{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300400/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300400", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/results/output_json/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[126,119,687,181],\"text\":\"ThermalBracelet : Exploring Thermal Haptic\\nFeedback Around the Wrist\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[88,195,231,260],\"text\":\"Roshan Lalitha Peiris\\nKeio University Graduate\\nSchool of Media Design\\nroshan@kmd.keio.ac.jp\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[256,195,395,260],\"text\":\"Yuan-Ling Feng\\n\\nKeio University Graduation\\nSchool of Media Design\\n\\nxfxxlxyx@kmd.keio.ac.jp\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[417,195,561,258],\"text\":\"Liwei Chan\\nNational Chiao Tung\\nUniversity\\nliweichan@cst.ntu.edu.tw\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[586,195,721,259],\"text\":\"Kouta Minamizawa\\nKeio University Graduate\\nSchool of Media Design\\nkouta@kmd.keio.ac.jp\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,269,141,285],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,290,396,545],\"text\":\"Smartwatches enable the wrist to be used as an ideal loca-\\ntion to provide always-available haptic notifications as they\\nare constantly worn with direct contact with the skin. With\\nthe wrist straps, the haptic feedback can be extended to the\\nfull space around the wrist to provide more spatial and en-\\nhanced feedback. With ThermalBracelet, we investigate ther-\\nmal feedback as a haptic feedback modality around the wrist.\\nWe present three studies that lead to the development of a\\nmarmwatch-integratable thermal bracelet that stimulates six\\nlocations around the wrist. Our initial evaluation reports on\\nthe selection of the thermal module configurations. Secondly,\\nwith the selected six-module configuration, we explore its\\nusability in real-world scenarios such as walking and reading.\\nThirdly, we investigate its capability of providing spatio tem-\\nporal feedback while engaged in distracting tasks. Finally we\\npresent application scenarios that demonstrates its usability.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,559,172,577],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[69,581,363,598],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Haptic devices;\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,611,149,628],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,633,299,650],\"text\":\"Thermal, haptics, wrist, haptic perception\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,660,202,674],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,674,396,763],\"text\":\"Roshan Lalitha Perira, Yuan-Ling Feng, Liwei Chan, and Kouta\\nMinamizawa. 2019. ThermalBracleot : Exploring Thermal Haptic\\nFeedback Around the Wrist. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in\\nComputing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019) . May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow,\\nScotland UK. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 11 pages. https://doi.org/\\n10.1145/3296065.3300400\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,267,552,284],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,290,747,417],\"text\":\"Wrist-worn smart devices (e.g. smartwatches) have lead to\\na widely explored area of research on haptic feedback dis-\\nplays on the wrist. Smartwatches always stay in constant\\ncontact with the skin, making the wrist an ideal location\\nfor providing always-available haptic feedback. In addition,\\nthese devices are typically worn around the wrist, opening\\nup space to enhance the feedback space around the wrist to\\nprovide spatial haptic information.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,417,747,609],\"text\":\"Our cutaneous senses on the skin allow us to detect vari-\\nous stimuli such as touch, vibrations and temperature [28] .\\nThus, recent research has explored a variety of haptic modal-\\nities for providing feedback on the wrist. Vibrotactile stimuli\\nhave been extensively explored with arrangements such as\\nsingle tactors [48] and matrix arrangements as watch-back\\ntactile displays [20, 22, 25, 31, 33, 41, 46, 48] . Furthermore,\\nvibrotactile actuators have been placed around the wrist\\nas a spatial tactile display [14] . Recent research has also\\nlooked into other types of haptic modalities such as pres-\\nsure [12] , clenching [8] , skin stretching [5] and dragging [15]\\nand wind [21, 43] .\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,610,748,880],\"text\":\"In addition to the above modalities, thermal feedback has\\nbeen explored on sites such as thenar enimine (palm area\\nat the base of the thumb) [10, 29] , and forearm [49] . In addi-\\ntion to these sites, the wrist presents a highly sensitive site\\nfor thermal haptic feedback [44] . In recent works, Singhal\\net al. [44] explored providing icon-like thermal feedback pat-\\nterns on the volar side (bottom side) of the wrist with a single\\nactuator. In `Hot & Tight' [45] , the authors explored provid-\\ning thermal and squeeze cues on the dorsal side (top) of the\\nwrist. However, previous research is limited in its exploration\\nof thermal haptic perception around the wrist. Considering\\nthe advantages of the high thermal sensitivity of the wrist,\\nwe identify a clear opportunity to explore providing ther-\\nmal haptic feedback with an increased number of thermal\\nactuators. With such a device, we investigate the perception\\ncharacteristics of thermal haptic feedback around the wrist\\nin realistic contexts to convey enhanced information.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,881,747,945],\"text\":\"With this paper we present the following contributions:\\nWe present an optimal layout for thermal haptic feedback\\naround the wrist based on a detailed evaluation with different\\nconfigurations of thermal actuators and different types of\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,788,395,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not\\nmade or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear\\nthis notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components\\nof this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with\\ncredit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to\\nredistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request\\npermissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,897,273,908],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,911,273,923],\"text\":\"© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,924,268,936],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,939,244,951],\"text\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300400\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 170\",\"reading_order\":26,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":27,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/results/markdown/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300400/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300400", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/results/output_json/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,268],\"text\":\"thermal feedback around the wrist; Based on the selected six-\\nmodule configuration from the above study, we evaluate it\\nin semi-realistic contexts such as walking and compare with\\nvibrotactile feedback under the same conditions; We evaluate\\nthe perception of spatio-temporal feedback in semi-realistic\\nsituations to provide more detailed information and compare\\nwith vibrotactile feedback under the same conditions; We\\npresent the ThermalBracelet integrated with a smartwatch\\nand present few application scenarios.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,299,205,317],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORKS\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,320,395,607],\"text\":\"Vibrotactile stimulation has been the broad choice for many\\nwrist based haptic displays [6, 9, 27, 32] . Mostly, this is due to\\nthe vibrotactile actuators' small and lightweight form factor\\nthat offers easy integration as wearable devices [43] . Sin-\\ngle vibrotactile actuators have been investigated to provide\\ninformation through rhythmic actuation such as MorseC-\\node [48] . In BuzzWear [23] , the authors used a 3 vibrotactile\\nactuator layout to provide information. Azadi et al. [3] and\\nBrewster et al. [4] investigated the design parameters such\\nas frequency and amplitude to explore the expressivity of\\na single tactor. Other researchers explored having matrix\\ntype [20, 22, 25, 31, 33, 41, 46, 48] actuator layouts to present\\nmore detailed information. For example, EdgeVib [26] ex-\\nplored 2x2 and 3x3 vibrotactile arrays on the back of a smart-\\nwatch to provide detailed information such as alphanumeric\\ncharacters. Furthermore, [14] presented comparing the use\\na 4-actuator vs 8-actuator layout arranged around the wrist\\nfor providing guidance in a non-visual context.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,607,394,704],\"text\":\"Pressure is another popular modality for wrist based hap-\\ntic actuation. In HapticClench [8] , the authors present a new\\nshape memory alloy based mechanism that provided squeez-\\ning pressure feedback. In addition, authors have used motor\\nbased actuators in [7] and pneumatic actuation in [38] to\\nprovide pressure based haptic actuation on the wrist.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,704,394,783],\"text\":\"As another modality, in Skin Drag Displays [15] the au-\\nthors used a wrist based wearable actuator that dragged on\\nthe the skin surface to provide higher resolution information.\\nIn [5] and [25] authors used skin stretching and pulling as a\\nhaptic feedback mechanism for the wrist.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,783,395,942],\"text\":\"Recent works have also begun to explore multimodal feed-\\nback on the wrist. In [43] , the authors present using a 2x2\\narray of wind and vibration based multimodal watch-back\\nhaptic display. In this work, the authors explore the percep-\\ntion of different combinations of wind and vibration on the\\nwrist. In [45] , the authors compared vibrotactile, pressure\\nand thermal feedback based haptic feedback for cues recog-\\nnition. In this work, the authors used two thermal modules\\nplaced on the top of the wrist to identify the accuracy of\\nrecognition of different cues.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,124,579,141],\"text\":\"Thermal Haptic Feedback\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,144,747,447],\"text\":\"In terms of thermal feedback, more sensitive areas such as\\nthe face [35] , neck [39] , and ears [1] have been explored for\\nthermal feedback perception. However, in addition to these\\nsites, thermal haptic feedback has also been focusing on the\\nwrist area. In the human hand, thenar eminence and the wrist\\nare two more sensitive regions for thermal cues [44] . As such,\\nthermal haptic feedback has primarily focused on the thenar\\neminence [10, 29] . In [10] , the authors present the thermal\\nperception in different environmental conditions with ac-\\ntuators placed on the thenar eminence. In Hiya-Atsu [29] ,\\na temperature augmented computer mouse was used for a\\nspatial navigation task. In this work too the module was\\naimed at directly contacting the skin of the thenar eminence\\nregion. Heat-Nav [49] took a different approach with three\\nthermal modules placed on the forearm for a navigation task.\\n[36] looked at placing two thermal modules on either side\\nof the wrist to simulate a thermal stimulus that would \\\"pass\\nthrough\\\" the wrist. In this brief work, the authors examined\\nthe timing of the stimuli that would increase this sensation.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,448,746,590],\"text\":\"However, recent works started exploring thermal harp-\\ntic feedback on the top [45] and bottom of the wrist [44] .\\nIn [44] authors explore the expressivity of the thermal har-\\ntic feedback by exploring different actuation patterns. In\\nThermoMessage [24] , the authors present a single actuator-\\nbased wristband and discuss the usability of thermal feed-\\nback for peripheral expressions. RainSense [37] is another\\nrecent work that uses a thermal feedback module on the\\nwrist to communicate weather information.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,590,747,829],\"text\":\"As presented, while most work with thermal haptic feed-\\nback on the wrist focused on a single or two actuators placed\\non the wrist, Jeong et.al. [18] did a brief explorations of four\\nactuators on the wrist. In this work, the authors present\\ntwo studies by looking into the perception around the wrist\\nfor different thermal feedback and, exploring the perception\\nof temporal feedback. While this work is similar to our ap-\\nproach in some aspects, we are interested in exploring more\\ndeeper into the perception with different configurations of\\nthe thermal actuators around the wrist. In addition, the ar-\\nticle offers only limited details of the study and results and\\nwe could not find any other works that explored multiple\\nthermal actuators around the wrist. Therefore we identify\\nan opportunity to explore providing thermal haptic feedback\\naround the wrist.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,857,743,894],\"text\":\"3 THERMALBRACELET WRISTBAND PROTOTYPE\\nSelection of Thermal Modules\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,897,747,946],\"text\":\"We used Peltier elements (thermoelectric modules) as the\\nmain thermal actuator for this work. Peltier elements are\\ncapable of providing fast changes in temperature to provide\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 170\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/results/markdown/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300400/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300400", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/results/output_json/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[78,123,386,313],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays a small, rectangular thermal device with Peltier elements and temperature sensors attached to a velcro strap, with an inset showing its layered actuator structure. Below this, a line graph illustrates the device's temperature output over time, showing rapid 1-second hot and cold stimuli, causing quick temperature spikes and drops.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,323,394,368],\"text\":\"Figure 1: (A) An actuator module that consists of thermal\\nand vibroactile (embedded internally) actuators (B) Typical\\ntemperature change profile for hot and cold stimuli\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,395,395,633],\"text\":\"active heating or cooling stimuli. Through preliminary ex-\\nplorations, we selected thermal modules that were designed\\nbased on [30] (Figure 1 (A)). Another primary reason to select\\nthis module was having all the thermal modules, temperature\\nsensors, and the vibrotactile module embedded in a compact\\nform factor that allowed easy wearable usage. These mod-\\nules are of 32 x 16 x 7 mm size and consists of four peltier\\nmodules of which two diagonal peltier modules are used for\\nheating and the other two diagonal modules are used for\\ncooling [30] . In this manner, using the thermal summation\\nprinciple [19] , the modules are able to deliver fast thermal\\ncues to the users [42] . The module also embeds a Force-ke-\\nactor AF vibrotactile actuator [30] . Currently, we use the\\nvibrotactile module only for comparative explorations in this\\nwork (Study-2 and Study-3).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,644,228,661],\"text\":\"Interim Prototype System\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,664,394,728],\"text\":\"Figure 2 depicts the interim prototype of the thermal wrist-\\nband. The prototype was built with the intentions of facili-\\ntating the evaluations described in the later sections, thus,\\nwas required to be mobile and easily re-configurable.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,729,395,904],\"text\":\"All modules were controlled using a Proportional, Integral,\\nDerivative (PID) controller to provide accurate temperature\\ncontrol. Each module was driven through an H-Bridge driver\\nmodule 1 that was controlled by an Arduino Mega microin-\\ntroller 2 . In addition, we implemented a temporary 8-channel\\naudio driver system to drive each vibrastache module that\\nuses a PAM8012 D-Class Amplifier that was controlled by\\nthe same Arduino Mega microcontroller. The audio driver is\\nbuilt temporarily as it is only used for comparative purpose\\nin Study-2 and Study-3 (described in later sections). Each\\nmodule draws approximately 880mW at 5V during a single\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,375,746,471],\"text\":\"stimulus. We used a commercially available powerbank 1 as\\nthe main power supply that is capable of providing up to 2A\\nat 5V from each of its USB ports. As we are not considering\\nsimultaneous stimuli for the current scope of the research,\\nthe powerbank is capable of providing adequate power for\\nthe prototype even in mobile situations.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[421,121,748,306],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image displays a haptic feedback system consisting of a laptop computer, a power supply, and various connected modules. These components include a vibrotactile driver module, an armband with a thermal driver module, a Velcro-based wrist band, and several thermal modules. An inset shows a human hand wearing the armband.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,317,745,350],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Interim Prototype of the thermal and vibrotactile\\nwrist-band. (Inset: the wrist band being worn by a user)\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,471,746,614],\"text\":\"Currently, we use a laptop to issue the commands to the\\nprototype. The laptop connects to Arduino Mega controller\\nof the prototype through a wired serial port connection at\\na 115200 baudrate speed. The laptop runs an Open Sound\\nControl 5 based server script implemented on the Processing 6\\nplatform that exchanges commands with the microcontroller.\\nThe laptop also connects to the vibrotacle driver modules\\nthrough its audio interface to provide the necessary audio\\nsignals.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,615,747,757],\"text\":\"For the purpose of the study, we implemented a tempo-\\nrary wristband as shown in Figure 2 -inset. To accommodate\\na variety of wrist sizes, we attached the modules to a velcro\\nbased wristband as shown in the image. The point of attach-\\nment incorporated a thin foam layer to mechanically isolate\\nthe vibrations from each vibrotactile module (Figure 1 (A)).\\nThis arrangement allowed us to rearrange the modules to\\nbe equally distributed around the wrist based on the user's\\nwrist size.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,769,720,801],\"text\":\"4 STUDY 1: THERMAL PERCEPTION AROUND\\nTHE WRIST\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,805,746,903],\"text\":\"The main goal of this study was to explore the perception\\nlimits of thermal haptic feedback around the wrist with mul-\\ntiple actuators and select a suitable configuration to provide\\nfeedback. While Jeong et al. [18] studied an early feasibility\\nwith four actuators, the design details and results are lim-\\nited in the article. Hence, in Study 1 we explore different\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,913,264,925],\"text\":\"$^{1}$ https://www.sparkfun.com/products/14451\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,925,305,938],\"text\":\"2https://store.arduino.cc/usa/arduino-mega-2560-rev3\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,939,324,952],\"text\":\"$^{3}$https://www.diodes.com/assets/Datasheets/PAM8012.pdf\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,913,730,924],\"text\":\"$^{4}$https://www.anker.com/products/variant/powercore-13000/A1215011\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,925,610,938],\"text\":\"5 urlhttp://www.sojamo.de/libraries/oscP5/\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,939,527,952],\"text\":\"$^{6}$https://processing.org/\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 170\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/results/markdown/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300400/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300400", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/results/output_json/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,172],\"text\":\"configurations and thermal levels to identify the optimal\\narrangement for providing thermal haptic feedback around\\nthe wrist.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_003.png\",\"bbox\":[68,175,391,283],\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Three circular diagrams illustrate items arranged in a ring. The first diagram shows 4 numbered circles (1-4) around \\\"N=4\\\", the second shows 6 numbered circles (1-6) around \\\"N=6\\\", and the third shows 8 numbered circles (1-8) around \\\"N=8\\\".\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,288,394,321],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Module configurations used in Study 1. Modules\\nare spaced equally around the circumference of the wrist\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,339,395,564],\"text\":\"We used three main configurations with four, six and eight\\nthermal modules placed around the wrist (Figure 3 ). With\\nconsideration for practical implementation, we did not con-\\nsider any number of modules beyond eight modules as they\\nwould not comfortably fit smaller wrist sizes. As the stim-\\nuli, we explored the feasibility of providing hot and cold\\nstimuli as the different thermal levels. For the scope of this\\nstudy we used $\\\\pm 3^\\\\circ C s^{-1}$ plus/minus three Celsius per second\\n(Figure 1 (b)) stimuli for 1 second (on for 1s and then switched\\noff) as such stimuli go beyond the detection threshold (just\\nnoticeable difference) and ensure the thermal stimuli is per-\\nceived [19, 50] . All stimuli started from the natural skin\\ntemperature (for all participants in this research the starting\\nnatural skin temperature range was 32.6°C to 33.8°C).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,570,395,731],\"text\":\"Study Design. We designed a within-subjects evaluation for\\nStudy 1 that consisted of two independent variables: Con-\\nfiguration (Four, Six or Eight Modules) and Thermal Level\\n(Hot or Cold). The dependent variable was the accuracy of\\nthe perceived location and thermal level of the stimuli. In\\neach configuration, each location was stimulated with either\\nhot or cold. The configurations were counterbalanced using\\na Latin Square method and the locations and thermal levels\\nwere randomized. Each stimulus was repeated 3 times. Each\\nparticipant faced 108 total trials (8x2x3 + 6x2x3 + 4x2x3).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,738,394,834],\"text\":\"Participants. We recruited 12 participants (5 female) aged 22-\\n34 M: 25.6, SD 4.0) for the study from the author's institution.\\n11 participants were right handed and all wore watches on\\ntheir left hand. The average wrist size was 20.33 cm and\\nthe average skin temperature on the wrist was 33.2°C. The\\naverage room temperature was set to 24°C.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,841,394,954],\"text\":\"Procedure. After the initial introduction to the system, the\\nparticipant's wrist was measured and the thermal modules\\nwere adjusted to ensure equal distribution of the modules\\non the wristband. Next, the participants wore the wristband\\non their left hand. After wearing each configuration, the par-\\nticipants were provided with a demonstration of the sample\\nstimuli. In the initial phase, this also allowed the participants\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,375,746,455],\"text\":\"to familiarize themselves with the study software. The study\\nsoftware was written in Processing and displayed buttons to\\nselect the perceived location, thermal level and logged the\\nparticipants' response details. The participants used their\\nright hand to use the mouse to report the results.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[417,119,749,318],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A person wearing glasses sits at a desk, facing a large monitor that displays an interface with blue and grey squares and vertical bars, labeled \\\"Study Software\\\". A keyboard rests on the desk in front of the monitor, and the person wears a \\\"Thermal Wrist Band\\\" on their left wrist.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[500,326,666,343],\"text\":\"Figure 4: The setup of Study 1\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,455,747,616],\"text\":\"As the task, after receiving the stimulation, the partici-\\npants selected the location of the perceived stimulation (Fig-\\nure 4 ). Next, we provided a 15-second interval in between\\neach trial to ensure the temperature returning to the starting\\nskin temperature and also to avoid thermal adaptation ef-\\nfect of the skin [19] . After the interval, once the participant\\nclicked \\\"Next\\\", the stimuli was provided at a random time\\nwithin five seconds. In addition, we had an informal inter-\\nview with the participants after completing experiment. The\\nexperiment took approximately 1-hour per participant.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,629,627,646],\"text\":\"Results and Discussion of Study 1\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,649,747,856],\"text\":\"The location wise mean perceived accuracy results of Study\\n1 are depicted in Figure 5 (A) with the overall mean, mean\\ncold, and mean hot perceived accuracies indicated in Fig-\\nure 5 (C). The results were further analyzed using a two-way\\nrepeated measure ANOVA tests. A significant main effect\\nwas found on Configuration (F $_{2}$ :22=24.933, $p$ < 0.0001), and\\non Thermal Level (F $_{1}$ :11=39.998, $p$ < 0.0001). Post-hoc pair-\\nwise comparison with Bonferroni correction between each\\npairs of the three configurations revealed 8-6: $p$ < 0.0001;\\n8-4: $p$ < 0.0001; 6-4: $p$ < 0.05. There was no interaction effect\\nfound. Therefore, as observed through the results and analy-\\nsis, we identify that both four and six module configurations\\nunder the cold condition performed best in the Study 1.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,856,747,953],\"text\":\"Overall, cold stimuli performed better in all configurations\\n(Figure 5 ). This result follows the observations of previous\\nresearch where cold stimuli have been found to be perceived\\nmuch more accurately than hot stimuli on the face [35] . In\\naddition, neurophysiological observations show that the skin\\ncontains more cold receptors than hot receptors which could\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 170\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/results/markdown/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300400/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300400", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/results/output_json/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[63,115,747,334],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image presents a multi-panel figure illustrating location accuracy experiments. Panel A shows three circular layouts (N=4, N=6, N=8 modules) with numbered positions and percentages displayed in red and blue circles. Panel B contains several confusion matrices for these module configurations, indicating percentage distributions with a color gradient. Panel C is a bar chart comparing \\\"Mean Perceived Location Accuracy\\\" for 8, 6, and 4 modules across \\\"Cold,\\\" \\\"Hot,\\\" and \\\"Average\\\" conditions.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,341,747,386],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Results of Study 1 (A) The location wise mean perceived accuracy rates and the confusion matrices of Study 1. (B)\\nConfusion Matrices of each configuration. (C) Mean perceived accuracy results of each configuration (The red color indicated\\nthe results of the hot stimuli and blue of the cold stimuli). Error Bars - 95 % Confidence Interval.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,410,395,618],\"text\":\"indicate greater sensitivity to cold stimuli than hot stim-\\nuli [19, 47] . Furthermore, it should be noted that this work\\nwas carried out in 24°C room temperature in an indoor en-\\nvironment in summer-like weather conditions. As previous\\nresearch has indicated, the environmental temperature could\\nhave an effect on the perception of the stimuli. However,\\nbased on the post-experiment informal interview, six partici-\\npants used words such as 'crisp', 'sharp', 'clear' to describe\\nthe cold stimuli feedback as compared to the hot stimuli.\\nMany participants indicated that they were not fond of the\\nhot stimuli. This could also be due to the hot stimuli being\\ncloser to the pain threshold as the starting skin temperature\\nwas approximately 33.2°C.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,618,395,857],\"text\":\"The confusion matrices depicted in Figure 5 (b) indicate\\nthat the majority of the confusions for cold stimuli occurred\\njust one point away from the correct location. However, for\\nthe hot condition, the confusions are spread out more. Dur-\\ning the post-interview, three participants mentioned that the\\nmodules placed on the edge of the wrist (e.g. modules 2 & 8\\nin the eight configuration and 2 & 6 in the six configuration-\\nFigure 3 ) were particularly uncomfortable during hot stim-\\nuli causing difficulties in perceiving the location accurately.\\nThese comments can also be observed in the Figure 5 (A).\\nThis could be due to the uneven muscle/skin density around\\nthe wrist for some users and, in addition, as the skin contains\\nmore cold receptors than hot receptors [2] . As such, based\\non these results and observations, we concluded that hot\\nstimuli are unsuitable for the next studies in our research.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,858,395,953],\"text\":\"Based on these observations we decided to select the six\\nmodule configuration over the four and eight module con-\\nfigurations. We chose the six module configuration over the\\nfour module configuration primarily because the six module\\nconfiguration offers more options to provide more informa-\\ntion as it has more actuators. Although the cold condition\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,410,747,459],\"text\":\"in the four module configuration had an almost 100% accu-\\nracy, we feel that the six configuration has more to offer as\\nexplored through the next studies.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,474,729,506],\"text\":\"5 STUDY 2: THERMAL FEEDBACK IN A MOBILE\\nSCENARIO\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,512,748,703],\"text\":\"The objective of this study was to evaluate the thermal haptic\\nfeedback around the wrist in a semi-realistic scenario such as\\nwhile walking. In addition, we investigate the performance\\nof thermal as a feedback modality in comparison to vibro-\\ntactile as a feedback modality around the wrist. Vibrotactile\\nfeedback on the wrist has been utilized in research works\\nespecially for providing directions or guidance [14] . In addi-\\ntion, many commercially available smartwatches today have\\nalready integrated vibrotactile based methods for providing\\nnotifications. As such, in this study we evaluate the perfor-\\nmance of around the wrist thermal and vibrotactile feedback\\nin a semi-realistic walking condition.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,714,748,876],\"text\":\"Apparatus. For the purpose of this study, we used the 6-\\nmodule configuration based thermal wristband described\\nin the previous section. As the thermal stimuli, we only\\nconsider cold-thermal feedback since it reported a mean per-\\nceived location accuracy of 94.91 % . The vibrotactile modules\\n(Figure 1 (A)) were actuated at 170 Hz. Each stimulus was\\nprovided for 1s similar to the thermal stimuli. This frequency\\nwas selected based on the resonant frequency of the modules\\nand also previous works that used similar frequencies to\\nprovide tactile feedback on the wrist [43] .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,887,747,951],\"text\":\"Study Design. We designed a within-subjects evaluation for\\nStudy 2 that consisted of the Feedback Modality (thermal or\\nvibrotactile) as the main independent variable. The depen-\\ndent variables were the accuracy of the perceived location\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 170\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/results/markdown/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300400/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300400", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/results/output_json/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[65,122,395,334],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A person stands wearing multiple electronic devices. These include a tablet device held in one hand, an armband with a thermal driver module on their upper arm, and a thermal wrist band. A bag containing a laptop, power supply, and vibrotactile driver module is slung over their shoulder.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,343,394,389],\"text\":\"Figure 6: The setup of Study 2. The participant walks while\\nwearing the ThermalBracelet system. The hand held tablet\\ndevice records the answers\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,415,394,513],\"text\":\"and the stimulus detection time. The condition was random-\\nized for each participant and the stimulated locations were\\nrandomized within each condition. Each stimulus was re-\\npeated 3 times resulting in 36 total trials per participant (2\\nmodalities x 6 locations x 3 repetitions). After each condition,\\nthe participants completed a NASA-TLX questionnaire [11] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,519,394,616],\"text\":\"Participants. We recruited 20 participants (8 female) aged 21-\\n38 (M 27.4, SD 5.2) for the study from the author's institution.\\nAll but two participants were right handed and all wore their\\nwatches on their left hand. The average wrist size was 19.8\\ncm and the average skin temperature on the wrist was 33.6°C.\\nThe average room temperature was set to 24°C.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,624,395,927],\"text\":\"Procedure. After an introduction to the thermal wristband\\nsystem, the participants received a demonstration of the\\nthermal and vibrotactile stimuli (before each condition) in a\\nknown order allowing them to familiarize themselves with\\nthe task procedure and the study software. In addition, the\\nexperimenter verified the reported perceived location and\\nif the stimuli were not clear for the participant. This also\\nhelped us ensure that there was no vibrations propagating\\nfrom one actuator to the wristband. Next, the participants\\nwere instructed to walk back and forth along a corridor ap-\\nproximately 3m wide (Figure 6 ) and approximately 30m long\\nat a comfortable pace while holding a tablet which displayed\\nthe user study software along with instructions and tasks.\\nThe average walking speed was 2.77 $km^{-1}$ . The study soft-\\nware was written in Processing and ported to an Android\\nTablet (Huawei MediaPad T3 $^2$ ) and displayed an interface of\\nthe actuator locations for the participant to select. In addition,\\nsimilar to Study 1, we introduced a 15-second delay in be-\\ntween each stimuli. Between two stimuli, we displayed a text\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,747,299],\"text\":\"for the participant to read. The reading task was aimed at pre-\\nventing the participant from focusing on the next stimulation.\\nThe participant was instructed to tap on the tablet as soon\\nas the stimulation and location was identified. This initial\\ntapping was recorded as the stimulus detection time. Next,\\nthe reading text was removed where the participant could\\nreport the perceived location using the selection interface.\\nDuring the full study period of each condition, participants\\nkept walking at their own pace and were allowed to take any\\nbreaks if needed. The full experiment took approximately\\n35 min per participant.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,311,628,329],\"text\":\"Results and Discussion of Study 2\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[418,352,747,632],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays three data visualizations. Panel A contains two grouped bar charts comparing Vibrotactile and Thermal stimuli on mean perceived location accuracy and stimulus detection time. Panel B shows two 6x6 matrices, one for Vibrotactile and one for Thermal, presenting percentage values with some cells highlighted. Panel C presents a grouped bar chart comparing Vibrotactile and Thermal stimuli across six categories: mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, performance, effort, and frustration.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,646,747,707],\"text\":\"Figure 7: Results of Study 2 (A) Mean perceived location ac-\\ncuracy and Stimulus detection time. (B) Confusion matrices\\nof vibration and thermal stimuli respectively. (C) TLX scores\\nof the cognitive load. Error Bars - 95 % Confidence Interval.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,729,747,872],\"text\":\"The results of Study 2 are depicted in Figure 7 . Results\\nwere further analyzed with a paired t-test which revealed\\nsignificant differences between vibrotactile and thermal con-\\nditions for the mean perceived location accuracy ( t(20) =\\n−3.88; p < .001 ). While the thermal stimuli were perceived\\nslightly faster (M: 1.45s, SD: 0.69s) as opposed to vibrotactile\\nstimuli (M: 1.49s S: 0.58s), the stimulus detection time did not\\nreveal any significant differences between the two feedback\\nmodalities.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,873,746,952],\"text\":\"Vibrotactile feedback had a lower accuracy level at 77.78 %\\n(SD 2.13). A main challenge for providing vibrotactile feed-\\nback with multiple actuators around the wrist is that they\\nshould be mechanically isolated from the main body of the\\nstructure that they are attached to. Otherwise, the whole\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,938,312,952],\"text\":\"7 https://consumer.huawei.com/en/tablets/mediapad-t3/\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 170\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/results/markdown/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300400/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300400", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/results/output_json/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,315],\"text\":\"structure tends to vibrate during the stimuli. We ensured to\\naddress this point in our prototype design (Figure 1 A). In\\naddition, we ensured this point during the demonstration of\\nstimuli session at the beginning of the study, that, all sample\\nvibrotactile and thermal stimuli are perceived at each differ-\\nent location. However, as three participants indicated, in few\\noccasions, the hand movements while walking made it more\\ndifficult to recognize the location of the the stimuli as they\\nfelt that a whole portion of the wrist band was vibrating.\\nThis aspect could be the reason for the wider points of confu-\\nsion as observed in the confusion matrix for the vibrotactile\\nfeedback condition in this study (Figure 7 B).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,315,395,651],\"text\":\"In comparison with the Study 1, the mean perceived lo-\\ncation accuracy of cold thermal stimuli in the six module\\nconfiguration slightly decreased from 94.91 % to 89.17 % (SD\\n1.36). Such a decrease can be expected due to the increased\\ndemand in physical and mental loads. As depicted in the\\ncognitive load results (Figure 7 C), the mental and physical\\ndemand and the effort were reported relatively high. In ad-\\ndition, the confusion matrices indicated that the points of\\nconfusion have slightly increased to higher levels (more than\\none-level difference). Some participants mentioned that, al-\\nthough they could identify the location of the stimuli, in\\ncertain cases, the hand orientations could have an effect in\\nhow they report the results. Similar results have been ob-\\nserved in other previous works such as PokeRing [17] where,\\nunder semi-realistic conditions such as walking and standing,\\nthe perceived accuracy of poke feedback around the finger\\ndropped as compared to the original conditions. However, in\\nthis research, the accuracy for the thermal condition was still\\nmaintained at a relatively high level at 89.17 % indicating that,\\nthis thermal configuration has the potential to be effective\\nin mobile situations.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,663,389,697],\"text\":\"6 STUDY 3: SPATIO TEMPORAL FEEDBACK WITH\\nTHERMAL WRISTBAND\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,701,395,861],\"text\":\"Many current smart watches and previous research [45] uti-\\nlize multiple sequential haptic stimuli usually on the top of\\nthe wrist to provide haptic notifications and alerts. Therefore,\\nthe motivation of this study is to explore the possibility of\\nexpanding haptic notifications around the wrist with spatio\\ntemporal stimuli. The starting location and the number of\\nfollow-on stimuli could enable more “ enriched information ”\\n(such as which app, and how many notifications from that\\napp) to be presented. In addition, we investigated the perfor-\\nmance of thermal in comparison to vibrotactile stimuli.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,871,395,952],\"text\":\"Apparatus. As the apparatus for this study, we used the same\\nconfiguration and setup described in Study 2. In a pilot study,\\nwe identified that when the interval between stimuli was 0s,\\nthe participants felt a continuous moving sensation of the\\nstimuli. Therefore, in designing the stimuli, we selected the\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,310,747,406],\"text\":\"inter stimulus interval to be 0s, that is, once the first stimuli\\nwas over (after 1s), the next stimuli would start immediately.\\nIn addition, as a design decision we limited the maximum\\nnumber of stimuli to four stimuli since, beyond that, the full\\n\\\"notification\\\" would take approximately 5-6 seconds which\\nwould require a longer attention span.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[430,123,737,221],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Three circular diagrams illustrate sequential stimuli, each featuring six numbered nodes arranged in a ring. In each diagram, a subset of nodes, highlighted in yellow, progresses clockwise with associated time intervals (e.g., 0s-1s, 1s-2s), indicated by arrows. The diagrams are labeled \\\"2-stimuli,\\\" \\\"3-stimuli,\\\" and \\\"4-stimuli,\\\" showing an increasing number of sequential yellow nodes.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,238,746,283],\"text\":\"Figure 8: An example of possible spatio temporal stimuli\\nstarting from location 2. Two or Three or Four consecutive\\nspatio temporal stimuli were considered\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,413,747,655],\"text\":\"Study Design. We designed a within-subjects evaluation for\\nStudy 3 that consisted of three main independent variables:\\nstimuli start location ( Location ), the number of consecutive\\nspatio temporal stimuli ( Number ) and the modality. As the\\ndependent variable, we recorded the perceived starting loca-\\ntion and the subsequent perceived locations of the stimuli.\\nTherefore each trial could provide 2-4 stimuli starting from\\none of the each six locations. Figure 8 depicts an example\\nof the possible stimuli for location 2. The conditions and\\nthe direction of the stimuli (clockwise, counterclockwise)\\nwere randomized. Each trial was repeated 3 times resulting\\nin a total of 108 trials per participant (2 modalities x 6 loca-\\ntions x 3 spatio temporal stimuli x 3 repetitions). Following\\neach condition, the participants completed the NASA-TLX\\nquestionnaire [11] .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,661,747,759],\"text\":\"Participants. We recruited 15 participants (5 female) aged 22-\\n35 (M:26.8, SD 4.1) for the study from the author's institution.\\nAll participants were right handed and all wore their watches\\non their left hand. The average wrist size was 19.78 cm and\\nthe average skin temperature on the wrist was 33.56°C. The\\naverage room temperature was set to 24°C.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,767,747,926],\"text\":\"Procedure. After the initial introduction, participants wore\\nthe thermal wristband prototype and experienced examples\\nof possible kinds of spatio temporal stimuli. Next, during the\\ntask, we provided the participants with a game (Online Tetris\\nGame $^3$ ) to play as the distraction task. At random times in 15\\nsecond intervals, the stimuli were provided. Upon perceiving\\nthe stimuli, the participants reported the perceived starting\\nlocation and the subsequent perceived locations of the stim-\\nuli using a similar study evaluation software as described in\\nStudy 1. Each study took approximately 45 mins.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,936,583,953],\"text\":\"$^{8}$http://www.freetris.org/game.php\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 170\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/results/markdown/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300400/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300400", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/results/output_json/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[66,126,393,428],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays three bar charts. The top two charts show performance percentages (40-100%) across six modules for \\\"Vibrotactile\\\" and \\\"Thermal\\\" start locations, differentiating between 2, 3, and 4 stimuli. The bottom chart compares \\\"Vibrotactile\\\" and \\\"Thermal\\\" conditions across six categories (Mental Demand, Physical Demand, Temporal Demand, Performance, Effort, Frustration), with values ranging from 7 to 15.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,445,394,504],\"text\":\"Figure 9: Results of study 3: Mean Perceived Accuracy of\\nStimuli Location and Number of Stimuli for (A) Vibrotactile\\nand for (B) Thermal. (C) TLX scores of the cognitive load. Er-\\nror Bars - 95 % Confidence Interval.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,533,275,551],\"text\":\"Results and Discussion of Study 3\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,553,395,792],\"text\":\"The results are shown in Figure 9 . The direction (clockwise,\\nanti-clockwise) of the stimuli were detected correctly. Over-\\nall, the thermal haptic feedback results indicated higher ac-\\ncuracy for the perceived stimuli. We initially ran individual\\n2-way repeated measures ANOVAs on thermal and vibro-\\ntactile haptic feedback respectively. The result reported that\\nthere was no significant difference on Start Location and\\nNumber of Stimuli in both thermal and vibrotactile feedback.\\nTo gain further insight into overall performance between the\\ntwo type of feedback, we aggregated the data across Start\\nLocation and Number of Stimuli into the condition of ther-\\nmal and vibrotactile feedback. A paired t-test showed that\\nthermal feedback is more accurate (85.43 % , SD:4.25) than\\nvibrotactile feedback (73.7 % , SD:8.91) in delivering spatial\\ntemporal patterns (f(14)=4.89, p < 0.0001).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,792,395,952],\"text\":\"There were no significant differences observed in the cog-\\nnitive loads (Figure 9 (C)). However, similar to the previous\\nstudy, the participants mentioned that while some could\\nunderstand the region, identifying the exact location was\\nchallenging. Previous research has also indicated that the\\nsuitability of vibrotactile stimuli could be dependent on the\\ncontext and environment [13] . As such, we observe that in\\nthis task, with the introduced gaming distraction, the per-\\nceived location accuracy significantly decreased for vibro-\\ntactile feedback.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,315],\"text\":\"Furthermore, another reason as mentioned by the partici-\\npants due to the constant and discrete nature of the vibrotac-\\ntile stimuli as opposed to the thermal stimuli. A key observa-\\ntion by the participants was that the vibrotactile stimuli felt\\nmore \\\"discrete\\\" in nature. This is due to difference in the type\\nof stimuli. In the context of this work, for thermal haptic\\nfeedback, we used a 3 °C·s$^{-1}$ stimuli for 1 s. This would mean\\nthat the temperature would gradually change for 1s at that\\nrate. Although this gradual change is felt immediately [19] ,\\nthe participants mentioned that this change felt more con-\\ntinuous/analog in nature. In contrast, the vibrotactile stimuli\\nfelt more discrete in nature.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,338,525,355],\"text\":\"7 DISCUSSION\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,358,747,517],\"text\":\"The goal of this research was to explore the potential of\\nproviding thermal haptic feedback around the wrist and to\\nexplore its feasibility for use in wearable semi-realistic sce-\\nnarios. As such, we designed three experiments that looked\\ninto the optimal configuration of placing the thermal hap-\\ntic feedback modules around the wrist, explored the chosen\\nconfiguration in semi-realistic scenarios with comparison to\\nvibrotactile feedback and, finally, explored the potential of\\nproviding spatio-temporal feedback in comparison to vibro-\\ntactile feedback.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,517,747,868],\"text\":\"As the results indicate that, the mean perceived accuracy\\nfor thermal haptic feedback worked best with cold thermal\\nfeedback in the four (99 % ) and six modules (95 % ) placed\\nequally spaced around the wrist. These results are in con-\\ntrast to the previous work that indicated that hot stimuli\\nwas perceived better with four thermal modules around the\\nwrist [18] . Unfortunately, this work is limited in its details\\nand discussion and therefore we are unable to discuss the dif-\\nferences effectively. However, as discussed before, our results\\nare aligned with previous research that indicate that percep-\\ntion of cold thermal stimuli is better than hot stimuli [19] .\\nBased on the results from our first study, we selected the six\\nmodule configuration as it offers more room for exploration\\nwith a higher number of modules. Our next study revealed\\nthat in a semi-realistic condition such as while walking, the\\nmean perceived accuracy for thermal haptic feedback is bet-\\nter around the wrist (89 % ) than vibrotactile stimuli (78 % ).\\nThis is indicative of the feasibility of providing thermal hap-\\ntic feedback on the wrist. Finally, our third study indicated\\nthat thermal haptic feedback can be suitable for providing\\nspatio-temporal stimuli during a semi-realistic distracted task\\n(playing a game).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,868,747,948],\"text\":\"In addition, from the Study 2 and Study 3, the thermal\\nstimuli performed better compared to vibrotactile stimuli. In\\nprevious research that compares different haptic modalities\\non the wrist, Hot & Tight [45] indicated that thermal feed-\\nback was poorly recognized as opposed to vibrotactile and\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 170\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300400/results/markdown/3290605-3300400_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300401/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300401", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/results/output_json/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,36,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[90,119,724,215],\"text\":\"HaptiVec: Presenting Haptic Feedback Vectors in\\nHandheld Controllers using Embedded Tactile Pin\\nArrays\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[86,234,288,328],\"text\":\"Daniel K. Y. Chen\\n\\nState Key Laboratory of Mechanical\\nSystem and Vibration,\\nShanghai Jiao Tong University\\nShanghai, People's Republic of China\\n\\ndanielchen@sjtu.edu.cn\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[305,233,510,328],\"text\":\"Jean-Baptiste Chossat\\n\\nState Key Laboratory of Mechanical\\nSystem and Vibration,\\nShanghai Jiao Tong University,\\nShanghai, People's Republic of China\\n\\njbchossat@sjtu.edu.cn\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[526,234,728,328],\"text\":\"Peter B. Shull\\n\\nState Key Laboratory of Mechanical\\nSystem and Vibration,\\nShanghai Jiao Tong University,\\nShanghai, People's Republic of China\\n\\npshull@jstu.edu.cn\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,340,142,357],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,362,396,679],\"text\":\"HapticVec is a new haptic feedback paradigm for handheld\\ncontrollers which allows users to feel directional haptic pres-\\nsure vectors on their fingers and hands while interacting\\nwith virtual environments. We embed a 3 by 5 tactile pin ar-\\nray (with an average pin spacing of 25 mm) into the handles\\nof two custom VR type controllers. By presenting directional\\npressure vectors in eight cardinal directions (N, NE, E, SE, S,\\nSW, W, NW) to users without prior training, they were able\\nto distinguish the correct direction with an accuracy of at\\nleast 79 % . We illustrate two applications where our device\\nenhances virtual experiences over traditional vibrotactile\\nfeedback. In the first application, through the classic first-\\nperson shooter Doom, we demonstrate that users can receive\\ndirectional pressure feedback corresponding to the direction\\nof incident enemy projectiles. In the second application, we\\ndemonstrate how our controller can create a more immersive\\nexperience by allowing the user to feel their virtual climate\\nby randomizing the directional vectors and presenting the\\nuser with \\\"haptic rain\\\" which adapts with the intensity of\\nthe rainfall.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,692,172,709],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,713,395,746],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Haptic devices; User\\nstudies; Virtual reality;\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,758,149,775],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,779,348,796],\"text\":\"Haptics, Controller, Tactile Display, Virtual Reality\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,341,554,355],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,356,747,444],\"text\":\"Daniel K. Y. Chen, Jean-Baptiste Chossat, and Peter B. Shull. 2019.\\nHaptiVec: Presenting Haptic Feedback Vectors in Handheld Con-\\ntrollers using Embedded Tactile Pin Arrays. In CHI Conference on\\nHuman Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May\\n4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 11 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300401\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,469,549,486],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,490,747,807],\"text\":\"Humans have a complex somatosensory system which al-\\nlows for rich sensing and interaction with the physical world.\\nAmong the vast array of sensors which exists embedded in\\nthe human skin for sensing different stimuli such as tem-\\nperature and pain, mechanoreceptors are responsible for\\ndetecting stimuli such as pressure, skin stretch, and vibra-\\ntions [22, 47] . Haptics is the science of experiencing and creat-\\ning touch sensations [30] , and has been an area of significant\\nresearch spanning multiple disciplines from neuroscience to\\nrobotics. The ability to convey realistic three-dimensional\\nhaptic sensations using handheld devices has been a two-\\ndecade long pursuit. One field which drove much of the inno-\\nvation has been the field of medical simulators for training of\\nhands-on medical procedures and has proven to be highly ef-\\nfective in developing minimally invasive surgery skills [7, 54] .\\nUnfortunately, much of the advancements in haptic feedback\\nin commercial systems have been limited to grounded de-\\nvices like the Touch by 3D Systems (formerly known as the\\nPhantom Omn from SensAble Technologies) [1] , and thus\\nlimiting the applications in which feedback can be applied.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,808,747,952],\"text\":\"In recent years, with the explosion of commercial vir-\\ntual reality systems like the Oculus and HTC Vive, and aug-\\nmented reality systems like the HoloLens: the field of hap-\\ntics has experienced a renaissance in which researchers are\\nseeking to develop ungrounded haptic devices which can\\nrecreate realistic haptic feedback in a mobile context. Un-\\ngrounded haptic devices have several advantages over their\\nmore mature grounded counterparts, this includes being\\nmore mobile and having the potential to operate over larger\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,816,395,883],\"text\":\"Publication rights licensed to ACM. ACM acknowledges that this contribu-\\ntion was authored or co-authored by an employee, contractor or affiliate of\\na national government. As such, the Government retains a monolithic\\nownership of the author(s) and does not produce this article, or to allow others to\\ndo so, for Government purposes only.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,884,274,897],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,898,395,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,924,266,937],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,939,246,952],\"text\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300401\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 171\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/results/markdown/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300401/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300401", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/results/output_json/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,220],\"text\":\"workspaces [10] . Various commercial haptic devices have\\nrecently surfaced for VR interactions from haptic gloves like\\nthe Plexus to larger body grounded exoskeleton gloves like\\nthe HaptX; but handheld controllers have remained as the\\ndominant interface due to the convenience of not needing\\nto strap on additional accessories.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,220,394,298],\"text\":\"In the realm of handheld controller technology, very little\\nadvancements have been made, with most recent commercial\\nhandheld controllers (e.g. Sony Playstation VR, Oculus Rift,\\nand HTC Vive) still relying on the presentation of basic\\nvibrotactile stimuli.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,299,395,492],\"text\":\"In this paper, we develop a new type of controller, HapticVec,\\nwhich extends the presentation of haptic sensations in hand-\\nheld controllers by embedding a 3 x 5 tactile pin array in the\\nhandle of two custom VR type controllers allowing the user\\nto feel pressure sensations on their fingers and palms giving\\nthe ability to convey directional vectors in virtual environ-\\nments. We first give a brief overview of the related work\\nin this area, introduce the HapticVec prototype, demonstrate\\nits effectiveness in presenting directional haptic pressures\\nin the eight cardinal directions with a user study, and then\\nshow two applications which create a more immersive virtual\\nexperience.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,525,204,541],\"text\":\"2  CONTRIBUTIONS\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,545,394,579],\"text\":\"The contributions to the field of HCI from our work are as\\nfollows:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[80,605,396,944],\"text\":\"(1) HapticVec, the first VR type controller with tactile pin\\narrays embedded for giving the user local pressure\\nsensations on the fingers and hands.\\n(2) A user study illustrating that users can accurately iden-\\ntify directional pressure vectors in the eight cardinal\\ndirections (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW).\\n(3) Demonstration of the directional haptic vectors in the\\nclassic first-person shooter Doom, where users can feel\\nthe direction of the incident enemy projectiles. This\\nillustrates how users to obtain directional informa-\\ntion via tactile sensory channels while operating a VR\\ncontroller, opening up future applications of motion\\nguidance and navigation in virtual environments.\\n(4) Demonstration of users feeling their virtual climate\\nthrough the presentation of \\\"haptic rain\\\", and exam-\\nples of how the frequency of actuation can adapted\\nwith the intensity of the sound rain. This illustrates\\nhow users can receive haptic information regarding\\ntheir virtual environment, enhancing immersion in\\napplications like gaming especially for those who are\\nvisually impaired.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,123,550,139],\"text\":\"3 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,144,747,225],\"text\":\"This section reviews the main motivations and issues in the\\nfield of haptics with an emphasis on mobile, ungrounded,\\nand handheld haptic devices, we then provide an overview\\nof previous developments that have been made by other\\nresearchers in the field of HCI.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,243,592,261],\"text\":\"Haptic Feedback Modalities\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,264,747,487],\"text\":\"Haptic feedback devices can be largely classified into two\\nmain categories, kinesthetic and cutaneous devices. Kines-\\nthetic devices seek to give realistic feedback of three dimen-\\nsional forces, however, as described by Newton's third law, a\\nmechanical grounding is required for the device to transmit\\nit's reaction force. Devices based on the gyroscopic effect\\n[60, 63] and asymmetric torques [2] have also been developed\\nallowing users to feel ungrounded torques; these devices,\\ndespite being ungrounded, only give rotational sensations\\nand also require heavy and bulky flywheels rendering them\\ninappropriate for portable handheld haptic applications. Con-\\nsequently, the majority of ungrounded devices only seek to\\npresent the cutaneous sensations of pressure, skin stretch\\nand vibration which will be discussed here.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,487,747,647],\"text\":\"From the inception of mobile haptic devices, vibration feed-\\nback has been the standard due to its simplicity, small form\\nfactor, and low-cost actuators. The majority of vibration hap-\\ntic devices target the Pacinian corpusole mechanoreceptor\\nwhich has a peak sensitivity of around 250 Hz [59] . Con-\\nveniently, the fingers show the highest sensitivity towards\\nhigh frequency vibrotactile sensations which only require\\nan indentation of 0.07 μm at 200 Hz [62] . This could be, in\\npart, one of the contributing reasons vibrotactile feedback\\nhas been so pervasive in handheld haptic devices.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,647,747,821],\"text\":\"Researchers have explored the use of simple binary on\\nand off vibratory cues for different applications such as\\nmotion guidance [38] and navigation [51] . Vibratory feed-\\nback using arrays of vibration actuators taking advantage of\\nspatio-temporal illusions and patterns have been introduced\\nin wearable applications. Vibrotactile arrays have been in-\\ntegrated into wristbands [11] , belts [57, 58] , and an ankle\\nbracelet [13] . One major limitation of vibrotactile feedback\\nis that it is not inherently directional, therefore conveying\\ndirectional haptic information to the user requires the user\\nto learn cues.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,822,747,950],\"text\":\"In recent years, researchers have experimented with asym-\\nmetric vibrations to give the sensation of a directional pulling\\nstimulus using a single actuator. Culbertson et al. modeled\\nasymmetric vibrations on the fingers and suggested that the\\nperception of the directional pulling sensation was the re-\\nsult in the skin displacing in one direction more than the\\nother at specific frequencies [20] . Various devices utilizing\\nasymmetric vibrations for directional haptic feedback have\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 171\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/results/markdown/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300401/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300401", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/results/output_json/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,221],\"text\":\"been implemented resulting in high directional recognition\\naccuracy rates [3-5, 17, 21] . Despite its ability to provide a di-\\nrectional skin stretch perception, the perception is extremely\\nsensitive to actuator placement [21] . It has also been noted\\nthat continuous vibratory stimuli can be irritating [37] and\\nalso lead to desensitization [9] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,221,395,491],\"text\":\"Skin stretch, another fundamental cutaneous sensation\\nthe human skin is sensitive to has also been explored as\\na form of haptic feedback. Lateral skin stretch stimuli are\\ndetected mainly by the slow-adapting, type II mechanore-\\nceptors [40] . Feedback using skin stretch has been attractive\\nin haptic applications due to the fact that it is inherently\\ndirectionally sensitive and thus more intuitive than learning\\nvibrotactile cues [12, 26, 32, 35] . Chinello et al. developed a\\nwrist-worn skin stretch device as assessed its performance in\\nmotion guidance [15] . Guinan et al. embedded skin stretch\\nactuators for the thumbs in a gaming controller for obtaining\\ndirectional stretch cues [27] . Finger-tip skin stretch devices\\nhave also been thoroughly explored as a form of feedback\\nmodality [43, 56] . Recently, a reactive grip motion controller\\nby Tactical Haptics utilizing lateral skin stretch has surfaced\\nas one of the first commercial devices to implement a method\\nof feedback other than vibration.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,491,395,923],\"text\":\"As with skin stretch devices, a popular method of pro-\\nviding the user with pressure sensations is through the use\\nof a moving platform against the finger pad using some\\nkind of finger attachment [14, 24, 46] . The use of pin-arrays\\nhave been another avenue of presenting pressure senna-\\ntions [31, 52] . The perception of pressure is registered primar-\\nily by slow-adapting, type-I mechanoreceptors [25] . Tactile\\nspatial acuity has been suggested to be influenced by the\\ninnervation density and the receptive field size of mechanore-\\nceptors responsible for detecting the stimuli [44] . Therefore,\\nalthough the human hand is very sensitive to vibratory stim-\\nuli, the large receptive field size and lower innervation den-\\nsity of Pacinian corpuscles [35] only allow the detection of\\nstimuli down to spatial resolutions of 6 mm at the finger tips\\n[50] . Comparatively, the two point discrimination threshold\\nfor a constant pressure stimuli at the fingertip is about 1 mm\\n[55] . One major advantage pressure displays have over their\\nvirobatile counterparts is that their mechanical stimuli are\\ntypically constrained locally to within the bounds of the con-\\ntract area whereas vibration waves propagate through the\\nbody resulting in possible stimulation of unintended locale\\n[19] . The majority of tactile pin-arrays stimulate the finger\\npad by utilizing an array of electro-mechanically actuated\\npins. Kim et al. implemented pin-arrays into a glove, provid-\\ning feedback to the fingers [39] . In the field of HCI, tactile\\npin arrays have been thoroughly explored. Examples include,\\ninFORM [23] , a large table-top tactile display which actuated\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,554,746,604],\"text\":\"pins for rendering shape and objects for a variety of interac-\\ntion modes and Lumen [49], a smaller array of lower density\\nwith built in illuminated rods for UI interactions.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_006.png\",\"bbox\":[420,123,743,450],\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image shows a cylindrical device with an exploded view, a close-up side view, and a top-down internal view. It features a black sensor mounted on top, multiple purple rectangular components arranged radially inside the cylinder, and small circular holes on its exterior. Labels indicate vertical spacings of 13 mm and 26 mm on the cylinder, and a 45-degree angle between internal components.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,453,746,528],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Exploded-view of a single HaptiVec controller CAD\\nmodel (left). Side-view of our controller emphasizing the col-\\numn height offset of 13 mm (top-right). Top-view of the con-\\ntroller without the joystick $^1$ , showing the solenoid arrange-\\nment in the cardinal directions (bottom-right).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,616,698,634],\"text\":\"Handheld Controllers with Tactile Pin Arrays\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,637,747,910],\"text\":\"Despite the diverse implementations of haptic modalities\\nand devices, very few have been integrated with handheld\\ncontrollers suitable for the consumer market. Choi et al. [18]\\ndeveloped the CLAW, a gun-like VR controller which al-\\nlowed the rendering of grasping and touching interactions.\\nWhitmire et al.'s [6] Haptic Revolver used a spinning wheel\\nto render different haptic sensations on the finger. Han et\\nal. [28] developed a gaming controller with custom attach-\\nable modules for different haptic interactions. Handhelds\\nwhich altered the surface like GraspForm [29] , Animotus\\nand the Haptic Taco [53] , have also been explored in shape\\nrendering and navigation tasks respectively. Recently, re-\\nsearchers have explored integrating tactile pin arrays into\\nhandleholds to allow for haptic interactions in a wearable and\\nmobile context. Benke et al.'s [8] TextureTouch embedded a\\n4 x 4 array into a VR type controller for rendering textures\\nfor the finger pad. Similarly, Ubi-Pen [41] is a pen stylus with\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,924,745,953],\"text\":\"'joystick_CAD model downloaded from https://grabead.com/library/\\ndual-axis-xy-joystick-mobile-with-push-button-1\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 171\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/results/markdown/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300401/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300401", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/results/output_json/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,204],\"text\":\"a 3 x 3 pin array built it for texture rendering. The most simi-\\nlar to our HapticVee controller is Jang et al.'s [34] Haptic Edge\\nDisplay, where they embedded pin arrays to the right edge\\nof a custom mobile phone case for different UI and haptic\\ninteractions.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,204,394,396],\"text\":\"HapticVec introduces the concept of embedding tactile pin\\narrays into the handle of a VR type controller for rendering\\npressure vectors. Pressure sensations, although being also\\ninherently non-directional like that of vibration. By embed-\\nding tactile pins inside a VR controller, not only will users\\nfeel pressure sensations locally on different areas of their\\nhands and fingers but the pressure stimuli will be perceived\\nto project out into the cardinal directions due to the users\\nnatural gripping form around the controller allowing for\\nintuitive pressure vectors to be felt. We demonstrate applica-\\ntions where our device enhances haptic feedback in gaming\\nand virtual environments.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,406,343,423],\"text\":\"4 HAPTVEC: DESIGN OF THE PROTOTYPE\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,426,395,954],\"text\":\"The main body of the controller was 3D printed, having a\\ncylindrical shape with a diameter of 55 mm and a height of\\n100 mm. Solenoid mounts and holes were created in the sur-\\nface of the controller spanning 180° and arranged in 3 by 5\\narrangement. The tactile pins have an average separation of\\n25 mm, although a person's hands and fingers have a much\\nhigher tactile acuity, there inherently exists a trade-off be-\\ntween having a high-density tactile pin array and also being\\nable to embed the array into the handle of a VR controller\\ndue to size constraints. The proposed design was deemed\\nby the authors to be the balance between having enough\\nresolution to introduce haptic pressure vectors for different\\napplications whilst still maintaining a form factor similar to\\nthat of current VR controllers. Each column was staggered\\nin height with its adjacent neighboring column so that the\\nsolenoids mesh and fit more compactly inside the controller.\\nThe tactile pin arrays were made up of 15 solenoids in each\\ncontroller. The solenoids (DC0410, Yong Ci Neng Co.) with\\ndimensions 9.9 mm × 9.9 mm × 25.1 mm and a small cylin-\\ndrical pin contact (1.5 mm in diameter), had a stroke length\\nof 3.5 mm when actuated. Each solenoid drew approximately\\n0.57 A of current when supplied with 6 V DC. The solenoid\\nproduced a blocking force of 0.32 N as measured using an\\nATI Nano17 (SI-25-0.25) force transducer. Each pin array\\ncolumn was arranged 45 from their adjacent neighboring\\ncolumn, facing in one of cardinal directions (figure 1). An\\nanalog 2-axis thumb joystick was attached to the top of each\\ncontroller for allowing user control during gaming appli-\\ncations. An Arduino micro was used to read the state of\\nthe buttons and joystick to mimic keyboard commands [42].\\nThe tactile pin arrays from each controller was controlled\\nby a power MOSFET switching matrix, where pins can be\\nactuated by sending a logic HIGH on the corresponding row\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,633,746,697],\"text\":\"and column MOSFET gates. A computer running LabVIEW\\nwith a National Instruments USB-6343 data acquisition card\\nwas used to output the control signals to the solenoid driver.\\nFigure 2 below shows the complete system block diagram.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_007.png\",\"bbox\":[421,123,743,433],\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This block diagram illustrates a control and data acquisition system for a HaptVec Controller, which appears as two cylindrical devices. The HaptVec Controller is connected to an Arduino, then to a Computer, and subsequently to a NI USB-6343 Data Acquisition Card. The data acquisition card is linked to a MOSFET Matrix circuit diagram, which shows a grid of MOSFETs and inductors.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,448,747,612],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Complete system block diagram between the\\nHapliVec controllers and the computer. The solenoids are\\ndriven by the power MOSFET matrix. There are 3 row MOS-\\nFETs, which are responsible for grounding the solenoids in\\nthat particular row when a digital HIGH is sent to the gate.\\nThere are 10 column MOSFETs (5 for each controller), which\\nare responsible for supplying the solenoids with 6V power\\nthat particular column when a digital HIGH is sent to the\\ngate of that MOSFET. Actuation of each column of the pin\\narray occurs when all three row MOSFETs are HIGH along\\nwith the corresponding column solenoid.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,697,746,809],\"text\":\"The controllers were designed to resemble that of VR con-\\ntrollers but with tactile pin arrays embedded inside. During\\nnormal operation, the controllers were held in such a way so\\nthat the columns of each pin array on the left controller was\\nfacing in the cardinal directions: N, NE, E, SE, and S; and the\\nright controller was facing N, NW, W, SW, and S, all with\\nrespect to the user's frame of reference (figure 3 ).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,820,722,853],\"text\":\"5 USER STUDY: RECOGNITION OF THE EIGHT\\nCARDINAL DIRECTIONS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,857,746,954],\"text\":\"Using the HaptiVec controllers we developed, we sought to\\ndetermine how accurately participants could identify the\\ndirections of the pressure vectors when each column of the\\npin arrays was actuated. Our hypothesis (stemming from the\\nhigh tactile acuity of the hands) was that participants could\\nidentify the directional pressure vectors with an accuracy\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,128,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 171\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/results/markdown/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300401/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300401", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/results/output_json/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[65,117,399,339],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two identical top-down views of a circular electronic device are shown, each featuring a central metallic cross-shaped mechanism surrounded by several small, radially arranged switch components and internal wiring. Compass directions are labeled around both devices, with North, South, East, West, Northwest, Northeast, Southwest, and Southeast arrows indicating orientation, and North and South also explicitly labeled as (L) and (R) for the left and right units.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,350,393,409],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Top-down view of the HaptiVec controllers without\\nthe joystick, showing the tactile pin arrays arranged in the\\ncardinal directions during normal operation used through-\\nout this paper.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[64,424,396,595],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Three panels display a human hand gripping a white cylindrical device, showcasing transparent overlays that delineate multiple sensor arrays on its surface. Small dark dots are visible within the dashed blue outlines of these sensor regions, with labels like 'SR', 'SE', 'E', 'NE', and 'NR' appearing below some of them. The progression across the panels shows the hand applying an increasing grip force to the device.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,605,393,651],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Hand placement on the HaptiVec controller during\\nthe experiment. Only the right-hand and their respective di-\\nrections are shown.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,679,394,744],\"text\":\"significantly greater than random chance of 20%. Ten healthy \\nparticipants were recruited for this study (7 males and 3 \\nfemales, 23-37 years of age). Only 2 participants had previous \\nexperience with our HapticVec controller.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,756,198,775],\"text\":\"Experimental Set-Up\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,777,394,905],\"text\":\"Participants were seated at a table at about chest height\\nand given the two HaptiVec controllers (one for each hand).\\nParticipants were instructed to hold the controllers so that\\nthe tactile pins (which were visible to them initially), corre-\\nsponded to the cardinal directions (figure 4 ). A diagram was\\nplaced in front of the participant for the whole duration of\\nthe experiment showing the different directions that they\\nwould need to identify (figure 5 ).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,905,394,952],\"text\":\"A C# program acting both as a TCP client and as a graph-\\nical user interface was developed. This program sent com-\\nmands to the LabVIEW TCP server which in turn switched\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,759,746,792],\"text\":\"the columns of the tactile pin arrays in that particular direc- \\ntion on or off.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[419,117,751,664],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A person wearing headphones is shown interacting with a display and a control device. The screen displays two circles, each surrounded by directional labels like NW, NL, NE, E, SE, SR, SL, SW, and W. The person's hands are visible holding a controller underneath a table.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,673,746,733],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Experimental setup of the user study showing the\\ndiagram of the 10 pressure vector directions (top), and the\\nhand placement under the table during the experiment (bot-\\ntom).\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,804,487,821],\"text\":\"Procedure\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,826,747,953],\"text\":\"In order for us to determine what the accuracy is for a single\\ndirectional pressure vector, we separated the two North and\\nSouth stimuli from both controllers as individual stimuli re-\\nsulting in 10 different stimuli. The different stimuli that were\\npresented in this study were: NL (North for left controller),\\nNW, W, SW, SL (South for left controller), SR (South for right\\ncontroller), SE, E, NE, NR (North for right controller). The\\nparticipants were not given specific directions as to how to\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 171\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/results/markdown/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300401/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300401", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/results/output_json/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,491],\"text\":\"hold the controllers apart from that each of the 5 columns\\nof the pins needed to be able to come in contact with their\\nhands when actuated. The participants were given approxi-\\nmately 1 - 2 minutes to adjust their grip accordingly, while\\nsimultaneously experiencing what each of the vectors felt\\nlike with each column of the pin array randomly actuated.\\nAfter the short trial session, participants placed their hands\\nunder the table so that the controller was completely out\\nof sight. Participants also wore headphones which played\\nwhite noise to block out any noises that would be made by\\nthe pins. A pseudo-random list of the 10 different stimuli was\\ncreated for each participant, with 10 trials for each stimulus\\n(100 stimuli presented in total). For each trial, a 1 second\\nstimulus was given where all the pins from that particular\\ncolumn was actuated. The participants were allowed an addi-\\ntional cue if they couldn't feel the first stimulus. Participants\\nverbalized their response, which was recorded by the person\\nadministering the experiment. There was a 3 - 5 second delay\\nbetween each presentation of the stimuli depending on how\\nlong it took the participant to respond and for the operator to\\nrecord the result. The entire experiment for each participant\\ntook between 5 - 10 minutes, and was completed in a single\\nsession.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,509,116,525],\"text\":\"Results\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,528,394,641],\"text\":\"A confusion matrix was generated for each participant, show-\\ning their responses for each stimulus resulting in a final accu-\\nracy percentage for each direction (figure 6 ). The percentages\\nfor each direction was averaged across all the participants\\nas shown in table 1 . From the results, we observe that partic-\\nipants could recognize directions with an average accuracy\\nof at least 79 % .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_005.png\",\"bbox\":[70,676,393,875],\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This bar chart displays Percentage Accuracy (%) on the y-axis against various \\\"Direction Presented\\\" categories on the x-axis. Each bar represents an accuracy percentage, generally ranging from approximately 78% to 94%, and includes associated error bars.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,886,393,945],\"text\":\"Figure 6: Height of the bars showing the percentage accu-\\nracy of each direction when averaged across all participants.\\nError bars represent the standard deviation between the par-\\nticipants for that direction.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[423,121,744,276],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\"></td><td colspan=\\\"13\\\">Truth</td></tr><tr><td>NL</td><td>NW</td><td>W</td><td>SW</td><td>SL</td><td>SR</td><td>SE</td><td>E</td><td>NE</td><td>NR</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"9\\\">Use Response</td><td>NL</td><td>89</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NW</td><td>11</td><td>87</td><td>7</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>W</td><td>0</td><td>10</td><td>82</td><td>4</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SW</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>11</td><td>90</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SL</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>6</td><td>94</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SR</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>92</td><td>18</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SE</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>75</td><td>73</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>E</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>7</td><td>81</td><td>10</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NE</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>11</td><td>89</td><td>10</td><td>0</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NR</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>89</td><td>0</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Accuracy</td><td>89%</td><td>87%</td><td>82%</td><td>90%</td><td>94%</td><td>92%</td><td>79%</td><td>81%</td><td>89%</td><td>89%</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a 10x10 confusion matrix displaying classification results, with \\\"User Response\\\" categories (NL, NW, W, SW, SL, SR, SE, E, NE, NR) on the y-axis and \\\"Truth\\\" categories on the x-axis. Each cell contains a numerical count, with higher values along the main diagonal indicating correct classifications. A row of accuracy percentages for each \\\"Truth\\\" category is listed at the bottom.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_5_tab_7.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,277,746,357],\"text\":\"Table 1: Confusion matrix showing the pooled result\\nof all participants. Dark grey cells show the number\\nof correctly identified stimuli (out of 100). Light grey\\ncells show the number of incorrectly identified stim-\\nuli for that particular stimulus.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[490,392,680,572],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Directions</td><td>Z-Score</td><td>P-value</td></tr><tr><td>NL</td><td>-2.807</td><td>0.002498</td></tr><tr><td>NW</td><td>-2.817</td><td>0.002425</td></tr><tr><td>W</td><td>-2.772</td><td>0.002786</td></tr><tr><td>SW</td><td>-2.825</td><td>0.002367</td></tr><tr><td>SL</td><td>-2.821</td><td>0.002396</td></tr><tr><td>SR</td><td>-2.858</td><td>0.002132</td></tr><tr><td>SE</td><td>-2.789</td><td>0.002647</td></tr><tr><td>E</td><td>-2.774</td><td>0.002770</td></tr><tr><td>NE</td><td>-2.796</td><td>0.002587</td></tr><tr><td>NR</td><td>-2.817</td><td>0.002425</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table presents Z-Scores and P-values associated with different directions. The directions are listed in the first column, while the second and third columns show their corresponding negative Z-Scores and small positive P-values, respectively.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_5_tab_9.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[422,572,745,602],\"text\":\"Table 2: Results of the on sample Wilcoxon sign rank\\ntest (one-tailed) for each direction.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,650,747,776],\"text\":\"A single sample one tailed Wilcoxon sign rank test was\\nperformed on each of the ten directions with the $H_0 = the$\\nmedian percentage is not greater than random chance of\\n20 % (under the assumption that a participant would never\\nmistake a stimulus on one hand for another). The Wilcoxon\\nsign rank test (table 2 ) showed that participants identified\\neach direction with a median accuracy significantly above\\nchance (p < 0.05).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,776,746,953],\"text\":\"A Friedman's test was performed with the $H_0 = 0$ the median\\npercentage accuracy is not significantly different between\\nthe cardinal directions. The result ( $\\\\chi^2(9) = 6.297, p = 0.710$ )\\nshowed that there wasn't a statistically significant difference\\nbetween the cardinal directions ( $p > 0.05$ ). Eight of the ten\\nparticipants were tested to be right-handed using the Ed-\\ninburgh Handedness Inventory [45] . In order to determine\\nwhether or not the accuracy was dependent on the hand-\\nedness of the user, a Friedman's test was performed with\\nonly the right-handed participants. The $H_0 = 0$ the median\\npercentage accuracy is not significantly different between\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 171\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/results/markdown/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300401/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300401", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/results/output_json/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[64,118,743,395],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A woman plays the video game Doom on a large screen, using a white cylindrical controller held with both hands. Beside her, a hand holds a small, round, white device with internal components, from which a red arrow points upwards.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,402,746,434],\"text\":\"Figure 7: Integration of our HapiVec controllers in the classic game, Doom (left), where users felt a pressure vector corre-\\nsponding with the direction they were shot from.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,456,395,535],\"text\":\"the cardinal directions for users who are right-handed. The\\nresult ( $\\\\chi^2(9)=6.055$ , $p=0.734$ ) showed that there was no\\nstatistically significant difference between the accuracy of\\nthe cardinal directions ( $p>0.05$ ) with just the right-handed\\nparticipants.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,549,341,580],\"text\":\"6 APPLICATION 1: DIRECTIONAL HAPTIC\\nVECTORS IN DOOM\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,586,395,792],\"text\":\"We demonstrate how our device can be used to create a more\\nimmersive experience in virtual environments like games. Us-\\ning an open source version of Doom (Chocolate Doom 2 [16] ),\\nwe show how developers can utilize our device to improve\\nthe gaming experience by giving directional pressure vectors\\nshowing the player the whereabouts the incident projectile\\nthat they are being hit with is coming from. Despite the ad-\\nvances in visual and auditory aspects of gaming we have\\nseen in the last decade, haptic feedback in commercial sys-\\ntems still only give a binary vibration feedback through the\\ncontroller when the player is hit with a projectile with no\\nway of indicating the direction is it coming from. We feel our\\nimplementation allows the experience to be more realistic.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,793,395,905],\"text\":\"We modified the source code of Doom and integrated it\\nwith a TCP client for sending directional commands to the\\nsame LabVIEW TCP server used in the user study. When\\nthe player was hit with a projectile by an enemy in the\\ngame, the direction closest to the angle with which the player\\nwas hit (with respect to the player's coordinate frame) was\\noutput from the client to the server. The user was able to\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,456,747,503],\"text\":\"control the movement of the player avatar via the joystick\\nand experience the haptic pressure vectors every time they\\nwere shot (Figure 7 ).