def dropsite_set(self, index): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'dropsite', 'set', index) + + def dropsite_clear(self): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'dropsite', 'clear') + + def insert(self, index, cnf={}, **kw): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'insert', index, *self._options(cnf, kw)) + + def info_active(self): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'info', 'active') + + def info_anchor(self): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'info', 'anchor') + + def info_down(self, index): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'info', 'down', index) + + def info_left(self, index): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'info', 'left', index) + + def info_right(self, index): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'info', 'right', index) + + def info_selection(self): + c = self.tk.call(self._w, 'info', 'selection') + return self.tk.splitlist(c) + + def info_size(self): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'info', 'size') + + def info_up(self, index): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'info', 'up', index) + + def nearest(self, x, y): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'nearest', x, y) + + def see(self, index): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'see', index) + + def selection_clear(self, cnf={}, **kw): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'clear', *self._options(cnf, kw)) + + def selection_includes(self, index): + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'includes', index) + + def selection_set(self, first, last=None): + self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'set', first, last) + +class Tree(TixWidget): + """Tree - The tixTree widget can be used to display hierarchical + data in a tree form. The user can adjust + the view of the tree by opening or closing parts of the tree.""" + + # FIXME: It should inherit -superclass tixScrolledWidget + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixTree', + ['options'], cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['hlist'] = _dummyHList(self, 'hlist') + self.subwidget_list['vsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'vsb') + self.subwidget_list['hsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'hsb') + + def autosetmode(self): + '''This command calls the setmode method for all the entries in this + Tree widget: if an entry has no child entries, its mode is set to + none. Otherwise, if the entry has any hidden child entries, its mode is + set to open; otherwise its mode is set to close.''' + self.tk.call(self._w, 'autosetmode') + + def close(self, entrypath): + '''Close the entry given by entryPath if its mode is close.''' + self.tk.call(self._w, 'close', entrypath) + + def getmode(self, entrypath): + '''Returns the current mode of the entry given by entryPath.''' + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'getmode', entrypath) + + def open(self, entrypath): + '''Open the entry given by entryPath if its mode is open.''' + self.tk.call(self._w, 'open', entrypath) + + def setmode(self, entrypath, mode='none'): + '''This command is used to indicate whether the entry given by + entryPath has children entries and whether the children are visible. mode + must be one of open, close or none. If mode is set to open, a (+) + indicator is drawn next the entry. If mode is set to close, a (-) + indicator is drawn next the entry. If mode is set to none, no + indicators will be drawn for this entry. The default mode is none. The + open mode indicates the entry has hidden children and this entry can be + opened by the user. The close mode indicates that all the children of the + entry are now visible and the entry can be closed by the user.''' + self.tk.call(self._w, 'setmode', entrypath, mode) + + +# Could try subclassing Tree for CheckList - would need another arg to init +class CheckList(TixWidget): + """The CheckList widget + displays a list of items to be selected by the user. CheckList acts + similarly to the Tk checkbutton or radiobutton widgets, except it is + capable of handling many more items than checkbuttons or radiobuttons. + """ + # FIXME: It should inherit -superclass tixTree + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixCheckList', + ['options', 'radio'], cnf, kw) + self.subwidget_list['hlist'] = _dummyHList(self, 'hlist') + self.subwidget_list['vsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'vsb') + self.subwidget_list['hsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'hsb') + + def autosetmode(self): + '''This command calls the setmode method for all the entries in this + Tree widget: if an entry has no child entries, its mode is set to + none. Otherwise, if the entry has any hidden child entries, its mode is + set to open; otherwise its mode is set to close.''' + self.tk.call(self._w, 'autosetmode') + + def close(self, entrypath): + '''Close the entry given by entryPath if its mode is close.''' + self.tk.call(self._w, 'close', entrypath) + + def getmode(self, entrypath): + '''Returns the current mode of the entry given by entryPath.''' + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'getmode', entrypath) + + def open(self, entrypath): + '''Open the entry given by entryPath if its mode is open.''' + self.tk.call(self._w, 'open', entrypath) + + def getselection(self, mode='on'): + '''Returns a list of items whose status matches status. If status is + not specified, the list of items in the "on" status will be returned. + Mode can be on, off, default''' + return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(self._w, 'getselection', mode)) + + def getstatus(self, entrypath): + '''Returns the current status of entryPath.''' + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'getstatus', entrypath) + + def setstatus(self, entrypath, mode='on'): + '''Sets the status of entryPath to be status. A bitmap will be + displayed next to the entry its status is on, off or default.''' + self.tk.call(self._w, 'setstatus', entrypath, mode) + + +########################################################################### +### The subclassing below is used to instantiate the subwidgets in each ### +### mega widget. This allows us to access their methods directly. ### +########################################################################### + +class _dummyButton(Button, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=1): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically) + +class _dummyCheckbutton(Checkbutton, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=1): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically) + +class _dummyEntry(Entry, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=1): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically) + +class _dummyFrame(Frame, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=1): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically) + +class _dummyLabel(Label, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=1): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically) + +class _dummyListbox(Listbox, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=1): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically) + +class _dummyMenu(Menu, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=1): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically) + +class _dummyMenubutton(Menubutton, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=1): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically) + +class _dummyScrollbar(Scrollbar, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=1): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically) + +class _dummyText(Text, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=1): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically) + +class _dummyScrolledListBox(ScrolledListBox, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=1): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically) + self.subwidget_list['listbox'] = _dummyListbox(self, 'listbox') + self.subwidget_list['vsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'vsb') + self.subwidget_list['hsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'hsb') + +class _dummyHList(HList, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=1): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically) + +class _dummyScrolledHList(ScrolledHList, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=1): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically) + self.subwidget_list['hlist'] = _dummyHList(self, 'hlist') + self.subwidget_list['vsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'vsb') + self.subwidget_list['hsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'hsb') + +class _dummyTList(TList, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=1): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically) + +class _dummyComboBox(ComboBox, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=1): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, ['fancy',destroy_physically]) + self.subwidget_list['label'] = _dummyLabel(self, 'label') + self.subwidget_list['entry'] = _dummyEntry(self, 'entry') + self.subwidget_list['arrow'] = _dummyButton(self, 'arrow') + + self.subwidget_list['slistbox'] = _dummyScrolledListBox(self, + 'slistbox') + try: + self.subwidget_list['tick'] = _dummyButton(self, 'tick') + #cross Button : present if created with the fancy option + self.subwidget_list['cross'] = _dummyButton(self, 'cross') + except TypeError: + # unavailable when -fancy not specified + pass + +class _dummyDirList(DirList, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=1): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically) + self.subwidget_list['hlist'] = _dummyHList(self, 'hlist') + self.subwidget_list['vsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'vsb') + self.subwidget_list['hsb'] = _dummyScrollbar(self, 'hsb') + +class _dummyDirSelectBox(DirSelectBox, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=1): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically) + self.subwidget_list['dirlist'] = _dummyDirList(self, 'dirlist') + self.subwidget_list['dircbx'] = _dummyFileComboBox(self, 'dircbx') + +class _dummyExFileSelectBox(ExFileSelectBox, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=1): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically) + self.subwidget_list['cancel'] = _dummyButton(self, 'cancel') + self.subwidget_list['ok'] = _dummyButton(self, 'ok') + self.subwidget_list['hidden'] = _dummyCheckbutton(self, 'hidden') + self.subwidget_list['types'] = _dummyComboBox(self, 'types') + self.subwidget_list['dir'] = _dummyComboBox(self, 'dir') + self.subwidget_list['dirlist'] = _dummyScrolledListBox(self, 'dirlist') + self.subwidget_list['file'] = _dummyComboBox(self, 'file') + self.subwidget_list['filelist'] = _dummyScrolledListBox(self, 'filelist') + +class _dummyFileSelectBox(FileSelectBox, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=1): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically) + self.subwidget_list['dirlist'] = _dummyScrolledListBox(self, 'dirlist') + self.subwidget_list['filelist'] = _dummyScrolledListBox(self, 'filelist') + self.subwidget_list['filter'] = _dummyComboBox(self, 'filter') + self.subwidget_list['selection'] = _dummyComboBox(self, 'selection') + +class _dummyFileComboBox(ComboBox, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=1): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically) + self.subwidget_list['dircbx'] = _dummyComboBox(self, 'dircbx') + +class _dummyStdButtonBox(StdButtonBox, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=1): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically) + self.subwidget_list['ok'] = _dummyButton(self, 'ok') + self.subwidget_list['apply'] = _dummyButton(self, 'apply') + self.subwidget_list['cancel'] = _dummyButton(self, 'cancel') + self.subwidget_list['help'] = _dummyButton(self, 'help') + +class _dummyNoteBookFrame(NoteBookFrame, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=0): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically) + +class _dummyPanedWindow(PanedWindow, TixSubWidget): + def __init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically=1): + TixSubWidget.