Based on the context: 'Equitable access to economic, social, and environmental infrastructure is vital for sustainable development, yet there are knowledge gaps in measuring infrastructure accessibility and inequality and in understanding their associations with human health.', the key idea: 'A comprehensive global assessment quantifies infrastructure access and inequality across economic, social, and environmental domains and examines their links to health outcomes across 166 countries.', the method: 'The study generates gridded maps of infrastructure distribution and uses population-weighted exposure models and mixed-effects regressions to analyze access disparities and their health implications across 166 countries.', and the outcome: 'Global South countries have only 50–80% of the infrastructure access of Global North countries and 9–44% higher inequality; both access and inequality are associated with health outcomes, with the strongest relationships observed for economic infrastructure.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings underscore the need for informed, equitable infrastructure development to reduce disparities and promote human well-being.


System:
You are an expert in research tasked with generating detailed prompts for various aspects of academic research papers. Each task involves creating a specific type of prompt based on the provided information. Here are the definitions of each part you will work with:

- Context: The status quo of related literature or reality which motivated this study. This could normally be a problem, a research question, or a research gap that has not been successfully addressed by previous work. This is anything that happened before this study.
- Key Idea: The main intellectual merit of this paper, often in comparison to the context. This could normally be a novel idea or solution proposed in this paper that distinguishes it from what's already done in literature. This is proposed in this study.
- Method: The specific research method that investigates and validates the key idea. This could be an experimental setup, a theoretical framework, or other necessary methodology to implement and/or evaluate the key idea. This is performed in this study.
- Outcome: The factual statement about the study output. This could be the experiment results and any other measurable outcome that has occurred. It marks whether the key hypothesis is testified or not. This is produced in this study.
- Projected Impact: The author-anticipated impact of the work on the field, and potential further research identified by the author that may improve or extend this study. This is anything being anticipated but has not happened yet.

Based on the context: 'Early work shows that large language models can generate persuasive content, but evidence on whether they can personalize arguments to individual attributes is limited and crucial for assessing misuse.', the key idea: 'Evaluate GPT-4’s conversational persuasiveness with personalization by giving it access to basic sociodemographic data, comparing it to human opponents across topics with varying opinion strength.', the method: 'A preregistered controlled experiment with short multiround debates randomly assigned participants to 12 conditions in a 2×2×3 design varying opponent (human vs. GPT-4), access to participant sociodemographic data (with vs. without), and topic opinion strength (low, medium, high).', and the outcome: 'In pairs where AI and humans were not equally persuasive, GPT-4 with personalization was more persuasive 64.4% of the time and had an 81.2% relative increase in odds of higher post-debate agreement (95% CI [+26.0%, +160.7%], P<0.01; N=900).', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Findings highlight the power of LLM-based persuasion and suggest implications for the governance and design of online platforms.


Based on the context: 'Social comparison is frequently used as a behaviour change technique, and research on it has increased substantially across domains such as health, performance, service and the environment.', the key idea: 'A comprehensive random-effects meta-analysis quantifies the effectiveness of social comparison as a behaviour change technique across multiple behavioural domains and examines moderators like session number and emphasis on desired behaviours.', the method: 'The study conducted a PROSPERO-registered (CRD42022343154) random-effects meta-analysis of 79 randomized controlled trials (N=1,356,521) identified from MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Web of Science up to January 2024, comparing SC-BCTs to passive and active controls, assessing short-term (mean 3.7 months) and long-term (mean 6.2 months) effects, moderator influences, and GRADE certainty.', and the outcome: 'SC-BCTs produced small but significant effects in the short term versus passive controls (Hedges’ g=0.17; 95% CI 0.11–0.23; k=37; P<0.001) and active controls (g=0.23; 95% CI 0.15–0.31; k=42; P<0.001); more sessions and focusing on desired (vs undesired) behaviours were associated with larger effects; moderation emerged in few analyses; significant small long-term effects were also observed, with certainty of evidence ranging from low to moderate.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Given low cost and scalability (e.g., sending one or two emails), small effects may have practical value, and the authors call for more high-quality research and further testing of moderators.


Based on the context: 'Human attachment theory posits organized types (secure, insecure avoidant, insecure resistant) as adaptive, while disorganized attachment is hypothesized to be maladaptive and rare in wild mammals, a claim that had not been empirically tested in the wild.', the key idea: 'Evaluate the presence of organized versus disorganized attachment in wild Western chimpanzee offspring to test human attachment theory's predictions in a nonhuman primate context.', the method: 'Naturalistic observational study of 50 wild chimpanzees (ages 0–10) with 3,795 hours of mother–offspring focal observations, plus analysis of a subset of 18 immature chimpanzees' responses to 309 natural threatening events to classify attachment-like behaviors.', and the outcome: 'No behaviors indicative of disorganized attachment were observed; offspring exhibited organized attachment patterns during threats, including secure-like (seeking maternal closeness) and insecure avoidant-like (displaying independence) responses.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Findings support the view that organized attachment types are adaptive and have a long evolutionary history, informing attachment theory across species.