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,504,748,712],\"text\":\"After having a few users navigate Doom using HaptVec\\ncontrollers, we asked them for remarks and comments about\\ntheir experiences. The participants' comments were extremely\\ninsightful with all users stating how useful it was to have\\ndirectional information given through haptic feedback. One\\nparticipant commented that \\\"most games nowadays show di-\\nrectional information visually; some companies even develop\\nrealistic directional surround sound, but having directional\\ninformation through your controller via haptic feedback ex-\\ntends that level of realism even further.\\\" Another participant\\nnoted that he was looking forward to \\\"playing first person\\nshooter games, and seeing how having directional haptic\\nfeedback would benefit a player's performance.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,724,685,757],\"text\":\"7 APPLICATION 2: IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL\\nENvironments: HAPTIC RAIN\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,760,748,888],\"text\":\"The second application we set up to show HaptiVec con-\\ntrollers enhancing the experience in virtual environments\\nwas by writing a LabVIEW program which actuated the\\npins on the controller randomly to mimic the sensations one\\nwould feel when walking in a rainy climate. The frequency\\nat which HaptiVec was randomly actuated was synchronized\\nto the volume of the sound of the rainfall playing in the\\nbackground.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,889,747,953],\"text\":\"We gave numerous users the opportunity to experience\\nthis by allowing them to hold the controllers while viewing\\ndifferent videos showing rainy climates and also navigating\\nin rainy environments in commercial video games (Figure 8 ).\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,924,395,952],\"text\":\"1The open source port of Doom (Chocolate Doom) along with the shareware\\nIWAD file was owned by id Software and used under the GNU Public License.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 171\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/results/markdown/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300401/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300401", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/results/output_json/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[63,109,751,393],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A person wearing headphones plays a video game on a large screen, holding two spray-can shaped controllers. The game displays a rainy city street scene with cars and characters. To the right, a hand holds a small, circular haptic device with internal components and red arrows indicating outward force directions.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,400,746,445],\"text\":\"Figure 8: User being immersed in their rainy environment ( Ubisoft's Watch Dogs 3 ) through the presentation of `haptic rain'\\nvia our controllers. Tactile pins were randomly actuated with the rate of actuation proportional to the audio volume of the\\nrainfall.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,467,395,627],\"text\":\"and asked them for their comments regarding their experi-\\nence. Although our HapticVec controllers weren't particularly\\ndense in terms of the number of pins it contained, users\\nthroughly enjoyed being able to feel what felt like raindrops\\non their hands especially while navigating a commercial\\nvideo game. Multiple users made similar comments like \\\"It\\nreally does feel like raindrops\\\" and \\\"wow, it's really imper-\\nive.\\\" One participant noted how he was looking forward to\\nthe future of gaming, \\\"being able to feel different environ-\\nments through his handheld controller\\\".\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,638,172,654],\"text\":\"8 DISCUSSION\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,658,395,915],\"text\":\"The user study reinforced the hypothesis that our HaptiVec\\ncontrollers were capable of rendering pressure vectors that\\nusers could identify with good general accuracy in the eight\\ncardinal directions with minimal prior exposure and train-\\ning. A few of the participants found difficulties in accurately\\nidentifying vectors from certain directions, this however was\\ndifferent for every participant. There are a few factors which\\nwe think contribute to this perceptual error. Firstly, we inten-\\ntionally didn't give detailed instructions to the participants as\\nto how to grip the controllers due to the fact that in realistic\\nscenarios using handheld controllers, users would typically\\nnot be given placement instructions. The way that their hand\\nwas placed in relation to the controller therefore could have\\ncaused the pins to present varying amounts of pressure in-\\ndentations on different areas of the hand. A few comments\\nwe received from participants of the study afterwards were\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,467,747,898],\"text\":\"that they felt like their hands weren't able to distribute their\\nhands evenly on the surface of the controller for every pin\\nto come in contact with their hands, partly due to their hand\\nsize relative to the size of the controller. Participants also\\nnoted that they sometimes found it hard to maintain the\\nsame grip for the entire duration of the experiment. It is\\ninteresting to note that the majority of errors in direction\\nidentification were due to the participant mistaking a certain\\ncardinal direction with its adjacent neighbor. Participants\\nalso mentioned that they had to really concentrate on the\\ntask for the entire duration, cognitive fatigue could have\\nalso been a contributing factor to identification errors as\\nwell. Although the entire session for each participant never\\nexceeded 10 minutes, splitting the experiment into multiple\\nshorter sessions with breaks in between could have been mini-\\nmized any fatigue and also allowed the user to reorient their\\ngrip and hand placement back to the original starting posi-\\ntions. In this study, only one of the North or South pin array\\ncolumns were actuated, intuitively it would seem actuating\\nboth North (NL and NR) and South (SL and SR) vectors for\\nthose directions respectively would make those directions\\neven clearer; reducing if not completely eliminating any\\nmisperceived directions with their adjacent directions. Our\\nstatistical analysis comparing the accuracy rates between\\neach direction yielded no statistically significant difference\\neven when we only retained users that were right-handed\\nin our analysis.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,899,746,930],\"text\":\"Previous devices for conveying directional information\\nin the eight cardinal directions included a handheld haptic\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,924,394,953],\"text\":\"The screen capture shown in figure 8 is from Ubisoft's Watch Dog, used\\nunder their video policy https://www.ubisoft.com/en-us/videopolicy.html\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 171\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300401/results/markdown/3290605-3300401_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300403/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300403", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/results/output_json/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,744,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[77,118,736,213],\"text\":\"Evaluating the Combination of Visual\\nCommunication Cues for HMD-based Mixed Reality\\nRemote Collaboration\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[105,227,271,291],\"text\":\"Seungwon Kim\\n\\nUniversity of South Australia\\n\\nAdelaide, Australia\\n\\nSeungwon.Kim@unisa.edu.au\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[324,227,488,288],\"text\":\"Gun Lee\\n\\nUniversity of South Australia\\n\\nAdelaide, Australia\\n\\nGun.Lee@unisa.edu.au\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[525,227,727,288],\"text\":\"Weidong Huang\\n\\nSwinburne University of Technology\\n\\nMelbourne, Australia\\n\\nweidonghuang@swu.edu.au\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[123,304,252,369],\"text\":\"Hayun Kim\\nKAIST\\n\\nDaejeon, Korea\\n\\nhayunkim@kaist.ac.kr\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[354,304,459,364],\"text\":\"Woontack Woo\\n\\nKAIST\\n\\nDaejeon, Korea\\nwoooo@kaist.ac.kr\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[539,304,716,365],\"text\":\"Mark Billinghurst*\\nUniversity of South Australia\\nAdelaide, Australia\\nMark Billinghurst@unisa.edu.au\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[66,387,748,609],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A remote expert, wearing an HMD and hand tracker, provides instructions to a local worker using a system that overlays augmented reality visual cues. These cues include an animated hand, sketches, and pointers, which the local worker sees through a see-through HMD while manipulating physical objects.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,619,745,649],\"text\":\"Figure 1: A study setup for remote collaboration between a remote expert (Ia) and a local worker (If) using four combinations\\nof visual cues: hand only (Ib), hand + sketch (Ic), hand + pointer (Ed), and hand + sketch + pointer (Fe).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,656,140,671],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,676,395,740],\"text\":\"Many researches have studied various visual communica-\\ntion cues (e.g. pointer, sketching, and hand gesture) in Mixed\\nReality remote collaboration systems for real-world tasks.\\nHowever, the effect of combining them has not been so well\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,656,747,863],\"text\":\"explored. We studied the effect of these cues in four com-\\nbinations: hand only, hand + pointer, hand + sketch, and\\nhand + pointer + sketch, with three problem tasks: Lego,\\nTangram, and Origami. The study results showed that the\\nparticipants completed the task significantly faster and felt\\na significantly higher level of usability when the sketch cue\\nis added to the hand gesture cue, but not with adding the\\npointer cue. Participants also preferred the combinations\\nincluding hand and sketch cues over the other combinations.\\nHowever, using additional cues (pointer or sketch) increased\\nthe perceived mental effort and did not improve the feeling\\nof co-presence. We discuss the implications of these results\\nand future research directions.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,900,524,917],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[421,921,745,954],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Collaborative interac-\\ntion; Mixed / augmented reality: User studies.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,752,174,766],\"text\":\"*Corresponding Author\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,778,395,884],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,886,273,898],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,900,393,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,926,265,953],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4603-5970-2/19-05...$150.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3200605.3300403\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 173\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/results/markdown/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300403/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300403", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/results/output_json/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,124,149,139],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,144,394,176],\"text\":\"Remote collaboration, Visual communication cue, Mixed\\nReality, Co-presence, Usability\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,184,202,199],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[69,200,395,301],\"text\":\"Seungwon Kim, Gun Lee, Weidong Huang, Hayun Kim, Woonback\\nWoo, and Mark Billinghurst. 2019. Evaluating the Combination of\\nVisual Communication Cues for HMD-based Mixed Reality Remote\\nCollaboration. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing\\nSystems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland\\nUK . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/\\n3296005.3300403\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,321,197,338],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,342,394,470],\"text\":\"Compared to co-located collaboration, remote collaboration\\nis more difficult as collaborators are not in the same place\\n[18] . Technology for remote collaboration has been studied\\nfor decades to reduce this difficulty [15] by improving user\\ninterfaces for better sharing the local task space [45] and\\nsupporting better communication between collaborators [10] .\\nIn this paper, we mainly focus on the user interface for better\\ncommunication between collaborators.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,471,394,660],\"text\":\"In a typical remote collaboration study with a real-world\\nphysical task (e.g. fixing a car or making a Lego model),\\nthere are two main participants: a local user in the task\\nspace and a remote collaborator [10, 26–28] . While the local\\nuser directly performs activities in the local task space, the\\nremote collaborator could use technology (such as video\\nconferencing) to see a view of the task space and use visual\\ncues to aid communication. Typical visual communica-\\ncues are pointers [29, 35, 42] , sketches [12, 13, 26–28] , and\\nhands [1, 20, 32, 44] , and many researchers have explored\\nthe effect of these cues individually in remote collaboration\\nstudies.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,661,394,820],\"text\":\"However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no previ-\\nous study investigating the effect of combining the common\\nvisual cues (i.e. pointer, sketching and hand gestures) to-\\ngether in Mixed Reality (MR) remote collaboration. In this\\npaper, we explore and compare four different combinations:\\n1) hand only, 2) hand + pointer, 3) hand + sketch, and 4) hand\\n+ pointer + sketch - a 2 x 2 factorial design study where the\\nhand gesture cue is the baseline condition with two inde-\\npendent variables (Pointer and Sketch) with each variable\\nhaving two levels (On or Off).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[82,820,384,837],\"text\":\"This research makes the following novel contributions:\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[81,840,396,954],\"text\":\"(1) Design and implementation of a prototype MR system\\nsupporting both local and remote collaborators wear-\\ning a head mounted display (HMD) and using combi-\\nnation of visual cues including the pointer, sketch, and\\nvirtual hand.\\n(2) Comparing four combinations of the typical visual\\ncommunication cues (virtual pointer, sketch, and hand\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[433,125,748,205],\"text\":\"representation) with three physical tasks (Lego blocks,\\nTangram puzzle, and Origami) in MR remote collabo-\\nration.\\n(3) Measuring the effect of the combinations of visual cues\\non the co-presence and required mental effort\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,215,550,232],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,236,746,298],\"text\":\"Many researchers have investigated the use of visual com-\\nmunication cues in remote collaboration on spatial tasks. In\\nthis section, we describe previous studies according to the\\ntype of visual cues (painter, sketch, and hand gesture) used.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,299,747,538],\"text\":\"The Pointer Cue Using a pointer is a quick and precise\\nway to indicate an object of interest. For example, Gesture-\\nCam [35] used a pointer in a desktop remote collaboration\\nsetup. It allowed a remote user to control a laser pointer in\\nthe local task space, so the local user knew which object the\\nremote user was referring to. Sakata et al. [42] put the laser\\npointer and camera on the local user's shoulder, so the re-\\nmote user could have an independent view of the task space\\nand point with the laser pointer. Fussell et al. [10] overlaid a\\nvirtual pointer on a shared live video with a desktop mon-\\nitor, and Kim et al. extended it with a tablet interface [29] .\\nLater, Kim et al. [27] compared the pointer and sketch cues\\nand found that the pointer was more precise and quicker to\\nprovide a simple pointing information for positioning and\\nselecting objects.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,538,747,807],\"text\":\"Prior work showed using a pointer can increase users'\\nco-presence by encouraging a remote user to be active in\\ncollaboration [27] . Moreover, pointer cues also have been\\nused for displaying collaborators' gaze in the shared task\\nspace, so the other user could know where the collaborator\\nwas looking at and increase the level of co-presence. Gupta\\net al. [16] developed a system sharing the local user's gaze\\npointer and remote user's mouse pointer and found both\\npointer cues increased participants' feeling of co-presence.\\nHiguchi et al. [19] compared using hand gestures alone and\\nhand gesture + remote user's gaze pointer together and found\\nthat adding the gaze pointer helped participants to better\\nunderstand each other. Lee et al. [39] investigated the effect\\nof sharing both local and remote users' gaze pointers and\\nfound that the gaze pointer increased both users'ÂŽ feeling\\nof co-presence and the level of awareness of where the users\\nwere looking at.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,808,746,954],\"text\":\"The Sketch Cue Sketch cues have been shown to be ef-\\nfective for presenting spatial information for manipulating\\nobjects [25] . Fussell et al. [10] and Kim et al. [29, 30] com-\\npared pointer and sketch cues and found that participants\\ncompleted tasks quicker using the sketch cue than with the\\npointer cue. One important feature of the sketch cue is perma-\\nnence, with the sketches remaining where they were drawn\\n[25, 27] showing lines or object shapes, while information\\nfrom the pointer cue is ephemeral.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 173\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/results/markdown/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300403/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300403", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/results/output_json/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,266],\"text\":\"Early systems often had a fixed camera view to avoid\\nsketches losing the reference frame (e.g. if the view changes,\\na sketch of an arrow may no longer point at the same object).\\nFor example, Tang et al. [47] developed `Videodraw' sharing\\na task space with a top-down fixed camera and projecting\\nit on the other end. Ishii et al. [22] developed `ClearBoard'\\nsharing a synchronized screen view with sketches. Fussell\\net al. [10] used a fixed camera on a tripod with sketches\\noverlaid on the video.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,267,398,411],\"text\":\"Using Augmented Reality (AR) tracking techniques, sketch\\ncan remain where they are drawn, even when the view\\nchanges. For example, Kato and Billinghurst [24] stabilized\\nthe user sketches with marker-based tracking that deter-\\nmined the real-world position of the remotely added sketches.\\nFakoufar et al. [6] used marker-based tracking with a tablet,\\nwhile Kim et al. [25, 27, 28] and Gauglitz et al. [13] employed\\nSLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) tracking to\\nstabilize and fix the user sketches to the real-world space.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,411,394,523],\"text\":\"In previous studies, there were two interesting results\\nabout sketch cues. First, participants preferred sketches to be\\nautomatically erased after a while when it is drawn because\\nold sketches cluttered the view of the scene as they became\\nno longer relevant [10, 29] . Second, the sketch cue increased\\nthe feeling of co-presence between local and remote users\\nas it clearly showed remote user's explanation [27] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,523,394,746],\"text\":\"The Hand Gesture Cue Hand gestures can express di-\\nverse information [31] such as pointing, shapes, and even\\nsocial cues such as appreciation (e.g. thumbs up) [14, 31]\\nand emotion (e.g. making a heart shape with the hand ges-\\nture) [8] . Goldin-meadow [14] mentioned that hand gestures\\nare often used with speech to provide spatial information\\nsuch as pointing at an object or guiding listeners to focus\\non a specific area or an object. Researchers found that using\\nhand gesture cues in remote collaboration helped to com-\\nplete the task faster than without it [32, 33] as it supported\\neasy explanation of object manipulation with pointing and\\nhand shapes, and by showing the required hand movement.\\nThe hand gesture cue also increases the users' co-presence\\n[21, 32, 34] as it showed the other user's hand motions.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,746,394,873],\"text\":\"Tasks Visual communication cues may have different ef-\\nfects according to the task [25–27] . Prior user studies with\\nmultiple tasks [6, 19] showed different effects of using visual\\ncommunication cues. For example, for Origami task which\\nrequires 2D information on how to fold a paper, a sketch cue\\nwas a good way to show a folding line [6] . However, it was\\ndifficult to use sketches to describe how to insert an object\\nat a certain depth in a car repair task [48] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,873,394,955],\"text\":\"The most relevant work is Chen's study [4] which com-\\npared a combination of hand gestures and sketch cues to a\\nvideo only condition (no additional visual cues) and Higuchi's\\nstudy [19] that compared a hand gesture condition to a hand\\ngesture + gaze pointer condition. However, there are several\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,331],\"text\":\"differences between their studies and ours. First, we investi-\\ngate the combinations of three typical visual communication\\ncues while they explored the effect of combining two visual\\ncues. Second, in Chen's system [4] , the hand capture area\\nand display monitor were not in line with the remote user's\\nperspective, while they are in our system. Third, Higuchi\\net al. used a desktop monitor for remote user's display and\\nstudied a user gaze pointer, but we use a HMD and a hand\\npointer. Most recently, Teo et al. [48] used the three cues\\nin a live 360 video-based MR remote collaboration system.\\nHowever, their study did not compare the sketch and pointer\\ncues in different combinations, and also did not look into\\nsocial aspects, such as co-presence.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,331,746,427],\"text\":\"Overall, the three visual communication cues have differ-\\nent strengths in sharing spatial information and all three cues\\nhave been shown to improve the user's feeling of co-presence.\\nHowever, no prior work further investigated different combi-\\nnations of these cues. Based on the findings from prior work,\\nwe suggest the following five hypotheses:\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[440,443,747,621],\"text\":\"• H1 Using more visual communication cues in combi-\\nnation results in faster task completion time.\\n• H2 Using more visual communication cues in combi-\\nnation results in better usability.\\n• H3 Having more visual communication cues in combi-\\nnation leads users to have higher feeling of co-presence.\\n• H4 Using more visual communication cues in combina-\\ntion reduces the mental effort for remote collaboration.\\n• H5 The effect of using the combinations of three visual\\ncommunication cues (hand, sketch, and pointer) would\\nshow different trends according to the type of task.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,636,747,861],\"text\":\"Apart from the visual cues, several researchers have also\\nstudied providing an independent view to the remote user\\n[9, 11, 13, 21, 23, 26, 38, 41, 46] and different types of hand\\ngesture cues (virtual hand, 2D hands, and 3D hands) [21, 33] .\\nMoreover, Kim et al. [26] compared two collaboration styles:\\nmutual and remote expert collaborations. In a mutual col-\\nlaboration, both the local and remote users do not have a\\nsolution for the task, so they need to discuss ideas together to\\nfind a solution [26–28, 39] . In a remote expert collaboration,\\na remote expert has the solution for the task and provides\\ninstruction to the local worker [10, 13, 20, 21] . In this pa-\\nper, our system uses dependent view configuration which is\\nknown for its benefit of shared focus in remote expert style\\nof collaboration.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,886,551,902],\"text\":\"3 METHODOLOGY\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,905,747,954],\"text\":\"To investigate the use of combinations of visual communica-\\ntion cues, we developed a prototype MR remote collaboration\\nsystem and conducted a user study with four combinations\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 173\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/results/markdown/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300403/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300403", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/results/output_json/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,172],\"text\":\"of visual communications cues used for three types of physi-\\ncal task in remote expert collaboration. In this section, we\\ndescribe the prototype system and the user study design.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,185,179,204],\"text\":\"Prototype System\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,207,395,445],\"text\":\"Devices. The prototype system setup includes two sides:\\na local worker side and a remote expert side (see Figure\\n1 ). Each side has a computer and they are connected to a\\nlocal area network with Ethernet cable. The local worker\\nuses a Meta2 [40] AR HMD connected to a PC (Intel Core\\ni7-7700K 4.2GHz quad core CPU, 16 GB RAM, and NVIDIA\\nGeForce GTX 1070 graphics card) (See Figure 1 e). Meta2 is\\nan optical see-through display with 90-degree field of view\\n(FOV) and supports 2550 x 1440 resolution at 60 frames per\\nsecond (fps). Meta2 supports SLAM visual tracking, so it can\\ndisplay virtual objects fixed at a position in the real-world\\neven when the user is moving [27] . It also supports mesh\\nreconstruction of the real-world, so a user can place virtual\\nobjects on the surface of it with the help of the ray casting\\nmethod.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,445,395,556],\"text\":\"The remote expert wears a FOVE Virtual Reality (VR)\\nHMD [7] with a Leap Motion hand tracker [37] attached to\\nthe front (See Figure 1 a). Both of the devices are connected\\nto another PC with the same specification as the one on the\\nlocal worker side. The FOVE display has a 100-degree FOV\\nwith a resolution of 2560 x 1440 at 70 fps. The Leap Motion\\ntracks hand at 0.7 mm accuracy [49] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,556,394,653],\"text\":\"User Interface. We implemented the software for AR and\\nVR user interfaces with the Unity game engine (v2017.3.0f).\\nThe local worker shares live video of his/her task environ-\\nment including hand activities (i.e. hand gesture and object\\nmanipulation), while the remote expert can watch the shared\\nlived video and share back the following visual cues:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[87,657,396,819],\"text\":\"• Virtual Hands: The remote expert's hand gestures in\\nfront of the FOVE is captured with the Leap Motion\\nsensor then shared with the local worker by displaying\\nvirtual hands overlaid into the shared live video.\\n• Pointer: The remote expert can place a virtual pointer\\nin the real-world by making a pointing gesture (see\\nFigure 2a )\\n• Sketch: The remote expert can sketch in the real-\\nworld with a sketching gesture, lifting the thumb while\\npointing (see Figure 2b ).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[68,842,391,921],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays two examples of hand-based interaction cues: \\\"Pointer Cue\\\" and \\\"Sketch Cue.\\\" For each cue, a photo of a hand making a specific gesture (index finger pointing or two fingers extended) is shown next to a processed image. In the processed images, the hand is highlighted in red, and a green line with a blue shape (a dot for the pointer cue, a small triangle for the sketch cue) extends from the fingertip towards a background patterned with black geometric shapes.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,932,391,950],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Finger pose to place a pointer (2a) and sketch (2b)\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,205],\"text\":\"Since our study focuses on the visual communication cue,\\nwe did not implement independent view for the remote user.\\nThe remote expert is provided with the same view as the\\nlocal worker, and this is commonly used in prior works [6,\\n16, 27, 28, 30, 39] for remote expert style collaboration.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,205,747,426],\"text\":\"The Leap Motion captures real time hand gesture with\\nan infrared camera and the video frame if it is copied and\\ntransferred to the local worker side. The transferred hand\\nframe is used to represent remote expert's hand gesture as\\na live animated 3D virtual hands and the Meta2 shows it\\nin the real-world scene (see Figure 1 ). The AR scene is not\\nonly displayed on the Meta2 for the local worker but also\\ncaptured and transferred back to the remote expert side and\\ndisplayed in FOVE, so that the remote expert sees the same\\nlive video view of what the local worker sees including the\\nvirtual hands. The live video feed is updated in real time at\\nabout 20 fps in 1280 x 720 resolution. The 3D virtual hands\\nare drawn semi-transparent to prevent them from occluding\\nthe task space.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,426,747,666],\"text\":\"Implementing the system in this way (i.e. sharing the\\ncomposed AR video) has a benefit of not needing to syn-\\nchronize all the data shared between the local and remote\\nusers as the shared live video already includes the virtual\\ncues. On the other hand, if the virtual cues (including the\\nvirtual hands) are rendered and overlaid into the real-world\\nscene on each side of the system, further calibration is nec-\\nessary to synchronize the position and size of virtual cues\\nappearing correctly in the real-world scene. Moreover, we\\nnote that the implementation is practical as the two sides\\nare connected only through a local area network rather than\\nconnecting a remote expert's device to the local worker's PC\\n(e.g. in our system, the Leap Motion capturing the remote\\nexpert's hands is connected to remote expert's PC, not to the\\nlocal worker's PC).\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,666,747,778],\"text\":\"In addition to sharing hand gestures, the remote expert can\\nalso use the pointer and/or sketch cues. To make it easy to\\ntransition from using the hand gestures to using the pointer\\nor sketch cues, we used common hand gestures (see Figure\\n2 ). To use the pointer, users can simply point with an index\\nfinger, and to sketch, users simply have to lift their thumb\\nwhile pointing.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,778,747,954],\"text\":\"While the virtual hands are visualized in the air and posi-\\ntioned relatively to the HMD, the pointers and sketches are\\nprojected onto the reconstructed surface of the real-world.\\nTo implement this, our system tracks the index fingertip\\nand uses a ray casting method. The system casts a ray start-\\ning from the Meta2's 'Composite Camera' position towards\\nthe index fingertip (based on the transferred hand tracking\\nframe from the Leap Motion on the FOVE HMD connected\\nthe remote expert's PC) to find the collision point with the\\nreconstructed surface. The collision point is used for both po-\\nsitioning the pointer and drawing a sketch. With the SLAM\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 173\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/results/markdown/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300403/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300403", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/results/output_json/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,267],\"text\":\"visual tracking on Meta2, the sketch is shown in a world sta-\\nbilized manner as in prior work [13, 27, 28] . We used a virtual\\nsphere to visualize the pointer and implemented the sketch\\nfunction based on the Leap Motion's `PinchDrawDemo' [36]\\nsample code. Based on prior work [10, 27, 29] , we made the\\nsketches to disappear after one second from when it was\\ndrawn. To show the linkage between the index fingertip and\\nthe visual cues (pointer and sketches), we visualized a ray in\\nsemi-transparent green color (see Figure 1c and 1d ).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,268,394,364],\"text\":\"To implement the real-world surface reconstruction, we\\nused the reconstruction example from the Meta2 Unity pack-\\nage and integrated it into our prototype. Since the recon-\\nstructed surface is needed for positioning the pointer and\\ndrawing the sketches, the system needs to perform recon-\\nstruction before using the pointer or sketch cues.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,378,183,396],\"text\":\"User Study Design\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,398,394,639],\"text\":\"Using the prototype system, we conducted a user study to\\ncompare different combinations of visual communication\\ncues. We selected four combinations of pointer and sketch\\ncues (as listed in section 1) with the baseline of showing only\\nthe virtual hand. This choice was made following the recent\\ntrend of new HMDs (such as Microsoft HoloLens, Meta2,\\nand Magic Leap One) supporting hand gesture interaction\\nby default. Moreover, if excluding the hand gesture while\\nusing pointer or sketch, it will require another input method,\\nsuch as a handheld controller, which could be a confounding\\nfactor of different input methods used between conditions.\\nThus, the study was in a 2x2 factorial within subject design,\\nwith the two independent variables being the pointer and\\nsketch cues added on top of the virtual hand cue. This formed\\nthe four conditions in the study as following:\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[84,641,396,855],\"text\":\"• Hands Only (HO) : The remote expert's hand gesture\\nis shared with the local worker as virtual hands in the\\nshared live video.\\n• Hands + Pointer (HP) : In addition to the hand ges-\\nture, the remote expert can place a virtual pointer in\\nthe real-world by making a pointing gesture (see Fig-\\nure 2a ).\\n• Hands + Sketch (HS) : In addition to the hand gesture,\\nthe remote expert can sketch in the real-world view\\nwith a sketching gesture (see Figure 2b ).\\n• Hands + Pointer + Sketch (HPS) : The remote ex-\\npert can use all of visual cues including hand gesture,\\npointing, and sketch.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,857,394,921],\"text\":\"Procedure & Data Collection. We recruited participants in\\npairs and each pair had two rounds of an experiment by\\nswapping their roles between a remote expert and a local\\nworker.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,922,394,955],\"text\":\"The user study started with a pair of participants filling\\nout a demographic questionnaire asking gender, age, and\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,267,746,410],\"text\":\"the level of familiarity with video conferencing and hand\\ngesture interaction. Next, we randomly assigned the role of\\nthe local worker and the remote expert to each participant,\\nand the researcher explained the three experimental tasks\\n(see Figure 3 ) and demonstrated how the system works. Then\\nthey tried a set of three sample tasks while collaborating face-\\nto-face. This face-to-face collaboration was to ensure that\\nthe participants understood the tasks before the experimental\\ntrials.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[420,119,747,195],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image shows three distinct puzzles or constructs: an abstract object built from colorful Lego bricks, a collection of black geometric shapes forming a larger abstract figure on a white background, and a white paper sheet folded into a grid pattern with red dashed lines and dots.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[459,205,706,222],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Tasks: Lego, Tangram, and Origami.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,411,746,507],\"text\":\"After practicing in face-to-face, the remote expert sat on a\\nchair wearing the FOVE HMD (see Figure 1 a) and the local\\nworker stood in front of another desk wearing the Meta2\\nHMD (see Figure 1 e). The two participants were back to back\\nin the same room, so they were able to talk but could not see\\neach other, similar to the set-ups used in prior work [29, 30] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,507,746,747],\"text\":\"There were four different conditions. Each condition in-\\ncluded practice of using the interface given in the condition,\\ngetting acquainted with the task, performing collaborative\\ntask, and answering a questionnaire. During practice, the pair\\nhad time to become familiar with the given interface. Next,\\nthe participant playing the remote expert got acquainted\\nwith the task, learning the solution by completing the task\\nby him/herself using instruction papers. This step was for let-\\nting the remote expert become familiar with the task enough\\nto give instructions to the local worker. The Lego instruc-\\ntion included three pictures showing the assembly steps, and\\nthe Tarnagram task instruction showed a completed model\\nwith clearly marked border lines between pieces (see Figure\\n3 b). The Origami instruction showed red dotted lines with\\nnumbers indicating the folding order (see Figure 3 c).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,747,747,955],\"text\":\"After practicing with the interface in the given condition,\\nthe participants completed the three tasks given in random\\norder. To help the remote expert remember the instructions,\\nthe instructions (the same as given in the acquaintance step)\\nwas also displayed at the top of the remote expert's view in\\nHMD. After completing each task, both participants filled\\nout a SUS [3] questionnaire, this was to see how the user's\\nperceived usability under different tasks. After finishing all\\nthree tasks they also answered to a SMQP [51, 52] and a co-\\npresence questionnaire [17] for overall experience regardless\\nof the task. They repeated this procedure in each of the four\\nconditions, and the order of the conditions was counter bal-\\nanced using a balanced Latin-square design. After finishing\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 173\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/results/markdown/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300403/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300403", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/results/output_json/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,189],\"text\":\"all four conditions, participant ranked the conditions accord-\\ning to their preference and answered to four open questions\\nasking the reason for the ranking and their opinions about\\nthe four combinations they used.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,189,394,252],\"text\":\"After answering the ranking questionnaire, participants\\nchanged their role and repeated the experimental procedure\\nwith another round of four conditions as described above.\\nThe study took about two hours for each pair of participants.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,252,394,298],\"text\":\"In addition to the subjective measures, we collected objec-\\ntive data from screen video recordings, system log data, and\\nobservation.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,298,394,523],\"text\":\"Task. Participants tried each condition with three tasks:\\nassembling Lego, Tangram, and Origami (see Figure 3 ). The\\nLego task was to make a model using eight blocks in various\\nsize and colors (three 2x4, three 1x4, and two 2x2 in red,\\nyellow, blue, and green). The blocks are comparatively small\\nas the size of a 2x2 block is about 16 mm x 16 mm with\\n8.6 mm height. The Tangram task was to make a shape by\\narranging eight pieces of black cardboard, without any piece\\noverlapping with another. The size of Tangram pieces was\\ncomparatively large as the long edge of the smallest triangle\\npiece was 77mm. The Origami task was to fold an A4 size\\npaper for four times to form a given shape. A 5 x 6 grid of lines\\nwas printed on the paper to help participants communicate\\nwhere the paper should be folded.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,523,394,682],\"text\":\"The main reason we prepared these three tasks was to\\ncover wide range of tasks, as conclusions based on the re-\\nsults from a single task can be biased by the task characteris-\\ntics. The three tasks were chosen based on previous studies\\n(Origami [6] , Tangram [6, 27, 39] , and Lego [6, 16] . With\\nthe three tasks, our study can cover different sizes of ob-\\njects to manipulate (between small Lego blocks and large\\nTangram pieces) and different types of spatial information\\nrequired (pointing and selecting an object, describing shapes\\nof objects, and describing specific lines for folding paper).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,682,394,762],\"text\":\"Since the study included a face-to-face collaboration and\\ntwo rounds (with different role allocation) of four experimen-\\ntal conditions, we prepared nine sets of three tasks and bal-\\nanced the level of difficulty between the sets by constraining\\neach set to include the same number of object manipulations.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,762,394,923],\"text\":\"Participants. We recruited 16 participants (in pairs) from\\nour university staff and students, and conducted 16 rounds\\nof the user study (by swapping the roles of participants as\\na local worker and a remote expert). There were 11 males\\nand 5 females with their ages ranging from 22 to 37 years\\nold ( M =28.4; SD =4.9). Participants expressed their moderate\\nlevel of familiarity with VR/AR, hand gesture interaction, and\\nvideo conferencing system, by rating on a seven-point rating\\nscale ( 1 =Novice, 7 =Expert) which resulted on average 5.2\\n( SD =1.9), 4.3 ( SD =2.1), and 4.9 ( SD =1.9), respectively.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,124,502,140],\"text\":\"4  RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,144,747,431],\"text\":\"In this section, we report the results of task completion time\\n(reating to hypothesis H1 ), usability (H2 ), and co-presence\\n(H3 ), and mental effort (H4 ). We compared each measure be-\\ntween the four conditions with all three tasks aggregated. In\\naddition, to further investigate how the results vary depend-\\ning on the task (H5 ), we also analyzed the task completion\\ntime and usability data in each task. This helps us understand\\nhow the visual cues affect task performance and usability\\ndifferently under each type of task, in addition to giving a\\ngeneral perspective on how the visual cues affect co-presence\\nand level of required mental effort. Moreover, we also split\\nthe results in roles of the participants where relevant, but\\nneither the role nor the task was treated as an independent\\nvariable in the analysis of the results as our main focus was\\ninvestigating the effect of visual communication cues rather\\nthan exploring the effect of the task or the participant's role\\n(e.g. comparing completion time of different type of tasks is\\nnot meaningful).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,431,747,527],\"text\":\"To analyze the results, we used two-way repeated mea-\\nsures ANOVA ( $\\\\alpha = .05$ ) with the Pointer cue and the Sketch\\ncue being the two factors, each with two levels (On or Off).\\nIn case the data is in ordinal scale (e.g. subjective rating or\\nranking results), we applied Aligned Rank Transform (ART)\\nas proposed by Wobbrock et al. [50] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[436,527,637,542],\"text\":\"The main results are summarized as:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[441,556,747,767],\"text\":\"• In general, participants preferred the conditions with\\nthe sketch cue among the four conditions.\\n• Adding the pointer cue did not have any significant\\neffect on the remote collaboration tasks.\\n• Adding the sketch cue significantly improved the per-\\nformance (task completion time and usability) in gen-\\neral, but not in certain task, such as Lego, which in-\\nvolved manipulating small-size objects.\\n• Neither the sketch nor the pointer cues had significant\\neffect on participant's feeling of co-presence\\n• There was higher demand of mental effort when using\\nthe sketch and/or pointer cue(s) together with the hand\\ngesture cue.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,789,561,805],\"text\":\"Task Completion Time\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,808,746,842],\"text\":\"First, we analyzed the results of the total task completion\\ntime (aggregating all three tasks) as summarized in Figure 4 .\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,842,747,955],\"text\":\"Adding the sketch cue to the hand gesture cue enabled\\nusers to complete tasks significantly faster than without\\nhaving it ( F (1,15) = 8.452, p = .010, $\\\\eta_{p}^{2} = .332$ ), but adding the\\npointer cue to the hand gesture cue did not ( F (1,15) = 0.654,\\np = .430). Descriptive statistics showed that the participants\\ntook about 9 % less time on average to complete all the tasks\\nwhen using the sketch cue (with: M = 260.9 seconds, SE = 11.5;\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 173\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/results/markdown/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300403/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300403", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/results/output_json/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[150,113,310,243],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a box and whisker plot showing the \\\"Sum of Completion Time (s)\\\" on the y-axis, ranging from 0 to 500. There are four categories on the x-axis: HO, HP, HS, and HPS, each represented by a box plot with a median line, an 'x' mark, and whiskers. The data for categories HS and HPS generally shows lower completion times compared to HO and HP.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,252,394,298],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Average of the total task completion time in sec-\\nonds (x: mean; S and P: significant effect of the sketch and\\npointer cues, respectively)\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,322,394,370],\"text\":\"without: M=288.6 seconds, SE=11.1). No significant interac-\\ntion effect was found between the pointer and sketch cues\\n( $F(1,15)=0.529$ , $p=0.477$ ).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,370,395,466],\"text\":\"For further investigation, we analyzed the effect of visual\\ncues with the data from each task (see Figure 5 ). For the Lego\\ntask, there was no significant main effect of the sketch cue\\n( $F(1,15)=1.79$ , $p=0.78$ ) nor the pointer cue ( $F(1,15)=3.231$ ,\\n$p=0.09$ ). There was no significant interaction effect between\\nthe pointer and sketch cues ( $F(1,15)=1.695$ , $p=0.10$ ).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,466,395,593],\"text\":\"However, with the Tnagram task, participants completed\\nthe task significantly faster with added sketch cue ( F(1,15) =\\n7.667, p = .013, $\\\\eta p^2$ = .306), but not with the added pointer cue\\n( F(1,15) = 1.251, p = .279). Descriptive statistics showed that they\\ncompleted the Tnagram task about 12% faster when using the\\nsketch cue (with: M = 108.2 seconds, SE = 5.4; without: M = 122.7\\nseconds, SE = 5.1). No significant interaction effect was found\\nbetween the two cues ( F(1,15) = 0.822, p = .377).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,593,395,721],\"text\":\"The Origami task also showed similar results where the\\nsketch cue had a significant main effect on average task\\ncompletion time ( $F(1,15)=12.019$ , $p=.003$ , $\\\\eta_p^2=.415$ ), but the\\npointer cue did not ( $F(1,15)=2.351$ , $p=.144$ ). On average, par-\\nticipants completed the Origami about 17 % faster with addi-\\ntional sketch cue ( $M=62.2$ seconds, SE=5.1) than without it\\n( $M=74$ seconds, SE=3.2). There was no significant interaction\\nbetween the two cues ( $F(1,15)=0.571$ , $p=.482$ ).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,721,395,755],\"text\":\"In summary, adding the sketch cue to the hand gesture\\ncue helped participants complete the task faster than using\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,188],\"text\":\"hand gestures only, but adding the pointer cue to the hand\\ngesture did not. The effect of the sketch cue was prominent\\nwith the Tangram and Origami tasks, but not with the Lego\\ntask.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,201,478,218],\"text\":\"Usability\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,221,747,382],\"text\":\"Since the user interfaces were different according to the\\nroles, we analyzed the results of the SUS questionnaire [3]\\nseparately for each role (see Figure 6 ). With taking average\\nof all three tasks, the remote experts rated an average of 75.3,\\n75.2, 79.4, and 81.1 (SD: 14.1, 19.6, 15.7, and 14.6) for HO, HP,\\nHS, and HPS conditions respectively, and these scores are in\\nthe range of 'Good' and acceptable usability [2] . The local\\nworkers rated 76.2, 78.5, 83.1, and 81.2 (SD: 10.7, 11.6, 12.4,\\nand 11.1) for HO, HP, HS, and HPS conditions, and these\\nscores are also in the range of 'Good' and acceptable.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,382,747,573],\"text\":\"First, we analyzed the average of the ratings from all three\\ntasks. The remote expert felt higher level of usability when\\nusing the additional sketch cue than when without using it\\n( $F(1,15)=4.44$ , $p=.05$ , $\\\\eta_p^2=.207$ ), but they did not feel a signif-\\nicant effect when using the pointer cue with the hand ges-\\nture cue ( $F(1,15)=0.109$ , $p=.745$ ). No significant interaction\\nwas found between pointer and sketch cues ( $F(1,15)=0.762$ ,\\n$p=.395$ ). The local worker also felt higher level of usability\\nwhen the sketch cue was added ( $F(1,15)=4.689$ , $p=.045$ , $\\\\eta_p^2=$\\n.216). However, they did not feel a significant effect of the\\npointer ( $F(1,15)=0.053$ , $p=.820$ ). There was no significant in-\\nteraction between the two cues ( $F(1,15)=0.233$ , $p=.636$ ).\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,573,746,700],\"text\":\"For further investigation, we analyzed the usability ratings\\nby each task. Figure 7 shows the SUS rating results of the\\nremote experts for each task. In the Lego task, adding sketch\\ncue or pointer cue to the hand gesture cue did not show sig-\\nnificant effect on the usability (sketch: $F(1,15)=0.564$ , $p=.463$ ;\\npointer: $F(1,15)=3.035$ , $p=.100$ ). There was no significant\\ninteraction between the sketch and pointer cues ( $F(1,15)=$\\n0.154, $p=.699$ ).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,700,746,748],\"text\":\"However, with the Tnagram task, participants felt a higher\\nusability with the sketch cue (F(1,15) = 6.198, p = .023, $\\\\eta_{p^2} = .267$ ),\\nbut not with the pointer (F(1,15) = 0.02, p = .889). No significant\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_015.png\",\"bbox\":[69,767,395,877],\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Three side-by-side box plots display data for \\\"Lego Task,\\\" \\\"Tangram Task (S),\\\" and \\\"Origami Task (S).\\\" Each plot compares four categories: HO, HP, HS, and HPS, against a Y-axis ranging from 0 to 200. The boxes are orange and gray, with blue 'x' marks indicating the mean.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,889,394,950],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Average task completion time in seconds for Lego\\n(left), Tangan (center), and Origami tasks (right) (x: mean;\\nS and P: significant effect of the sketch and pointer cues, re-\\nspectively)\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_017.png\",\"bbox\":[419,767,751,877],\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two box-and-whisker plots are displayed side-by-side, comparing data for \\\"Remote Expert\\\" and \\\"Local Worker.\\\" Both charts show four categories (HO, HP, HS, HPS) on the x-axis and a y-axis scaled from 20 to 100, with each box plot containing an orange and grey box, an 'x' mark, and whiskers.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,889,746,949],\"text\":\"Figure 6: Average of the SUS ratings by remote experts and\\nlocal workers (x: mean; 0: lowest usability ~ 100: highest us-\\nability; S and P: significant effect of the sketch and pointer\\ncues, respectively)\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 173\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/results/markdown/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300403/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300403", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/results/output_json/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[68,121,394,227],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays three side-by-side box plots, titled \\\"Lego Task\\\", \\\"Tangram Task (S)\\\", and \\\"Origami Task (S)\\\". Each plot compares data for four categories (HO, HP, HS, HPS) on a y-axis scaled from 20 to 100, with orange and gray boxes indicating quartiles, whiskers, and an 'x' symbol marking the mean.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,238,394,298],\"text\":\"Figure 7: SUS rating results of remote experts for each task\\n(x: mean; 0: lowest usability ~ 100: highest usability; S and\\nP: significant effect of the sketch and pointer cues, respec-\\ntively)\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,320,394,430],\"text\":\"interaction was found between the two cues (F(1,15)=0.248,\\n$p=.625$). Similar results were found with the Origami task\\nwhere participants felt a significantly higher level of us-\\nability when using the sketch cue (F(1,15)= 4.718, $p$ =.044,\\n$\\\\eta p^2$ =.217) but not with the pointer cue (F(1,15)=3.078, $p$ =.100).\\nThere was no significant interaction between the two cues\\n(F(1,15)=1.400, $p$ =.253).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,431,393,463],\"text\":\"We also analyzed the local worker's ratings of the SUS\\nquestionnaire for each task as shown in Figure 8 .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,464,394,526],\"text\":\"When assembling a Lego model, the local worker did not\\nfeel a significant effect of the pointer (F(1,15)=3.619, p=.074),\\nor the sketch cue (F(1,15)=0.038, p=.847). No significant in-\\nteraction was found (F(1,15)=.004, p=.953).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,527,394,622],\"text\":\"With the Tsangram task, the local worker felt there was a\\nsignificantly higher level of usability with added sketch cue\\nthan without it (F(1,15) = 10.630, p = .005, $\\\\eta_p^2$ = .385), but not\\nwith the added pointer cue (F(1,15) = .985, p = .335). There was\\nno significant interaction between two cues (F(1,15) = .840,\\np = .372).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,622,394,718],\"text\":\"Similarly, with the Origami task, the local worker felt there\\nwas a significantly higher level of usability with the addi-\\ntional sketch cue (F(1,15)=4.680, p=.045, $\\\\eta_{p}^{2}=-.216$ ), but there\\nwas no significant effect of the pointer cue (F(1,15)=1.717,\\np=.208). No significant interaction was found between the\\nsketch and pointer cues (F(1,15)=2.230, p=.154)\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,719,394,751],\"text\":\"Overall, adding the sketch cut to the hand gesture cue\\nhelped the participant to feel a higher level of usability, but\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,353,746,401],\"text\":\"adding the pointer cue did not. While this finding was com-\\nmon between the Tangram and Origami tasks, with the Lego\\ntask, there was no significant effect by the sketch cue.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[70,768,392,876],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Three box plots display performance across \\\"Lego Task\\\", \\\"Tangram Task (S)\\\", and \\\"Origami Task (S)\\\". Each plot shows data for categories HO, HP, HS, and HPS on the x-axis, with values ranging from 20 to 100 on the y-axis. The data is represented by orange and grey boxes, whiskers, and blue 'x' marks indicating the mean.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,889,394,949],\"text\":\"Figure 8: SUS rating results of local workers for each task\\n(x: mean; 0: lowest usability ~ 100: highest usability; S and\\nP: significant effect of the sketch and pointer cues, respec-\\ntively)\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_013.png\",\"bbox\":[420,121,748,249],\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image displays three box-and-whisker plots comparing data distributions. The first two plots, titled \\\"Remote Expert\\\" and \\\"Local worker,\\\" each present distributions for four conditions (HO, HP, HS, HPS), while the third, \\\"Between Users (R),\\\" shows distributions for \\\"Remote\\\" and \\\"Local\\\" conditions. All plots share a y-axis ranging from 0 to 40, with most of the data points clustered between 30 and 40.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,261,746,321],\"text\":\"Figure 9: The co-presence rating results for each condition\\n(x: mean; 0: lowest -42: highest co-prescence; S, P, and R: sig-\\nnificant effect of the sketch, pointer, and participant's role,\\nrespectively)\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,414,499,431],\"text\":\"Co-Presence\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,434,747,595],\"text\":\"Figure 9 shows participants' ratings on the level of co-presence\\nthey felt for each condition. Adding sketch or pointer cues\\nto the hand gesture cue did not show any significant ef-\\nfect from the remote experts' feeling of co-presence (sketch:\\n$F(1,15)=270$ , $p=.610$ ; pointer: $F(1,15)=225$ , $p=.641$ ), and there\\nwas no significant interaction between the two cues ( $F(1,15)=$\\n.625, $p=.440$ ). The local worker's ratings also did not show\\nany significant effect (sketch: $F(1,15)=2.908$ , $p=.106$ ; pointer:\\n$F(1,15)=1.717$ , $p=.208$ ) nor significant interaction between\\nthe two cues ( $F(1,15)=2.230$ , $p=.154$ )\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,596,747,675],\"text\":\"We compared the ratings between the participants' role of\\nremote expert and local worker with a Wilcoxon Signed Rank\\nTest (see right of the Figure 9 ), and found that the participants\\nfelt higher level of co-presence in the local worker role than\\nin the remote expert role ( Z =-2.396, p=.017, r=.299).\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,688,506,705],\"text\":\"Mental Effort\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,709,746,742],\"text\":\"Figure 10 shows the results of the level of mental effort\\nparticipants felt in each condition.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_020.png\",\"bbox\":[422,768,747,875],\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image displays three sets of box and whisker plots comparing different conditions across distinct categories. The first two sets show data for \\\"Remote Expert\\\" and \\\"Local Worker\\\" under HO, HP, HS, and HPS conditions, while the third set shows \\\"Between Users\\\" for Remote and Local conditions. Each plot includes an orange median line, a grey interquartile range box, whiskers, and an 'x' indicating the mean, with a y-axis ranging from 0 to 100.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,889,746,949],\"text\":\"Figure 10: Results of mental effort point (0: lowest ~ 150\\nhighest mental effort) for each condition (x: mean; S, P, and\\nR: significant effect of the sketch, pointer, and participant's\\nrole, respectively)\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 173\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300403/results/markdown/3290605-3300403_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300404/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300404", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/results/output_json/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[1,92,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[110,117,705,182],\"text\":\"GymSoles: Improving Squats and Dead-Lifts by\\nVisualizing the User’s Center of Pressure\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[99,202,715,250],\"text\":\"Don Samitha Elvitigala, Denys J.C. Matthies, Löic David, Chamod Weerasinghe, Suranga Nanayakkara\\n\\nAugmented Human Lab, Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand\\n\\n{samitha, denys, loic, chamod, suranga}@ahlab.org\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_005.png\",\"bbox\":[63,258,750,474],\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This multi-panel image illustrates a study setup for \\\"GymSoles Prototype.\\\" It shows custom shoes with \\\"Pressure Insoles\\\" and \\\"x8 Vibration Motors,\\\" a \\\"Study Setup\\\" with a participant, an \\\"OptiTrack-System,\\\" and a \\\"Monitor.\\\" The study involves \\\"3 Conditions\\\" (No Feedback, Vibro-tactile Feedback, Visual Feedback) and \\\"2 Exercises\\\" (Squats, Dead-Lifts).\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,474,748,533],\"text\":\"Figure 1: We developed GymSoles, a proof of concept prototype consisting of a pressure sensitive insole used to calculate the\\nCentre of Pressure (CoP). Moreover, it incorporates eight vibration motors mounted on the shoe's walls providing vibrotactile\\nfeedback. We conducted a controlled study to evaluate workout exercises, such as squats and dead-lifts under three conditions:\\nno feedback, vibrotactile feedback, visual feedback. It has shown that GymSoles helps improve body posture.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,538,141,555],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,560,396,768],\"text\":\"The correct execution of exercises, such as squats and dead-\\nlifts, is essential to prevent various bodily injuries. Existing\\nsolutions either rely on expensive motion tracking or mul-\\ntiple Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) systems require an\\nextensive set-up and individual calibration. This paper in-\\ntroduces a proof of concept. GymSoles, an insole prototype\\nthat provides feedback on the Centre of Pressure (CoP) at\\nthe feet to assist users with maintaining the correct body\\nposture, while performing squats and dead-lifts. GymSoles\\nwas evaluated with 13 users in three conditions: 1) no feed-\\nback, 2) vibrotactile feedback, and 3) visual feedback. It has\\nshown that solely providing feedback on the current CoP,\\nresults in a significantly improved body posture.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,538,525,555],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,560,747,593],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Ubiquitous and mo-\\nbile computing systems and tools.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,605,502,621],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,626,748,673],\"text\":\"Smart Insoles, Improving Body Posture, Workout Perfor-\\nmance, Squats, Dead-Lifts, Centre of Pressure, Vibrotactile\\nFeedback, Visual Feedback\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,681,554,696],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,696,748,785],\"text\":\"Don Samtha Elvitigalla, Denys J.C. Matthies, Löic David, Chamed\\nWeerasinghe, Suranga Nayakaraka. 2019. GymSoles: Improving\\nSquats and Dead-Lifts by Visualizing the User’s Center of Pressure.\\nIn CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceed-\\nings (CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK . ACM, New\\nYork, NY, USA. 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300404\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,792,550,808],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,808,748,953],\"text\":\"The proper execution of exercises is important to achieve\\nthe desired training results and to prevent the occurrence\\nof various injuries. Exercises, such as squats and dead-lifts,\\nare elemental full body exercises [1, 90] and contribute to\\na healthy body when executed properly. Existing assistive\\nsystems to evaluate exercises, such as squats and dead-lifts,\\nusually rely on expensive motion tracking systems [10] , or\\non multiple Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) systems [43] .\\nThese solutions have significant limitations in a gym setting.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,789,396,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not\\nmade or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear\\nthis notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components\\nof this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with\\ncredit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to\\nredistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request\\npermissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,898,276,910],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,912,273,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,924,265,937],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,939,244,951],\"text\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300404\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 174\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/results/markdown/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300404/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300404", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/results/output_json/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,347],\"text\":\"as they are highly obtrusive and require extensive calibra-\\ntion. Alternative approaches, such as force plates are bulky\\nand generally developed for laboratory use. We see a smart\\ninsole to provide a valuable solution. Currently, commercial\\nsmart insoles, such as Nike+ [2] and Adidas MiCoach [38] ,\\nare already available for training. These track a user's step\\ncounts and stride. While these metrics may be useful, the\\nlack of immediate feedback severely limits their usability\\nin a gym. A recent work, MuscleMemory [56] , explored the\\nscope of wearable technology in high-intensity exercise com-\\nmunities and developed a wearable bend sensor based on\\nPTviz [3] . The authors visualize knee bends for squat exer-\\ncises, to help athletes and coaches to better understand the\\nexercise's quality in a group-based training setting.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,348,394,603],\"text\":\"Inspired by MuscleMemory [56] , we also aim to assist\\nwith immediate feedback aiming to improve exercise pos-\\nture in a typical gym setting. In our research, GymSoles, we\\nselected an insole based approach for its wearable and un-\\nobtrusive properties. Our approach is similar to FootStriker\\n[32] , which improves the workout performance for running\\nexercises while providing feedback at the foot. We also uti-\\nlize foot pressure data, however, with the focus to improve\\nbody posture during squats and dead-lift exercises. We iden-\\ntified the user's needs and possible system requirements by\\nconducting expert interviews with four professional train-\\ners. Consequently, a proof of concept system was developed\\nand user studies were carried out to gain valuable insights\\non potential renditions for future designs. In particular, we\\nfocused on evaluating feedback types visualizing the Centre\\nof Pressure (CoP) that resulted in an improved body posture.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[82,604,386,619],\"text\":\"To summarize, the main contributions of this paper are:\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[88,623,394,752],\"text\":\"• Expert interviews with trainers providing insights on\\nthe importance of squats and dead-lifts, as well as on\\ncommonly used assessment methods.\\n• A proof-of-concept system which displays the CoP\\nusing visual or vibrotactile feedback to significantly\\nimprove body posture with squats and dead-lifts.\\n• Insights for researchers and practitioners for designing\\na future gym assistant based on CoP visualization.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,768,197,785],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,789,221,805],\"text\":\"Optical Motion Tracking\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,805,394,950],\"text\":\"The two most commonly used systems in the motion tracking\\ndomain are: Vicon [87] and OptiTrack [4] . Both methods are\\nconsidered highly efficient for tracking in bio-mechanics [9] ,\\nsports science [9] , and exercise science [10] . The tracking\\naccuracy is the main advantage of these systems. However,\\nthese systems are immobile, requiring carefully attached op-\\ntical markers at important anatomical positions, such as the\\nuser's joint angles. An improper placement and unfavourable\\nlighting conditions will substantially reduce the accuracy\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,282],\"text\":\"The Coach's Eye [23] can overcome some of these limita-\\ntions. It is a mobile application that handles videos from\\nmultiple cameras to enable an analysis of movements, such\\nas squats, weight lifting, aerobics etc. [37] . As an alterna-\\ntive, researchers also use a goniometer-based single camera\\nsystem, which do not require optical markers to evaluate\\nexercises [13, 72, 92] . Only minimal or no calibration is re-\\nquired, which makes it fairly applicable in clinics or in a gym\\nfacility. However, camera-based systems may create privacy\\nconcerns.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,296,717,314],\"text\":\"Activity Tracking by Inertial Measurement Units\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,313,747,824],\"text\":\"Inertial Measurement Units (IMU)-based tracking systems\\nwere originally introduced as a low cost and portable solu-\\ntion for motion tracking [43] . IMUs incorporate a multi-axis\\naccelerometer, gyroscopes, and magnetometers. In academic\\nresearch, IMUs are commonly used for activity recognition [1,\\n31, 91] , gait analysis [16, 34, 44] , rehabilitation [44, 49] etc. In\\nactivity recognition, a single IMU is often sufficient to iden-\\ntify a certain activity by merely looking at motion specific\\nfeatures. For instance, RectoFit [52] utilizes an arm-worm\\nIMU to recognize, and count repetitive exercises. For actual\\napplications, such as gait analysis and rehabilitation applica-\\ntions, it is necessary to calculate the exact Range of Motion of\\ncertain joint angles [75, 84] . This has been widely explored by\\nprevious research, which utilized a joint angle measurement\\nfor gait analysis [14, 41, 85] and rehabilitation [6, 18, 62] .\\nStill, there are few works specifically focusing on exercise\\ntraining [76, 82, 89] . Among current work, a personalized\\nexercise trainer for the elderly [82] was proposed. Another\\nwork particularly focuses on accurate exercise performance\\nclassification by solely relying on IMU data [89] . Another\\nrecent work specifically focused on looking at squat sonifi-\\ncation for people who struggle with physical activities. The\\nauthors utilized the inbuilt IMU of a mobile phone to track\\nsquat exercises [53] . However, IMU also yield drawbacks, as\\nan extensive calibration [35] , a thoughtful sensor placement\\nto minimize skin movement [26] , and a careful segment-\\nto-body alignment [75] are necessary. Contrary to rather\\n\\\"simple\\\" activity recognition, measuring accurate postures\\nrequire multiple IMU distributed on the body. As IMUs are al-\\nready deployed with smartwatches, it has been used to track\\nexercise performance in the gym [78] . Still, tracking body\\npostures accurately are not yet possible with smartwatches.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,836,641,853],\"text\":\"Exercise Tracking with Force-Plates\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,853,746,949],\"text\":\"In literature, laboratory grade force plates are used with\\napplications requiring an analysis of impact forces in the\\ngait cycle, performance monitoring in sports science, and\\nalso applications in balance studying for rehabilitation and\\nexercise, etc. [5], [64] . AMTI [58] , Kistler [8] , Hawking Dy-\\nnamics [19] , and Pasco Scientifics [61] provide some of the\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 174\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/results/markdown/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300404/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300404", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/results/output_json/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,395,267],\"text\":\"most commonly used laboratory grade force plates to an-\\nalyze balance and foot dynamics. These devices measure\\nthe ground reaction force and displacement of the Center of\\nPressure (CoP). An inexpensive alternative pressure plate is\\nprovided by Nintendo's Wii Balance Board [12] . Moreover,\\nin academia there are developments of low-cost force-plates,\\nnamely for biomechanical parameter analysis [81] . While\\nhigh accuracy is the main advantage of these platforms, the\\nlack of portability limits their usage.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,273,232,289],\"text\":\"Insoles in Motion Analysis\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,289,395,671],\"text\":\"The main purpose underpinning smart insole use, compared\\nto other tracking technologies, is unobtruisiveness. The use\\nof foot interfaces, in particular pressure sensitive insoles, has\\nbeen explored within previous decades [20, 70, 71] . Previ-\\nous research has largely focused on a few applications. The\\nmajor applications analyze the gait for rehabilitation pur-\\nposes [7, 55, 60, 63, 93] and measure performances in sports,\\ndancing, etc [29, 59, 65] . Commercially available pressure\\nsensitive insoles [15, 17, 22, 25, 66, 74, 77, 83] have also been\\nused in research [21, 30, 40, 54, 67, 88] , namely to track steps,\\ncount strides, analyze the gait, and for activity recognition.\\nAs some of these solutions are solely based on pressure sen-\\nsors, other solutions also incorporate IMUs. A recent work,\\nClimbingAssist [24] uses a pressure sensitive insole and pro-\\nvides instant feedback while climbing to improve climbing\\ntechnique with beginners. Also, more recent trends explore\\nimplicit interactions with smart insoles, such as for user iden-\\ntification, detecting floor types, and body postures [48, 57] .\\nAnother recent work [57] demonstrates the possibility of rec-\\nognizing postures and categorizing different motion patterns,\\nsuch as bowing posture, posture when looking up, looking\\nright, looking left, calf stretch etc. Moreover, other research\\n[5, 45] on commercial products [69] uses smart insoles for\\nbalance assessment in rehabilitation.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,672,395,784],\"text\":\"In summary, posture detection and balance assessments\\ncan be enabled with pressure-sensitive insoles, as the upper\\nbody posture has a significant impact on the plantar pres-\\nsure profile. The plantar pressure profile can be thus utilized to\\ncalculate the Centre of Pressure (CoP), which in our re-\\nsearch is communicated to the user via vibrotactile or visual\\nfeedback.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,792,228,809],\"text\":\"3   EXPERT INTERVIEWs\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,814,395,958],\"text\":\"We conducted semi-structured interviews with four profes-\\nsional trainers, each of whom had more than three years\\nof experience as a trainer.They were sports science grad-\\nuates and employed as full-time trainers. We asked a few\\npredefined questions, in an open-talk in a 45 mins face-to-\\nface session to understand the most challenging aspects an\\nindividual might encounter during their workout. The inter-\\nviews were audio-taped and transcribed afterwards to better\\nidentify the insights described.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,124,744,140],\"text\":\"Full-body Exercises are Recommended for Beginners\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,140,747,348],\"text\":\"All trainers mentioned that full-body exercises, particularly\\nsquats and dead-lifts, were the most essential for any be-\\nginner,which can be performed at home or at the gym. For\\nexample, one of the trainers indicated that “Squats hit almost\\nall of the muscle groups. So it is one of the best for burning\\nbody fat quickly. Also, dead-lifts strengthen the core and the\\nback. Both are very good full body exercises”. Squats activate\\nalmost all of the entire body's muscle groups [28], including\\nthe core and lower body muscles. Similar to squats, the dead-\\nlifts exercise strengthen the entire core, the back (spinal\\nectors), the glutes (gluteus maximus), the legs (quadriceps\\nfemoris, adductor magnus, hamstrings), and the shoulders\\n(trapezius) - see also Figure 2 $^1$ .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,354,692,371],\"text\":\"Significance of CoP for Correcting Exercises\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,371,747,705],\"text\":\"It is highly important to maintain a correct body posture\\nwhile executing exercises. The expert trainers mentioned\\nhaving a rule of thumb, which is to focus on the shift of the\\nCentre of Pressure (CoP) on the foot. The CoP is regarded\\nto be a good indicator and is used as a reference point to\\nexplain the correct execution of squats or dead-lifts with a\\nproper body posture. For a correct squat execution, the plan-\\ntar pressure should ideally be concentrated at the heel area,\\nwhile the individual squats down. An incorrect technique,\\nsuch as bending over the upper body, may cause the CoP\\nto move to the distal foot, which can eventually result in\\ncritical injuries: “ When performing squats, usually we instruct\\nthem (the learners) to maintain the knees and prevent them\\nfrom passing the toes. This allows them to keep their weight\\nconcentrated to the heel [...] bending the upper body over [will\\nmove the weight more towards the distal foot and can result in\\nknee injuries]. ” In dead-lifts, there is even a higher chance that\\nthe learners' posture significantly deviates from the correct\\nexecution technique. This occurs particularly with higher\\nweights. According to the trainers, these deviations should\\nbe identifiable by looking at CoP.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,714,585,727],\"text\":\"$^{1}$https://www.muscleandmotion.com\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_013.png\",\"bbox\":[434,737,713,931],\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A 3D anatomical model of the human muscular system is shown from a posterior and slightly lateral view. Several muscles are highlighted and labeled in different colors, including the Trapezius, Spinal Erectors, Gluteus Maximus, Adductor Magnus, Hamstrings, and Quadriceps Femoris.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,931,746,962],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Displaying the major muscle groups being acti-\\nvated when executing dead-lift exercise.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 174\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/results/markdown/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300404/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300404", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/results/output_json/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,124,337,140],\"text\":\"Increased Challenge and Risk for Beginners\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,141,395,347],\"text\":\"According to the expert trainers, the first step to educate a\\nbeginner is to demonstrate the correct execution technique.\\nHowever, most beginners struggle to perform squats accu-\\nrately on their first attempt. Performing the dead-lift in a\\ncorrect way, is even more crucial when extra weights are\\nadded: \\\"Teaching them (the learners) the correct [squats and\\ndead-lifts] technique is difficult at the beginning. [...] Even\\npeople who do know the correct technique will struggle to per-\\nform the correct technique when they increase the weight. So, I\\nmight have to correct the technique and [in particular] the pos-\\nture by giving them further instructions\\\" . The expert trainers\\nmentioned that beginners are especially prone to sustaining\\ninjuries and focusing on this user group would be beneficial.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,354,296,370],\"text\":\"Gyms Lack of Evaluation Technology\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,370,396,641],\"text\":\"In the gyms we visited, no technologies existed to assess the\\nproper execution of exercises objectively. Interestingly, the\\ncurrent technique for exercise assessment is based on self or\\nexpert judgment: \\\"Usually the learners correct their posture by\\nlooking at the side mirrors or front mirrors.\\\" For beginners, it\\nis important to have an expert trainer. The lack of technology\\nused is due to three reasons: (1) Inappropriability: a trainer\\nmentioned that \\\"... we don't use any technology inside the\\ngym to train squats or dead-lifts. In university labs, we have\\nused force plates to understand balance and stability while\\nperforming exercises. But those devices are not practical to\\nuse inside a gym.\\\" (2) Technical expertise required: Setting\\nup current assistive technology is still complicated cannot\\nbe done easily by a trainer. Another reason for the lack of\\navailability of evaluation technology is the fact that most of\\nthese are (3) very expensive [27] compared to the low budget\\nof common gyms.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,645,164,662],\"text\":\"4   GYMSOLES\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,666,152,681],\"text\":\"Requirement\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,681,395,732],\"text\":\"Based on the expert interviews, we identified the following\\nrequirements necessary for a system to help improve the\\nposture of squats and dead-lifts in a typical gym setup:\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[69,737,392,899],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays a smart insole with embedded electronics, next to a schematic of a foot sole indicating pressure sensor locations. Accompanying formulas define the Center of Pressure (CoP) and Mean Pressure (MP) for distinct foot regions, along with a combined CoP, with variables for sensor position and pressure.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,902,394,963],\"text\":\"Figure 3: The SensingTex pressure sensitive insole features\\n16 pressure points. The Centre of Pressure (CoP) is calcu-\\nlated as depicted. The sensor point indicated in blue color\\nconsidered as the centre of origin for calculating CoP.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[422,112,749,327],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The figure displays a prototype shoe integrated with haptic feedback and sensing capabilities, alongside its control electronics. Panel A shows a blue shoe with eight numbered red circles indicating vibration motor locations and a green 'X' marking the center of pressure, connected to an Arduino-based circuit board. Panels B and C provide close-up views of the intricately wired electronic components, including an Arduino and multiple circuit boards, that manage the shoe's functions.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,326,746,398],\"text\":\"Figure 4: A) Vibration feedback system was developed\\nwith eight vibration motors. B) An Ardunio Uno was used\\nfor control and communication. C) 8 haptic motor dri-\\nvers (DRV2605L) by sparkfun and an I2C multiplexer from\\nAdafruit (TCAN9548AA) were used to control the motors.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[436,406,635,421],\"text\":\"(1) Appropriate sensing mechanism:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[453,421,706,470],\"text\":\"• reflecting the body posture while exercising\\n• not constraining body movements\\n• no extensive calibration required\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[436,471,642,486],\"text\":\"(2) Appropriate feedback mechanism:\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[453,486,723,532],\"text\":\"• displaying the CoP in real-time\\n• recognizable in a gym setup where noise exists\\n• unobtrusive and not bothering\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,542,712,559],\"text\":\"Resulted Design and Prototype Implementation\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,559,746,625],\"text\":\"The resulted design consists of an input component, which\\nis a pressure sensitive insole, and a feedback component,\\nwhich is the vibrotactile stimulus implemented into the shoe.\\nAdditionally, we developed a visual feedback for a screen,\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,628,747,773],\"text\":\"Pressure Sensitive Insole. To collect pressure data, we used\\na commercially available pressure insole (UK size 10-11) from\\nsensing tex [46] , which consisted of 16 force-sensitive pres-\\nsure points, based on resistive technology. The insole and its\\nsensor layout is depicted in Figure 3 . The sensor placement\\nsomewhat aligns with critical pressure points discovered in\\nprevious work [33, 36, 80] . We developed a voltage divide\\ncircuit to enable interfacing the insole with an Arduino. We\\ncalculated the CoP as shown in Figure 3 .\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,777,747,953],\"text\":\"Vibrotactile Feedback (Shoe). In 2015, Ma et al. [42] inves-\\ntigated a vibrotactile feedback display for smart foot wear,\\nmainly for gait correction. However, to display a shifting\\nCoP, we took a different approach. Our vibrotactile display is\\nbased on eight motors (Yuesu Coin Type Vibration Motors),\\nwhich were placed on the side walls of a sports shoe with a\\nUK size of 10-11 ( see Figure 4 ). To control all vibration motors,\\nwe used eight Sparkfun Haptic Motor Drivers (DRV2605L).\\nAs all the drivers had the same fixed I2C address, they were\\ninterfaced to an Arduino by using an I2C multiplexer from\\nAdafruit (TCA9548A). We have chosen this actuator layout\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 174\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/results/markdown/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300404/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300404", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/results/output_json/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[66,119,396,321],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A woman viewed from behind looks at a large monitor displaying a digital foot pressure analysis. The screen shows outlines of left and right feet with colored pressure maps, along with two vertical color-coded scales for pressure levels. The woman has blonde hair tied back and is wearing a light-colored sports top.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,322,394,353],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Java based software was developed to provide vi-\\nsual feedback.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,357,395,598],\"text\":\"based on suggestions from literature [50] . Moreover, Ben\\nSneiderman's theory [79] of providing feedback to the clos-\\nest location where the input is generated, influenced the\\ndecision to select the foot to provide feedback. We mapped\\nthe CoP to the vibration motors in such a way that the vibra-\\ntion sensation was close to the CoP. For example, when the\\nCoP shifts to the heel ( see green spot at the shoe in Figure 4 ),\\nonly motors No. 3, 4, 7, and 8 will be actuated. Additionally,\\nthe motors No. 8 and 4 will vibrate at a higher frequency\\nthan No. 3 and 7, since the CoP is closer to the heel. The\\nvibration frequency was kept within the range of 200Hz and\\n400Hz, which is well within the vibrotactile perception range\\nfor the human skin [86] . All vibration motors were driven\\nwith max power to reduce the signal attenuation through\\nthe socks. In other words, we controlled the frequency only.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,601,395,681],\"text\":\"Visual Feedback (Monitor). The visual feedback system\\nwas an application developed in Java and ran on a monitor,\\nwhich was placed in front of the user. A dot wandering\\nbetween the heel and toe area was visualizing the foot's CoP,\\nas shown in Figure 5 (CoP is currently at the heel).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,690,175,705],\"text\":\"5 EVALUATION\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,706,395,771],\"text\":\"We conducted a user study to evaluate whether CoP feedback\\nwill impact the posture while executing squats and dead-\\nlifts exercises. Specifically, we focused on evaluating the\\nfollowing hypotheses:\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[87,773,396,854],\"text\":\"H1 : Having feedback on center of plantar pressure distri-\\nbution (CoP) will improve body posture during squats and dead-lifts exercises.\\nH2 : Users will prefer vibrotactile feedback, because it\\ndoes not require visual attention while exercising.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,858,134,874],\"text\":\"Apparatus\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,873,395,953],\"text\":\"The GymSoles prototype, placed on both feet, were con-\\ntrolled from a Macheool Pro via USB serial port. The calcula-\\ntion of the CoP, as well as the feedback (visual / vibrotactile)\\nwere performed in real-time. To assure low latency, the data\\nrate was sampled down to 20Hz, which is still sufficient for\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,346,746,395],\"text\":\"low-motion exercises. Additionally, an OptiTrack motion\\ntracking system was used to collect additional ground truth\\nmotion and posture data.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_012.png\",\"bbox\":[419,119,748,280],\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A man with optical markers on his body is performing a barbell lift as part of a motion capture setup. A diagram next to this shows the spatial arrangement of numerous small optical markers and four numbered OptiTrack cameras on a grid, labeled along an X-Y axis.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,283,746,342],\"text\":\"Figure 6: Twelve markers were attached to the leg, two mark-\\ners were placed at the waist, and one marker was placed on\\nthe shoulder. OptiTrack motion capture system and Motive\\nsoftware was used to record marker data.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,399,498,416],\"text\":\"Participants\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,416,747,545],\"text\":\"The power analysis revealed that we required at least 12\\nparticipants for a significance level of .05, the effect size of .5,\\npower of .8, and 4 conditions. Therefore, we recruited three\\ntrainers (2 males and 1 female) aged 32, 28, and 23, as well\\nas 13 participants (9 males and 4 females) aged between 20 –\\n31 (mean = 24.9; SD = 2.9). We selected the participants in\\naccordance to their foot size, since matching the size to the\\nshoe prototype, a UK size 10-11, was necessary.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,549,543,565],\"text\":\"Task and Procedure\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,566,746,695],\"text\":\"Trainers. We collected the trainers' demographic data, the\\nyears of experience, and their confidence levels in performing\\nsquats and dead-lifts through a questionnaire, after signing\\nthe consent agreement. Then, the trainer had to wear the\\nprototype, as we attached optical markers as shown in Fig-\\nure 6 . They were asked to perform squats and dead-lifts as\\naccurately as possible. We recorded their pressure profile, as\\nwell as motion data using the OptiTrack system.