__init__(self, master, name, destroy_physically) + +######################## +### Utility Routines ### +######################## + +#mike Should tixDestroy be exposed as a wrapper? - but not for widgets. + +def OptionName(widget): + '''Returns the qualified path name for the widget. Normally used to set + default options for subwidgets. See tixwidgets.py''' + return widget.tk.call('tixOptionName', widget._w) + +# Called with a dictionary argument of the form +# {'*.c':'C source files', '*.txt':'Text Files', '*':'All files'} +# returns a string which can be used to configure the fsbox file types +# in an ExFileSelectBox. i.e., +# '{{*} {* - All files}} {{*.c} {*.c - C source files}} {{*.txt} {*.txt - Text Files}}' +def FileTypeList(dict): + s = '' + for type in dict.keys(): + s = s + '{{' + type + '} {' + type + ' - ' + dict[type] + '}} ' + return s + +# Still to be done: +# tixIconView +class CObjView(TixWidget): + """This file implements the Canvas Object View widget. This is a base + class of IconView. It implements automatic placement/adjustment of the + scrollbars according to the canvas objects inside the canvas subwidget. + The scrollbars are adjusted so that the canvas is just large enough + to see all the objects. + """ + # FIXME: It should inherit -superclass tixScrolledWidget + pass + + +class Grid(TixWidget, XView, YView): + '''The Tix Grid command creates a new window and makes it into a + tixGrid widget. Additional options, may be specified on the command + line or in the option database to configure aspects such as its cursor + and relief. + + A Grid widget displays its contents in a two dimensional grid of cells. + Each cell may contain one Tix display item, which may be in text, + graphics or other formats. See the DisplayStyle class for more information + about Tix display items. Individual cells, or groups of cells, can be + formatted with a wide range of attributes, such as its color, relief and + border. + + Subwidgets - None''' + # valid specific resources as of Tk 8.4 + # editdonecmd, editnotifycmd, floatingcols, floatingrows, formatcmd, + # highlightbackground, highlightcolor, leftmargin, itemtype, selectmode, + # selectunit, topmargin, + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + static= [] + self.cnf= cnf + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixGrid', static, cnf, kw) + + # valid options as of Tk 8.4 + # anchor, bdtype, cget, configure, delete, dragsite, dropsite, entrycget, + # edit, entryconfigure, format, geometryinfo, info, index, move, nearest, + # selection, set, size, unset, xview, yview + def anchor_clear(self): + """Removes the selection anchor.""" + self.tk.call(self, 'anchor', 'clear') + + def anchor_get(self): + "Get the (x,y) coordinate of the current anchor cell" + return self._getints(self.tk.call(self, 'anchor', 'get')) + + def anchor_set(self, x, y): + """Set the selection anchor to the cell at (x, y).""" + self.tk.call(self, 'anchor', 'set', x, y) + + def delete_row(self, from_, to=None): + """Delete rows between from_ and to inclusive. + If to is not provided, delete only row at from_""" + if to is None: + self.tk.call(self, 'delete', 'row', from_) + else: + self.tk.call(self, 'delete', 'row', from_, to) + + def delete_column(self, from_, to=None): + """Delete columns between from_ and to inclusive. + If to is not provided, delete only column at from_""" + if to is None: + self.tk.call(self, 'delete', 'column', from_) + else: + self.tk.call(self, 'delete', 'column', from_, to) + + def edit_apply(self): + """If any cell is being edited, de-highlight the cell and applies + the changes.""" + self.tk.call(self, 'edit', 'apply') + + def edit_set(self, x, y): + """Highlights the cell at (x, y) for editing, if the -editnotify + command returns True for this cell.""" + self.tk.call(self, 'edit', 'set', x, y) + + def entrycget(self, x, y, option): + "Get the option value for cell at (x,y)" + if option and option[0] != '-': + option = '-' + option + return self.tk.call(self, 'entrycget', x, y, option) + + def entryconfigure(self, x, y, cnf=None, **kw): + return self._configure(('entryconfigure', x, y), cnf, kw) + + # def format + # def index + + def info_exists(self, x, y): + "Return True if display item exists at (x,y)" + return self._getboolean(self.tk.call(self, 'info', 'exists', x, y)) + + def info_bbox(self, x, y): + # This seems to always return '', at least for 'text' displayitems + return self.tk.call(self, 'info', 'bbox', x, y) + + def move_column(self, from_, to, offset): + """Moves the range of columns from position FROM through TO by + the distance indicated by OFFSET. For example, move_column(2, 4, 1) + moves the columns 2,3,4 to columns 3,4,5.""" + self.tk.call(self, 'move', 'column', from_, to, offset) + + def move_row(self, from_, to, offset): + """Moves the range of rows from position FROM through TO by + the distance indicated by OFFSET. + For example, move_row(2, 4, 1) moves the rows 2,3,4 to rows 3,4,5.""" + self.tk.call(self, 'move', 'row', from_, to, offset) + + def nearest(self, x, y): + "Return coordinate of cell nearest pixel coordinate (x,y)" + return self._getints(self.tk.call(self, 'nearest', x, y)) + + # def selection adjust + # def selection clear + # def selection includes + # def selection set + # def selection toggle + + def set(self, x, y, itemtype=None, **kw): + args= self._options(self.cnf, kw) + if itemtype is not None: + args= ('-itemtype', itemtype) + args + self.tk.call(self, 'set', x, y, *args) + + def size_column(self, index, **kw): + """Queries or sets the size of the column given by + INDEX. INDEX may be any non-negative + integer that gives the position of a given column. + INDEX can also be the string "default"; in this case, this command + queries or sets the default size of all columns. + When no option-value pair is given, this command returns a tuple + containing the current size setting of the given column. When + option-value pairs are given, the corresponding options of the + size setting of the given column are changed. Options may be one + of the following: + pad0 pixels + Specifies the paddings to the left of a column. + pad1 pixels + Specifies the paddings to the right of a column. + size val + Specifies the width of a column. Val may be: + "auto" -- the width of the column is set to the + width of the widest cell in the column; + a valid Tk screen distance unit; + or a real number following by the word chars + (e.g. 3.4chars) that sets the width of the column to the + given number of characters.""" + return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(self._w, 'size', 'column', index, + *self._options({}, kw))) + + def size_row(self, index, **kw): + """Queries or sets the size of the row given by + INDEX. INDEX may be any non-negative + integer that gives the position of a given row . + INDEX can also be the string "default"; in this case, this command + queries or sets the default size of all rows. + When no option-value pair is given, this command returns a list con- + taining the current size setting of the given row . When option-value + pairs are given, the corresponding options of the size setting of the + given row are changed. Options may be one of the following: + pad0 pixels + Specifies the paddings to the top of a row. + pad1 pixels + Specifies the paddings to the bottom of a row. + size val + Specifies the height of a row. Val may be: + "auto" -- the height of the row is set to the + height of the highest cell in the row; + a valid Tk screen distance unit; + or a real number following by the word chars + (e.g. 3.4chars) that sets the height of the row to the + given number of characters.""" + return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call( + self, 'size', 'row', index, *self._options({}, kw))) + + def unset(self, x, y): + """Clears the cell at (x, y) by removing its display item.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, 'unset', x, y) + + +class ScrolledGrid(Grid): + '''Scrolled Grid widgets''' + + # FIXME: It should inherit -superclass tixScrolledWidget + def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): + static= [] + self.cnf= cnf + TixWidget.__init__(self, master, 'tixScrolledGrid', static, cnf, kw) diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/ttk.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/ttk.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..efeabb7a92c62708a63cc4b9a72a8e8070e468ba --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/tkinter/ttk.py @@ -0,0 +1,1637 @@ +"""Ttk wrapper. + +This module provides classes to allow using Tk themed widget set. + +Ttk is based on a revised and enhanced version of +TIP #48 (http://tip.tcl.tk/48) specified style engine. + +Its basic idea is to separate, to the extent possible, the code +implementing a widget's behavior from the code implementing its +appearance. Widget class bindings are primarily responsible for +maintaining the widget state and invoking callbacks, all aspects +of the widgets appearance lies at Themes. +""" + +__version__ = "0.3.1" + +__author__ = "Guilherme Polo " + +__all__ = ["Button", "Checkbutton", "Combobox", "Entry", "Frame", "Label", + "Labelframe", "LabelFrame", "Menubutton", "Notebook", "Panedwindow", + "PanedWindow", "Progressbar", "Radiobutton", "Scale", "Scrollbar", + "Separator", "Sizegrip", "Spinbox", "Style", "Treeview", + # Extensions + "LabeledScale", "OptionMenu", + # functions + "tclobjs_to_py", "setup_master"] + +import tkinter +from tkinter import _flatten, _join, _stringify, _splitdict + + +def _format_optvalue(value, script=False): + """Internal function.""" + if script: + # if caller passes a Tcl script to tk.call, all the values need to + # be grouped into words (arguments to a command in Tcl dialect) + value = _stringify(value) + elif isinstance(value, (list, tuple)): + value = _join(value) + return value + +def _format_optdict(optdict, script=False, ignore=None): + """Formats optdict to a tuple to pass it to tk.call. + + E.g. (script=False): + {'foreground': 'blue', 'padding': [1, 2, 3, 4]} returns: + ('-foreground', 'blue', '-padding', '1 2 3 4')""" + + opts = [] + for opt, value in optdict.items(): + if not ignore or opt not in ignore: + opts.append("-%s" % opt) + if value is not None: + opts.append(_format_optvalue(value, script)) + + return _flatten(opts) + +def _mapdict_values(items): + # each value in mapdict is expected to be a sequence, where each item + # is another sequence containing a state (or several) and a value + # E.g. (script=False): + # [('active', 'selected', 'grey'), ('focus', [1, 2, 3, 4])] + # returns: + # ['active selected', 'grey', 'focus', [1, 2, 3, 4]] + opt_val = [] + for *state, val in items: + if len(state) == 1: + # if it is empty (something that evaluates to False), then + # format it to Tcl code to denote the "normal" state + state = state[0] or '' + else: + # group multiple states + state = ' '.join(state) # raise TypeError if not str + opt_val.append(state) + if val is not None: + opt_val.append(val) + return opt_val + +def _format_mapdict(mapdict, script=False): + """Formats mapdict to pass it to tk.call. + + E.g. (script=False): + {'expand': [('active', 'selected', 'grey'), ('focus', [1, 2, 3, 4])]} + + returns: + + ('-expand', '{active selected} grey focus {1, 2, 3, 4}')""" + + opts = [] + for opt, value in mapdict.items(): + opts.extend(("-%s" % opt, + _format_optvalue(_mapdict_values(value), script))) + + return _flatten(opts) + +def _format_elemcreate(etype, script=False, *args, **kw): + """Formats args and kw according to the given element factory etype.""" + spec = None + opts = () + if etype in ("image", "vsapi"): + if etype == "image": # define an element based on an image + # first arg should be the default image name + iname = args[0] + # next args, if any, are statespec/value pairs which is almost + # a mapdict, but we just need the value + imagespec = _join(_mapdict_values(args[1:])) + spec = "%s %s" % (iname, imagespec) + + else: + # define an element whose visual appearance is drawn using the + # Microsoft Visual Styles API which is responsible for the + # themed styles on Windows XP and Vista. + # Availability: Tk 8.6, Windows XP and Vista. + class_name, part_id = args[:2] + statemap = _join(_mapdict_values(args[2:])) + spec = "%s %s %s" % (class_name, part_id, statemap) + + opts = _format_optdict(kw, script) + + elif etype == "from": # clone an element + # it expects a themename and optionally an element to clone from, + # otherwise it will clone {} (empty element) + spec = args[0] # theme name + if len(args) > 1: # elementfrom specified + opts = (_format_optvalue(args[1], script),) + + if script: + spec = '{%s}' % spec + opts = ' '.join(opts) + + return spec, opts + +def _format_layoutlist(layout, indent=0, indent_size=2): + """Formats a layout list so we can pass the result to ttk::style + layout and ttk::style settings. Note that the layout doesn't have to + be a list necessarily. + + E.g.: + [("Menubutton.background", None), + ("Menubutton.button", {"children": + [("Menubutton.focus", {"children": + [("Menubutton.padding", {"children": + [("Menubutton.label", {"side": "left", "expand": 1})] + })] + })] + }), + ("Menubutton.indicator", {"side": "right"}) + ] + + returns: + + Menubutton.background + Menubutton.button -children { + Menubutton.focus -children { + Menubutton.padding -children { + Menubutton.label -side left -expand 1 + } + } + } + Menubutton.indicator -side right""" + script = [] + + for layout_elem in layout: + elem, opts = layout_elem + opts = opts or {} + fopts = ' '.join(_format_optdict(opts, True, ("children",))) + head = "%s%s%s" % (' ' * indent, elem, (" %s" % fopts) if fopts else '') + + if "children" in opts: + script.append(head + " -children {") + indent += indent_size + newscript, indent = _format_layoutlist(opts['children'], indent, + indent_size) + script.append(newscript) + indent -= indent_size + script.append('%s}' % (' ' * indent)) + else: + script.append(head) + + return '\n'.join(script), indent + +def _script_from_settings(settings): + """Returns an appropriate script, based on settings, according to + theme_settings definition to be used by theme_settings and + theme_create.""" + script = [] + # a script will be generated according to settings passed, which + # will then be evaluated by Tcl + for name, opts in settings.items(): + # will format specific keys according to Tcl code + if opts.get('configure'): # format 'configure' + s = ' '.join(_format_optdict(opts['configure'], True)) + script.append("ttk::style configure %s %s;" % (name, s)) + + if opts.get('map'): # format 'map' + s = ' '.join(_format_mapdict(opts['map'], True)) + script.append("ttk::style map %s %s;" % (name, s)) + + if 'layout' in opts: # format 'layout' which may be empty + if not opts['layout']: + s = 'null' # could be any other word, but this one makes sense + else: + s, _ = _format_layoutlist(opts['layout']) + script.append("ttk::style layout %s {\n%s\n}" % (name, s)) + + if opts.get('element create'): # format 'element create' + eopts = opts['element create'] + etype = eopts[0] + + # find where args end, and where kwargs start + argc = 1 # etype was the first one + while argc < len(eopts) and not hasattr(eopts[argc], 'items'): + argc += 1 + + elemargs = eopts[1:argc] + elemkw = eopts[argc] if argc < len(eopts) and eopts[argc] else {} + spec, opts = _format_elemcreate(etype, True, *elemargs, **elemkw) + + script.append("ttk::style element create %s %s %s %s" % ( + name, etype, spec, opts)) + + return '\n'.join(script) + +def _list_from_statespec(stuple): + """Construct a list from the given statespec tuple according to the + accepted statespec accepted by _format_mapdict.""" + if isinstance(stuple, str): + return stuple + result = [] + it = iter(stuple) + for state, val in zip(it, it): + if hasattr(state, 'typename'): # this is a Tcl object + state = str(state).split() + elif isinstance(state, str): + state = state.split() + elif not isinstance(state, (tuple, list)): + state = (state,) + if hasattr(val, 'typename'): + val = str(val) + result.append((*state, val)) + + return result + +def _list_from_layouttuple(tk, ltuple): + """Construct a list from the tuple returned by ttk::layout, this is + somewhat the reverse of _format_layoutlist.""" + ltuple = tk.splitlist(ltuple) + res = [] + + indx = 0 + while indx < len(ltuple): + name = ltuple[indx] + opts = {} + res.append((name, opts)) + indx += 1 + + while indx < len(ltuple): # grab name's options + opt, val = ltuple[indx:indx + 2] + if not opt.startswith('-'): # found next name + break + + opt = opt[1:] # remove the '-' from the option + indx += 2 + + if opt == 'children': + val = _list_from_layouttuple(tk, val) + + opts[opt] = val + + return res + +def _val_or_dict(tk, options, *args): + """Format options then call Tk command with args and options and return + the appropriate result. + + If no option is specified, a dict is returned. If an option is + specified with the None value, the value for that option is returned. + Otherwise, the function just sets the passed options and the caller + shouldn't be expecting a return value anyway.""" + options = _format_optdict(options) + res = tk.call(*(args + options)) + + if len(options) % 2: # option specified without a value, return its value + return res + + return _splitdict(tk, res, conv=_tclobj_to_py) + +def _convert_stringval(value): + """Converts a value to, hopefully, a more appropriate Python object.""" + value = str(value) + try: + value = int(value) + except (ValueError, TypeError): + pass + + return value + +def _to_number(x): + if isinstance(x, str): + if '.' in x: + x = float(x) + else: + x = int(x) + return x + +def _tclobj_to_py(val): + """Return value converted from Tcl object to Python object.""" + if val and hasattr(val, '__len__') and not isinstance(val, str): + if getattr(val[0], 'typename', None) == 'StateSpec': + val = _list_from_statespec(val) + else: + val = list(map(_convert_stringval, val)) + + elif hasattr(val, 'typename'): # some other (single) Tcl object + val = _convert_stringval(val) + + return val + +def tclobjs_to_py(adict): + """Returns adict with its values converted from Tcl objects to Python + objects.""" + for opt, val in adict.items(): + adict[opt] = _tclobj_to_py(val) + + return adict + +def setup_master(master=None): + """If master is not None, itself is returned. If master is None, + the default master is returned if there is one, otherwise a new + master is created and returned. + + If it is not allowed to use the default root and master is None, + RuntimeError is raised.""" + if master is None: + master = tkinter._get_default_root() + return master + + +class Style(object): + """Manipulate style database.""" + + _name = "ttk::style" + + def __init__(self, master=None): + master = setup_master(master) + self.master = master + self.tk = self.master.tk + + + def configure(self, style, query_opt=None, **kw): + """Query or sets the default value of the specified option(s) in + style. + + Each key in kw is an option and each value is either a string or + a sequence identifying the value for that option.""" + if query_opt is not None: + kw[query_opt] = None + result = _val_or_dict(self.tk, kw, self._name, "configure", style) + if result or query_opt: + return result + + + def map(self, style, query_opt=None, **kw): + """Query or sets dynamic values of the specified option(s) in + style. + + Each key in kw is an option and each value should be a list or a + tuple (usually) containing statespecs grouped in tuples, or list, + or something else of your preference. A statespec is compound of + one or more states and then a value.""" + if query_opt is not None: + result = self.tk.call(self._name, "map", style, '-%s' % query_opt) + return _list_from_statespec(self.tk.splitlist(result)) + + result = self.tk.call(self._name, "map", style, *_format_mapdict(kw)) + return {k: _list_from_statespec(self.tk.splitlist(v)) + for k, v in _splitdict(self.tk, result).items()} + + + def lookup(self, style, option, state=None, default=None): + """Returns the value specified for option in style. + + If state is specified it is expected to be a sequence of one + or more states. If the default argument is set, it is used as + a fallback value in case no specification for option is found.""" + state = ' '.join(state) if state else '' + + return self.tk.call(self._name, "lookup", style, '-%s' % option, + state, default) + + + def layout(self, style, layoutspec=None): + """Define the widget layout for given style. If layoutspec is + omitted, return the layout specification for given style. + + layoutspec is expected to be a list or an object different than + None that evaluates to False if you want to "turn off" that style. + If it is a list (or tuple, or something else), each item should be + a tuple where the first item is the layout name and the second item + should have the format described below: + + LAYOUTS + + A layout can contain the value None, if takes no options, or + a dict of options specifying how to arrange the element. + The layout mechanism uses a simplified version of the pack + geometry manager: given an initial cavity, each element is + allocated a parcel. Valid options/values are: + + side: whichside + Specifies which side of the cavity to place the + element; one of top, right, bottom or left. If + omitted, the element occupies the entire cavity. + + sticky: nswe + Specifies where the element is placed inside its + allocated parcel. + + children: [sublayout... ] + Specifies a list of elements to place inside the + element. Each element is a tuple (or other sequence) + where the first item is the layout name, and the other + is a LAYOUT.""" + lspec = None + if layoutspec: + lspec = _format_layoutlist(layoutspec)[0] + elif layoutspec is not None: # will disable the layout ({}, '', etc) + lspec = "null" # could be any other word, but this may make sense + # when calling layout(style) later + + return _list_from_layouttuple(self.tk, + self.tk.call(self._name, "layout", style, lspec)) + + + def element_create(self, elementname, etype, *args, **kw): + """Create a new element in the current theme of given etype.""" + spec, opts = _format_elemcreate(etype, False, *args, **kw) + self.tk.call(self._name, "element", "create", elementname, etype, + spec, *opts) + + + def element_names(self): + """Returns the list of elements defined in the current theme.""" + return tuple(n.lstrip('-') for n in self.tk.splitlist( + self.tk.call(self._name, "element", "names"))) + + + def element_options(self, elementname): + """Return the list of elementname's options.""" + return tuple(o.lstrip('-') for o in self.tk.splitlist( + self.tk.call(self._name, "element", "options", elementname))) + + + def