Based on the context: 'Chronic pain is multifactorial and poses diagnostic and prognostic challenges, creating a critical need for biomarkers to classify and predict chronic pain.', the key idea: 'Integrating multidimensional biological biomarkers with psychosocial factors can improve prediction of chronic pain conditions compared to biological markers alone.', the method: 'A multidataset machine learning analysis of over 523,000 UK Biobank participants used blood immunoassays, brain and bone imaging, and genetics to predict 35 pain-associated medical conditions and self-reported chronic pain. Performance was evaluated alone and in combination with psychosocial factors using area under the curve (AUC).', and the outcome: 'Biological biomarkers alone predicted medical conditions associated with chronic pain with AUC 0.62–0.87 but were less effective for self-reported pain (AUC 0.50–0.62); combining biomarkers with psychosocial factors improved accuracy for both medical conditions (AUC 0.69–0.91) and self-reported pain (AUC 0.71–0.92).', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Adopting a holistic biomarker development approach that integrates biological and psychosocial factors is expected to enhance clinical utility for diagnosing and predicting chronic pain.


Based on the context: 'Large language models are increasingly deployed in settings where they interact with humans and other agents, motivating the need to understand their cooperation and coordination behavior.', the key idea: 'Behavioral game theory is applied to evaluate LLMs’ social behavior in finitely repeated 2×2 games, and a 'social chain-of-thought' strategy with opponent information is proposed to modulate GPT-4’s behavior.', the method: 'Different LLMs play finitely repeated 2×2 games against each other, with human-like strategies, and with actual human players; robustness checks are conducted and GPT-4 is provided opponent information and a social chain-of-thought strategy.', and the outcome: 'LLMs perform well in self-interested games such as the iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma, but struggle in coordination games like the Battle of the Sexes; these behavioral signatures are stable under robustness checks, and GPT-4 achieves better scores and coordination with humans when given opponent information and social reasoning prompts.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings enrich understanding of LLMs’ social behavior and pave the way for a behavioral game theory for machines.


Based on the context: 'Age at onset of walking is an important early childhood milestone used clinically and in public health screening.', the key idea: 'A large genome-wide association meta-analysis characterizes the genetic architecture of age at onset of walking, identifying loci, estimating SNP heritability, and developing predictive polygenic scores while examining genetic correlations with neurodevelopmental and brain phenotypes.', the method: 'Meta-analysis of GWAS in 70,560 European-ancestry infants, estimation of SNP-based heritability and polygenicity, eQTL co-localization (including RBL2 in brain), genetic correlation analyses with ADHD, body-mass index, and brain gyrification, construction and out-of-sample testing of a polygenic score with sib-pair validation, and assessment of associations with neonatal brain structures involved in motor control.', and the outcome: 'Eleven independent genome-wide significant loci were identified; SNP-based heritability was 24.13% with ~11,900 variants accounting for ~90% (high polygenicity); one locus in RBL2 co-localized with a brain eQTL; age at onset of walking was negatively genetically correlated with ADHD and BMI and positively correlated with brain gyrification; the polygenic score predicted 3–5.6% out-of-sample, was largely due to direct effects in sib-pair analyses, and was associated with neonatal motor-control brain volumes.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

This study offers biological insights into a key behavioural marker of neurodevelopment.


Based on the context: 'Prior research in high-income countries links physical punishment to negative outcomes, but whether these findings generalize to children in low- and middle-income countries remains largely unknown.', the key idea: 'A pre-registered, comprehensive systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis assesses the associations between childhood physical punishment and individual outcomes specifically in low- and middle-income countries.', the method: 'The study searched 11 databases in six languages (2021 and 2024), identifying 5,072 records and including 189 studies with 1,490 effect sizes from 92 LMICs; random-effects multilevel meta-analyses and sensitivity checks were conducted.', and the outcome: 'Physical punishment was associated with detrimental outcomes across domains (mental health, parent–child relationships, substance use, social–emotional development, academics, and externalizing behavior), with all subgroup estimates consistent in direction and findings specific to physical punishment and psychological aggression rather than non-violent discipline.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Further research is needed to inform the design, implementation, and evaluation of policies and interventions to prevent physical punishment of children and adolescents worldwide.


Based on the context: 'Prevailing happiness research posits bidirectional determination from top-down global life satisfaction and bottom-up domain satisfaction, often using aggregated population-level models.', the key idea: 'A personalized happiness perspective is proposed, asserting that determinants and consequences of happiness are idiographic and differ across individuals rather than being universal.', the method: 'Associations between life satisfaction and domain satisfactions were tested at both population and personalized levels using nationally representative longitudinal data from 40,074 German, British, Swiss, Dutch, and Australian participants tracked for up to 33 years.', and the outcome: 'Most participants (41.4–50.8%) showed primarily unidirectional associations between domain and life satisfaction, while only 19.3–25.9% showed primarily bidirectional associations; population models differed from personalized models, indicating aggregated research misses individual differences, and both circumstances and outlook influence happiness with varying contributions across people.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The study underscores the importance of personalized approaches and highlights the need for future work and innovative methods to distinguish individual-level patterns from random error in studying personalized happiness.