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,698,747,953],\"text\":\"Participants. After the consent sheet was filled out, the\\nparticipant was equipped with the GymSoles prototype, as\\nwe affixed optical markers to their bodies. During the study,\\na trainer was present to give instructions on how to per-\\nform squats and dead-lifts accurately. In addition, the trainer\\nprovided a demonstration. We conducted a within subject\\nstudy, where the participant performed squats under three\\nconditions, (1) no-feedback, (2) vibrotactile feedback, and (3)\\nvisual feedback. The sequence of the conditions were coun-\\nterbalanced across all conditions to limit a possible learning\\neffect. In each condition, the participant had to perform a\\ncomplete set of squats with 10 repetitions. The same pro-\\ncedure applied to dead-lifts, but 10kg 20kg weights were\\nincorporated. These weights were suggested by the expert\\ntrainers. At the end of the study, the participant was given a\\nquestionnaire to indicate the usefulness and preference of\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 174\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/results/markdown/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300404/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300404", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/results/output_json/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[73,123,732,401],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A box plot, accompanied by a foot outline defining the \\\"Distance (mm)\\\" y-axis, presents data for \\\"Participants\\\" across different exercise types: \\\"SQUATS\\\", \\\"DEAD-LIFTS 10Kg\\\", and \\\"DEAD-LIFTS 20Kg\\\", each split into \\\"left\\\" and \\\"right\\\" sides. Four feedback conditions—Trainer (green), No feedback (red), Vibration (blue), and Visual (magenta)—are compared, with asterisks indicating statistical significance.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,404,746,466],\"text\":\"Figure 7: The figure shows turning point CoP profiles of the participants for Squats, Dead-lifts10kg, Dead-lifts20kg. The box\\nplots are matched to actual distribution of the CoP, as depicted. The origin of the axis was taken as described in Figure 3 . For\\nSquats and Dead-lifts10kg, NFL-TL, NFL-ViBL, NFL-ViSL, NFL-ViBR, NFL-ViSR pair gave significant difference. Dead-lifts20kg\\ndid not have a significant difference between the trainers' and the participants' pressure profile for any of the three conditions.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,473,394,569],\"text\":\"the feedback types using a 5-pmt Likert scale. Moreover, we\\nasked for previous experience in performing such exercises,\\ntheir confidence in performing squats and dead-lifts, as well\\nas an open-ended feedback opportunity to share their subjec-\\ntive opinion on the systems' current design and other useful\\nsuggestions.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,575,165,592],\"text\":\"Data Gathering\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,592,394,735],\"text\":\"The trainer's CoP was collected and later used as the ground-\\ntruth. The CoP was logged as a time series. However, for\\nthe data analysis, we only took the 'CoP' at a turning point .\\nThe 'CoP' at a turning point' is defined as the CoP value\\nat the exact time when the trainer changes the direction\\nof motion from squatting down to standing/lifting up. This\\napproach was chosen, because the trainers mentioned the\\nturning point as the most critical position in squats and dead-\\nlifts. To analyze the posture, we considered the hip angle and\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,473,746,537],\"text\":\"the knee angle (see Figure 8 ) similar to previous studies [39] .\\nAs both angles are connected with body posture [73] , we\\ncalculated the ratio between both angles: $R_{ab}$, which we\\ncollected in addition to the CoP at the turning point.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[85,758,379,889],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two stick figures demonstrate exercises, one squatting and one performing a deadlift, with lines indicating \\\"Hip Angle\\\" and \\\"Knee Angle\\\" on both figures. A formula, $R_{kh} = \\\\frac{\\\\text{Knee Angle}}{\\\\text{Hip Angle}}$, is displayed above the figures.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,903,393,949],\"text\":\"Figure 8: The hip angle and knee angle were calculated us-\\ning the Move software. Then, we calculated the ratio $R_{k h}$\\nbetween those, as a measurement current body posture.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,551,469,568],\"text\":\"Results\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,568,746,664],\"text\":\"We present results in two different aspects: 1) CoP profiles\\nand 2) body posture using the angle ratio ( $R_{h,k}$ ). We compared\\nthe trainers' data with the participants' data for all three\\nconditions (no-feedback, vibrotactile feedback, and visual\\nfeedback) for all exercise scenarios (squats, dead-lifts $_{30kg}$ ,\\nand dead-lifts $_{20kg}$ ).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,676,746,852],\"text\":\"CoP Profiles. A one-Way ANOVA for independent samples\\namong both, squats ( $F_{(7,66)}=10.73$ , $p<.0001$ ) and dead-lifts $_{10kg}$\\n( $F_{(7,66)}=11.36$ , $p<.0001$ ) yielded a main effect. A post-hoc anal-\\nysis using Tukey's HSD revealed that both the squats, as\\nwell the dead-lifts $_{10kg}$ , NFL-TL, NFL-ViBL, NFL-VisL, NPR-\\nTR,NPR-ViBR, NPR-ViSR pairs yielded a difference (see Figure\\n7 ). There was no significant difference between ViBL-TL,\\nViBR-TR, ViSL-TL, ViSR-TR, ViSL-ViBL, and ViSR-ViBR. This\\nshows that for squats, as well as dead-lifts $_{10kg}$ , merely visu-\\nalizing the CoP enables the participant have their actual CoP\\nsimilar to that of a trainer, compared to having no feedback.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,852,746,949],\"text\":\"However, in dead-lifts g 90C a one-way ANOVA did not\\nshow a main effect ( $F_{(2,82)}$ =1.86, $p$ >0.05). Due to the weights,\\nsome participants were not stable and could not control the\\nexercises during the first few set repetitions. Also, 20kg was\\nconsidered excessive for many participants. Hence, exhaus-\\ntion occurred quickly, which in turn created inaccuracies in\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 174\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/results/markdown/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300404/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300404", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/results/output_json/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[87,122,718,391],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Three box plots illustrate the ratio of knee to hip angles across four conditions (T, NF, VIB, VIS) for Squats, Deadlifts 10kg, and Deadlifts 20kg. Each plot shows the distribution of values with medians, interquartile ranges, and outliers, and indicates specific significant differences between conditions with p-values.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,395,746,442],\"text\":\"Figure 9: $R_{k,h}$ distributions for Squats, Dead-lifts $_{10kg}$ and Dead-lifts $_{20kg}$ for trainers and participants across all conditions.\\nFor squats, the significant difference only occurred between NF and VIB. For Dead-lifts $_{10kg}$ , significant difference was only\\nbetween the pair TN-F. For Dead-lifts $_{20kg}$ , there was a significant difference between the three pairs, NF-T, NF-VIB and NF-VIS.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[87,454,710,703],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This figure presents three box plots comparing the ratio of knee to hip angles across four conditions (T, NF, VIB, VIS) for \\\"Squats Beg\\\", \\\"Dead-lifts 10kg Beg\\\", and \\\"Dead-lifts 20kg Beg\\\". Each plot shows the distribution of ratios for the different conditions, with p-values indicating statistical significance between specific condition pairs.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,707,746,738],\"text\":\"Figure 10: $R_{SK_t}$ distributions of Squats, Dead-lifts $_{10G_t}$ and Dead-lifts $_{100G_t}$ for trainers and beginner level participants across all\\nconditions. The significant difference was given by three pairs: NF-T, NF-VII and NF-VIS.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,745,394,792],\"text\":\"execution styles and thus contributed to an increased ran-\\ndomness. This is evident in the increased standard deviation\\nof the CoP (see Figure 7 ).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,792,394,906],\"text\":\"Based on the feedback of the post-questionnaire (self-\\nesteemed confidence), we could categorize our participants\\ninto two groups: advanced users (six participants) and be-\\nginners (seven participants). We then performed two sepa-\\nrate one-way ANOVA tests for each user category. For both\\nthe beginners ( $F_{(3,28)}=1.417$ , $p>0.05$ ) and the advanced users\\n( $F_{(71,128)}=11.36$ , $p>0.05$ ), we did not see a main effect.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,916,394,949],\"text\":\"Body Posture ( $R_{ab}$ ). For the squats exercise, a one-way-\\nANOVA for independent showed a main effect across all\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,744,746,792],\"text\":\"participants ( F $_{3,34}$ =3.701, p < .05). However, Tukey's HSD\\nrevealed that the difference was only between No-Feedback\\nand Vibrotactile Feedback – see Figure 9 .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,792,746,952],\"text\":\"To make more meaningful statements, we looked deeper\\ninto the data and divided the subjects into a beginner and\\nan advanced user group once more. The one-way ANOVA\\nshowed main effects for beginners ( $F_{1,168}=3.15$ , $p<0.001$ ).\\nA Tukey's HSD range test confirmed that the difference oc-\\ncurred between these pairs. NF-T, NF-VIB, NF-VIS (see Fig-\\nure 10 ). Furthermore, it indicated that no differences occurred\\nbetween VIB-T, VIS-T and VIS-VIB, which supports our pre-\\nvious finding with CoP data. Providing a beginner with any\\ntype of feedback on the CoP enables them to perform the\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 174\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/results/markdown/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300404/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300404", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/results/output_json/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[84,127,716,376],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This figure presents three box plots illustrating the ratio of knee to hip angles for \\\"Squats Adv\\\", \\\"Dead-lifts 10kg Adv\\\", and \\\"Dead-lifts 20kg Adv\\\" across four conditions: T, NF, VIB, and VIS. The Y-axis for all plots represents \\\"Ratio knee / hip angles,\\\" while the X-axis indicates \\\"Conditions.\\\" A p-value of less than 0.01 is noted between conditions NF and VIB in the \\\"Dead-lifts 10kg Adv\\\" panel.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,380,747,410],\"text\":\"Figure 11: $R_{\\\\text{3D}}$ distributions of Squats, Dead-lifts $_{\\\\text{10kg}}$ , and Dead-lifts $_{\\\\text{20kg}}$ for trainers and advanced users across all conditions.\\nSquats and Dead-lifts $_{\\\\text{20kg}}$ did not show significant differences. A difference was found at Dead-lifts $_{\\\\text{10kg}}$ at the NF-VIB pair.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,418,394,467],\"text\":\"squat exercise similar to a trainer (in terms of CoP profile and\\nbody posture). For advanced users, a one-way ANOVA did\\nnot show a main effect. $(F_{1,168}=1.152, p=0.3)$ - see Figure 11.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,467,395,722],\"text\":\"For dead-lifts $_{10k}$ , a one-way ANOVA showed a main ef-\\nfect for all participants (F $_{3,321}$ =3.075, p< .05). A Tukey's HSD\\nrevealed the significant difference occurs between the T-NF\\npair (see Figure 9 ). As previously performed, we again ran one-\\nway ANOVA tests for the beginner group and the advanced\\ngroup. The results were similar to the previous squat results,\\nas the beginner group showed a main effect (F $_{3,189}$ =10.66, p\\n< .0001). A Tukey HSD test reveals the difference between the\\nNF-T, NF-VIB, and NF-VIS pairs. (see Figure 10 ). There was\\nno difference between the VIB-T, VIS-T, and VIS-VIB pairs.\\nOnce again, this supports our claim that any type of CoP\\nfeedback, vibrotactile or visual, for a beginner will improve\\nthe posture for dead-lifts with a low weight. Advanced users\\nshowed a main effect (F $_{3,157}$ =4.101, p < .01), whereas Tukey's\\nHSD reveals that the significant difference is only between\\nNF-VIB (see Figure 11 ).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,722,395,946],\"text\":\"The one-way ANOVA for dead-lifts $_{30K}$ showed a main\\neffect ($F_{1,297}=4.65$ , p<0.01) for all participants (see Figure 11 ).\\nFor the beginner group, again, a one-way ANOVA showed a\\nmain effect ($F_{1,172}=12.47$ , p<0.001). A post-hoc analysis via\\nthe Tukey's HSD test showed the following pairs, NF-T, NF-\\nVIB, NF-VIS (see Figure 9 and Figure 10 ), to be significantly\\ndifferent. There was no significant difference between the\\npairs of VIB-T, VIS-T and VIS-VIB, which again confirms\\nthat providing feedback for beginners is important. The one-\\nway ANOVA for advanced users did not show a main effect\\n( $F_{3,144}=1.44$ , p>0.05). In general, we observed the $R_{k,k}$ to signif-\\nicantly increase for squats, while it significantly dropped for\\ndead-lifts for beginners with correct execution. We suspect\\nthis is mainly due to the nature of the exercise.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,417,540,434],\"text\":\"Post Questionnaire\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,435,747,483],\"text\":\"A summary of the subjectively rated usefulness on a 5-point\\nLikert scale (1-very low, 5-very high) for each condition is\\ndepicted in Figure 12.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,483,748,706],\"text\":\"For squats, the highest mean in terms of usefulness was\\nfound for Visual Feedback ( M =4.2; SD = .9) followed by Vi-\\nbration ( M =3.9; SD = .9) and No-Feedback ( M =2.8; SD = .7).\\nA one-way ANOVA test showed a main effect ( $F_{2,36}=10.09$ , $p$\\n< .0001). A Tukey's HSD identified the difference at the pairs\\nVIB-NF and VIS-NF. We found similar results for dead-lifts.\\nWith dead-lifts, the highest mean was again identified at Vi-\\nsual Feedback ( M =4; SD = .9) followed by vibration ( M =3.6;\\nSD = .9), and no-feedback condition ( M =2.7; SD = .8). Also, a\\none-way ANOVA showed a statistical main effect ( $F_{2,36}=8.18$ ,\\n$p$ < .01). A Tukey's HSD test suggests differences to occur\\nbetween the pairs VIB-NF and VIS-NF. Overall, we can state\\nthat both types of feedback were considered useful compared to\\nno feedback.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,707,747,770],\"text\":\"In terms of user's preference (see Figure 12), a pairwise t-\\nest (p > .05) did not show any significant differences between\\nvibration feedback – Vib (M = 3.7; SD = 1.315) and visual\\nfeedback – Vis (M = 3.9; SD = .9).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[421,777,743,883],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Three side-by-side bar charts display usefulness ratings for squats and deadlifts, and overall preference. The first two charts compare \\\"NF\\\" (red), \\\"Vib\\\" (blue), and \\\"Vis\\\" (magenta) on a 1-5 scale for \\\"Usefulness\\\", with asterisks indicating statistical significance. The third chart compares \\\"Vib\\\" (blue) and \\\"Vis\\\" (magenta) for \\\"Preference\\\" on a similar scale, all with error bars.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,892,746,953],\"text\":\"Figure 12: In both, squats and dead-fleits, users rated Vibra-\\ntion Feedback (VIB) and Visual Feedback (VIS) to be signifi-\\ncantly more useful than No Feedback (NF). There is no pref-\\nerence for a vibratoctile and visual feedback\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 174\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300404/results/markdown/3290605-3300404_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300406/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300406", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/results/output_json/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[135,118,679,149],\"text\":\"Mobi3DSketch: 3D Sketching in Mobile AR\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[88,169,396,214],\"text\":\"Kin Chung Kwan\\n\\nSchool of Creative Media, City University of Hong Kong\\n\\nckkwan@cityu.edu.hk\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[417,170,726,215],\"text\":\"Hongbo Fu\\n\\nSchool of Creative Media, City University of Hong Kong\\n\\nhongbofu@cityu.edu.hk\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_006.png\",\"bbox\":[71,230,742,424],\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image showcases 3D sketching in mobile Augmented Reality (AR) across three examples. Panel (a) depicts a person using a smartphone to draw red lines in AR, with a red bird and a nest visible on a desk. Panels (b) and (c) show completed 3D models: a vibrant red \\\"Phoenix\\\" in an office environment, created in 34.2 minutes, and a red and blue \\\"Spiderman\\\" figure outdoors, created in 36.3 minutes.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,424,746,468],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Mobi3DSketch is designed for users with reasonably good drawing skills to create 3D concept designs in the context\\nof real-world environments using a single AR-enabled mobile device (a). (b) and (c) are 3D concepts created with Mobi3DSketch\\nin situ. The small figures show the results from other viewing angles.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,472,140,490],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,493,396,781],\"text\":\"Mid-air 3D sketching has been mainly explored in Virtual\\nReality (VR) and typically requires special hardware for mo-\\ntion capture and immersive, stereoscopic displays. The re-\\ncently developed motion tracking algorithms allow real-time\\ntracking of mobile devices, and have enabled a few mobile\\napplications for 3D sketching in Augmented Reality (AR).\\nHowever, they are more suitable for making simple draw-\\nings only, since they do not consider special challenges with\\nmobile AR 3D sketching, including the lack of stereo dis-\\nplay, narrow field of view, and the coupling of 2D input,\\n3D input and display. To address these issues, we present\\nMobi3D Sketch , which integrates multiple sources of inputs\\nwith tools, mainly different versions of 3D snapping and\\nplanar/curves surface proxies. Our multimodal interface sup-\\nports both absolute and relative drawing, allowing easy cre-\\nation of 3D concept designs in situ. The effectiveness and\\nexpressiveness of Mobi3D Sketch are demonstrated via a pilot\\nstudy.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,472,525,490],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[421,493,747,541],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Mixed / augmented re-\\nality. Systems and tools for interaction design; Ubiqui-\\ntous and mobile computing systems and tools.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,550,502,568],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,572,746,605],\"text\":\"3D sketching; augmented reality; mid-air drawing; mobile\\ninteraction; relative drawing; 3D concept design\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,611,555,625],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,627,746,693],\"text\":\"Kim Chung Kwan and Humberto Fu. 2019. MultiDarkSki: 3D Sketch-\\ning in Mobile AR. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing\\nSystems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland,\\nUK. Association for Computing Machinery, 105065. https://doi.org/10.1145/\\n3290605.3300406\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,709,549,727],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,730,747,954],\"text\":\"Mid-air 3D sketching allows artists to draw 3D virtual curves\\ndirectly in the air. This has been mainly explored in Vir-\\ntual Reality (VR) and requires the use of immersive, stereo-\\nscopic display systems and outside-in motion capture sys-\\ntems for tracking 3D styluses [10, 20] . In recent years, the\\nconsumer-level display and motion tracking hardware (e.g.,\\nHTC Vive) for VR make 3D sketching (e.g., by using Google\\nTilt Brush) more accessible by artists, though special equip-\\nment and complicated setup are still needed. Meanwhile\\nthe recently developed motion tracking algorithms such as\\nConcurrent Odometry and Mapping (COM) [30] and Visual\\nInertial Odometry (VIO) [25] allow real-time inside-out 3D\\nmotion tracking of mobile devices by using their cameras\\nand IMUs alone. Such algorithms have been integrated into\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,806,395,903],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not\\nutilized or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear\\nthis notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components\\nof this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with\\ncredit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to\\n redistribute to lists, requires specific permission and/or a fee. Request\\npermissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,904,273,916],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland Uk.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,917,271,928],\"text\":\"c 2019 Association for Computing Machinery\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,928,265,941],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,941,244,954],\"text\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300406\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 176\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/results/markdown/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300406/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300406", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/results/output_json/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,171],\"text\":\"the modern Augmented Reality (AR) platforms such as ARKit\\nby Apple and ARCore by Google, making 3D sketching in\\nmobile AR more feasible and easily accessible.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,171,394,396],\"text\":\"Although several mobile applications for 3D sketching\\n(e.g., AR+Brush [28] , Paint Space AR [3] , Just a Line [14] )\\nhave been developed, they have been used to create simple\\ndoodling for fun and are difficult to make 3D concept designs.\\nThis is largely because they are designed by mainly follow-\\ning existing VR 3D sketching systems, without attempting\\nto address the special problems related to 3D sketching in\\nmobile AR, including the lack of stereo display, narrow field\\nof view, and the coupling of 2D input, 3D input and mobile\\ndisplay. Such challenges easily cause imprecise 3D sketches\\nand poor connectivity between 3D curves. In addition, none\\nof them explicitly considers how to interact with real envi-\\nronments, though such a feature is critical for practical AR\\napplications.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,396,394,808],\"text\":\"We present Mobi3DSketch , a novel 3D sketching system for\\ndesigners to create 3D concept designs in a real-world con-\\ntext using a single AR-enabled mobile device. To tackle the\\nabove challenges, we adapt the commonly used tools, namely\\n3D snapping and surface proxies, originally designed for\\n3D sketching with 2D inputs. Our system supports explicit\\nsnapping and implicit snapping with snapping suggestions,\\nsnapping curves/surfaces, and one/two-endpoint snapping\\nso that users may easily create sketches with well connected\\nstrokes. We exploit a mobile device's 3D pose to support\\nquick anchoring of planar proxies and easy creation of ex-\\ntruded surfaces in space. Such surface proxies either manu-\\nally anchored or obtained from environment understanding\\nallow easy attachment of 3D sketches to real-world environ-\\nments. Although most of these techniques have already been\\nindividually studied in many applications [9, 11, 19, 31, 34] ,\\nwe carefully unify them into a powerful workflow to develop\\na mobile AR 3D sketching system. Our unified features for\\nsnapping and surface proxies not only allow artists to sketch\\nwith greater precision but also to seamlessly switch between\\nabsolute drawing and relative drawing. The latter is very im-\\nportant for sketching large-scale objects (Figure 1 ) through\\na narrow field of view, and has seldom been explored in ex-\\nisting VR/AR-based 3D sketching systems, which often use\\nthe absolute positions of a continuously tracked 3D stylus\\nfor defining 3D curves.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,808,394,938],\"text\":\"Our multimodal interface incorporates multiple sources\\nof inputs from a mobile device to seamlessly integrate mid-\\nair 3D sketching with surface-based 2D sketching. Unlike\\ntraditional mid-air 3D sketching systems in VR/AR, which\\nhave been limited to a room with special hardware setup,\\nMobi3DSketch works well both indoors and outdoors. In Fig-\\nure 1 we show our representative sketching results, which,\\nwith this level of complexity, have never been demonstrated\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,746,205],\"text\":\"by existing mobile AR 3D sketching applications. We quanti-\\ntatively evaluate the effectiveness of individual components\\nof Mobi3DSketch , and demonstrate the expressiveness of our\\nsystem by showing various 3D in-situ designs created by\\nmultiple users.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,205,746,267],\"text\":\"Our contributions are summarized as follows: (1) challenge\\nanalysis for mobile AR 3D sketching, (2) the design of novel\\ninteraction, (3) the first working prototype, and (4) pilot\\nstudies with compelling results.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,278,550,295],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,298,747,682],\"text\":\"3D Sketching in VR. Mid-air 3D drawing or surface mod-\\neling has been explored firstly as desktop applications [34]\\nand then as immersive VR applications [10, 20, 35] . It often\\nrequires special equipment such as head-mounted displays\\n(HMD) or CAVE-like systems for immersive, stereoscopic vi-\\nsualization, and 3D styluses (or similar devices) for direct 3D\\ninputs. Both the head of a user and a stylus need to be accu-\\nrately tracked to align the input and output spaces. Although\\nsuch setups potentially enable various applications like 3D\\nconcept design [35] , the experiments by Arora et al. [1] show\\nthat precise 3D sketching in mid-air is challenging mainly\\nbecause of the limited human ability to sketch freely in 3D\\nwithout a physical supporting surface. This problem might\\nbe alleviated by using haptic constraints [12, 21] or refer-\\nence imagery [18] . The recent development of VR HMD and\\nmotion-tracked controller hardware (e.g., HTC Vive, Ocu-\\nlus Rift) and software (e.g., Tilt Brush by Google, Gravity\\nSketch) has made mid-air 3D sketching more accessible by\\nusers. However, due to the cost of the special VR hardware\\nand its rather complicated setup, VR-based 3D sketching is\\nstill limited to a small group of users. In contrast, our goal is\\nto make 3D sketching more accessible and widespread, and\\nour focus is on a mobile AR 3D sketching interface for 3D\\nconcept design in situ.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,681,747,955],\"text\":\"3D Sketching in AR. Compared to VR, AR allows users\\nto author 3D sketches that are more directly linked to real-\\nworld objects or environments, and thus requires reasonably\\naccurate tracking of users and/or objects in a physical space\\n[29] . For example, Yee et al. [42] propose a video see-through\\nAR system for mid-air 3D sketching using an HMD with\\ncameras and a drawing pen, both of which are tracked by\\nusing a commercial MoCap system. A similar system setup\\nis adopted by Tano et al. [38] for authoring life-sized 3D\\nsketches. Observing imprecise mid-air sketching [1] , Arora\\net al. [2] present SymbiosisSketch , which combines 3D mid-\\nair sketching using a motion-tracked stylus and 2D surface\\nsketching on a tablet, and displays sketching results through\\nan AR HMD (Microsoft HoloLens). Due to their essential\\nuse of outside-in MoCap systems, the above AR systems are\\nmore like laboratory-based implementations. Even if these\\nsystems adopt inside-out motion tracking techniques, they\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 176\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/results/markdown/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300406/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300406", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/results/output_json/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,363],\"text\":\"still cannot be easily adapted to our problem of 3D sketch-\\ning using a single mobile device, due to the challenges dis-\\ncussed in Section 3 . AR markers provide an alternative way\\nto register the real and the virtual worlds. For example, the\\nNapkin Sketch system [39] allows users to draw 3D sketches\\nin a small working volume on top of AR makers using a\\nprojective 3D sketching approach, which is analogous to\\nour system. However, they are in fact very different. Nap-\\nkin Sketch is essentially \\\"object-centered\\\", and requires the\\ncamera to always look at a sketched object being created.\\nThus their system is more suitable for creating small-scale\\nsketched objects, rather than large-scale 3D sketches situ-\\nated in a real-world environment. Our problem demands a\\n\\\"viewer-centered\\\" approach, resulting in different challenges\\nand solutions.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,363,395,650],\"text\":\"The recent motion tracking techniques such as COM [30]\\nand VIO [25] rely on both the visual information from a mo-\\nbile device's color camera and inertial measurements from\\nthe device's IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) sensors to ro-\\nbustly estimate the 3D pose (3D position and 3D orientation)\\nof the camera (and thus the device) in real time. Based on\\nthese techniques, in 2017 Apple and Google respectively re-\\nleased ARKit (based on VIO) and ARCore (based on COM),\\nmodern mobile AR platforms. With ARKit or ARCore, users\\nmay use a mobile device as a 3D stylus for mid-air 3D sketch-\\ning. While multiple mobile applications such as AR-Brush\\n[28] and Paint Space AR [3] have been developed for experi-\\nmenting 3D sketching on these mobile AR platforms, all of\\nthem are created for fun, instead of more serious tasks like\\n3D concept design. They mainly use a mobile device as a 3D\\nstylus for mid-air 3D sketching, similar to the existing VR/AR\\n3D sketching systems, and have not attempted to address\\nthe special challenges of mobile AR-based 3D sketching.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,650,395,955],\"text\":\"3D Sketching with 2D Inputs. 2D sketching is still one\\nof the most efficient ways to express ideas, since the tra-\\nditional input devices like computer mice, graphic tablets,\\ntouchscreens support 2D inputs only. There is a large body\\nof research that focuses on how to lift 2D sketches into\\n3D. This problem is challenging due to its ill-posed nature,\\nsince theoretically there are an infinite number of 3D in-\\nterpretations for a given 2D sketch drawn from a specific\\nviewpoint. Different kinds of regularity constraints like pla-\\nnarity, orthogonality, symmetry have been proposed to solve\\nfor an optimal 3D interpretation of a carefully drawn, com-\\nplete 2D sketch [27, 40, 44] . Alternatively, 2D strokes can be\\nlifted into 3D one by one interactively, for example by mak-\\ning use of planar/curved 3D surfaces for stroke projection\\n[4, 7, 11, 15, 16, 19, 22, 26, 32, 41] , scaffolds and geometric\\nprions [23, 36, 43] . Similar to SymbiosisSketch [2] , Kim et\\nal. [22] combine 2D inputs (pen drawing) and 3D inputs\\n(unconstrained 3D hand motions for air scaffolding) for 3D\\nsketching, but as a desktop application. Some of the above\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,316,748,442],\"text\":\"techniques have been employed by AR-based sketching tech-\\nniques [5, 39] , which, however, focus on 3D sketching on\\ntop of AR markers using 2D input devices. Our work moves\\ntowards in-situ 3D sketching of larger-scale objects and ex-\\nplores how to integrate multiple sources of 2D and 3D inputs,\\nwith some of the existing tools, mainly surface canvases\\n[4, 11] and various versions of snapping [6, 36] , for a multi-\\nmodal 3D sketching interface in mobile AR.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_006.png\",\"bbox\":[417,117,751,250],\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"An overhead diagram illustrates two users experiencing virtual content, viewed from above. On the left, a user wears a Head-Mounted Display (HMD) and holds a controller, with a wide field of view (FOV) indicated. On the right, a user holds a handheld mobile device, showing a narrower FOV.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,263,747,305],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Small-sized mobile screens result in a much nar-\\nrower field of view (FOV) than VR HMDs. 2D/3D input and\\ndisplay are coupled in our case.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,442,748,698],\"text\":\"Multimodal Mobile Interaction. Handheld mobile de-\\nvices such as smartphones and tablets are equipped with\\nmore and more sensing capabilities for example via multi-\\ntouch screens, IMU sensors, depth cameras etc. It has been\\ndemonstrated that integrating multiple sources of inputs can\\nbenefit various 3D modeling applications [8] . For example,\\nMobiSweep [33] combines direct orientation control (based\\non the orientation of a mobile device) with indirect position\\ncontrol (via multi-touch gestures) for 3D sweep surface mod-\\neling. Window-Shaping [17] uses multi-touch interaction for\\nsketch-based 3D modeling on and around physical objects\\nsensed by an integrated depth sensor. Besides handheld de-\\nvices, some other systems require the use of an additional\\nmotion tracking infrastructure [24] and/or immersive dis-\\nplay [12] . Our work uses a mobile device alone for a different\\napplication of 3D sketching.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,710,532,726],\"text\":\"3  CHALLENGES\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,730,748,888],\"text\":\"We aim for a mobile AR 3D sketching interface to make\\nconceptual designers easily create 3D sketches in situ and ex-\\namine them in different view angles. This is impossible with\\ntraditional 2D or 3D sketching systems unless the real-world\\ncontext is modeled digitally (a rather challenging problem\\non its own) in advance. Simply using an AR-enabled mobile\\ndevice as a 3D pen for mid-air drawing, as done similarly in\\nthe existing AR/VR 3D sketching systems and mobile appli-\\ncations, does not allow easy creation of 3D concept design\\nin situ.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,889,748,955],\"text\":\"In fact, we observe at least the following challenges for\\nmobile AR 3D sketching. 1) It is difficult to precisely control\\nthe 3D position and orientation of a device in mid-air with-\\nout any physical supporting surface. 2) The displays of most\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,128,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 176\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/results/markdown/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300406/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300406", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/results/output_json/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[94,121,362,194],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two panels depict what appears to be a virtual reality or augmented reality drawing application. The left panel shows a thick purple line descending to a translucent sphere, with a menu of circular icons on the right. The right panel displays hand-drawn block letters \\\"C,\\\" \\\"H,\\\" and \\\"I\\\" in orange, brown, and purple outlines with a translucent sphere over the \\\"H,\\\" against a light wall with a doorway.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,195,394,237],\"text\":\"Figure 3: (Left) Lack of context due to narrow FOV.\\n(Right) Users can step back to perform relative drawing\\nwhile seeing the whole context.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[109,238,349,354],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A two-panel figure illustrates a \\\"snapping\\\" action between two vertical red shapes. The left panel shows a green line connecting the shapes with intermediate points and guiding lines, labeled \\\"Before snapping.\\\" The right panel shows the green line directly connecting the two red shapes as a single straight segment, labeled \\\"After snapping.\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,354,393,383],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Snapping suggestions (in white) to connect the end-\\npoints of a new stroke (in green) to the existing ones (in red).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,396,395,604],\"text\":\"of the mobile devices are not stereoscopic. This makes users\\ndifficult to perceive the depth of 3D strokes on the screen, re-\\nsulting in drawings with wrong depth. 3) Small-sized mobile\\nscreens result in an extremely narrower field of view (FOV)\\ncompared to immersive VR displays (Figure 2 ), and a small\\noperation area for multi-touch interaction. This would easily\\nmake users draw poorly without seeing the whole context,\\nas illustrated in Figure 3 . 4) The output and 2D/3D input of\\nmobile device are coupled. This coupling makes users diffi-\\ncult to check whether the depth of a stroke being currently\\ndrawn is reasonable or not by examining it from another\\nviewpoint. Steadily holding the device in mid-air easily leads\\nto fatigue or errors otherwise due to device shaking.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,614,189,630],\"text\":\"4 DESIGN GOALS\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,635,394,681],\"text\":\"Our interface is designed to alleviate the problems associated\\nwith the above challenges. We have the following design\\ngoals.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,681,395,873],\"text\":\"Sketching with Greater Precision. Users are hard to\\ndetermine the depth of a stroke being drawn from the cur-\\nrent viewpoint due to the lack of a stereo mobile display\\nand cannot check its depth from another viewpoint while\\ndrawing due to the coupling of the input and the output. This\\noften leads to 3D curves that appear connected in the screen\\nspace but separate in 3D (Figure 4 (a)). Moreover, due to the\\nsmall-sized multi-touch screen and the well-known fat finger\\nproblem [37] , the strokes may not be connected accurately\\neven in the screen space. One of our goals is thus to adapt\\nsome useful tools including surface proxies and 3D snapping\\nto suppress connection errors caused by these problems.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,873,394,954],\"text\":\"Support of Relative Drawing. Most existing mid-air 3D\\nsketching systems have focused on the use of a tracked stylus\\nfor absolute 3D positioning of a virtual 3D brush. However,\\nto tackle the narrow FOV challenge and create large-sized 3D\\nsketches in mobile AR, users typically have to step away from\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,477,747,588],\"text\":\"virtual objects (e.g., a tree) until they see a global context\\nfor drawing. The sketches then might be beyond the reach\\nof arm. This motivates us to support the mode of relative\\ndrawing (Figure 5 ) to allow users to draw sketches distantly.\\nThis requires us to use the 3D position from motion track-\\ning relatively, with respect to one or multiple points in an\\nexisting sketch.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_012.png\",\"bbox\":[428,121,738,201],\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image illustrates two drawing techniques: mid-air 3D drawing and surface-based 2D drawing. Both show an \\\"Existing Stroke\\\" with a \\\"Snapping Point\\\" and a \\\"Relative\\\" dotted path. In mid-air 3D drawing, a blue \\\"Absolute\\\" curve is drawn in space, while in surface-based 2D drawing, a blue \\\"Absolute\\\" number '3' is drawn on a smartphone screen held by a hand.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,201,747,243],\"text\":\"Figure 5: With and without using a snapping point, users can\\neasily switch between relative drawing (pink dotted lines)\\nand absolute drawing (blue line).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_014.png\",\"bbox\":[431,245,723,412],\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays a series of five panels demonstrating different interactions with a tablet. These include a hand holding and drawing a coiled line, dragging a line on a screen plane, and drawing on a new tilted screen plane. Further interactions show a tablet rotating along its vertical axis and a hand interacting with the device to project or emit yellow circular shapes.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,412,747,468],\"text\":\"Figure 6: Representative operations in our multimodal in-\\nterface for mobile 3D sketching. (a) Mid-air 3D drawing, (b)\\nsurface-based 2D drawing, (c) proxy creation, (d) proxy rota-\\ntion, and (e) cloning.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,588,747,716],\"text\":\"Interaction with Real Environments. One of the main\\nadvantages with mobile AR 3D sketching is to create 3D\\ndesigns with respect to real objects or scenes. Both ARKit\\nand ARcore have limited ability to understand the surround-\\ning environment by detecting planar structures in a scene.\\nWe aim to use such automatically detected planes or allow\\ninteractive creation of similar surface proxies to achieve 3D\\nsketches in situ (Figure 19 ).\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,725,571,742],\"text\":\"5   SYSTEM OVERVIEW\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,746,747,842],\"text\":\"Our mobile device together with the modern AR platform\\n(ARKit in our case) provides multiple sources of input, from\\nmulti-touch screen, motion tracking, IMU sensors, etc. Since\\nthese input sources have their own characteristics, we inte-\\ngrate them and design a multimodal interface to fulfill our\\ndesign goals.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,842,747,953],\"text\":\"Figure 6 shows representative operations in our multi-\\nmodal interaction for 3D sketching. More details will be\\ngiven in Section 6 . To create 3D sketches of reasonably good\\nquality, we adapt two useful tools including surface prox-\\nies and 3D snapping, which are originally designed for 3D\\nsketching with 2D inputs but seldom used for mobile 3D\\nsketching.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 176\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/results/markdown/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300406/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300406", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/results/output_json/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[67,119,234,221],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A purple, curved surface is depicted within a faint white wireframe box. A red wavy line runs along its left edge, and two green wavy lines are drawn across its center. A small white sphere is visible at the bottom center.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[85,231,215,247],\"text\":\"Figure 7: Curved proxy.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[239,117,383,222],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A light brown, curved, skin-like object is depicted, covered with numerous thin, black, spiky lines resembling hair or bristles. A small white sphere is positioned at the bottom center of the object. The background is a plain gray.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[236,231,385,247],\"text\":\"Figure 8: Snapping surface.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_006.png\",\"bbox\":[90,251,369,476],\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A detailed user interface of a digital application is displayed, featuring a central blue workspace with a \\\"Cursor for mid-air drawing.\\\" Key interactive components such as a top \\\"Toolbar,\\\" a bottom \\\"Shortcut bar,\\\" and various circular \\\"Object fan menu,\\\" \\\"Quick fan menu,\\\" and \\\"Action button\\\" elements are distinctly labeled.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,476,393,504],\"text\":\"Figure 9: The user interface of Mob3DSketch . The functions\\nof the action button change with the selected tools.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,523,394,634],\"text\":\"Planar/curved surface proxies can help users draw 3D\\nstrokes more precisely by constraining them onto the proxy\\nsurfaces (Figure 7 ). Such surface proxies also help suppress\\nthe depth errors caused by device shaking while drawing.\\nRelative drawing or large-scale sketching can be easily sup-\\nported by drawing on the proxies with perspective projec-\\ntion.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,634,394,792],\"text\":\"While there is no easy way to guide precise drawing of\\nindividual unconstrained 3D freeform curves, we use end-\\npoint snapping to achieve well connected strokes. The snap-\\nping feature has already been adopted by Paint Space AR [3] ,\\nwhich, however, only supports the snapping of the start-\\ning point of a 3D stroke to any point of the existing sketch.\\nWe provide a solution to another commonly used snapping\\nscenario, where the endpoints of a stroke both need to be\\nsnapped to the existing sketch (Figure 4 ). This allows users\\nto connect a new stroke to two existing 3D strokes with ease.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,793,394,906],\"text\":\"To achieve relative drawing, users may explicitly indicate\\ntheir relative drawing intention by first specifying a snap-\\nping point on an existing stroke or surface proxy before\\ndrawing a new stroke (Figure 5 ). Fortunately, no explicit\\nmode switching between absolute and relative drawing is\\nneeded, since both of the modes can be achieved by using\\nthe same mechanisms of 3D snapping and surface proxies.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,905,394,955],\"text\":\"Figure 9 shows the main interface of our system. We place\\na shortcut bar at the bottom of the screen, and organize com-\\nmonly used operations into the quick fan menu placed at\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,476,747,636],\"text\":\"the corner of the device. If a tool (e.g., \\\"Proxy\\\") is selected in\\nthe fan menu, it appears as an Action button (e.g., \\\"Create\\nProxy\\\") so that users can easily repeat the same operation for\\nmultiple times. This design is especially useful for the opera-\\ntions that require frequent usage (e.g., cloning an object for\\nmultiple times) or fine tuning (e.g., translation). If users long-\\nress an already-selected virtual object (i.e., snapping point,\\nstroke, surface proxy) on the 2D screen, an object fan menu\\npops up and allows users to perform specific operations, such\\nas delete or fill color, to the selected object.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[424,121,746,413],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Operation</td><td>Input</td><td>Description</td></tr><tr><td>Selection</td><td>touch</td><td>Single-finger tap for selecting a stroke or snapping point; two-finger tap for selecting a proxy. A proxy can also be selected by single-finger tapping at center. Tap on any empty space for deslection.</td></tr><tr><td>Translation</td><td>MoT, touch</td><td>A selected object moves with the device in space when the “Grab” action button being pressed. An optional constraint for vertical translation is included.</td></tr><tr><td>Rotate</td><td>IMU, touch</td><td>A selected object rotates according to the orientation of the device (Figure 6 (d)) when the “Rotate” action button being pressed.</td></tr><tr><td>Scaling</td><td>touch</td><td>Two-finger pinch gesture for scaling up/down a selected object.</td></tr><tr><td>Zoom-in/out</td><td>IMU, touch</td><td>Two-finger pinch gesture for moving a selected object in the device’s viewing direction when the “Grab” action button being pressed.</td></tr><tr><td>Cloning</td><td>MoT, touch</td><td>Copy a selected object, and place it in front of the device (Figure 6 (e)) when the “Paste” action button is tapped.</td></tr><tr><td>Deletion</td><td>touch</td><td>Long-press a selected stroke, proxy, or snap-point and then choose “Del” in the pop-up fan menu.</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table outlines various interaction operations for objects, including Selection, Translation, Rotate, Scaling, Zoom-in/out, Cloning, and Deletion. For each operation, the table specifies the required input (e.g., touch, MoT, IMU) and a brief description of its function.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_4_tab_13.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,414,744,456],\"text\":\"Table 1: A list of supporting operations. Objects here mean\\nindividual strokes, groups of strokes, or proxies. “ MoT ”\\nstands for motion tracking.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,637,747,748],\"text\":\"A list of supporting operations using multimodal inter-\\naction can be found in Table 1 . A user is suggested to use\\nhis/her dominant hand to perform drawing or touch gestures\\non the screen, and the non-dominant hand for holding the\\ndevice and interacting with the shortcut bar and the quick\\nfan menu. This design for binaural interaction allows quick\\nor temporary mode switching during sketching.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,758,555,775],\"text\":\"6   USER INTERFACE\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,779,745,810],\"text\":\"We first introduce three basic components of our system,\\nand then discuss their use for 3D sketching.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,821,557,838],\"text\":\"6.1 Basic Components\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,842,746,922],\"text\":\"3D Strokes. Strokes in our system are rendered as general-\\nized cylinders (Figure 10 ). To reduce tracking noise and motor\\ncontrol errors, we smooth strokes using the same method\\npresented in [2] . A stroke can be selected or deselected (see\\nTable 1 ). Selected strokes are shown semi-transparently.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,923,746,955],\"text\":\"Snapping Points. Snapping points are rendered as small\\nspheres, with the active one shown in solid blue and others\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 176\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/results/markdown/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300406/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300406", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/results/output_json/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[90,115,369,234],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays two augmented reality scenes overlaid on a wooden floor background, demonstrating the creation of 3D objects. Both scenes feature a green spiral shape originating from a blue sphere. The left scene shows the spiral and sphere intersected by a translucent purple plane, while the right scene shows a larger green spiral and sphere on a translucent blue rectangular plane marked with red corner spheres and a central white sphere.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,237,395,266],\"text\":\"Figure 10: Relative drawing from explicitly specified snap-\\nping points (blue points) on a selected stroke or proxy.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,282,396,394],\"text\":\"in semi-transparent white. To specify a snapping point, the\\nuser taps on a specific position of a selected stroke or proxy\\n(Figure 10 ). If two strokes are linked with the same snapping\\npoint, any transformation operation on one stroke will be\\napplied to the other so that their connectivity remains the\\nsame after transformation. The deletion of the snapping\\npoint breaks the link between the two strokes.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,394,396,713],\"text\":\"Surface Proxies. Our system supports both planar and\\ncurved surface proxies. To create a planar proxy, the user\\nselects the \\\"Proxy\\\" tool in the quick fan menu and taps the\\n\\\"Create Proxy\\\" action button. One planar proxy for each click\\nof the action button is instantly created according to the\\ncurrent 3D pose of the device (Figure 6 (c)), without a se-\\nquence of plane definition and adjustment steps [11, 39] . In\\nother words, the newly created proxy will lie on the plane\\nof the device. This seamless creation process is very useful\\nfor the user to create multiple proxies aligned with different\\nplanar surfaces of real-world objects. Alternatively, the user\\nmay first select an existing stroke or a snapping point on\\nan existing stroke or proxy, and then create a planar proxy\\npassing through the two endpoints of the selected stroke or\\nthe selected snapping point (Figure 11 ). Since unconstrained\\n3D orientation control is often imprecise, we provide orien-\\ntation snapping to existing proxies, and the horizontal and\\nvertical orientations. The displayed size of a planar proxy can\\nbe adjusted by long-pressing and dragging its four control\\nhandles (red spheres in Figure 11 ).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,713,396,857],\"text\":\"Our curved surface proxy is an extruded surface (Figure 7 ).\\nTo enter the surface creation mode, the user long-presses a\\nselected 3D stroke, and select the \\\"Surf\\\" button in the object\\nfan menu. The user then extrudes the selected 3D stroke as\\na profile along a straight line or freeform curve by mid-air\\ndrawing. Planar/curved surface proxies are rendered as semi-\\ntransparent 3D surfaces. To make them become essential\\nparts of a design, the user may fill them with a solid color\\nthrough the \\\"Fill\\\" item in the object fan menu.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,869,194,885],\"text\":\"6.2 Main Interaction\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,890,395,955],\"text\":\"Sketching. The user may perform either mid-air 3D sketch-\\ning (Figure 6 (a)) or surface-based 2D sketching (Figure 6 (b)).\\nFor mid-air sketching, the user utilizes the device as a 3D pen\\n(curfor drawing placed at the screen center (Figure 9 )).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,266,747,459],\"text\":\"and moves the device in space while long pressing anywhere\\non the screen. Surface-based sketching is achieved by a sin-\\ngle finger moving on the touch screen. During sketching,\\nthe action button becomes a \\\"Freeze\\\" button. The user may\\npress this button to pause (or freeze) the current drawing\\nprocess while changing the viewpoint, and release the button\\nto resume the drawing process. To seamlessly support both\\nmid-air sketching and surface-based sketching, our system\\nautomatically determines the sketching mode by checking\\nif a device or a finger touching on the screen moves first,\\nby thresholding the changes of touch position and device\\nposition.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[451,118,708,235],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This figure displays two 3D rendered scenes illustrating different types of attachments to geometric primitives. In scene (a), a red organic, curvilinear shape with a stem is shown, where its stem is attached via a blue sphere to a translucent blue rectangular plane that has red spheres at its corners. In scene (b), a straight red line passes through a translucent blue rectangular plane, with red spheres located along the line and on the top and bottom edges of the plane.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,238,746,265],\"text\":\"Figure 11: Create proxies attached to an existing point or\\nline.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,459,747,602],\"text\":\"Relative Drawing on Snapping Point . For a given se-\\nlected snapping point, in the mid-air 3D sketching mode,\\nall the new strokes will be drawn starting from the selected\\nsnapping point (Figure 10 ). This is achieved by moving the\\nstarting point of a new stroke to the snapping point. For\\nsurface-based, to prevent operations by mistake, the user\\nis required to draw a new stroke starting at or near to the\\nselected snapping point in the 2D screen space, determined\\nby ray-line intersection.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,602,748,921],\"text\":\"Relative Drawing on Surface Proxy. The user directly\\ndraws strokes on a selected proxy using surface-based sketch-\\ning from any distance and any orientation. The new strokes\\nwill be back-projected onto the (planar or non-planar) proxy\\nthrough perspective projection. One interesting feature of\\na planar proxy is that the user can draw outside the proxy,\\nsince there is essentially an infinitely large plane behind\\neach planar proxy. This feature is particularly useful for\\ncreating large-scale sketches. In addition, to avoid fatigue\\nduring surface-based sketching while holding the device and\\npointing to the selected proxy, the user may enter the \\\"2D\\\"\\nmode by selecting the \\\"2D\\\" item in the object fan menu after\\nlong-pressing a selected surface proxy, and then draw on the\\n2D parameter domain of the surface proxy (Figure 12 ) while\\nholding the device more comfortably. A similar interface has\\nbeen explored in SynthosisSketch . This \\\"2D\\\" mode can also\\nused to bring a remote proxy closer to the user and make it\\nparallel to the image plane, thus improving the precision for\\ndrawing distant sketches or drawing on proxies that are not\\nparallel to the screen.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,921,746,954],\"text\":\"In-context Sketching. To create 3D sketches attached\\nto a real-world environment, the user may use environment\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 176\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/results/markdown/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300406/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300406", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/results/output_json/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[74,118,247,214],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two panels display a blue square containing a yellow, hand-drawn rectangular outline and red corner markers. Panel (a) shows this square as a transparent, angled plane on a wall in a room, with a white sphere beneath it, labeled \\\"Normal mode\\\". Panel (b) presents a direct, flat view of the blue square against a black background, with a white sphere at its center, labeled \\\"2D mode\\\".\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,215,233,267],\"text\":\"Figure 12: Draw in the 2D pa-\\nrameter domain (b) to avoid\\nfatigue during drawing while\\npointing to a proxy.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[271,119,361,226],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A blue, translucent, roughly rectangular 3D shape is overlaid on a blurred indoor background, possibly a desk or shelf. Four red dots are visible at various points on the perimeter of the blue shape, and a small white sphere is located near its top right edge.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[246,225,394,267],\"text\":\"Figure 13: Create a planar\\nproxy that aligns with a\\nreal plane.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,283,395,507],\"text\":\"planes automatically detected by environment understand-\\ning as planar surface proxies (Figure 12 (a)). When such\\nenvironment planes do not exist or cannot be detected, the\\nuser may move the device close to a real object, and create\\nan anchor (i.e., 3D stroke or proxy) for the attachment of\\nother strokes. However, due to the inside-out motion track-\\ning technique, the camera of the device cannot be moved too\\nclosely to the real object. Otherwise the motion tracking al-\\ngorithm would fail. To address this issue, the user may create\\na planar proxy that passes through desired 3D positions at\\nthe place where motion tracking works well (Figure 13 ), and\\nthen specify an anchor on this proxy. Note that this issue\\ndoes not exist with SymbiosisSketch [2] due to its adoption\\nof outside-in MoCap.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,507,395,792],\"text\":\"Snapping Recommendation. If the user does not spec\\nify any snapping point explicitly, our system provides snap-\\nping suggestions if appropriate. More specifically, if an end-\\npoint (either starting or ending) of a new 3D stroke and any\\npoint of the existing sketch are very close to each other in the\\nscreen space, there is a high possibility that the user intends\\nto snap the two strokes. Our system provides a snapping sug-\\ngestion, and the user may accept the suggestion by clicking\\nthe \\\"Snap\\\" action button or deny it by tapping on an empty\\nscreen space. It is also possible to use snapping suggestions\\nfor the both endpoints of a new stroke (Figure 4 ). The depth\\nof intermediate points of the stroke is linearly interpolated\\nfrom the depth of the endpoints. The user may adjust snap-\\nping suggestions by dragging the suggested snapping points\\nto change their positions or tapping to remove them. Such re-\\nfinements of snapping suggestions often need to be done in a\\nviewpoint different from the original viewpoint for drawing\\nthe new stroke.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,792,395,955],\"text\":\"Snapping Curve & Snapping Surface. Beside individ-\\nual snapping points, we also introduce snapping curves\\nand snapping surfaces, which can be considered as regu-\\nlar strokes or surface proxies containing many pre-defined\\nsnapping points on them. When a new stroke is drawn near\\na snapping curve or surface, one of its endpoints will be auto-\\nmatically snapped to the nearest point of the snapping curve\\nor surface. This feature is particularly useful when a lot of\\nstrokes need to be attached to an existing stroke or surface\\nproxy, e.g., to add hair curves to a head surface (Figure 8 ). We\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,204],\"text\":\"use the space-based distance measurement and screen-based\\ndistance measurement for mid-air 3D sketching and surface-\\nbased 2D sketching, respectively. To change a selected stroke\\n(proxy) to a snapping stroke (surface), the user chooses the\\n\\\"Snap\\\" item from the object fan menu.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,204,746,396],\"text\":\"Other Tools. One additional interesting tool in our sys-\\ntem is a symmetry proxy that can regularly and accurately\\nduplicate the currently drawn stroke to different positions or\\norientations. Both reflective and rotational symmetry prox-\\nies are provided. We also provide 3D transformation widgets\\n(similar to those in CAD software) for transforming the exist-\\ning strokes and proxies more accurately. They allow users to\\ncreate a detailed object by first drawing it in a relatively big-\\nger scale and then scaling it down. Similar to most painting\\nsystems, our system also provides basic but important tools\\nincluding color picking, undo & redo, primitive drawing, and\\nsave & load files, etc.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,406,565,423],\"text\":\"7   USER EVALUATION\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,426,746,492],\"text\":\"We have implemented our prototype based on Apple ARKit.\\nFor the evaluation below, we mainly used iPhone with fingers\\nfor multi-touch interaction. We also tested our prototype on\\niPads but they are too heavy for mid-air 3D sketching.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,502,510,519],\"text\":\"7.1 Evaluation\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,523,746,682],\"text\":\"Since absolute drawing in our system is almost the same as\\nthat in existing mobile apps for 3D sketching, we focused on\\nthe evaluation of our new features (relative drawing with\\nsnapping and proxy). We hypothesized that relative drawing\\nis more preferable in some common tasks. We included five\\ndifferent drawing methods in this pilot study, including 3D\\nmid-air absolute drawing ( MA ), 3D mid-air relative draw-\\ning ( MR ), surface relative drawing ( SR ) [3] , surface drawing\\nwith two-endpoint snapping ( TS ), and surface drawing with\\nplanar proxy ( PR ).\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,682,746,826],\"text\":\"We invited 10 university students (age 21-30, 3 female) to\\ntest our system by performing a set of fixed tasks (without\\nrequiring drawing skills). Before the evaluation, we provided\\na 5-minute tutorial to let the subjects get familiar with the\\ngoal and operations of the five methods. During the study,\\nsubjects were asked to complete four different tasks for five\\ntimes with all the five methods. Latin squares were used for\\nthe order of the methods amongst the subjects to minimize\\nbias from learning.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,825,746,954],\"text\":\"Tasks. The four tasks were: (1) \\\"Circle\\\" task involved the\\ndrawing of a 2D perfect circle in the mid-air. This task was\\nto evaluate whether the subjects could draw a desired shape\\nwell using different methods. (2) \\\"Link\\\" task involved the\\ndrawing of a straight line to connect two virtual objects in the\\nmid-air. The motivation of this task was to evaluate whether\\nthe subjects could connect existing objects in mid-air well.\\n(3) \\\"Ladder\\\" task involved the drawing of a $4$ -step ladder.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 176\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/results/markdown/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300406/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300406", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/results/output_json/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,204],\"text\":\"The goal was to test subjects with drawing objects involving\\nmultiple strokes. (4) \\\"Tall-line\\\" task involved the drawing\\nof a very tall vertical line from a given starting point to see\\nhow big scale the user could manage to draw using different\\nmethods.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,205,394,363],\"text\":\"Procedure. All these tasks were performed on an iPhone X\\nwith iOS 11.4 in a normal lab environment with normal light-\\ning condition. Our goal in this study was to evaluate the\\ndrawing performance using our provided methods. Thus we\\nprovided all the required snapping points and proxies in the\\ntest if needed (e.g., one snapping point is needed for rela-\\ntive drawing), except the “ladder” task. The subjects were\\nrequired to create their own snapping points for the hori-\\nzontal parts of a ladder. At the end of the study, each subject\\nwas asked to provide feedbacks.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,363,394,491],\"text\":\"Results and Feedbacks. Figure 17 shows the projected\\nresults of all the subjects in the “ circle ” and “ link ” tasks, and\\nFigure 18 the example results of 2 subjects in the “ ladder ” task\\nfor visual comparison. It can be easily seen that snapping\\nand planar proxies play important roles in creating better\\nresults. It is very difficult to achieve acceptable results using\\nMA . Similar problems exist with the existing mobile AR 3D\\nsketching applications.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,491,395,857],\"text\":\"In the study the subjects provided lots of feedbacks. Over-\\nall all of them felt that relative drawing was useful, and\\nsnapping and proxy were helpful for 3D sketching in Mo-\\nbile AR. As expected, all the subjects complained that they\\ncould not see the whole context for absolute drawing and\\nno depth perception on the screen. Several subjects missed\\nthe target object in the “ link ” case and drew random curves\\ninstead of a straight line (Figure 17 (bottom)). All the sub-\\njects reported that surface-based relative drawing was more\\npreferable than mid-air drawing for these common tasks,\\nsince they could see the whole content on the screen. In\\nparticular, S2 comments As we cannot see the objects outside\\nthe small screen, we need to have a very strong sense of 3D\\nspace to draw strokes well using absolute drawing . It is also\\nevidenced by the quantitative measurement in our study.\\nA paired t-test shows surface-based drawing ( SR _ TS _ PR )\\nwas significantly better than mid-air drawing ( MA _ MR ) in\\nterms of both time and error (p < 0.001) for all tasks. How-\\never, although surface-based drawing is better in these four\\ncommon tasks, MA is still powerful, especially when using\\nthe physical environment as the reference. Our system thus\\nsupports both absolute and relative drawing, since we believe\\nthey have their own strengths in different cases.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,858,395,938],\"text\":\"Our TS also helps improve the quality of stroke connec-\\ntion (Figure 16 ), even for strokes with different depth. S10\\ncommented: Connection of strokes is an important aspect in\\nsketching. Two-endpoint snapping is very useful to connect\\nstrokes with different depth. Our study shows that the offset\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,746,282],\"text\":\"distance between strokes $^5$ with TS is significantly smaller\\nthan each of the other methods (p < 0.001). Compared to\\nall the other methods, PR significantly (p < 0.001) reduced\\nthe depth errors caused by device shaking, as confirmed by\\nS5: Proxy is good as it allows us to draw the sketch with same\\ndepth on the screen from any distance and any orientation. In\\naddition, it allowed the subjects to draw large-sized sketches\\nmore than 1,000m tall using PR , compared to the other meth-\\nods with the average heights: 110.8cm ( MA ), 164.5cm ( MR )\\nand 208.1cm ( SR ).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,283,746,476],\"text\":\"Users also reported that there is no performance difference\\nfor drawing objects with varying depth using absolute or\\nrelative mid-air drawing. Although they are able to see the\\nwhole context on the screen using relative drawing, the size\\ndifference caused by perspective projection distorts their\\nexpectation, especially for objects with varying depth. They\\nsuggested that they could draw better sketches using mid-\\nair drawing if they do not look at the screen. Thus mid-air\\nrelative drawing is currently only useful for drawing distant\\n3D objects in a large-scale scene. It does not provide any\\nbenefit on the drawing quality or speed compared to mid-air\\nabsolute drawing.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,487,534,504],\"text\":\"7.2 Design Results\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,507,746,634],\"text\":\"We recruited three student helpers with reasonably good\\ndrawing skills to test the expressiveness of our tool. All of\\nthem did not have any previous 3D sketching experience.\\nThey were given a 1-hour tutorial on our system and were\\nalso introduced to Paint Space AR [3] , which is probably the\\nbest available mobile application for 3D sketching. They felt\\nwhile our tool took much longer time to learn, it was much\\nmore powerful than Paint Space AR .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,634,746,762],\"text\":\"Figures 1 and 19 shows representative results created by\\nthese student artists. We show various use cases where 3D\\nsketches were created to decorate the real-world objects and\\nenvironments. Our tool works well for sketches with differ-\\nent scales, from several centimeters to dozens of meters. On\\naverage, each design was created about a dozen of minutes.\\nThe most complicated examples in Figure 1 took over half\\nan hour for each example.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,763,746,874],\"text\":\"The preliminary analysis on the sketching process of the\\nparticipants shows that each main feature played important\\nroles in producing the sketching results. On average 8.43\\nproxies, 38.57 one-endpoint snapping, 4.57 two-endpoint\\nsnapping, 8.79 absolute drawing operations and 75.92 relative\\ndrawing operations were used per sketch with on average\\n66.86 strokes, excluding deleted strokes.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[420,890,745,954],\"text\":\"$^{1}$Defined as the 3D Euclidean distance between the starting and ending\\npoints for the \\\"circle\\\" task; the 3D Euclidean distance of a starting or ending\\npoint to the corresponding virtual object for the \\\"link\\\" task; the average of\\nthe Euclidean distances of the two diadrenormal lines to the nearest points in\\nthe vertical lines for the \\\"ladder\\\" task.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 176\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300406/results/markdown/3290605-3300406_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300408/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300408", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/results/output_json/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[199,118,614,147],\"text\":\"Ethical Mediation in UX Practice\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[174,161,308,228],\"text\":\"Colin M. Gray\\n\\nPurdue University\\n\\nWest Lafayette, Indiana\\n\\ngray42@purdue.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[501,161,640,228],\"text\":\"Shruthi Sai Chivukula\\n\\nPurdue University\\nWest Lafayette, Indiana\\ncshurthi@purdue.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,237,140,254],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,259,395,545],\"text\":\"HCI scholars have become increasingly interested in descri-\\ning the complex nature of UX practice. In parallel, HCI and\\nSTS scholars have sought to describe the ethical and value-\\nladen relationship between designers and design outcomes.\\nHowever, little research describes the ethical engagement of\\nUX practitioners as a form of design complexity, including\\nthe multiple mediating factors that impact ethical awareness\\nand decision-making. In this paper, we use a practice-led\\napproach to describe ethical complexity, presenting three\\nvaried cases of UX practitioners based on in situ observations\\nand interviews. In each case, we describe salient factors relat-\\ning to ethical mediation, including organizational practices,\\nself-drawn ethical principles, and unique characteristics of\\nspecific projects the practitioner is engaged in. Using the\\nconcept of mediation from activity theory, we provide a rich\\naccount of practitioners' ethical decision making. We pro-\\npose future work on ethical awareness and design education\\nbased on the concept of ethical mediation.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,555,172,573],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,577,394,627],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Empirical studies in\\ninteraction design: Empirical studies in HCI, • Social and\\nprofessional topics $\\\\rightarrow$ Codes of ethics.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,637,148,654],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,659,392,674],\"text\":\"UX design; practice-led research; applied ethics; mediation\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,680,202,695],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[70,696,394,766],\"text\":\"Colin M. Gray and Shruti Sai Chivukula. 2019. Ethical Mediation\\nin UK Practice. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing\\nSystems Processing (CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland,\\nUnited Kingdom, New York, NY, USA , 11 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/\\n3290605.3300408\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_num\",\"author\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,237,549,254],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,259,747,482],\"text\":\"HCI scholars have become increasingly interested in descri-\\ning the complex nature of UX practice, influenced by a \\\"turn\\nto design\\\" in the 1990s [28] and a \\\"turn to practice\\\" in the\\n2010s [29] . As part of these \\\"turns\\\"-in conjunction with\\nthird-paradigm assumptions about the nature of HCI prac-\\ntice [24] -attention has turned from a focus primarily on\\ntheory-building to an understanding of the subjective-yet-\\nprofessional knowledge that designers rely upon to support\\ntheir practice [46] . In parallel with this increased interest\\nin studying design practice on its own terms , HCI and STS\\nscholars have also sought to describe the ethical and value-\\nladen relationship between designers and design outcomes\\n(e.g., [1, 18, 41, 43] ), and the role of design knowledge in\\ninforming ethically-centered practice [20, 49] .\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,482,747,720],\"text\":\"However, despite decades of interest by design and tech-\\nnology scholars regarding the importance of engaging in\\nethical practice (e.g., [1, 13, 18, 33, 38, 39] ), little research\\ndescribes the ethical engagement of design practitioners on\\nthe ground and on its own terms . Practice-led research efforts,\\nexemplified by the work of Goodman et al. [19] , Zhang &\\nWolkary [53] , and others have revealed aspects of the com-\\nplexity that define design practice [46] , but the pragmatic\\nand situational role of ethics is still underdetermined and\\nundertheorized in the design and HCI literature. In partic-\\nular, we position ethics as an important mediator of design\\ncomplexity, representing the tradeoffs inherent in the social,\\norganizational, technological, and personal milieu of the de-\\nsigner, subsuming the multiple mediating factors that impact\\nor shape ethical awareness and decision-making.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,720,747,880],\"text\":\"In this study, we provide a practice-led, in situ account of\\nUX designers' practices from an ethics perspective, increas-\\ning knowledge about how practitioners engage in “ everyday\\nethics ” as an important component of their work. Through\\na set of three diverse cases, we describe the everyday work\\npractices of UX designers, shaped by multiple mediating\\nfactors that constrain, shape, or direct the ethical impact of\\ndesign decisions. Through a discussion of these mediators,\\nwe build the groundwork for an ecology of pragmatist ethics\\nin UX design practice.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,880,747,944],\"text\":\"The contributions of this paper are two-fold: First, we doc-\\nument cases that describe the emergence or suppression of\\nethical decision making in UX practice, detailing the interac-\\ntions and positionality of the designer within each case. This\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,778,394,898],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nalso be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\\nCHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,900,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,925,266,953],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4603-5970/2-019-03..315.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3304048\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,997,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 178\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,997,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/results/markdown/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300408/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300408", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/results/output_json/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,237],\"text\":\"provides new knowledge about how ethical awareness and\\ndecision-making emerge without guiding methods or frame-\\nworks. Second, we describe ethical decision-making through\\nthe lens of mediation, identifying how organizational, per-\\nsonal, and ethical frameworks impact design practices. This\\nprovides further guidance in exploring the role of pragmatist\\nethics in managing design complexity.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,258,197,274],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,278,211,295],\"text\":\"Ethics in all disciplines\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,298,395,553],\"text\":\"Over the past decade, there has been increased awareness of\\nthe importance of ethics in design and technology education\\n(e.g., [13, 18, 20, 26, 32, 47] ). However, this awareness has not\\ngenerally led to increased ability on the part of practitioners\\nto work and act in an ethically-aware manner, despite numer-\\nous existing methods and frameworks. In parallel with this\\ninterest in the ethics of design practices, the HCI community\\nhas worked to engage more fully in the ethics of researchers\\nand research practices (e.g., [7, 34, 51] ). Many of these efforts\\nto describe ethical practices in a range of research and design\\ncontexts rely upon common framings of ethics from philos-\\nophy, including perspectives such as consequentialist , duty ,\\nvirtue , and care (e.g., [2, 20, 48] ). We do not explicitly use any\\nof these perspectives a priori in grounding this study, and\\ninstead seek to identify and describe ethical considerations\\ndescribed by practitioners on their own terms .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,554,395,955],\"text\":\"In HCI and design education, calls for attention to the\\nrole of values and ethics have been continuous [10, 18, 33] ,\\nyet has largely been left unaddressed in formal educational\\npractice, particularly as compared to more scientific disci-\\nplines such as science [49] and engineering [38, 47] . With\\nthe importance of ethics in practice now well established\\n(e.g., [1, 17, 37] ), it is vital that we describe the relationships\\namong actors, organizations, and societal responsibility in\\nrobust ways. Prior work has largely identified frameworks\\nfor interacting with ethics and values (e.g., value-sensitive\\ndesign [4, 16, 30] , values at play [14] ). However, these frame-\\nworks have not substantively impacted the mainstream of\\nUX practice , because HCI and UX practitioners often engage\\nin their work and with the world in general from a predomi-\\nnantly pragmatic ethical perspective, which does not account\\nfor the use of structured methods or frameworks. In addi-\\ntion, there is also a conflict between ethical standpoint, with\\nsome fields such as engineering and education operating\\nprimarily from a consequentialist perspective (e.g., [31, 38] ),\\nwhile other scholars have recognized the limitations of this\\nperspective in a design context (e.g., [8, 20] ), where the main\\ngoal it to produce intentional change. Other perspectives\\non ethical engagement, such as Shilton's “ value levers ” [41]\\nprovides a designer-centric means of exploring and acting\\nupon emergent ethical concerns, placing the emphasis more\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,745,156],\"text\":\"closely on the designer and her agency rather than on a \\nspecific methodology for design engagement.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,156,747,554],\"text\":\"Despite the increasing expectations for professionals to be\\nstrongly aware of the ethical roles they play through prac-\\ntice, driven by the ubiquity of technologies in worldwide-use\\nand increase in goods being used in differing global contexts,\\nthere is little in situ research that provides a rich account of\\nhow ethics and values are addressed in professional design\\npractice. There are rare examples of this type of in situ re-\\nsearch, primarily in the STS literature. Shilton [42] identified\\nthe emergence of values in infrastructure design, using re-\\nflection on values as a means of engaging technologists in\\nthe ethical dimensions of their praxis. Steen [45] analyzed\\nICT application development practices through the lens of\\npragmatist ethics, identifying locations within the “ black\\nbox ” of design where ethical concerns can be addressed in a\\nreflexive manner. Finally, van Wynesberghie and Robbins [49]\\nproposed a heightened role for ethicists in supporting scien-\\ntific work — the “ ethicist as designer ”— leading to a method\\nfor uncovering, scrutinizing, and translating values through\\nthe design process. Verbeek [50] also provides philosophical\\ninsight into the ethical dimensions of technological artifacts,\\ndescribing the concept of technological mediation , whereby\\ndesigned artifacts and society interact in ways that inherently\\ninvolve ethical considerations. This post-phenomenological\\nunderstanding of ethical interaction is foundational to our\\nown investigation of ethics in a practice-led framing.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,554,746,635],\"text\":\"In this study, we seek to provide an account of ethical\\nconsiderations in UX practice, building upon these previous\\nempirical and philosophical efforts to more fully describe\\nthe rich contexts in which ethical concerns emerge and re-\\nflexively shape design processes.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,661,521,677],\"text\":\"Turn to Practice\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,681,747,955],\"text\":\"We situate our work as part of a larger \\\"turn to practice\\\"\\nin HCI scholarship [28, 29] , attending to not only the epis-\\ntemological commitments of design in its third paradigm\\n[11] , but also the need to bridge practitioner and researcher\\nknowledge through dissemination pathways [22] . Our goal\\nis to reveal and describe contextual and situated factors that\\ncontribute to design complexity [46] , particularly focusing\\non the role that designers play in foregrounding and address-\\ning ethical concerns. Prior work in a practice-led framing\\ninform the present study. In particular, we build upon the\\nwork of Goodman [19] and Zhang and Wakkary [53] in de-\\nscribing the complex landscape of practice that is shaped\\nby organizational factors and personal expertise. We also\\nrecognize that designers, broadly speaking, have the capac-\\nity to engage in substantive conversations around ethical\\nconcerns, using concepts such as dark patterns in discussions\\non social media [6, 12] . Finally, we draw on the work of Gray,\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 178\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/results/markdown/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300408/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300408", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/results/output_json/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,267],\"text\":\"Gross, and Toombs [23] in recognizing that design compe-\\ntence and performance are not static, but rather exist in a\\ndynamic interplay of foregrounded and explicit awareness\\nby individual and organizational actors. In the present study,\\nwe blend these insights to describe more fully how UX prac-\\ntitioners engage in the design complexity of their work, and\\nmotivate this work through ethical or value-related commit-\\nments that shape—and are shaped by—organizational and\\npersonal factors.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,278,257,296],\"text\":\"Activity Theory and Mediation\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,299,396,460],\"text\":\"In this paper, we build upon prior work on activity theory in\\ngeneral (e.g., [3, 25, 35, 36] ), and particularly on the notion of\\nmediation . As Nardi [36] states: “ activity theory proposes a\\nstrong notion of mediation — all human experience is shaped\\nby the tools and sign systems we use. ” Activity theory more\\nbroadly contends that we cannot view actors or technological\\nartifacts in isolation, but rather we must always understand\\ninteractions as simultaneously involving mediating actions\\nfrom multiple sources that shape, constrain, or extend action\\npossibilities.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,460,396,682],\"text\":\"In this paper, we also draw on the work of Kou and Nardi\\n[27] , who describe the value of using the language of complex\\nmediation to analyze patterns of interaction over time that\\ninvolve both human and technological actors. While we use\\nthe concept of mediation in a relatively imprecise way in\\nour analysis of practitioner interactions with ethics without\\nfully exploring the semiotic dimensions that are implied\\nby the engagement of practitioners with particular design\\nartifacts or disciplinary codes of ethics, we anticipate that\\nfuture work might sharpen this language further, making\\nit a more useful tool for evaluating the design complexity\\nof these interactions, and the system-level mediators that\\nshape immediate design decisions, and the momentum of\\nthese decisions over time.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,693,197,711],\"text\":\"3  OUR APPROACH\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,714,395,953],\"text\":\"In this study, we sought to identify and describe the ethical\\nprinciples and related values that UX practitioners relied\\nupon “on the ground.” To achieve this goal, we collected\\ndata through an on-site observational study and follow-up\\ninterviews with UX designers working in an industry context.\\nWe approached this study as case study research as it aided\\nus in building deep insights about the complex phenomena\\nwe observed and analyzed in each organizational context\\n[15, 44, 52] . We used a multiple case study approach [52] ,\\nwith each participant – organization pair serving as the case\\nunit, viewing each case study holistically. The primary goal\\nof case study research such as this is not generalizability,\\nalthough the rich detail obtained through each case can be\\nexpected to lead to insights or hypotheses that may guide\\nfuture research.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,124,747,252],\"text\":\"To support the generation of information-rich cases, we\\nconducted an observational study with three expert UX prac-\\ntitioners in a range of different work contexts. All research\\nactivities were approved by our institutional IRB, and all\\ndirect and indirect participants in our observations were\\nconsented. Each participant is referred to by a pseudonym,\\nand elements of the work context are anonymized to protect\\nthe participants and their organization.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,264,498,281],\"text\":\"Participants\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,285,748,574],\"text\":\"The details of the participants at the focus of each case study\\nare presented in Table 1 . We identified multiple participants\\nthrough a snowball sample [46] beginning from our personal\\nand professional networks. In identifying and qualifying par-\\nticipants, we used a purposeful sampling approach [40] to\\nidentify a range of cases from different geographic locations,\\nindustries, organization types, role in the industry, and edu-\\ncational backgrounds. Three diverse cases were chosen based\\non multiple case study best practices [52] and the resource\\nlimitations of the researchers. Participants that were not cho-\\nsen for this case sample were enrolled in an related expert\\ninterview study. The participants in the three cases range in\\nexperience from six to eleven years, and currently working\\nin a range of industry types spanning enterprise, agency\\n(in house), and agency (remote). All participants brought\\ndifferent sets of work and educational experiences, and each\\nplayed a different role in their team, ranging from consultant\\nto manager to partner.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,587,519,604],\"text\":\"Data Collection\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,607,746,657],\"text\":\"The data for building the case studies was collected through\\nobservations and follow-up interviews with the three partic-\\nipants at the center of each case study.