theme_create(self, themename, parent=None, settings=None): + """Creates a new theme. + + It is an error if themename already exists. If parent is + specified, the new theme will inherit styles, elements and + layouts from the specified parent theme. If settings are present, + they are expected to have the same syntax used for theme_settings.""" + script = _script_from_settings(settings) if settings else '' + + if parent: + self.tk.call(self._name, "theme", "create", themename, + "-parent", parent, "-settings", script) + else: + self.tk.call(self._name, "theme", "create", themename, + "-settings", script) + + + def theme_settings(self, themename, settings): + """Temporarily sets the current theme to themename, apply specified + settings and then restore the previous theme. + + Each key in settings is a style and each value may contain the + keys 'configure', 'map', 'layout' and 'element create' and they + are expected to have the same format as specified by the methods + configure, map, layout and element_create respectively.""" + script = _script_from_settings(settings) + self.tk.call(self._name, "theme", "settings", themename, script) + + + def theme_names(self): + """Returns a list of all known themes.""" + return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(self._name, "theme", "names")) + + + def theme_use(self, themename=None): + """If themename is None, returns the theme in use, otherwise, set + the current theme to themename, refreshes all widgets and emits + a <> event.""" + if themename is None: + # Starting on Tk 8.6, checking this global is no longer needed + # since it allows doing self.tk.call(self._name, "theme", "use") + return self.tk.eval("return $ttk::currentTheme") + + # using "ttk::setTheme" instead of "ttk::style theme use" causes + # the variable currentTheme to be updated, also, ttk::setTheme calls + # "ttk::style theme use" in order to change theme. + self.tk.call("ttk::setTheme", themename) + + +class Widget(tkinter.Widget): + """Base class for Tk themed widgets.""" + + def __init__(self, master, widgetname, kw=None): + """Constructs a Ttk Widget with the parent master. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + class, cursor, takefocus, style + + SCROLLABLE WIDGET OPTIONS + + xscrollcommand, yscrollcommand + + LABEL WIDGET OPTIONS + + text, textvariable, underline, image, compound, width + + WIDGET STATES + + active, disabled, focus, pressed, selected, background, + readonly, alternate, invalid + """ + master = setup_master(master) + tkinter.Widget.__init__(self, master, widgetname, kw=kw) + + + def identify(self, x, y): + """Returns the name of the element at position x, y, or the empty + string if the point does not lie within any element. + + x and y are pixel coordinates relative to the widget.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, "identify", x, y) + + + def instate(self, statespec, callback=None, *args, **kw): + """Test the widget's state. + + If callback is not specified, returns True if the widget state + matches statespec and False otherwise. If callback is specified, + then it will be invoked with *args, **kw if the widget state + matches statespec. statespec is expected to be a sequence.""" + ret = self.tk.getboolean( + self.tk.call(self._w, "instate", ' '.join(statespec))) + if ret and callback is not None: + return callback(*args, **kw) + + return ret + + + def state(self, statespec=None): + """Modify or inquire widget state. + + Widget state is returned if statespec is None, otherwise it is + set according to the statespec flags and then a new state spec + is returned indicating which flags were changed. statespec is + expected to be a sequence.""" + if statespec is not None: + statespec = ' '.join(statespec) + + return self.tk.splitlist(str(self.tk.call(self._w, "state", statespec))) + + +class Button(Widget): + """Ttk Button widget, displays a textual label and/or image, and + evaluates a command when pressed.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, **kw): + """Construct a Ttk Button widget with the parent master. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + class, compound, cursor, image, state, style, takefocus, + text, textvariable, underline, width + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + command, default, width + """ + Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::button", kw) + + + def invoke(self): + """Invokes the command associated with the button.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, "invoke") + + +class Checkbutton(Widget): + """Ttk Checkbutton widget which is either in on- or off-state.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, **kw): + """Construct a Ttk Checkbutton widget with the parent master. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + class, compound, cursor, image, state, style, takefocus, + text, textvariable, underline, width + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + command, offvalue, onvalue, variable + """ + Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::checkbutton", kw) + + + def invoke(self): + """Toggles between the selected and deselected states and + invokes the associated command. If the widget is currently + selected, sets the option variable to the offvalue option + and deselects the widget; otherwise, sets the option variable + to the option onvalue. + + Returns the result of the associated command.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, "invoke") + + +class Entry(Widget, tkinter.Entry): + """Ttk Entry widget displays a one-line text string and allows that + string to be edited by the user.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, widget=None, **kw): + """Constructs a Ttk Entry widget with the parent master. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + class, cursor, style, takefocus, xscrollcommand + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + exportselection, invalidcommand, justify, show, state, + textvariable, validate, validatecommand, width + + VALIDATION MODES + + none, key, focus, focusin, focusout, all + """ + Widget.__init__(self, master, widget or "ttk::entry", kw) + + + def bbox(self, index): + """Return a tuple of (x, y, width, height) which describes the + bounding box of the character given by index.""" + return self._getints(self.tk.call(self._w, "bbox", index)) + + + def identify(self, x, y): + """Returns the name of the element at position x, y, or the + empty string if the coordinates are outside the window.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, "identify", x, y) + + + def validate(self): + """Force revalidation, independent of the conditions specified + by the validate option. Returns False if validation fails, True + if it succeeds. Sets or clears the invalid state accordingly.""" + return self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call(self._w, "validate")) + + +class Combobox(Entry): + """Ttk Combobox widget combines a text field with a pop-down list of + values.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, **kw): + """Construct a Ttk Combobox widget with the parent master. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + class, cursor, style, takefocus + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + exportselection, justify, height, postcommand, state, + textvariable, values, width + """ + Entry.__init__(self, master, "ttk::combobox", **kw) + + + def current(self, newindex=None): + """If newindex is supplied, sets the combobox value to the + element at position newindex in the list of values. Otherwise, + returns the index of the current value in the list of values + or -1 if the current value does not appear in the list.""" + if newindex is None: + return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(self._w, "current")) + return self.tk.call(self._w, "current", newindex) + + + def set(self, value): + """Sets the value of the combobox to value.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, "set", value) + + +class Frame(Widget): + """Ttk Frame widget is a container, used to group other widgets + together.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, **kw): + """Construct a Ttk Frame with parent master. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + class, cursor, style, takefocus + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + borderwidth, relief, padding, width, height + """ + Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::frame", kw) + + +class Label(Widget): + """Ttk Label widget displays a textual label and/or image.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, **kw): + """Construct a Ttk Label with parent master. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + class, compound, cursor, image, style, takefocus, text, + textvariable, underline, width + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + anchor, background, font, foreground, justify, padding, + relief, text, wraplength + """ + Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::label", kw) + + +class Labelframe(Widget): + """Ttk Labelframe widget is a container used to group other widgets + together. It has an optional label, which may be a plain text string + or another widget.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, **kw): + """Construct a Ttk Labelframe with parent master. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + class, cursor, style, takefocus + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + labelanchor, text, underline, padding, labelwidget, width, + height + """ + Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::labelframe", kw) + +LabelFrame = Labelframe # tkinter name compatibility + + +class Menubutton(Widget): + """Ttk Menubutton widget displays a textual label and/or image, and + displays a menu when pressed.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, **kw): + """Construct a Ttk Menubutton with parent master. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + class, compound, cursor, image, state, style, takefocus, + text, textvariable, underline, width + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + direction, menu + """ + Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::menubutton", kw) + + +class Notebook(Widget): + """Ttk Notebook widget manages a collection of windows and displays + a single one at a time. Each child window is associated with a tab, + which the user may select to change the currently-displayed window.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, **kw): + """Construct a Ttk Notebook with parent master. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + class, cursor, style, takefocus + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + height, padding, width + + TAB OPTIONS + + state, sticky, padding, text, image, compound, underline + + TAB IDENTIFIERS (tab_id) + + The tab_id argument found in several methods may take any of + the following forms: + + * An integer between zero and the number of tabs + * The name of a child window + * A positional specification of the form "@x,y", which + defines the tab + * The string "current", which identifies the + currently-selected tab + * The string "end", which returns the number of tabs (only + valid for method index) + """ + Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::notebook", kw) + + + def add(self, child, **kw): + """Adds a new tab to the notebook. + + If window is currently managed by the notebook but hidden, it is + restored to its previous position.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, "add", child, *(_format_optdict(kw))) + + + def forget(self, tab_id): + """Removes the tab specified by tab_id, unmaps and unmanages the + associated window.