Based on the context: 'Individuals with congenital deafness who receive gene therapy can experience hearing recovery and speech development, but how hearing-related cortex changes after gene therapy is unclear.', the key idea: 'The study provides preliminary evidence that gene therapy in children with autosomal recessive deafness 9 enhances auditory cortex activation and mental development, assessed via neuroimaging and electrophysiology over time.', the method: 'Neural processing was examined in ten patients using functional near-infrared spectroscopy and electroencephalography across a six-month follow-up, including responses to music and speech and measures of resting-state beta power and mismatch negativity at baseline (T0) and later time points (T2, T3).', and the outcome: 'Auditory cortex activation increased, particularly in the Sylvian parietotemporal area during music, and in the right anterior temporal lobe and left Sylvian parietotemporal area during speech; resting-state EEG beta power and mismatch negativity amplitudes were significantly higher at T2 and T3 than at T0; mental developmental levels also increased after gene therapy.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Findings illuminate neural and cognitive effects of gene therapy and support its potential effectiveness in promoting auditory and mental development in children with congenital deafness.


Based on the context: 'Financial well-being is a multidimensional outcome of interest, and there is a need to understand how it relates to sociodemographic and early-life factors across different countries.', the key idea: 'The study jointly examines demographic correlates and recalled early-life conditions of adult financial well-being across 22 countries using a large, nationally representative dataset and four dimensions of financial well-being.', the method: 'Using data from 202,898 participants in the Global Flourishing Study, the authors conduct cross-national correlational analyses between financial well-being and demographic variables (age, gender, marital status, employment, education, religious service attendance, immigration status) as well as recalled early-life conditions (parental marital status, childhood health).', and the outcome: 'There are cross-national differences in both the levels of financial well-being and its demographic correlates; early-life conditions are consistently associated with adult financial well-being, though the strength of these associations varies substantially across countries.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The results suggest that comprehensive understanding of financial well-being should incorporate both current sociodemographic factors and early-life experiences within the cultural and socioeconomic contexts of different populations.


Based on the context: 'COVID-19 lockdowns raised concerns about adverse birth and pregnancy outcomes and related inequalities in high-income countries, motivating a comprehensive synthesis of evidence.', the key idea: 'A systematic review and meta-analysis compares ABPO rates before versus during lockdowns in high-income countries, with adjustments for temporal trends and subgroup analyses by region, lockdown period, ethnicity, and deprivation.', the method: 'Databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science) were searched from January 1, 2019 to June 22, 2023 for observational studies; risk of bias was assessed with the Newcastle–Ottawa tool; random-effects meta-analyses and subgroup analyses were conducted with adjustments for underlying temporal trends.', and the outcome: 'From 132 studies across 28 high-income countries, the first lockdown was associated with reduced preterm birth (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93–0.99; 0.97, 0.95–0.99 in trend-adjusted studies, varying by region) and increased positive screening rates for possible antenatal depression (RR 1.37, 95% CI 1.06–1.78), with no other ABPOs showing associations.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Investigation of inequalities was limited due to data availability and heterogeneity, indicating the need for further research on the effects of lockdowns on health inequalities.


Based on the context: 'The rising prevalence of stress has created demand for effective, self-administered mobile mental health interventions, but their efficacy and accessibility remain unclear.', the key idea: 'A three-dimensional framework integrating theoretical foundation, human support, and mobile technology was developed using expert insights and large language models to classify mobile stress interventions and compare their efficacy and moderators.', the method: 'A systematic review of randomized controlled trials across multiple databases identified 63 studies with 20,454 participants; intervention labels were coded by authors and ChatGPT, study quality was assessed with Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0, and Bayesian network meta-analysis with meta-regression evaluated comparative efficacy and moderators.', and the outcome: 'Nineteen mobile stress interventions were classified and compared, with stress management programmes, problem-solving therapy, and mindfulness meditation ranking highest; there was no conclusive evidence that human support or mobile technology enhanced outcomes, and findings were limited by sex imbalance, quality risk, and limited meta-regression power.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The results provide guidance for designing more effective and scalable mobile stress interventions and suggest strategies to reduce health service disparities and support progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals.


Based on the context: 'Climate change often appears as a slow, gradual shift in daily weather, leading to perceptions of minor impact and apathy (the 'boiling frog' effect), creating a challenge in conveying urgency.', the key idea: 'Using binary climate data visuals (e.g., lake freeze history) instead of continuous measures (e.g., mean temperature) increases perceived impact by creating an impression of sudden shifts while reflecting equivalent trends.', the method: 'A series of large-scale cognitive experiments (N=799) comparing perceptions from binary versus continuous climate datasets, supplemented by computational modeling and follow-up experiments (N=398) to examine the underlying mechanism.', and the outcome: 'Binary data presentations significantly increased perceived impact of climate change (Cohen’s d=0.40, 95% CI 0.26–0.54), with modeling and follow-up suggesting the effect arises from an 'illusion' of sudden shifts, replicated across multiple experiments.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Offers a psychologically grounded, scientifically accurate approach for policymakers and educators to improve climate change communication.