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,666,747,857],\"text\":\"Observations. Each participant was observed in their nat-\\nural setting at their work spaces by two researchers. We\\nconsented the target participant, employer and any indirect\\nparticipants prior to the start of data collection for all these\\nresearch activities as approved by our institutional IRB. Each\\nparticipant was observed for 7-10 hours across two or three\\ndifferent sessions. This number of hours increased the likeli-\\nhood that we would be able to collect varied experiences and\\nactivities in the workplace based on work from prior studies\\nof in situ design activity (e.g., [21] ), while also helping to\\nmitigate any validity risks of observing the participant (i.e.,\\nHawthorne Effect).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,857,747,954],\"text\":\"During each observation, handwritten field notes were\\nproduced by two researchers, constituting the primary data\\ncollection method. Prior to engaging in the observations,\\neach researcher was trained through at least two scaffold-\\ning observations, increasing the ability of the researcher to\\nreliably capture complex work practices, speech acts, and\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 178\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/results/markdown/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300408/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300408", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/results/output_json/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[71,123,743,277],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Name (Years of Experience)</td><td>Education</td><td>Industry Type</td><td>Role</td><td>Observation &amp; Interview Details</td></tr><tr><td>John (6)</td><td>MS in Interdisciplinary ESE, PhD (current)</td><td>Agency or Consultancy</td><td>Business Strategist and Interaction Designer</td><td>7 hours in 2 sessions + 60 mins of Interview</td></tr><tr><td>James (11)</td><td>MS in Interaction Design</td><td>Agency or Consultancy</td><td>Design Lead/Manager</td><td>10 hours in 3 sessions + 90 mins of Interview</td></tr><tr><td>Martha (9)</td><td>BS in Computational Media</td><td>Network Enterprise for Customer Experience</td><td>User Experience Designer</td><td>9.5 hours in 3 sessions + 90 mins of Interview</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a table detailing information for three individuals: John, James, and Martha. The columns provide their names and years of experience, education, industry type, role, and observation/interview details.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_3_tab_2.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[239,278,575,295],\"text\":\"Table 1: Participant demographics and data collection details.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,331,395,460],\"text\":\"paralinguistics, as identified in [9] . The handwritten notes\\nconsisted of site maps, time stamps, interactions between\\nindividuals surrounding the participants, specific speech acts\\nby individuals regarding design decisions, and researcher\\nnotes/memos. After each observation was completed, the\\nfield notes were collaboratively converted into digital nar-\\nratives to combine the notes and observations of both the\\nresearchers to constitute a \\\"thick\\\" record [9] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,471,396,886],\"text\":\"Follow-up Interviews. After the final observation, researchers\\nconducted a 60-90 min follow-up interview with the partici-\\npant. This interview was intended to clarify researcher notes\\nfrom the observations and broadly document the perceptions\\nof the participants regarding the role of ethics and values\\nin their design work. These debrief interviews focused on\\nstimulated recall of projects and primary decisions, includ-\\ning follow-up questions regarding the rationale for these\\ndecisions, prior experiences that guided these decisions, and\\nother relevant actors or environmental cues that appeared to\\nbe salient in the observation. After the conclusion of these\\nobservation-focused questions, we also engaged the partic-\\nipant in a discussion of \\\"dark patterns\\\" and other ethical\\nconsiderations in UX, which included solicitation of ques-\\ntions regarding user/stakeholder balance, and whether the\\nparticipant had been asked to make design decisions that\\nmade them uncomfortable. We concluded with an open ques-\\ntion asking how they assessed the ethical implications of\\ntheir design decisions, with no definition of ethics or other\\nconceptual framing provided. We did not provide a defi-\\nnition of ethics, values, or other framing concepts to our\\nparticipants before the observations or during the interview\\ndebrief. These interviews were audio recorded with the con-\\nsent of the participants. The recordings were transcribed and\\ncleaned, and were used in conjunction with the thick record\\nto facilitate data analysis.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,900,155,918],\"text\":\"Data Analysis\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,921,394,955],\"text\":\"The thick records and interview transcripts of each partic-\\nipant were analyzed to form conceptually similar chunks.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,331,747,522],\"text\":\"of events and activities. Patterns of similar activities were\\nnoted both in the process of performing observations, as\\nwell as in post-hoc analysis by multiple researchers. These\\nchunks represented different observed themes regarding the\\npractices at the workplace of each participant, including: con-\\ncept brainstorming, stand-up meetings, client discussions,\\nreview/critique sessions, and so on. Once the themes were\\nidentified, all chunks were first analyzed individually to un-\\nderstand the actors involved, the decision making processes\\nthe actors engaged with, areas of tension in beliefs versus\\nactions and any in-context discussion or later reflection in\\nthe interview.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,522,747,763],\"text\":\"Once the main activity-related themes were identified,\\nthree main themes emerged through a bottom-up thematic\\nanalysis [5] that helped us to describe the richness within\\nand across cases in relation to ethical awareness and deci-\\nsion making: 1) individual practices of the participant re-\\nlated/unrelated to their work environments; 2) organiza-\\ntional practices or policies which were evident throughout\\nthe team; and 3) the individual and specific examples that\\nguided us to understand their ethical awareness and prac-\\ntices. While writing the case studies, we used an interpretive\\napproach [40] to describe ethical concerns on the partici-\\npant’s own terms, using their own words wherever possible.\\nThe depth of each case varied, based on the variety of work\\npractices observed, the articulation of participants, and vari-\\nation in the number and type of indirect participants.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,789,502,805],\"text\":\"4 RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,808,747,954],\"text\":\"We present each participant's observation synthesis as an in-\\ndividual case. For each participant, we provide a rich descrip-\\ntion of their background, their relation with their company,\\norganizational structure(s), and clients, and overall themes\\nof practice from an ethical standpoint. Our analysis, present\\nin each case and elaborated in the discussion, presented a\\ncommon mediator-driven position of the designer at the core\\nof the ethical complexities that take place between individual\\npractices, organizational practices and applied ethics.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 178\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/results/markdown/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300408/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300408", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/results/output_json/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,125,285,140],\"text\":\"John: Designing Within \\\"Numbers\\\"\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,144,395,319],\"text\":\"John works at an established agency as a remote consultant,\\nand is pursuing his PhD. He currently works remotely with\\nhis agency team and primarily coordinates these activities\\nthrough online management and communication tools such\\nas e-mail, Slack, and internal-management platforms that\\nare specific to each client. He has worked for six years in\\nvarious fields such as graphic design, architecture, interac-\\ntion design, and business strategy, and has an interdisci-\\nplinary background, with formal education in engineering\\nand architecture. He refers to himself as a trans-disciplinary\\nentrepreneur, researcher, and strategist.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,320,395,512],\"text\":\"Although John is working remotely, he has conversations\\nover chat applications and project-tracking platforms to keep\\nthings up-to-date and fulfill the role of being a business\\nstrategist and interaction designer. Clients at his agency\\nrange from funded SaaS startups to multi-billion dollar foun-\\ndations and Fortune 500 companies. The agency generally\\nworks with technology-driven projects, ranging from web-\\nsites to mobile applications to IoT implementation. He often\\nhandles multiple projects at the same time, and as we had\\nthe opportunity to observe him, he frequently worked alone\\nin a coworking space, joining in regular conversations with\\nhis colleagues through online tools.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,522,395,955],\"text\":\"Externalizing ethical decision making. John's perspective of\\napplication of ethics and values is highly externalized and\\ndistant from his own role, as became evident in his inter-\\nview and day-to-day activities. He expressed that his agency\\n“hired consultants ... that help us make sure that we're do-\\ning things ethically,” allowing him to distance his personal\\nethical responsibility. In many instances in our observations\\nwith John, he also overlapped ethical and legal considera-\\ntions, with seemingly more focus on saving the agency from\\nlegal issues than engaging in human values on their own\\nmerits. While we were able to see this overlap throughout\\nhis design activities, in the follow-up interview, he provided\\nmore detail on a specific set of design decisions: “That [fea-\\nture is] violating HIPAA. Violating some legal framework, or\\nit just emotionally, so doesn't sit well with me.” This bifurca-\\ntion of ethics and legality also appeared when he identified\\nand activated specific feature lists given by the clients for\\nthe designers to address. While checking the required fea-\\nture list for a school management tool, John mentioned that\\nsecurity and privacy of student information is “twenty-five\\npercent of what we do” to ensure that the situation is “legally\\nprotected,” but that the main focus was on the contract with\\nthe organization and the money that they were willing to\\npay. This also came through as John's relationship with user-\\ncentered design principles. He regularly discussed situations\\nwith his colleagues where a client might profit by extracting\\nvalue from a user, deciding that if he concentrated only on\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,188],\"text\":\"developing a better experience for the user, that the client\\nwas not necessarily going to benefit. John's commitment was\\nto do his \\\"client justice,\\\" and ensure that they received the\\nvalue that they were paying for.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,189,747,380],\"text\":\"Overall, he is focused more on the legal issues around the\\nbusiness of the product, mentioning that his role as a designer\\nis to serve his clients. This allegiance to client needs makes\\nhim particularly sensitive to the kinds of projects that he took\\non, with concern towards projects that take advantage of\\nminorities or economically disadvantaged groups, or issues\\nof racial injustice in relation to project outcomes. Thus, even\\nwhile there was often a tense, yet externalized relationship,\\nbetween value sensitivity and legality, John uses his business\\nstrategist role to position his organization as an “advocacy\\nplatform” to turn down projects that do not meet certain\\nethical criteria.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,395,747,779],\"text\":\"Designing within the resources offered. John explains his or-\\nganizational structure and relationships with clients in the\\nfollowing way: \\\"they are billed as duration in price. So you\\nget us for a certain amount of time at a certain price. We do\\nall we can within that price and once we use that up we're\\ndone.\\\" This contractual approach to project work forces him\\nto design only within the resources that were allowed, and\\nto regularly trim ethical considerations as out of scope. He\\nmentions that the agency has historically had no problems\\nidentifying clients that need support, but also notes the limits\\nof their relationship: \\\"Our time is yours. But it's limited.\\\" He\\nrecognizes the need for design processes to be iterative, but\\nforms a boundary with the available resources of time and\\nmoney. In this way, his organization constrains the design\\nsituation such that their clients hire them to validate their\\nown preexisting ideas, and not to give their own judgment\\nand alternative solutions. This validation is done using \\\"user\\nresearch,\\\" which his team uses as an argumentation tool to\\nconvince clients to push forward towards a specific solution.\\nEven when engaging in this research, John's goals are pri-\\nmarily to understand objective issues or concerns, rather\\nthan the emotional aspects of the end users. In this way,\\nJohn's user research methodology can be characterized as\\n\\\"user-led\\\" rather than \\\"user-centric.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,792,747,955],\"text\":\"Treating business goals as a design boundary. One of the\\nprojects we observed John working on was a chat messag-\\ning service. John, along with his team, was hired to sup-\\nport chat functionality on a larger website, where the chat\\ninterface was used to identify and hire candidates. In the\\nprocess of working with this functionality, they discovered\\nthat the company could track all the user's activities after\\nlogging in, including interception of content that is typed\\neven before the submit button is clicked. This potential for\\na privacy breach was not disclosed by the company, and\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 178\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/results/markdown/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300408/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300408", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/results/output_json/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,299],\"text\":\"once he realized this was the case, John expressed discom-\\nfort and frustration about this situation, noting that it fell\\ninto a \\\"gray territory\\\" in his mind. However, due to the con-\\ntractual nature of his work and the defined boundaries that\\nthis presented in his mind, John mentioned that they would\\nnot contracted to help them support that part of the design\\nof the service, and thus would not involve themselves in\\nsolving or further understanding this privacy issue. This ex-\\nample clearly illustrates the boundaries that John and his\\norganization formed in regard to their design activities and\\npotential ethical considerations.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,315,393,333],\"text\":\"James: Being Constantly \\\"Aware\\\" of Things Out There\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,336,394,463],\"text\":\"James works for an agency that creates solutions to client\\nprojects, primarily specializing in website applications. He\\nhas worked in the field of UX design for about eleven years,\\nwith more than three years at his current organization. Cur-\\nrently, he leads a design team of more than six UX designers\\nwith a range of skillsets in user research, interaction design,\\nand graphic design. James has an educational background in\\nUX design with a Masters degree in HCI.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,463,395,703],\"text\":\"Although James is not directly involved in designing of\\nsolutions due to his management role, he is well positioned\\nto bring design and business discussions together. He is well\\naware of the design practices of young designers and takes it\\nas his responsibility to help them understand the impact of\\ntheir design solutions by having conversations with them in\\ntheir stand-up meetings. James treats his agency role as one\\nof partnership — they are partners in the products they create,\\nand this partnership is made possible by contributing to the\\nclient's vision and strategy. James expressed discomfort in\\ntaking on projects from client who seek to dictate a certain\\namount of design work in a certain amount of time, believing\\ninstead that his agency is paid to add value on top of what\\nthe client's initial goal might be. Ultimately, James believes\\nthat they are being hired for their professional judgment.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,714,395,954],\"text\":\"Regularly refreshing knowledge to inform practice. James uses\\na number of ways to update his knowledge about ethical\\npractices and human values involved in the design process.\\nHe believes that updating his store of knowledge outside the\\ndesign practice strengthens and helps him better evaluate\\nhis ethical behavior. He reads books based in the science of\\ndesign—coming from biology, psychology, and other fields—\\nto more fully understand human behavior. He believes that\\na major source of value awareness can stem from a deeper\\nunderstanding of science, including knowledge of how the\\nbrain works, the near- and long-term impact of interactions,\\nand the long-term implications of activities. He mentioned\\nthat he reads Medium blogs and scholarly articles to access\\ngrounded information and identify potentially negative im-\\npacts or issues with products, allowing him to more fully\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,283],\"text\":\"identify the role of values in his judgments. This regular\\nrefreshing of knowledge gives him contextual information\\nabout the application of values from other products, and\\nhelps him in performing a self-reflection of client projects/\\ndiscussions, engaging in the personal experience of using\\ndigital products and understanding the potential impact of\\napp features on user behavior. This regular updating of his\\nknowledge store helps him form and articulate ethical judg-\\nments for critique or developing design concepts, and these\\njudgments frequently emerged in our observation sessions.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,290,747,561],\"text\":\"Building others' ethical character. James corrects and cri-\\ntiques the design thinking of his team of \\\"young designers\\\"\\nas he reflects on his experience starting as a designer with a\\nlack of knowledge about \\\"critical design principles.\\\" He be-\\nlieves doing actual design requires teaches a designer about\\nthe nature of their own judgments. This was mirrored in\\nmultiple conversations and brainstorming sessions, where\\nhe communicated to designers the agency practices of not us-\\ning \\\"fear based persuasion\\\" and choosing not to be involved\\nin client projects that deal with \\\"smoking campaigns\\\" or\\n\\\"political things.\\\" He encourages his team to give importance\\nto user research, and provides tips to the researchers in the\\nteam to build questionnaires that locate the aspirations of\\nusers rather than just their needs. In this way, James values\\nnot only the technical qualities of his designers, but also the\\ndevelopment of an ethical perspective that is personal, yet\\nin resonance with the agency's goals.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,561,747,914],\"text\":\"As the design lead in his agency, he also expresses his\\nresponsibility to develop practices at an organizational level\\nto improve applied ethics on his project teams. James's team\\nfocuses every Wednesday morning stand-up meeting on\\nthe discussion of current trends about graphic design solu-\\ntions, interactions, and experiences. This activity of collect-\\ning trends from blogs or forums is practiced to critique differ-\\nent designs, probing to understand how and why they were\\nimplemented and what story the design has to tell about the\\nbrand. The team calls this activity \\\"landscaping\\\" or \\\"decon-\\nstructing approach to brands.\\\" This critical approach is highly\\nindividual, drawing on each designer's unique perspective,\\nwith the acknowledgment that \\\"analyzing [the trends] keeps\\nour judgments and taste high.\\\" This critique and reflection\\nencourages each designer to keep up-to-date on visual and\\ninteractive trends, allowing them to take inspiration from\\nthese materials and develop their own aesthetic sense that is\\n\\\"timeless, trendy, but not fashionable.\\\" In James' retelling, this\\nallows the agency to create artifacts that are \\\"sustainable,\\\"\\nallowing the designers to \\\"develop an aesthetic as an agency\\nthat is recognizable,\\\" while also providing \\\"value to the clients\\\"\\nby allowing them to avoid re-branding on a yearly basis.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,921,746,953],\"text\":\"Knowing the limits of taking advantage through your designs.\\nAcross the three observations, we followed interaction with\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 178\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/results/markdown/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300408/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300408", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/results/output_json/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,443],\"text\":\"a specific client—a medium sized start up that develops a tool\\nfor marketers to track and plan long- and short-term goals.\\nThis tool allowed users to enter and track due dates, work\\nin progress, and upcoming milestones for a campaign. The\\nclient was focused on raising the conversion rate, upselling\\nusers from the freemium product to a paid subscription. In\\none of the meetings, the CEO of the company stated his\\ngoal as: \\\"We want to push people to specific actions—we\\nknow they will like and want to use while they are in the\\ndemo—and then after they are familiar with and excited\\nabout the potential of the functionality, we introduce that the\\nfunctionality is a premium.\\\" The plan was to understand the\\nspecific functionality to be made premium based on research\\nfindings after a one month trial. The stakeholder's initial\\ngoal was to \\\"[Try] to get more people into the project using\\ngrowth hacking techniques by intercepting their attention.\\\"\\nTo accomplish this business strategy, the stakeholder was\\nexplicit in mentioning how they wanted to constrain the\\nusers' choice by showing the advantages of their tool and\\nmaking them pay later.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,443,395,858],\"text\":\"To achieve this goal, the team brainstormed numerous\\nideas such as creating a \\\"community,\\\" communicating trust-\\nworthiness through template sharing, providing read-only\\nURLs, template \\\"liking\\\" to encourage \\\"showing off\\\" and\\ndownloading or printing projects to PDF. As the team brain-\\nstormed these concepts on a surface level, they identified\\ntwo kinds of users—observers and members—to understand\\nthe potential pricing structures. James first described the\\nstakeholder's goal of constraining user choice and brought\\nit to its logical end, stating: \\\"Some functionality—make it a\\npain! Like calendar? Syncing?\\\" He then described this busi-\\nness model as unsustainable and \\\"dangerous\\\" to the users,\\nquestioning why a user would pay $40 just to be an observer.\\nBased on this discussion, he decided to have a \\\"pricing meet-\\ning” with the clients, as he believed that a service should not\\nbe priced so \\\"aggressively.\\\" This example provides insight\\ninto how James was comfortable in \\\"taking something away\\nfrom somebody\\\" in terms of functionality, but not in a way\\n\\\"that's going to cost an arm and a leg to somebody.\\\" This\\nbalance of user and shareholder needs involved an ethical\\njudgment on the part of James and the agency, where the goal\\nmay be to \\\"increase[e] your net revenue,\\\" but that it must be\\ndone for the right reasons. James' interactions demonstrates\\nthe limits and reflection on their concern for the users, and\\nthe necessity to discuss these situations with the stakeholder\\nto develop better design outcomes that would be sustainable.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,869,259,886],\"text\":\"Martha: Sticking to the \\\"Grids\\\"\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,889,395,955],\"text\":\"Martha is an user experience designer in a enterprise B2B\\ncompany which works on network solutions. She has nine\\nyears of experience in industry as front-end developer, inter-\\naction designer, and UX designer. She has worked primarily\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,364],\"text\":\"as a front-end designer and developer, and has a diverse range\\nof experience in all stages of the web development lifecycle.\\nHer educational background includes broad interdisciplinary\\nstudies in computer science and media studies with a primary\\nemphasis on human-computer interaction, UX, user inter-\\nface design, graphic design, and web design/development.\\nShe has previous experience in agency work, where she was\\ninvolved in designing, wireframing, prototyping, and market-\\ning. These experiences have helped her build both design and\\nprogramming competence. Martha works with a team of six\\ndesigners that each have different roles in producing design\\noutcomes. These roles include user researchers, designers\\nthat address organizational vision, and marketing manage-\\nment. The organization provides project management tools\\nand security systems to their clients.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,372,747,755],\"text\":\"Applying consistent values. Martha's work practices did not\\nreveal a substantial focus on ethics and values, but the follow-\\nup interview provided additional detail regarding her ethical\\nawareness, and the impact of this awareness on her practice.\\nGiven her range of work and formal educational experiences,\\nshe relates to the design process primarily from practice as\\nopposed to theory. Her experiences have helped her to de-\\nvelop a sense of components of a design process and how\\neach component effects her design decisions, with a partic-\\nular focus on user research and user testing. She relies on\\nthe findings of these two phases to iterate and design for\\nperformance, with the primary goal of making work flows\\nsimpler. Because of the focus of her team's work, organiza-\\ntional practices and goals constrain her values to usability,\\nwith no felt ability to address potential social impacts of her\\ndesign work. The iterative, usability-focused process helps\\nher to feel control over her design process, in contrast with\\nher previous agency experience, where work practices were\\nless structured. She engages in improving her engagement\\nwith usability issues by reading white papers or academic\\npapers, which she believes has a substantial influence on her\\ndesign decisions. Notably, Martha's values can be related\\nprimarily to organizational goals of simplicity and usability,\\nwith little focus on values that are personally held.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,762,747,954],\"text\":\"Adopting repetitive work patterns to accomplish deliverables.\\nOrganizational practices have a big influence on Martha's\\nrole in the design process. Martha's team follows a repetitive\\npattern of work practices to develop design outcomes, and\\nthese practices are primarily driven by Product Lifecycle\\nManagers (PLMs) who prescribe a set of features which are\\nderived from cost benefit analysis. Thus, from the beginning,\\nthe team is constrained to introduce features into the product\\nthat result in successful, usable work flows, and a simpler\\nuser interface. The PLM's objective is to enhance the product\\nby adding more features, while the UX team's objective is to\\nsimplify user interface workflows.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 178\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/results/markdown/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300408/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300408", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/results/output_json/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,460],\"text\":\"Martha's team is involved in an iterative process of de-\\nsigning and testing before each design reaches development.\\nIn each project, the team produces a set of deliverables, in-\\ncluding workflow diagrams, personas, competitive analysis,\\njourney maps, and low-fidelity and high-fidelity mockups.\\nThe team seeks to integrate findings from researchers who\\ntest and identify qualitative insights to the designers that\\ncreate iterative improvements on existing designs. The re-\\nsulting work pattern is indicative of a highly engineering-\\ndriven community whose main goal to provide \\\"secured\\\"\\nnetwork systems, with a focus on engaging with the value\\nof security to provide services that are simpler to use. The\\nresulting workflows are relatively linear, and the primary\\nmeasure of success is the user accomplishing the end goal\\nthough the workflow. Without direct involvement in the re-\\nquirements process, one of the organizational practices of\\nthe UX team is to evangelize UX within engineering to loop\\nevery stakeholder into the design process, involving them in\\nearly whiteboarding sessions that ensure that the right re-\\nquirements are designed into the product later in the project\\nlifecycle.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,471,395,838],\"text\":\"Designing for usability and consistency. We observed Martha's\\nteam engage in two kinds of application work, with similarly\\nconstrained design situations. In the first project, the goal\\nwas to create a design that would not overload the UI, while\\nallowing the user to configure their network. The goal of the\\nteam was to directly apply interaction principles to make\\nthe UI simpler to understand, allowing users to more easily\\nengage with the network service functionality. In this work-\\nflow, no values except for usability and efficiency were able\\nto be considered, given the constraints provided in the initial\\nrequirements. In the second project, the team worked to align\\nengineering and design outcomes through the introduction\\nof a UI framework library. This move towards consistency\\nrepresented a new practice, conducted in weekly sprints, to\\nbuild a consistent UI library for all features among all of the\\ncompany's products. The developers created a UI framework\\nlibrary to accommodate all the features in their products\\nwhich are used by the designers to create their mockups,\\nwhile the designers suggested the required features to add\\nto the library to simplify and make their UI usable and un-\\nderstandable. These interactions were similarly constrained,\\nwith outcomes that were not immediately clear as being\\nengaged with values.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,851,172,868],\"text\":\"5 DISCUSSION\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,873,395,954],\"text\":\"Across these three cases, we have identified the multiple\\nsituational qualities that the designers we observed had to\\naddress when engaging in ethical practice. The diversity of\\nthese experiences demonstrate the multiple roles that design-\\ners might take on in relation to ethical considerations, and\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,746,172],\"text\":\"the situational factors underscore the ways in which ethical\\nconsiderations might be suppressed or strengthened through\\norganizational, personal, or other codified commitments.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,172,746,300],\"text\":\"In this discussion, we wish to call attention to some of\\nthese mediating factors in greater detail. First, we will doc-\\nument the knowledge and practices evident in the cases.\\nSecond, we describe ethical mediators that appeared to im-\\npact the ability of designers to engage in ethically-focused\\ndecision making. And finally, we will describe how these\\nmediators may lead to an increased understanding of the\\ndesign complexity inherent in professional work practices.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,343,576,360],\"text\":\"Practices and Knowledge\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,364,746,603],\"text\":\"To distill the findings across these three cases, we have identi-\\nfied three primary sets of knowledge and practices that relate\\nto the designers' work (Figure 1 ). The individual's practices\\n(A) describe the personal experiences and commitments that\\nare unique to the designer, and the ways in which the aware-\\nness of one's practices in a reflective and reflexive manner\\nmight be brought to bear on a design situation. The orga-\\nnizational practices (B) describe the structure and purpose\\nof the organization where design activity is taking place,\\nand the ways in which these structures shape the substance\\nand outcomes of design processes. Finally, applied ethics (C)\\ndescribe the knowledge that is built through formal educa-\\ntion or participation in professional societies, and the ways\\nin which this knowledge might indicate ethically-correct\\nbehavior or responsibility.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,602,747,954],\"text\":\"In the three cases, we see a diverse range of perspectives\\nindicated through these sets of knowledge and practices.\\nIn the first case, John had a personal interest in the social\\nimpact of design and the needs of users (A) which was con-\\nstrained by the contractual functioning of his job within\\nthe agency (B); this relationship was further complicated\\nby values from user-centered design (C) that contradicted\\nor supported John's personal practices. In the second case,\\nJames had a clear sense of how his ethical commitments\\nmapped across the development of his own design character\\n(A) and the mission of the company he helped to manage (B);\\nthese commitments were regularly refreshed and shaped by\\nacademic studies in biology, neuroscience, and psychology\\nthat provided external perspectives on ethics (C) that related\\nto his personal behaviors. In the third case, Martha's personal\\npractices drew broadly from UX, programming and design\\n(A), yet these practices and experiences were constrained by\\nthe B2B focus and the primary goal of improving security\\nwithin the organization (B). In this case, the goal of security\\nand usability provided a set of desirable indicators for suc-\\ncess (C), but was primarily oriented towards organizational\\nrather than personal practices.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 178\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300408/results/markdown/3290605-3300408_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300410/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300410", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/results/output_json/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,36,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[88,119,728,216],\"text\":\"“Everyone Has Some Personal Stuff”: Designing to\\nSupport Digital Privacy with Shared Mobile Phone\\nUse in Bangladesh\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[114,236,261,297],\"text\":\"Syed Ischaique Ahmed\\n\\nComputer Science\\nUniversity of Toronto\\nToronto, Ontario, Canada\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[345,236,468,299],\"text\":\"Md. Roamard Haque\\nComputer Science\\nMarquette University\\nMilwaukee, WI, USA\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[575,236,677,299],\"text\":\"Irtaza Haider\\n\\nComputer Science\\nGeorgia Tech\\nAtlanta, GA, USA\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[238,309,353,375],\"text\":\"Jay Chen\\nComputer Science\\nNew York University\\nAbu Dhabi, UAE\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[420,307,612,376],\"text\":\"Nicola Dell\\n\\nInformation Science\\n\\nThe Jacobs Institute, Cornell Tech\\n\\nNew York, NY, USA\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,384,141,400],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,403,395,675],\"text\":\"People in South Asia frequently share a single device among\\nmultiple individuals, resulting in digital privacy challenges.\\nThis paper explores a design concept that aims to mitigate\\nsome of these challenges through a `tiered' privacy model.\\nUsing this model, a person creates a `shared' account that\\ncontains data they are willing to share and that is assigned\\na password that will be shared. Simultaneously, they create\\na separate `secret' account that contains data they prefer\\nto keep secret and that uses a password they do not share\\nwith anyone. When a friend or family member asks to check\\ntheir device, the user can tell them the password for their\\nshared account, with their private data secure in the secret\\naccount that the other person is unaware of. We explore the\\nbenefits and trade-offs of our design through a three-week\\ndeployment with 21 participants in Bangladesh, presenting\\nfindings that show how our work aids digital privacy while\\nalso highlighting the challenges that remain.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,692,150,710],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,714,394,731],\"text\":\"HCI4D; ICTD; Privacy; Access; Shared Use; Mobile Devices.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,385,555,398],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[421,399,747,488],\"text\":\"Syed Isaaqique Ahmed, Md. Romael Haque, Itzazer Haider, Jay Chen,\\nand Nicola Dell. 2019. \\\"Everyone Has Some Personal Stuff\\\": Design-\\ning to Support Digital Privacy with Shared Mobile Phone Use in\\nBangladesh. In Proceedings of CHI Conference on Human Factors in\\nComputing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019) . ACM, New York, NY,\\nUSA, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300410\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,502,549,519],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,523,747,715],\"text\":\"Many existing mobile device usage, access control, and au-\\nthentication mechanisms are based on the Western paradigm\\nof `personal computing' [12, 42, 59] , which assumes that a\\ndevice is generally owned and used by a single person. How-\\never, a growing body of work suggests that this model of\\npersonal computing is not well-suited to populations living\\nin South Asia, where intermediated access and device shar-\\ning are common [9, 10, 16, 50, 55] . In particular, a recent\\nstudy in Bangladesh describes the digital privacy challenges\\nthat arise when people share devices, highlighting how the\\ndesign of existing privacy mechanisms does not adequately\\nmeet the needs of these populations [6] .\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,715,747,953],\"text\":\"In short, technology users in South Asia are faced with a\\nfundamental trade-off: on one hand, they want, need, or are\\ncompelled to share devices with others, usually friends and\\nfamily, and refusing to share could have potentially serious\\nnegative social consequences. On the other hand, as one of\\nour participants said, \\\"everyone has some personal stuff\\\" that\\nthey would prefer to keep private and not share with others.\\nThe contribution of our work is to explore this trade-off via\\na prototype design, called \\\"Nirapod\\\" (a Bengali word that\\nmeans safe or protected). Nirapod provides a mechanism for\\nenabling 'tiered' privacy that allows people to share their\\nphones while keeping their personal data private. The inter-\\nface is also designed to hide the fact that multiple tiers exist,\\nthereby reducing the likelihood that people can be compelled\\nto reveal private data.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,778,394,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute, requires prior special\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\\n© 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,900,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,926,265,953],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19-05...$150.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3206505.3300410\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 180\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/results/markdown/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300410/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300410", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/results/output_json/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,380],\"text\":\"Although the concept of tiered privacy can theoretically\\nsupport an arbitrary number of tiers, we chose to initially\\nexplore a model that makes use of two tiers. One tier is a\\n`shared' account that contains data the user is willing to share\\nwith others and that is assigned a password that can safely\\nbe shared with friends and family. The other tier is a `secret'\\naccount that contains data they prefer to keep secret and\\nthat uses a password they do not share with anyone. Then,\\nwhen someone asks to use their device, they can hand it over\\nand safely tell them the password for the shared account,\\nwith their private data securely stored in the secret account\\nthat the other person is unaware of. Since it is important to\\nkeep the existence of the multiple accounts secret, Nirapod\\nprovides a common entry point into both the shared and\\nsecret accounts, with the system identifying the account to\\nopen based solely on the password entered.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,380,393,603],\"text\":\"To explore the benefits, challenges, and trade-offs of our\\ntiered privacy model, we implemented Narapod as a prototype\\nphoto gallery app, since prior work suggests people espe-\\ncially care about the privacy of their personal photos, making\\nthis a compelling test scenario [3, 6, 41, 61] . After designing\\nand testing our prototype, we conducted a three-week de-\\nployment with 21 participants in Bangladesh, a lower-middle\\nincome country with a large population that is rapidly adopt-\\ning smartphones and experiencing digital privacy challenges\\nfor the first time [31] . Bangladesh is also a strongly patriar-\\nchial and predominantly Muslim society [17] that is socially\\nand culturally different to the Western (e.g., US and Euro-\\npean) cultures that have dominated the design of devices\\nand privacy mechanisms.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,603,394,939],\"text\":\"Pre-study interviews reveal that our 21 participants face\\nnumerous privacy challenges when sharing devices with\\nfriends and family. Quantitative usage data of our prototype\\nshows that participants were able to use the app, with most\\nparticipants using the secret account more than the shared\\naccount. Post-study interviews suggest that Niraopad 's tiered\\nprivacy model does help with some privacy challenges, with\\nparticipants describing how they were able to share their\\ndevice with others and still feel confident that their private\\ndata was protected. However, participants also had trouble\\nremembering multiple passwords and worried about con-\\nfusing their secret and shared passwords, fearing that they\\nwould accidentally type in their secret password when they\\nmeant to use their shared password (although this did not\\nhappen during our study). Our analysis also raises interest-\\ning questions regarding the gendered nature of privacy in a\\npatriarchal society like Bangladesh, with women often under\\nmore pressure to reveal their private data to others, particu-\\nlarly husbands, boyfriends, or parents. Taken together, our\\nfindings advance the HCI community's knowledge of how\\nto design for digital privacy in non-Western contexts.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,123,549,139],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,143,747,447],\"text\":\"The modern definition of privacy is heavily influenced by\\nWestern liberal ideologies that considers an individual's pri-\\nvate information as an inseparable part of their identity and\\na basic ingredient of a functioning democracy [14, 26] . For\\nexample, when Warren and Brandeis [62] defined privacy\\nas “ The right to be let alone ” , they argued for establishing\\n'privacy', a tight integration between a person's economic,\\nsocial, and political identities and their properties, as a right\\nfor every lawful citizen in a country. This idea of privacy\\nas personal possession over one's properties later extended\\nto the world of information technology [42] , and a piece of\\ninformation attached to one's identity and actions became\\nintegral with one's privacy rights [63] . This digital privacy\\nof computer users has become vulnerable to intrusions as\\ncomputing has become more personalized, ubiquitous, and\\nconnected. Discussions around privacy are therefore a grow-\\ning concern in Western contexts, especially as privacy rights\\nare frequently violated, as is the case after large-scale illegal\\nsurveillance or data breaches are discovered [24, 32, 64] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,447,747,590],\"text\":\"A rich body of work in HCI and related disciplines has\\nfocused on human-centered privacy. For example, scholars\\nhave studied password construction and use [22, 25, 33, 34,\\n38] , privacy-related behavior on social networks [18, 23, 30,\\n30, 36, 47, 65] , recommendation systems [43] , mobile devices\\n[53, 68] , and use of the Internet by specific groups of people\\n(e.g., children, older adults, and disabled people) [20, 37, 66,\\n67] . However, with a few exceptions, research on usable\\nprivacy has focused on Western contexts.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,590,747,941],\"text\":\"Many privacy scholars have discussed how the idea of\\nprivacy is dependent on the context, and may not be transfer-\\nable from one context to another. For example, Nissenbaum\\ndefined privacy as 'contextual integrity', and argued that,\\nwith the change of social and cultural context, the notion\\nof privacy changes [48, 49] . Petronio has also contributed\\nto the idea of the situated nature of privacy by develop-\\ning the concept of Communication Privacy Management\\n[52] , explaining how individuals maintain the 'boundary' of\\ntheir private information by managing their 'self-disclosures'.\\nThese studies turn us toward the cultural theories to per-\\nceive the differences in 'privacy practices' in 'the West' and\\nthose in the 'other' places. For example, Hofstede [35] de-\\nscribes how the 'individualistic' culture of the West is very\\ndifferent from the 'collectivist' culture in China or within the\\nIndian subcontinent. Although Hofstede's claim suffers from\\nsome over-generalizations [13] , it is true that individualistic\\nvalues are more prevalent in Western 'developed' countries\\nthan in 'developing' countries in Asia and Africa [60] . These\\ncollectivist values often cause a person's identity as a 'free\\nindividual' to be supplanted by, or create tension with, their\\nfamilial, communal, cultural, and religious identities. HCI4D\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 180\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/results/markdown/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300410/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300410", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/results/output_json/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,204],\"text\":\"scholarship has long been studying, analyzing, and designing\\nfor various challenges rooted in these collective values (see\\n[9, 10, 51, 55] , for example). However, very few design initia-\\ntives have been undertaken to address the privacy challenges\\nassociated with these collective values.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,204,394,586],\"text\":\"Recent privacy-focused work in HCI4D has surfaced atti-\\ntudes and practices that appear to be a consequence of the\\nconflict between user privacy norms and the privacy mecha-\\nnisms available. For example, Abokhodar et al. have reported\\nhow the privacy and security issues in the gulf countries are\\nclosely tied with their political tensions and conservative cul-\\ntural norms [1, 2] . In the context of South Asia, Kumaraguru\\net al. have studied the use of communication media in India\\nand reported on how their way of dealing with privacy is\\ndifferent from people in the West [40] . Similarly, Sambasivan\\net al. [54] recently reported various ways women in India,\\nPakistan, and Bangladesh negotiate their privacy with dig-\\nital media, while Srinivasan et al. [56] showed how such\\nprivacy decisions are often transnational and relational in\\nIndia. Ahmed and his colleagues conducted a series of stud-\\nies on privacy in Bangladesh that are closely related to and\\nmotivate our work. For example, they discussed privacy vul-\\nnerabilities that arise in informal repair markets [5] . They\\nalso reported on how the privacy of Bangladeshi citizens is\\nnegotiated with the broader security demands of the country\\n[7] . Most recently, Ahmed et al. studied the privacy tensions\\nassociated with shared device use in Bangladesh, showing\\nhow individual users desire privacy while sharing devices\\n[6] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,586,394,700],\"text\":\"Although these studies have unveiled areas of tension\\nsurrounding privacy, no prior work has explored the\\ndeployment of a technology intervention that engages\\nwith these challenges. To the best of our knowledge, ours is\\nthe first paper to attempt such a deployment in South Asia,\\nand our findings regarding participants' experiences with\\nour design yield new knowledge for the HCI community.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,710,245,727],\"text\":\"Privacy with Shared Devices\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,730,394,955],\"text\":\"Many existing authentication mechanisms are designed to\\nenable people to secure their private data on mobile devices,\\nincluding passwords, pattern locks, and biometrics (e.g., fin-\\ngerprint scanners). Each of these mechanisms may be applied\\nat the level of the entire device (e.g., phone screen lock), for\\nspecific applications (e.g. app lockers), or for individual users\\n(e.g., user login). Many of these authentication mechanisms\\nare based on the Western paradigm of `personal comput-\\ning’ [12, 42, 59] , which assumes that a device is generally\\nowned and used by a single person. In the West, where a\\nmobile phone or a laptop is generally considered to be ‘pri-\\nvate’, device-level locking and authentication mechanisms\\nmatch and often produce the desired privacy outcome. A\\nrecent study by Matthews et al. focused on device sharing\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,171],\"text\":\"in US families, highlighting some privacy tensions around\\ncasual sharing of mobile devices [45] . However, as the paper\\ndiscusses, such sharing in US families is incidental.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,172,746,395],\"text\":\"In South Asia, by contrast, device sharing is systemic\\n[9, 16, 50, 55] , which necessitates a finer-grained sharing\\nmechanism [44] . Using a password to protect a device or app\\nmay make it unsharable, while not using a password may re-\\nsult in the data being unprotected. To overcome this problem,\\nit is very common for people to share the passwords required\\nto access their device and applications [7, 38, 55] . Although\\nseveral vendors have enabled the creation of multiple user\\naccounts on a single device [11, 58] , prior work suggests that\\npeople do not use this functionality because of poor usability\\nand because logging out of one's account before sharing it\\nwith a family member would imply a lack of trust in that\\nfamily member or arouse suspicion by suggesting that there\\nis something to hide [6, 39] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,395,747,587],\"text\":\"Hidden vaults are a possible alternative, but most vault-\\nbased apps on the market (e.g. Aspire News, Calculator Vault\\nGallery Lock) do not hide their purpose or their presence on\\nthe device, allowing an adversary to see the app is installed\\nand pressure the user into exposing data. Other apps with\\n\\\"stealth modes\\\" (hiding the app) either: a) have a separate\\nentry point to reveal the hidden vault or b) once the vault\\nis opened, the user interface is clearly identifiable as being\\nnot the \\\"normal\\\" interface so that if someone sees it open it\\nwill raise suspicion. In addition, there are no deployments\\nor user studies documenting the usability or acceptability of\\nexisting vault-based apps.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,587,746,682],\"text\":\"We are not aware of attempts to address the design para-\\ndox of supporting a desire for personal privacy while also\\nenabling device sharing. The contribution of our work is to\\nexplore a mechanism for enabling `tiered' privacy that allows\\npeople to share their phones while keeping their personal\\ndata private. We now discuss our design in detail.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,693,576,711],\"text\":\"3 PROTOTYPE DESIGN\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,714,746,905],\"text\":\"The challenges described in the literature highlight impor-\\ntant trade-offs for technology users in South Asia who need\\nto share their device with others but who also want to be able\\nto keep some personal data private. Our goal is to challenge\\nand further explore these trade-offs through a prototype\\ndesign concept, called Nirapod . Specifically, Nirapod uses\\na 'tiered' privacy mechanism that aims to allow people to\\nshare their phones with others while keeping their personal\\ndata private and reducing the possibility of being pressured\\ninto revealing their private data. Our intervention enables a\\nsingle user to have multiple accounts, with the existence of\\nthe multiple accounts kept secret.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,905,746,955],\"text\":\"Our initial design supports a two-tiered model. This model\\nenables a person to create a 'shared' account that contains\\ndata they are willing to share and that is assigned a password\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 180\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/results/markdown/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300410/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300410", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/results/output_json/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,251],\"text\":\"that will be shared with friends and family. Simultaneously,\\nthey can create a 'secret' account that contains data they\\nprefer to keep secret and that uses a password they do not\\nshare with anyone. Then, when a friend or family member\\nasks to check their device, they can hand it over and tell them\\nthe password for the shared account, with their private data\\nsecurely stored in the secret account that the other person is\\nunaware of.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,251,394,461],\"text\":\"In our current design, the data in the shared tier is a subset\\nof the data in the secret tier, i.e., all data is visible in the user's\\nsecret account, but only data specifically designated as safe to\\nshare is visible in the shared account. We chose this design\\nbecause it is more privacy-preserving. For a photo to be\\nshared, the user must explicitly mark it as such, rather than\\nsharing everything by default, with users explicitly marking\\nwhat is private. Since it is critical to keep the existence of the\\nmultiple accounts secret, Nirapod hides the existence of the\\nsecret account by providing a common entry point into both\\nthe shared and secret accounts, identifying which account\\nto unlock using only the password entered (similar to the\\nconcept of panic passwords [19] ).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,470,169,488],\"text\":\"Implementation\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,490,394,682],\"text\":\"We explored the concept of `tiered' privacy described above\\nby implementing a prototype gallery application, called Ni-\\nrapod , that stores and displays photos. We focused on photos\\nbecause previous studies indicated that many users care\\ndeeply about the privacy of their personal photos [6] , al-\\nthough the concept could be extended to other data types\\nas well. Our current design uses two tiers of privacy (shared\\nphotos and secret photos) but could be extended to more\\nthan two tiers. Like many off-the-shelf privacy apps, Niraopod\\nencrypts photos in a gallery that cannot be viewed without a\\npassword and that is meant to serve as a secure replacement\\nfor the default photo gallery.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,682,394,808],\"text\":\"Our design uses a password interface, with users setting\\none password to access the \\\"shared\\\" gallery and another to\\naccess the \\\"secret\\\" gallery. Using this design, a person can\\nselect photos they are willing to share, place them in the\\nshared gallery, and safely share the password for this gallery.\\nAt the same time, they can place photos that they wish to\\nkeep private in their secret gallery, protected by a different\\npassword that is not shared with anyone.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,808,394,954],\"text\":\"We developed the Nirapod prototype as an Android ap-\\nplication that is compatible with devices running Android\\nversion 6.x and above. Nirapod stores the passwords for both\\naccounts in a local SQLite database and maintains two en-\\ncrypted folders on the device’s internal storage for each of\\nthe two accounts. The application interface was in English\\nbecause the populations in Bangladesh that we target already\\nhave their operating systems set to English and are accus-\\ntomed in using English interfaces. Figure 1 summarizes the\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,747,299],\"text\":\"application workflow. When a user installs the application\\nand opens it for the first time, they are prompted to create\\ntwo passwords: a shared and a secret password. Then, they\\nare directed to a single login screen where they can enter\\neither one of their passwords depending on the account that\\nthey wish to open. After logging into one of the accounts, the\\nuser is able to perform all normal gallery-related operations\\nfor that account. Nirapod's two galleries are nearly identical\\nvisually to further protect users from situations where they\\nmay be observed with the secret gallery open (Fig. 1 ). Within\\neach account, available operations are:\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,299,746,380],\"text\":\"Import photos: Move photos from the built-in gallery app\\nto the currently open Nirapod account. The selected files\\nare moved to the respective account folder maintained by\\nNirapod on the device's internal storage. The files are then\\nmoved from the built-in gallery.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,380,747,460],\"text\":\"Export photos: Move selected photos from the currently\\nopen Nirapod account to the built-in gallery app. The files are\\nmoved from the relevant Nitrapod folder back to the original\\nlocation on the device's storage. The files are then removed\\nfrom Nirapod.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,460,658,476],\"text\":\"Delete photos: Delete the selected photos.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,476,745,507],\"text\":\"Change password: Change the password of the currently\\nopen Nirapod account.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,507,687,524],\"text\":\"Sign out of the currently open Nirapod account.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,524,746,554],\"text\":\"A few additional operations are only available when the\\nuser is signed into their secret account:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,554,747,602],\"text\":\"Show tier: See the current privacy status of photos in Nira-\\npod . A lock icon indicates photos that are only visible in the\\nsecret account.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,602,746,634],\"text\":\"Move to secret account: Move the selected shared account\\nphotos to the secret account.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,634,746,666],\"text\":\"Move to shared account: Move the selected secret account\\nphotos to the shared account.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,666,747,873],\"text\":\"When Nirapod is installed on a device, a random AES (Ad-\\nvanced Encryption Standard) key is generated and stored in\\nthe device's SharedPreferences (an Android SDK API used\\nto store and retrieve application preferences). When a photo\\nis imported into Nirapod from the device's built-in gallery\\napp, the image file is encrypted using the AES key. A corre-\\nsponding thumbnail image is generated and encrypted using\\nthe same key. The encrypted image and thumbnail are then\\nstored in the storage folder maintained by Nirapod and the\\noriginal image is deleted. During an export operation these\\nsteps are reversed: the encrypted image is decrypted using\\nthe stored key, the decrypted image file is moved back to the\\noriginal folder, and the encrypted thumbnail is deleted.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,874,747,955],\"text\":\"Since our focus is to explore the benefits and trade-offs\\nof our design in contexts of shared device use, our initial\\nprototype does not attempt to make the secret account com-\\npletely undetectable by a technically-sophisticated adver-\\nsary. Currently, photos stored in Niraopad 's accounts could\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 180\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/results/markdown/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300410/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300410", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/results/output_json/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[148,118,666,409],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image displays four mobile app screens for a \\\"My Private Gallery\\\" application. The screens show the initial password setup with fields for \\\"Shared Password\\\" and \\\"Secret Password,\\\" a login screen, and two different gallery views labeled \\\"Shared account\\\" and \\\"Secret account,\\\" both featuring an open options menu with various functionalities like importing, exporting, and password management.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,418,745,450],\"text\":\"Figure 1: The Nirapool Interface: (A) the first login screen to set passwords for the secret and shared account; (B) the general\\nlogin screen; (C) the shared account with options; and (D) the secret account with options.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,470,394,615],\"text\":\"be discovered in their encrypted form by a detailed inspec-\\ntion of the file system (i.e., although the contents of the files\\nwould not be known since the data is encrypted, an adversary\\ncould discover that the encrypted files exist). Many more\\nsophisticated data obfuscation techniques exist (e.g., hiding\\nencrypted photos through steganography, hiding the app\\nicon, etc.) that could be used to enhance security in future\\nversions of Nirapod , but are orthogonal to our focus on tiered\\nprivacy.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,628,176,645],\"text\":\"4 FIELD STUDY\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,649,416,760],\"text\":\"After designing and testing our prototype, we conducted a\\nthree-week field study with 21 participants in Dhaka, Bangladesh.\\nWe wanted to understand the extent to which an app like\\nNirapod might fit the needs and usage patterns of people\\nwho frequently share their devices with others. All study\\nprocedures were approved by one Bangladeshi university\\nand three North American universities' IRBs.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,773,241,790],\"text\":\"Recruitment and Procedure\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,792,394,905],\"text\":\"We recruited participants through public social media posts,\\nannouncements at local universities, word of mouth, and\\npersonal contacts of the authors. We then performed snow-\\nball sampling [29] as those we initially recruited suggested\\npeople they knew to be sharing devices. We targeted a range\\nof ages, professions, and genders. Participants only needed\\nto possess a phone with Android version 6.0 or higher.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,906,395,954],\"text\":\"After recruitment, participants attended an in-person on-\\nboarding session. We began by explaining the purpose of\\nthe study, answering any questions participants had, and\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,470,747,693],\"text\":\"obtaining their consent to participate. Next we conducted a\\n15-minute semi-structured qualitative interview in Bengali\\nthat sought an understanding of participants' experience\\nwith technology, their privacy concerns and preferences,\\ndevice usage and sharing habits, and demographics. After the\\ninterview, we installed the Nirapod app on the participant's\\nphone and conducted a 30-minute training session to ensure\\nthat they understood the app and how to use it. The training\\nwas done by showing the participant a demo of the app on\\nthe researcher's phone, delivering a short presentation, and\\nproviding information sheets about how to use the app. After\\nthe training, participants were encouraged to use the app on\\ntheir own devices until they felt confident and demonstrated\\nthey knew how to use it.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,694,747,804],\"text\":\"After installing the app and training participants, we asked\\nthem to use Nirapod in their daily lives for a period of three\\nweeks. During this time, they were able to contact the re-\\nsearcher if they experienced any problems or challenges\\nusing the app. The system was instrumented to log all usage\\ndata, including when participants' used the app, features\\nused, what actions taken, and so on.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,805,747,949],\"text\":\"After three weeks, participants were invited to come back\\nto our lab where we conducted a semi-structured interview\\nand, with their permission, collected the system usage logs\\noff their device and helped them to uninstall the app. The\\ninterview asked about participants' experiences using the\\napp, challenges and issues that they encountered, how it\\naffected their privacy, how they shared the device and/or\\ntheir passwords with other people during the deployment,\\nand suggestions for improvement. At the end of the interview,\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 180\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/results/markdown/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300410/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300410", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/results/output_json/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[79,123,382,298],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Gender</td><td>Age (years)</td></tr><tr><td>Women: 15, Men: 6</td><td>19-25 (Median: 22)</td></tr><tr><td>Relationship Status</td><td>Education</td></tr><tr><td>Single: 8</td><td>Completed High School: 6</td></tr><tr><td>In a relationship: 11</td><td>Undergraduate Student: 6</td></tr><tr><td>Married: 1</td><td>Completed Undergrad: 6</td></tr><tr><td>Unspecified: 1</td><td>Completed Masters: 3</td></tr><tr><td>Household Income</td><td>Experience with phones</td></tr><tr><td>Min: 0 USD/month</td><td>0 to 3 years: 3</td></tr><tr><td>Median: 361 USD/month</td><td>3 to 10 years: 14</td></tr><tr><td>Max: 2,410 USD/month</td><td>10+ years: 4</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table presents demographic data across six categories: Gender, Age, Relationship Status, Education, Household Income, and Experience with phones. Each category lists specific counts, ranges, or median values for the surveyed group.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_5_tab_2.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[92,300,369,318],\"text\":\"Table 1: Participants' Demographic Characteristics\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,360,395,393],\"text\":\"we thanked participants and compensated them with 1600\\nBangladeshi Taka (roughly US$20) for their time.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,404,247,422],\"text\":\"Data Collection and Analysis\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,425,395,632],\"text\":\"Our data consists of qualitative interview data and quantita-\\ntive data from system usage logs. Our qualitative interviews\\nwere transcribed and translated into English by two of the\\nauthors who are both native speakers of Bengali. The tran-\\nscripts were then analyzed using thematic analysis [15] . Af-\\nter reading through the transcripts carefully, we conducted\\nseveral rounds of iterative coding to identify patterns and\\nconverge on appropriate themes. Examples of codes in our\\nanalysis include data misuse , fear of data loss , and family\\nphotos . We then clustered the codes into overarching themes\\nthat we used to organize our findings. Examples of themes\\ninclude strategies for protecting privacy , challenges using the\\napp , and suspicion of the app/researchers .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,632,395,809],\"text\":\"In addition to analyzing our qualitative interview data, we\\nconducted quantitative analysis of participants' system us-\\nage logs to understand how participants used the application\\nduring the study. When collecting these logs, we discovered\\nthat three participants' log files (P6, P10, P11) were corrupted.\\nWe believe that this was due to an operating system update\\nduring the deployment. We have therefore excluded these\\nthree participants from our quantitative data, although we\\nstill include their qualitative interview data. In addition, par-\\nticipant P1 began but chose not to complete the study. Our\\nparticipant numbers thus range from P2 to P22.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,820,293,837],\"text\":\"5 CURRENT SHARING PRACTICES\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,841,395,955],\"text\":\"Before analyzing how participants used Nirapod, we wanted\\nto understand their current technology usage and privacy\\npractices. Table 1 summarizes our participants' characteriza-\\ntics. All participants were young, relatively well-educated\\nadults. The majority (n=15) were women. Although all par-\\nticipants owned their own smartphone devices, they also\\nall (n=21) participated in some form of device sharing. The\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,267],\"text\":\"people that our participants shared devices with included sig-\\nnificant others, friends, roommates, siblings, other relatives,\\nand parents. The stories shared with us made it clear that,\\nat least for our study sample, sharing occurred as a cultural\\npractice rather than due to economic need. One prominent\\ntheme (n=14) was for a friend or relative to ask to use the\\nparticipant's phone for a specific task, such as taking a photo\\nor playing a game, and then browsing through their personal\\ndata without permission. P15 told us,\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,271,715,338],\"text\":\"\\\"When I get home, my aunts usually inspect my\\nphone. Sometimes my cousin takes [it] to play\\ngames. After a while, I caught them browsing my\\npersonal stuff.\\\" (P15)\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,343,747,454],\"text\":\"As this quote suggests, another common practice (n=16)\\nwas for a parent, relative, or significant other to take the\\nphone and 'inspect' it, with the goal of monitoring who the\\nparticipant had been talking to or messaging. Regardless of\\nwho participants shared their devices with, they all (n=21)\\nexpressed concern that sharing would result in their personal\\nprivacy being compromised. P17 said,\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,459,715,523],\"text\":\"\\\"While sharing my phone, I'm scared they might\\nsee some private things of mine. I always feel like,\\nplease give back my phone. Give back my phone\\nbefore you see anything. I felt scared.\\n\\\" (P17)\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,528,748,816],\"text\":\"The most common types of private data that participants\\ndescribed worrying about included personal photos (n=13),\\nmessages/chats (n=14), and social media data (n=10), with\\nall participants describing at least some kinds of data that\\nthey would prefer not to share with others. Participants also\\ndescribed a variety of ways in which their personal privacy\\nhad been compromised by sharing their phones with others.\\nFifteen participants reported that friends or family mem-\\nbers had previously misused their personal data in some\\nway, including how their friends played “ pranks ” on them\\nby posting information (e.g., photos) to their social media ac-\\ncounts without their permission. One described how friends\\nwould use her private information to “ blackmail ” her, saying,\\n“ give me a treat or I will leak everything ” (P9). Another theme\\n(n=5) that surfaced was for participants' parents or elders to\\nsold them if they discovered content that they disapproved\\nof; particularly if these involved photos of messages from a\\nboyfriend or girlfriend. As P21 said,\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,820,714,869],\"text\":\"\\\"If I have any pictures of me and my boyfriend in\\nmy gallery, I might get into trouble at home. Or\\nmessages...I have to hide from others.\\n\\\" (P21)\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,873,750,954],\"text\":\"Participants also explained that privacy compromises some-\\ntimes resulted in misunderstandings about the data that was\\ndiscovered or people getting offended by the content, and pri-\\nvacy breaches frequently made participants feel frustrated,\\nannoyed, and embarrassed. Pó said,\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 180\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/results/markdown/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300410/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300410", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/results/output_json/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,125,362,189],\"text\":\"\\\"Sometimes I am being scolded. It's really embar-\\nrassing. I am an adult. When I get scolded if they\\nsee any personal pictures and messages, that's re-\\nally annoying.\\\" (P6)\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,196,394,276],\"text\":\"Despite these feelings, participants felt that they had no\\nchoice but to share their device, since sharing is normal and\\nexpected in Bangladeshi society. When describing how her\\nfriends compromised her private data, P20 said,\\n\\\"but, you\\nknow, I can't really forbid them to use [my phone]\\\"\\n.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,276,394,563],\"text\":\"In response to these privacy challenges, our participants\\ndescribed using a variety of strategies they used to preserve\\ntheir data privacy. Thirteen participants reported that they\\ntypically lock their device using built-in functionality, in-\\ncluding screen locks and fingerprint locks, although five\\nparticipants explicitly mentioned that they share their un-\\nlock pattern with others to enable device sharing. P19 said,\\n\\\"I have passwords on my phone ... but everyone knows [my\\npassword] \\\" (P19). Ten participants reported at some point us-\\ning a third-party application to lock content on their device,\\nalthough half of these no longer used any special-purpose\\nprivacy apps. Four participants said that they did not use any\\naccess control mechanisms, and instead deleted all personal\\ncontent from their device, with one telling us \\\"the strategy\\nis DELETE DELETE DELETE!\\\" (P6). Most of these findings\\nare aligned with prior studies in this area (see [6, 7, 54, 56]\\nfor example). This suggests that our participants share these\\nchallenges with thousands of technology users in South Asia.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,578,326,594],\"text\":\"6 HOW PARTICIPANTS USED NIRAPOD\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,599,394,711],\"text\":\"Having understood participants' sharing practices and pri-\\nvacy challenges, we now examine how they used Nirapod\\nduring the study. Although they differed in terms of phone\\nmodels, patterns of sharing, and people they shared devices\\nwith, participants' responses in our post-study interviews\\nsurfaced common themes that highlighted their excitement,\\nhesitation, suspicions, and struggles using the prototype.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,726,256,743],\"text\":\"Usage During the Deployment\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,746,394,954],\"text\":\"Our participants exhibited varying levels of app usage. The\\nmean number of days people used the app was: 6.1 days (SD =\\n4.1 days). As shown in Figure 2 , which depicts the number of\\ndays during the 21-day study that each participant used the\\napp, some participants used the app on only a couple of days\\n(min=2 days), while others used it almost every day (max=17\\ndays). The fact that usage varied day-to-day is expected, since\\nimage saving and photo taking practices vary. We use two\\nother metrics to evaluate usage: (a) the number of logins into\\neach account (Fig. 3 ), and (b) the number of photos imported\\ninto the Niropad app (Fig. 4 ). Again, we see that participants'\\nusage varied for each of these metrics. One participant logged\\nin over 60 times, while another only logged in twice. Over\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,670,746,735],\"text\":\"52 % of all logos to Nirapod were to the secret gallery. The\\nnumbers of images imported by participants are similarly\\nskewed: two participants only imported seven photos, while\\none participant imported 130 photos (median=20.5 photos).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[419,124,747,264],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A bar chart displays 'Days Used' on the y-axis, ranging from 0 to 20, for various 'Participants' (P2 to P22) on the x-axis. Each bar is labeled with its specific value, showing days used ranging from 2 to 17, with prominent values including 12, 17, and 14 for participants P4, P16, and P18, respectively.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,282,746,329],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Number of days Nirapad was used by participants.\\n(Three participants, P6, P10, P11, log files were corrupted\\nand are therefore excluded from our quantitative data).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_012.png\",\"bbox\":[423,358,745,597],\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a stacked bar chart showing the number of \\\"Logins\\\" for various \\\"Participants\\\" (P2-P22). Each participant's bar is composed of two segments: \\\"Secret Account\\\" (dark grey) and \\\"Shared Account\\\" (light blue). The total number of logins varies greatly among participants, with some showing a mix of both account types and others predominantly one type.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[428,622,738,639],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Number of participant logins into each account\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,735,746,832],\"text\":\"This data suggests that participants were generally able\\nto use the main features of the app during the study, which\\nalso helps to triangulate the qualitative interview data that\\nthey provided. All participants (n=21) described how they\\nused the app to hide their private photos. P18, who used the\\napp on 15 out of 21 days, told us,\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,835,715,884],\"text\":\"\\\"I used this app) almost every day. I imported\\nphotos, exported photos. Most of the days, I used\\nthis app at least two or three times.\\n\\\" (P18)\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,889,746,954],\"text\":\"In addition, none of our participants reported having any\\ndifficulties understanding how the app worked. This finding\\nis supported by our quantitative usage data. For example,\\nFigure 3 shows the number of times each participant logged\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 180\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/results/markdown/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300410/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300410", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/results/output_json/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[68,125,397,393],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This bar chart displays the number of images across different participants, categorized by \\\"Secret Account\\\" (dark gray) and \\\"Shared Account\\\" (light blue). The y-axis represents \\\"Images\\\" from 0 to 150, while the x-axis lists participants from P2 to P22. Most participants show a light blue bar for \\\"Shared Account,\\\" with some also having a dark gray bar for \\\"Secret Account.\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[91,413,371,430],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Number of images imported into Nirapod\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,453,394,628],\"text\":\"into each of Nirapod's accounts. We see that most parti-\\npants used both accounts by logging in to each one multiple\\ntimes during the study. That said, our data does suggest that\\nparticipants generally used the secret account more than the\\nshared account: the median number of logins to the secret\\naccount was 9.5, compared to 5.5 for the shared account.\\nHowever, Figure 4 shows that fewer images were imported\\ninto the secret account as compared to the shared account (al-\\nthough it was easy for participants to move photos between\\naccounts). Several participants requested that we extend the\\napp's functionality to other domains. P4 said,\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[101,630,362,678],\"text\":\"\\\"This is cool. I wish I had similar features for mes-\\nsenger. My messages are private. I cannot imagine\\nwhat will happen if someone sees them.\\\" (P4)\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,681,394,842],\"text\":\"Six participants said they would be happy if there were\\nmore than two tiers of privacy. They described how, if the\\napp becomes popular, people will soon know that there is an\\nadditional secret gallery, which will make it hard for them\\nto keep it secret if put under pressure to reveal their pass-\\nword. To overcome this challenge, participants suggested\\nthat, instead of two accounts, they would like to have a sys-\\ntem where they could make as many tiers as they choose.\\nThat way nobody would know how many tiers there were\\nand their secret tiers would be able to remain \\\"unreachable\\\" .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,853,333,870],\"text\":\"Usage of Nirapod’s Secret and Shared Tiers\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,873,394,954],\"text\":\"When we asked participants what kind of photos they stored\\nin their shared and secret accounts their responses varied.\\nFor example, 12 participants said that they stored family\\nphotos in their shared account, while the rest hid those\\nphotos in their secret account. Participants explained how\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,747,283],\"text\":\"their decisions of which account to use for particular photos\\nwere shaped by their relationships with the people that they\\nshared their phones with. For example, P15 described how\\nshe often shares her phone with friends, and she thinks that\\nphotos of her family members should be hidden from them.\\nAs a result, she put photos of family in her secret account. On\\nthe other hand, P5 shares his phone with his family and saw\\nno reason to hide family photos from them. All participants\\nsaid they used the secret account to store photos they were\\nnot comfortable sharing with anyone. P21 said,\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[454,286,715,367],\"text\":\"\\\"I have some private photos in my secret account I\\ndon't want anyone to see. If anyone gets my phone\\nand enters my gallery, then I don't want them to\\nsee the contents [of my private photos]. That is\\nwhere this app was useful.\\\" (P21)\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,370,746,418],\"text\":\"The data that participants kept secret included photos\\nof or with significant others: husbands, wives, boyfriends,\\ngirlfriends, or people they secretly admired. P14 said,\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[454,420,715,469],\"text\":\"\\\"I use the [secret] gallery for my personal photos,\\nphotos of me and my boyfriend. I don't want to\\nshare those photos with anybody.\\\" (P14)\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,481,637,498],\"text\":\"Safety When Using the Application\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,501,747,756],\"text\":\"All participants said that the app made it safer for them\\nto share their phones with others. As the previous section\\nshows, before using our app, four participants did not store\\nany private photos on their device for fear they would be\\ndiscovered. However, with Narpod , all participants said that\\nthey now felt comfortable storing their photos on their phone.\\nFor example, P15 lives in a college dormitory and does not\\nshare her phone with anyone there. However, when she visits\\nher home, she shares her phone with her family members.\\nPreviously, she would not store any private photos on her\\nphone because she feared that her siblings would see them,\\nand it is very difficult for her to say no to her siblings if they\\nask for her phone's password. However, in her post-study\\ninterview, she told us that she could now store her private\\nphotos on her phone using our app and still share the phone\\nwith her siblings, describing that she felt a lot safer this way.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,756,747,852],\"text\":\"All participants (n=17) who reported already storing pri-\\nvate photos on their phones described how, before our study,\\nsharing their phone with anyone made them feel anxious or\\nafraid. However, in the post-study interviews, they described\\nhow they now felt much more secure sharing their device\\nwhen using our app. One such participant said,\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[454,854,715,903],\"text\":\"\\\"If anyone from my home wants to see my phone\\nI can give it to them easily now. I don't even need\\nto lock my phone right now.\\n\\\" (P18)\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,906,747,954],\"text\":\"When we asked participants what happened when the\\npeople they shared their phone with tried to check their pho-\\ntos, they all said that the photos in their secret account could\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 180\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300410/results/markdown/3290605-3300410_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300413/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300413", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/results/output_json/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[1,93,37,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[137,117,677,180],\"text\":\"The Role of Physical Props in VR Climbing\\nEnvironments\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[119,195,257,259],\"text\":\"Peter Schulz\\n\\nUniversity of Bremen\\nBremen, Germany\\nschulz@uni-bremen.de\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[334,195,479,259],\"text\":\"Dmitry Alexandrovsky\\nUniversity of Bremen\\nBremen, Germany\\ndami@uni-bremen.de\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[550,195,702,259],\"text\":\"Felix Putze\\n\\nUniversity of Bremen\\nBremen, Germany\\nfelix.putze@uni-bremen.de\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[199,271,395,335],\"text\":\"Rainer Malaka\\n\\nUniversity of Bremen\\nBremen, Germany\\n\\nmalaka@informatik.uni-bremen.de\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[440,271,592,335],\"text\":\"Johannes Schöning\\nUniversity of Bremen\\nBremen, Germany\\nschoening@uni-bremen.de\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,345,141,362],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,367,395,606],\"text\":\"Dealing with fear of falling is a challenge in sport climbing.\\nVirtual reality (VR) research suggests that using physical\\nand reality-based interaction increases the presence in VR.\\nIn this paper, we present a study that investigates the influ-\\nence of physical props on presence, stress and anxiety in a\\nVR climbing environment involving whole body movement.\\nTo help climbers overcoming fear of falling, we compared\\nthree different conditions: Climbing in reality at 10 m height,\\nphysical climbing in VR (with props attached to the climb-\\ning wall) and virtual climbing in VR using game controllers.\\nFrom subjective reports and biosignals, our results show that\\nclimbing with props in VR increases the anxiety and sense\\nof realism in VR for sport climbing. This suggests that VR in\\ncombination with physical props are an effective simulation\\nsetup to induce the sense of height.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,621,172,638],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,642,394,675],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Virtual reality; Hap-\\ntic devices; Empirical studies in HCI.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,690,149,707],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,711,395,745],\"text\":\"Virtual reality; Climbing; Biosensors; Fear of Falling; Physical\\nprops; Presence.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_015.png\",\"bbox\":[420,341,750,671],\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A four-panel image depicts a man wearing a VR headset while rock climbing indoors on a climbing wall, alongside several screenshots from a virtual reality simulation. The VR scenes include an indoor common area with tables and a mountain view poster, a first-person perspective showing two ghostly white hands, and an overhead view of a virtual indoor climbing gym with walls, holds, and a banner.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,679,747,740],\"text\":\"Figure 1: (a) A subject is climbing horizontally on the wall\\nwhile wearing a head-mounted display and virtually climb-\\ning at a height of 10 m. (b)-(d) Example views of the VR scene\\nfrom the user's perspective.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,850,555,865],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[420,867,747,953],\"text\":\"Peter Schatz, Dmitry Alexandrovskiy, Felix Putze, Rainer Malaka,\\nand Johannes Schöning. 2019. The Role of Physical Props in VR\\nClimbing Environments. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in\\nComputing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow,\\nScotland, UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 13 pages. https://doi.org/\\n10.1145/3296005.3300413\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,778,395,884],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,886,273,898],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,900,393,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,925,265,936],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,941,244,953],\"text\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300413\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 183\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/results/markdown/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300413/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300413", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/results/output_json/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,124,298,139],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION & MOTIVATION\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,144,395,302],\"text\":\"In sport climbing, it is important to overcome the fear of\\nfalling as it holds back climbing athletes by impeding move-\\nments [28] and effects on the athlete's performance [26] .\\nClimbers learn to overcome their fear of falling by build-\\ning confidence in training and, for instance, by habituation\\nthrough controlled falling [48] . Beyond the fear of falling,\\nsport climbing is also associated with general height-induced\\nanxiety, which in its pathological form is acrophobia. One\\nway of treating this condition is exposure therapy, the \\\"golden\\nstandard\\\" in the field of psychotherapy [59] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,302,395,702],\"text\":\"Starting in the mid-1990s, scientists began experimenting\\nwith virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET), which gave\\nthem more control over the grading of exposure and reduced\\nthe inhibition threshold for a therapy [59] . VRET uses head-\\nmounted displays (HMDs), spatial audio and e.g., data gloves\\nto create a high sense of presence for the subjects. Presence\\nis considered the defining factor for VRET to work [15, 27] .\\nIn their study, Emmelkamp et al. showed that exposure to\\nheights in virtual reality (VR) achieves the same effects as\\nin-vivo therapy [17] , a result that has been reproduced mul-\\ntiple times since then [36, 55, 59] . In a large scale study\\nwith 100 acrophobia patients over the course of two weeks,\\nFreeman et al. [21] showed significant improvement in over-\\ncoming fear of height after few weeks of treatment with an\\nautomated VRET in comparison to regular in-vivo therapy.\\nBesides presence, immersion is an important measure in VR.\\nFrom an extensive content analysis of 83 studies on pres-\\nence and immersion, Cummings and Bailenson conclude that\\nthe immersion provided by increased levels of user tracking\\nand the quality of the mediated virtual environment has a\\nmedium effect on improving the sense of presence in the\\nvirtual environment (VE) [13] . For sport climbers and indus-\\ntrial climbers, a VR training environment allows climbing\\ntraining to counter fear of falling even in times of recovery\\nor when a real climbing environment is not available.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,702,395,925],\"text\":\"In this paper, we report on the design of a VR climbing\\nenvironment that supports overcoming the fear of falling.\\nBased on traditional training of handling fear of falling in\\nsport climbing and VRET from psychology, we investigate to\\nwhat extent realistic physical sensation is necessary to create\\nan immersive climbing experience which comes with a natu-\\nral anxiety induced by a feeling of height. We conducted an\\nexperiment in VR to compare the manifestation of anxiety\\n(measured directly and indirectly through induced stress)\\nand presence at subjective and physiological levels. We com-\\npared climbing, a complex whole body movement, using\\nprops (hand- and footholds) with controller-based climb-\\ning simulation and observed higher subjective anxiety and\\npresence for props.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,124,550,139],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,144,746,224],\"text\":\"In this section, we discuss how anxiety is related to sport\\nclimbing and present related work on physiological measure-\\nment of anxiety and presence as a foundation for our study\\ndesign. Furthermore, we discuss VR, augmented reality (AR)\\nand mixed reality (MR) in climbing scenarios.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,224,746,368],\"text\":\"Sport climbing is a superset of various different activities.\\nThe most prominent activities are lead climbing, top-rope\\nclimbing and bouldering. When doing a lead climb, a climber\\nis attaching the rope with quickdraws to the wall to secure\\nhim while ascending the route. When climbing a route top-\\nrope, the climber is secured by the rope through an anchor\\nat the top of the route. Bouldering characterizes a climbing\\nactivity in low heights (typically below 6m) without any\\nbelaying equipment.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,391,734,407],\"text\":\"Arousal, Fear, Anxiety and Stress in Sport Climbing\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,411,746,698],\"text\":\"Breckner describes fear as an essential factor in all levels\\nof sport, from mass sport to elite sport [7] . He further de-\\nscribes, that reasons for fear depend on the personality and\\nquotes Allmer and Schulz, who supposed that there are dif-\\nferent trigger situations: (i) risk (ii) limitation, handicap or\\nfailure (while feeling the pressure to succeed) (iii) insecu-\\nrity (when confronted with unknown situations significant\\nfor the subject) (iv) competition [1] . For climbers, it is un-\\npleasant to face an imminent risk of falling, yet they are\\nmotivated to venture falling and mastering the hardest parts\\nof the route ( \\\"conquer the crux\\\"). At the same time, it is\\nlinked to physiological arousal [43, 44] with typical somatic\\nsymptoms like uneasiness, pale skin, cold hands and sweat-\\ning. Also, increased muscle tensions, raised respiratory rate\\n(RR) and heart rate (HR), elevated urinary frequency and\\nadrenaline/no-adrenalin level have been observed [6] . Tiet-\\njens also considers specific behaviors such as fleeing and\\navoidance as typical fear reactions [71] .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,698,746,857],\"text\":\"Anxiety is triggered by threats that are perceived as un-\\ncontrollable or unavoidable [45, 64] . In his thesis on anxiety\\nin extreme mountaineering, Brecker [7] refers to stress as\\na relational concept [41] where stress is the result of an in-\\ndividual evaluating a situation defined by the environment.\\nThis evaluation includes inner requirements (self-imposed\\ngoals) as well as outer requirements (e.g., trainer-imposed\\ngoals). The individual evaluates the impact of the environ-\\nment for its well-being and the necessary resources or skills\\nfor success.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,857,746,955],\"text\":\"Since the beginning of the 20th century, research has been\\nconcerned with the effects of anxiety on performance in\\nsports. Early experimental studies led to the hypothesis that\\nthere is a point of anxiety-infused activation resulting in\\npeak performance. Later this idea was replaced by a the-\\nory of individual zones of optimal functioning (IZOF) that\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 183\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/results/markdown/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300413/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300413", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/results/output_json/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,477],\"text\":\"Ruiz and colleagues verified in several studies [62] . Based\\non Masters et al. [49] and Liao et al. [46] , Bertle conducted a\\nstudy to examine the stress reactions to an impending fall of\\nclimbing protection and height above ground [3] . The study\\ninvestigated two conditions of height (low/high) and two\\nclimbing styles: leading and top-rope . The results of Bertle's\\nstudy show significant cognitive and somatic anxiety reac-\\ntions in a high (fall) condition compared to a low (fall) con-\\ndition. Further, Bertle found that well-trained subconscious\\nroutines and movements are processed more consciously\\nunder stress [3] . In several experiments with climbers Pi-\\npers et al. measured effects of anxiety induced by fear of\\nfalling while climbing. In their setups, the participants tra-\\nversed (i.e., climb horizontally) an identical route at different\\nheights above ground, while being belayed in top rope. All\\nstudies showed an increase of anxiety-related effects in the\\nhigh condition and evidence for anxiety-related reduction in\\nperformance [56–58] . Hardy and Hutchinson found in their\\nstudies with climbers that less anxious climbers perform bet-\\nter than highly anxious climbers. The authors assume that\\nself-confident subjects and skillful climbers are less likely to\\nbe impacted by anxiety [26] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,494,280,512],\"text\":\"Physiological Measures of Anxiety\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,515,393,754],\"text\":\"Bertle [3] summarizes multiple studies with skydivers and\\nbase jumpers. Inexperienced skydivers show a raised heart\\nrate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and electrodermal activity\\n(EDA) throughout a flight which do not decrease until land-\\ning [20, 74] . Breivik et al. [8] could not corroborate Eysenck's\\nand Calvo's Arousal Theory nor could they validate Fenz and\\nEpsteins [18] consistent correlations of HR to subjective\\nfeelings among experienced jumpers [20] . However, they\\nshowed that experience (number of jumps) is correlated neg-\\natively to arousal [8] , an observation Hardy and Hutchin-\\nson [26] later made again for climbers. Roth et al. found\\nsimilar results that showed rising physiological measures\\nand anxiety self-ratings for parachutists in anticipation of a\\njump—independent of the level of expertise, only at higher\\nlevels for novices [61] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,753,394,882],\"text\":\"Judging from the body of work examined, we based our\\nstudy on the assumption that anxiety in sport climbing is a\\nmultidimensional phenomenon. We focused mainly on one\\ndimension: fear of falling, as it is verified to have a hindering\\neffect on performance [18, 26, 38] . Regarding terminology,\\nthis paper is primarily concerned with anxiety, and not with\\nfear or phobia. Therefore, we use the terms fear of falling\\nand anxiety of falling synonymously.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,901,294,918],\"text\":\"VR-Treatment for Stress and Anxiety\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,921,394,954],\"text\":\"Acrophobia is an abnormal fear of heights which in turn is\\nrelated to the fear of falling [3]. Therefore, research looking\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,347],\"text\":\"into a climbers' fear of falling in VR would be of particu-\\nlar interest, in context of a more general question on how\\nVR is suited for the treatment of fear in specific situations.\\nHowever, no such work has been published so far, regard-\\ning acrophobia and its therapy using VRET. Several studies\\nshowed that VRET for acrophobia treatment is as effective as\\nregular exposure therapy, producing the same fear of height\\nin virtual environments as in-vivo [40, 53, 59] . Diemer et al.\\nran a controlled experiment to compare height reactions of\\nphobics and non-phobics. Both groups showed similar physi-\\nological arousal when exposed to height [14] . This implicates\\nthat not only phobics but also participants comparable to\\nthose of other climbing-related studies listed above, show\\nrespective effects.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,347,747,732],\"text\":\"Since we use height above ground as a stressor, the per-\\nception of height in VR is of particular concern. The extent\\nto which the (simulated) height works as a trigger depends\\non the effectiveness of VR and thereby the amount of pres-\\nence it evokes in its users [51] . Meehan conducted three\\nstudies that investigated the influence different aspects of\\nVR on presence. He looked at effects of multiple exposure,\\npassive haptics and effect of frame rate on presence. In the\\npassive haptics experiment, Meehan showed that a plywood\\nledge has an influence on presence, while participants were\\nwalking towards a virtual cliff [50] . Gandy et al. summa-\\nrize several studies examining effects of varying levels of\\ndetail on presence and perception—with conducting re-\\nsults [22] . On the one hand, Simmons and Panter could not\\nfind significant differences in presence or subjective stress\\nwhen running variations of \\\"the pit\\\" experiment [50] , rang-\\ning from wireframe to radiosity [75] . However, Slater et al.\\nfound increased psycho-physiological measures, HR and skin\\nconductivity (SC), for a higher level of realism (reflections\\nand shadows) [68] . In alignment with Gandy et al. (2010),\\nwho summarized that a \\\"virtual environment does not have\\nto be visually perfect to make users feel present or capable of a\\nmotor task\\\", we recreated a degree of realism comparable to\\nthat of \\\"the pit\\\" experiment by Meehan et al. [51] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,773,664,791],\"text\":\"Augmenting Climbing with Technology\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,793,746,954],\"text\":\"Byrne and Mueller investigated the motives for climbing\\nand how digital systems can support sport climbing [10] .\\nThe authors identified five key motivational themes: risk,\\nchallenge, social engagement, beauty of nature and reliving\\nthe experience. These motivational themes offer guidelines\\nwhen designing augmented climbing experiences. There is\\nalso a significant line of work that investigates augmented\\nclimbing. From our literature examination, we observed sev-\\neral recurring motives: immersive experience, training and\\nmonitoring.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 183\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/results/markdown/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300413/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300413", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/results/output_json/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,651],\"text\":\"Immersive climbing setups. There are VR games that pro-\\nvide a virtual climbing experience. For example, The Climb\\n(http://www.theclimbgame.com) employs a head-mounted\\ndisplay (HMD) and allows players to climb in mountain envi-\\nronments using VR controllers. Similarly, Kosmalla et al. [39]\\nshowed a VR climbing environment which employed a 3D\\nscanned climbing wall and hand tracking using Leap Mo-\\ntion. To train motor skills, Kajastila and colleagues designed\\nAugmented Climbing — a bouldering setup which employs\\nprojection on the climbing wall and full-body motion track-\\ning [34, 35] . The setup provides augmented feedback on the\\nclimbing wall to enhance sport training. From three user\\nstudies the authors conclude that augmented climbing is\\nan effective tool for engagement, movement diversity and\\nalso lets climbers forgetting about fear of height. Liljedahl\\nand colleagues developed Digiwall , an interactive climbing\\nwall with sensors, light and sound feedback. The authors\\npromote a set of applications, which include training, play\\nand sound design [47] . BetaCube by Wiehr et al. implements\\na self-calibrating camera which employs a wall projection\\nof life-size video replays and holds highlighting for route\\ncreation [73] . Kosmalla et al. build on BetaCube and designed\\nan AR climbing system to teach novices climbing move-\\nments. Their application employs a recording mode using a\\nKINECT for the trainer and three types of video playback\\nusing AR-goggles and a projection on the climbing wall.\\nParticipants performed various tasks with different modal-\\nities of video guidance. The results indicate that a hybrid\\nvisualization suits best to fit all requirements of a climbing\\ntraining environment [37] . Vengal is a setup that allows for\\nfully augmented climbing in VR [70] . In their setup, the au-\\nthors 3D-scanned a climbing wall and applied hand and foot\\ntracking to create an immersive climbing experience in VR.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,681,395,955],\"text\":\"Wearables for climbing . Mencarini et al. defined a design\\nspace of wearables for climbing as tools for augmentation\\nand communication [52] . They identified that in sport climb-\\ning either the walls can be augmented or climbers can be\\nequipped with wearable devices. The authors suggest instead\\nof eliminating negative emotions, the training environment\\nshould help climbers dealing with them and promote to de-\\nsign wearables that support the communication of fear in\\nsport climbing. Based on results of an online survey and a\\nfollow up user study, Kosmalla et al. [38] found that sound\\nis suited best as a communication channel for a wrist worn\\nwearable in climbing. ClimbAX is a wristband sensor which\\nwas designed to monitor the climbers' performance. From ac-\\ncelerometer data, the wearable extracts various performance\\nmetrics (e.g., climbing episodes and hold transitions) and\\nprovides climbing statistics [42] . To guide beginners in im-\\nproving their climbing technique in real-time while climbing,\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[421,115,749,413],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This top-down diagram illustrates a rectangular test area, approximately 3 meters wide, with marked \\\"Way In\\\" and \\\"Way Out\\\" paths in two sections labeled \\\"Condition Real\\\" and \\\"Condition Props.\\\" Various gray rectangular obstacles, some single and some paired, are distributed across the gridded area, with some rows labeled 'Th' and 'Tf'. Dimensions of 10m, 1.6m, and 0.3m are indicated vertically, and an 85° angle is shown for a partial side boundary.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,425,746,485],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Schematic view of the climbing routes. Two identi-\\ncal climbing routes at different heights, each consisting of 14\\nhand and footholds. $T_h$ and $T_f$ mark the holds at the turning\\npoint.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,506,746,602],\"text\":\"Feeken et al. developed a pressure sensitive insole with vibro-\\ntactile feedback [19] . Tonoli et al. employed an acceleration\\nsensor which is integrated into the harness to identify and\\nmonitor falling in rock climbing using a Kalman filter [72] .\\nSimilarly, Boulanger et al. applied machine learning to clas-\\nsify climbing activities from multiple accelerometers [5] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,603,747,746],\"text\":\"Most of the literature we examined applies technology\\nto support the climbers' performance. However, training of\\nfear of falling is rarely investigated in the literature. In our\\nwork, we build on the climbing setups that employs VR to\\ninvestigate the effect of physical interaction on presence and\\nanxiety in climbing. Therefore, our study aims at closing\\nthe gap and brings together two areas of research: effects\\nof height-induced anxiety while climbing and anxiety while\\nmoving through VR.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,757,489,773],\"text\":\"3   STUDY\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,777,747,954],\"text\":\"In our study, we focus on the level of immersion-induced\\npresence, required to provoke fear of falling in VR. Therefore,\\nwe create three different conditions: real physical climbing\\nin 10 m height ( $C_{real}$ ), virtual reality climbing with real props\\n( $C_{props}$ ) at virtual height of 10 m but physically 20 cm above\\nthe ground and an entirely virtual climbing simulation with\\ngame controllers ( $C_{ctrl}$ ) at virtual height of 10 m while stand-\\ning on the ground. We used physiological measurements\\n(heart rate and skin conductivity) together with question-\\nnaires asking for the subjective responses to compare the\\neffect of three conditions. In alignment with Meahan [50] ,\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 183\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/results/markdown/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300413/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300413", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/results/output_json/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[70,132,390,272],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Diagrams illustrate the placement of ECG (right, left, neutral) and EDA sensors on the front and back of a human torso. The image also displays a close-up of two electrode pads connected by wires, with a labeled 5 cm spacing between their centers.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,285,394,346],\"text\":\"Figure 3: (a) Schematic view of a torso with the placements of\\nthe electrocardiography (ECG) and EDA electrodes. (b) EDA\\nelectrodes prepped with a piece of tape to keep them at a\\nconstant distance of 5 cm.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,377,393,408],\"text\":\"who observed a positive effect of props on presence, we\\nderive the following hypotheses:\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,408,393,457],\"text\":\"Hypothesis ( $H_p$ ): Presence ( $D_p$ ) is measurably higher for\\nclimbers in VR when using props ( $C_{props}$ ) compared to a\\nentirely virtual condition ( $C_{ent}$ ).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,457,393,520],\"text\":\"Hypothesis ( $H_4$ ): Anxiety ( $D_a$ ) (measured directly and\\nindirectly in form of stress) is higher for climbers in VR when\\nusing props ( $C_{\\\\text{props}}$ ) compared to a purely virtual condition\\n( $C_{\\\\text{ctrl}}$ ).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,521,394,648],\"text\":\"Our study design has two independent variables: props\\nor game controllers and real or virtual vision resulting in\\nthree conditions. We aimed to examine their effect on the\\nfollowing dependent variables: physical exertion, anxiety\\nand presence. Since anxiety is highly subjective and varies\\nbetween participants, we chose a within-subject experimen-\\ntal study to test our hypothesis. The order of the conditions\\nwas randomized using a Latin Square [23] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,648,393,696],\"text\":\"For the study, we developed a multimodal VR climbing\\nsetup that employs foot and hand tracking and allows for\\nreal climbing with a HMD.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,710,160,725],\"text\":\"Measurements\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,730,394,905],\"text\":\"In alignment with the studies by Slater [66, 67] we mea-\\nsured stress and anxiety as indicators of presence. Our pri-\\nmary stress and anxiety measures were heart rate variability\\n(HRV) [11, 31] and skin conductivity response (SCR) [9, 50] .\\nWe recorded the physiological data using Vitalino Board Kit\\n2018. As shown in Figure 3 , we placed the ECG electrodes at\\nthe collarbone and the EDA sensors on the shoulder of the\\nparticipants. Additionally, presence was measured using the\\nwidespread Igroup Presence Questionnaire (IPQ) on the spa-\\ntial presence (sp), involvement (inv) and experienced realism\\n(real) subscales [63] .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,905,394,954],\"text\":\"Meehan [50] suggests HR, RR and EDA as indicators for\\npresence. Regarding sport climbers, Hardy and Hutchin-\\nson [26] reckon that those signals—when elevated—may be\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,747,283],\"text\":\"interpreted as signs of somatic anxiety, too. However, HR\\nand RR cannot be described as unitary functions of arousal,\\nbecause they are also dependent on physical activity [12] .\\nHence, they can only be interpreted as indicators for somatic\\nanxiety when comparing conditions with a similar level of\\nphysical activity. In our setup, these are only $C_{real}$ and $C_{prep}$ .\\nAs a control variable for the level of movement, we also asked\\nthe subjects to give a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) on\\na labeled visual analog scale (VAS) from 6 to 20, developed\\nby [4] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,283,747,604],\"text\":\"To measure the severity of acrophobia, we employed the\\nvisual height intolerance (vHI) questionnaire [30] . This ques-\\ntionnaire has an opening question followed by eight items\\nand results in a severity score (vHISS) between 0 (low) and 13\\n(high). With two additional questions, a diagnosis of acropho-\\nbia can be established. To meter the trait anxiety of subjects,\\nwe used the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) [24] . This\\ninventory consists of ten items and results in a score between\\n20 (low) and 80 (high), which indicates the participants' ten-\\ndency of responding to situations perceived as thrilling with\\nan elevation of state anxiety. After each condition, we also\\ntested the manifestation of anxiety at the level of subjective\\nexperience through a VAS—also called anxiety thermometer\\n(AT) [29] . This is a quick and validated alternative to more\\ncomprehensive tools such as subjective units of discomfort\\nscale (SUDS), or competitive state anxiety inventory 2 (CSAI-\\n2) [57] . It is a continuous scale ranging from 0 (not anxious\\nat all) to 10 (extremely anxious), displayed as a box of 10 cm\\nlength in which participants place a mark to indicate their\\nlevel of anxiety [29] .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,677,549,694],\"text\":\"Procedure and Tasks\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,698,746,808],\"text\":\"Our experiment procedure included the following steps:\\n(i) briefing (ii) put on climbing harness (iii) fit with HR, RR,\\nand EDA electrodes (iv) initial rest ($C_{0}$) and upfront question-\\nnaires (v) randomized order of $C_{real}$ , $C_{prop}$ and $C_{ctrl}$ conditions\\n(vi) debriefing. After each condition, the participants had\\ntime to recuperate while filling in the Igroup Presence Ques-\\ntionnaire (IPQ) and AT questionnaires.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,809,747,954],\"text\":\"The primary task for all conditions was traversing a climb-\\ning wall, from a start point to a return point and back. The\\nsubjects were only belayed in condition $C_{real}$ utilizing an\\nauto-belay-device. To ensure that the participants are aware\\nof their exposition to height, we introduced secondary tasks:\\n(i) before climbing , throw a ball down to the ground and read\\nout the number displayed next to where the ball dropped\\n(ii) while resting at the return point , look down and read out\\nnumbers shown on the ground floor.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 183\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/results/markdown/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300413/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300413", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/results/output_json/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,125,174,141],\"text\":\"Climbing Routes\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,144,394,398],\"text\":\"We conducted our experiment in a local climbing gym with\\na wall that fulfills the specifications for one lane of an Inter-\\nnational Federation of Sport Climbing (ISFC) speed climbing\\nwall. The traversal route is angled at 5° along its entire length\\nand is easily accessible on the ground floor and from a bal-\\ncony at 10 m height. Figure 2 depicts the final route layout for\\ncondition $C_{real}$ (10 m) and its twin at the bottom of the wall\\nfor condition $C_{gpps}$ . Both routes have a launching platform\\nmade of plywood, each serving as the start and end point\\nfor the climbing task. The routes had a difficulty of 4+ on\\nthe International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation\\n(UIAA) scale; a difficulty level that is suitable for beginners.\\nBy letting our participants climb the same horizontal route\\nat a constant elevation in each condition, we maintained\\ncomparability with Pijpers et al. [58] and kept height (our\\nmain trigger for anxiety) at a constant level.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,399,394,686],\"text\":\"We modeled the climbing gym in VR, using an already\\nexisting architectural 3D model as a foundation to match\\nthe virtual environment and the climbing wall. Further, we\\ntextured and added lighting as well as some interior such\\nas tables and fire extinguishers. By resembling the original\\npremises with such details as furniture, we created points\\nof reference in support of a sense for scale and height. The\\nclimbing routes, sketched in Figure 2 , required for the VR\\nconditions $C_{propo}$ and $C_{ctrl}$ were also added. We utilized Au-\\ntosdesk Maya for modelling and Unity 3D as a game engine\\nto create an interactive experience. We used an HTC VIVE\\nsystem for tracking the head, two controllers and two addi-\\ntional trackers for the feet. Lastly, for tracking the hands, we\\nemployed a Leap Motion hand tracking device mounted on\\nthe VIVE headset. The entire setup is illustrated in Figure 1 .\\nFor our setup, we implemented hand visuals as a masked,\\ntinted overlay of the infrared image coming from the Leap\\nMotion camera using a custom shader (Figure 4 b).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,686,394,782],\"text\":\"To match the static grips with their corresponding twins in\\nthe virtual environment, we implemented a semi-automated\\ncalibration with two VIVE trackers. For calibration, we placed\\ntwo VIVE trackers on the climbing route and registered the\\ncomponents. From the stored locations, we computed the\\nrequired transformations to align the props.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,782,394,862],\"text\":\"Footwork and technique are essential in climbing [65] .\\nTherefore, a precise foot tracking was implemented using\\nVIVE trackers. For the foot tracking, we fixed a VIVE tracker\\nto a rubber band and attached it to the user's heel (see Fig-\\nure 4c ).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,862,394,942],\"text\":\"To avoid a break of immersion and for security reasons,\\nwe did not model a rope and didn't belay the participants in\\nthe VR physical condition ( $C_{prop}$ ). As the subjects climbed\\nonly a few meters above ground a (belayed) rope could swing\\nback against the wall and injure the participant in case of a\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,173],\"text\":\"fall. Furthermore, an entirely virtual rope without a physical\\nrope present would break the immersion if the subjects tried\\nto grab it and also lead to a fall.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,184,498,201],\"text\":\"Participants\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,204,746,315],\"text\":\"We followed Guo et al.'s guidelines [25] and used GLIMPSE\\nto calculate an appropriate sample size. We assumed an effect\\nsize of Cohen's d between 0.7 and 1.2 at a confidence level\\nof $\\\\alpha = 0.05$ and a power $>0.8$ similar to climbing-related\\nexperiments by Hardy and Hutchinson [26] . Our calculations\\nrequired a sample size between 11 and 30 participants to\\nshow significant effects.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,316,746,396],\"text\":\"A total of 28 participants (13 female), mean age 30.7 years\\n(SD=10.6), volunteered to participate in the experiment. The\\nparticipants, for the greater part customers of the local climb-\\ning gym, were mainly lead climbers (23), but also top-rope\\nclimbers (4) and one boulderer.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,396,746,522],\"text\":\"The average UIAA climbing degree (level of difficulty) of\\nthe lead climbers was 6+ (±1 degree) and of the top-rope\\nclimbers 5+/6- (±1 degree). About three quarters of the par-\\nticipants climb at least once a week. 13 participants had never\\nused a VR system prior to the experiment and 13 only once;\\nthe remaining two participants had used various systems\\nfrequently before. All subjects provided written informed\\nconsent.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,522,746,651],\"text\":\"We used the short version of the STAI [24] as a standard\\ncheck to measure trait anxiety. The questionnaire consists\\nof 10 items on a 8-point Likert-scale. The overall mean trait\\nanxiety was 34.9 (SD=14.9). The results were comparable to\\nthe scores originally surveyed by Spielberg [69] . Hence, these\\nresults indicate that the participants had no extraordinary\\ntendency to respond to situations perceived as threatening\\nwith an elevation in state anxiety [57] .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,651,746,763],\"text\":\"To identify and eventually exclude participants who ful-\\nfill the psychiatric criteria of acrophobia, we asked them to\\nanswer the vHI questionnaire [30] . The vHI questionnaire\\nwas only presented to the 16 participants who affirmed the\\nopening question; none of the users gave indications to suf-\\nfer from acrophobia. The average severity score was M=1.4\\n(SD=0.16).\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,773,502,790],\"text\":\"4  RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,792,746,954],\"text\":\"In this section, we report the results gathered from the phys-\\niological measurements and self-reports for the three con-\\nditions of our experiment. First, duration of climbing and\\nthe level of physical exertion is examined to ensure we only\\ncompare homogeneous conditions later on. Then, we con-\\ntinue with the outcomes for stress and anxiety and, finally,\\npresence. Due to missing or corrupted data we excluded up\\nto 7 participants for when we performed our analysis. We\\nreport the number of subjects, that were applied for each\\nstatistical test.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 183\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/results/markdown/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300413/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300413", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/results/output_json/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[70,132,742,264],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays four panels showing elements of indoor climbing. Panels (a) and (b) feature a hand reaching for or interacting with rectangular wooden and red climbing holds on a textured wall. Panels (c) and (d) show a climbing shoe positioned on rectangular wooden and red holds, with a specific heel-hook feature on the shoe highlighted in (c).\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,272,747,305],\"text\":\"Figure 4: (a) Hand over a hand hold. (b) Screenshot of the resulting, masked infrared overlay. (c) Heel-mounted VIVE tracker.\\n(d) Virtual representation of the foot in VR.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[71,323,388,512],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This box plot, titled \\\"Duration per Condition,\\\" displays the distribution of \\\"Duration (s)\\\" across three conditions: \\\"Ctrl,\\\" \\\"Props,\\\" and \\\"Real.\\\" Each condition is represented by a box plot, and labels \\\"p < 0.05\\\" are shown between \\\"Ctrl\\\" and \\\"Props,\\\" and between \\\"Props\\\" and \\\"Real.\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,527,393,557],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Duration per condition. The error bars indicate the\\nfirst and fourth quartiles.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,580,127,597],\"text\":\"Duration\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,600,394,764],\"text\":\"We conducted a repeated measures analysis of variance\\n(ANOVA) to examine the effect of the condition on the time\\nthat participants took to complete the tasks. The analysis\\nwas performed with n=23. Regarding the duration per condi-\\ntions (Figure 5), there was a significant effect: F(2,44)=0.992,\\np<0.1. The effect has an observed power of 0.966 with\\n$\\\\eta_{\\\\eta}^{2}=0.292$ . A correction for sphericity was not necessary\\n( $\\\\chi^{2}(2)=0.872$ , p=0.188). Pairwise Bonferroni tests showed sig-\\nnificant differences between $C_{real}$ and $C_{props}$ (p<0.01), $C_{real}$\\nand $C_{ctrl}$ (p<0.05), but not between $C_{props}$ and $C_{ctrl}$ (p=0.575).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,773,177,790],\"text\":\"Physical Exertion\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,792,394,956],\"text\":\"We recorded the vital signs HR and RR because they are indi-\\ncators for physical exertion. HR was measured using an ECG\\nin combination with a chest strap to obtain reference signal\\nless prone to motion artifacts. We conducted a repeated mea-\\nsures ANOVA to examine the effect of the condition on HR\\nfor both sources. For ECG-based HR (n=23), Maustry's test\\nof sphericity indicated that the assumption of sphericity had\\nnot been violated. $\\\\chi^2(2)=5.866$ , p=0.320. There was a signif-\\nicant effect of condition on the HR: F(3, 63) = 22.502, p<0.01.\\nThe effect has an observed power of 1.0 with $\\\\eta_{\\\\sigma}^2=0.517$ . For\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,681,747,826],\"text\":\"the recordings from the chest strap (n=22). Mauchly's test of\\nsphericity indicated a violation of sphericity, $\\\\chi^2(2)=12.653$ ,\\np<0.05 and therefore, a Greenhouse-Geisser correction was\\nused. There was a significant effect of condition on the\\nHR: F(2.192, 46.035)=92.877, p<0.01. The effect has an ob-\\nserved power of 1.0 with $\\\\eta_p^2=0.816$ . Pairwise Bonferroni tests\\nrevealed a significant difference in HR between $C_{\\\\text{real}}$ and\\n$C_{\\\\text{propos}}$ (p>0.05) for both sources. The results are shown in\\nFigure 6 .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[421,324,739,552],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A box plot displays heart rate in beats per minute, comparing measurements from a chest strap and an ECG source. Data is presented across four conditions: Rest, Real, Props, and Ctrl. A p-value less than 0.05 is indicated between the \\\"Real\\\" and \\\"Props\\\" conditions.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,570,746,630],\"text\":\"Figure 6: Average heart rate (HR) measured before ( $C_0$ ) and\\nduring the conditions ( $C_{\\\\text{real}}$ , $C_{\\\\text{propos}}$ , and $C_{\\\\text{chf}}$ ) using ECG and\\na chest strap. The error bars indicate the first and fourth\\nquartiles.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,825,747,955],\"text\":\"Since the RPE yields discrete, ordinal results, we used a\\nFriedman test to examine the effect of condition on self-\\nreported physical exertion. There was a significant effect of\\ncondition on RPE, $\\\\chi^2$ =23.234, p<0.01. A pairwise Wilcoxon\\nsigned ranks test showed a significant difference for $C_{\\\\text{real}}$ and\\n$C_{\\\\text{preop}}$ (Z=-2.517, p=0.012), $C_{\\\\text{real}}$ and $C_{\\\\text{ctrl}}$ (Z=-2.34, p=0.019)\\nand $C_{\\\\text{preop}}$ and $C_{\\\\text{ctrl}}$ (Z=-3.817, p<0.01). The results are shown\\nin Figure 7 .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 183\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/results/markdown/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300413/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300413", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/results/output_json/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[70,122,387,311],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This box plot illustrates the Rating of Physical Exertion (RPE) for three conditions: Real, Props, and Ctrl. The Y-axis represents VAS (RPE) from 6 to 20. Statistical annotations indicate p < 0.05 for comparisons between \\\"Real\\\" and \\\"Props\\\", and \\\"Props\\\" and \\\"Ctrl\\\", and p < 0.01 for the comparison between \\\"Real\\\" and \\\"Ctrl\\\".\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,326,394,385],\"text\":\"Figure 7: Average rating of perceived exertion (RPE) as re-\\nported via visual analog scale (VAS) after each condition\\n( $C_{real}$ , $C_{prop}$ , and $C_{cut}$ ) on a scale from 6 to 20. The error\\nbars indicate the first and fourth quartiles.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,405,184,422],\"text\":\"Stress and Anxiety\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,426,394,619],\"text\":\"For the analysis of anxiety, we used the ECG signal and de-\\nrived the mean R-R interval (mRR) from it as a measure of\\nHRV. Further, we measured EDA and derived the SCR-level\\nfrom it (Figure 8 ). To examine the effect of the condition on\\neach measure, we conducted a repeated measures ANOVA.\\nFor mRRI (n=21), Mauchly's test of sphericity indicated a\\nviolation of sphericity, $\\\\chi^2(2)=16.401$ , p<0.05 and therefore,\\na Greenhouse-Geisser correction was used. There was a sig-\\nnificant effect of condition on mRRI: F(2,036, 40.719)=4.331,\\np<0.05. The effect has an observed power of 0.725 with\\n$\\\\eta_p^2$=0.178. A pairwise Bonferroni test revealed only a sig-\\nnificant difference between $C_v$ and $C_{\\\\rm prosp}$ (p≤0.01).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,619,394,729],\"text\":\"To examine SC, we looked at two of the non-specific re-\\nsponses (NSR): response-count and conductivity level [60] .\\nThe first was calculated from the rolling average of detected\\npeaks within a 20 s time-frame. Neither the response count\\nnor the level did show any patterns. Hence, unlike the HRV,\\nwe could not find any significant differences between the\\nconditions for the EDA signals.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,729,394,859],\"text\":\"In contrast to RPE, the VAS anxiety thermometer (AT)\\nuses a continuous scale (Figure 9 ). We could conduct a re-\\npeated measures ANOVA without correction ( $\\\\chi^2(2)=0.692$ ,\\np=0.708). There was a significant effect of condition on self-\\nreported anxiety, F(2,44)=5.64, p<0.05. The effect has an ob-\\nserved power of 0.815 with $\\\\eta_p^2$ =0.195. A pairwise Bonferroni\\ntest of the conditions revealed that the mean AT response\\nfor $C_{prop}$ is significantly higher than for $C_{cut}$ (p<0.01).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,868,126,885],\"text\":\"Presence\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,889,394,955],\"text\":\"In the VR conditions $C_{prop}$ and $C_{all}$ , the participants rated\\ntheir sense of presence through an IPQ questionnaire (n=27);\\nthe results can be seen in Figure 10 . To examine the effect\\nof the condition on presence scores, we conducted paired\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,729,747,825],\"text\":\"t-tests. There only was a significant effect of the condition on\\nrealness scale (REAL) with t(26)=2.621, p=0.014. The effect\\nhas an observed power of 0.714 with $\\\\eta_p^2$=0.209. As suggested\\nby [50], we also examined the rolling average of the HR-\\nusing a window of two respiration cycles—with no significant\\ndifferences between the conditions.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[421,122,737,310],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A box plot titled \\\"HRV: Mean R-R Interval per Condition\\\" displays the distribution of HRV mRRI in milliseconds for four conditions: Rest, Real, Ctrl, and Props. The median R-R interval for the \\\"Rest\\\" condition is higher than for the \\\"Real,\\\" \\\"Ctrl,\\\" and \\\"Props\\\" conditions. A bracket spanning from \\\"Rest\\\" to \\\"Props\\\" is annotated with \\\"p < 0.01\\\".\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,326,746,371],\"text\":\"Figure 8: Mean R-R interval (mRRI) measured before ( $C_0$ )\\nand during the conditions ( $C_{real}$ , $C_{prop}$ , and $C_{crt}$ ) based on\\nECG. The error bars indicate the first and fourth quartiles.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_013.png\",\"bbox\":[421,411,737,600],\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a box plot showing \\\"Anxiety Thermometer\\\" scores (VAS, 0-10) across three conditions: \\\"Real\\\", \\\"Props\\\", and \\\"Ctrl\\\". The \\\"Props\\\" condition generally exhibits higher anxiety scores compared to \\\"Real\\\" and \\\"Ctrl\\\". A statistical annotation (p < 0.01) indicates a significant difference between the \\\"Props\\\" and \\\"Ctrl\\\" conditions.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,615,746,674],\"text\":\"Figure 9: Average anxiety as reported via visual analog scale\\n(VAS) after each condition ( $C_{real}$ , $C_{prop}$ , and $C_{eff}$ ) on a scale\\nfrom 0 to 10. The error bars indicate the first and fourth\\nquartiles.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,825,746,955],\"text\":\"The authors of the IPQ offer a database with results from\\nmultiple studies [32] . This dataset includes 37 records for\\nexperiments with 3D graphics displayed via HMD. Consid-\\nering these, we found higher scores than those in the data-\\nbase on all scales. However, the differences were significant\\nonly for spatial awareness (SP) and realness (REAL) in con-\\ndition $C_{\\\\text{prop}}$ ( $\\\\delta_{\\\\text{SP}} \\\\!=\\\\! 1.007$ , p < 0.01; $\\\\delta_{\\\\text{REAL}} \\\\!=\\\\! 1.596$ , p < 0.01) and\\n$C_{\\\\text{ctrl}}$ ( $\\\\delta_{\\\\text{SP}} \\\\!=\\\\! 1$ , p < 0.01; $\\\\delta_{\\\\text{REAL}} \\\\!=\\\\! 1.328$ , p < 0.01).\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 183\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300413/results/markdown/3290605-3300413_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300414/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300414", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/results/output_json/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[131,117,684,184],\"text\":\"Digital Fabrication of Soft Actuated Objects\\nby Machine Knitting\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[106,203,271,279],\"text\":\"Lea Albaugh\\nCarnegie Mellon University\\nHuman-Computer Interaction\\nInstitute\\nlea@cs.cmu.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[324,203,490,278],\"text\":\"Scott Hudson\\n\\nCarnegie Mellon University\\nHuman-Computer Interaction\\nInstitute\\nscott.hudson@cs.cmu.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[549,203,708,279],\"text\":\"Lining Yao\\n\\nCarnegie Mellon University\\nHuman-Computer Interaction\\nInstitute\\nliningy@cs.cmu.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_007.png\",\"bbox\":[64,298,751,485],\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A three-panel image displays various textile items, predominantly in shades of blue. The left panel shows a person in a grey sweater with a blue and pink fabric draped over their shoulder, the center panel features a hanging blue pleated textile object resembling a lampshade, and the right panel depicts a hand holding a string attached to a blue knit bunny-like doll.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,491,746,535],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Left: a sweater with actuated sleeve. Center: a reconfigurable lampshade. Right: a responsive plush toy. These objects\\nhave been machine-knit using a collection of techniques discussed in this paper, such as shape and stiffness manipulation,\\ncombined with integrated tendon actuation.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,542,139,559],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,563,395,741],\"text\":\"With recent interest in shape-changing interfaces, material-\\ndriven design, wearable technologies, and soft robotics, digi-\\ntal fabrication of soft actutable material is increasingly in\\ndemand. Much of this research focuses on elastomers or non-\\nstretchy air bladders. Computationally-controlled machine\\nknitting offers an alternative fabrication technology which\\ncan rapidly produce soft textile objects that have a very dif-\\nferent character: breathable, lightweight, and pleasant to the\\ntouch. These machines are well established and optimized\\nfor the mass production of garments, but compared to other\\ndigital fabrication techniques such as CNC machining or\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,542,748,703],\"text\":\"3D printing, they have received much less attention as gen-\\neral purpose fabrication devices. In this work, we explore\\nnew ways to employ machine knitting for the creation of\\nactuated soft objects. We describe the basic operation of this\\ntype of machine, then show new techniques for knitting\\ntendon-based actuation into objects. We explore a series of\\ndesign strategies for integrating tendons with shaping and\\nanisotropic texture design. Finally, we investigate different\\nknit material properties, including considerations for motor\\ncontrol and sensing.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,717,524,734],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[421,738,747,787],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Human computer in-\\nteraction (HCI); • Applied computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Computer-aided\\nmanufacturing .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,800,502,817],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,821,747,853],\"text\":\"Soft materials; additive manufacturing; computational crafts;\\nsoft actuator\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,865,554,880],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,881,747,953],\"text\":\"Lea Albaugh, Scott Hudson, and Lining Yao. 2019. Digital Fabri-\\ncation of Soft Actuated Objects by Machine Knitting. In CHI Con-\\nference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI\\n2019) , May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. ACM, New York, NY,\\nUSA, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300414\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,778,394,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\\nCIP 2019, May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,899,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,925,265,939],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,942,244,954],\"text\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300414\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 184\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/results/markdown/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300414/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300414", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/results/output_json/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,43,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,123,197,139],\"text\":\"1 Introduction\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,144,395,367],\"text\":\"Soft fabrication is increasingly relevant to human-computer\\ninteraction, with applications ranging from soft and shape-\\nchanging interfaces to wearable technologies. However, the\\nfabrication options for soft matter are limited in terms of an\\nend-to-end pipeline. For 3D printing, available soft materi-\\nals often have weak mechanical integrity (e.g. Tango series\\nmaterials for Object), are tricky to work with (e.g. Ninja Flex\\nfor FDM printers), or are not elastic/stretchy enough. Soft\\ninterfaces made of silicone elastomer or non-stretchy air\\nbladders [23, 27, 34] require a labor-intensive casting pro-\\ncess, or are only partially manufactured, with customized\\ntools. Additionally, these materials are unconventional or\\neven uncomfortable for on-body applications and have a\\nlimited range of surface characteristics.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,368,394,510],\"text\":\"In contrast, fabric is flexible and lightweight as well as\\nbreathable, relatively strong, and pleasant to the touch, mak-\\ning it popular for a wide variety of objects in our day-to-day\\nlives, from clothes and plush toys to furniture and archi-\\ntectural coverings—the vast majority of our time is spent\\ntouching it. Textile processes can incorporate fibers with\\na widely variable properties such as strength, stretchiness,\\nthermal resistivity, electrical conductivity, tendency to felt,\\nsolubility, and of course, color and surface characteristics.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,511,395,669],\"text\":\"While all three main categories of textile manufacture\\n(knitting, weaving, and \\\"nonwoven\\\" production—i.e., felting,\\nelectrospinning, and heat-bonding processes) are most com-\\nmonly used to produce flat sheets of fabric that must be cut\\nand sewn, glued, or welded to produce three-dimensional\\nobjects, knitting additionally has the potential to produce\\ncomplicated shaping with minimal post-processing [21] . In-\\ndustrial computer-controlled knitting is also very fast—a\\nfully-shaped glove might be produced in five minutes, and a\\nflat sheet of the same size might take under a minute.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,669,395,765],\"text\":\"However, industrial knitting pipelines target mass man-\\nufacturing, and they do not often push the boundaries of\\nwhat is possible with knitting. Hobbyist and research use of\\ncomputationally-controlled knitting is still in early stages,\\nlargely because machine knitting is not a straightforward\\nanalogue of other digital fabrication techniques.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,765,395,941],\"text\":\"In this paper, we consider techniques that expand the\\nusefulness of machine knitting as a fabrication method for\\ninteractive objects. We first provide an overview explanation\\nof flat-bed weft machine knitting. We then explain three\\ncontributions: 1) a holistic strategy for composing embedded\\ntendons, shaping, and textual variations to achieve a variety\\nof shape changing effects, 2) our novel use of horizontal yarn\\ninlay for actuation, 3) a novel complementary technique for\\nintegrating tendons in the vertical direction. Finally, we show\\nexample applications and discuss the design guidelines and\\nfabrication parameters for achieving them.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,123,551,139],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,143,610,160],\"text\":\"Digital Fabrication for Textiles\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,164,747,306],\"text\":\"Various approaches have been taken toward supporting com-\\nputationally-fabricated textiles or hybrid textile processes.\\nNotably, Hudson's \\\"teddy bear\\\" needle-felting printer [15]\\nand Peng's layered fabric printer [25] used textile materials as\\nthe basis for output that was soft to the touch. However, the\\noutput objects from these printers are necessarily thick and\\nsomewhat limited in material options, making them signifi-\\ncantly dissimilar from the familiar fabrics used in garment,\\ntoy, and home goods production.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,307,747,417],\"text\":\"Rivera et al's work on extrusion printing with embedded\\ntextiles [26] is a hybrid approach that uses off-the-shelf fabric\\nand custom rigid elements. Our output can be entirely soft,\\nand because our approach starts at the yarn level instead\\nof the fabric, we achieve significantly more variability in\\nshaping and texture. However, our approach could also be\\nre-integrated into such a hybrid fabrication pipeline.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,418,747,545],\"text\":\"In the realm of machine-knitting, McCann et al [20] demon-\\nstrate the wide range of shaping possibilities from a limited\\ndesign vocabulary of tubes and sheets, and Narayanan et\\nal [21] automate these shaping approaches for mesh-based\\ngeometric input. These works offer more generalized treat-\\nments of the basic shaping vocabulary we describe in this\\npaper, but neither discusses motion or surface texture such\\nas knit/purl patterns or between-stitch interlacement.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,545,747,674],\"text\":\"\\\"Knitty\\\" and \\\"Knitting a 3D Model\\\" [16, 17] introduce pro-\\nduction assistants for hand crocheting of plush toys from\\nsketched input and 3D models, respectively. We focus on ma-\\nchine knitting; while there are obvious conceptual similari-\\nties to hand knitting, specific design strategies often differ in\\nresponse to differing constraints. For example, a hand knitter\\nmay consider a sewing step to be trivial, whereas we would\\navoid sewing in pursuit of end-to-end machine knitting.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,693,704,711],\"text\":\"Soft Actuation and Shape Changing Interfaces\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,714,748,953],\"text\":\"The field of soft robotics is greatly concerned with the actu-\\nation of soft materials. The use of pneumatic actuators for\\nshape changing interfaces has been established in projects\\nsuch as PneUI [34] , aeroMorph [23] , and printFlatables [27] .\\n3D printable pneumatics have been explored by Self Assem-\\nbly Lab [5] . While pneumatic structures have shown great\\npromise, they are often challenging to fabricate and have\\nrubbery surface characteristics which may not be suitable\\nfor all use cases. Other soft materials have been used to\\ncreate either reversible or non-reversible actuations, such\\nas pH-responsive chemical materials [18] , shape memory\\nthermoplastics [22] , and biological materials [33, 35] . Each of\\nthese projects occupies a unique design space with its own\\ntechnical advantages. We consider our work an addition to\\nthe toolbox of soft material actuators.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,128,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 184\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/results/markdown/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300414/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300414", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/results/output_json/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,236],\"text\":\"A particularly relevant set of soft robotic methods are\\nthose that use tendon actuation [24] . Bern et al [9] automate\\nthe design of embedded tendon actuators within fabric for\\nplush toy interactions. Kono and Watanabe [19] show the use\\nof gathering fabric for interactions. Both of these works use\\nsewn actuators that are added to an existing fabric, however,\\ntheir approaches could be extended with our methods.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,253,176,269],\"text\":\"Dynamic Textiles\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,273,394,593],\"text\":\"Han and Ahn's \\\"blooming knit flowers\\\" [14] and Scott's\\nbiomimetic architectural knits [28] integrate shape mem-\\nory effects into knitted structures for subtle motion. Both\\nworks use an overall shrinkage effect, not tendons; addition-\\nally, Han and Ahn's flowers provide one-time motion, and\\nScott's forms are actuated via rigid wooden veneer elements.\\nShapeTex[12] uses thin-film thermal expansion for similar\\neffects. Glazzard's thesis on auxetic knits [13] is not itself\\nactuated, but it discusses knit textures that could amplify\\nthe actuation effects we discuss. The work of ten Böhmer et\\nal [29] explores the use of anisotropic knit structures in de-\\nsigning body-worn interfaces, prototyped using cut-and-sew\\nmethods; Scarfy [31] demonstrates soft output as part of an\\ninteractive scarf using nitinol-actuated crumpling. Fashion\\ndesigner Hussein Chalayan is known for using dynamic tex-\\ntiles in his runway work, with the most directly applicable\\nexample being his Spring/Summer 2007 [11] presentation in-\\ncorporating tendon-driven silhouette changes. Our work could\\nextend these works by demonstrating the feasibility of these\\ndesign approaches directly in machine knitting.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,593,394,689],\"text\":\"Substantial prior research has been done on textile cir-\\ncuitry and soft sensors [8, 10, 31, 32] . Many of these prior\\ntechniques can be combined with the techniques described\\nhere. However, because of the maturity of that research, we\\ndo not concentrate on those techniques here beyond one\\nillustration using a conductive yarn used as a touch sensor.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,706,187,722],\"text\":\"3 BACKGROUND\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,726,225,743],\"text\":\"The Structure of Knitting\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,746,394,873],\"text\":\"In this paper, we discuss weft knitting , which is one of the\\ntwo main kinds of industrial knitting. It produces structures\\nwhich are conceptually of the same kind as hand knitting,\\nbut typically at a different scale, using different mechanical\\nprocesses, and with a different aesthetic result. We present\\nhere a simplified description of the operation of flat-bed weft\\nknitting machines; a deeper coverage of these topics can be\\nfound in Underwood [30] and McCann et al [20] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,873,394,954],\"text\":\"Knitting is a way of forming a surface out of rows and\\ncolumns of loops of yarn. In a minimal case, a knit structure\\ncan be formed from a single continuous length of yarn, Fig.\\n2. Each loop in a column is formed by pulling yarn through\\nthe previous loop in the column.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[419,117,750,216],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image illustrates knitted fabric, showing the interlocked loop structure formed by a single continuous yarn. The panels highlight the serpentine path of the yarn through the fabric and the vertical stretch direction along the wales.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,223,746,282],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Left: A basic knit swatch. Center: row-wise connec-\\ntions along the yarn path. Right: column-wise connections\\nof loops holding loops. The structure is formed under grav-\\nity, progressing from the bottom to the top.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_012.png\",\"bbox\":[421,293,747,393],\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image presents two diagrams illustrating components of a knitting machine. The left diagram shows individual hooked needles with sliders, indicating their vertical direction of motion. The right diagram depicts a horizontal bed of these hooked needles, with some hooks holding yellow yarn loops and a yarn carrier positioned above, delivering yarn.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,402,745,433],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Left: Slide needles. Right: A bed of slide needles\\nholding a knit swtch in progress.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,453,571,471],\"text\":\"Machine Knitting Basics\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,475,746,553],\"text\":\"A flat-bed knitting machine forms a knitted structure using\\nrows (beds) of parallel needles (Fig. 3). These slide needles\\nhave two major parts each: a hook, which holds the topmost\\nstitch or stitches in a column, and a slider, which can be\\nindependently actuated to close the hook.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,554,746,617],\"text\":\"The machine additionally has a number of yarn carriers,\\nthrough which yarn flows after passing through a tensioning\\napparatus. The yarn carriers are synchronized to the needle\\naction to provide yarn to new stitches being formed.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,618,745,649],\"text\":\"A v-bed knitting machine has two beds of needles that\\nmeet in an inverted 'V' shape; Fig. 6 shows a side view.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,650,746,824],\"text\":\"Each needle can be actuated to perform a knit operation\\n(Fig. 4 ): reach forward, grab yarn from a yarn carrier and\\nform it into a new loop, and pull the new loop through the\\npreviously-held loop. (This same sequence of motions would\\ndrop the previous loop if no yarn carrier were involved.) Nee-\\ndles can also perform a tuck operation (Fig. 5 ), which holds\\nthe new yarn in the needle without pulling the existing loop\\nthrough it. A third needle operation, available to machines\\nwith more than one bed, is a transfer (Fig. 6 ), in which a\\nstitch is passed from a needle on one bed to a corresponding\\nneedle on the other bed.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,837,516,853],\"text\":\"4 OVERVIEW\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,858,745,890],\"text\":\"We identify three composable categories of knit actuation\\ndesign elements suitable for machine knitting (Fig. 7 ).\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,890,746,954],\"text\":\"The first is the placement of actuator tendons: horizontal,\\nvertical, or diagonal with respect to knitting time. The second\\nis a set of basic shapes (sheets, vertical tubes, and horizontal\\ntubes) and techniques for modifying them (short rows and\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 184\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/results/markdown/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300414/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300414", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/results/output_json/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[68,118,394,188],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A five-panel diagram illustrates a crochet stitch sequence, showing a blue strand of yarn being brought over a crochet hook, caught by the hook, and then pulled through an existing loop to form a new one. The process depicts the yarn over and pull through steps, forming a basic crochet chain or stitch.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,197,394,286],\"text\":\"Figure 4: The knit operation: 1) before the operation; 2) the\\nneedle and slider move up, and any loops in the hook slide\\ndown past the slider; 3) the yarn carrier moves past the nec-\\ncle, laying yarn into the hook; 4) the needle moves back\\ndown, closing the hook and allowing any previous loops to\\nfall off the tip of the hook; 5) after the operation.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[97,292,363,360],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This four-panel illustration depicts the process of working yarn with a crochet hook. A blue yarn strand, held by fingers, is shown being brought over a hook that already has loops on it, and then pulled through one of those loops.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,371,394,443],\"text\":\"Figure 5: The tuck operation: 1) before the operation; 2) the\\nneedle slides forward, but the slider stays down; 3) yarn\\nis laid into the hook; 4) the needle slides back down, hav-\\ning captured the new yarn without dropping any existing\\nstitches.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_006.png\",\"bbox\":[68,451,394,511],\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A five-panel sequence illustrates the process of hanging a garment on a specialized hanger. A garment is first draped over the open arms of the hanger, which are then brought together and closed around the item to secure it. The final panel shows the garment fully secured by the closed hanger.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,522,394,581],\"text\":\"Figure 6: The transfer operation: 1) before the operation; 2)\\nthe first needle slides forward to nudge its loops onto the\\nslider; 3) the slider moves past its hook; 4) the other needle's\\nhook grabs the loop(s); 5) both needles return down.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,603,394,666],\"text\":\"increases/decreases). The third is an approach to using the\\ninherent anisotropy of knit stitches to produce areas of the\\nknit surface with contrasting tendencies to curl, to produce\\nlocal bending and pleating effects.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,666,394,746],\"text\":\"These techniques can be composed to produce more-com-\\nplicated shapes. For example, Fig. 8 shows a composition\\nwith a horizontal tube, a horizontal tendon, and decreases at\\nthe center of the tube to pull it into a v-shape. Short rows\\nare used to taper the edges of the tube.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,757,232,773],\"text\":\"5 TENDON PLACEMENT\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,778,394,825],\"text\":\"Our method for adding tendons to a knit structure takes\\nadvantage of two knit-time techniques, which we will call\\ninlay and yarn carrier tangling .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,837,191,853],\"text\":\"Horizontal Tendons\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,858,394,953],\"text\":\"The simplest tendon arrangement, horizontal, leverages an\\nexisting knitting technique: inlay. Inlay technique is com-\\nmonly used to introduce yarns that could not be directly knit\\ndue to their stiffness or fragility, and it is typically accom-\\nplished using special yarn feeders. Using inlay technique for\\nactuatable tendons is a contribution of this work.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_014.png\",\"bbox\":[428,121,740,485],\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image illustrates various knitting techniques, organized into three categories: tendon placement, shaping, and anisotropic texture. It displays examples such as horizontal, vertical, and diagonal thread placements, different knit forms like sheets and tubes, and distinct textures like all-knits, rib, and garter. Each section uses diagrams of knit stitches with colored lines and arrows to represent structures and techniques.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[474,497,691,514],\"text\":\"Figure 7: A menu of knitting strategies.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_016.png\",\"bbox\":[421,532,747,635],\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Three panels display elongated, fabric-covered objects with stitching, connected at one end and resting on a white surface. The left panel shows two blue objects forming a 'V' shape, the middle panel shows one blue and one pink object in an angled configuration, and the right panel shows two pink objects in a more folded position.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,646,745,676],\"text\":\"Figure 8: A horizontal tube with inlain tendon and decrease\\nshaping to bend the tube into a v-shape.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,698,747,889],\"text\":\"A yarn can be inlaid horizontally into a row in a way that\\nis analogous to weaving: a subset of the stitches are moved\\ntemporarily to the other bed, the inlay yarn is pulled across,\\nand then the displaced stitches are moved back to their main\\nneedles (Fig. 9 ). In order to keep the inlay yarn tidily in\\nplace while the knit stitches are transferred back over it, it\\nis temporarily tucked onto reserved \\\"holding\\\" needles at the\\nbeginning and end of its trajectory as well as at intervals\\nbetween the two. We find for our 15 gauge machine that tuck-\\ning every third holding needle is sufficient. These temporary\\ntucks are dropped after the main knitting is transferred back\\ninto place.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,889,747,953],\"text\":\"At the end of this procedure, the inlay yarn is interlaced\\nwith the stitches—it has crossed in front of some stitches and\\nbehind others. Notably, this interlacement happens between\\nthe needles: the inlay yarn is never knitted into the structure.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 184\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/results/markdown/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300414/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300414", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/results/output_json/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[69,121,745,241],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A five-panel diagram illustrates a knitting or weaving process on a machine. Initially, yellow yarn forms loops on a series of hooks. Subsequently, blue yarn is introduced, laying across the hooks and interacting with the yellow loops to form new stitches.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,252,746,283],\"text\":\"Figure 9: Inlay technique for embedding horizontal tendons. 1) Stitches formed on the back bed; 2) Every other stitch tem-\\nporarily moved to the front bed; 3) Inlay yarn pulled across; 4) Stitches returned to the back bed; 5) Temporary tucks dropped.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,304,173,320],\"text\":\"Vertical Tendons\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,324,394,356],\"text\":\"A limitation of inlay technique is that it only allows for a\\nhorizontal orientation, across a row of knitting.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,357,394,467],\"text\":\"Producing tendons in the column direction requires in-\\nterlacing with the row-wise connections of the main knit\\nstructure. In conventional use of the machine, such entan-\\ngling is likely undesired, especially as it can be produced\\nby simply swapping which carrier is used for a particular\\npart of a structure. We invoke this behavior deliberately for\\nvertical tendons.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,468,394,674],\"text\":\"The situation arises from the arrangement of multiple yarn\\ncarriers on a knitting machine. A knitting machine can have\\nmultiple yarn barriers, typically to supply different colors or\\ntypes of yarn to different parts of a knit job. These carriers\\nmove along rails as they synchronize with the needles; on\\nnearly all machines, each carrier has its own rail. These\\nare arranged in parallel from the closest to the front of the\\nmachine to the closest to the back of the machine. Often\\nthe carriers simply pass by each other when they need to;\\nhowever, if a carrier has just supplied yarn to one of the beds,\\nthe end of the yarn is necessarily attached to that bed. That\\ncarrier can then trap a yarn from a carrier that is closer to\\nthat bed than it is.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,675,394,818],\"text\":\"We can thus interlace vertical tendons using three carriers\\narranged as in Fig. 10: a tendon carrier (\\\"B\\\") which stays\\nin place, passively supplying yarn into the resulting fabric\\nin a vertical column, and two main knitting carriers, one of\\nwhich moves in front of the tendon carrier (\\\"A\\\"), and one of\\nwhich moves in back (\\\"C\\\"). When \\\"A\\\" knits a row, it passes\\nin front of the tendon carrier; when \\\"C\\\" knits a row, it passes\\nbehind; by alternating carriers for the main knitting, rows\\ncan weave around the tendon.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,818,394,947],\"text\":\"Fig. 10 shows a single face of fabric being produced on the\\nback bed. To extend this technique to make it suitable for\\nproducing tubes, on both beds, the other face of the tube must\\nalso be knit entirely from the carrier that does not entangle\\nwith the tendon. For example, in the case when the tendon\\nruns up the front of a tube, the back face of the tube must\\nbe knit with the back carrier. Therefore, if a tendon is called\\nfor on each of the front and back faces of a tube, another\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,304,746,385],\"text\":\"knitting carrier must be added that is positioned between\\nthe front and back tendon carriers (Fig. 11), making for three\\nknitting carriers and two tendon carriers. A machine with\\nten carriers can thus produce eight vertical tendons in the\\nsame face, or seven vertical tendons across two faces.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[456,397,717,698],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This diagram illustrates a knitting or weaving process, showing rows of intertwined yellow and pink yarn loops forming a fabric. Multiple hooked needles hold the loops, while vertical guides (one labeled B in blue) and horizontal yarn strands (one labeled C in pink) are involved in feeding and forming new stitches, with arrows indicating movement. A vertical pink strand labeled A is also present, feeding into the process.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,710,746,755],\"text\":\"Figure 10: \\\"Tangling\\\" technique for embedding vertical ten-\\ndons. When carriers must pass each other going right or left,\\neach can only move along on its own rail.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_013.png\",\"bbox\":[437,804,722,893],\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A diagram illustrates five horizontal components representing parts of a knitting machine, each labeled with its function. From top to bottom, these include a pink \\\"Back knitting carrier,\\\" a \\\"Back tendon carrier\\\" marked with a blue circle, a yellow looped \\\"Center knitting carrier,\\\" a \\\"Front tendon carrier\\\" also with a blue circle, and a grey \\\"Front knitting carrier.\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,903,746,948],\"text\":\"Figure 11: Birds-eye schematic of the relative positions of\\nthe five carriers required to produce a tendon on each of two\\nfaces of fabric.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 184\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/results/markdown/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300414/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300414", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/results/output_json/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,125,182,140],\"text\":\"Diagonal Tendons\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,144,394,302],\"text\":\"Diagonal interlacements can be accomplished with either\\nthe yarn carrier tangling or inlay technique by applying the\\nmethods described above in a stair-step fashion—working\\nfor a small distance, then moving in the orthogonal direction\\nfor a small amount, then returning to application of the tech-\\nnique. For example, to use the inlay technique, the tendon\\ncan be interlaced with just one or two stitches per row, before\\nmoving up a row to interlace one or two more stitches, etc.\\nTo use the tangling technique, the tendon carrier's position\\ncan be changed every few rows.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,315,151,331],\"text\":\"6 SHAPING\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,335,284,352],\"text\":\"Basic Topologies: Sheets and Tubes\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,356,394,484],\"text\":\"Knitting can be arranged into flat sheets, or tubes composed\\nof a front and back face, connected either at the sides by a\\ncontinuous spiral of yarn, or at top and bottom by a yarn path\\nthat zigzags between the faces (Fig. 12 ). For our purposes —\\ncreating tendon-driven soft actuation within knitting — tubes\\nare notable because they can contain elements that provide\\nrestoring force after activation, such as stuffing or strips of\\nspringy material.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_007.png\",\"bbox\":[73,491,379,655],\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image displays six diagrams illustrating knitting structures and yarn paths. The top row shows three variations of knitted fabric, depicted with interconnected blue and pink loops. The bottom row shows three corresponding diagrams representing the yarn's path, using yellow lines, pink dots, and purple arrows to indicate direction.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,666,394,771],\"text\":\"Figure 12: Left: A sheet, as shown in Fig. 2 . A simplified rep-\\nresentation of the row and column connections is shown be-\\nlow. Center: a vertical tube of knitting. The lighter-colored\\nfront face could be formed on the front bed of the knitting\\nmachine, and the darker back face on the back bed. Right:\\na horizontal tube, joined at top and bottom by a zig-zagged\\nyarn path.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,789,205,805],\"text\":\"Tubes and Half Gauge\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,809,394,953],\"text\":\"On a v-bed knitting machine, tubes are knit flattened into\\ntwo faces, each knit on its own bed. However, several of\\nthe techniques we discuss in this paper, such as knit/purl\\ntexture and inlay technique, rely on the availability of both\\nbeds of the knitting machine to construct a single face of\\nfabric. Therefore the combination of tube knitting with either\\nor both of these techniques on a v-bed machine requires a\\nscheme called \\\"half gauge\\\" in which only every other nee-\\ndle is used to form stitches for that face of the fabric. The\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,189],\"text\":\"remaining needles are allocated as \\\"holding needles\\\" that\\nmay be used temporarily in the construction of the other\\nface. This is similar to the use of half gauze to support fully\\ngeneral transfer planning in McCann et al [20] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,213,617,229],\"text\":\"Combining Tendons with Tubes\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,233,746,360],\"text\":\"As discussed in the section on tendon insertion techniques,\\ntendons can be integrated into both the front and back face of\\nthe tube for bending in each direction, as seen in Fig. 13 A. A\\nsingle tendon can also interface with both faces sequentially,\\nproducing an s-shaped bend (Fig. 13 B). A diagonally-set ten-\\ndon can produce an asymmetric bend (Fig. 13 C); two diagonal\\ntendons placed opposite each other can produce twist (Fig.\\n13 D).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_014.png\",\"bbox\":[421,368,743,648],\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This multi-panel figure displays four rows, each presenting a diagram of a yellow cylinder with internal colored dashed lines next to several photographs. The photographs show soft, textile-based cylinders, some with striped patterns (e.g., orange/yellow, pink/blue/yellow) and others with solid colors (e.g., pink/purple, purple/blue), depicted in various states such as standing upright, bending, or curling. The diagrams illustrate different internal line configurations that correspond to the shapes and bending patterns seen in the textile objects.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,663,746,766],\"text\":\"Figure 13: A: Separate tendons for front and back faces. B: a\\ntendon which interlaces with the front face for the first half\\nof the tube and interlaces with the back face for the second\\nhalf of the tube can create an s-shaped bend. C: Two diago-\\nnally laid tendons on the front face create a twisted bend. D:\\nTwo diagonally laid tendons, one on each face, create shear\\ntwist.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,804,671,837],\"text\":\"7 SHAPING VARIANTS: SHORT ROWS,\\nINCREASES, AND DECREASES\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,842,746,953],\"text\":\"In addition to straight tubes with consistent cross-sectional\\ngeometry, we incorporate \\\"short row shaping\\\" and \\\"increase/\\ndecrease shaping.\\\" Both techniques are common in hand\\nknitting, where they provide such shaping as the heel of a\\nsock (short rows) or the taper of a hat (decreases). We use\\nthem here to increase the diversity of shapes we can achieve\\nfor our soft actuators.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 184\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/results/markdown/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300414/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300414", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/results/output_json/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[105,117,348,287],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A four-panel diagram illustrates arrangements of colored yarn loops (pink, yellow, blue) on pegs. The panels show numbered layers of yarn, various winding patterns around pegs, and loops being pulled through other loops, with arrows indicating direction and structure.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,298,394,402],\"text\":\"Figure 14: Left: Short rows. The second, third, and fourth\\nrows (counting from the bottom) are highlighted and con-\\ntain fewer than a full row's count of stitches. Right: A de-\\ncrease. Two stitches in the second row are overlapped and\\nthus share a descendant stitch in the third row. Below: the\\neffects these methods have on the row and column arrange-\\nments, respectively.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,422,143,440],\"text\":\"Short Rows\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,443,394,555],\"text\":\"\\\"Short row shaping\\\" (Fig. 14 ) refers to a technique in which\\nsome of the rows of the knit structure do not extend the full\\nwidth of the structure (Fig. 14 , left). In other words, they are\\na way to distort the row/column grid. This distortion can be\\nused to create local curvature out of plane, or, if used with\\n\\\"matching\\\" nearby short rows to fill the gaps, to create rows\\nthat meander across the fabric (Fig. 15 ).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,575,218,592],\"text\":\"Increases and Decreases\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,595,394,690],\"text\":\"The row/column grid can also be distorted via the introduc-\\ntion of increases or decreases: adding a column of stitches, or\\nmerging two columns into one (Fig. 14 , right). For example,\\nthis can be used to make vertically-oriented tubes branch\\nor merge (such as the thumb on a glove), or horizontally-\\noriented tubes bend (Fig. 8 ).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,691,395,771],\"text\":\"On the knitting machine, increases and decreases require\\nthe \\\"transfer\\\" operation. For a decrease, a stitch must be\\ntransferred onto its neighbor (Fig. 16 ); for an increase, an\\nempty needle must be made available for the new column of\\nstitches. See McCann et al [20] for details.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,788,320,804],\"text\":\"8 ANISOTROPY: KNIT/PURL TEXTURE\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,808,394,922],\"text\":\"In addition to tensions and shaping, stitch-level anisotropy\\ncan play a critical role in actuation behavior. Knitting ter-\\nminology draws a distinction between a loop that has been\\npulled through its parent from the nominal back of the fabric\\nto the nominal front, typically just called a “knit,” and a loop\\nthat has been pulled through from the nominal front of the\\nfabric to the nominal back, often called a “purl” (Fig. 17 ).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,922,395,954],\"text\":\"Patterns of knit and purl stitches have specific anisotropic\\nprofiles because every stitch has a tiny bit of intrinsic springy\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,682,747,777],\"text\":\"curvature: each \\\"knit\\\" stitch has a tendency to curl forward\\nin the vertical direction and backward in the horizontal di-\\nrection, and each \\\"purl\\\" stitch does the opposite. This small\\namount of curvature accumulates with more stitches: a knit\\nfabric made entirely of just one of the two variants will curl\\nvisibly.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_013.png\",\"bbox\":[421,121,745,269],\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A side-by-side display shows an orange fabric swatch with wavy stitched lines and a corresponding diagram. The fabric features multiple parallel wavy dark lines, while the diagram illustrates a central blue wavy line integrated within a complex yellow meandering path with directional arrows.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,281,745,311],\"text\":\"Figure 15: Left: Short rows distorting the stitch grid into\\nwaves. Right: diagram of knit rows.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_015.png\",\"bbox\":[421,318,749,384],\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A four-panel sequence illustrates a mechanism with two rows of four vertical pins each. A yellow horizontal bar connects four pins in either the top or bottom row. Yellow diagonal lines also appear in some panels, connecting pins within a row or between the top and bottom rows.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,392,746,481],\"text\":\"Figure 16: The transfer operation being used to move a stitch\\nto a different place on the same bed: 1) stitches on the front\\nbed; 2) the rightmost two stitches are transferred to the back\\nbed; 3) the back bed moves leftward relative to the front bed;\\n4) the stitches are transferred back to the front bed, now left-\\nward by one of where they started.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_017.png\",\"bbox\":[421,487,746,578],\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays two distinct knitted fabric structures, labeled A-D, demonstrating how yarn forms stitches. Panels A and B show a single-jersey-like structure with yellow yarn forming vertical columns of loops and horizontal floats. Panels C and D illustrate a rib-knit-like structure with pink yarn forming interlocked loops that create a corrugated pattern. Arrows indicate the direction of stretch for both fabric types.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,586,747,660],\"text\":\"Figure 17: Knit vs purl. A: a single \\\"knit\\\" stitch. B: an area of\\nall knit stitches, which has a tendency to curl forward along\\nthe vertical axis and backward along the horizontal axis. C:\\na single \\\"purl\\\" stitch. D: an area of all purl stitches, with the\\nopposite tendencies.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,778,747,954],\"text\":\"However, knit structures can be designed to use knits and\\npurls in equal or near-equal quantities; these are called \\\"bal-\\nanced kints\\\" in both hand- and machine-knitting. A common\\nknitting structure, \\\"ribbing,\\\" alternates between knits and\\npurls in a row; since the direction of curl is switched for each\\nvertical \\\"rib,\\\" the fabric tends to draw in sideways but not\\ncurl from top to bottom; this makes it popular for use in the\\ncuffs and hems of sweaters. Another common knitting struc-\\nture, \\\"garster stitch,\\\" alternates between full rows of knits and\\nfull rows of purls: the fabric is extra stretchy top to bottom\\nand resistant to curling laterally.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 184\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/results/markdown/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300414/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300414", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/results/output_json/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[65,118,379,211],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Three schematic diagrams illustrate a knitted fabric composed of interlocked yellow loops and pink wavy threads. The first two diagrams depict the fabric with varying levels of horizontal compression, indicated by curved arrows, while maintaining vertical stretch. The third diagram shows the fabric under horizontal tension, indicated by a horizontal arrow, resulting in vertical contraction.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,218,394,321],\"text\":\"Figure 18: Left: A \\\"rib\\\" pattern that alternates two knits with\\ntwo purls. Like all rib patterns, this pattern will tend to curl\\nforward and backward (pulling inward) horizontally and be\\nstable vertically. Center: A rib pattern with one stitch-wide\\nribs. Right: A \\\"garter\\\" stitch pattern that alternates between\\na row of knits and a row of purls. This pattern will pull in-\\nward vertically but be stable horizontally.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,342,275,358],\"text\":\"Combining Tendons with Texture\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,362,394,522],\"text\":\"The design of knit/purl patterns can be quite complex—Glaz-\\nard [13] discusses their use in making auxetic textiles—but\\nwe use the effect in this work primarily to create areas of di-\\nrected bending. In contrast to the usual knitting emphasis of\\nbalancing knots to prevent curling, we deliberately introduce\\nsections of all-knits or all-purls in order to form a localized\\nhinge or pleat, Fig. 19. The curl direction of each stitch as\\nshown in Fig. 17 means that a vertical hinge of purls or a hor-\\nizontal hinge of knits will result in a \\\"valley fold,\\\" whereas\\nthe opposite arrangements will result in a \\\"mountain fold.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,522,394,714],\"text\":\"Forming knit/purl texture requires the transfer operation.\\nIn machine knitting, we can use either the front or the back\\nbed to pull a loop through, provided that the parent has been\\nformed on or transferred to that bed. “Front bed knit” and\\n“back bed knit” can be understood as synonyms for “knit”\\nand “purl” for a fabric with its nominal front oriented to the\\nfront of the knitting machine. To switch between knits and\\npurls in a column of stitches, the column must be transferred\\nto whichever bed will be used to form the next stitch. For\\nexample: because garter stitch alternates between knits and\\npurls in a column, stitches must be transferred before every\\nrow of knitting.