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, "forget", tab_id) + + + def hide(self, tab_id): + """Hides the tab specified by tab_id. + + The tab will not be displayed, but the associated window remains + managed by the notebook and its configuration remembered. Hidden + tabs may be restored with the add command.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, "hide", tab_id) + + + def identify(self, x, y): + """Returns the name of the tab element at position x, y, or the + empty string if none.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, "identify", x, y) + + + def index(self, tab_id): + """Returns the numeric index of the tab specified by tab_id, or + the total number of tabs if tab_id is the string "end".""" + return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(self._w, "index", tab_id)) + + + def insert(self, pos, child, **kw): + """Inserts a pane at the specified position. + + pos is either the string end, an integer index, or the name of + a managed child. If child is already managed by the notebook, + moves it to the specified position.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, "insert", pos, child, *(_format_optdict(kw))) + + + def select(self, tab_id=None): + """Selects the specified tab. + + The associated child window will be displayed, and the + previously-selected window (if different) is unmapped. If tab_id + is omitted, returns the widget name of the currently selected + pane.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, "select", tab_id) + + + def tab(self, tab_id, option=None, **kw): + """Query or modify the options of the specific tab_id. + + If kw is not given, returns a dict of the tab option values. If option + is specified, returns the value of that option. Otherwise, sets the + options to the corresponding values.""" + if option is not None: + kw[option] = None + return _val_or_dict(self.tk, kw, self._w, "tab", tab_id) + + + def tabs(self): + """Returns a list of windows managed by the notebook.""" + return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(self._w, "tabs") or ()) + + + def enable_traversal(self): + """Enable keyboard traversal for a toplevel window containing + this notebook. + + This will extend the bindings for the toplevel window containing + this notebook as follows: + + Control-Tab: selects the tab following the currently selected + one + + Shift-Control-Tab: selects the tab preceding the currently + selected one + + Alt-K: where K is the mnemonic (underlined) character of any + tab, will select that tab. + + Multiple notebooks in a single toplevel may be enabled for + traversal, including nested notebooks. However, notebook traversal + only works properly if all panes are direct children of the + notebook.""" + # The only, and good, difference I see is about mnemonics, which works + # after calling this method. Control-Tab and Shift-Control-Tab always + # works (here at least). + self.tk.call("ttk::notebook::enableTraversal", self._w) + + +class Panedwindow(Widget, tkinter.PanedWindow): + """Ttk Panedwindow widget displays a number of subwindows, stacked + either vertically or horizontally.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, **kw): + """Construct a Ttk Panedwindow with parent master. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + class, cursor, style, takefocus + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + orient, width, height + + PANE OPTIONS + + weight + """ + Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::panedwindow", kw) + + + forget = tkinter.PanedWindow.forget # overrides Pack.forget + + + def insert(self, pos, child, **kw): + """Inserts a pane at the specified positions. + + pos is either the string end, and integer index, or the name + of a child. If child is already managed by the paned window, + moves it to the specified position.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, "insert", pos, child, *(_format_optdict(kw))) + + + def pane(self, pane, option=None, **kw): + """Query or modify the options of the specified pane. + + pane is either an integer index or the name of a managed subwindow. + If kw is not given, returns a dict of the pane option values. If + option is specified then the value for that option is returned. + Otherwise, sets the options to the corresponding values.""" + if option is not None: + kw[option] = None + return _val_or_dict(self.tk, kw, self._w, "pane", pane) + + + def sashpos(self, index, newpos=None): + """If newpos is specified, sets the position of sash number index. + + May adjust the positions of adjacent sashes to ensure that + positions are monotonically increasing. Sash positions are further + constrained to be between 0 and the total size of the widget. + + Returns the new position of sash number index.""" + return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(self._w, "sashpos", index, newpos)) + +PanedWindow = Panedwindow # tkinter name compatibility + + +class Progressbar(Widget): + """Ttk Progressbar widget shows the status of a long-running + operation. They can operate in two modes: determinate mode shows the + amount completed relative to the total amount of work to be done, and + indeterminate mode provides an animated display to let the user know + that something is happening.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, **kw): + """Construct a Ttk Progressbar with parent master. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + class, cursor, style, takefocus + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + orient, length, mode, maximum, value, variable, phase + """ + Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::progressbar", kw) + + + def start(self, interval=None): + """Begin autoincrement mode: schedules a recurring timer event + that calls method step every interval milliseconds. + + interval defaults to 50 milliseconds (20 steps/second) if omitted.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, "start", interval) + + + def step(self, amount=None): + """Increments the value option by amount. + + amount defaults to 1.0 if omitted.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, "step", amount) + + + def stop(self): + """Stop autoincrement mode: cancels any recurring timer event + initiated by start.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, "stop") + + +class Radiobutton(Widget): + """Ttk Radiobutton widgets are used in groups to show or change a + set of mutually-exclusive options.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, **kw): + """Construct a Ttk Radiobutton with parent master. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + class, compound, cursor, image, state, style, takefocus, + text, textvariable, underline, width + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + command, value, variable + """ + Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::radiobutton", kw) + + + def invoke(self): + """Sets the option variable to the option value, selects the + widget, and invokes the associated command. + + Returns the result of the command, or an empty string if + no command is specified.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, "invoke") + + +class Scale(Widget, tkinter.Scale): + """Ttk Scale widget is typically used to control the numeric value of + a linked variable that varies uniformly over some range.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, **kw): + """Construct a Ttk Scale with parent master. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + class, cursor, style, takefocus + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + command, from, length, orient, to, value, variable + """ + Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::scale", kw) + + + def configure(self, cnf=None, **kw): + """Modify or query scale options. + + Setting a value for any of the "from", "from_" or "to" options + generates a <> event.""" + retval = Widget.configure(self, cnf, **kw) + if not isinstance(cnf, (type(None), str)): + kw.update(cnf) + if any(['from' in kw, 'from_' in kw, 'to' in kw]): + self.event_generate('<>') + return retval + + + def get(self, x=None, y=None): + """Get the current value of the value option, or the value + corresponding to the coordinates x, y if they are specified. + + x and y are pixel coordinates relative to the scale widget + origin.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, 'get', x, y) + + +class Scrollbar(Widget, tkinter.Scrollbar): + """Ttk Scrollbar controls the viewport of a scrollable widget.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, **kw): + """Construct a Ttk Scrollbar with parent master. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + class, cursor, style, takefocus + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + command, orient + """ + Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::scrollbar", kw) + + +class Separator(Widget): + """Ttk Separator widget displays a horizontal or vertical separator + bar.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, **kw): + """Construct a Ttk Separator with parent master. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + class, cursor, style, takefocus + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + orient + """ + Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::separator", kw) + + +class Sizegrip(Widget): + """Ttk Sizegrip allows the user to resize the containing toplevel + window by pressing and dragging the grip.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, **kw): + """Construct a Ttk Sizegrip with parent master. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + class, cursor, state, style, takefocus + """ + Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::sizegrip", kw) + + +class Spinbox(Entry): + """Ttk Spinbox is an Entry with increment and decrement arrows + + It is commonly used for number entry or to select from a list of + string values. + """ + + def __init__(self, master=None, **kw): + """Construct a Ttk Spinbox widget with the parent master. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + class, cursor, style, takefocus, validate, + validatecommand, xscrollcommand, invalidcommand + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + to, from_, increment, values, wrap, format, command + """ + Entry.__init__(self, master, "ttk::spinbox", **kw) + + + def set(self, value): + """Sets the value of the Spinbox to value.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, "set", value) + + +class Treeview(Widget, tkinter.XView, tkinter.YView): + """Ttk Treeview widget displays a hierarchical collection of items. + + Each item has a textual label, an optional image, and an optional list + of data values. The data values are displayed in successive columns + after the tree label.""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, **kw): + """Construct a Ttk Treeview with parent master. + + STANDARD OPTIONS + + class, cursor, style, takefocus, xscrollcommand, + yscrollcommand + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + columns, displaycolumns, height, padding, selectmode, show + + ITEM OPTIONS + + text, image, values, open, tags + + TAG OPTIONS + + foreground, background, font, image + """ + Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::treeview", kw) + + + def bbox(self, item, column=None): + """Returns the bounding box (relative to the treeview widget's + window) of the specified item in the form x y width height. + + If column is specified, returns the bounding box of that cell. + If the item is not visible (i.e., if it is a descendant of a + closed item or is scrolled offscreen), returns an empty string.""" + return self._getints(self.tk.call(self._w, "bbox", item, column)) or '' + + + def get_children(self, item=None): + """Returns a tuple of children belonging to item. + + If item is not specified, returns root children.""" + return self.tk.splitlist( + self.tk.call(self._w, "children", item or '') or ()) + + + def set_children(self, item, *newchildren): + """Replaces item's child with newchildren. + + Children present in item that are not present in newchildren + are detached from tree. No items in newchildren may be an + ancestor of item.