Based on the context: 'Scientific research is often characterized by schools of thought and disagreements, typically attributed to different methods or conflicting data.', the key idea: 'Scientific divisions may be associated with differences in researchers’ cognitive traits (e.g., tolerance for ambiguity), which could influence problem selection, approaches, and conclusions.', the method: 'A survey of 7,973 researchers in psychological sciences examined links between their research topics, stances on open questions, cognitive traits and dispositions, and analyzed publication histories for corresponding associations.', and the outcome: 'Researchers’ stances on scientific questions were associated with what they research and with their cognitive traits, and these associations were detectable in their publication histories; the findings support that divisions reflect differences in the researchers themselves.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The results suggest that some scientific divisions may be harder to bridge than implied by a traditional view of data-driven consensus, indicating that disagreements are not solely due to methods or data.


Based on the context: 'Early childhood is crucial for brain functional development, and while functional connectivity has been characterized in infants, comprehensive insights into spatiotemporal maturation from birth to early childhood are lacking.', the key idea: 'The study proposes developmental charts of functional connectivity within and between canonical brain networks to map early brain functional maturation and relate individual deviations to cognitive abilities.', the method: 'The researchers aggregated and harmonized 1,091 resting-state fMRI scans of typically developing children from birth to 6 years across five cohorts, corrected cohort and imaging-state biases, delineated connectivity charts, and assessed associations between deviations and cognitive measures, focusing on primary, default, control, and attention networks.', and the outcome: 'The charts revealed potential neurodevelopmental milestones and complex patterns of functional integration, competition, and transitions; individual deviations from normative charts were significantly associated with infant cognitive abilities, with connections involving primary, default, control, and attention networks being key predictors.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Functional connectivity-derived brain charts may serve as an effective tool to monitor normative functional development in early childhood.


Based on the context: 'Emotion regulation is central to mental health, but its effects vary across cultures; prior literature has often emphasized a Western–Eastern or individualism–collectivism dichotomy.', the key idea: 'This work expands cross-cultural understanding by synthesizing links between cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression with psychopathology and positive functioning, and by testing cultural and demographic moderators beyond simple dichotomies.', the method: 'A systematic review and meta-analysis of 249 articles (n=150,474; 861 effect sizes) from 37 countries/regions identified through CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE (PROSPERO: CRD42021258190), using multimodel inference to examine Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, EIRDness, and sample demographics as moderators.', and the outcome: 'Greater reappraisal propensity was more adaptive in more short-term-oriented, uncertainty-tolerant, and competition-driven cultures, whereas greater suppression propensity was more maladaptive in more indulgent and competition-driven cultures; reappraisal was more adaptive in samples with more female (B = −0.19, 95% CI −0.29 to −0.09) and more racial minority participants (B = −0.32, 95% CI −0.51 to −0.13), and suppression was more maladaptive in younger samples (B = −0.004, 95% CI −0.005 to −0.002).', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings elucidate cultural contingencies in emotion regulation’s links to mental health and suggest incorporating cultural characteristics into future research on ER and psychological adjustment.


Based on the context: 'Subjective well-being is important for understanding human behaviour and health, but although its connection with psychiatric disorders has been studied, common genetic mechanisms remain unclear.', the key idea: 'The study demonstrates and characterizes substantial polygenic overlap and associations between subjective well-being and psychiatric disorders, including identification of shared genetic loci and cross-ancestry validation.', the method: 'Bivariate causal mixture modelling (MiXeR), polygenic risk score (PRS) and Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were conducted, followed by replication in East Asian populations, conditional and conjunctional false discovery rate analyses to identify loci, and functional annotation to assess tissue and gene enrichment.', and the outcome: 'Analyses showed substantial polygenic overlap and associations between subjective well-being and psychiatric disorders, with replication in East Asian populations confirming overlap between schizophrenia and subjective well-being. Conditional and conjunctional false discovery rate analyses identified additional or shared genetic loci, functional annotation revealed enrichment of specific brain tissues and genes associated with subjective well-being, and identified loci showed cross-ancestry transferability between European and Korean populations.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings provide valuable insights into the common genetic mechanisms underlying subjective well-being and psychiatric disorders.


Based on the context: 'The first generation of digital technology users is reaching ages at risk for dementia, prompting debate over whether lifetime technology exposure harms cognition (digital dementia) or fosters a technological reserve that preserves cognition.', the key idea: 'The study adjudicates between competing hypotheses by synthesizing observational evidence on whether general digital technology use in adults over 50 is linked to cognitive impairment and decline.', the method: 'A systematic review and meta-analysis of 136 studies (57 pooled via odds ratio or hazard ratio) from multiple databases, focusing on cross-sectional and longitudinal cohorts of older adults with cognitive or dementia outcomes; analyses included quality assessment and adjustments for demographic, socioeconomic, health, and cognitive reserve proxies.', and the outcome: 'Digital technology use was associated with reduced risk of cognitive impairment (OR=0.42, 95% CI 0.35–0.52) and slower cognitive decline (HR=0.74, 95% CI 0.66–0.84), and these effects remained significant after adjustments and in high-quality subsets.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Further work is needed to establish causal directions, uncover mechanisms of technological reserve, and determine how the types and timing of technology exposure influence cognitive health.