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,724,292,741],\"text\":\"9 FABRICATION AND MATERIALS\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,745,395,890],\"text\":\"All examples in this paper were designed as compositions of\\nthe knitting strategies defined in Fig. 7 . Code to generate low-\\nlevel Knitout format instructions [3] was written using a set\\nof modular Javascript functions based on the strategies. Ex-\\namples of these Javascript functions and the resulting Knitout\\nare included in our supplemental materials. The Knitout for-\\nmat was then translated into machine-specific operations\\nfor knitting on a Shima Seiki \\\"Wholegarment\\\" SWG091N2\\nv-bed 15 gauge knitting machine using half gauge.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,900,257,917],\"text\":\"Materials Selection Guidelines\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,921,394,953],\"text\":\"For repeatable motions, it is important that a mechanism\\ncan return to its original position. In a soft material tendon\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,532,747,726],\"text\":\"system, the recovery force must normally be supplied by a\\nstuffing material; this force must be great enough to over-\\ncome both the friction along the tendon and the stiffness\\nof the main knitting; for good recovery, we might ideally\\nhave a fairly stiff stuffing material, a fairly limp covering\\nmaterial, and a fairly slick tendon material. However, there\\nare tradeoffs: a stuffing material that is too stiff might lose\\nsome of the benefits of soft actuation, depending on context.\\nA covering yarn may have additional constraints on its ap-\\npearance or other properties, such as conductivity. A tendon\\nthat is extremely slippery may slip out during the fabrication\\nprocess, or be too weak to actuate without breaking.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_012.png\",\"bbox\":[415,115,750,370],\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays knitted fabric samples with varying textures and forms. The top panel shows a blue knit fabric with a horizontal white knitted strip incorporated into its surface. The bottom row features a blue and gold striped knitted fabric presented in three different states, illustrating progressive horizontal compression that creates pronounced wavy folds.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,377,746,509],\"text\":\"Figure 19: Using areas of differing knit/purl patterns to form\\na hinge or pleat. Top: A sheet with a pocket, which is part of\\nthe lamp example 28. The blue area is a single layer of knit-\\nting, primarily garter stitch, and the white is a second layer\\nthat connects to the blue layer at the top, bottom, and right\\nedge, forming a pocket. Just above and below the pocket, full\\nrows of all-knits define pleats that will bend forward (val-\\nley fold). Bottom: hinge areas allow the active position of a\\nsheet-shaped sample to fold along pleat lines.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,741,473,758],\"text\":\"Friction\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,761,746,826],\"text\":\"We tested several tendon materials: the same Tamm Petit\\nacrylic yarn we were using for the main knitting, a 2/60\\nweight pure silk yarn, Superfious Threads \\\"Omni\\\" polyester-\\nwrapped quilting thread, and a 0.045\\\" nylon monofilament.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,826,746,953],\"text\":\"Of these materials, the fine silk yarn was the slickest, and\\nthus offered the best recovery for cluster-stuffed objects.\\nHowever, the quilting thread was stronger so we chose to\\nuse it for actuating objects stiffened with PETG. The ny-\\nlon monofilament was neither stronger nor slicker than the\\nsilk or quilting thread, and additionally was stiff enough\\nto periodically fail to knit cleanly, so we dropped it from\\nconsideration.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 184\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300414/results/markdown/3290605-3300414_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300415/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300415", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/results/output_json/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[83,118,731,184],\"text\":\"Sketching NLP: A Case Study of Exploring the\\nRight Things To Design with Language Intelligence\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[111,200,267,250],\"text\":\"Qian Yang\\n\\nCarnegie Mellon University\\n\\nyangqian@cmu.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[337,200,475,250],\"text\":\"Justin Cranshaw\\n\\nMicrosoft Research\\n\\njustincr@microsoft.com\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[555,200,697,251],\"text\":\"Saleema Amershi\\n\\nMicrosoft Research\\n\\nsamershi@microsoft.com\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[231,261,363,309],\"text\":\"Shamsi T. Iqbal\\n\\nMicrosoft Research\\n\\nshamsi@microsoft.com\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[451,262,583,309],\"text\":\"Jaime Teevan\\n\\nMicrosoft Research\\n\\nteevan@microsoft.com\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,320,141,336],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,341,395,596],\"text\":\"This paper investigates how to sketch NLP-powered user\\nexperiences. Sketching is a cornerstone of design innovation.\\nWhen sketching designers rapidly experiment with a num-\\nber of abstract ideas using simple, tangible instruments such\\nas drawings and paper prototypes. Sketching NLP-powered\\nexperiences, however, presents unique challenges. It can be\\nhard, for example, to visualize abstract language interaction,\\nor to ideate a broad range of technically feasible intelligent\\nfunctionalities. Via a first-person account of our sketching\\nprocess when designing intelligent writing assistance, we\\ndetail the challenges we encountered and describe emergent\\nsolutions such as a new format of wireframe for sketching\\nlanguage interactions and a new wizard-of-oz-based NLP\\nrapid prototyping method. These findings highlight the im-\\nportance of abstraction in sketching language interfaces and\\nof designing within the capabilities and limits of NLP systems.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,606,149,623],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,627,394,660],\"text\":\"User Experience, Artificial Intelligence, Writing Assistance,\\nNatural Language Processing.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,664,202,679],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,679,395,767],\"text\":\"Qian Yang, Justin Cranshaw, Saleema Amershi, Shamsi T. Iqbal,\\nand Jaime Teveen. 2019. Sketching NLP: A Case Study of Exploring\\nthe Right Things To Design with Language Intelligence. In CHI\\nConference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings\\n(CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK . ACM, New York,\\nNY, USA, 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3296605.3300415\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,320,549,336],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,341,747,564],\"text\":\"From conversational agents at home to opinion mining on\\nsocial media, intelligent language interactions are hitting the\\nmainstream. Powering these systems are Natural Language\\nProcessing (NLP) technologies. NLP makes it possible to\\ncomputationally comprehend, interpret, and even generate\\nhuman language, and enables novel and otherwise impossi-\\nble modes of interactions. But little is known about how user\\nexperience (UX) design practice might instigate novel prod-\\nucts and services that use NLP. Existing practice-focused\\nUX design patterns, books and toolkits do not talk about\\nNLP or language interaction design [12, 21, 32, 38, 40] , and\\nHCI research, while offering many valuable and creative\\nNLP applications, typically does not report the ideation or\\nprototyping process.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,564,747,867],\"text\":\"In this paper we provide a first-person account of our\\nexperience adding intelligent language functionality into\\na Word document editor in collaboration with a group of\\nNLP researchers. We started by attempting to rapidly exper-\\niment with many tentative NLP design ideas and broadly\\nexplore how NLP might improve the authoring experience.\\nWe wanted to use storyboards, UI wireframes, paper proto-\\ntypes, and other simple, tangible instruments to sketch out\\nearly design ideas and probe users' reactions [7, 14] . But we\\nsoon encountered unexpected challenges. Common sketch-\\ning tools and techniques deal with tangible interactions and\\nare ineffective at abstracting the experience of language or\\na conversation. A number of technical aspects of language\\nintelligence further complicate its UX design. For example,\\ndata-driven interactions vary across users, adapt to different\\ncontexts, and evolve over time, and it can be difficult for\\ndesigners to envision such divergent courses of interactions\\nor to visualize using traditional wireframes and prototypes\\n[2, 13, 20, 43] .\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,867,747,929],\"text\":\"These challenges led us to explore how to sketch NLP-\\npowered user experiences, and what sketching actually means\\nin the context of intelligent language interactions. This work\\nserves as a first step in addressing these complex research\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,778,394,899],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor redistribution of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To post on servers or to\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\\nCHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,900,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,925,265,953],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4655-5970-2/19-03...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290665.3300415\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,997,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 185\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,997,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/results/markdown/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300415/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300415", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/results/output_json/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,156],\"text\":\"questions. We took a Research through Design approach [45]\\nto our project at hand. Our goal was twofold:\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[81,163,395,293],\"text\":\"(1) Provide a rare, first-person account of the sketching\\nprocess of a NLP-based product, as well as an articula-\\ntion of the challenges we encountered. Until we can\\nunderstand the process and the challenges, we cannot\\nmake it easier for other researchers and practitioners;\\n(2) Ground future investigations of NLP design and in-\\nnovation support. Our reflection-in-action during this\\nproject provides some solutions to these challenges.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,301,395,493],\"text\":\"The remainder of this paper offers an intentional account-\\ning of the intelligent text editor project. We identify five\\nchallenges that are central to sketching NLP in our practice.\\nWe also describe a set of instruments that became effective\\nfor our sketching: a new form of wireframes that illustrated\\nabstract language-interaction design ideas and became an\\neffective boundary object; a set of NLP technical properties\\nthat are closely relevant to UX design; and a new prototyping\\nmethod that enabled us to rapidly simulate various kinds\\nof NLP errors. We discuss how these findings reveal under-\\nexplored research questions and new insights in innovating\\nthe UX of NLP systems.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,509,198,527],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,530,394,578],\"text\":\"We first provide an overview of UX sketching of technologies,\\nand then turn to how NLP and machine learning (ML) have\\nstarted to destabilize these conventions.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,595,216,613],\"text\":\"Sketching Technologies\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,616,395,760],\"text\":\"In his book Sketching User Experiences: Getting the Design\\nRight and the Right Design , Buxton defined sketching as any\\ndesign process where the output is quick, plentiful, dispos-\\nable, ambiguous and with minimal detail [7] . Because HCI\\ndeals with issues that are difficult to capture using pen and\\npaper (e.g., interactivity, temporality, affection), unlike other\\ndesign fields, HCI employs a number of additional techniques\\nand tools in sketching, such as visualizations, paper proto-\\ntypes, and wizard-of-oz experiments [22] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,760,395,919],\"text\":\"This kind of sketching—the kind that most HCI research,\\nincluding this paper, focuses on—is different from a tradi-\\ntional view that considers sketching as merely a way to ex-\\nternalize images that are already in the mind of the designer.\\nInstead, HCI focuses on sketching as primarily a tool for\\nthinking, a process of design inquiry [14] . Through sketching,\\ndesigners reconfigure, amplify, or de-contextualize various\\nfactors of the technology to see what new design possibilities\\nmay emerge. They engage in reflective conversations with\\nthe technology as a design material [25, 37] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,919,395,951],\"text\":\"This creative process happens less readily with new or\\npartially understood technologies. In these cases, researchers\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,316],\"text\":\"\\\"tinker with\\\" the technology to develop a tacit understand-\\ning of its capabilities and experiential possibilities, and then\\ntransfer their understanding to practitioners via sketches\\nand design exemplars. For example, Moussette created a set\\nof haptic sketches; a set of physical prototypes that embodied\\nhis felt understanding of what experiential potentials hap-\\ntics possess [27] . For technologies that are more difficult to\\n\\\"tinker with,\\\" researchers facilitated sketching by providing\\nabstractions of the technology's capabilities and experiential\\nqualities. For example, to help designers sketch taste expe-\\nriences, Obrist et al. created visualizations representing the\\ntemporal and affective characteristics of taste [30] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,327,631,345],\"text\":\"Sketching Language Technologies\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,348,746,443],\"text\":\"When we speak of NLP technologies, we broadly refer to any\\ncomputer manipulation of natural language, ranging from\\nsimply counting word frequencies, to giving meaningful re-\\nsponses to human utterances [3] . Some examples of modern\\ncanonical NLP problems are information retrieval, machine\\ntranslation, dialogue systems, and question answering.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,443,746,522],\"text\":\"HCI research on NLP systems does not discuss the sketch-\\ning process. While offering creative, user-centered systems,\\nresearchers in this area typically describe one design solu-\\ntion, followed by its implementation and subsequent user\\nstudy evaluation [9, 26, 34] .\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,523,747,747],\"text\":\"An exception is the work on prototyping conversational\\nAI. Researchers simulated system behaviors with wizard or\\nrule-based simulators so as to rapidly explore many inter-\\naction possibilities [8, 11, 23, 39] . For example, prototyping\\ntools for speech interfaces [24] enabled designers to quickly\\ntest their conversation scripts in Wizard-of-Oz (WoZ) ex-\\nperiments. Unlike the aforementioned, common sketching\\nmethods, WoZ does not facilitate designers to experiment a\\ntechnology's capabilities and limits; Instead, it frees design-\\ners from the technical complexities and limitations of NLP\\nand facilitate experimentation on interactions. In this light,\\nrecent HCI work started to call for demystifying NLP [28] ,\\narguing that UX designers need to possess some technical\\nunderstanding of NLP to be able to design with it [26, 35] .\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,756,598,774],\"text\":\"Sketching Machine Learning\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,778,746,825],\"text\":\"Modern NLP technologies are often based on ML techniques,\\nso in some cases existing knowledge about how to sketch ML\\nsystems may be applicable to sketching NLP interactions.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,826,746,889],\"text\":\"Many designers report challenges when working with ML\\nproactively, especially in conceiving of an entirely new way\\nof using ML to improve UX [13, 18, 41, 42] . We identify three\\nthemes in these challenges.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,889,746,954],\"text\":\"First, ML's technical complexity. It requires an unwieldy\\namount of data and effort to even estimate whether an in-\\nteraction is technically feasible, or to create a functional\\nprototype [13, 43] . This challenges fundamental UX mantras\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 185\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/results/markdown/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300415/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300415", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/results/output_json/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,205],\"text\":\"like \\\"fail fast, fail often\\\" and \\\"the last thing that you should\\ndo when sketching an interactive system is to write code\\\" [7] .\\nTo address these challenges, some researchers speculated\\nthat MI would require a new kind of user-centered design\\nprocess [4, 15] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,205,395,299],\"text\":\"Second, ML-powered UX adapts to different users and\\ncontexts, evolves over time, and can make bizarre errors that\\nare hard to anticipate. Even if they know generally how ML\\nworks, UX practitioners found it difficult to visualize such\\ndivergent courses of interaction, or to ideate new experiences\\nwith such fluidity [13, 43] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,299,395,380],\"text\":\"Finally, designers in the industry needed data scientists as\\na proxy of the technology when sketching. However, data\\nscientists can be a scarce resource for many design teams [18,\\n42] . Some designers also found it challenging to effectively\\ncollaborate with data scientists [13] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,380,395,493],\"text\":\"Our work attempts to bring these strands of related work\\ntogether. We draw inspirations from established methods\\nof UX sketching (e.g., abstract representation and playful\\nexperimentation of technology materials) and confront the\\nchallenges of sketching NLP and ML. To investigate \\\"sketch-\\ning NLP\\\" is to restore the fast-and-dirty, playful, and iterative\\naspects of sketching into NLP's design process.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,501,199,519],\"text\":\"3 METHODOLOGY\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,523,394,588],\"text\":\"We wanted to identify challenges of sketching NLP within\\nthe context of one specific project and share our learning. Be-\\nlow we first describe our research through design approach,\\nthen introduce our design project.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,597,229,615],\"text\":\"Research Through Design\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,619,395,778],\"text\":\"We chose an Research through Design (RtD) approach be-\\ncause, in alignment with our goals, RtD underscores that\\ndesign knowledge arises from, and in response to, concrete\\nproblems and situations [19, 36] . We first immersed ourselves\\nin the concrete design problems of the project, and then of-\\nfered an intentional accounting of the project to allow for ob-\\njective reflections on procedural, pragmatic, and conceptual\\ninsights [17] . To achieve the methodological transparency\\nneeded for capturing our own design activities, we followed\\nBayazit's three-stage process [31] :\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,778,396,955],\"text\":\"(1) Knowledge elicitation in an unstructured and unanalyzed\\nform. Throughout the project, we HCI/design researchers in\\nthe team wrote project daries and weekly summaries, doc-\\numenting our design activities. We documented all regular\\nproject meeting and impromptu conversations (n=24), and\\nhow they affected our later design activities. The regular\\nmeetings took place among all HCI and NLP researchers\\nin the project three times a week. Additionally, in the final\\nweeks of the project, we conducted 14 formal interviews\\nwith 9 external NLP researchers. We recorded audio of these\\nmeetings, each lasting approximately one hour. This resulted\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[420,126,748,365],\"text\":\"in more than 36 pages of description of our own design think-\\ning and activities, as well as 9 hours of interview recordings,\\ndocumenting major conversations between design and NLP\\nexpertise.\\n(2) Data analysis and interpretation. After the project ended\\nwe performed a thematic analysis on the data collected to\\nidentify key instances of challenges and reflection-in-action\\nthat happened during the design process. We transcribed\\nthe meeting recordings, and reflected on whether and how\\nthey shaped the later design trajectory. Finally, we sought\\nagreement on interpretations across project members.\\n(3) Finding validation. We presented the findings respec-\\ntively to all project members as well as to external NLP\\nresearchers. They validated our interpretations of our design\\njourney and understandings of NLP's capabilities.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,375,641,393],\"text\":\"Designing an Intelligent Text Editor\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,396,746,476],\"text\":\"We are collaborating with a group of NLP researchers on\\ndesigning intelligent functionality offerings in a Word docu-\\nment editor. Prior HCI research has utilized NLP for provid-\\ning writing assistance in several ways, for example, suggest-\\ning next sentences as inspiration [9, 34] .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,476,747,634],\"text\":\"Our design goal was to improve individual users' writing\\nexperience. This focus on experience means that we worked\\nto understand how authors themselves want to be supported\\nby machine intelligence and designed accordingly. Our focus\\nwas not on whether or how authors needed to write \\\"better\\\".\\nRelatedly, we did not pre-identify the authors in need of\\nassistance (\\\"target user groups\\\") either, because our very\\ndesign task was to search for the authors in desperate need of\\nassistance such that they would embrace the likely imperfect\\nmachine suggestions.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,635,747,779],\"text\":\"Research on designing ML has highlighted the importance\\nof collaboration with data scientists [18, 42] . Therefore, we\\nincluded 4 NLP researchers in our project team. One spe-\\ncializes in computational linguistics; the other three in lan-\\nguage modeling and deep learning. Later in the project, as\\nwe started to design with techniques that are not typically\\nused in writing assistance, we interviewed other NLP re-\\nsearchers in our organization. Their expertise ranges from\\nconversational agents, search, machine translation and more.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,789,508,804],\"text\":\"4 FINDINGS\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,808,747,874],\"text\":\"This section first provides an overview of the design process\\nof the intelligent text editor, then details five challenges\\nwe encountered when sketching, as well as the solutions\\nemergent in our reflection in action.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,885,484,902],\"text\":\"Overview\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,905,746,954],\"text\":\"We followed a traditional user-centered design process [10] .\\nFirst, we conducted a field study of 18 participants to under-\\nstand their needs and wants in writing. We invited them to\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 185\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/results/markdown/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300415/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300415", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/results/output_json/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[67,112,729,255],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image illustrates a conceptual design space for intelligent functionalities within a writing interface, showing a document with text and an input box for author requests. Surrounding text highlights the \\\"Conceptual Design Space\\\" to \\\"Design the Right Functionalities to Offer,\\\" along with two design deferral strategies concerning interaction triggers and intelligent function triggers. A third deferral strategy addresses designing interaction forms for requests and responses.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,266,746,298],\"text\":\"Figure 1: \\\"The notebooks\\\" as a form of wireframe for sketching abstract, language-based interactions. It bounded us to focus\\non envisioning \\\"the right thing to design\\\" and deferred detailed interaction design tasks.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,320,394,398],\"text\":\"record their screen for 40 minutes as they were writing one\\nof their own documents. We then conducted an 1-hour inter-\\nview. Participants walked us through their thought process\\nin writing during the time of screen recording and discussed\\ntheir unmet needs and wants toward writing assistance.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,399,394,512],\"text\":\"Next, we envisioned many intelligent functionalities that\\nusers would be likely to find valuable. In doing so, we en-\\ncountered several challenges: (1) How to sketch language\\ninteractions abstractly? (2) How to design with data scien-\\ntists without data at hand? (3) How to understand and stretch\\nNLP's technical limits? (4) Within these limits, how to envi-\\nsion novel, less obvious applications of NLP?\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,512,394,639],\"text\":\"After addressing these challenges, we proceeded with a\\nsmall set of design ideas. For example, we envisioned an ask-\\nyour-reader function that compares a user's writing with\\ntheir target venues', helping them to account for readers'\\nlikely expectations. We created prototypes of these early\\nideas and tested them in a second user study. In this process,\\nwe encountered another challenge: (5) How to prototype an\\nintelligently flawed UX?\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,658,369,674],\"text\":\"How to Abstractly Sketch Language Interactions?\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,678,394,742],\"text\":\"Early in the project, we wanted to focus on \\\"designing the\\nright thing\\\" rather than making detailed interaction design\\nchoices. Surprisingly, untangling the two turned out to be a\\nchallenge.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,742,394,869],\"text\":\"Traditionally designers address this challenge by draw-\\ning storyboards. Storyboards capture the contexts and the\\nholistic experiences of a macroscopic design idea, while dis-\\nmissing its interface and interaction details. This doesn't\\nwork for language interactions; language as a form of inter-\\naction carries both the interface and the utility it manifests.\\nWe did not know how to sketch one without the other, nor\\ndid we know how to sketch language interactions abstractly.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,870,394,950],\"text\":\"Adding to this challenge is the transient nature of authors'\\nneed for assistance. This entails two complex design tasks:\\nDesigning the trigger of the NLP function such that it applies\\nto the right part of the author's writing; and designing the\\ntrigger of the interaction so that the authors only interact\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,320,747,414],\"text\":\"with the NLP function when they want to. While these two\\nare interaction details, we found them difficult to ignore\\nbecause they are significant mediators of the perceived value\\nof our designs. As a result, the looming question “ Are we\\ndesigning another Clippy? ” frequently derailed our discussion\\nof a design idea from its utility to its interaction details.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,415,747,591],\"text\":\"How to stay abstract when sketching NLP? Our solution\\nto this challenge was a new format of wireframe, namely the\\nnotebook (Figure 1 ). It is an abstract representation of the\\nmoment when a user requests intelligent assistance: against\\nthe backdrop of what has been written in the document, the\\nwriter selects a part of the text and requests an intelligent\\nassistance function from a drop-down menu. The user may\\nadditionally specify whether the assistance function should\\noverwrite their writing, or display the response elsewhere\\nas a reference. The user may also specify other information\\nas additional inputs into the intelligent function.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,591,746,655],\"text\":\"Notably, the notebook does not depict a design idea. It is\\nhighly unlikely that our final design will require users to type\\ntheir requests via such computer-program-like commands.\\nRather, it is an instrument that facilitates our sketching.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,655,746,767],\"text\":\"The notebook bounded our design problem at hand, that\\nis, assume that users have made the right judgements on what\\nintelligent function to apply to which text, and they are willing\\nto make great efforts to make the function happen, what func-\\ntions can we offer? The notebook prompted us to freely imag-\\nine valuable functionality offerings while deferring other\\ndetailed design choices.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,767,747,846],\"text\":\"Before we created the notebook, we had drawn many\\ndifferent representations of language interactions; some were\\nliteral and visually resembled a text editor, others abstract\\nand conceptual. Only the notebook caught on and was later\\norganically adopted by the whole team.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,846,747,925],\"text\":\"Upon later reflection, the notebook caught on because it\\nembodied our initial stances in designing intelligent writing\\nassistance: we wanted machine intelligence to support au-\\nthors’ writing as a process, not a resulting product [29] ; we\\nrefused to assume that authors need or want help in writing,\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 185\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/results/markdown/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300415/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300415", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/results/output_json/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[73,124,738,369],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Axes of NLP Capabilities</td><td>What It Takes to Extend the Capabilities</td></tr><tr><td>Text Length. Words are easier to computationally process than phrases, than sentences, than paragraphs and finally a document. Knowledge beyond the written texts (e.g., common sense) is the most difficult to process.</td><td>Escalating an intelligent functionality, for example, from word level to sentence level, requires building new models and “there is no guarantee how well it will work.”</td></tr><tr><td>Classification - Comprehension - Generation Assessing or classifying a piece of text is easier than comprehending it (i.e. pinpointing the problem in this text), than text generation.</td><td>Escalating intelligent functionality along this axes requires building a new model and collecting additional or new labeled datasets for building it.</td></tr><tr><td>[classification only] Efforts Needed to Label Training data. If it is easy and fast for humans to make an agreed-upon judgment of its class, curating a labeled dataset for this intelligent classifier is likely to be practical.</td><td>Time, effort and often financial costs. Medicated by the amount of labeled data needed.</td></tr><tr><td>Likelihood to find training data that resemble the envisioned input/output pairs. We cannot presume a model that performs well on a benchmark research corpus would naturally perform in other texts.</td><td>Transferring or generalizing an existing model to a different corpus requires building new models and “there is no guarantee how well it will work.”</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a two-column table outlining four axes of NLP capabilities and what it takes to extend them. The left column lists capabilities such as Text Length and Classification-Comprehension-Generation, while the right column describes the requirements for extension, often involving new models and labeled datasets.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_4_tab_2.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[170,373,643,391],\"text\":\"Table 1: NLP Capabilities, Limits and What It Takes to Extend the Capabilities\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,426,394,459],\"text\":\"hence the intelligent assistance is passive by default and only\\nbecame proactive upon user request.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,459,395,699],\"text\":\"Embodying these stances, the notebook became \\\"a very\\neffective problem framing\\\" (designer diary, week 3) for us.\\nFor the rest of the design process, the notebook framework\\nevolved every time when we reframed the design problem.\\nFor instance, after we had discovered in the user study that\\nmost participants outlined in the same document what they\\nwant to say before they worked to improve on how to say\\nit, we included outlines as part of the notebook framework.\\nThese outlines externalize users' communicative goals and\\ncan serve as a valuable source for more situated and person-\\nalized interactions and functionality. Including the outline\\nin the notebook suggests that 1) we can to imagine new in-\\ntelligent design possibilities with outlines as a resource; 2)\\nmotivating authors to externalize their communicative goals\\nwill be one of our later interaction design goals.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,719,377,736],\"text\":\"How to Design with Data Scientists Without Data?\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,740,394,852],\"text\":\"With the notebook framework, we started to ideate many\\nwriting assistance utilities that, based on our user study,\\nusers are likely to find useful. The first round of ideation\\ngenerated 19 design ideas. To our great surprise, according\\nto the NLP researchers, none of the ideas were promising\\nfrom a technical feasibility perspective. These ideas “need ten\\nmore years to make it happen,” they said, only half-joking.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,852,394,949],\"text\":\"Eager for more insights, we asked the NLP researchers\\nwhy are these designs technically unfeasible? Why does this\\nfunctionality work in this research publication, but doesn't it\\nwork for our design? What is feasible then? However, techni-\\ncal researchers were unable to answer these questions. They\\ncould not articulate NLP's technical limits with our abstract\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,426,746,492],\"text\":\"design ideas. \\\"It's difficult to say; It depends on data.\\\". \\\"The\\nfunction you described is too abstract; I need to look at the\\ndata\\\". For example, when we asked Would these two models\\nyou are building work for our users?.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,505,718,600],\"text\":\"Scientist 2: Both models are sort of data agnostic.\\nSo as long as the data [users' writing] is some-\\nwhat analogous to what we have now, it should,\\ntheoretically, translate very easily.\\nScientist 5: That's true for any model, right? So\\nreally, we don't know. We need to look at the data.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,613,746,693],\"text\":\"In order to rapidly explore the design space, we could\\nnot afford to collect data before sketching. Data collection,\\nprepossessing and exploration take up more than 80 % of\\nthe total ML effort [44] . The question become: how can we\\npartner with NLP scientists without a text corpus at hand?\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,694,746,836],\"text\":\"After experimenting with numerous ways to explain our\\ndesign ideas, we arrived at one boundary object [5] that ef-\\nfectively scaffolded our conversation with NLP researchers —\\nthat is, a more developed version of the notebook. This ver-\\nsion of the notebook is projected on a Text Editor wireframe,\\nresembling a user interface (Figure 2 a). When we embed-\\nded our design ideas within the notebook framework, NLP\\nresearchers no longer asked for data and became able to\\nengage in feasibility discussions about abstract design ideas.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,836,746,949],\"text\":\"Interpreted as a design problem framing for us, the note-\\nbook represents a language model for NLP researchers: when\\na user triggers an intelligent function to be applied to a se-\\nlected snippet of text, the content and paratext of the Word\\ndocument at that moment constitutes potential training data.\\nThe selected text is the model's runtime input. The envi-\\nsioned function outputs are modeling goals.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 185\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/results/markdown/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300415/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300415", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/results/output_json/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,395,316],\"text\":\"The notebook became a shared representation and a means\\nof translation between the two worlds of UX and NLP. It\\nscaffolded our discussions with NLP researchers for the rest\\nof the project. We described our design ideas by describing\\nwhat they would look like on the notebook. NLP researchers\\nthen gave feedback on whether these are sufficient sources of\\ndata for building intelligence. They also proposed additional\\nkinds of data that could boost model performance. Drawing\\non user study findings, we considered what additional data\\nmight be present or attainable through user interactions, and\\niterated on our designs. This process iterated smoothly and\\nrequired no data collection or cleaning efforts.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,332,371,349],\"text\":\"How to Understand and Stretch Technical Limits?\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[99,353,361,400],\"text\":\"You are really good at designing things we cannot\\nbuild. We are good at making things that users\\ndon't use. (NLP researchers 2 & 9, weeks 3 & 5)\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,408,394,536],\"text\":\"Our first-round sketching produced design ideas that are\\nuniformly beyond the limits of existing technical capabilities\\nor existing datasets. It is worth noting that, when we envi-\\nsioned these designs, we did not imagine NLP as a crystal ball.\\nWe drew our ideas from NLP literature; we intended to inno-\\nvate writing assistance by amplifying or re-contextualizing\\nthese existing techniques. Below are two examples of our\\ninitial design ideas:\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[69,543,394,640],\"text\":\"• Rephrasing the selected text in a more positive tone (seems\\npossible based on existing work on style transfer between\\ndifferent sentiments);\\n\\n• Identifying whether the selected text is logically coherent\\nwith its context (seems possible based on textual entail-\\nment analysis techniques [1, 16] );\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,647,395,855],\"text\":\"How can we understand NLP's technical capabilities and\\nlimits from an UX perspective? Realistically, to what extent\\ncan we push these limits to enable novel designs? A set of\\ntechnical boundaries became clear to us after many discus-\\nsion with NLP researchers, through negotiating with them\\nand iterating on our design ideas. We describe these bound-\\naries via four measures of NLP's technical difficulty: text\\nlength, text classification -comprehension-generation- generation, effort\\nneeded for labeling (for classification problems only), and\\nlikelihood to find training data that resemble the envisioned\\ninput/output pairs ( Table 1 ). This set of measures enabled\\nus to eventually find the intersection design space between\\nwhat is valuable to users and what is technically feasible.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,856,394,952],\"text\":\"Taken together, the four axes depict an algorithmic ap-\\nproach to language processing that is quite different from\\ntypical authors'. Authors start writing with a big idea in\\nmind, then scaffold its constituent supporting ideas, struc-\\nture paragraphs, sentences, and so on. In contrast, language\\nmodels first pass a sub-word, then a word, then a phrase,\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,188],\"text\":\"a sentence, and so on. Comprehending the big idea under-\\nlying the written texts is considered \\\"the holy grail of NLP\\nresearch.\\\" It is so challenging that \\\"when we figure this out,\\nthe whole field of NLP would have become a solved problem.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,189,746,298],\"text\":\"Because of this difference, our early design ambition to\\nsupport the experience of writing – the ongoing process of\\ntranslating the big idea to texts – has unknowingly led us\\ntoward technically challenging designs. In order to generate\\nany implementable design ideas, we cannot naively project\\nauthors' goals onto intelligent functions. We need to identify\\ntechnically achievable intermediate steps toward their goals.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,299,746,460],\"text\":\"By quickly assessing the four measures we were able to\\n“ gut-check ” the feasibility of new design ideas and weigh their\\npromise of UX gain against the technical effort they required.\\nFor example, the “ efforts required for labeling ” stands as a\\nreminder that we cannot presume many seemingly trivial\\nskills that authors master can be easily automated. This is\\nbecause “ humans generally don't have a sense of classification\\nor labelling. It's unclear when they used common sense, biases,\\nor their world knowledge. But algorithms require labelling (to\\nlearn these) ” (Designer note, week 7).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,461,746,538],\"text\":\"Take the aforementioned design idea \\\"paraphrasing in a\\nmore positive tone\\\" as an another example. It is technically\\nout of research because of its low likelihood to find training\\ndata that resemble the envisioned input/output pairs (axis\\n4), as an NLP researcher explained:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,543,715,641],\"text\":\"We don't have the training data at the scale that\\nwe need. [If] Say: here is a mangled version of\\nthe sentence, here is a cleaned up, positive version\\nof it, times 50 million pairs. If we had that, it\\n(building the intelligence) will be trivial. But it's\\nvery unlikely to have this kind of data.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,660,722,676],\"text\":\"How to Envision Less Obvious NLP Applications?\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,680,746,840],\"text\":\"With some understanding of the technical limits, we sketched\\nnew design ideas that NLP researchers consider as imple-\\nmentable, or “ at least have a clear direction to work from ” .\\nHowever, we found our own design ideas rather unsatisfying.\\nState-of-art NLP can assess or classify writings, but cannot\\neasily pinpoint causes of the problems or generate sugges-\\ntions on how to improve. This seemed a textbook recipe of a\\nfrustrating user experience. As a result, most of our design\\nideas are word or phrase-level alternations, many variations\\nof auto-complete and auto-correct basically .\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,841,746,903],\"text\":\"How can we envision technically feasible NLP designs\\nthat have not been imagined before? How can we expand\\nthis narrow intersection between what is value to users and\\nwhat can be built?\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,904,746,952],\"text\":\"We addressed these questions with a classic designerly\\napproach: taking designing writing assistance as a wicked\\nproblem [6] and seeking reframings. Our initial problem\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 185\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/results/markdown/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300415/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300415", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/results/output_json/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[67,111,752,357],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays three conceptual frameworks for writing assistance: as traditional writing assistance, as conversational AI, and as translation/paraphrasing. Each framework illustrates a user's request for intelligent functionalities interacting with a primary text medium and drawing upon external resources such as documents or world knowledge.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,366,748,425],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Left: A developed version of the Notebook (Figure1), used as boundary object between HCI and NLP researchers.\\n\\\"Contexts\\\" that can help inform intelligent function outputs are marked blue. Middle and Right: Reframing the problem of\\ndesigning writing assistance as other canonical NLP technical problems. This expands our design space to the intersection\\nbetween what authors want and what existing NLP capabilities can do.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,447,395,575],\"text\":\"framing underlying the original notebook wireframe is that\\nthe writing assistance functionality comprehends and gen-\\nerates texts as the author writes. As described in the last\\nsection, this framing is prone to technically challenging de-\\nsign solutions. Authors are inherently better than algorithms\\nat comprehending their unfinished writing and at predicting\\ntheir uninformed ideas, which is a wicked problem that cannot\\nbe accurately modeled.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,575,395,735],\"text\":\"We reframed the relationship between authors and writ-\\ning assistants as other canonical NLP problems, specifically\\nhuman-AI conversations, information retrieval/search, and\\nquestion answering. (Figure 2 illustrates how we abstracted\\nusers' writing into many text components, and then mapped\\nthem onto other NLP problems.) Each of these alternative\\nframings exposed us to a new set of technical capabilities\\nin a different NLP sub-domain. We demonstrate how these\\nnew framings broadened our design space through the two\\ndesign ideas they spurred.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,744,394,872],\"text\":\"A Context-aware, Rhetorical Search Function. Search is a rel-\\natively matured NLP sub-domain. Conceptualizing an in-\\ntelligent writing as a search experience introduced many\\nnear-future design possibilities into our design space. In-\\nstead of algorithmically generating responses to authors,\\na search function can simply retrieve relevant writings to\\nauthor requests. It does not require large datasets or the\\ncollection of labels.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,872,395,952],\"text\":\"We started to ideate intelligent search tools that users\\nare likely to find useful. We observed and interviewed par-\\nticipants in our user studies how they sought information\\nduring writing. We noticed that, prior to writing, most par-\\nticipants outlined and organized their thoughts in the forms\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,447,747,654],\"text\":\"of bullet lists, tables, and even drawings. Yet many struggled\\nwith translating the organization of thought into a linear,\\nnatural flow. Authors therefore searched online for rhetorical\\nstructures that they could borrow, for example, one partici-\\npant, P7, Google'd [quotation mark][comma] in comparison\\nto [quotation mark] ” to search for examples of connecting\\nideas of contrastive relationship. However, this carefully con-\\nstructed search query does not actually work as he expects.\\nModern search engines expand and rewrite search queries\\nbased on similar searches, user search history and so on,\\noptimizing for finding content that is relevant to the query\\ntopically rather than rhetorically. Participants like P7 could\\nnot find the writing examples he sought.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,654,747,878],\"text\":\"To support this unmet need we sketched a rhetorical\\nsearch function. It searches the web for text that is simi-\\nlar in language structure and composition to the author's\\nquery. It takes into considerations the topic and style of\\nthe authors' current document to optimize the relevance of\\nthe search results. When an author selects a part of their\\nbullet-list outline (e.g., “Issue A: good/bad examples”) the\\nwriting assistance tool then searches for contents online that\\ncontain contrastive examples relevant to Issue A and sorts\\nby different ways of transitioning between them. Rather\\nthan optimizing for topic relevance, this search functionality\\nhelps users find better ways to organize and connect their\\nthoughts. It can be implemented with readily available search\\ntechniques.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,888,747,952],\"text\":\"An Asking-Your-Reader Function. Another useful reframing is\\nconversational AI, that is, reframing the role of writing assis-\\ntance as a conversation partner of the author. This reframing\\nasserted new design questions: Whom would authors like\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 185\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/results/markdown/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300415/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300415", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/results/output_json/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,219],\"text\":\"to talk to during writing and for what purpose? What in- \\nformation can conversational assistance offer? These design \\nquestions naturally expanded our design space beyond “help- \\ning writers verbalize what they have in mind”, and prompted \\nus to imagine utilities NLP can provide as an outsider to the \\nauthor's world.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,220,394,363],\"text\":\"With these questions in mind, we asked participants whom\\nand how they asked for feedback while writing. We found\\nthey often picked those who are close to their target readers\\nas their \\\"beta-readers.\\\" Participants worked to translate their\\noften egocentric writing into a style that meets the expec-\\ntations and needs of their target readers. Many read other\\ndocuments from their target venue to infer the expected\\nlength, lexical complexity, or level of detail that they should\\nwrite in.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,364,394,538],\"text\":\"We see this as an excellent opportunity for NLP tech-\\nnologies to help authors, as algorithms are good at rapidly\\nsummarizing or characterizing a sizable collection of docu-\\nments. We therefore designed an “ ask your reader ” function.\\nIt mines documents from an author-identified venue. The\\nauthor can request insights about these documents or make\\ncomparisons between their own writing against it. For in-\\nstance, “ Am I writing too formally? ” How long is a typical\\nintroduction section in { venue } ? In this design writing assis-\\ntance does not assist authors in writing per se , but supports\\ntheir communications with their target readers.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,538,394,604],\"text\":\"Through these two design exemplars, we demonstrated\\nthat design problem reframing helped us envision novel\\nform and functions of existing NLP techniques, expanding\\nthe design space of technically feasible writing assistance.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,617,349,634],\"text\":\"How to Prototype an Intelligently Flawed UX?\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,637,394,796],\"text\":\"We generated a prioritized set of intelligent function offering\\nideas informed by the our initial user study and bounded by\\nexisting NLP capabilities. We then turned to building a low-\\nfidelity prototype to rapidly experiment on these ideas with\\nusers. We wanted to test the ideal behavior of our envisioned\\nintelligent assistance with users to see if we were pursing\\nthe right design direction; We also wanted to probe users'\\nreactions to a more realistic range of NLP-powered behaviors\\nand errors to account for these reactions and expectations\\nwhen improving on our design.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,796,394,860],\"text\":\"But how can we realistically simulate NLP's errors with-\\nout spending months building fully-functioning systems?\\n\\n\\nWe experimented with a series of prototyping methods in\\ncollaboration with 9 NLP researchers.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,871,394,952],\"text\":\"Failed Attempts. Wizard-of-Oz is a common way to proto-\\ntype NLP. However, we learned early in the project that\\nalgorithms make errors that are unlike humans'. For exam-\\nple, even state-of-art NLP can fail in text comprehension or\\ngeneration because of a lack of common sense knowledge.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,745,171],\"text\":\"To enable wizards to simulate NLP behaviors we need to\\nprevent them from accessing their common sense, which is\\nextremely difficult.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,172,746,282],\"text\":\"Beyond unrestricted wizard-of-oz experiments we also\\nconsidered using a rule-based simulator to prototype intelli-\\ngent input/outputs. We encoded some rules (e.g., manually\\nspecified decision trees) into the prototype. However, NLP\\nresearchers pointed out that a rule-based simulator at best\\ncould behave as well as a rudimentary ML system. Their\\ncapabilities are far behind state-of-art technology.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,282,746,363],\"text\":\"We attempted to use publicly available, pre-built NLP mod-\\nels to power the prototype, yet failed for similar reasons.\\nThese application-agnostic toolkits only include the most\\nmatured kinds of NLP technologies. Their level of sophisti-\\ncation is not close to state-of-art NLP technologies either.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,363,746,554],\"text\":\"We then experimented building simple ML/NLP models\\nto simulate modern NLP's behaviors, using publicly avail-\\nable datasets and off-the-shelf toolkits such as AllenNLP\\n[1] . This failed for a number of reasons: First, preparing the\\ndatasets is itself a daunting task. Integrating NLP toolkits\\nthat were built upon different platforms, in different pro-\\ngramming languages into one prototype further complicates\\nthe prototype building. Finally, after we built a simple model,\\nits performance was just not good enough for a user study.\\nWhen an algorithm-generated sentence makes sense but\\nreads awkwardly, the awkwardness washed out all other\\nuser \\\"experiences\\\". The sentence reads simply, awkward.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,578,746,754],\"text\":\"Successful Attempts. We prototyped our design ideas with\\nan alternative WoZ method. For each NLP-powered interac-\\ntion, we designed a different hybrid of WoZ and off-the-shelf\\ntoolkits to best simulate the likely errors. The design of each\\nhybrid mimics the likely architecture of its underlying NLP\\nsystem. This method highlights that different intelligent fea-\\ntures produce different kinds of errors, each of which can\\nhave different UX consequences. In order to better capture\\nthese consequences, we need to better orchestrate WoZ be-\\nhaviors to simulate NLP behaviors. Below are a few exam-\\nples:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,754,746,865],\"text\":\"(1) Simulating context-awareness with machine transla-\\ntors: Most of our designs take authors' writing as an input\\nand provide context-aware, personalized writing suggestions.\\nOur prototype takes in authors' writing in English, trans-\\nlates to a foreign language using existing machine translation\\nservices, and translates back to English. The output of this\\nprocess simulates the noise in \\\"context\\\" detection.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,865,746,946],\"text\":\"Language technologies could fail at extracting relevant\\ncontexts from authors' writing. There instead of taking their\\nwriting into full account, our prototype removes parts of it\\nthat algorithms could not easily comprehend through the\\ntwo round of translations. We simply used online machine\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 185\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300415/results/markdown/3290605-3300415_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300416/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300416", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/results/output_json/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,39,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[68,117,746,183],\"text\":\"Engagement with Mental Health Screening on Mobile\\nDevices: Results from an Antenatal Feasibility Study\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[96,203,282,264],\"text\":\"Kevin Doherty\\n\\nSchool of Computer Science and\\nStatistics, Trinity College Dublin,\\n\\nIreland\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[314,203,499,265],\"text\":\"José Marcano-Belisario\\nSchool of Public Health, Imperial\\nCollege London, London, United\\nKingdom\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[535,203,718,264],\"text\":\"Martin Cohn\\n\\nSchool of Public Health, Imperial\\nCollege London, London, United\\nKingdom\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[95,278,281,344],\"text\":\"Nikolaos Mastellos\\n\\nSchool of Public Health, Imperial\\nCollege London, London, United\\nKingdom\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[320,278,494,342],\"text\":\"Cecily Morrison\\n\\nHuman Experience & Design,\\nMicrosoft Research Cambridge,\\nCambridge, United Kingdom\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[527,279,725,357],\"text\":\"Josip Car\\n\\nGlobal eHealth Unit, Department of\\nPrimary Care and Public Health,\\nImperial College London, London,\\n\\nUnited Kingdom\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[316,372,499,448],\"text\":\"Gavin Doherty\\n\\nSchool of Computer Science and\\nStatistics, Trinity College Dublin,\\nIreland\\n\\nGavin.Doherty@scss.tcd.ie\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,460,140,476],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,481,394,753],\"text\":\"Perinatal depression (PND) affects up to 15% of women\\nwithin the United Kingdom and has a lasting impact on\\na woman's quality of life, birth outcomes and her child's\\ndevelopment. Suicide is the leading cause of maternal mor-\\ntality. However, it is estimated that at least 50% of PND cases\\ngo undiagnosed. This paper presents the results of the first\\nfeasibility study to examine the potential of mobile devices\\nto engage women in antenatal mental health screening. Us-\\ning a mobile application, 254 women attending 14 National\\nHealth Service midwifery clinics provided 2,280 momentary\\nand retrospective reports of their wellbeing over a 9-month\\nperiod. Women spoke positively of the experience, installing\\nand engaging with this technology regardless of age, educa-\\ntion, wellbeing, number of children, marital or employment\\nstatus, or past diagnosis of depression. 39 women reported a\\nrisk of depression, self-harm or suicide; two-thirds of whom\\nwere not identified by screening in-clinic.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,460,525,477],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[421,481,745,513],\"text\":\"● Human-centered computing → Empirical studies in HCI: Empirical studies in interaction design; Mobile devices.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,523,502,539],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,544,746,576],\"text\":\"Pregnancy, Public Health Screening, Mental Health, Psycho-\\nlogical Wellbeing, Self-Report, EMA, Mobile Devices\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,581,557,596],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,597,747,699],\"text\":\"Kevin Doherty, José Marcano-Belisario, Martin Cohn, Nikolaios\\nMastellos, Cecily Morrison, Josip Car, and Gavin Doherty. 2019.\\nEngagement with Mental Health Screening on Mobile Devices:\\nResults from an Antenatal Feasibility Study. In CHI Conference on\\nHuman Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–\\n9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 15 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300416\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,709,549,726],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,730,747,905],\"text\":\"Perinatal depression (PND) affects up to 15 % of women dur-\\ning pregnancy or within one year of giving birth in the United\\nKingdom (UK) [5] . Pregnant women suffering from depres-\\nsion are more likely to engage in unhealthy practices includ-\\ning poor diet, substance abuse and failure to enrol in prenatal\\ncare, and are at increased risk of self-harm, suicide and post-\\nnatal depression [9, 32, 48, 80] . Suicide is the leading cause of\\nmaternal mortality within the UK [41] . Antenatal depression\\ncan also affect fetal development and has been identified\\nas an independent risk factor for children's development\\nthrough adolescence [13, 40, 62, 80] .\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,906,747,953],\"text\":\"Treating depression during pregnancy can reduce the like-\\nlihood of developing postnatal depression, prevent more\\nsevere forms of the condition, reduce its intergenerational\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,778,392,898],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\\nCHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,900,392,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,925,245,954],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4003-5792-0/21/03\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300116\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 186\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":26,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/results/markdown/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300416/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300416", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/results/output_json/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,42,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,42,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,426],\"text\":\"impact and improve women's overall health status [41, 80].\\nTreatment and support needs to be made available to those\\nwho need it, but in order to do so, effective programs of as-\\nsessment, particularly for those at risk of distress, need to be\\nin place. In the context of the UK's National Health Service\\n(NHS), mental health screening in pregnancy is currently\\ncarried out verbally and using paper based questionnaires\\ncompleted in waiting rooms. 96 % of UK midwives report\\nasking women about their mental wellbeing at their first\\nappointment [12]. However, only one in ten women recall\\nbeing asked (ibid.). Less than a fifth of women report being\\ncompletely honest with professionals and a third report never\\nsharing that they felt unwell during pregnancy [12]. It is esti-\\nmated that at least 50 % of PND cases go undiagnosed [67, 83].\\nWomen report that they refrain from initiating discussions\\nwith professionals about their mental health, or provide in-\\naccurate responses to screening scales, due to discomfort,\\nstigma and uncertainty around the expected emotional ex-\\nperience of pregnancy [16, 39].\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,426,395,603],\"text\":\"The challenges of mental healthcare provision have been\\ndescribed as “ so long standing, so vast, and so unresponsive ”\\nthat they require a new approach entailing levels of change\\non a population scale [6] . Mobile devices have the potential\\nto facilitate the self-report and remote screening of mood\\nand depression throughout the antenatal period, extending\\ncare to under-served and at-risk populations, enabling timely\\nassessment and intervention, supporting honest disclosure,\\nand fostering trust between women and midwives. How-\\never, we know little about the feasibility of deploying these\\ntechnologies for public health screening in practice.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,603,395,748],\"text\":\"This paper details the results of the first longitudinal de-\\nployment of a mobile application for the self-report of psy-\\nchological wellbeing in antenatal clinical practice: an inter-\\ndisciplinary undertaking involving HCI and public health\\nresearchers, pregnant women and a variety of health pro-\\nfessionals including midwives. This feasibility study exam-\\nines the capacity of mobile technologies to engage pregnant\\nwomen in the self-report of wellbeing and depression in daily\\nlife, facilitating treatment and support for those in distress.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,768,197,785],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,789,342,805],\"text\":\"Mobile Technologies for Perinatal Wellbeing\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,808,395,955],\"text\":\"Mobile devices have long been thought to possess the po-\\ntential to transform research, clinical practice and wellbeing\\nat a population scale [6, 24, 46, 76, 91] . Millions of women\\nhave installed thousands of mobile applications in the hope\\nof supporting a healthy start to life. The majority of these\\ntechnologies have been designed to communicate health-\\nrelated information to parents [86] . HCI researchers have\\ndeveloped prototype applications for Dutch (Babywijzer),\\nPakistani (Baby+), and Vietnamese Australian (We-HELP)\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,124,747,283],\"text\":\"populations [70, 78, 92] , deployed SMS-based systems for\\npersonalised health information communication in Kenya\\nand Pakistan [8, 63] and conducted qualitative analyses of\\npregnant women's motivations for information sharing and\\nsupport seeking online [29, 43, 65] . Peyton et al. propose\\na `pregnancy ecology' comprising physical, emotional, in-\\nformational and social supports, to support the design of\\nphysical health interventions [64] , which Prabhakar et al.\\nextend to include support needs, sources, and interventions\\nwithin an Evolving Ecology of Support [66] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,283,747,491],\"text\":\"Researchers have also explored the design of prototype\\ntechnologies for health data tracking in pregnancy, including\\nnutrition, hydration, activity, weight and mood (Bloom) [99] ,\\nnausea and vomiting (Dot-iti) [47] , and physiological data\\n(Nuva) [27] . Other perinatal research has examined women's\\nmotivations with respect to menstrual tracking applications\\n[26] and the disclosure of pregnancy loss on social networks\\n[3] , the prediction of postnatal depression from survey data\\n[59] , the use of twitter to track developmental milestones in\\nyoung children [82] , and the design of applications for mon-\\nitoring the pregnant preterm babies (Estrelita) [30] , sharing\\ninfant activity data with friends and family (MammiBell)\\n[36] , and to support breast-milk donation (Milk Matters) [89] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,491,747,634],\"text\":\"Design research has facilitated knowledge of women's\\nand other stigmatised groups' needs with respect to a variety\\nof prototype systems [49] . However, less HCI research has\\nattended to the real-world use of technology in the perinatal\\ncontext, to the role midwives and other health professionals\\nplay in pregnancy, to the integration of personal devices\\nwithin a clinical and public health context, to the subjective\\nexperience of pregnancy or to the significant implications of\\nmaternal mental health.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,645,666,662],\"text\":\"The Practice of Self-Report in Daily Life\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,665,747,874],\"text\":\"Much of the potential of mobile devices to support wellbeing\\nstems from their capacity to facilitate an understanding of\\nsubjective experience in daily life. This has been described\\nas a form of systematic phenomenology [31] , capturing \\\"life\\nas it is lived, moment to moment, hour to hour, day to day\\\"\\n[76] and permitting the \\\"study of the stream of thought or\\nbehaviour\\\" [34] . The methodology of self-report in daily\\nlife is most often referred to as Ecological Momentary As-\\nsessment (EMA) or the Experience Sampling Method (ESM)\\n[73, 76] . HCI researchers have designed EMA technologies\\nfor Parkinson's disease [88] , post-traumatic stress disorder\\n[45] , asthma [15] , pain [1] , stress and sleepiness [61] , bipolar\\ndisorder [53] , depression [52] , anxiety [84] and more.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,874,747,955],\"text\":\"In fact, much of what we know about mental health and\\nwellbeing is gathered through self-report. Health profes-\\nsionals’ knowledge of patients’ wellbeing is typically ret-\\nrospective in nature, drawn from clinical interviews and vali-\\ndated screening questionnaires. However, several decades of\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 186\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/results/markdown/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300416/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300416", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/results/output_json/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,267],\"text\":\"cognitive psychology and behavioural economics research\\nhas revealed striking differences between reports of well-\\nbeing made in the moment and looking back over time\\n[14, 25, 51, 76, 79, 81] . Demonstrating the real-world im-\\nplications of such findings, one study (n=108) found that\\nthe variability, rather than intensity, of depressive affect pre-\\ndicted suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among college\\nstudents [93] , and another (n=36) found that momentary\\nmeasures of affect predicted self-harm behaviours [4] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,267,394,477],\"text\":\"The assessment of wellbeing is therefore subject to ques-\\ntions with different time-frames [22] . While retrospective or\\ntrait measures can be `too cold,' “ too slow and sluggish to\\nchange ” , momentary measures can also prove `too hot, ” too\\nvolatile and overly sensitive to extraneous variables ” [19] .\\nDesigners of EMA sampling protocols must therefore attend\\nto the subjective experience of self-report, the temporal dis-\\ntinction of reporting mechanisms, the collection of valid data,\\nand the burden of reporting. There currently exists a paucity\\nof studies comparing various time-based designs ” and “ no\\ngeneral conventions, ” a fact which Santangelo et al. write is\\nunsurprising, “ as the temporal dynamics of emotional and\\ncognitive processes are largely unknown ” [72] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,486,375,504],\"text\":\"Large-Scale and Longitudinal Patient Engagement\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,506,394,715],\"text\":\"The feasibility of self-report technologies hinges in large\\npart upon the engagement of users [23, 85] . Studies often\\nreport a swift decline in reporting practice following “ an ini-\\ntial burst of interest ” [10, 17, 18] . Designing for engagement\\nwith respect to self-report technologies typically entails re-\\nducing the burden on users by implementing a simple and\\nefficient reporting process while at the same time providing\\nintrinsic and extrinsic incentives to users, and attending to\\nthe challenges of reactivity, habituation, validity and data\\ncompleteness [18, 25, 42, 44, 55, 60] . The merit of a variety of\\nincentives, including monetary remuneration, booster tele-\\nphone calls, reminder emails, data visualisation and feedback,\\nremains an active topic of research [68] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,715,394,874],\"text\":\"Mental health screening in pregnancy is further compli-\\ncated by the need to support disclosure while overcoming a\\npervasive mental health-related stigma [28, 35, 39] . In pre-\\nvious design research, the suggestion that pregnant women\\nshould “ actively track and record their activities, ” was “ met\\nwith incredulity, laughter and sometimes derision ” [64] . De-\\npression during pregnancy is marked by an unwillingness to\\nseek help at what parents believe should be a happy time [58] .\\nConcerns therefore often go unreported, despite heightened\\nattention to wellbeing.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,874,394,955],\"text\":\"Mobile devices have the potential to overcome the public\\nhealth challenges of access and disclosure, increasing the\\nnumber of patients screened and extending care to those in\\nneed while reducing costs and the administrative burden as-\\nsociated with paper questionnaires. These technologies have\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,365],\"text\":\"already enabled researchers to conduct large-scale studies of\\ncognitive processes, happiness and wellbeing [24, 37, 57, 74] ,\\nyet have rarely been deployed in clinical practice. Recent HCI\\nresearch has drawn attention to the challenges of long-term\\nengagement [56, 71, 77] , and some have expressed doubt\\nwith respect to the possibility of gathering self-reported data\\nin daily life for periods longer than “ 2-4 weeks ” , after which\\n“ the quality of ESM responses is known to deteriorate ” [87] .\\nA recent review of experience sampling studies within Com-\\nputer Science reported a median study length of 14 days\\nand a median population group of 19 participants [11] . Al-\\nthough pregnancy entails a highly diverse patient group\\nand demands a longitudinal perspective, little research has\\nexamined the feasibility of self-report technologies in the\\nperinatal context.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,380,552,397],\"text\":\"3 METHODOLOGY\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,400,520,417],\"text\":\"The Study Aims\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,420,747,582],\"text\":\"The primary aim of this study was to assess the feasibility\\nof a mobile application running on women's own devices\\nfor the repeated and longitudinal self-report of antenatal\\nmood and depression. Secondary aims included comparing\\ntwo distinct time-based sampling protocol designs, collect-\\ning momentary and retrospective reports of wellbeing in\\ndaily life, and examining the role of mobile devices as a\\nmeans to address barriers to antenatal mental health screen-\\ning. This entailed integrating mobile devices within NHS\\nmental health screening pathways.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,597,521,615],\"text\":\"The Technology\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,618,747,955],\"text\":\"This study involved the deployment of a technology, com-\\nprising mobile applications (Android & iOS) and a server\\nfor data storage, management and alert handling, within a\\npublic health service. This system, BrightSelf, was developed\\nin collaboration with pregnant women, mothers and a vari-\\nety of health professionals including midwives [7, 21] . This\\nmobile application provides a platform for the self-report of\\npsychological wellbeing in pregnancy, including retrospe-\\ntive reports in the form of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depres-\\nsion Scale (EPDS), and momentary reports in the form of\\nvisual analogue scales for mood, sleep, worry, enjoyment\\nand energy as well as two questions concerning location\\nand activity context (See Appendix A for video of the mo-\\nbile app in use). The EPDS is a validated screening scale\\nfor depression which assesses feelings of guilt, sleep distur-\\nbance, anhedonia, self-harm and suicidal ideation present\\nduring the past 7 days [2, 20] . Scores between 10 and 12\\npoints suggest a possible risk of depression, and 13 points or\\nmore, a probable risk. Additional features of the application\\ninclude interactive visualisations of users' data, information\\nregarding perinatal wellbeing and the study itself, contacts\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 186\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/results/markdown/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300416/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300416", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/results/output_json/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[63,115,752,353],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image displays five sequential smartphone application screens, featuring a cloud synchronization status, an interactive slider for mood assessment, a multiple-choice question about anxiety, a motivational quote with illustrative graphics, and a main menu presenting options such as Research, Support, BrightSelf, Wellbeing, and My Data.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[115,361,698,378],\"text\":\"Figure 1: The BrightSelf Mobile Application | Home, EMA, EPDS, Ideas Machine and Extra Features Screens\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,398,394,430],\"text\":\"for mental health support, and an \\\"ideas machine\\\" designed\\nto support longitudinal user engagement (See Fig 1).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,454,178,472],\"text\":\"The Study Design\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,475,395,777],\"text\":\"Pregnant women attending NHS antenatal clinics across Eng-\\nland were recruited to this study while attending their first\\n'booking' appointment between the 12th and 14th weeks of\\npregnancy [50]. Following informed consent, women com-\\npleted a personal demographic survey, the Whooley Ques-\\ntions (a 2-item instrument which screens for depressed mood\\nand anhedonia present during the past month) and the EPDS\\nin-clinic. A member of the clinical care team then guided\\nthe participant through the process of downloading and in-\\nstalling the application onto their own device using an illus-\\ntrated guide provided by the research team. When possible,\\ninstallation took place within the clinic. However, internet\\nservices were not always available, in which case participants\\nwere provided a userID with which to install and register the\\napp in their own time. Participants were randomly allocated\\nto one of two arms of a study with a randomised controlled\\ntrial (RCT) design, permitting comparison of women's en-\\ngagement between a retrospective assessment strategy and\\na retrospective plus momentary assessment strategy.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,777,395,954],\"text\":\"Participants in both arms were prompted to provide re-\\nports according to a 6-month burst protocol design and re-\\nceived their first notification 2 days following installation\\nof the app (See Fig 2 ). In the first condition , participants\\nwere randomly prompted to provide a single EPDS report\\nonce per month between the hours of 17:00 and 21:00, 21\\nto 35 days apart, for a total of 6 notifications. In the second\\ncondition , participants had the option to complete both ret-\\nrospective and momentary assessments. Monthly sampling\\nperiods consisted of 6 contiguous days of semi-random as-\\nsessments, comprising a single EPDS prompt between 17:00\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,398,747,622],\"text\":\"and 21:00 on day 1, followed by four days of momentary\\nassessments 3 times per day (between 09:00-12:00, 13:00-\\n16:00 and 17:00-20:00), and concluding with a final EPDS\\nassessment between the hours of 17:00 and 21:00 on day 6.\\nPrompting was repeated 21 to 35 days following the previ-\\nous period, for a total of 6 assessment periods. Participants\\nwere free to provide reports, ignore or disable notifications,\\nor delete the app at any time. No reminders or follow-up\\nnotifications were sent to participants, and no monetary in-\\ncentives were provided. Participants' use of the application\\nwas logged throughout the study. Two weeks following their\\nfinal notification, women received a survey designed to rule\\nout potential confounds, triangulate a subjective measure of\\nengagement and gauge the experience of use [50] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,646,502,662],\"text\":\"Duty of Care\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,666,747,954],\"text\":\"This study design entailed significant ethical and medical re-\\nsponsibilities given the collection of data reflecting women’s\\nself-reported risk of depression, self-harm and suicide [7, 50] .\\nParticipants’ encrypted and pseudo-anonymised data was\\nsynchronised with the research server using a secure con-\\nnection throughout the study and a colour-coded alert was\\ninstantly communicated to the research team when any par-\\nticipant’s data met EPDS risk criteria. Within 24-hours, and\\noften almost immediately, the study coordinator contacted\\nthe designated member of the participant’s clinical care team\\nby phone and e-mail, who followed up directly with the par-\\nticipant. This study protocol was reviewed and approved\\nby the National Research Ethics Service Committee South\\nEast Coast-Surrey on the 15 th of April 2016 as a notice of\\nsubstantial amendment to an original submission (9 th July\\n2015) under the Research Ethics Committee (REC) reference\\n15/LO/0977. This study was sponsored by Imperial College\\nLondon under the reference number 15IC2687 and included\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 186\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/results/markdown/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300416/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300416", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/results/output_json/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[67,126,748,256],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A horizontal timeline illustrates a study design with alternating phases of voluntary (teal) and prompted (white) reporting. Key labels indicate durations such as \\\"4 days,\\\" \\\"1 month,\\\" and \\\"3-5 weeks,\\\" along with specific activities like \\\"EPDS\\\" and \\\"momentary reporting 3 times per day.\\\" The image also lists two study arms: \\\"Arm 1 | EPDS alone (6)\\\" and \\\"Arm 2 | EPDS & EMA (84).\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[297,270,516,287],\"text\":\"Figure 2: The Sampling Protocol Design\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,307,393,341],\"text\":\"in the UK Clinical Research Network Study Portfolio under\\nthe Central Portfolio Management System number 19280.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,355,150,371],\"text\":\"4 RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,375,394,423],\"text\":\"This paper examines women's engagement with a mobile\\napplication for the self-report of wellbeing and depression\\nin pregnancy.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,438,202,455],\"text\":\"The Study Population\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,458,394,553],\"text\":\"Between April and September 2017, midwives at 14 NHS\\nmidwifery clinics across England recruited women to a study\\ninvolving BrightSelf. Of the 355 women who consented to\\nparticipate, 254 subsequently installed the app, 128 were\\nrandomly allocated to arm 1 (EPDS reporting only) and 126\\nto arm 2 (EPDS & EMA reporting) prior to app installation.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,564,394,757],\"text\":\"App Installation by Population & Wellbeing. Much of the\\npromise of mobile technologies hinges upon their poten-\\ntial to extend care to at-risk and under-served groups. 45 % of\\nwomen participating in this study were experiencing their\\nfirst pregnancy. 23 % reported 'single' marital status, 45 %\\na level of education below a university or college degree,\\n17 % unemployment, and 21 % an ethnicity other than White\\nBritish. Examining the proportion of the study population $^1$\\nwho installed the app $^2$ allows us to better understand the\\nrelationship between women's demographic characteristics\\nand their tendency to install a mobile app for the self-report\\nof psychological wellbeing in pregnancy.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,757,394,821],\"text\":\"72% of participants installed BrightSelf, including women\\nof all ages (See Fig. 3). 68% of these 254 women used IOX de-\\nvices. There was no evidence of a statistically significant re-\\nlationship between women's age ( $x^2$ = 9.6109, df=4, $p$ = 0.04374,\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,535,747,743],\"text\":\"n=348), marital status ($\\\\chi^2=2.6289$, df=2, p=0.4524, n=348), em-\\nployment status ($\\\\chi^2=10.385$, df=4, p=0.03441, n=348), level\\nof education ($\\\\chi^2=9.867$, df=4, p=0.04274, n=348), number of\\nchildren ($\\\\chi^2=3.6555$, df=1, p=0.05589, n=348), tablet owner-\\nship ($\\\\chi^2=0.0878$, df=1, p=0.767, n=348) or a past diagnosis of\\ndepression ($\\\\chi^2=3.114$, df=1, p=0.07762, n=348) and installa-\\ntion of this application.$^{32}$ 32 women reported a past diagnosis\\nof depression, 18 of whom installed BrightSelf. Of the 11\\nwomen who reported a previous pregnancy which did not\\nreach full-term, only 2 did not install the app. Women of\\nWhite British ethnicity were more likely to install BrightSelf\\nthan others ($\\\\chi^2=10.58$, df=1, p=0.001143, n=348), possibly due\\nto site-specific or cultural factors.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_012.png\",\"bbox\":[419,301,746,488],\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A bar chart displays the number of participants by age group, ranging from 18 to 22 years up to 38 years or older. Each age group shows two bars, representing participants who installed an app (Yes) and those who did not (No), with numerical labels on each bar.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[502,498,663,515],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Participants by Age\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,744,747,841],\"text\":\"Participants completed both the Wooley questions and\\nEPDS at baseline. 27 women responded affirmatively to Whoo-\\nley question one which queries depressed mood (of whom 14\\ninstalled BrightSelf) and 24 to question two which examines\\nanhedonia (of whom 16 installed BrightSelf). There is no\\nevidence of a statistically significant relationship between\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,846,393,899],\"text\":\"n=348, Of the 355 baseline data logs collected, 2 lacked participant ids and\\n5 featured empty data fields, likely due to a combination of poor internet\\nconnection in-clinic, bugs or crashes in the proprietary survey software,\\nand errors made by recruiters.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,900,393,952],\"text\":\"n=248. Of the 254 unique users who installed the app, 6 (3 arm 1, 3 arm\\n2) could not be linked to their demographic data provided at baseline, as\\ndescribed above. For consistency, we exclude the data of these 6 women\\nfrom this preliminary analysis.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,859,746,954],\"text\":\"$^{9}$We employ chi-square tests for independence given nominal dependent and\\nindependent variables. To protect from Type I errors, we conduct Bonferroni\\ncorrection for multiple tests (8 tests on the single dependent variable of 'app\\ninstallation') which yields a corrected alpha-value of 0.00625 for statistical\\nsignificance. The power and confidence interval (95 % CI) statistically significant\\nresults according to this threshold, this analysis also serves to highlight\\npopulation characteristics for additional future analyses.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 186\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/results/markdown/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300416/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300416", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/results/output_json/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[71,123,747,493],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A stacked bar chart displays the \\\"Number of Reports | All Users\\\" over \\\"Weeks Since App Install\\\" (from 1 to 40), segmented by \\\"Report Type\\\" (EMA in teal and EPDS in red). The number of reports is highest in the initial weeks and significantly declines after week 23, which is marked as \\\"PREGNANCY WEEK 37 (approx) Delivery begins.\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[297,511,515,528],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Reporting by Week | All Users\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,547,394,709],\"text\":\"installation of BrightSelf and women's responses to Whoo-\\nley question one ( $\\\\chi^2$ = 0.38256, df = 1, p = 0.5362, n = 348) or two\\n( $\\\\chi^2$ = 2.2133, df = 1, p = 0.1368, n = 348). The relationship between\\nwomen's risk of depression according to the EPDS and in-\\nstallation of BrightSelf was also not statistically significant\\n( $\\\\chi^2$ = 1.7326, df = 2, p = 0.4205, n = 348). 22 women scored between\\n10 and 12 points on the EPDS in-clinic reflecting a possible\\nrisk of depression, and fifteen women scored 13 points or\\nabove, indicating a probable risk. Six women responded pos-\\nitively to EPDS question ten concerning self-harm ideation.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,720,359,738],\"text\":\"Evidence for Feasibility | Women’s Engagement\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,741,393,773],\"text\":\"The rich data captured by BrightSel allows us to triangulate\\nwomen's engagement from multiple perspectives.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,780,394,845],\"text\":\"Engagement as Self-Report. Over a 9 month period, women\\nacross England synthesised 2,280 reports using BrightSelf;\\n1,532 reports of their mood, energy, rest, enjoyment and\\nworry in the moment and 748 retrospective EPDS reports.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,845,394,878],\"text\":\"The reporting trend reflects the characteristic context of\\npregnancy (See Fig 4 ). $^4$ The first week of use aligns with\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,547,747,804],\"text\":\"the $12^{th}$ to $14^{th}$ week of pregnancy, and the x-axis spans\\na period of 9 months. By the $23^{rd}$ week of app use, many\\nwomen have reached full-term. This pattern of interaction\\ndemonstrates the value of notifications in bringing women\\nback to an app. The peaks at weeks 5, 9 and 13 are the result\\nof women's overlapping reporting schedules. The potential\\nfor overlap decreases over time as the effects of randomi-\\nsation increase. It is also worth noting however, just how\\nmany reports women provided during periods without any\\nnotifications, as evidenced by weeks 2 and 3 of app use in par-\\nticular. Women in arm 1 synchronised 3.6 reports on average,\\nand women in arm 2, 14.4, including those who provided no\\nreports. Several women provided more than twice as many\\nreports as they received notifications. Others logged their\\nfirst report 20 or more weeks after installing the app only to\\ngenerate an alert for a probable risk of depression.