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, "children", item, newchildren) + + + def column(self, column, option=None, **kw): + """Query or modify the options for the specified column. + + If kw is not given, returns a dict of the column option values. If + option is specified then the value for that option is returned. + Otherwise, sets the options to the corresponding values.""" + if option is not None: + kw[option] = None + return _val_or_dict(self.tk, kw, self._w, "column", column) + + + def delete(self, *items): + """Delete all specified items and all their descendants. The root + item may not be deleted.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, "delete", items) + + + def detach(self, *items): + """Unlinks all of the specified items from the tree. + + The items and all of their descendants are still present, and may + be reinserted at another point in the tree, but will not be + displayed. The root item may not be detached.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, "detach", items) + + + def exists(self, item): + """Returns True if the specified item is present in the tree, + False otherwise.""" + return self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call(self._w, "exists", item)) + + + def focus(self, item=None): + """If item is specified, sets the focus item to item. Otherwise, + returns the current focus item, or '' if there is none.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, "focus", item) + + + def heading(self, column, option=None, **kw): + """Query or modify the heading options for the specified column. + + If kw is not given, returns a dict of the heading option values. If + option is specified then the value for that option is returned. + Otherwise, sets the options to the corresponding values. + + Valid options/values are: + text: text + The text to display in the column heading + image: image_name + Specifies an image to display to the right of the column + heading + anchor: anchor + Specifies how the heading text should be aligned. One of + the standard Tk anchor values + command: callback + A callback to be invoked when the heading label is + pressed. + + To configure the tree column heading, call this with column = "#0" """ + cmd = kw.get('command') + if cmd and not isinstance(cmd, str): + # callback not registered yet, do it now + kw['command'] = self.master.register(cmd, self._substitute) + + if option is not None: + kw[option] = None + + return _val_or_dict(self.tk, kw, self._w, 'heading', column) + + + def identify(self, component, x, y): + """Returns a description of the specified component under the + point given by x and y, or the empty string if no such component + is present at that position.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, "identify", component, x, y) + + + def identify_row(self, y): + """Returns the item ID of the item at position y.""" + return self.identify("row", 0, y) + + + def identify_column(self, x): + """Returns the data column identifier of the cell at position x. + + The tree column has ID #0.""" + return self.identify("column", x, 0) + + + def identify_region(self, x, y): + """Returns one of: + + heading: Tree heading area. + separator: Space between two columns headings; + tree: The tree area. + cell: A data cell. + + * Availability: Tk 8.6""" + return self.identify("region", x, y) + + + def identify_element(self, x, y): + """Returns the element at position x, y. + + * Availability: Tk 8.6""" + return self.identify("element", x, y) + + + def index(self, item): + """Returns the integer index of item within its parent's list + of children.""" + return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(self._w, "index", item)) + + + def insert(self, parent, index, iid=None, **kw): + """Creates a new item and return the item identifier of the newly + created item. + + parent is the item ID of the parent item, or the empty string + to create a new top-level item. index is an integer, or the value + end, specifying where in the list of parent's children to insert + the new item. If index is less than or equal to zero, the new node + is inserted at the beginning, if index is greater than or equal to + the current number of children, it is inserted at the end. If iid + is specified, it is used as the item identifier, iid must not + already exist in the tree. Otherwise, a new unique identifier + is generated.""" + opts = _format_optdict(kw) + if iid is not None: + res = self.tk.call(self._w, "insert", parent, index, + "-id", iid, *opts) + else: + res = self.tk.call(self._w, "insert", parent, index, *opts) + + return res + + + def item(self, item, option=None, **kw): + """Query or modify the options for the specified item. + + If no options are given, a dict with options/values for the item + is returned. If option is specified then the value for that option + is returned. Otherwise, sets the options to the corresponding + values as given by kw.""" + if option is not None: + kw[option] = None + return _val_or_dict(self.tk, kw, self._w, "item", item) + + + def move(self, item, parent, index): + """Moves item to position index in parent's list of children. + + It is illegal to move an item under one of its descendants. If + index is less than or equal to zero, item is moved to the + beginning, if greater than or equal to the number of children, + it is moved to the end. If item was detached it is reattached.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, "move", item, parent, index) + + reattach = move # A sensible method name for reattaching detached items + + + def next(self, item): + """Returns the identifier of item's next sibling, or '' if item + is the last child of its parent.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, "next", item) + + + def parent(self, item): + """Returns the ID of the parent of item, or '' if item is at the + top level of the hierarchy.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, "parent", item) + + + def prev(self, item): + """Returns the identifier of item's previous sibling, or '' if + item is the first child of its parent.""" + return self.tk.call(self._w, "prev", item) + + + def see(self, item): + """Ensure that item is visible. + + Sets all of item's ancestors open option to True, and scrolls + the widget if necessary so that item is within the visible + portion of the tree.""" + self.tk.call(self._w, "see", item) + + + def selection(self): + """Returns the tuple of selected items.""" + return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(self._w, "selection")) + + + def _selection(self, selop, items): + if len(items) == 1 and isinstance(items[0], (tuple, list)): + items = items[0] + + self.tk.call(self._w, "selection", selop, items) + + + def selection_set(self, *items): + """The specified items becomes the new selection.""" + self._selection("set", items) + + + def selection_add(self, *items): + """Add all of the specified items to the selection.""" + self._selection("add", items) + + + def selection_remove(self, *items): + """Remove all of the specified items from the selection.""" + self._selection("remove", items) + + + def selection_toggle(self, *items): + """Toggle the selection state of each specified item.""" + self._selection("toggle", items) + + + def set(self, item, column=None, value=None): + """Query or set the value of given item. + + With one argument, return a dictionary of column/value pairs + for the specified item. With two arguments, return the current + value of the specified column. With three arguments, set the + value of given column in given item to the specified value.""" + res = self.tk.call(self._w, "set", item, column, value) + if column is None and value is None: + return _splitdict(self.tk, res, + cut_minus=False, conv=_tclobj_to_py) + else: + return res + + + def tag_bind(self, tagname, sequence=None, callback=None): + """Bind a callback for the given event sequence to the tag tagname. + When an event is delivered to an item, the callbacks for each + of the item's tags option are called.""" + self._bind((self._w, "tag", "bind", tagname), sequence, callback, add=0) + + + def tag_configure(self, tagname, option=None, **kw): + """Query or modify the options for the specified tagname. + + If kw is not given, returns a dict of the option settings for tagname. + If option is specified, returns the value for that option for the + specified tagname. Otherwise, sets the options to the corresponding + values for the given tagname.""" + if option is not None: + kw[option] = None + return _val_or_dict(self.tk, kw, self._w, "tag", "configure", + tagname) + + + def tag_has(self, tagname, item=None): + """If item is specified, returns 1 or 0 depending on whether the + specified item has the given tagname. Otherwise, returns a list of + all items which have the specified tag. + + * Availability: Tk 8.6""" + if item is None: + return self.tk.splitlist( + self.tk.call(self._w, "tag", "has", tagname)) + else: + return self.tk.getboolean( + self.tk.call(self._w, "tag", "has", tagname, item)) + + +# Extensions + +class LabeledScale(Frame): + """A Ttk Scale widget with a Ttk Label widget indicating its + current value. + + The Ttk Scale can be accessed through instance.scale, and Ttk Label + can be accessed through instance.label""" + + def __init__(self, master=None, variable=None, from_=0, to=10, **kw): + """Construct a horizontal LabeledScale with parent master, a + variable to be associated with the Ttk Scale widget and its range. + If variable is not specified, a tkinter.IntVar is created. + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + compound: 'top' or 'bottom' + Specifies how to display the label relative to the scale. + Defaults to 'top'. + """ + self._label_top = kw.pop('compound', 'top') == 'top' + + Frame.__init__(self, master, **kw) + self._variable = variable or tkinter.IntVar(master) + self._variable.set(from_) + self._last_valid = from_ + + self.label = Label(self) + self.scale = Scale(self, variable=self._variable, from_=from_, to=to) + self.scale.bind('<>', self._adjust) + + # position scale and label according to the compound option + scale_side = 'bottom' if self._label_top else 'top' + label_side = 'top' if scale_side == 'bottom' else 'bottom' + self.scale.pack(side=scale_side, fill='x') + # Dummy required to make frame correct height + dummy = Label(self) + dummy.pack(side=label_side) + dummy.lower() + self.label.place(anchor='n' if label_side == 'top' else 's') + + # update the label as scale or variable changes + self.__tracecb = self._variable.trace_variable('w', self._adjust) + self.bind('', self._adjust) + self.bind('', self._adjust) + + + def destroy(self): + """Destroy this widget and possibly its associated variable.""" + try: + self._variable.trace_vdelete('w', self.