Based on the context: 'Gender-based violence is widespread, and while its health impacts are substantial, they have not been well delineated across types of violence and health outcomes.', the key idea: 'The study applies the Burden of Proof methodology to systematically quantify and rate the strength of associations between physical, sexual, and psychological GBV and eight health outcomes using conservative star ratings.', the method: 'A systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 studies evaluated associations between GBV types and eight outcomes, employing Burden of Proof methods to produce conservative metrics and star ratings reflecting effect size and evidence strength.', and the outcome: 'Sexual violence was associated with six outcomes, with three-star evidence for sexually transmitted infections, maternal abortion and miscarriage, and major depressive disorder, increasing risk by at least 104%, 101%, and 50%, respectively; physical GBV was linked to seven outcomes with one- or two-star ratings; psychological GBV showed a significant association only with major depressive disorder at one star.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings underscore serious health consequences for survivors and highlight the need for additional data to improve understanding of this complex public health issue.


Based on the context: 'Honest and truthful decision-making is crucial for democratic governance, yet perspectives vary between evidence-based reasoning and intuitive, feeling-driven decisions.', the key idea: 'The study proposes analyzing a continuum from evidence-based to intuitive language by detecting linguistic traces of these perspectives in US congressional speeches over time.', the method: 'A computational linguistic analysis of congressional speeches from 1879 to 2022 measures the prevalence of evidence-based versus intuitive language and tracks temporal trends.', and the outcome: 'Evidence-based language has continued to decline since the mid-1970s, coinciding with declines in legislative productivity and increases in partisan polarization and income inequality.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings highlight the importance of evidence-based language in political decision-making.


Based on the context: 'The health toll of child maltreatment or violence against children has not been comprehensively evaluated, despite more than a billion children worldwide being regularly exposed to violence or neglect.', the key idea: 'A systematic assessment applies the Burden of Proof methodology to generate conservative, heterogeneity-adjusted measures of association between physical violence, psychological violence, neglect, and multiple adverse health outcomes.', the method: 'Systematic review and meta-analyses evaluating 35 associations between violence against children and health outcomes using the Burden of Proof methodology to account for study heterogeneity and estimate minimum increased risks.', and the outcome: 'Twenty-seven associations were statistically significant; physical violence had moderately weak links to major depressive disorder, ischaemic heart disease, alcohol use disorder, eating disorders, and drug use disorders (minimum risk increases 2–16%), psychological violence had moderately weak links to drug use disorders (8%), migraine (7%), and gynaecological diseases (2%), and neglect was linked to at least a 15% increased risk for anxiety disorders, with 18 other associations weaker due to smaller effects or inconsistent evidence.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings highlight substantial health impacts for survivors and underscore the need for health system prioritization and continued efforts to eliminate all forms of violence against children.


Based on the context: 'Improving COVID-19 vaccination uptake is a public health priority, and behavioral-science-informed text reminders are being used to notify patients of vaccine eligibility.', the key idea: 'Framing eligibility notifications to highlight that recipients are at the 'Top of queue' can nudge vaccination behavior.', the method: 'Two nationwide randomized controlled trials in England tested refined text messages among adults aged 40–44 (n=1,825,937) and 24–29 (n=2,174,064), comparing a 'Top of queue' message against alternatives and measuring subsequent vaccination rates.', and the outcome: 'The 'Top of queue' message produced small but policy-relevant increases in vaccination rates (odds ratio 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.03 in ages 40–44; odds ratio 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.04 in ages 24–29), leading to national rollout of this message to other age groups.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Findings demonstrate the potential of 'queue' framing in relevant contexts and underscore the value of rigorous testing of public health messaging.


Based on the context: 'With the worldwide increase in only-child families, there is a need to understand how growing up without siblings affects adult brain, behavior, and the underlying pathways, amid stereotypes linking only-child status to problem behaviors.', the key idea: 'A comprehensive examination of how growing up without siblings relates to adult brain structure, function, connectivity, cognition, personality, and mental health, and mapping the pathway from only-child-related growth environments to brain and behavioral development.', the method: 'Using the CHIMGEN cohort, the study analyzed 2,397 covariate-matched pairs of adults with and without siblings, assessing associations across brain metrics and behavioral domains, and evaluating pathways involving growth environments such as socioeconomic status, maternal care, and family support.', and the outcome: 'Growing up without siblings was associated with higher language fiber integrity, lower motor fiber integrity, larger cerebellar volume, smaller cerebral volume, and lower frontotemporal spontaneous brain activity; it showed positive correlations with neurocognition and mental health, and most brain and behavioral outcomes were mediated by modifiable environments despite direct effects.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Identifying modifiable environmental mediators suggests targets for interventions to enhance children’s healthy growth in the context of increasing only-child families.