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,813,747,864],\"text\":\"Engagement as Protocol Adherence . Over the course of 6\\nmonths, women in arm 1 received 6 notifications. Women\\nin arm 2 received 84. These protocols were chosen to invite\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,887,394,953],\"text\":\"n=254. Here, the first 8 days of use are represented separately as \\\"Week\\n1\\\". This is for two reasons; 1) The first day of use effectively represents a\\nsignificant online given that participants necessarily interact with the app\\nfor a brief period, and 2) It is important to observe that these initial\\nschedules of all participants are aligned. Subsequent notification periods are\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,886,746,953],\"text\":\"subject to randomisation by week within and between-subjects (a possible\\nvariance of 3 to 5 weeks at the second notification period increases to 10 to\\n15 by the sixth). This also has the effect of exaggerating the decline in use\\nfor each subject over the course of the notification period, since it takes\\na period of 7 consecutive days since the morning of the day of installation.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 186\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/results/markdown/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300416/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300416", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/results/output_json/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[67,99,397,246],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A bar chart illustrates the number of responsive users across six periods, with the y-axis labeled \\\"Number of Responsive Users\\\" and the x-axis showing \\\"Period 1\\\" through \\\"Period 6\\\". The red bars display values of 76, 55, 42, 38, 28, and 24 respectively, indicating a decreasing trend over time.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[128,254,333,270],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Protocol Adherence | Arm 1\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,289,395,431],\"text\":\"and explore different reporting practices. Women could ad- \\nhere to this schedule, provide reports whenever convenient, \\ndisable notifications or indeed delete the app. During a sur-\\nvey completed post-study, one woman admitted to disabling \\nnotifications and providing reports “when I felt like as of- \\nten I can’t respond when prompted as I’m at work.” This \\nparticipant’s continued use of an app suggests the impor- \\ntance of supporting users’ autonomy, even in the case of data \\ncollection to support research.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,432,395,640],\"text\":\"Women's adherence to these protocols also reflects their\\nengagement over time. Figures 5 & 6 were produced by align-\\ning the notification schedules of all participants and treating\\nas a valid response any report which took place during the\\nperiod between two notifications of the same type. $^5$ The\\nspike in EMA reporting at the end of each reporting period\\nis an artefact of this approach. Each EMA reporting period\\nshown in Fig 6 is on average 4 hours in duration. Over a\\nperiod of more than 6 months no period elapsed without\\na response from at least one participant. To facilitate com-\\nparisons between arms, we combine the total number of\\nresponses within each of the six reporting periods, as shown\\nin Table 1 .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,640,395,799],\"text\":\"In arm 1, 32 % of those who provided a report during the\\nfirst week of use responded to a final EPDS notification re-\\nceived 15 to 25 weeks later. 19 % did so in the case of arm 2.\\nHowever, women in arm 2 also provided 4 times as many\\nreports as women in arm 1 on average. The addition of mo-\\nmentary reporting led to many more reports on average\\nwithout greatly reducing the number of EPDS reports pro-\\nvided. These findings appear to mirror women's comments,\\nmade during the design phase, that they would be likely to\\ncomplete EMA reports more often than the EPDS [21] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,824,395,874],\"text\":\"Engagement as Time Spent. The 'time spent' on app is another\\npossible indicator of user engagement. On aggregate, women\\nspent more than 52 hours interacting with BrightSelf, a total\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,289,746,384],\"text\":\"of 2,686 sessions with an average length of 1 minute and 24\\nseconds. Ancillary usage data allows us to examine exactly\\nhow women spent their time. Use of each of the main sections\\nof the app was largely consistent over time, including time\\nspent viewing data, accessing information and interacting\\nwith the Ideas Machine.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[423,125,738,244],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\">Report Type</td><td colspan=\\\"6\\\">Period</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>EPDS Arm 1</td><td>76</td><td>55</td><td>42</td><td>38</td><td>28</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>EPDS Arm 2</td><td>88</td><td>41</td><td>31</td><td>25</td><td>13</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>EMA Arm 2</td><td>430</td><td>228</td><td>185</td><td>151</td><td>110</td><td>86</td></tr><tr><td>Combined Arm 2</td><td>518</td><td>269</td><td>216</td><td>176</td><td>123</td><td>103</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a table displaying numerical data organized by \\\"Report Type\\\" and \\\"Period.\\\" The report types are \\\"EPDS Arm 1,\\\" \\\"EPDS Arm 2,\\\" \\\"EMA Arm 2,\\\" and \\\"Combined Arm 2,\\\" while the periods are labeled 1 through 6. Each cell contains a numerical value.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_6_tab_9.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[509,253,658,269],\"text\":\"Table 1: Reporting by Arm\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,385,746,639],\"text\":\"It should be noted that this application was not designed\\nto maximise `time on app.' Women's almost ubiquitous use\\nof mobile apps in pregnancy results in an economy of atten-\\ntion in which designers can feel compelled to compete. As\\none woman states in the post-study survey, users may have\\nspent more time on app had we incorporated more additional\\nfeatures, `I often have a flick through my app' Baby Cen-\\ntre' looking at how the baby is developing, reading articles\\nabout pregnancy etc.\\\" We chose however to design for brief,\\nsimple and sporadic use based on input from women and\\nprofessionals [21] . The average session duration reflects this\\nefficiency of interaction and changed little per week, sug-\\ngesting a consistent user experience. In the same post-study\\nsurvey, 47 % of women spontaneously described quick and\\neasy interaction as the feature of the application which they\\nmost liked.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,640,746,752],\"text\":\"Women synchronised 812 uses of the Ideas Machine in\\ntotal, and there is evidence of a statistically significant rela-\\ntionship between the number of reports provided and the use\\nof this feature (Spearman's correlation, $S$ =.2140100, $p$ =.2.2e-16,\\n$\\\\rho$ =0.6953, $n1$ =.2=254). 6 While correlation does not imply cau-\\nsation, women who used the Ideas Machine more frequently\\nalso provided more reports.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,759,747,906],\"text\":\"Engagement by Population & Wellbeing. Extending public\\nhealth screening to those in need requires engaging patients\\nregardless of their social status, cultural background or per-\\nsonal characteristics. In the case of the users of BrightSelf,\\nno significant differences were found between women's age\\n(Kruskal-Wallis $\\\\chi^2$ = 4.0321, df = 4, p=0.0417, n=248), ethnicity\\n(Kruskal-Wallis $\\\\chi^2$ = 3.0946, df = 1, p=0.0776, n=248), marital\\nstatus (Kruskal-Wallis $\\\\chi^2$ = 2.5942, df = 3, p=0.4355, n=248), em-\\nployment status (Kruskal-Wallis $\\\\chi^2$ = 3.8395, df = 4, p=0.4282,\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,886,395,953],\"text\":\"$^{\\\\#}$Arm1, n=120, Arm2, n=117. Unexpected behaviour in iOS10 led the data of\\n17 women (8 arm 1, 9 arm 2) to be returned in 12 rather than 24-hour time\\nformat, rendering their timestamped data unreliable to the hour. For the\\nreasons of consistency we omit these users' data from this preliminary\\nanalysis.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,912,746,953],\"text\":\"\\\"Spearman's rank-order correlation is the non-parametric version of the\\nshort-term memory test. It is based on the assumption that one\\ncontinuous dependent and independent variable\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 186\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/results/markdown/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300416/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300416", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/results/output_json/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[65,122,742,347],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A bar chart titled \\\"Number of Responsive Users\\\" displays data for two report types, EMA (teal) and EPDS (red), across six periods. The y-axis represents the number of responsive users, and the x-axis segments the data into Period 1 through Period 6. Individual bar values are frequently labeled within the bars.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[304,355,509,372],\"text\":\"Figure 6: Protocol Adherence | Arm 2\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,392,395,520],\"text\":\"n=248), level of education (Kruskal-Wallis $\\\\chi^2$ =3.9456, df=4,\\np=0.4134, n=248), tablet ownership (Kruskal-Wallis $\\\\chi^2$ =1.7774,\\ndf=1, p=0.1825, n=248), number of children (Kruskal-Wallis\\n$\\\\chi^2$ =0.21977, df=1, p=0.6392, n=248) or past diagnosis of de-\\npression (Kruskal-Wallis $\\\\chi^2$ =0.2469, df=1, p=0.6193, n=248)\\nand rates of reporting. $^7$ Women engaged with an application\\nfor the self-report of psychological wellbeing in pregnancy\\nregardless of their demographic characteristics.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,520,395,711],\"text\":\"Similarly, no statistically significant difference was found\\nbetween women meeting EPDS thresholds for no, possible\\nand probable risks of depression at 12 to 14 weeks and their\\nengagement in self-report during pregnancy in the case of\\narm 1 ( Kruskal-Wallis $\\\\chi^2$ = 2.3908, df = 2, p = 0.3026, n = 125), arm 2\\n(Kruskal-Wallis $\\\\chi^2$ = 1.5905, df = 2, p = 0.3773, n = 123) or all users\\ncombined ( Kruskal-Wallis $\\\\chi^2$ = 0.96303, df = 2, p = 0.6178, n = 248).\\nNor was there a significant difference between women's\\nbaseline EPDS assessments and the total time spent using\\nBrightSelf ( Kruskal-Wallis $\\\\chi^2$ = 1.16, df = 2, p = 0.5599, n = 248).\\nWomen engaged with a self-report application in pregnancy\\nregardless of their level of ill or wellbeing.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,712,394,792],\"text\":\"Distributions of women's use of the Ideas Machine accord-\\ning to their baseline EPDS assessments did differ significantly,\\nhowever (Kruskal-Wallis $\\\\chi^2$ = 9.0126, df=2, p=0.01104, n=248).\\nWomen in greater distress were more likely to use this fea-\\nture, suggesting it was perceived as useful by those in need.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,800,395,865],\"text\":\"Engagement & Wellbeing | Users in Distress. Of the 748 EPDS\\nreports provided using BrightSelf, 71 met the threshold for\\npossible (41) or probable (27) depression. Two EPDS reports\\nat baseline reflected a risk of self-harm ideation. Fifteen did\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,392,747,520],\"text\":\"so through BrightSelf. Of the 39 unique women who regis-\\ntered alerts during the study, 7 provided EPDS scores of 10\\nat baseline, and 6 registered scores of 13 or above. 26 women\\ntherefore received support which they might not have ac-\\nquired given their baseline EPDS reports alone.® 5% of the\\nwomen who installed BrightSelf registered EPDS scores of\\n10 or above on paper at baseline. 16% did so through the use\\nof the app in pregnancy.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,520,747,616],\"text\":\"Interestingly, of the 39 women who provided EPDS scores\\nwhich resulted in contact from a midwife, 20 continued to\\nprovide EPDS reports and 13 provided at least one subse-\\nquent alert (See Fig 7 ). In the post-study survey, women who\\nwere contacted by their midwives following an alert spoke\\npositively of the experience;\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,619,713,684],\"text\":\"“I had a call from a midwife to see if I was ill, and \\nif I needed any help, I think it should be made \\navailable to all pregnant women and not just for \\nresearch purposes” Participant No. 294 / Arm 1\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,697,705,714],\"text\":\"Subjective Engagement | Women's Reflections\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,718,714,796],\"text\":\"“I thought this was a brilliant app and an excel-\\nlent research project. I don’t know what factors\\nhave contributed to this but I feel a lot better\\nafter having my second child than I did my first”\\nParticipant No. 265 | Arm 2\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,800,746,898],\"text\":\"62 women (25 arm 1, 37 arm 2) responded to a post-study\\nsurvey seeking their experience of an app for the self-report\\nof psychological wellbeing in pregnancy. The reported expe-\\nriences of these women provide context for the preceding\\nfindings and allows us to rule out contingent effects related\\nto the usability of the app. 92 % of women agreed or strongly\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,886,394,953],\"text\":\"1 Reporting rates, total time spent on app and use of the Ideas Machine data\\ndo not follow normal distributions (as confirmed using quantile-quantile\\nplots and the Shapiro-Wilk test). We therefore employ a Kruskal-Wallis test\\nto assess normality of the data. The empirical power was thus dependent and\\nordinal independent variables with more than 2 groups.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,912,746,952],\"text\":\"*Two-thirds of the women presented no risk of depression according to\\nthe Hamilton Depression Inventory, and moderately in-lyric. 54%\\nperformed no risk at baseline, according to both methoclopride\\nand bupropion.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 186\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300416/results/markdown/3290605-3300416_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300418/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300418", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/results/output_json/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,39,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[120,118,692,149],\"text\":\"Ethical Dimensions of Visualization Research\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[343,163,471,226],\"text\":\"Michael Correll\\n\\nTableau Research\\nSeattle, WA\\n\\nmcorrell@tableau.com\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_005.png\",\"bbox\":[201,245,607,458],\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A process flow diagram shows a central \\\"Population of Interest\\\" flanked by \\\"Undersampled Populations\\\" and \\\"Oversampled Populations.\\\" Arrows lead from these to dotted figures labeled \\\"Curators\\\" and \\\"Archivists,\\\" who contribute to a \\\"Data Source.\\\" The data then flows sequentially through solid figures representing \\\"Designers\\\" and \\\"Domain Experts,\\\" ultimately impacting \\\"Impacted Populations\\\" depicted as dotted figures.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,472,747,530],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Visualizations projects are often described or evaluated as though they are straightforward paths from data collection\\nto design to the intended user (solid outlines). This neglects or makes invisible critical populations, impacts, and labor (dashed\\noutlines) that can contribute to the ethical character of a project. We have an obligation, where possible, to make these invisible\\nfacets and contributions visible.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,537,141,554],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,558,394,735],\"text\":\"Visualizations have a potentially enormous influence on how\\ndata are used to make decisions across all areas of human\\nendeavor. However, it is not clear how this power connects\\nto ethical duties: what obligations do we have when it comes\\nto visualizations and visual analytics systems, beyond our\\nduties as scientists and engineers? Drawing on historical and\\ncontemporary examples, I address the moral components of\\nthe design and use of visualizations, identify some ongoing\\nareas of visualization research with ethical dilemmas, and\\npropose a set of additional moral obligations that we have\\nas designers, builders, and researchers of visualizations.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,537,524,554],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,558,746,607],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Visualization theory,\\nconcepts and paradigms: • Security and privacy → So-\\ncial aspects of security and privacy.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,620,502,636],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,641,700,657],\"text\":\"Information Visualization; Visual Analytics; Ethics\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,665,554,680],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,681,746,739],\"text\":\"Michael Correll. 2019. Ethical Dimensions of Visualization Research.\\nIn CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceed-\\nings (CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK . ACM, New\\nYork, NY, USA, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300418\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,757,549,774],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,778,747,953],\"text\":\"In the wake of leaked information about the NSA's spying\\nprogram, Rogaway wrote \\\"The Moral Character of Crypto-\\ngraphic Work\\\" [86]. In that paper, he argues that the work of\\nacademics and engineers in cryptography has an inescapable\\nmoral character: it shifts power amongst social groups, and\\nso has an inherent political impact on society, for good or\\nill. Critical movements in cartography [27, 28, 103] and data\\nscience [18, 29] have begun to analyze how the use (and\\nabuse) of data shifts structures of power. Visualization work\\nhas the same capacity, and so must also be analyzed with\\nrespect to its moral character. As per Rogaway:\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,778,393,885],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,886,273,898],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,900,393,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[71,925,265,938],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,941,246,953],\"text\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300418\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,997,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 188\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,997,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/results/markdown/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300418/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300418", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/results/output_json/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,125,361,236],\"text\":\"I suspect that many of you see no real connection\\nbetween social, political, and ethical values and\\nwhat you work on. You don't build bombs, ex-\\nperiment on people, or destroy the environment.\\nYou don't spy on populations. You hack math\\nand write papers. This doesn't sound ethically\\nladen. I want to show you that it is.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,244,394,434],\"text\":\"In this paper I will draw on the history of visualization\\nand analytics to illustrate that all visualization research, no\\nmatter how superficially apolitical or trivial, has a moral\\ncharacter. I will then illustrate how this moral character is\\nreflected in conflicts between virtues that arise in current\\nemerging areas of visualization research, and how they might\\nbe balanced. My goal with this work is both to promote\\ncaution and contemplation in visualization research (in that\\nwe should stop doing unethical work) but also to present new\\nopportunities for research and growth (in that we should\\nstudy the broader impact of our work and look for new areas\\nto explore and problems to solve).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,434,394,564],\"text\":\"In the first two sections of this paper I will address the\\ncommon feeling that data and data visualization, respectively,\\nare apolitical or somehow ethically neutral, and that there-\\nfore we lack moral obligations with regards to how data are\\ncollected and visualized. It is this tendency to view our work\\nas the mere reporting or structuring of objective fact that is\\nmost dangerous to me. Heidegger [51] specifically calls out\\nthe danger of this perspective:\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,571,362,652],\"text\":\"Everywhere we remain unfree and chained to\\ntechnology, whether we passionately affirm or\\ndeny it. But we are delivered over to it in the\\nworst possible way when we regard it as some-\\nthing neutral.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,660,394,757],\"text\":\"In the final two sections of the paper, I will address current\\ntrends in visualization research that appear to have ethical\\nimplications. I will then use these case studies as a basis to\\npropose additional obligations that visualization researchers\\nhave in addition to their existing moral obligations as scien-\\ntists, teachers, and citizens.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,772,325,789],\"text\":\"2 AGAINST THE NEUTRALITY OF DATA\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,792,394,955],\"text\":\"It is tempting to claim that visualization is an ethically neu-\\ntral activity because we are merely reporting the data, and\\ndata are just facts about the world. It's not our problem how\\nthese facts are collected, or who uses them. We're just the\\nmiddle-man (or, more nefariously, the man in the middle [26] )\\nbetween a stakeholder and their data. Provided that we did\\nnot introduce bias or intentionally deceive when present-\\ning our data, we completed our duties. However, data are\\nnot naturally occurring phenomenon. The world does not\\nspontaneously quantify, curate, or data-mine itself. Rather,\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,506,745,538],\"text\":\"the process of observing the world and quantifying it is a\\npolitical act, and deserve ethical consideration [6] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_1_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[472,117,695,371],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A page from a historical text features a table detailing the British navy's cost in 1757, broken down by types of ships, their guns, individual cost, and total cost, with a grand total of 3,500,000. Surrounding text discusses the valuation of the British navy and America's natural advantages in shipbuilding.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,382,747,471],\"text\":\"Figure 2: A table from Thomas Paine's 1775 pamphlet Com-\\nmon Sense [79] . These data were collected for an initial ac-\\ncounting purpose, but are used by Paine to argue for the rel-\\native weakness and fragility of the English Navy, and the\\npotential strength of the American Navy, as part of an argu-\\nment for independence and revolution.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,538,746,746],\"text\":\"Heidegger identifies quantification as the hallmark of\\nmodern technology: the turning of things (and people) into\\n“standing reserves” of resources [51] . A river is not just a flow-\\ning thing to be admired, it's a certain amount of megawatts\\nof power if connected to a hydroelectric dam. An acre of\\nforest is not just a scenic location, but a reserve of charcoal\\nand lumber and so on. Modern technological systems are not\\n(just) alienating, but an entire reframing of how we relate\\nto the world around us in terms of exploiting and utilizing\\nresources. And people are, of course, no exception. The col-\\nlection of mass data about people is a way of turning them\\ninto a standing reserve (of ad revenue, of content creators,\\nof soldiers, of bodies).\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,746,746,954],\"text\":\"This collection of data, and the distillation of people into\\ndata, has tremendous political power. Gottfried Achenwall\\ncoined the term “ Statistik ” to be the “ science of the state ” in\\nhis 1752 work Constitution of the Present Leading European\\nStates . The collection of vital statistics was initially intended\\nto be undertaken by the state for such organizational pur-\\nposes as determining the size of a tax base, or the amount\\nof trees available for naval vessels. This initial data collec-\\ntion was by no means apolitical: the proper data set can\\nhelp start wars (fig. 2 ). Nor has this centralized and politi-\\ncal use and meaning of statistics disappeared in the digital\\nage: one of the first uses of computing machines to process\\nstatistical population data were the machines that IBM's\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 188\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/results/markdown/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300418/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300418", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/results/output_json/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,236],\"text\":\"subsidiary Dehomag developed for the Nazi regime, which\\nwere used to expedite and support the Final Solution [11, 34] .\\nThe relative emotional distance of collecting and reporting\\non data (as opposed to managing and reporting on people )\\narguably contributed to the uniquely bureaucratic horrors of\\nthe Holocaust [99] , and to what Hannah Arendt refers to as\\nthe “banality of evil” [3] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,236,394,507],\"text\":\"Conversely, refraining from collecting data likewise has\\npolitical and ethical consequences. Within academia, the con-\\nvenience sampling of so-called WEIRD populations (Western,\\nEducated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) constrains\\nthe broader applicability of findings [52] , and excludes pop-\\nulations from consideration in later designs. This imbalance\\nin data collection can result in unequal outcomes, as with the\\nexample of the over-representation of white faces in com-\\nputer vision benchmarks resulting in commercial products\\nthat fail to accurately detect or model the faces of people\\nwith darker skin [20] . Absence of data can be engineered for\\npolitical ends: the Trump administration's attempt to add\\na question about citizenship to the U.S. census is likely an\\nattempt to dissuade non-citizens from answering the cen-\\nsus in fear of retaliation [101] , and so therefore to guide the\\ndistribution of state resources away from areas with larger\\nimmigrant populations.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,507,394,746],\"text\":\"There is no such thing as an objective view from nowhere;\\nrather, knowledge is situated [49] within our perspectives\\nand circumscribed by the limits of our experience. Therefore,\\ndata are not neutral and objective facts about the world –\\nthere is no such thing as “ raw ” data [46] . Data are always\\ncollected or processed by someone , for some aim. Often the\\nwork that goes into collecting and structuring data is made\\ninvisible [31, 33] . Often, too, are the purposes for which these\\ndata are collected and used given less importance than data\\nas an abstract puzzle to be solved or a collection of insights to\\nbe gathered. The emerging field of “ critical data science ” [29]\\nseeks to examine how data reinforce or challenge systems\\nof power, and to “ undo ” [17] assumptions that collecting\\nmore data inevitably results in an increase in efficiency or a\\ndecrease in bias.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,763,392,781],\"text\":\"3 AGAINST THE NEUTRALITY OF VISUALIZATION\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,785,394,833],\"text\":\"Well-designed visualizations are often conceived of as clear\\ndepictions of objective data. Drucker [38] views this framing\\nas particularly dangerous:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,841,364,955],\"text\":\"While it may seem like an extreme statement,\\nI think the ideology of almost all current infor-\\nmation visualization is anathema to humanistic\\nthought, antipathetic to its aims and values. The\\npersuasive and seductive rhetorical force of visu-\\nalization performs such a powerful reification of\\ninformation that graphics such as Google Maps\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[452,741,714,791],\"text\":\"are taken to be simply a presentation of \\\"what is,\\\"\\nas if all critical thought had been precipitously\\nand completely jettisoned.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[469,121,697,583],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image contains two historical maps depicting population movements. The top map, a source-destination map, uses stylized buildings and geographical outlines to illustrate four transfers of people from distinct origin regions to a common destination, with accompanying German text. The bottom map, a flow map, shows large-scale population movements across Europe using thick, arced arrows from multiple origins towards Eastern Europe, with a legend and German text at the bottom.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,597,746,715],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Two visualizations from the Nazi regime's \\\"Heim\\nins Reich\\\" (Home to the Reich) campaign. This campaign\\nwas meant to promote the resettlement of ethnic Germans\\nfrom other parts of Europe to newly conquered territories in\\nPoland. The first map merely mentions that the existing Pol-\\nish and Jewish population will be resettled; the second map\\ndoes not mention them at all. Also invisible are the original\\nborders of the annexed Polish state.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,792,747,955],\"text\":\"In other words, visualizations often depict data as a given , a\\ncollection of facts about the world that brook no argument\\nor disagreement. Visualizations are often used as part of a\\nrhetorical appeal to the authority and expertise of the people\\ncommunicating the data [85] , and can stifle critical or contra-\\ndictory voices who do not have their own data sets to point\\nto. Even the language we use to discuss and critique visual-\\nizations can echo implicit biases and inequities present in\\nsociety at large [53] . Designers often exclude representation\\nof factors like the uncertainty of the data or the variability\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 188\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/results/markdown/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300418/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300418", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/results/output_json/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,316],\"text\":\"of forecasts for reasons of complexity, scope, or anticipated\\nimmunergy in the audience [15, 48] , which can contribute to\\nthe perception that the data are immutable truths about the\\nworld, rather than designed artifacts representing one flawed,\\nincomplete, and potentially idiosyncratic set of structured\\nobservations. The clean lines and structured layouts of tradi-\\ntional visualizations communicate authority and certainty in\\nimplicit but measurable ways [61] . While visualizations can\\nbe used to promote exploration and further questioning (as\\nin the “martini glass” [88] structured narrative visualization),\\noften designers must use unconventional designs to promote\\nself-critique or skepticism [104] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,316,394,492],\"text\":\"Another concern is that data visualization, by presenting\\nthe data (rather than the people behind the data), can result in\\n“ cruel ” and “ inhuman ” [37] charts. That is, by treating a chart\\nof casualty figures as no different qualitatively than a chart of\\nemployment statistics, visualizations can hide the ethical and\\nhuman suffering underlying the data. The infographics of\\nthe Nazi regime are a particularly heinous (but by no means\\nunique) example of this erasure. For example, Fig. 3 shows the\\ncolonization of conquered lands in full detail while relegating\\ninformation about the forced resettlement and likely death\\nof the original occupants to a caption.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,492,394,681],\"text\":\"Visualization creates an inherent separation between the\\npeople impacted by the data and the people consuming the\\ndata. The abstraction, quantification, and digital presentation\\ncreates what Baudrillard calls “ virtualization ” [8] : an air of\\nunreality about the needs and suffering of people of concern.\\nLikewise, Cairo [106] mentions that “ I am just very skeptical\\nto the idea that data visualization is a medium that can con-\\nvey (or even care about conveying) or increase `empathy,' ”\\nand recent experiments by Boy et al. [16] suggest that even\\ndesigns where the human component of data are made more\\nprominent can fail to significantly impact our empathy with\\nhuman suffering.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,681,394,778],\"text\":\"All visualizations are rhetorical, and have the potential\\nto persuade [80] . Minor choices in how these charts are\\ndesigned and presented can alter the message that people\\ntake away [56] , occasionally without conscious knowledge-\\ne.g., the biasing title of a visualization may not be recalled,\\nbut can still impact the remembered contents of a chart [64] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,779,394,922],\"text\":\"Visualization researchers may attempt to sidestep the\\nrhetorical power of charts by separating visualizations into\\ngenres of infographics (that are meant for general audiences\\nand can be used for persuasion) and statistical graphics (that\\nare meant for experts and are actively discouraged from hav-\\ning adornments or embellishments [7] ). However, relatively\\nunadorned visualizations in the style of statistical graph-\\nics have a long history of use by politicians to bolster their\\narguments (as in Fig 5 ).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,922,394,954],\"text\":\"Likewise, visualizations do not have to be explicitly placed\\nin a political or argumentative context in order to be intended\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,496,747,575],\"text\":\"as persuasive. For instance, while the chart in Fig. 4 may ap-\\npear to be a statement of demographic fact, its author, civil\\nrights activist W.E.B. Du Bois, intended it to implicitly func-\\ntion as part of an argument about the status and trajectory\\nof African-Americans [40] :\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[496,117,669,334],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A historical area chart, titled \\\"PROPORTION OF FREEMEN AND SLAVES AMONG AMERICAN NEGROES,\\\" displays two stacked areas representing \\\"FREE - LIBRE\\\" (green) and \\\"SLAVES ESCLAVES\\\" (black) from 1790 to 1870. The black 'SLAVES' area, initially dominant, significantly diminishes over time as the green 'FREE' area expands.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,343,747,432],\"text\":\"Figure 4: A visualization by W.E.B. Du Bois for the 1900\\nParis Exhibition [39] . Despite being relatively straightfor-\\nward charts without much commentary, Du Bois intended\\nthat these visualizations depict the progress and dangers of\\nthe African-American population [69] for a moral and polit-\\nical purpose.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,588,715,733],\"text\":\"Thus all art is propaganda and ever must be,\\ndespite the wailing of the purists. I stand in utter\\nshamelessness and say that whatever art I have\\nfor writing has been used always for propaganda\\nfor gaining the right of black folk to love and\\nenjoy. I do not care a damn for any art that is\\nnot used for propaganda. But I do care, when\\npropaganda is confined to one side while the\\nother is stripped and silent...\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,746,747,826],\"text\":\"In our own work, the assumption that attempting to persuade\\nwith visualizations is only the goal of the propagandist, and\\nthat scientific visualization and statistical graphics are there-\\nfore above such considerations, cedes rhetorical ground to\\nthe groups that do not have such scruples.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,826,747,953],\"text\":\"In response to these issues, and drawing on similar con-\\ncerns and methods from the \\\"critical cartography\\\" [28, 75]\\nmovement in GIS, Dörk et al. have called for a \\\"critical in-\\nfowis\\\" [36] movement with the goal of making explicit the\\nvalues and politics of visualizations. Likewise, D'Ignazio and\\nKlein articulate the notion of \\\"data feminism\\\" [32] where the\\npower imbalances in the process of designing and deploying\\ndata visualizations are centered.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 188\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/results/markdown/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300418/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300418", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/results/output_json/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[163,119,650,364],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two panels display political figures presenting data with charts. The left panel shows Ronald Reagan pointing to a graph comparing Republican and Democratic tax cut plans. The right panel features a screen displaying a line graph illustrating the relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide levels, with a figure standing beside it.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,376,745,405],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Charts lend authority and the perception of objectivity to arguments. Designers of all charts, not just infographics\\nor educational graphs, must be mindful of how visualizations can be used to persuade.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,426,360,459],\"text\":\"4 CONCERNING TRENDS IN VISUALIZATION\\nRESEARCH\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,464,395,718],\"text\":\"There are several emerging areas of interest in the visual-\\nization community where work (or the lack of work) is a\\ncause for concern. These areas are places where power and\\nresponsibility are being allocated in ways that could lead to\\nunethical or irresponsible practice and outcomes. While a\\nfull review of all topics of visualization research, and their\\nassociated ethical considerations, is out of the scope of this\\npaper, I selected these areas as representing ongoing areas\\nof research where there are values and virtues in conflict .\\nThat is, emerging topics where there may not be a single\\nclear path forward (as in rule-based deontological ethics),\\nbut where researchers will have to balance and cultivate\\nopposing ethical principles (as in virtue ethics [58] ). Virtue\\nethics does not generate prescriptive rules to follow or objec-\\ntive measures of success [71] . Rather, this framing suggests\\nmutual (occasionally conflicting) values to cultivate.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,719,394,767],\"text\":\"I conclude each topic with a list of design dilemmas: open-\\nended expressions of ethical implications that might arise\\nfrom visualization research in these areas.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,804,193,822],\"text\":\"Automated Analysis\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,825,395,954],\"text\":\"One primary goal of visualization is the affordance of “in-\\nsights”: complex, deep, qualitative, unexpected, and rele-\\nvant [77] revelations. In order to support insights, systems\\nare beginning to explore the concept of automatic recom-\\nmendations and analyses [93, 108] . The promise of these\\nmethods is that analysts can instantly discover important\\nrelationships in data, without having to spend many hours\\nexploring trivial or uninteresting patterns.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[450,421,707,528],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays five pairs of vertical bars, each labeled 'A' and 'B', depicting relative magnitudes. Four pairs show bars of approximately equal height, while one central pair highlights bar A as significantly shorter than bar B. An arrow points from this highlighted unequal pair to an enlarged depiction of it, accompanied by a person icon and the question \\\"A < B?\\\".\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,542,746,632],\"text\":\"Figure 6: Systems that seek to automatically locate “ insights ”\\nin datasets can save time for users, and assist users without\\nstrong backgrounds in statistics. However, they can promote\\nnoise over signal, and lead to unjustified conclusions. How\\ndo we empower users without supporting potentially dan-\\ngerous decision-making?\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,682,746,778],\"text\":\"However, analytics systems (or their consumers) may lack\\nthe statistical tools to validate insights. Therefore, analysts\\nmay come away with conclusions from visualizations that\\nare empirically false or statistically unsupported [10, 107] .\\nAutomatic methods can exacerbate this problem [10] , and\\ncreate what Pu and Kay call “p-hacking machines” [83] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,778,746,954],\"text\":\"Unfortunately, “ p-hacking machines ” are alluring from\\nan end-user perspective. Finding something is a better user\\nexperience than finding nothing . People may lack the statis-\\ntical expertise to properly make use of factors that might\\ncontextualize the importance of patterns in visualizations,\\nlike confidence intervals [9] or probability information [74] .\\nVery few visual analytics systems guide users not just to\\ninteresting data, but also through the process of analyzing\\nsuch findings statistically [95] . Fewer still take into account\\ndecision-making biases and attempt to correct for analytical\\npaths not taken [97] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 188\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/results/markdown/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300418/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300418", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/results/output_json/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[113,129,352,231],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays a flowchart-like decision tree on the right, with nodes asking questions such as \\\"INCOME>25K?\\\" and \\\"CREDIT_SCORE>500?\\\", leading to \\\"APPROVE\\\" or \\\"DENY\\\" outcomes. On the left, the word \\\"DENIED\\\" is shown above a large 'X' icon and a small person icon.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,256,395,332],\"text\":\"Figure 7: Visualizing Machine Learning models creates\\na conflict between transparency in decision-making, and\\nmanaging the complexity . This trade-off also appears to\\ncome at the expense of accuracy . Is it more important to\\nhave a more understandable model, or a more accurate one?\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,361,395,472],\"text\":\"An ethical concern with this research is therefore that we\\nare enabling bad behavior (unjustified, incorrect, and poten-\\ntially damaging conclusions from data) without adequate\\ncare for the people that can be harmed by decisions based on\\nthese conclusions, or adequate understanding about the lit-\\neracy and capabilities of the people who we are empowering\\nwith these automated tools.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,473,395,585],\"text\":\"A further concern is that the our interactive systems only\\nexacerbate the \\\"garden of forking paths\\\" [45] problem that\\nhas contributed to the replication crisis in the sciences. Vi-\\nsualization research itself has many of the same issues as\\nproblematic work in other fields [66] . By not creating ro-\\nbust ways of visualizing findings we therefore risk our own\\ncredibility as well.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,585,395,696],\"text\":\"However, automatic insights, by allowing people to quickly\\ndiscover important facets of their data, can empower people\\nwithout the time or expertise to discover these findings alone.\\nSystems with excessive guidance or constraints also reduce\\nthe agency of the user. There is therefore a potential con-\\nflict between democratizing data analytics and promoting\\nstatistically sound decision-making (Fig. 6 ).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,696,395,760],\"text\":\"Design Dilemmas: How much guidance should analyt-\\nics systems provide to users? How prescriptive should such\\nsystems be in forbidding or advising against actions that are\\nlikely to lead to statistically spurious conclusions?\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,773,183,790],\"text\":\"Machine Learning\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,793,395,954],\"text\":\"Machine learning methods are powerful tools for structur-\\ning and making predictions with data, and are present in\\nmany critical areas of our society, from finance to college ad-\\nmissions. The resulting models are often opaque, and fail to\\ngracefully allow appeals from people who have be wrongfully\\nor prejudicially categorized [78] . We have a moral duty (and,\\nin some cases, a legal duty [96] ) to communicate decision-\\nmaking based on ML to the populations that are impacted by\\nit. Communication in this way provides much needed con-\\ntext for decisions that seem misguided or callous, and allow\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,188],\"text\":\"those impacted by the decisions to appeal their decisions or\\nseek better outcomes [68] . Legal scholars such as Citron have\\nargued for the right to “ Technological Due Process ” [24] in\\nthe face of opaque algorithmic decision-making.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,189,747,347],\"text\":\"Despite this obligation, and the historical positioning of\\nvisualization as a way of presenting statistical information to\\nwider audiences, much of the prominent work on visualizing\\nML focuses on expert users [91, 102] . An ethical concern is\\nthat we are therefore empowering the creators of ML models,\\nbut are not empowering the people affected by these models.\\nThat is, we are not focused on transparently communicating\\nwhy a particular model made a choice (about one's eligibility\\nfor a loan, or eligibility for parole) to audiences without deep\\nstatistical expertise.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,347,747,650],\"text\":\"Venues such as the 2018 Workshop on Visualization for\\nAI Explainability (http://visxai.io/) are beginning to collect\\nscholarship in this area, and online platforms such as Distill\\n(https://distill.pub/) are beginning to collect public-facing “ex-\\nplainers” of ML concepts, but currently there are no standard\\nmethods and few success stories of visually communicating\\nalgorithmic decisions to the general audience. Even the very\\ndefinition of what it means for an ML model to be “inter-\\npretable” is ill-defined and sometimes contradictory [70] . On\\nthe ML side, work on explainability is often considered in\\nterms of numerically representing the contribution of par-\\nticular features [72, 84] , despite the fact that long lists of\\nfeature contributions may be difficult to interpret, or fail\\nto speak to the domain expertise of the analyst. Methods in\\ncommon use in the field, such as saliency maps [63] or model\\nprototypes [62] , are often poor conceptual models of ML be-\\nhavior. Optimizing for human understanding of models often\\nrequires empirical testing and optimization independent of\\nthe modeling itself [23] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,651,747,938],\"text\":\"Simple models may be more explainable [47] , but they are\\noften less accurate . The values of transparency and utility\\nmay therefore be in conflict (fig. 7 ). We want to give the\\npeople impacted by our models the opportunity to correct\\nerrors, identify points of unfairness, and in general have\\nagency in the decisions that affect them. On the other hand,\\nreducing complexity to afford explainability could result in\\nperformance losses that result in worse outcomes. Likewise,\\nthere are costs even for successful explanations of ML mod-\\nels and decision-making. Bad actors can game the system at\\nthe expense of those who are participating fairly, as with the\\n“ cabal ” [59] of romance writers who engaged in a number of\\nquestionable activities (such as self-plagiarizing and mislead-\\ning advertising) in order to consistently appear at the top of\\nAmazon's ranking algorithms. Full transparency in models,\\nespecially in models built from demographic data, can also\\ncompromise the privacy of those who have had their data\\ncollected (as in social network data [98] ).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 188\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/results/markdown/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300418/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300418", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/results/output_json/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[130,132,322,264],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image depicts a database icon branching into two scenarios, each showing a comparison between two values, A and B, represented by bar charts. In the upper scenario, bar A is shorter than bar B, and a person asks \\\"A<B?\\\". In the lower scenario, bar A is taller than bar B, and a person asks \\\"A>B?\\\".\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,277,394,383],\"text\":\"Figure 8: When we visualize the end result of a visualization\\ndesign, but not the process by which it was created, we risk\\npropagating false, misleading, or unreproducible findings.\\nOn the other hand, showing too many extraneous details\\nmay weaken the rhetorical impact, and increase the com-\\nplexity, of visualizations. How do we use data to convince\\npeople, but without taking away agency?\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,408,394,474],\"text\":\"Design Dilemmas : How much abstraction or approxi-\\nmation should we use when communicating complex ML\\nmodels? What standards or expectations should we cultivate\\nwhen choosing to visualize algorithmic decision-making?\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,486,143,503],\"text\":\"Provenance\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,506,394,666],\"text\":\"Visual analytics systems are increasing in both complexity\\nand importance. Combined with the “garden of forking paths”\\nproblem mentioned above, this large number of potential\\nactions means that it is becoming increasingly difficult to\\narticulate exactly what steps an analyst took in order to\\nproduce a particular chart or to arrive at a particular conclu-\\nsion. This need becomes even more important as analytical\\nsystems become more tightly integrated with machine learn-\\ning, which can be non-deterministic in its output, or highly\\ndependent on hyperparameters in its input.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,666,394,921],\"text\":\"An unmet ethical challenge in visualization is therefore to\\nvisualize the provenance of data and decision-making. Com-\\nmunicating the decisions that an analyst took, and affording\\ndifferent decisions, is a key component of both affording crit-\\nicism and supporting transparency in data-driven decision-\\nmaking. Much of visualization work is instead focused on\\naffording exploration and analysis, rather than communica-\\ntion of how this exploration and analysis was performed [67] .\\nThere is initial work in increasing the transparency of vi-\\nsualizations: systems like Vistrails [21] and Hindsight [42]\\nrepresent initial steps at visualizing scientific workflows and\\nuser viewing histories, respectively. Similarly, “ literate visu-\\nalization ” [105] has the goal of making the design decisions\\nthat lead to a final visualization documented and transparent.\\nHowever, very few visual analytics systems are built with\\nthe goal of analytical transparency in mind.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,922,394,954],\"text\":\"Notebook-style interfaces such as Jupyter and Observ-\\nable and other literate programming environments such as\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,747,252],\"text\":\"R markdown represent important ecosystems for the trans-\\nparent communication of analyses, but require coding or\\nscripting expertise to construct. In contrast, popular visual\\nanalytics systems (such as Tableau, PowerBI, and Spotfire)\\nheavily rely on GUIs and do not require coding expertise\\nto use. There is therefore a gap between ease of analysis\\nand ease of documentation, further muddying the waters\\nbetween exploratory and confirmatory analytics.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,252,747,427],\"text\":\"A connected challenge is the rhetorical one of how to\\nconvince viewers not to be taken in by unreliable data or\\ninformation (such as “ fake news ” [1] ) or how to mitigate\\ncognitive biases in decision-making [35] . Here there is an\\nethical balance between supporting the agency and desires\\nof the viewer (who may not appreciate being intentionally\\nguided away from the information they want to see) and\\nthe desire to communicate information that is both correct\\nand useful. Visualizing provenance information and making\\nexplicit the analytical choices made by a system is one way\\nof navigating between these two competing values (fig 8 ).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,427,746,492],\"text\":\"Design Dilemmas: How, and how many, alternate design\\nor analytical decisions should we surface to the user? Should\\nwe audit or structure the provenance of a visualization in\\norder to surface irregularities?\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,517,662,549],\"text\":\"5 WHAT ARE OUR OBLIGATIONS AS\\nVISUALIZATION RESEARCHERS?\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,553,747,762],\"text\":\"Visualization, especially visualization research, operates at\\nthe intersection of science, communication, and engineer-\\ning. We have certain ethical obligations as scientists (for\\ninstance, to avoid breaches of consent and excesses of harm\\nlaid out in codes of research conduct such as the Declara-\\ntion of Helsinki [5] . Likewise, we have ethical obligations\\nas engineers (for instance, to avoid doing shoddy work or\\nwork dangerous to the public good) as laid out in profes-\\nsional codes of conduct such as the ACM's code of ethics [2] .\\nLastly, insofar as we are presenting data to the public, we\\nhave ethical obligations as journalists (for instance, to issue\\ncorrections and disclose conflicts of interest), as laid out in\\ncodes of conduct such as the SPI's code of ethics [41] .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,763,747,954],\"text\":\"Beyond the obligation of the component parts of visual-\\nization praxis, we also have obligations in that we have a\\ngreat deal of power over how people ultimately make use of\\ndata, both in the patterns they see and the conclusions they\\ndraw [26] . We are often the first and only contact a person\\nmight have with an underlying store of data. This gives us\\nspecial access to impacted populations, and special responsi-\\nbilities as we control the curation, presentation, rhetorical\\ncontent of the visualizations we create. Visualizations sys-\\ntems we create also embody design principles concerning\\ndemocratization, transparency, clarity, and automation that\\nlend their use a unique moral signature.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 188\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/results/markdown/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300418/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300418", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/results/output_json/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,299],\"text\":\"In the following subsections I will present three ethical\\nchallenges of visualization work, related to visibility, privacy,\\nand power. I will briefly describe how visualization work\\nimpacts these realms, and suggest some virtues or related\\nprinciples that can ameliorate the negative impact of visual-\\nization work in these spheres. In the spirit of virtue ethics, I\\ndo not view these principles as unimpeachable or absolute.\\nTherefore, I end each section with a list of potential caveats,\\nwhere adherence to these principles can have unwanted eth-\\nical impacts, or where there exist virtues whose cultivation\\nmay directly conflict with the principles I propose.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,310,230,328],\"text\":\"Make the Invisible Visible\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,332,395,459],\"text\":\"There are many potentially invisible aspects of a visualization\\n(Fig. 1 ). These non-visualized components such as the choices\\n(and labor) that went into collecting and curating the data,\\nor the populations that could be impacted by the decisions\\nmade by viewers of these visualizations, have a non-trivial\\nimpact on the good (or harm) that a visualization can do. I\\necho the view of Dörk et al. [36] that we have a responsibility\\nto make the invisible visible:\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,460,395,792],\"text\":\"We ought to visualize hidden labor. Properly acknowl-\\nedging and rewarding people for their labor is a key com-\\nponent of fairness. Certain kinds of labor (especially those\\nperformed by marginalized groups) are under-represented\\nor under-valued in our current schemes of commodifica-\\ntion or valuation. For instance, the “ emotional labor ” [54]\\nof people in service and nursing-related professions is often\\noverlooked. Echoing D'[gazio and Klein [33] ], I believe that\\nthe labor that goes into collecting, curating, and archiving\\ndata, and the further work of analyzing the data, is often\\ninvisible in visualizations. Visualizations are often presented\\nas finished products, with the steps in their construction (and\\nalternative steps not taken) hidden from view. Beyond fair-\\nness in attribution, making this labor visible is also of benefit\\nto the progress of the field as a whole. Making the labor of\\nanalysis and data prep visible will contribute to reproducibil-\\nity and openness, and will also facilitate in the creation of\\nestablished standards. Making design and research visible\\n(including surfacing intermediate or failed prototypes) will\\nserve as points of inspiration for other designers, or warnings\\nabout potential unfruitful avenues of effort.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,793,395,955],\"text\":\"We ought to visualize hidden uncertainty . Uncertainty\\nis an inescapable component of data collection and anal-\\nysis, yet it is often hidden from the end user for reasons\\nof complexity or anticipated literacy. Recent work in novel\\nvisualizations of uncertainty has specifically targeted gen-\\neral audiences [48, 60] and shown that the ability of the\\ngeneral public to make use of uncertainty information can\\nbe quite high given the right kind of visual presentation.\\nWeather data, personal informatics, and electoral polling\\nare all examples where the general public is presented with\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,315],\"text\":\"data with an inescapable component of uncertainty. The\\nway that this uncertainty is presented can have measur-\\nable impacts on decision-making. For instance the perceived\\nrisk of hurricanes is impacted by how their paths are de-\\npicted [87] , and voter turnout in elections can be impacted\\nby the race's perceived closeness [4] , which in turn can be\\nimpacted by how the polling data are presented [25] . To en-\\ncourage better decision-making (or more uncertainty-aware\\ndecision-making), we must investigate the design space of\\nuncertainty visualization and how to measure its impact on\\nour audiences, just as we would also wish to measure task\\nspeed or accuracy [57] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,315,747,682],\"text\":\"We ought to visualize hidden impacts. The ACM Future\\nof Computing Academy has called for writers of academic\\npapers to make the potential impacts (especially the potential\\nnegative impacts) of academic work to be made explicit [50] .\\nVisualization work often focuses on the positive aspects of a\\nsystem (for instance, its ease of use, or the speed or accuracy\\nwith which analysts conduct their tasks), but rarely on the\\npotential of these systems for harm or misuse. For instance,\\nwhat harm could be done using the new classes of insights\\nafforded by the visualization system? What groups or indi-\\nviduals may be impacted by the work but do not fit the data\\nmodel in use? Are there immoral or predatory domains that\\ncould make use of the proposed techniques? Beyond these\\npotentially extreme examples of negative impacts, there are\\npotential negative impacts even for visualizations that have\\nbeen judged to have succeeded in their goals. For instance,\\nwill people be harmed if and when the system ceases to\\nbe supported (a common occurrence for systems developed\\nin academia)? What are the opportunity costs (in terms of\\ntraining, collaboration time, and student or developer labor)\\nassociated with the system? Do all of the components of the\\nultimate value of the visualization [92] have a positive sign,\\nfrom a consequentialist perspective?\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,682,747,858],\"text\":\"Caveats: Visualizations are already complex and multifac-\\neted artifacts, and designers frequently struggle with issues\\nof comprehensibility and the literacy of their audience. Vi-\\nsualizing additional facets of the data, even for laudatory\\nreasons of transparency and accountability, only exacerbate\\nthese issues. In addition to making visualizations more diffi-\\ncult to interpret (and so limiting their audience), depicting\\nuncertainty and confer-narratives without proper care can\\nweaken the rhetorical impact of visualizations. Managing\\ncomplexity is therefore a virtue in design that can be in\\ndirect opposition with the desire to visualize the invisible.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,869,591,886],\"text\":\"Collect Data With Empathy\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,890,747,954],\"text\":\"Ceglowski places many of the ills of the current internet at \\nthe hands of “investor storyline”[22]: the fable that existing \\ndata models are not quite up to the task of performing feats \\nlike microtacting ads or predicting user behavior, but that\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 188\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300418/results/markdown/3290605-3300418_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300424/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300424", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/results/output_json/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[93,119,722,214],\"text\":\"You `Might' Be Affected: An Empirical Analysis of\\nReadability and Usability Issues in Data Breach\\nNotifications\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[243,229,571,308],\"text\":\"Yixin Zou, Shawn Danino, Kaiwen Sun, Florian Schaub\\n\\nSchool of Information\\nUniversity of Michigan\\nAnn Arbor, MI, USA\\n\\n{yixinz,danino,kwsun,fschaub}@umich.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,320,140,335],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,340,395,627],\"text\":\"Data breaches place affected individuals at significant risk of\\nidentity theft. Yet, prior studies have shown that many con-\\nsumers do not take protective actions after receiving a data\\nbreach notification from a company. We analyzed 161 data\\nbreach notifications sent to consumers with respect to their\\nreadability, structure, risk communication, and presentation\\nof potential actions. We find that notifications are long and\\nrequire advanced reading skills. Many companies downplay\\nor obscure the likelihood of the receiver being affected by the\\nbreach and associated risks. Moreover, potential actions and\\noffered compensations are frequently described in lengthy\\nparagraphs instead of clearly listed. Little information is pro-\\nvided regarding an action's urgency and effectiveness; little\\nguidance is provided on which actions to prioritize. Based\\non our findings, we provide recommendations for designing\\nmore usable and informative data breach notifications that\\ncould help consumers better mitigate the consequences of\\nbeing affected by a data breach.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,647,172,663],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,668,404,718],\"text\":\"• Security and privacy $\\\\rightarrow$ Usability in security and pri-\\nvacy, Social aspects of security and privacy, • Human-centered\\ncomputing $\\\\rightarrow$ Empirical studies in HCI.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,320,502,336],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,340,746,371],\"text\":\"Security; Privacy; Data breach; Usability; Notice design; HCI\\ndesign; Content analysis.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,387,555,399],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,401,748,490],\"text\":\"Yixin Zou, Shawn Damiano, Kaiwen Sun, Florican Schaub. 2019. You\\nMustn't Be Afected: An Empirical Analysis of Readability and Us-\\nability Issues in Data Breach Notifications. In CHI Conference on\\nHuman Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–\\n9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA. 14 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3296605.3300424\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,517,549,533],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,538,747,746],\"text\":\"Data breaches — security violations that compromise sensi-\\ntive, protected, or confidential data of individuals [62] — have\\nbecome increasingly common in recent years with significant\\nrepercussions for consumers. In 2017, 853 data breaches oc-\\ncurred and compromised 2.05 billion records in total, includ-\\ning consumers' names, contact information, account num-\\nbers, credit card details, social security numbers, shopping\\nand purchasing records, social media posts and messages,\\nor even health records [63] . One of the major consequences\\nof data breaches, identify theft, results in average financial\\ndamages of over $1,000 per victim [32] , not to mention the\\npsychological trauma many victims experience during the\\nidentity recovery process [35] .\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,746,747,954],\"text\":\"To mitigate the severe consequences of data breaches,\\nmany countries have passed data breach notification laws,\\nrequiring companies to notify affected consumers. The key\\npurpose is to inform consumers of the risks and motivate\\nthem to take protective actions, as well as urge affected com-\\npanies to pursue better data security practices [1] . In the\\nUnited States, data breach notification laws are industry- and\\nstate-specific. All 50 U.S. states have mandated data breach\\nnotifications be sent if consumers' personally identifiable\\ninformation (PII) is involved [45] . Yet requirements vary sig-\\nnificantly regarding how many state residents are affected\\nbefore a notification has to be sent, and how soon the noti-\\nction should be delivered to consumers [81] .\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,778,393,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@emc.org.\\nCity 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,899,393,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,927,265,953],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19-05 . $15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3296065.3300424\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 194\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/results/markdown/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300424/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300424", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/results/output_json/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,348],\"text\":\"While Romanosky et al.'s analysis in 2011 [70] showed\\nthat data breach notification laws reduced identity theft by\\n6.1 % in the U.S., more recent studies reported consumer inac-\\ntion following data breaches, suggesting notifications as an\\nineffective mechanism. In Ponomen Institute's 2014 national\\nsurvey, 32 % of respondents reported their reaction to a data\\nbreach notification is to \\\"ignore it and do nothing\\\" [61] . In\\n2017, the Equifax data breach compromised the records of\\nalmost half of the US population [26] ; however, the adop-\\ntion rate of credit freezes, a strong method to prevent new\\nlines of credit being opened, was lower than 1 % 10 days after\\nthe breach [16] . Thus, while data breach notifications are re-\\nquired by law, they are seemingly inadequate in motivating\\nconsumers to make use of available protective measures.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,348,395,666],\"text\":\"To shed light on the effectiveness of data breach notifi-\\ncations and potential directions for improvements, we con-\\nducted a content analysis of 161 notifications sent by com-\\npanies to U.S. consumers between January and June 2018.\\nWe analyzed their readability, structure, risk communication,\\nand presentation of recommended actions. Most analyzed no-\\ntifications were lengthy and would be difficult to understand\\nfor the general public. They varied significantly in the format\\nof headings and the incident description's specificity. Conse-\\nquences and risks of the data breach were usually obfuscated\\nby hedge terms such as 'potentially' and 'may,' as well as a\\n'n o evidence' statement (e.g., 'we have found no evidence in-\\ndicating that your breached personal data has been misused').\\nAlthough most notifications provided a detailed explanation\\nof recommended actions, those actions are typically buried\\nin long paragraphs with little to no guidance regarding their\\neffectiveness or urgency, making it difficult for the reader to\\nnavigate and prioritize listed actions. Based on our findings,\\nwe provide design and public policy recommendations for\\nimproving data breach notifications.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,694,188,711],\"text\":\"2 BACKGROUND\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,714,395,890],\"text\":\"Data breach notification requirements vary widely across\\njurisdictions. In the European Union (EU), the General Data\\nProtection Regulation (GDPR) requires data breach notifica-\\ntions to both the supervisory authority within 72 hours and\\naffected European consumers 'without undue delay' [17] .\\nThe notification has to include a clear and plain descrip-\\ntion of the breach's nature and recommended protective\\nmeasures [17] . Substantial fines for non-compliance with\\nGDPR [48] pose incentives for companies to disclose man-\\ndated information and establish stronger security incident\\nprocedures and training [69] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,890,395,955],\"text\":\"In the United States, no equivalent federal data breach\\nnotification law exists [53] . Instead, a patchwork of sector-\\nspecific federal laws outline various requirements. For example,\\nthe Graham-Leach-Billey Act (GLBA) [89] regulates data\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,571],\"text\":\"breach notifications for financial institutions, prescribing sev-\\neral mandatory elements to be included [8, 84] . The Health In-\\nsurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [86] es-\\ntablishes a 60-day notification deadline for data breaches that\\ncompromised consumers' health information, via a mailed\\nletter written in plain language [36] . In addition to these\\nsectoral laws, all 50 U.S. states have enacted their own data\\nbreach notification laws. These state laws vary substantially\\nin stringency, resulting in inconsistent notification require-\\nments among states, as well as different definitions of Person-\\nally Identifiable Information (PII) [42, 45] , which if breached\\nrequires a notification. For example, California and Mary-\\nland consider medical information PII; other states, like New\\nHampshire and Iowa, do not. California is one of the few\\nstates that sets clear expectations about the structure and\\nformatting of breach notifications in their law with a tem-\\nplate [83] . The template not only includes specific wording\\nof the title (\\\"Notice of Data Breach\\\") and headings, but also\\nrequires them to be conspicuously displayed. Additionally,\\nthe California law has a \\\"plain language\\\" requirement similar\\nto GDPR. Arizona, Illinois, Oregon, New York, Vermont, and\\nWest Virginia also provide templates for companies to refer\\nto when drafting data breach notifications, but with less strict\\nand detailed structure and formatting requirements. More-\\nover, California and Connecticut are the two states requiring\\ncompanies to offer identity theft protection services to help\\nconsumers deal with potential harms; similar legislation is\\npending in the State of New York [55, 94] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,571,747,843],\"text\":\"In our study, we analyzed data breach notifications from\\nthe State of Maryland, due to the comprehensive records\\nin the Maryland Attorney General's public database of data\\nbreach notifications $^1$ . Maryland's Personal Information Pro-\\ntection Act (PIPA) [29] defines that PII encompasses tradi-\\ntional types of PII (e.g., name and Social Security number),\\ngovernment-issued IDs, and health information (effective\\nsince January 2018) [49] . PIPA requires data breach notifica-\\ntions to be sent to individual consumers `as soon as possible',\\nand within 45 days upon discovery of a data breach [49] .\\nAccording to PIPA, a breach notification must specify the\\ntypes of breached information, as well as offer the contact\\ninformation for different entities such as major credit re-\\nporting agencies (for placing credit freeze etc.), the Federal\\nTrade Commission (FTC) (for obtaining more information\\nabout identity theft protection), and the Maryland Attorney\\nGeneral (for reporting identity theft incidents) [50] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,924,713,954],\"text\":\"http://www.marylandattorneygeneral.gov/Pages/IdentityTheft/\\nbreachnotices.aspx\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 194\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/results/markdown/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300424/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300424", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/results/output_json/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,124,197,139],\"text\":\"3 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,144,394,210],\"text\":\"Our research builds on prior work on data breaches; in par-\\nticular, consumers' response to data breaches, empirical anal-\\nysis on data breach notifications, and the design and effec-\\ntiveness of security and privacy notices.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,225,303,241],\"text\":\"Consumer Reactions to Data Breaches\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,245,395,645],\"text\":\"Prior work suggests that consumers do not take adequate\\nprotective action when affected by a data breach. In Ponemon\\nInstitute's 2014 national survey, the concern of being a vic-\\ntim of identity theft increased by 21 % following a breach,\\nyet 32 % of respondents reported their reaction to a data\\nbreach notification is to “ ignore it and do nothing ” [61] . Sim-\\nilarly, Gernalto's 2017 worldwide survey showed identity\\ntheft concern from two thirds of respondents; nevertheless,\\n56 % continued using the same password for multiple ac-\\ncounts, and 41 % did not adopt two-factor authentication\\nwhen provided [28] . An exception is RAND's 2016 U.S. na-\\ntional survey, in which 62 % reported accepting offers of free\\ncredit monitoring – a higher but still not satisfactory num-\\nber [1] . For specific cases, surveys following Target's 2013\\ndata breach showed that there was no significant decline\\nin debit card usage in the year after, even though the per-\\nceived security of personal information associated with debit\\ncards dropped [33] . In a qualitative study on Equifax's 2017\\ndata breach [98] , most participants expressed concerns about\\nidentity theft and privacy invasion, yet more than half did\\nnot take any protective measures. Together, these studies\\npoint to a dissonance between consumers' concerns and be-\\nhavior following data breaches, which is reminiscent of the\\nprivacy paradox [57] : worries about identity theft or privacy\\nare not reflected in people's behaviors.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,645,395,869],\"text\":\"Few studies have examined the reasons behind consumers'\\ninaction to date breaches. Zou et al. [98] found that optimism\\nbias [78] (i.e., underestimating one's likelihood of victimiza-\\ntion), insufficient knowledge of available protective mea-\\nsures, and a general tendency to delay action until harm\\nhas occurred, dissuaded consumers to take actions after the\\nEquifax breach. Milked and Vogan [52] found that clear evi-\\ndence of being affected by a breach encouraged consumers\\nto sign up for fraud protection services. Furthermore, Kute\\net al. [43] , studying Target's data breach, found that whether\\na provided compensation (i.e., discount and free credit moni-\\ntoring) is perceived as adequate was largely shaped by con-\\nsumers' personality traits, as well as social influence (i.e.,\\ndiscussion with friends and peers).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,884,277,901],\"text\":\"Data Breach Notification Analysis\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,905,395,955],\"text\":\"Companies ubiquitously send data breach notifications to\\naffected consumers [61] . However, notifications from compan-\\nies are usually not the first thing making consumers aware\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,252],\"text\":\"of large-scale breaches, possibly due to the fact that most\\ncompanies have to notify consumers via mailed letters as\\nrequired by laws. In RAND's survey [1] , 44 % of respondents\\nhad already heard about a breach through other channels\\nbefore receiving a notification from the company. Das et\\nal. [20] further revealed that these channels were primarily\\nnews articles, television news, social media, and personal\\ncontacts [20] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,252,747,650],\"text\":\"So far, there has been little research on the actual content,\\nlanguage, and structure of consumer data breach notifica-\\ntions. Jenkins et al. [38] found that visual elements (e.g.,\\nspecial formatting such as italics, bold, underlining of sub-\\nject lines), while used rarely ( in less than 30 % of their an-\\nalyzed notifications), contributed to the restoration of the\\naffected company's reputation in a follow-up experiment.\\nIn Veltsos' analysis of notification templates [92] , the claim\\n`lost data might not be used at all' appeared in 2 out of 13\\ntemplates to `soften the bad news', which, according to the\\nauthor, does not help affected consumers overcome opti-\\nmism bias (i.e., “I am the lucky one not affected when a crisis\\ncomes and affects so many people” ) [78] and rational igno-\\nrance (i.e., “I do not have the time and effort to look into\\nthis since the perceived benefit is so small” ) [22] . In Zou\\net al.'s study [98] , participants complained that the use of\\nambiguous hedge terms (e.g., “your personal information\\nmay have been impacted”) in Equifax's notification confused\\nthem and made them wonder whether they were truly af-\\nfected. Golla et al. [31] examined real-world notifications for\\npassword breaches particularly, and found that most noti-\\nfications, while successfully raising participants' concerns,\\ndid not lead to intentions to change compromised passwords\\nand other secure practices that would protect them from\\nfuture password-reuse attacks.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,650,747,859],\"text\":\"Perhaps the most recent and relevant study to our work\\nis Bisogni's analysis of 445 data breach notifications issued\\nin 2014 [10] . This paper assessed the presence of manda-\\ntory elements, clarity of breach description, communication\\ntone in depicting possible consequences, and the affected\\ncompany's openness to interact with consumers [10] . Due\\nto the identified inconsistencies, the paper concluded that a\\nU.S. federal data breach notification law is needed to stan-\\ndardize the timing and mandatory elements of notifications,\\nwhich are both crucial for informing consumers of potential\\nrisks [10] . We expand on and complement Bisogni's study\\nby (1) analyzing more recent data breach notifications and\\n(2) focusing on readability and usability issues.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,869,638,886],\"text\":\"Security and Privacy Notice Design\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,890,746,955],\"text\":\"Insights on how data breach notifications should be designed\\ncan be drawn from research on the design and effectiveness\\nof privacy and security notices. \\\"Notice and choice, as the\\npredominant mechanism to protect consumers' privacy [18] .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 194\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/results/markdown/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300424/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300424", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/results/output_json/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,236],\"text\":\"takes the approach to present privacy practices and associ-\\nated risks to end-users (e.g., in privacy policies and terms of\\nconditions), and offer the choice of acceptance or denial (e.g.,\\nchoose whether or not to click on an “I agree” button) [79] .\\nEfforts have been made to design more readable and transpar-\\nent privacy notices as well as more salient and easy-to-use\\nchoices [18, 30, 74, 75] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,236,395,571],\"text\":\"Nevertheless, the \\\"notice and choice\\\" paradigm results in\\npoor technical solutions to communicate risks and provide\\nprivacy protection in practice [14, 18, 79] . Privacy policies,\\nwhile being the primary tools to inform users about compan-\\nies’ data practices [68] , are time-consuming to read [51] and\\ncomplicated with a lot of jargon [39, 47, 64] , leading to poor\\ncomprehension [91] and little changes in users' actual pri-\\nvacy practices [71] . These policies vary significantly across\\ncompanies, do not offer users sufficient choice, and some-\\ntimes make self-contradictory statements [19] . Mismatches\\nalso occur between users' expectations and the company's\\nactual practices [65] , leaving users exposed to unanticipated\\nrisks such as not knowing certain types of data being col-\\nlected and shared. Numerous problems also exist for secu-\\nrity warnings: users often ignore security indicators like the\\nHTTPS icon in a browser's address bar [21] , or develop in-\\ncomplete and inaccurate mental models of risks [11] . Users'\\nadherence to a security warning may be further exacerbated\\nby poor visual designs and inadequate consideration of fa-\\ntigue effects regarding the warning, as well as users' prior\\nexperiences with the site [5, 6, 23] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,571,395,905],\"text\":\"To address aforementioned design issues and account for\\nthe complexity and nuance in decision-making processes [3] ,\\nnudges, a concept from behavioral economics [82] , have been\\nintegrated into privacy and security notices in a variety of\\ncontexts ranging from mobile application permissions [7, 97] ,\\nonline disclosure [59, 72, 95] , online shopping [73, 88] ,\\nto password management [25, 90] and computer security warn-\\ning design [12, 93] . A daily nudge on mobile apps' access of\\nlocation data, for example, significantly raised users' aware-\\nness and incentivized them to reassess and restrict their\\nAndroid app permissions [7] . Providing reminders about the\\naudience of disclosed content [95] , or adjusting the framing\\nof the notice [4, 72] , could prompt users to be more careful\\nabout their online disclosure. Having clear and compact pri-\\nvacy information and notices on shopping interfaces [41, 88] ,\\nor emphasizing that this product is targeted to the particular\\nuser [73] , could shape users' purchase intentions profoundly.\\nVisual elements such as attractors in software installation\\ndialogues [12, 23] and highlights of domain URLs in phishing\\nwarnings [60, 93] have been used to navigate users towards\\nmore cautious decisions in computer security.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,906,395,938],\"text\":\"Ultimately, these studies demonstrate the impact of de-\\nsign on individuals' privacy and security decision making.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,205],\"text\":\"with potential implications for designing data breach notifi-\\ncations: a good notice should not only be concise and easy\\nto understand with little ambiguity, but also clearly commu-\\nnicate risks and create strong incentives for recommended\\nprotective actions to be taken [2, 74, 75] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,215,504,231],\"text\":\"4 METHOD\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,236,747,410],\"text\":\"Our discussion of related work shows that data breach noti-\\nfications do not appear to be effective at spurring protective\\nactions. We focus on examining the readability and usabil-\\nity issues of these notifications, as respective issues may\\naffect consumers' comprehension of risks associated with\\na data breach and available protective measures, which is a\\nfundamental step for taking actions. More specifically, we\\nanalyzed 161 data breach notifications sent to consumers in\\nthe first half of 2018, which we obtained from the Maryland\\nAttorney General's public database of consumer data breach\\nnotifications.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,423,519,440],\"text\":\"Data Collection\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,444,747,602],\"text\":\"Many U.S. state data breach notification laws require compa-\\nnies to submit data breach notifications sent to consumers to\\na state's Attorney General office when the breach affects the\\nstate's residents. To date, California, Iowa, Maryland, New\\nHampshire, and Vermont make these notifications public.\\nOf the five states, Maryland's database includes the largest\\nnumber of breach notifications, indicating the possibility that\\ntheir records may cover the widest range of data breaches. It\\nalso provides additional useful metadata such as the cause\\nof a breach and types of information compromised.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,603,747,792],\"text\":\"From Maryland's database, we downloaded all data breach\\nnotifications on record from January 1 st to June 30 th , 2018, in\\norder to narrow the scope of our analysis while ensuring data\\nrecency. In total, we obtained 548 data breach notifications.\\nWe cleaned the dataset by removing duplicates and entries\\nthat did not include notifications to consumers (i.e., some\\nfiles only included letters reporting the data breach to the\\nMaryland AG, or a website announcement). After filtering,\\n326 data breach notifications remained. We then randomly\\nselected 161(-50 % ) from them to analyze. Appendix A in\\nauxiliary materials provides a full list of our analyzed notifi-\\ncations.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,805,469,823],\"text\":\"Sample\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,826,747,954],\"text\":\"The 161 notifications in our sample came from 159 unique\\ncompanies. 154 of them (96%) were mailed letters; 4 were\\ndelivered via email, 1 company also sent in-app messages\\nand push notifications to consumers using their app. 14 com-\\npanies included multiple versions of notifications in their\\nuploaded files. We analyzed the version with a potentially\\nlarger audience, e.g., we analyzed notifications delivered to\\nadults instead of guardians of affected minors, and general\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 194\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/results/markdown/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300424/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300424", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/results/output_json/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,172],\"text\":\"consumers instead of company employees. For versions dif-\\nfering in the types of breached information, we analyzed the\\nfirst one by default.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,172,395,460],\"text\":\"Personal information, such as name (96%), social security\\nnumber (52%), and address (51%), was the most commonly\\nbreached type in our sample. Financial (e.g., bank account\\nnumbers, credit card details) and health-related information\\n(e.g., medical history, medications, health insurance informa-\\ntion) were affected in 30 (31%) and 17 (10%) breaches, respec-\\ntively. We also cross-referenced our sample with the Privacy\\nRights Clearinghouse's data breach database (PRC) [85] to\\nunderstand the overall magnitude of our analyzed breaches.\\nPRC recorded 606 data breaches between January and June\\n2018, 56 (9%) of which appeared in our sample. According\\nto the PRC data, our sample exposed 151.93 million records\\nacross the United States, which constituted 18.5% of the total\\nexposed records coming from all data breaches listed by PRC\\n(820.93 million) for this time frame. Of the 151.93 million\\nrecords, 150 million were exposed in one breach (Under Ar-\\nmour); 9 breaches (16%) exposed over 10,000 records, and 46\\n(84%) breaches exposed over 100 records.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,476,155,493],\"text\":\"Data Analysis\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,497,394,560],\"text\":\"We analyzed data breach notifications with respect to their\\nreadability and structure, risk communication, and presenta-\\ntion of recommended actions, using both quantitative and\\nqualitative methods.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,573,395,796],\"text\":\"Quantitative analysis. Our quantitative analysis focuses on\\nreadability, which show to what extent a particular breach\\nnotification is comprehensible by the general public, who are\\ntypically the recipient. Two metrics we used, the Flesch Read-\\ning Ease Score (FRES) and the Flesch Grade Level (FGL) [24] ,\\nare calculated based on the sentence length and word length\\nof the text. We also looked into the Gunning Fog index\\n(FOG) [34] , another grade-level-based metric that factors\\nin complex words (those containing three or more syllables).\\nAdditionally, we included statistics related to text charac-\\nteristics, such as word count and sentence count, to assess\\nnotification length and estimate reading time. We used read-\\nable.io, a professional online text analysis service, for this\\nqualitative analysis.