__tracecb) + except AttributeError: + pass + else: + del self._variable + super().destroy() + self.label = None + self.scale = None + + + def _adjust(self, *args): + """Adjust the label position according to the scale.""" + def adjust_label(): + self.update_idletasks() # "force" scale redraw + + x, y = self.scale.coords() + if self._label_top: + y = self.scale.winfo_y() - self.label.winfo_reqheight() + else: + y = self.scale.winfo_reqheight() + self.label.winfo_reqheight() + + self.label.place_configure(x=x, y=y) + + from_ = _to_number(self.scale['from']) + to = _to_number(self.scale['to']) + if to < from_: + from_, to = to, from_ + newval = self._variable.get() + if not from_ <= newval <= to: + # value outside range, set value back to the last valid one + self.value = self._last_valid + return + + self._last_valid = newval + self.label['text'] = newval + self.after_idle(adjust_label) + + @property + def value(self): + """Return current scale value.""" + return self._variable.get() + + @value.setter + def value(self, val): + """Set new scale value.""" + self._variable.set(val) + + +class OptionMenu(Menubutton): + """Themed OptionMenu, based after tkinter's OptionMenu, which allows + the user to select a value from a menu.""" + + def __init__(self, master, variable, default=None, *values, **kwargs): + """Construct a themed OptionMenu widget with master as the parent, + the resource textvariable set to variable, the initially selected + value specified by the default parameter, the menu values given by + *values and additional keywords. + + WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS + + style: stylename + Menubutton style. + direction: 'above', 'below', 'left', 'right', or 'flush' + Menubutton direction. + command: callback + A callback that will be invoked after selecting an item. + """ + kw = {'textvariable': variable, 'style': kwargs.pop('style', None), + 'direction': kwargs.pop('direction', None)} + Menubutton.__init__(self, master, **kw) + self['menu'] = tkinter.Menu(self, tearoff=False) + + self._variable = variable + self._callback = kwargs.pop('command', None) + if kwargs: + raise tkinter.TclError('unknown option -%s' % ( + next(iter(kwargs.keys())))) + + self.set_menu(default, *values) + + + def __getitem__(self, item): + if item == 'menu': + return self.nametowidget(Menubutton.__getitem__(self, item)) + + return Menubutton.__getitem__(self, item) + + + def set_menu(self, default=None, *values): + """Build a new menu of radiobuttons with *values and optionally + a default value.""" + menu = self['menu'] + menu.delete(0, 'end') + for val in values: + menu.add_radiobutton(label=val, + command=( + None if self._callback is None + else lambda val=val: self._callback(val) + ), + variable=self._variable) + + if default: + self._variable.set(default) + + + def destroy(self): + """Destroy this widget and its associated variable.""" + try: + del self._variable + except AttributeError: + pass + super().destroy() diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/venv/__init__.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/venv/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4403f2b1c4ef60c4175ad69d5d9d1eb4b358451b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/venv/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,587 @@ +""" +Virtual environment (venv) package for Python. Based on PEP 405. + +Copyright (C) 2011-2014 Vinay Sajip. +Licensed to the PSF under a contributor agreement. +""" +import logging +import os +import shutil +import subprocess +import sys +import sysconfig +import types +import shlex + + +CORE_VENV_DEPS = ('pip', 'setuptools') +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +class EnvBuilder: + """ + This class exists to allow virtual environment creation to be + customized. The constructor parameters determine the builder's + behaviour when called upon to create a virtual environment. + + By default, the builder makes the system (global) site-packages dir + *un*available to the created environment. + + If invoked using the Python -m option, the default is to use copying + on Windows platforms but symlinks elsewhere. If instantiated some + other way, the default is to *not* use symlinks. + + :param system_site_packages: If True, the system (global) site-packages + dir is available to created environments. + :param clear: If True, delete the contents of the environment directory if + it already exists, before environment creation. + :param symlinks: If True, attempt to symlink rather than copy files into + virtual environment. + :param upgrade: If True, upgrade an existing virtual environment. + :param with_pip: If True, ensure pip is installed in the virtual + environment + :param prompt: Alternative terminal prefix for the environment. + :param upgrade_deps: Update the base venv modules to the latest on PyPI + """ + + def __init__(self, system_site_packages=False, clear=False, + symlinks=False, upgrade=False, with_pip=False, prompt=None, + upgrade_deps=False): + self.system_site_packages = system_site_packages + self.clear = clear + self.symlinks = symlinks + self.upgrade = upgrade + self.with_pip = with_pip + self.orig_prompt = prompt + if prompt == '.': # see bpo-38901 + prompt = os.path.basename(os.getcwd()) + self.prompt = prompt + self.upgrade_deps = upgrade_deps + + def create(self, env_dir): + """ + Create a virtual environment in a directory. + + :param env_dir: The target directory to create an environment in. + + """ + env_dir = os.path.abspath(env_dir) + context = self.ensure_directories(env_dir) + # See issue 24875. We need system_site_packages to be False + # until after pip is installed. + true_system_site_packages = self.system_site_packages + self.system_site_packages = False + self.create_configuration(context) + self.setup_python(context) + if self.with_pip: + self._setup_pip(context) + if not self.upgrade: + self.setup_scripts(context) + self.post_setup(context) + if true_system_site_packages: + # We had set it to False before, now + # restore it and rewrite the configuration + self.system_site_packages = True + self.create_configuration(context) + if self.upgrade_deps: + self.upgrade_dependencies(context) + + def clear_directory(self, path): + for fn in os.listdir(path): + fn = os.path.join(path, fn) + if os.path.islink(fn) or os.path.isfile(fn): + os.remove(fn) + elif os.path.isdir(fn): + shutil.rmtree(fn) + + def _venv_path(self, env_dir, name): + vars = { + 'base': env_dir, + 'platbase': env_dir, + 'installed_base': env_dir, + 'installed_platbase': env_dir, + } + return sysconfig.get_path(name, scheme='venv', vars=vars) + + def ensure_directories(self, env_dir): + """ + Create the directories for the environment. + + Returns a context object which holds paths in the environment, + for use by subsequent logic. + """ + + def create_if_needed(d): + if not os.path.exists(d): + os.makedirs(d) + elif os.path.islink(d) or os.path.isfile(d): + raise ValueError('Unable to create directory %r' % d) + + if os.pathsep in os.fspath(env_dir): + raise ValueError(f'Refusing to create a venv in {env_dir} because ' + f'it contains the PATH separator {os.pathsep}.') + if os.path.exists(env_dir) and self.clear: + self.clear_directory(env_dir) + context = types.SimpleNamespace() + context.env_dir = env_dir + context.env_name = os.path.split(env_dir)[1] + prompt = self.prompt if self.prompt is not None else context.env_name + context.prompt = '(%s) ' % prompt + create_if_needed(env_dir) + executable = sys._base_executable + if not executable: # see gh-96861 + raise ValueError('Unable to determine path to the running ' + 'Python interpreter. Provide an explicit path or ' + 'check that your PATH environment variable is ' + 'correctly set.') + dirname, exename = os.path.split(os.path.abspath(executable)) + context.executable = executable + context.python_dir = dirname + context.python_exe = exename + binpath = self._venv_path(env_dir, 'scripts') + incpath = self._venv_path(env_dir, 'include') + libpath = self._venv_path(env_dir, 'purelib') + + context.inc_path = incpath + create_if_needed(incpath) + create_if_needed(libpath) + # Issue 21197: create lib64 as a symlink to lib on 64-bit non-OS X POSIX + if ((sys.maxsize > 2**32) and (os.name == 'posix') and + (sys.platform != 'darwin')): + link_path = os.path.join(env_dir, 'lib64') + if not os.path.exists(link_path): # Issue #21643 + os.symlink('lib', link_path) + context.bin_path = binpath + context.bin_name = os.path.relpath(binpath, env_dir) + context.env_exe = os.path.join(binpath, exename) + create_if_needed(binpath) + # Assign and update the command to use when launching the newly created + # environment, in case it isn't simply the executable script (e.g. bpo-45337) + context.env_exec_cmd = context.env_exe + if sys.platform == 'win32': + # bpo-45337: Fix up env_exec_cmd to account for file system redirections. + # Some redirects only apply to CreateFile and not CreateProcess + real_env_exe = os.path.realpath(context.env_exe) + if os.path.normcase(real_env_exe) != os.path.normcase(context.env_exe): + logger.warning('Actual environment location may have moved due to ' + 'redirects, links or junctions.\n' + ' Requested location: "%s"\n' + ' Actual location: "%s"', + context.env_exe, real_env_exe) + context.env_exec_cmd = real_env_exe + return context + + def create_configuration(self, context): + """ + Create a configuration file indicating where the environment's Python + was copied from, and whether the system site-packages should be made + available in the environment. + + :param context: The information for the environment creation request + being processed. + """ + context.cfg_path = path = os.path.join(context.env_dir, 'pyvenv.cfg') + with open(path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f: + f.write('home = %s\n' % context.python_dir) + if self.system_site_packages: + incl = 'true' + else: + incl = 'false' + f.write('include-system-site-packages = %s\n' % incl) + f.write('version = %d.%d.%d\n' % sys.version_info[:3]) + if self.prompt is not None: + f.write(f'prompt = {self.prompt!r}\n') + f.write('executable = %s\n' % os.path.realpath(sys.executable)) + args = [] + nt = os.name == 'nt' + if nt and self.symlinks: + args.append('--symlinks') + if not nt and not self.symlinks: + args.append('--copies') + if not self.with_pip: + args.append('--without-pip') + if self.system_site_packages: + args.append('--system-site-packages') + if self.clear: + args.append('--clear') + if self.upgrade: + args.append('--upgrade') + if self.upgrade_deps: + args.append('--upgrade-deps') + if self.orig_prompt is not None: + args.append(f'--prompt="{self.orig_prompt}"') + + args.append(context.env_dir) + args = ' '.join(args) + f.write(f'command = {sys.executable} -m venv {args}\n') + + if os.name != 'nt': + def symlink_or_copy(self, src, dst, relative_symlinks_ok=False): + """ + Try symlinking a file, and if that fails, fall back to copying. + """ + force_copy = not self.symlinks + if not force_copy: + try: + if not os.path.islink(dst): # can't link to itself! + if relative_symlinks_ok: + assert os.path.dirname(src) == os.path.dirname(dst) + os.symlink(os.path.basename(src), dst) + else: + os.symlink(src, dst) + except Exception: # may need to use a more specific exception + logger.warning('Unable to symlink %r to %r', src, dst) + force_copy = True + if force_copy: + shutil.copyfile(src, dst) + else: + def symlink_or_copy(self, src, dst, relative_symlinks_ok=False): + """ + Try symlinking a file, and if that fails, fall back to copying. + """ + bad_src = os.path.lexists(src) and not os.path.exists(src) + if self.symlinks and not bad_src and not os.path.islink(dst): + try: + if relative_symlinks_ok: + assert os.path.dirname(src) == os.path.dirname(dst) + os.symlink(os.path.basename(src), dst) + else: + os.symlink(src, dst) + return + except Exception: # may need to use a more specific exception + logger.warning('Unable to symlink %r to %r', src, dst) + + # On Windows, we rewrite symlinks to our base python.exe into + # copies of venvlauncher.exe + basename, ext = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(src)) + srcfn = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), + "scripts", + "nt", + basename + ext) + # Builds or venv's from builds need to remap source file + # locations, as we do not put them into Lib/venv/scripts + if sysconfig.is_python_build() or not os.path.isfile(srcfn): + if basename.endswith('_d'): + ext = '_d' + ext + basename = basename[:-2] + if basename == 'python': + basename = 'venvlauncher' + elif basename == 'pythonw': + basename = 'venvwlauncher' + src = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(src), basename + ext) + else: + src = srcfn + if not os.path.exists(src): + if not bad_src: + logger.warning('Unable to copy %r', src) + return + + shutil.copyfile(src, dst) + + def setup_python(self, context): + """ + Set up a Python executable in the environment. + + :param context: The information for the environment creation request + being processed. + """ + binpath = context.bin_path + path = context.env_exe + copier = self.symlink_or_copy + dirname = context.python_dir + if os.name != 'nt': + copier(context.executable, path) + if not os.path.islink(path): + os.chmod(path, 0o755) + for suffix in ('python', 'python3', f'python3.