Based on the context: 'Human relationships are diverse and socially complex, and although their basic organization has long been studied, there is no consensus on how they are structured.', the key idea: 'A universal representational space for relationship concepts is identified, comprising five principal dimensions and three core categories that capture both universality and cultural variability.', the method: 'Online surveys, laboratory cognitive tasks, and natural language processing were conducted across diverse modern cultures worldwide (n=20,427) and ancient cultures spanning 3,000 years of history.', and the outcome: 'A five-dimensional framework (formality, activeness, valence, exchange, equality) and three core categories (hostile, public, private) were discovered to structure how people conceptualize relationships across cultures.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The framework reveals fundamental cognitive constructs and cultural principles of relationship knowledge and is expected to advance understanding of human sociality.


Based on the context: 'Psychology faces taxonomic incommensurability, making it difficult to compare theories due to differing concepts and operationalizations.', the key idea: 'Use language models to create semantic embeddings of psychometric items, scales, and construct labels in a shared vector space to address taxonomic incommensurability.', the method: 'Generate semantic embeddings with language models and analyze multiple datasets (e.g., the International Personality Item Pool) spanning thousands of items and hundreds of scales/constructs to assess whether embeddings predict empirical relations, detect taxonomic fallacies, and suggest parsimonious taxonomies.', and the outcome: 'Embeddings were shown to predict empirical relations between measures, automatically detect taxonomic fallacies, and suggest more parsimonious taxonomies, indicating their effectiveness for tackling taxonomic incommensurability.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Semantic embeddings are anticipated to be a powerful tool for clarifying psychological taxonomies and improving comparability across theories and measures.


Based on the context: 'Sleep is known to reduce forgetting, but it is unclear whether and how sleep actively transforms memory for complex real-world experiences and how such transformations unfold over long timescales.', the key idea: 'Sleep selectively and durably enhances memory for the sequence of events (sequential associations) from a one-time real-world experience, while not enhancing perceptual details (featural associations), constituting an exception to the law of forgetting.', the method: 'Participants underwent an art tour and their memory for order versus perceptual details was assessed after a night of sleep versus a matched period of wakefulness, with follow-ups up to one year; overnight polysomnography measured slow-wave sleep and spindle–slow wave coupling.', and the outcome: 'Sleep produced an above-baseline boost in sequence memory not observed after wakefulness; the preferential retention of sequence over featural memory grew over time up to one year; enhancement was associated with slow-wave sleep duration and spindle–slow wave coupling.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The results suggest a selective role for sleep in enhancing sequential organization of episodic memory and link specific sleep-related neurophysiological mechanisms to long-term transformation of memory for complex real-life experiences.


Based on the context: 'Rodent studies implicate the medial temporal lobe, especially the hippocampus, in memory and navigation, but the role of these structures in human imagination remains uncertain despite the centrality of episodic memory and imagining for human cognition.', the key idea: 'The study tests whether hippocampal theta oscillations encode spatial information similarly during real-world and imagined navigation in humans, proposing that imagination recruits navigational neural dynamics that segment routes into linear components.', the method: 'Using motion capture and intracranial electroencephalographic recordings from chronically implanted medial temporal lobe electrodes in human participants, the study analyzed hippocampal theta dynamics during actual and imagined navigation and applied a statistical model to reconstruct positions from neural data.', and the outcome: 'Intermittent hippocampal theta dynamics encoded spatial information and partitioned navigational routes into linear segments during real-world navigation, and similar theta patterns occurred during imagined navigation without external cues; a statistical model successfully reconstructed both real-world and imagined positions.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings provide insights into neural mechanisms of human navigation and imagination with implications for understanding memory in real-world settings, highlighting parallels among navigational, imaginative, and mnemonic processes.


Based on the context: 'Understanding the neural basis of natural language processing in everyday conversations has lacked a unified framework linking acoustic, speech, and linguistic representations, and symbolic models have underperformed in capturing brain activity.', the key idea: 'A unified acoustic-to-speech-to-language embedding framework using Whisper connects multiple representational levels and maps them to brain activity during both speech production and comprehension.', the method: 'Electrocorticography recorded neural signals over 100 hours of open-ended conversations; low-level acoustic, mid-level speech, and contextual word embeddings from Whisper were linearly encoded to predict brain activity, with tests of generalization to new conversations and comparisons to symbolic models.', and the outcome: 'The model accurately predicts neural activity across representational levels in unseen conversations, aligns its internal hierarchy with cortical speech and language regions, captures pre-articulation language-to-speech and post-articulation speech-to-language sequences, and outperforms symbolic models.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The results support a shift toward unified computational models that encompass the full hierarchy of speech comprehension and production in real-world conversations.


Based on the context: 'Death anxiety has long been linked to psychological distress, and prior studies suggest it may contribute transdiagnostically to mental disorders, motivating a need to quantify its association with distress and psychopathology.', the key idea: 'A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis quantifies the correlations between death anxiety and distress or mental disorder symptoms across general and clinical samples, while examining moderators and potential publication bias.', the method: 'The authors systematically searched multiple databases up to October 30, 2023 for studies reporting correlations between death anxiety and distress or mental disorder symptoms, using validated measures and evaluating quality with NHLBI tools. They pooled 129 studies (158 samples; 34,147 participants) and analyzed heterogeneity, prediction intervals, moderator effects, and small-study effects.', and the outcome: 'Death anxiety showed consistently positive associations with general anxiety (r = 0.42), depression (r = 0.41), and distress (r = 0.36), all P < 0.001, with substantial heterogeneity and prediction intervals crossing zero except for anxiety and distress. No moderation by death anxiety measure, sample type, or proportion of women was found; associations were stronger when medical conditions were present (r = 0.48 vs. 0.37), there was evidence of small-study effects suggesting publication bias, and most included studies were rated poor quality.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The authors recommend longitudinal studies across diverse patient samples to clarify the causal contribution of death anxiety to psychopathology.


Based on the context: 'Voluntary stopping of speech is essential in conversation, yet the cognitive and neural mechanisms of speech inhibition are not well understood, and speech arrest during stimulation has been interpreted as evidence for production centers.', the key idea: 'A distinct premotor frontal cortical network supports inhibitory control of speech, separate from regions encoding articulatory movements.', the method: 'High-density electrocorticography recorded cortical activity during continuous speech with visual stop cues, complemented by electrocortical stimulation at premotor sites to test causality of speech arrest.', and the outcome: 'Premotor frontal cortex showed distinct stop-related activity localized apart from articulatory regions and primarily during abrupt mid-utterance stopping; stimulation at these sites caused involuntary speech arrest, challenging prior clinical interpretations.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Findings imply a revised understanding of speech motor control with implications for both natural and altered speech production.


Based on the context: 'Mentoring is crucial for scientific achievements and career success, and large research groups are often perceived as signs of exceptional mentorship and high-quality research. However, concerns exist that large, competitive groups may increase dropout rates among early-career researchers, potentially leading to postdoc shortages and loss of top-tier academics.', the key idea: 'The study investigates how a mentor’s group size influences mentees’ future academic longevity and performance using longitudinal genealogical data on mentor–mentee relations and publications.', the method: 'The authors collected and analyzed longitudinal genealogical data on mentor–mentee relationships and their publications to assess the impact of mentors’ group size on mentees’ academic survival and performance, verifying trends across institutions with different prestige levels.', and the outcome: 'Mentees trained in larger groups tend to exhibit superior academic performance compared with those from smaller groups, conditional on remaining in academia post graduation. Academic survival rates are significantly lower for mentees from larger groups and for mentees with more productive mentors, with these trends consistent across institutions of varying prestige.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings prompt a rethinking of effective mentorship and offer actionable insights for career advancement.


Based on the context: 'Deciphering the genetic architecture of depression is pivotal for understanding its pathophysiology and for developing new therapeutics.', the key idea: 'A cross-ancestry genome-wide meta-analysis combined with systems-level integrative analyses is used to identify risk loci, prioritize likely causal variants and genes, and nominate therapeutic targets for depression.', the method: 'A meta-analysis of 416,437 cases and 1,308,758 controls across ancestries, variant-level fine mapping, functional genomic analysis of transcription factor binding, validation of regulatory function, expression quantitative trait loci analysis, transcriptome- and proteome-wide association studies, colocalization and Mendelian randomization, pathway enrichment analyses, and mouse knockdown experiments for Tmem106b.', and the outcome: 'Identified 287 risk loci including 49 new loci; prioritized potential causal variants that regulate transcription factor binding; validated that 80% of identified functional variants are regulatory; eQTL analyses uncovered potential target genes; prioritized likely causal genes including TMEM106B, CTNND1, and AREL1; depression risk genes are enriched in synapse-related pathways; Tmem106b knockdown in mice produced depression-like behaviors.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The results provide insights into the genetic architecture of depression and highlight likely therapeutic targets, informing future translational research.


Based on the context: 'Modern economies require increasingly diverse and specialized skills, many of which depend on the acquisition of other skills first.', the key idea: 'The study reveals a nested structure within skill portfolios, inferring the direction of skill dependencies from asymmetrical conditional probabilities, indicating that advanced, specific skills build upon broader, fundamental ones.', the method: 'The authors analyze US survey data and resumes and examine 70 million job transitions, using asymmetrical conditional probabilities to infer directional skill dependencies and relate alignment with the nested structure to wages, education length, and automation risk.', and the outcome: 'They identify a nested hierarchy of human capital and show that career progression follows this structure; skills more aligned with it command higher wage premiums, require longer education, and are less likely to be automated. Disparities across genders and racial/ethnic groups explain long-term wage penalties, and the nested structure has become more pronounced over the past two decades, indicating increased barriers to upward mobility.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The nested skill structure provides insights into wage disparities and long-term wage penalties across demographic groups.


Based on the context: 'The study addresses the question of how well people judge the veracity of news.', the key idea: 'A comprehensive synthesis quantifies people's discernment between true and fact-checked false news and examines the role of political concordance in news judgments.', the method: 'A pre-registered systematic review and meta-analysis of 303 effect sizes from 67 experimental articles, including 194,438 participants across 40 countries on six continents, comparing accuracy ratings of true and fact-checked false news and testing effects of political concordance.', and the outcome: 'True news was rated more accurate than false news (Cohen’s d=1.12), participants were better at rating false news as false than rating true news as true (d=0.32), political concordance did not affect discernment, and participants were more skeptical of politically discordant news (d=0.78), indicating a tendency to err on the side of skepticism.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The results support crowdsourced fact-checking initiatives and suggest prioritizing increasing acceptance of true news over reducing acceptance of fact-checked false news to improve discernment.