{sys.version_info[1]}'): + path = os.path.join(binpath, suffix) + if not os.path.exists(path): + # Issue 18807: make copies if + # symlinks are not wanted + copier(context.env_exe, path, relative_symlinks_ok=True) + if not os.path.islink(path): + os.chmod(path, 0o755) + else: + if self.symlinks: + # For symlinking, we need a complete copy of the root directory + # If symlinks fail, you'll get unnecessary copies of files, but + # we assume that if you've opted into symlinks on Windows then + # you know what you're doing. + suffixes = [ + f for f in os.listdir(dirname) if + os.path.normcase(os.path.splitext(f)[1]) in ('.exe', '.dll') + ] + if sysconfig.is_python_build(): + suffixes = [ + f for f in suffixes if + os.path.normcase(f).startswith(('python', 'vcruntime')) + ] + else: + suffixes = {'python.exe', 'python_d.exe', 'pythonw.exe', 'pythonw_d.exe'} + base_exe = os.path.basename(context.env_exe) + suffixes.add(base_exe) + + for suffix in suffixes: + src = os.path.join(dirname, suffix) + if os.path.lexists(src): + copier(src, os.path.join(binpath, suffix)) + + if sysconfig.is_python_build(): + # copy init.tcl + for root, dirs, files in os.walk(context.python_dir): + if 'init.tcl' in files: + tcldir = os.path.basename(root) + tcldir = os.path.join(context.env_dir, 'Lib', tcldir) + if not os.path.exists(tcldir): + os.makedirs(tcldir) + src = os.path.join(root, 'init.tcl') + dst = os.path.join(tcldir, 'init.tcl') + shutil.copyfile(src, dst) + break + + def _call_new_python(self, context, *py_args, **kwargs): + """Executes the newly created Python using safe-ish options""" + # gh-98251: We do not want to just use '-I' because that masks + # legitimate user preferences (such as not writing bytecode). All we + # really need is to ensure that the path variables do not overrule + # normal venv handling. + args = [context.env_exec_cmd, *py_args] + kwargs['env'] = env = os.environ.copy() + env['VIRTUAL_ENV'] = context.env_dir + env.pop('PYTHONHOME', None) + env.pop('PYTHONPATH', None) + kwargs['cwd'] = context.env_dir + kwargs['executable'] = context.env_exec_cmd + subprocess.check_output(args, **kwargs) + + def _setup_pip(self, context): + """Installs or upgrades pip in a virtual environment""" + self._call_new_python(context, '-m', 'ensurepip', '--upgrade', + '--default-pip', stderr=subprocess.STDOUT) + + def setup_scripts(self, context): + """ + Set up scripts into the created environment from a directory. + + This method installs the default scripts into the environment + being created. You can prevent the default installation by overriding + this method if you really need to, or if you need to specify + a different location for the scripts to install. By default, the + 'scripts' directory in the venv package is used as the source of + scripts to install. + """ + path = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__)) + path = os.path.join(path, 'scripts') + self.install_scripts(context, path) + + def post_setup(self, context): + """ + Hook for post-setup modification of the venv. Subclasses may install + additional packages or scripts here, add activation shell scripts, etc. + + :param context: The information for the environment creation request + being processed. + """ + pass + + def replace_variables(self, text, context): + """ + Replace variable placeholders in script text with context-specific + variables. + + Return the text passed in , but with variables replaced. + + :param text: The text in which to replace placeholder variables. + :param context: The information for the environment creation request + being processed. + """ + replacements = { + '__VENV_DIR__': context.env_dir, + '__VENV_NAME__': context.env_name, + '__VENV_PROMPT__': context.prompt, + '__VENV_BIN_NAME__': context.bin_name, + '__VENV_PYTHON__': context.env_exe, + } + + def quote_ps1(s): + """ + This should satisfy PowerShell quoting rules [1], unless the quoted + string is passed directly to Windows native commands [2]. + [1]: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_quoting_rules + [2]: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_parsing#passing-arguments-that-contain-quote-characters + """ + s = s.replace("'", "''") + return f"'{s}'" + + def quote_bat(s): + return s + + # gh-124651: need to quote the template strings properly + quote = shlex.quote + script_path = context.script_path + if script_path.endswith('.ps1'): + quote = quote_ps1 + elif script_path.endswith('.bat'): + quote = quote_bat + else: + # fallbacks to POSIX shell compliant quote + quote = shlex.quote + + replacements = {key: quote(s) for key, s in replacements.items()} + for key, quoted in replacements.items(): + text = text.replace(key, quoted) + return text + + def install_scripts(self, context, path): + """ + Install scripts into the created environment from a directory. + + :param context: The information for the environment creation request + being processed. + :param path: Absolute pathname of a directory containing script. + Scripts in the 'common' subdirectory of this directory, + and those in the directory named for the platform + being run on, are installed in the created environment. + Placeholder variables are replaced with environment- + specific values. + """ + binpath = context.bin_path + plen = len(path) + for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path): + if root == path: # at top-level, remove irrelevant dirs + for d in dirs[:]: + if d not in ('common', os.name): + dirs.remove(d) + continue # ignore files in top level + for f in files: + if (os.name == 'nt' and f.startswith('python') + and f.endswith(('.exe', '.pdb'))): + continue + srcfile = os.path.join(root, f) + suffix = root[plen:].split(os.sep)[2:] + if not suffix: + dstdir = binpath + else: + dstdir = os.path.join(binpath, *suffix) + if not os.path.exists(dstdir): + os.makedirs(dstdir) + dstfile = os.path.join(dstdir, f) + with open(srcfile, 'rb') as f: + data = f.read() + if not srcfile.endswith(('.exe', '.pdb')): + context.script_path = srcfile + try: + data = data.decode('utf-8') + data = self.replace_variables(data, context) + data = data.encode('utf-8') + except UnicodeError as e: + data = None + logger.warning('unable to copy script %r, ' + 'may be binary: %s', srcfile, e) + if data is not None: + with open(dstfile, 'wb') as f: + f.write(data) + shutil.copymode(srcfile, dstfile) + + def upgrade_dependencies(self, context): + logger.debug( + f'Upgrading {CORE_VENV_DEPS} packages in {context.bin_path}' + ) + self._call_new_python(context, '-m', 'pip', 'install', '--upgrade', + *CORE_VENV_DEPS) + + +def create(env_dir, system_site_packages=False, clear=False, + symlinks=False, with_pip=False, prompt=None, upgrade_deps=False): + """Create a virtual environment in a directory.""" + builder = EnvBuilder(system_site_packages=system_site_packages, + clear=clear, symlinks=symlinks, with_pip=with_pip, + prompt=prompt, upgrade_deps=upgrade_deps) + builder.create(env_dir) + +def main(args=None): + compatible = True + if sys.version_info < (3, 3): + compatible = False + elif not hasattr(sys, 'base_prefix'): + compatible = False + if not compatible: + raise ValueError('This script is only for use with Python >= 3.3') + else: + import argparse + + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog=__name__, + description='Creates virtual Python ' + 'environments in one or ' + 'more target ' + 'directories.', + epilog='Once an environment has been ' + 'created, you may wish to ' + 'activate it, e.g. by ' + 'sourcing an activate script ' + 'in its bin directory.') + parser.add_argument('dirs', metavar='ENV_DIR', nargs='+', + help='A directory to create the environment in.') + parser.add_argument('--system-site-packages', default=False, + action='store_true', dest='system_site', + help='Give the virtual environment access to the ' + 'system site-packages dir.') + if os.name == 'nt': + use_symlinks = False + else: + use_symlinks = True + group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group() + group.add_argument('--symlinks', default=use_symlinks, + action='store_true', dest='symlinks', + help='Try to use symlinks rather than copies, ' + 'when symlinks are not the default for ' + 'the platform.') + group.add_argument('--copies', default=not use_symlinks, + action='store_false', dest='symlinks', + help='Try to use copies rather than symlinks, ' + 'even when symlinks are the default for ' + 'the platform.') + parser.add_argument('--clear', default=False, action='store_true', + dest='clear', help='Delete the contents of the ' + 'environment directory if it ' + 'already exists, before ' + 'environment creation.') + parser.add_argument('--upgrade', default=False, action='store_true', + dest='upgrade', help='Upgrade the environment ' + 'directory to use this version ' + 'of Python, assuming Python ' + 'has been upgraded in-place.') + parser.add_argument('--without-pip', dest='with_pip', + default=True, action='store_false', + help='Skips installing or upgrading pip in the ' + 'virtual environment (pip is bootstrapped ' + 'by default)') + parser.add_argument('--prompt', + help='Provides an alternative prompt prefix for ' + 'this environment.') + parser.add_argument('--upgrade-deps', default=False, action='store_true', + dest='upgrade_deps', + help='Upgrade core dependencies: {} to the latest ' + 'version in PyPI'.format( + ' '.join(CORE_VENV_DEPS))) + options = parser.parse_args(args) + if options.upgrade and options.clear: + raise ValueError('you cannot supply --upgrade and --clear together.') + builder = EnvBuilder(system_site_packages=options.system_site, + clear=options.clear, + symlinks=options.symlinks, + upgrade=options.upgrade, + with_pip=options.with_pip, + prompt=options.prompt, + upgrade_deps=options.upgrade_deps) + for d in options.dirs: + builder.create(d) + +if __name__ == '__main__': + rc = 1 + try: + main() + rc = 0 + except Exception as e: + print('Error: %s' % e, file=sys.stderr) + sys.exit(rc) diff --git a/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/venv/__main__.py b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/venv/__main__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..912423e4a781988accc165be8f0f6bb2e289482d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/conda_envs/evalclaw/lib/python3.11/venv/__main__.py @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +import sys +from . import main + +rc = 1 +try: + main() + rc = 0 +except Exception as e: + print('Error: %s' % e, file=sys.stderr) +sys.exit(rc)