Based on the context: 'The study aims to investigate the relationship between socio-economic status and health disparities, focusing on the socio-economic health gradient linking income and health.', the key idea: 'Introduce a common genetic factor underlying multiple income measures (the Income Factor) and use a polygenic index to examine health associations while disentangling genetic overlap with educational attainment.', the method: 'Conduct a genome-wide association study on income in 668,288 individuals of European descent, identify genomic loci, build a polygenic index, perform a phenome-wide association study, estimate genetic correlation with educational attainment, and analyze residual genetic signals after accounting for overlap.', and the outcome: 'Identified 162 income-associated loci with small effects; the polygenic index explains 1–5% of income variance with about one fourth due to direct genetic effects; the index is associated with reduced risks for hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes, depression, asthma, and back pain; the Income Factor shows a genetic correlation of 0.92 (s.e.=0.006) with educational attainment; residual genetic signal is linked to better mental health but reduced physical health and increased risky behaviors such as drinking and smoking.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings highlight the complex genetic influences on income and health and shed light on the interplay between genetics, income, education, and health.


Based on the context: 'Understanding whether risk preference is a stable, coherent trait is central to efforts aimed at explaining, predicting and preventing risk-related behaviours.', the key idea: 'The study characterizes the risk preference construct by using a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis to assess temporal stability and convergent validity across many measures, domains and samples.', the method: 'A systematic review and individual participant data meta-analytic approach summarized the temporal stability of 358 risk preference measures across 33 panels, 57 samples and 579,114 respondents, examining heterogeneity by measure category (propensity, frequency, behaviour), domain and age, and analyzing convergent validity.', and the outcome: 'Self-reported propensity and frequency measures show higher temporal stability than behavioural measures, with patterns moderated by domain and age; there is notable heterogeneity across and within categories, and convergent validity shows low agreement across measures, questioning whether they capture the same phenomena.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The results raise concerns about the coherence and measurement of the risk preference construct.


Based on the context: 'Science is crucial for evidence-based decision-making, but recent challenges to the epistemic authority of science have raised concerns about low public trust in scientists.', the key idea: 'A large preregistered global survey assesses public trust in scientists and attitudes about scientists' engagement in society and policymaking, and examines variation using individual- and country-level factors.', the method: 'A preregistered survey of 71,922 respondents across 68 countries measured trust in scientists and support for scientists' societal and policy engagement, and analyzed variations between and within countries using variables including political orientation.', and the outcome: 'In most countries, most people trust scientists and agree that scientists should engage more in society and policymaking; trust is moderately high overall, with variations explained by individual- and country-level variables.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Findings have implications for scientists and policymakers seeking to maintain and increase trust, and highlight that distrust among even a small minority may affect the consideration of scientific evidence in policymaking.


Based on the context: 'The biology underlying how social relationships affect health is largely unknown.', the key idea: 'Characterize plasma proteomic signatures of social isolation and loneliness and test causal links to specific proteins using proteome-wide approaches, network analysis, Mendelian randomization, and colocalization.', the method: 'Leveraged UK Biobank data on 42,062 participants and 2,920 plasma proteins; conducted proteome-wide association and protein co-expression network analyses; performed Mendelian randomization with colocalization; examined prospective associations over 14 years with cardiometabolic outcomes; assessed links to other blood biomarkers and brain region volumes; and tested mediation of disease relationships.', and the outcome: 'Proteins associated with social isolation and loneliness were implicated in inflammation, antiviral responses, and complement systems; over half were prospectively linked to cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, and mortality; Mendelian randomization suggested causal effects from loneliness to five proteins (GFRA1, ADM, FABP4, TNFRSF10A, ASGR1), with ADM and ASGR1 supported by colocalization; these proteins showed broad associations with blood biomarkers and brain volumes; and they partly mediated the relationships between loneliness and cardiometabolic diseases, stroke, and mortality.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Exploring peripheral physiological pathways connecting social relationships to health has potential public health implications.


Based on the context: 'Conventional cognitive control tasks typically involve a single task and one source of distraction, leaving unclear how control is allocated when multiple independent distractors are present.', the key idea: 'The study introduces a multidimensional task-set interference paradigm to examine whether control adapts by enhancing task-relevant information or suppressing task-irrelevant information, and posits distractor-specific adaptation modeled with multiple independent conflict-detector units.', the method: 'Three behavioral experiments using the new multidimensional paradigm assessed trial-by-trial adaptation to conflict across three independent distractor dimensions, complemented by neural network simulations incorporating separate conflict-detector units.', and the outcome: 'Evidence shows control adapts by suppressing task-irrelevant information rather than enhancing relevant information, and this adaptation is highly dimension-specific with no generalization; the neural model reproduces results only when it includes multiple independent conflict-detector units.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Findings call for updating classic cognitive control models and revising their neurocomputational accounts to accommodate dimension-specific control mechanisms.