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,808,395,954],\"text\":\"Qualitative analysis. We iteratively developed a codebook to\\nassess (1) structure and formatting, (2) risk communication\\nand (3) presentation of recommended actions. One researcher\\nwent through all notifications and developed an initial code-\\nbook using thematic coding and affinity diagramming [44] .\\nThree members of the research team then independently\\nanalyzed a subset of 20 notifications (12.4 % ) randomly sam-\\npled from the dataset, reconciled codes and revised the code-\\nbook, eventually reaching good inter-coder reliability (Fleiss\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,746,235],\"text\":\"$\\\\kappa=0.75$ ). The final codebook (see Appendix B in auxiliary ma-\\nterials) has 9 categories (e.g., risk communication), 38 codes\\n(e.g., “whether breached information was misused”), and 136\\nsub-codes (e.g., “absolutely”, “maybe”, “no”, “no evidence”,\\nand “other”). The researchers then split the 161 data breach\\nnotifications and coded them independently using the final\\ncodebook.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,250,502,265],\"text\":\"5 RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,270,747,397],\"text\":\"Our analysis shows that current data breach notifications\\nsuffer from severe readability issues. Most of the analyzed no-\\ntifications followed a similar structure, yet their style, length,\\nand content specificity varied considerably. Furthermore,\\ncompanies downplayed the severity and consequences re-\\nsulting from a data breach. Even though all notifications\\nrecommended protective measures, there was little guidance\\non how consumers should prioritize among them.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,412,579,428],\"text\":\"Readability and Structure\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,432,746,528],\"text\":\"A data breach notification should use clear and conspicuous\\nlanguage and an accessible format, in order to help the re-\\ncipient quickly determine risks stemming from the breach\\nand what actions to take. We analyzed readability, estimated\\nreading time, and use of structural headings for each notifi-\\ncation.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,537,747,746],\"text\":\"Advanced reading skills required: Severe readability issues\\nsurfaced from the analysis. The Flesch Reading Ease Score\\n(FRES) [24] evaluates texts on a 0-100 point scale, with higher\\nscores indicating more easy-to-read texts. The median of our\\nsample’s FRES was 46.70 (Mean = 46.88, SD = 6.46). Figure 1\\nshows our sample’s FRES distribution mapped onto Flesch’s\\n7-level ranking system [37] from “very difficult” to “very\\neasy.” 115 (72%) notifications fell into the difficult range (30-\\n49); 43 (25%) were ranked as “fairly difficult” (50-59). This\\nmeans that 97% of the notifications were fairly difficult or\\ndifficult to read. Conversely, only one notification was rated\\n“easy,” and one “standard,” and there was no notification rated\\nas “fairly easy” or “very easy.”\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,746,747,954],\"text\":\"Converting the FRES to the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level\\n(FGL) [24] , our sample's median FGL was 10.0 (Mean=10.02,\\nSD=1.18), i.e., reading abilities of at least a 10th grader are\\nrequired to be able to understand half of the analyzed notifi-\\ncations. The FGL scores ranged from 6.4 (first-grade level) to\\n16 (graduate degree required); 75 % had a FGL score higher\\nthan 9.4. As reference, prior literacy research suggests that\\nmaterials addressed to the general public should aim for a\\njunior-high reading level (i.e., 7 to 9) [37] . Using Gunning's\\nFog index [34] , the result was even poorer with a median of\\n11.6 (Mean=11.55, SD=1.33). This indicates that the existence\\nof long words and jargon aggravated the readability of these\\nnotifications. Essentially, most analyzed notifications would\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 194\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/results/markdown/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300424/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300424", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/results/output_json/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[68,122,391,371],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This histogram displays the count of documents across different Flesch Reading Ease Scores (FRES), ranging from 0 to 90. The bars are color-coded to represent reading difficulty levels: Very Difficult (0-29), Difficult (30-49), Fairly Difficult (50-59), Standard (60-69), and Easy (80-89). The majority of the scores fall within the Difficult and Fairly Difficult ranges.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,400,394,432],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Distribution of the Flesch Reading Ease Score\\n(FRES), mapped onto Flesch's 7-level ranking system.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,458,394,504],\"text\":\"likely not meet \\\"plain language\\\" requirements in California's\\ndata breach law or the GDPR – average readers will struggle\\nto understand these breach notifications.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,513,394,657],\"text\":\"High estimated reading time. We further counted the words\\nand sentences of each notification and used them to esti-\\nmate the required reading time. The median word count was\\n1,575 words (Mean=1,539, SD=644), ranging from 213 to 3,414\\nwords (or 7 pages of text). Most notices fell into the 1,000–\\n2,000 word range (highest first quartile value: 1,130; highest\\nthird quartile value 1,845). The sentence count distribution\\nalso showed wide variance, with a median of 115.0 sentences\\n(Mean=116.39, SD=48.83).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,658,394,864],\"text\":\"Following McDonald and Cranor's [51] methodology for\\nestimating the reading time of privacy policies, we assumed a\\nreading speed of 250 words per minute, which is the average\\nreading rate for people with a high school education [13] .\\nThe estimated required time to skim a data breach notifi-\\ncation thus ranged from .85 to 13.66 minutes (Median=6.3,\\nMean=6.16, SD=2.57). Although this is a substantially shorter\\nread than privacy policies (which can take upwards of 18\\nminutes, sometimes hours, to read [46, 51] ), in today's con-\\ntext when people are faced with an overwhelming amount\\nof information, a 6-7 minute anticipated reading time, paired\\nwith the need for advanced reading skills, creates a consid-\\nerable burden for consumers.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,873,394,954],\"text\":\"Structural headings are common and consistent. Headings\\nstructure text and guide a reader's attention, helping them\\nto quickly identify key information in long text. 106 (67%)\\nnotifications used headings to separate their main text into\\nsections. Among them, 72 (68%) put the heading in a separate\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,598,747,822],\"text\":\"line; 34 (32%) included the heading in a paragraph's first line,\\nreducing its salience (see Figure 2 ). Only 2 used the table\\nformat recommended by the California law. Interestingly,\\neven though we analyzed data breach notifications from\\nMaryland, among the 106 notifications with headings, 100\\n(94%) followed California's wording and order requirements:\\n\\\"What Happened,\\\" \\\"What Information Was Involved,\\\" \\\"What\\nWe Are Doing,\\\" \\\"What You Can Do,\\\" and \\\"For More Informa-\\ntion.\\\" This suggests that unlike privacy policies, data breach\\nnotifications generally follow a consistent structure, thus fa-\\ncilitating the learning of that structure over time [58] . How-\\never, the disparities regarding heading formatting, paired\\nwith poor readability, indicates that inconsistency still re-\\nmains on the content level.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[421,121,743,504],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image displays four different text formatting styles, each presenting a section of text with or without a heading. It includes examples of a heading on a separate line, a heading within a table, a heading as the first line of a paragraph, and plain text with no explicit heading. The content of the text in each example describes an incident or event.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,517,746,564],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Examples of data breach notifications using struc-\\ntural headings when introducing “ what happened ” in the\\nbreach.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,837,552,853],\"text\":\"Risk Communication\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,858,747,953],\"text\":\"Risk communication for data breaches requires companies\\nto explain the situation clearly and openly acknowledge\\nnegative consequences [92] . Maryland law [29] requires the\\ntypes of compromised information to be included in the\\nbreach notification, but does not mandate other elements or\\nhow the incident should be described.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 194\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/results/markdown/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300424/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300424", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/results/output_json/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,124,394,205],\"text\":\"Varied specificity regarding cause and compromised data. What\\ninformation was affected by a breach, as required by Mary-\\nland law, was described in 152 (94%) notifications. Similarly,\\nthe cause of the breach was specified in 150 (93%) notifica-\\ntions. However, notifications varied in their specificity.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,205,395,395],\"text\":\"Most only listed categories of exposed information gener-\\nically (e.g., “the email consisted of your name, address, date of\\nbirth, account number and Social Security number” (SunTrust\\nBank) . In very few cases, the notification referred to the\\nrecipient's own open breached information, such as the last four\\ndigit of credit card number (e.g., in Sprint Corp's notifica-\\ntion). Such an individually tailored message provides clear\\nevidence that the recipient was personally affected, which\\nmight be a good strategy to alarm consumers and motivate\\nthem to take actions [52] . A potential downside is that it\\nmay pose identity theft risks if the notification falls into the\\nwrong hands [96] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,395,394,538],\"text\":\"The cause of the breach was reported in 150 (93%) notifica-\\ntions. Causes varied from unauthorized access (38), phishing\\n(33), malware (19), to inadvertent human error (16), and a\\nfew others. 11 notifications used “unauthorized access” to\\nbroadly describe how the breach occurred, without indicat-\\ning what was accessed or by whom. Such vagueness may\\nconfuse consumers about what really occurred in the breach,\\npotentially causing them to underestimate the chance that\\ntheir data was compromised.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,544,395,770],\"text\":\"Ambiguity regarding uninformed exposure time. The dates\\nof when the breach occurred and was discovered, as two\\nelements not mandated by Maryland law, were mentioned\\nby fewer notifications in our analysis. Only 103 notifications\\n(64 % ) included a specific date or time range for when the\\nbreach occurred. While companies may not always be able\\nto determine the breach date, without it consumers cannot\\nknow their \\\"uninformed exposure time\\\" [10] , i.e., how long\\ntheir data has been exposed before they become aware, which\\nis an important metric to decide how urgently actions are\\nneeded. Only 105 notifications (65 % ) indicated when the com-\\npany discovered the breach, which, together with the date\\nwhen the notification was sent, would show the company's\\ndiligence in informing consumers about security risks.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,777,395,955],\"text\":\"Hedge terms downplaying risks. A data breach notification\\nshould make it clear that the recipient's information has been\\nbreached and describe associated risks [92] . Nonetheless,\\ncompanies used various strategies to downplay a breach's\\nmagnitude and consequences. Hedge terms such as \\\"maybe\\\"\\nand \\\"likely\\\" were used in 112 (70 % ) notifications, obscuring\\nwhether the recipient was personally affected by the breach.\\nThese hedge terms appeared in various places. One place is in\\nthe general incident description, e.g., \\\"I am writing to inform\\nyou of a data security incident that may have affected your\\npayment card information.\\\" (Temecula Motorsports). Another\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,236],\"text\":\"is in the description of breached information types, e.g., \\\"The\\ninformation potentially involved in this incident may have\\nincluded your name, credit or debit card number, and card\\nexpiration date\\\"(Bigfoot Gun Belts). As shown in previous\\nwork [66, 67, 98] , the use of hedge terms is detrimental to\\nconsumers' ability to accurately assess risks, and usually\\nleads to confusion and misconception.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,236,747,411],\"text\":\"A positive example is provided by Parkway Corporation:\\n\\\"A file, including information from your IRS Tax Form W-2 was\\nsent in response to the fraudulent email.\\\" Here, it is explicitly\\nstated that the incident happened and which data was com-\\npromised. Unfortunately, only 22 (14%) notifications used\\nsuch clear statements. Furthermore, 23 (14%) notifications\\nstated the company had no evidence of data being compro-\\nmised, which downplay respective risks. MidCap Financial\\nServices, for instance, said: \\\"Although we do not have confir-\\nmation that any of these forms were accessed by the attacker,\\nwe are notifying you out of an abundance of caution.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,426,748,793],\"text\":\"Obfuscating risks of misuse. Many companies obfuscated the\\nrisk of breached information being misused. Here the “no\\nevidence” argument was even more prevalent, appearing in\\n64 (40 % ) notifications. For instance, Capital Digestive Care\\nstated: “We do not believe that the limited information could be\\nused adversely, and we have received no reports of the misuse\\nof anyone's data as a result of this incident.” Hedge terms\\nwere also inserted into the ‘no evidence’ claim in 31 (19 % )\\nnotifications, for example, “At this time, we have no evidence\\nthat your personal information has been or is likely to be\\nmisused” (Pershing, LLC). In other cases, the no evidence\\nclaim was used for access and misuse together: “We have\\nno indication that any emails obtained in this incident were\\nactually viewed by any unauthorized third party or that any\\ninformation from those emails has been misused” (Thermo\\nFisher Scientific). While it might be factually accurate that\\ncompanies do not have evidence of data access and misuse,\\nlack of evidence is not evidence of absence of harm; neither\\ndoes it preclude future misuse of exposed data. Thus, without\\nfurther warnings about the persistent risk of misuse, such\\nstatements downplay a data breach's significance, potentially\\ncausing consumers to underestimate risks and discouraging\\nthem from taking immediate actions.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,793,747,955],\"text\":\"On the contrary, 9 notifications used an effective risk com-\\nmunication strategy — connecting the types of breach infor-\\nmation with potential misuse scenarios. HomeBrewIt.com,\\nfor instance, highlighted that breached information in com-\\nbination may be used for identity theft: \\\"Your credit card\\nnumber ending in XXXX may have been compromised. This\\nnumber in conjunction with your billing address can poten-\\ntially be used to make unauthorized purchases on your credit\\ncard.\\\" Describing possible implications can also reinforce the\\nneed for specific protective actions, e.g., \\\"We want you to be\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 194\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/results/markdown/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300424/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300424", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/results/output_json/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[63,121,397,371],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a horizontal stacked bar chart showing the frequency of different actions. The y-axis lists various actions, such as \\\"Self-monitor accounts,\\\" \\\"Fraud alert,\\\" and \\\"Credit freeze,\\\" while the x-axis represents a numerical count from 0 to 160. Each bar is divided into two segments, \\\"Main text\\\" (blue) and \\\"Appendix\\\" (red), indicating their respective contributions to the total count for each action.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[70,396,390,413],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Frequency of recommended protective measures.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,433,394,499],\"text\":\"aware that because of the Incident, there is a possibility of: (1) \\nidentity theft, and (2) fraudulent filing of your tax informa- \\ntion.” (Kinetic Systems). The second type of harm helps the \\nrecipient prioritize filing their tax return early.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,510,308,527],\"text\":\"Presentation of Recommended Actions\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,529,394,723],\"text\":\"Consumers are urged to take protective actions when a\\ndata breach occurs. These actions vary in terms of effec-\\ntiveness [94] , including enrolling in the provided protection\\nservice, placing credit freezes, changing compromised pass-\\nwords, carefully monitoring one's financial accounts, and a\\nfew others. Several states and federal agencies provide tem-\\nplates for describing available measures, which companies\\nmay attach to their notifications. These templates usually\\ninclude definitions of terms like fraud alert and credit freeze,\\ncontact information of major credit bureaus and the state AG,\\nand enrollment instructions of free identity theft protection\\nservices if offered.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,730,394,906],\"text\":\"Choice overload with no priorities. Figure 3 shows the fre-\\nquency distribution of commonly recommended actions. All\\nnotifications recommended at least one action, with a median\\nof 8 actions (Mean=7.19, SD=2.24). 35 notifications (22 % ) rec-\\nommended more than 9 protective measures, and the most\\ncomprehensive one included 16. The presence of so many\\noptions, compounded by lengthy explanations and poor read-\\nability, suggests the possibility of `choice overload' [77] ,\\nmeaning that the reader might delay the process to make a\\ndecision, pick a random option under pressure, or even avoid\\nall options [15, 76] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,906,394,954],\"text\":\"We would expect key information to be presented in the\\nmain text, whereas appendices are generally used to provide\\nsupplemental materials. For each notification, we counted if\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,365],\"text\":\"an appendix was used. For each action, we coded whether\\nit first appeared in the main text or an appendix. The use\\nof appendices was prevalent: 97 (64 % ) notifications used\\n1 appendix, 38 (24 % ) used 2 appendices, and 1 included 3\\nappendices. 25 (16 % ) notifications had main text only, ending\\nwith the sender's contact information. Often, highly effective\\nactions were hidden in long texts in appendices (see Figure 3 ),\\nwith no indication of their high priority. Credit freeze, for\\nexample, is considered an important protective measure to\\nlimit identity theft [87] . However, 118 (73 % ) notifications\\nlisted it as one of many options in an appendix. Even though\\nthey described options in detail, few companies compared\\ndifferent options directly or explicitly stated that a credit\\nfreeze provides stronger protection than a fraud alert, and\\nthus should be prioritized.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,379,747,491],\"text\":\"Formatting focuses on sub-level text. Formatting, such as us-\\ning lists and capitalizing important information, can effec-\\ntively highlight key details and reduce the reader's cogni-\\ntive burden in processing text. Prior research suggests that\\ncertain formatting techniques, when used in a data breach\\nnotification, could enhance consumers' perception of the\\naffected company's reputation [38] .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,491,747,730],\"text\":\"We coded the presence of list and text formatting (e.g.,\\nbold, italicized, underlined, capitalized or colored text) when\\npresenting actions. Overall, lists were scarcely used in top-\\nlevel text (e.g., different actions), but became more prevalent\\nin sub-level text (e.g., details and enrollment instructions\\nof a specific action). The difference between top-level and\\nsub-level formatting was sharper for bullet lists (8 vs. 83)\\ncompared to numbered lists (20 vs. 51). This indicates that\\nwhile consumers are walked through details of each specific\\naction, they may struggle to form a holistic view of what the\\nmajor action options are due to the lack of list formatting on\\nthe top level. Heritage Land Bank provided a positive special\\nexample — using graphics — to encourage their consumers\\nremain vigilant for fraud and identity theft in a vivid and\\nsalient way (see Figure 4 ).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,730,747,954],\"text\":\"Conversely, text formatting was common in both top-level\\n(149. 93 % ) and sub-level text (90. 56 % ). However, text format-\\nting was rarely used to highlight important details of offered\\nidentity protection services, specifically, the enrollment dead-\\nline (after which the service is no longer offered for free)\\nand the duration of benefits (after which the protection is\\nno longer effective). Among 124 notifications that offered\\nsuch service, text formatting was used in only 46 (37 % ) to\\nhighlight the enrollment deadline, and even fewer (16. 13 % )\\nfor the duration of benefits. In practice, the time frame to\\nenroll in a provided service is usually short (less than a few\\nmonths), and the service typically lasts for one to two years,\\nduring which consumers may easily lose track of the remain-\\ning time. When these crucial timings blend in with other\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 194\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300424/results/markdown/3290605-3300424_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300426/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300426", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/results/output_json/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[116,119,699,185],\"text\":\"Experimental Analysis of Bare Hand Mid-air\\nMode-Switching Techniques in Virtual Reality\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[85,202,291,264],\"text\":\"Hemant Bhaskar Surale\\n\\nCheriton School of Computer Science\\nUniversity of Waterloo, Canada\\nhsurale@uwaterloo.ca\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[339,202,475,265],\"text\":\"Fabrice Matulic\\n\\nPreferred Networks Inc.\\n\\nJapan\\nfmatulic@preferred.jp\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[524,202,730,265],\"text\":\"Daniel Vogel\\n\\nCheriton School of Computer Science\\nUniversity of Waterloo, Canada\\n\\ndvogel@uwaterloo.ca\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,275,141,292],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,295,395,534],\"text\":\"We present an empirical comparison of eleven bare hand,\\nmid-air mode-switching techniques suitable for virtual real-\\nity in two experiments. The first evaluates seven techniques\\nspanning dominant and non-dominant hand actions. Tech-\\nniques represent common classes of actions selected by a\\nmethodical examination of 56 examples of prior art. The\\nstandard \\\"subtraction method\\\" protocol is adapted for 3D\\ninterfaces, with two baseline selection methods, bare hand\\npinch and device controller button. A second experiment\\nwith four techniques explores more subtle dominant-hand\\ntechniques and the effect of using a dominant hand device\\nfor selection. Results provide guidance to practitioners when\\nchoosing bare hand, mid-air mode-switching techniques,\\nand for researchers when designing new mode-switching\\nmethods in VR.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,546,150,563],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,567,326,583],\"text\":\"interaction techniques, controlled experiments\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,588,202,604],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,604,395,690],\"text\":\"Heman Bhaskar Surale, Fibrate Matulic, and Daniel Vogel. 2019.\\nExperimental Analysis of Bare Hand Mid-air Mode-Switching Tech-\\nniques in Virtual Reality. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in\\nComputing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4-9, 2019, Glas-\\ngow, Scotland UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 14 pages. https:\\n//doi.org/10.1145/3290665.330426\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,702,197,718],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,722,394,754],\"text\":\"Raskin defines a mode as a distinct setting within an inter-\\nface where the same user input produces results different\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,275,746,436],\"text\":\"from those it would produce in other settings [68] . Mode-\\nswitching is simply the transition from one mode to another.\\nModes are common in all interfaces, including interfaces\\nfor Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR). For\\nexample, a hand gesture-based 3D modelling application\\nmay have different modes for object creation, selection, and\\ntransformation. Depending on the mode, the movement of\\nthe hand is interpreted differently. Completing a task typi-\\ncally requires frequent mode-switching, so understanding\\nthe performance of different methods is important.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,436,746,611],\"text\":\"In VR, bare hand mid-air input is an alternative to device\\ncontrollers. Techniques have been proposed for VR, AR, and\\nrelated contexts using hands only (e.g. [61, 64, 93] ) and hands\\ncombined with body postures (e.g. [12, 100] ). Evaluations\\nhave focused on tasks like pointing (e.g. [99] ), object manip-\\nulation (e.g. [69] ), selection (e.g. [59] ), and annotation [16] ,\\nbut no extensive comparisons of mode-switching techniques\\nhave been performed yet. Mode-switching techniques for\\nmice [18] , styl [48, 88] , and touch [83] have been evaluated,\\nbut generalizing those results to 3D environments like VR is\\nnot straightforward.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,612,746,802],\"text\":\"We provide missing empirical evidence for the perfor-\\nmance of bare hand mid-air mode-switching techniques in\\nVR. Our focus is absolute, single-point input, suitable for the\\nkind of direct object manipulations common in VR such as\\npointing at, grabbing and moving 3D elements in the virtual\\nenvironment. To select techniques to evaluate, we examined\\nbare hand mid-air interaction in different settings, then used\\nthree criteria to identify six classes of techniques suitable for\\nmode-switching in VR. In two related experiments, we com-\\npare common input actions selected from each class using an\\nadapted “ subtraction method ” protocol [18] , used previously\\nfor 2D input.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,802,746,930],\"text\":\"The first experiment compares seven techniques, with\\na dominant-hand pinch as the fundamental manipulation\\ntrigger. The mode-switching techniques include three dom-\\ninant hand postures: a fist, an open palm and pointing the\\nindex finger; and four non-dominant hand postures: a fist,\\nan open palm, bringing the hand into the field-of-view and\\ntouching the head. As a comparison baseline, the button of a\\ndevice controller held in the non-dominant hand was also\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,761,394,868],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not\\nmade or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear\\nthis notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components\\nof this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with\\ncredit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to\\nredistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request\\npermissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,870,273,883],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,886,273,923],\"text\":\"© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery\\n\\n.\\n\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290653.3308426\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 196\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/results/markdown/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300426/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300426", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/results/output_json/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,220],\"text\":\"included in the tests. A second experiment explores ques-\\ntions emerging from the results. The effect of more subtle\\ndominant hand techniques is examined by testing pinching\\nwith wrist rotation, and pinching with different fingers; the\\neffect of pinching as a manipulation trigger is compared with\\na controller held in the dominant hand.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,220,395,253],\"text\":\"Our empirically-derived insights can inform the design of\\nVR applications using bare hand mode switching:\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,254,396,430],\"text\":\"1. Dominant techniques using large motions are error prone\\nand less preferred, but a more subtle variation of pinch is\\ncomparable to the fastest non-dominant techniques.\\n2. With the exception of a few dominant techniques, mode-\\nswitching times are comparable to most touch methods.\\n3. Using a dominant pinch as a manipulation trigger is com-\\nparable to using a device controller button.\\n4. All techniques from fastest to slowest: Non-Dominant (nd)\\ndevice and Dominant (p) middle finger pinch; nd palm\\norientation and p fist; nd head touch, p pinch orientation\\nand p palm; nd field-of-view and b fist; d point.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,441,326,458],\"text\":\"2 BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,461,395,638],\"text\":\"We define bare hand as input performed entirely by a hand\\nposture or movement, without any device. Note that this def-\\ninition does not specify the sensing method, so early work\\nusing instrumented gloves for hand tracking are considered\\nbare hand for our purposes. We define mid-air as input con-\\nducted without contacting a non-body surface. In most cases,\\nthis means input performed in the space around the body.\\nFor on-body contacts, the sensing method is unimportant\\nas long as the technique is conceptually a body contact (e.g.\\ntouching the head), and not using a device attached to the\\nbody (e.g. tapping on a smartwatch).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,645,395,822],\"text\":\"Formal Mode-Switching Evaluations. Mode-switching has\\nbeen more commonly studied in 2D interfaces. Dillon et al.\\n[18] introduced a formal \\\"subtraction method\\\" for com-\\nparing mouse mode-switching, which was adopted by Li\\net al. [48] and Tu et al. [88] , who each compared five mode-\\nswitching techniques, and Surale et al. [83] , who compared\\nsix techniques. Using the non-dominant hand for stylus\\nmode-switching has been studied in detail by Ruiz et al.\\n[71] who developed a temporal model, Lank et al. [44] who\\nshowed concurrent mode-switching is fastest, and Ruiz and\\nLank [72] who explored related aspects with multiple modes.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,828,395,940],\"text\":\"Related Evaluations of Interaction Techniques. For mid-air\\nbare hand input, mode-switching has only been indirectly\\nevaluated as part of larger interaction technique studies. In\\nthe context of large displays, Vogel and Balakrishnan [99]\\ncompare a relative pointing technique, which uses a fist\\nmode-switch to \\\"clutch\\\", to a ray-cast technique without any\\nmode-switch, but the mode-switch itself is not compared.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,283],\"text\":\"Similar examples in large display research include Haque\\net al. [26] , Polacek et al. [65] , Jota et al. [33] , and Katsura-\\ngawa et al. [38] . In the context of VR and related 3D contexts,\\nPoupyrev et al. [66, 67] evaluated object pointing, manipu-\\nlation, and selection techniques. Teather and Stuerzlinger\\ncompared pointing techniques [86] , and Vanacken et al. [91] .\\nGrossman et al. [25] , and Looser et al. [52] all examine bare-\\nhand selection techniques. In most cases, these techniques\\nhave some explicit activation and deactivation of a mode, but\\nmode-switching performance is not evaluated in isolation.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,289,747,337],\"text\":\"We are unaware of work comparing mode-switching tech-\\nniques for bare hand mid-air input in VR using the formal\\nsubtraction method used for mouse, pen, and touch.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,349,656,366],\"text\":\"3 MODE-SWITCHING TECHNIQUES\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,370,746,416],\"text\":\"To identify bare hand mid-air interaction techniques suitable\\nfor VR mode-switching, we examined research and commer-\\ncial systems to create a list of candidate techniques.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,416,747,625],\"text\":\"Our examination included general surveys of 3D inter-\\naction from Argelaguet and Andujar [3] , Jung et al. [35] ,\\nPoupyrev et al. [67] , Bowman et al. [13] , Aigner et al. [2]\\nand Groenewald et al. [24] . We also examined the results\\nof elicitation studies for bare hand mid-air interaction with\\nlarge displays [51, 73, 92, 103] , general ubiquitous computing\\n[15] and AR [64] . Finally, we found examples of bare hand\\nmid-air techniques in many papers on interaction techniques\\n(e.g. [80, 99] ), new sensors (e.g. [40] ), and commercial devices\\n(e.g. Leap Motion [45] , Kinect [42] , Myo [57] ). For this work\\nwe did not consider other non-hand input that may also be\\nsuitable for mode-switching, such as feet (e.g. [95] ), voice\\n(e.g. [11] ), gaze (e.g. [62] ), or exocentric interaction (e.g. [82] ).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,625,747,688],\"text\":\"From our initial list of bare hand mid-air interaction tech-\\nniques gathered from the literature we extracted a subset of\\ncandidates that we considered s suitable for mode-switching\\nbased on three filtering criteria.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,700,648,717],\"text\":\"Actions Suitable for Mode-Switching\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,720,747,896],\"text\":\"We identified 40 different mid-air bare hand actions in 56\\npublications or device manuals. We initially considered ac-\\ntions suitable for dominant or non-dominant hands, even if\\nthe source considers a specific hand. To filter those actions\\nto a subset suitable for mode-switching techniques, we cre-\\nated three criteria based on observable mechanics of hand\\nor finger actions. These criteria are not explicitly about per-\\nformance, because no previous work specifically evaluated\\nmode-switching, nor are they about learnability, comfort,\\nand social acceptability, because these aspects are often not\\nreported. The filtering criteria are:\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,898,747,945],\"text\":\"Independent — A mode-switch action should be fast to rec-\\nognize and independent of previous tracking states, meaning\\nit should not rely on time-based actions such as a specific\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 196\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/results/markdown/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300426/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300426", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/results/output_json/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,118,746,162],\"text\":\"Table 1: Bare-hand mid-air interaction techniques suitable for mode-switching in VR based on examination of research papers\\nand commercial systems. Similar Actions are grouped into Classes . The number of sources (N) is an approximate indication\\nof popularity. Boldface actions are those tested in our experiments.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[68,165,739,422],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Class</td><td>N</td><td>Actions (with sources)</td></tr><tr><td>Pinch Finger(s)</td><td>29</td><td>thumb touches index [9, 15, 19, 29, 36, 40, 46, 56, 61, 63, 64, 77, 92, 100, 106]; thumb touches all fingers [6, 15, 34, 61, 64, 93, 94, 104]; thumb touches side of hand [50, 90, 99, 106]; thumb touches middle [15, 56, 77]; thumb touches index and middle [34, 77]; thumb touches ring [15, 56]; thumb touches pinky [15, 56]; thumb touches index, middle, and ring [15]; thumb touches ring and pinky [15]; thumb touches three fingers [64]</td></tr><tr><td>Extend Finger(s)</td><td>31</td><td>extend index [19, 20, 40, 45, 50, 51, 61, 64, 70, 80, 90, 94, 99, 101, 106]; extend thumb [30, 43, 51, 61, 64, 92, 93, 104, 106]; extend thumb-index-middle [20, 50]; clench index [90]; two hand point [64, 70, 80]; point with dwell [90]</td></tr><tr><td>Close Hand</td><td>18</td><td>make fist [15, 17, 20, 28, 30, 34, 40, 56, 61, 64, 69, 78, 80, 89, 90, 99, 101, 104]; make partial fist [19, 99]</td></tr><tr><td>Open Hand</td><td>62</td><td>open hand with oriented palm in/out [1, 7, 17, 19, 22-27, 29, 37, 41, 42, 47, 51, 58, 59, 61, 64, 78, 81, 93, 94, 96-98, 101, 103-106]; up/down [19, 28, 30, 41, 43, 59, 61, 70, 94, 96, 105, 106]; right/left [17, 20, 22, 27, 30, 41, 94, 97, 103, 106]; open hand [1, 40, 80, 93, 98, 99]; open hand with finger(s) bent [90, 99]</td></tr><tr><td>Raise Hand (ND)</td><td>6</td><td>hand raised into field-of-view [41, 84, 93, 96]; raised above shoulder [81, 106]</td></tr><tr><td>Touch Body (ND)</td><td>6</td><td>finger(s) touch head [27, 100, 106], behind ear [51]; mouth [19]; hand touches waist [100]</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image is a table categorizing various hand and body actions. It displays columns for 'Class,' 'N' (count), and 'Actions (with sources),' detailing specific actions like \\\"thumb touches index\\\" or \\\"open hand with oriented palm in/out\\\" along with numerical source references.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_2_tab_3.png\"},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,443,394,555],\"text\":\"movements. Conceptually, this means the technique can be\\nrecognized in a single sensor time frame (in implementa-\\ntions, it may actually be a few frames to compensate for\\nnoise). Examples of independent actions include pinching\\nthe thumb and finger together, making a fist, or raising an\\narm. Examples of non-independent actions include dwelling,\\ngestures like drawing an `X', or mimicking knocking.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,557,394,685],\"text\":\"Kinesthetic – The action should enable the mode to be\\nmaintained by the user, not the system. This means the pos-\\nture, position, or gesture action can be “ held ” as long as the\\nmode is needed, and the mode ends when no longer held.\\nThis creates a kinesthetic quasimode [68] , known to reduce\\nmode errors [76] . Examples of kinesthetic actions include\\npinching, making a fist, or a repeated gesture, where chang-\\ning the posture or stopping the gesture releases the mode.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,688,394,849],\"text\":\"Unconstrained – The action can be executed with the dom-\\ninant hand at any position and, in the case of a kinesthetic\\naction, the dominant hand can easily reach any position for\\nsubsequent operations. Unconstrained actions include any\\nnon-dominant hand action that does not impede the domi-\\nnant hand, and dominant hand actions such as pinching or\\nmaking a fist. Examples of constrained actions are placing\\nthe dominant hand on the head, or pointing the dominant\\nindex finger towards the body, since those actions physically\\nconstrain the motion range of the arm.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,852,394,950],\"text\":\"We considered candidate actions suitable for mode-switch-\\ning techniques when they satisfied all three criteria. This\\nnarrowed the list down to 29 actions found in 53 papers, listed\\nin Table 1 . Analogous actions are grouped into 6 classes. For\\nexample, all actions that involve a pinch of some kind are\\ngrouped into the general \\\"Pinch Finger(s)\\\" class. Most actions\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,443,746,492],\"text\":\"can be used for mode-switching with either hand, except\\nthose in the \\\"Raise Hand\\\" and \\\"Touch Body\\\" classes that are\\nonly suitable for non-dominant usage.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,503,637,520],\"text\":\"Selected Techniques for Evaluation\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,524,746,587],\"text\":\"We selected the most popular action from each class to eval-\\nuate (boldface in Table 1 ). Five of these form eight mode-\\nswitching techniques because some actions are performed\\nwith both dominant and non-dominant hand.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,588,746,764],\"text\":\"With bare hand mid-air input, a mechanism is required\\nfor the user to indicate when their hand is just moving, or\\nif it is performing an operation such as drawing a line. Bux-\\nton’s Simple 2-State Transaction Model [14] calls these states\\n“tracking” and “dragging”. With a VR device controller or a\\nmouse, this is achieved by pressing a button. For our bare\\nhand mid-air system, we use a thumb-index pinch since it is\\na popular action, and it uses a subtle movement that can be\\neasily sensed. We believe using a pinch is the most obvious\\nchoice, but other possibilities include tapping the palm with\\nthe thumb [15] and a partial finger bend or “Airtap” [99] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,769,746,818],\"text\":\"Non-Dominant Techniques. The non-dominant hand controls\\nthe mode and the dominant hand manipulates using the\\nthumb-index pinch. The techniques are:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[420,820,747,933],\"text\":\"● Non-Dominant Fist (ND-FIST) — The mode is active when\\nthe non-dominant hand is clenched, and released when\\nthe hand relaxes so one or more fingers begin to open.\\n● Non-Dominant Palm (ND-PALM) — The mode is active when\\nall fingers of the non-dominant hand are extended, roughly\\npointing up, with the palm facing to the right (assuming\\nthe left hand is non-dominant). The mode is released when\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 196\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/results/markdown/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300426/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300426", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/results/output_json/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[70,121,729,238],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Seven line drawings depict a person wearing a VR headset performing various hand gestures or body interactions, each highlighted by a red shaded circle. The gestures are labeled (a) ND-FIST, (b) ND-PALM, (c) ND-FOV, (d) ND-HEAD, (e) D-FIST, (f) D-PALM, and (g) D-POINT, illustrating different user input methods.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,239,746,270],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Selected Mode-switching techniques: (a) no dominant fist (ND-FIST); (b) non dominant palm (ND-PALM); (c) hand in\\nfield of view (ND-FOV); (d) touch head (SD-HEAD); (e) dominant fist (D-FIST); (f) dominant palm (D-PALM); (g) point (D-PPOINT).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[79,286,393,319],\"text\":\"the palm orientation changes significantly or one or more\\nfingers are no longer extended.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,320,394,397],\"text\":\"• Hand Moved into Field of View (hd-rov) — The mode is\\nactive when the non-dominant hand is moved into the\\nuser's field of view, and released when it moves outside.\\n• Touch Head (hd-head) — The mode is active when the\\nnon-dominant hand touches the side of the head (HMD).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,405,394,470],\"text\":\"Dominant Hand (D) Techniques. The dominant hand con-\\ntrols the mode by forming a posture, and a thumb pinch\\nagainst the side of the index finger engages and disengages\\nthe \\\"dragging\\\" state for manipulation. The techniques are:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,473,395,618],\"text\":\"• Dominant Fist (p-fist) — The mode is active when the\\ndominant hand is clenched, and the mode is released when\\nthe hand relaxes, i.e. when one or more fingers begin to\\nopen.\\n• Dominant Palm (p-palm) — The mode is active when all\\nthe fingers are extended, roughly pointing up, and the\\npalm is facing away.\\n• Point (d-point) — The mode is active when the index finger\\nis extended and all remaining fingers are closed.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,628,185,645],\"text\":\"Technique Sensing\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,649,394,807],\"text\":\"To track the user's hands in the VR environment, we use a\\nLEAP motion mounted on the front of the HMD [4, 49, 75] .\\nWe found the LEAP reliable for rendering the hand and track-\\ning hand position, but the built-in posture recognizer often\\nmisclassified dominant fist, palm, and pinch postures dur-\\ning rapid mode switching, and detection of pinch actions\\nto trigger manipulation was imprecise. To address these is-\\nsues, we developed a user-calibrated classifier to discriminate\\nbetween problematic postures, and added a force-sensitive\\nresistor (FSR) to detect pinches and head touches.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,815,394,943],\"text\":\"User-calibrated Posture Classifier. In the experiment, we only\\nneed to independently discriminate between palm and pinch,\\nor between fist and pinch. We train a simple classifier for each\\ncase, calibrated to each user. We describe the method using\\nfist and pinch, but both are similar. A user draws 15 lines each\\nwith the pinch, palm, and fist postures. At each frame, a ten-\\ndimensional feature vector consisting of fingertip position\\nand distances relative to the centre of the palm is recorded.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,286,747,510],\"text\":\"The median and standard deviation (sd) in each dimension\\nis calculated for the 20 frames before and after the start of\\neach line. The classifier selects differentiating dimensions\\nin which the fist median plus two sd is less than the pinch\\nmedian minus two sd. In the rare case that two differentiating\\ndimensions are not found, training is repeated with the user\\ninstructed to form the postures more clearly. Otherwise, each\\nselected dimension is assigned a threshold half-way between\\nthe two medians. Once trained, a posture was considered a\\npinch when two or more selected dimensions exceeded the\\nthreshold. A 6-person pilot test found this method almost\\n99% accurate. During the experiment, this calibration process\\nwas conducted immediately before the first block testing\\ndominant fist or palm.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,517,747,676],\"text\":\"Pinch and Touch Detection. An FSR taped to the distal phalanx\\nof the dominant thumb is used to detect thumb-index pinches.\\nThe FSR is 7 mm in diameter and 0.3 mm thick with a sensing\\nrange of 0 to 175 psi. To detect a touch to the head, a larger\\nFSR (25.4 mm diameter, 0.21 mm thick) is taped to the non-\\ndominant side of the HMD. We used a threshold of 17 psi for\\nboth FSRs to detect a light pinch or touch. Thin wires from\\neach FSR were connected to an Arduino Nano (Atmega328)\\nmounted off the body. We verified that the sensors and wires\\ndid not impede the user's movements.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,684,747,829],\"text\":\"System Latency and Performance. Our code and 3D scene\\nwere simple and we used a high-end computer, so the Unity\\napplication ran at an optimal 90 FPS to supply the 90Hz\\nHMD. The Leap motion provided a stream of hand postures at\\n110Hz, the Arduino updated pressure values approximately\\nevery 2ms, and the controllers were tracked at 250Hz to 1kHz.\\nOur posture classifier did not use any temporal filtering.\\nSince cycle duration is measured between two input times,\\nthe effective latency is 11ms at 90 FPS.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,853,539,870],\"text\":\"4 EXPERIMENT 1\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,874,747,938],\"text\":\"The goal is to empirically compare mode-switching perfor-\\nmance of the seven techniques listed above. We adapt the\\nstandard \\\"subtraction method\\\" [18, 48, 83, 88] protocol to\\nVR. This determines the precise cost of mode-switching by\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 196\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/results/markdown/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300426/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300426", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/results/output_json/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,156],\"text\":\"subtracting the time to perform tasks using a single mode,\\nfrom those when alternating between two modes.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,168,237,185],\"text\":\"Participants and Apparatus\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,189,394,235],\"text\":\"16 participants (mean age 28.5 sd = 6.3, 5 women, all right-\\nhanded) were recruited. 7 had experience using a VR device.\\nRemuneration was $10.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,236,395,364],\"text\":\"An HTC Vive VR head-mounted display (HMD), with\\na resolution of 1080 × 1200 px per eye, 90Hz refresh rate,\\nand 110° FOV was used. Focal length was initially set to 63\\nmm, but participants were given the possibility to adjust\\nit. A high-end Windows 10 machine (3.6GHz Intel i7 CPU,\\nGeForce GTX 1080 GPU) ran the experiment application\\nwritten in Unity 5.3.3f1. A LEAP motion and two FSRs were\\nattached as described above.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,376,100,392],\"text\":\"Task\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,396,395,603],\"text\":\"We adapt the 2D task used in previous mode-switching inves-\\ntigations [18, 48, 83] to a 3D task for VR. Considering that a\\ncommon class of VR consumer applications are for sketching,\\npainting, and 3D modeling (e.g. [8, 10, 23, 55, 60, 69, 79, 87] ),\\nwith much prior research in these areas [5, 31, 39, 74, 85] ,\\nwe use 3D line drawing as our fundamental task. Note that\\nthis is an abstraction of many 3D tasks, such as creating\\nobjects other than lines (e.g. cubes, spheres), transforming\\nan object (e.g. moving, scaling), or panning a world scene.\\nRegardless, for the purposes of our experiment, the explicit\\nmode change is more important than the gross movement\\nof the hand during the task. All tasks were performed in a\\nstanding position.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,610,395,800],\"text\":\"Line Drawing. A series of five aligned pairs of spheres is\\npresented to the user in the VR world (Figure 2 ). The spheres\\nin a pair need to be connected by drawing a 3D line between\\nthem in the proper mode. Each sphere has diameter 100 mm,\\nthe distance between spheres in a pair is 50 mm, and pairs\\nare stacked with 82 mm overlap. The position is calibrated so\\nthe topmost pair is at the participant's shoulder level. Sizes\\nand distances among the pairs are chosen so that participants\\ncan easily reach each sphere without stepping, regardless of\\npair orientation or movement direction. We chose the centre\\nof the palm as the line \\\"ink\\\" anchor as it is more stable than\\nthe fingers, which are used for mode-switching.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,801,395,947],\"text\":\"For each pair of spheres, the line drawing task can be seen\\nas a four-step process. First, place the dominant hand inside\\nthe starting sphere (a change of opacity indicates the centre\\nof the palm is inside). Second, engage line drawing using the\\npinch trigger. Third, move the hand to draw the line until it\\nis inside the second sphere. Lastly, release the pinch to dis-\\nengage line drawing. Subtle audio feedback (“tick”) indicates\\nline drawing engagement and disengagement. If engage-\\nment or disengagement occurs outside the sphere, an error is\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,366,747,446],\"text\":\"logged, a buzz sounds, and the participant has to redraw the\\nline. This is repeated for all five pairs of spheres. The current\\npair is indicated using colour saturation, and the required di-\\nrection of the line drawing is indicated through transparency\\n(most opaque sphere to semitransparent sphere).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[426,117,750,334],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A multi-panel image illustrates virtual reality interactions, featuring a person wearing a VR headset in line art paired with corresponding 3D renders. The renders show a virtual controller or hand connected by a colored line to translucent spheres (blue in scenario a, red in scenario b), representing object selection or manipulation in a virtual environment.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[432,334,734,351],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Line drawing task: (a) baseline; (b) compound.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,453,748,725],\"text\":\"Baseline and Compound Task Variations. There are two task\\nvariations. In the baseline task, five pairs of blue spheres\\nare shown and the participant draws lines using only the\\ndominant hand pinch. In the compound task, the five pairs\\nalternate between blue and red colours, with the first pair\\nbeing blue. The participant must draw lines to connect a\\npair of blue coloured spheres using a pinch, and red paired\\nspheres with the specified mode switching technique. To\\nswitch modes, the participant must have formed the current\\nmode-switching technique posture at the moment line draw-\\ning is engaged. As visual feedback, \\\"mode\\\" lines drawn with\\nthe mode-switching technique are red and \\\"unmoded\\\" lines\\nare blue. These red or blue trails function only as an abstract\\nrepresentation of two different modes. The colour of a small\\nsphere rendered in the middle of the palm also indicates the\\nmode. If there is a mode-switch error, a buzz sounds and the\\nparticipant has to redraw the current line.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,736,558,752],\"text\":\"Design and Procedure\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,756,748,931],\"text\":\"The experiment is a within subjects design. Mode-switching\\ntechnique is the primary factor, with levels corresponding to\\nthe seven techniques described above (ND-FIST , ND-PALM ,\\nND-FOV , ND-HEAD , N-FIST , D-PALM , D-POINT ) and an eighth\\ntechnique using a standard HTC controller with a button\\nheld in the non-dominant hand (ND-device ). This functions\\nas a non-bare hand comparison baseline since the mode is\\nswitched by holding the button. Like all other non-dominant\\nhand techniques, the dominant hand draws the line using\\na pinch. Our block design deviates slightly from previous\\nmode-switching studies [48, 83] in the following ways.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 196\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/results/markdown/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300426/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300426", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/results/output_json/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,492],\"text\":\"Pilot Study to Refine Design. Previous mode-switching stud-\\nies used 9 blocks: 5 baseline (B) task blocks separated by\\n4 compound (C) task blocks (i.e. BCBCBCBCB). Consider-\\ning that we wished to test 8 techniques (previous mode-\\nswitching studies compared 5 or 6), and mid-air gestures are\\nmore fatiguing than pen or touch interactions, we conducted\\na 4-person pilot test to see if some blocks could possibly\\nbe removed without impacting the results too much. Each\\nsession took more than 90 minutes. Examining a graph of\\ntask times by block for each technique gave no indication\\nof pronounced systematic differences between any of the\\nbaseline blocks, and we did not find any significant inter-\\naction for technique $\\\\times$ block. As a result, we reduce the\\nnumber of baseline blocks from 5 to 2 by keeping only the\\nfirst and the last baseline blocks (i.e. BCCCCB). The pilot\\nstudy also tested 6 directions for the drawing task: left and\\nright horizontal, up and down vertical, and in and out along\\nthe depth direction. A graph of time by task direction did not\\nreveal any major differences, and we found no significant\\neffect, so we reduced the directions to 3 for the main study:\\nhorizontal left, vertical down, and depth inward. With the\\noptimized experimental design, all eight techniques can be\\ntested in less than an hour with less fatigue.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,498,394,673],\"text\":\"Final Design. To minimize order effects, technique was\\ncounter-balanced using a 8 × 8 Latin Square. The session\\nbegan with 5 baseline blocks for training. Then, for each\\ntechnique , there was a 3 min practice period followed by 6\\nblocks of tasks. The starting and ending block were baseline\\ntasks, remaining blocks were compound tasks (i.e. BCCCB).\\nIn each block, the participant had to complete 5 line drawing\\ntasks in 3 directions (left-to-right, up-to-down, out-to-in) in\\nrandom order. Breaks were encouraged between blocks. Af-\\nter the experiment, participants provided subjective ratings\\nfor each technique.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,673,394,722],\"text\":\"In sum there were: 8 TECHNIQUES (7 mid-air bare hand, 1\\ndevice) × 6 BLOCKS (2 BASELINE, 4 COMPOUND) × 3 DIRECTIONS ×\\n5 LINE DRAWINGs = 720 line drawings per participant.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,734,199,751],\"text\":\"Dependent Measures\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,753,395,897],\"text\":\"Mode Switching Time . The line drawing time is the duration\\nstarting from line engagement in the starting sphere until\\nline disengagement in the ending sphere. Naively, one might\\ndirectly compare line drawing times in a baseline block to a\\ncompound block (where a mode switch was required). How-\\never, all line drawings share a common overhead of moving\\nfrom the ending sphere of the previous line to the starting\\nsphere of the current line. Therefore, we use the \\\"subtraction\\nmethod\\\" [18, 83] to precisely isolate mode-switching time.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,898,394,946],\"text\":\"In a set of line drawing tasks, there are three \\\"cycles.\\\" The\\nfirst is from the moment spheres are visible until the pinch\\ntrigger is released after drawing the line between the first\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,379],\"text\":\"pair of spheres. The second cycle begins immediately after,\\nand ends when the pinch trigger is released after drawing the\\nline between the third pair of spheres. The third cycle begins\\nimmediately after, ending when the pinch trigger is released\\nafter drawing the line between the last pair of spheres. Dur-\\ning the compound task, the second and third cycles are full\\ncycles . Each captures a complete mode-switch operation: the\\nparticipant switches into a mode using the specified tech-\\nnique, draws a line connecting spheres, switches out of the\\nmode, draws a line connecting another set of spheres, and\\ndisengages line drawing mode. The first cycle only guar-\\nantees the baseline mode is active before the second cycle.\\nIn each block, there are 6 full cycles (2 per direction). For\\neach technique, each participant completes 24 full cycles\\nwith mode switching (in 4 compound task blocks) and 12 full\\ncycles with no mode switching (in 2 baseline task blocks).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,380,747,508],\"text\":\"The subtraction method isolates mode switching time us-\\ning mean times from cycles. For each block, the mean time\\nfor the second and third cycle is calculated using error-free\\ncycles. The mode-switching time is calculated by subtracting\\nthe mean full cycle time of the first and the last baseline\\nblocks from the mean full cycle time of a compound block.\\nIn total, this provides 8 mode-switch time measurements per\\nparticipant, per technique (2 per block).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,513,748,754],\"text\":\"Errors and Error Rates. Like Li et al. and Surale et al., we iden-\\ntify three error types. A start error occurs if the line drawing\\nis initiated outside the active starting sphere. An end error\\noccurs if the line did not connect the two active spheres in\\nthe correct direction. A mode error occurs when the wrong\\nmode is used to connect the spheres in compound tasks (e.g.\\nconnecting blue spheres with a red line). We further distin-\\nguish between mode-in and mode-out errors. A mode-in error\\noccurs when the participant fails to transition from baseline\\nto the specified mode-switching technique. A mode-out error\\nis when the participant fails to transition from the specified\\nmode-switching technique to baseline. Each of these error\\ntypes are recorded per trial as 1 if the error occurred, and 0\\notherwise. The mean value across trials produces an error\\nrate.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,765,469,782],\"text\":\"Results\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,785,748,947],\"text\":\"We examined error-free line drawing times to identify out-\\nliers more than 3 standard deviations from the mean for\\neach task . This removed 1 % of the line drawing trials. Using\\nthe remaining error-free full cycles, we used the subtrac-\\ntion method explained above to calculate mode-switch times .\\nVisual inspection of the mode-switch time distribution sug-\\ngested non-normality, confirmed by a Shapiro-Wilk test. To\\ncompensate, all mode-switching time data points were log\\ntransformed. There were 29 data points with slightly negative\\nmode-switching times, primarily for the fastest techniques\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 196\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/results/markdown/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300426/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300426", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/results/output_json/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,189],\"text\":\"ND-paLM and ND-device. To compensate, we added 440 ms\\nto all times to guarantee positive values required by the log\\ntransform. Note that log transformed data is only used for\\nstatistical tests, all reported times are actual measured values.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,196,395,324],\"text\":\"Analysis Method. For mode-switching time and error rates,\\nwe performed a TECHNIQUE $\\\\times$ BLOCK repeated measures\\nANOVA. Pairwise t-tests with Bonferroni corrections are\\nused. For interaction effects, we restrict pairwise tests to\\ncomparing means across factor dimensions independently.\\nWhen the sphericity condition is violated, degrees of free-\\ndom were adjusted using Greenhouse-Geisser ( $\\\\epsilon < 0.75$ ) or\\nHuyeh-Feldt ( $\\\\epsilon \\\\geq 0.75$ ) corrections.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,331,395,523],\"text\":\"Learning Effects. To determine if performance changed dur-\\ning the four compound blocks, we tested for effects of test-\\nntrials $\\\\times$ block on mode-switch time and combined error rate\\n(one measure capturing whether any error occurred). Also,\\nto determine if performance changed between the start and\\nend baseline blocks, we tested effects of technique $\\\\times$ block\\non cycle time of baseline blocks only. We found no statisti-\\ncally significant interactions involving block in any of these\\ntest, indicating no or minimal learning effects. This matches\\nthe performance stability noted by Li et al. [48] and Surale\\net al. [83] All blocks are used in subsequent analyses, with\\nblock used as a repeated measure.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,529,395,771],\"text\":\"Mode Switch Time. Most non-dominant techniques were\\nfaster than dominant ones, with the device controller be-\\ning the fastest (Figure 3 ). There was a significant main ef-\\nfect of TECHNIQUE ($F_{(7,105)} = 4.93, p < .0001, \\\\eta_p^2 = .23$). Post\\nhoc tests found ND-DEVICE faster than all dominant tech-\\nniques (p-FIST, D-POINT, and D-PALM) (all $p < .001$), and two\\nnon-dominant techniques (ND-HEALTH, ND-FOV) (both $p < 0.05$),\\nND-PALM was faster than D-PALM (p < .05), D-FIST (p < .0001),\\nD-POINT (p < .001), and ND-FOV (p < .01). Furthermore, ND-\\nFIST was faster than D-FIST and D-POINT (both $p < .05$). No\\nsignificant differences were among the dominant hand tech-\\nniques. Ranking techniques from fastest to slowest mea-\\nsured mode-switch time: ND-DEVICE (331 ms), ND-PALM (459\\nms), ND-FIST (515 ms), ND-HEALTH (528 ms), D-PALM (729 ms),\\nND-FOV (793 ms), D-FIST (846 ms), and D-POINT (955 ms).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,777,395,955],\"text\":\"Overall Error Rate. Overall error rates were between 5.3%\\nand 18.3%, with dominant techniques more error-prone than\\nnon-dominant techniques. Non-dominant hand-mid-air tech-\\nniques were not significantly different from using a device\\ncontroller. There is a significant main effect of technique\\non overall error rate ($F_{E,105} = 5.95, p < .0001, R^2_{G} = .28$). Post-hoc\\ntests revealed that the rate for ND-DEVTOR (5.3%) was lower\\nthan that of B-POINT (18.3%), D-PAIM (13.6%), and D-FIST\\n(15.3%) (all $p < .001$). The D-POINT error rate was higher than\\nthat of ND-HEAD (7.8%), ND-PAIM (8.0%), ND-FOW (9.2%) (all\\n$p < .001$), and ND-FIST (9.5%) ($p < .05$). Finally, D-FIST also had\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,371,747,453],\"text\":\"a higher error rate than nd-FOV, nd-HEAD, and nd-PALM (all\\n$p < .05$). Note that the overall error rate for the baseline task\\nis 8%, so rates between 5.3% to 18.3% with mode-switching\\nare quite similar. Error rates in this range are in line with\\nreported error rates for mid-air interactions [53, 54] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[425,123,741,318],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A bar chart displays Mode-Switch Time in milliseconds on the y-axis, for eight different conditions labeled on the x-axis: D-POINT, D-FIST, ND-FIST, D-PALM, ND-PALM, ND-DEVICE, ND-HEAD, and ND-FOV. Each bar includes error bars indicating variability. The Mode-Switch Time ranges from approximately 300 ms to 950 ms across the conditions.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,323,744,356],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Mode-switch time by technique (error bars in all\\ngraphs are 95 % CI).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[429,466,740,655],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A bar chart titled \\\"Combined Error Rate (%)\\\" displays error rates for nine different categories, including BASELINE, D-POINT, D-FIST, and several ND-prefixed conditions. The y-axis represents the Combined Error Rate from 0 to 22 percent, while the x-axis lists the categories. Each bar has an error bar indicating variability, with error rates ranging from approximately 5% to over 20%.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[467,660,697,676],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Overall error rate by technique.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,697,747,905],\"text\":\"Start and End Error Rates. start error rate was the largest\\ncontributor to overall error rate (Figure 5 ). Measured rates\\nwere between 3.7 % and 14.7 % , with dominant techniques\\nmore error prone. A main effect of technique on start error\\nrate ( F $_{(1,12)}$ = 5.26, p < .0001, $\\\\eta_{G}^{2}$ = .26) with post hoc tests\\nshowed ND-DEVICE (3.7 % ) was more robust than D-FIST (12 % ),\\nD-POINT (14.7 % ) (both p < .001), and D-PALM (9 % ) (p > .05).\\nError rates of nd-fist -7.8 % (p < .05), nd-TOV (7.4 % ), nd-\\nHEAD (6.6 % ), and nd-PALM (6.2 % ) (p < .001) were significantly\\nlower than D-POINT (14.7 % ), and the nd-palme rate was lower\\nthan D-FIST (all p < .001). For end error rate, we did not find\\nsignificant effect of technique , block, or their interaction.\\nMeasured rates were between 2.2 % and 6.1 % .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,912,746,946],\"text\":\"Mode-In and Mode-Out Error Rates. For mode-in error rate,\\nNon-dominant hand techniques were comparable to using a\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 196\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/results/markdown/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300426/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300426", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/results/output_json/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[74,125,391,288],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A stacked bar chart displays the Error Rate Proportion (%) for nine different conditions, including BASELINE, D-POINT, D-FIST, and others. Each bar is segmented into four components representing 'start', 'end', 'mode-in', and 'mode-out' error types.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,291,395,322],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Proportion of specific error rates by TECHNIQUE .\\nNote: multiple error types can occur in a cycle.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,339,395,482],\"text\":\"controller, with dominant fist and palm slightly more error-\\nprone. Dominant pointing had high mode-in errors. All rates\\nwere between 0.6% and 7.6%. There is a main effect of TECH-\\nNIQUE on mode-in error rate ($F_{5,79,56,86} = 6.10$; $p < .0001$,\\n$\\\\eta_q^2 = .29$). Post hoc tests showed D-POINT had a higher rate\\n(7.6%) than all other techniques: D-PALM (3.1%), ND-DEVICE\\n(1.5%), ND-FIST (1.8%), ND-FOV (2.2%), ND-HEAD (3.6%), and\\nND-PALM (0.6%) (all $p < .05$). Moreover, the ND-PALM rate was\\nlower than D-FIST (4.4%), D-PALM, and ND-HEAD (all $p < .05$).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,483,395,610],\"text\":\"Except d-fist , most of the techniques had mode-out er-\\nror rates below 2.4 % , suggesting that mode disengagement\\nwas a minor contributor toward overall error rate . Measured\\nrates were between 0.1 % and 3.7 % . There is a main effect\\nof technique on mode-out error rate ( $t_{1.5\\\\text{d.o.f.}}$ = 3.28, $p < .01$ ,\\n$\\\\eta_p^2 = .18$ ). Post hoc tests showed nd-device (0.01 % ) and nd-\\nhead (0.01 % ) had a lower error rate than nd-fist (1.9 % ),\\nd-fist (3.7 % ), and d-palm (2.4 % ) (all $p < .05$ ).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,617,395,729],\"text\":\"Subjective Ratings. After the experiment, we asked partici-\\npants to rate each technique with respect to six aspects:\\nease-of-learning, ease-of-use, accuracy, speed, eye fatigue\\nand hand fatigue. A 5-point continuous scale was used, with\\n1 being the worst score (e.g. low accuracy, hard to learn, very\\nfatiguing) and 5 being the best (e.g. high accuracy, easy to\\nlearn, not fatiguing).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,730,395,841],\"text\":\"Table 2 (a) summarizes the ratings. The distribution of\\nratings was non-normal due to high negative skewness, so\\nvalues were transformed using Aligned Rank Transform\\n[102] . ANOVAs performed on transformed data revealed\\nsignificant main effects of TECHNIQUE on all the aspects\\nexcept eye fatigue. The main results of pairwise comparisons\\nbetween TECHNIQUE for each rating are:\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[69,844,396,924],\"text\":\"• For hand fatigue , d-PAM ( $p = .049$ ) and nd-POV ( $p < .03$ )\\nwere perceived as more fatigue than nd-DEVICE ( $p < .05$ ).\\nHowever, for the remaining techniques, reported fatigue\\nlevels were not significantly different. This indicates that\\nfatigue levels for the overall experiment were low.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[420,124,748,381],\"text\":\"• For speed and accuracy , d-point AND d-palm were rated sig-\\nnificantly slower and less accurate than nd-device ( p < .01) .\\nFor the remaining techniques, there was no significant dif-\\nference in terms of speed. nd-device was perceived as\\nbeing more accurate than all the dominant techniques\\n( p < .001) and some non-dominant techniques, nd-fist AND\\nnd-fov ( p < .05) . The remaining techniques, nd-head AND\\nnd-palm were rated as being more accurate than d-point\\nand d-palm ( p < .05) .\\n• For ease-of-use and ease-of-learning , d-palm was rated\\nworse than all non-dominant techniques ( p < .05) , followed\\nby d-point , which was rated worse than all non-dominant\\ntechniques ( p < .05) except nd-fov . d-fist was perceived\\nas being harder to learn than nd-device AND nd-palm .\\nnd-device was easier to use compared to all the dominant\\nhand techniques ( p < .01) .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,391,484,408],\"text\":\"Summary\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_conclusion\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,411,746,522],\"text\":\"Two non-dominant techniques, forming a fist or palm, were\\nnot significantly different from using a controller device, and\\nhad error rates comparable to the un-moded baseline task.\\nYet, almost half of the participants picked the controller as\\nmost preferred. To understand how the pinch engagement\\ntrigger affects mode-switching, the next experiment evalu-\\nates a dominant device controller as a trigger.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_conclusion\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,523,747,779],\"text\":\"Overall, non-dominant techniques are generally faster and\\nless error prone than dominant ones. However, using only\\na dominant hand would free the other hand, and in theory,\\nthis should reduce fatigue. So why did dominant techniques\\nperform relatively poorly? Participant comments suggest\\nsome confusion: \\\"Difficult to change the modes using the same\\nhand. It is frustrating when it recognizes hand inaccurately\\\"\\n[P3]. \\\"Feel Index, Fist, and Pinch are all same\\\" [P7]. When\\nchoosing fist, palm, and point for dominant techniques, we\\nfelt these would reduce confusion since they are very dif-\\nferent from the un-modeled pinch trigger. Instead, using very\\ndifferent actions seem to have increased confusion, and per-\\nhaps introduced a time penalty for larger finger movements\\nrequired to switch between pinching and the mode-switch\\naction. We explore this in the next experiment by testing\\nsubtle variations of a pinch for mode-switching actions.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_conclusion\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,789,539,805],\"text\":\"5 EXPERIMENT 2\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,808,746,907],\"text\":\"This experiment has two goals. First, test more subtle domi-\\nnant hand mode-switching techniques to see if actions more\\nsimilar to a pinch trigger might perform better. Second, test\\nthe effect of using a device controller as the manipulation\\ntrigger. The apparatus, quantitative measures and experi-\\nmental protocol are the same as in Experiment 1.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 196\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300426/results/markdown/3290605-3300426_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300427/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300427", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/results/output_json/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[117,118,697,182],\"text\":\"Designing Interactive 3D Printed Models with\\nTeachers of the Visually Impaired\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[153,201,332,264],\"text\":\"Lei Shi\\n\\nCornell Tech, Cornell University\\nNew York, NY, U.S.A.\\n\\nls776@cornell.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[165,277,318,342],\"text\":\"Zhuohao Zhang\\nZhejiang University\\nHangzhou, China\\nzhuohazhong@ju.edu.cn\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[502,201,643,264],\"text\":\"Holly Lawson\\n\\nPortland State University\\n\\nPortland, OR, U.S.A.\\n\\nhlawson@pdx.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[482,277,662,342],\"text\":\"Shiri Azenkot\\n\\nCornell Tech, Cornell University\\nNew York, NY, U.S.A.\\nshiri.azenkot@cornell.edu\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,352,141,368],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,373,395,676],\"text\":\"Students with visual impairments struggle to learn various\\nconcepts in the academic curriculum because diagrams, im-\\nages, and other visual are not accessible to them. To address\\nthis, researchers have design interactive 3D printed models\\n(I3Ms) that provide audio descriptions when a user touches\\ncomponents of a model. In prior work, I3Ms were designed\\non an ad hoc basis, and it is currently unknown what general\\nguidelines produce effective I3M designs. To address this\\ngap, we conducted two studies with Teachers of the Visually\\nImpaired (TVIs). First, we led two design workshops with 35\\nTVIs, who modified sample models and added interactive ele-\\nments to them. Second, we worked with three TVIs to design\\nthree I3Ms in an iterative instructional design process. At the\\nend of this process, the TVIs used the I3Ms we designed to\\nteach their students. We conclude that I3Ms should (1) have\\neffective tactile features (e.g., distinctive patterns between\\ncomponents), (2) contain both auditory and visual content\\n(e.g., explanatory animations), and (3) consider pedagogical\\nmethods (e.g., overview before details).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,692,173,710],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[69,714,352,732],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Accessibility .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_012.png\",\"bbox\":[433,347,734,574],\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A tablet in a stand displays an augmented reality view of a colorful 3D airplane model overlaid onto a physical gray model airplane. A person's hand holds the physical airplane, which has an AR marker cube on its wing, while another hand touches its tail. A green circle highlights a point on the digital airplane visible on the tablet screen.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,578,747,681],\"text\":\"Figure 1: A visually impaired student uses a mobile applica-\\ntion to learn about the Plane Model. The application speaks\\naudio information when the student explores the model,\\nand highlights different components on the model with col-\\nors accessible to low vision students. The iPad is on a stand\\nso that the camera captures the student's interactions with\\nthe model.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,706,502,723],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,727,708,744],\"text\":\"Interactive 3D printed models, User-centered design\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,750,555,765],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,766,748,853],\"text\":\"Lei Shi, Hollywood Lawson, Zhuoahao Zhang, and Shiri Azenkotz. 2019.\\n\\nDesigning Interactive 3D Printed Models with Teachers of the Vi-\\nsually Impaired. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing\\nSystems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland\\n\\nUK . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/\\n3290605.3300427\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,868,550,885],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,889,747,954],\"text\":\"Since students with visual impairments (VIs) can't access vi-\\nsual materials, 3D models are important learning aids. Teach-\\ners of the visually impaired (TVIs), who work with all stu-\\ndents with VIs in the US in supplementary one-on-one or\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,777,394,897],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\\nCH 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,900,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,925,266,954],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4603-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3200605.3300427\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 197\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/results/markdown/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300427/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300427", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/results/output_json/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,237],\"text\":\"small group sessions, use 3D models to teach abstract con-\\ncepts that cannot be conveyed by text alone. For example, a\\nDNA strand is too small to present to a student with VIs, so\\nVIs may supplement a science curriculum by introducing\\na model to convey DNA's double helix structure [2] . These\\nmodels help students better understand concepts, and im-\\nprove their performance on exams [41] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,237,395,380],\"text\":\"Recent advances in 3D printing technologies has made\\n3D models more available. Previously, only a small number\\nof expensive 3D tactile models were available for purchase\\n[2, 3] , so TVIs created their own models using arts and crafts\\nmaterials [41, 55] . With the help of consumer-grade 3D print-\\ners, TVIs now can design and print versatile 3D models [16] .\\nIn prior work, researchers and TVIs developed a variety\\nof printed tactile learning materials for students with VIs\\n[11, 30, 31, 34, 49] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,380,395,586],\"text\":\"However, 3D printed models are still limited compared\\nto commercial models and visual materials used by sighted\\nstudents. For example, a sighted student can learn geography\\nand topology with a globe, using its text labels and color-\\ncoded regions. Meanwhile, 3D printed models are typically\\nmonochrome, with no labels for a sighted or VI student\\nto read. It is feasible to add braille labels to a 3D printed\\nmodel, but there is limited space since braille takes up much\\nmore space than print. Researchers developed interactive\\n3D printed models (I3Ms), which could speak explanatory\\ninformation to a student with VIs when he explores the\\nmodel. Holloway et al. found that I3Ms provided a clearer\\ntactile experience than traditional tactile materials [27] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,587,395,746],\"text\":\"However, most prior work focused on developing sensing\\ntechniques for I3Ms [18, 27, 39, 44–46, 48, 51] ; little work\\nhas explored how to design and use I3Ms in an educational\\nsetting. Many questions remain before we can integrate I3Ms\\ninto educational practice. How should we design and modify\\nthe physical model of an I3M to meet teaching needs? What\\ninteractive elements (e.g., audio labels) should we add to an\\nI3M? How would TVIs and their students use I3Ms? What\\ntools would help support the design and use of I3Ms in a\\nteaching session?\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,746,395,939],\"text\":\"In this paper, we present two studies that investigate how\\nto design I3Ms as effective teaching aids. In both studies,\\nwe worked with TVIs, domain experts who design tactile\\nteaching aids for their students. In the first study, we led two\\ndesign workshops with 35 TVIs, who modified 3D models\\nwe prepared, and added interactive elements to the models.\\nThey also explored existing I3Ms with an enabling desk-\\ntop application (presented in our prior work [48] ). Through\\nthe workshops, the TVIs provided suggestions about model\\nmodification (e.g., the size of physical models should be big-\\nger), interactive elements (e.g., adding visual animations for\\nlow vision students), interaction techniques (e.g., supporting\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,236],\"text\":\"speech input), and pedagogical considerations (e.g., provid-\\ning an overview before details). They also provided feedback\\nfor the existing BM system. Despite the rich feedback gath-\\nered from a wide range of participants, the first study was\\nlimited to conceptual designs that were not implemented or\\nused with students, and the TVIs were constrained by the\\nmodels that we selected.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,237,747,507],\"text\":\"To complement the first study, we conducted the second\\nstudy, where we collaborated with three TVIs individually to\\ndesign and deploy sample I3Ms over seven weeks. First, we\\nimproved the prior system and developed a mobile applica-\\ntion that supports the use of I3Ms in an educational setting.\\nThen, we worked with the TVIs to design three I3Ms they\\nchose: the Plane Model (Figure 1 ), the Volcano Model (Figure\\n11 ), and the Map Model (Figure 14 ). These I3Ms, which can\\nbe deployed using the mobile application, take gesture and\\nspeech commands as input, and support auditory (i.e., la-\\nbels, detailed descriptions, audio effects) and visual feedback\\n(i.e., animations, color highlights). At the end of the design\\nprocess, the TVIs used and evaluated the I3Ms with their\\nstudents. The students learned how to use I3Ms quickly and\\nenjoyed the auditory and visual feedback. They understood\\nthe represented concepts better and demonstrated increased\\nindependence.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[434,507,588,523],\"text\":\"In summary, we contribute:\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[434,526,747,623],\"text\":\"(1) Findings from two studies that revealed the opportu-\\nnities, challenges, and design guidelines for I3Ms as\\nteaching aids.\\n(2) Designs for sample I3Ms along with a mobile applica-\\ntion $^1$ that supports the use of I3Ms in an educational\\nsetting.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,635,550,653],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,656,747,751],\"text\":\"3D printing presents many opportunities for do-it-yourself\\nsolutions to accessibility problems. Researchers have applied\\nthis technology to create assistive devices like prostheses\\n[26] , hand grips [15] , tactile interfaces [25] . With the help of a\\nthriving maker culture and online communities, 3D printing\\nis benefiting people with diverse needs [13, 29] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,751,747,847],\"text\":\"For people with VIs, 3D printing is a powerful educational\\ntool [14, 16] . Prior work focused on either designing teaching\\naids using regular, non-interactive 3D printed models, or\\ndeveloping different sensing and interaction techniques for\\nI3Ms without deploying them with teachers and students.\\nOur work bridges the gap between these two threads.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,859,695,878],\"text\":\"Designing Printed Tactile Learning Materials\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,880,746,913],\"text\":\"Researchers and practitioners have prepared various printed\\ntactile graphics and models for people with VIS. Grice et al.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[420,924,675,953],\"text\":\"†The source code of this application is available online at:\\nhttp://InteractivePrintedModels.com\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 197\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/results/markdown/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300427/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300427", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/results/output_json/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,235],\"text\":\"converted Hubble Space Telescope images into tactile graph-\\nics [21] . Koltys 3D printed images from STEM disciplines\\nlike anatomy, along with embossed braille labels [32] . Gual\\net al. explored different designs of printed tactile maps [22–\\n24] . To the best of our knowledge, none of these materials,\\nhowever, were designed with TVIs, nor were they evaluated\\nby students with VIs.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,236,394,410],\"text\":\"Only a few projects involved students with VIs or teaching\\nstaff in their studies. McDonald et al. printed tactile aids to\\nhelp students with VIs learn graphic design theory [34] . Kane\\net al. printed tactile graphics to show programming results\\nto students with VIs in a computer science workshop [30] .\\nAbigale et al. designed printed tactile books with teachers\\nand caregivers of students with VIs [49, 50] . Jeeesen et al.\\nfurther added movable components into printed tactile books,\\nand evaluated their designs with TVIs [31] . Hu explored\\nparadigms for 3D printed graphs with TVIs in a co-design\\nprocess [28] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,411,394,602],\"text\":\"Prior work also contributed tools to lower access barriers\\nto 3D printed learning materials. This is critical for enabling\\nnon-experts, like TVIs, to create and print their own 3D mod-\\nels. For example, Wedler et al. developed software that allows\\nstudents with VIs to create and print chemistry models inde-\\npendently with minimal assistance from sighted co-workers\\n[55] . VizTouch [11] software automatically generates tactile\\ngraphics of mathematical graphs. Taylor et al. developed a\\nweb tool that allows people with VIs to generate 3D map\\nmodels with specified locations [52] . Similarly, Götzelmann\\net al. created a pipeline that could convert online map data\\ninto printable models [20] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,603,394,666],\"text\":\"Compared to these projects, our work involved both TVIs\\nand students with VIS, and we specifically explored how to\\ndesign I3Ms, which are proven to be more effective than\\nregular prints [27] , as teaching aids.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,694,316,711],\"text\":\"Interactive 3D Printed Models and Maps\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,714,394,954],\"text\":\"To make 3D printed models more powerful, researchers con-\\ntributed different techniques to add interactivity to these\\nmodels. Most of these techniques involved conductive ma-\\nterials, additional electronics, and new printers. Schmitz et\\nal. [43] , Taylor et al. [51] , and Götzelmann [18, 19] printed\\nmodels with conductive parts and put them on a touchscreen.\\nWhen a user touches the conductive parts, the touchscreen\\nrecognizes the gesture and plays an audio label. Since the\\nmodels must be in contact with a touchscreen, a user cannot\\nexplore the models freely in the air, and the designs of these\\nmodels were usually limited to maps. In addition to touch-\\nscreens, prior work also used Arduino controllers [27, 33]\\nand electrodes [56] to sense users' inputs on conductive mod-\\nels. Researchers also explored new printers that can print\\nelectronic components directly inside models [36, 37] . These\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,155],\"text\":\"approaches require TVLs and students with VIs to obtain\\nelectronics and new printers.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,156,747,283],\"text\":\"In prior work, we used acoustic sensing to make 3D prints\\ninteractive [44, 46] . We designed models with printable per-\\ncussive components, which can generate unique sounds\\nwhen flicked. A mobile application recognizes the sounds and\\nspeaks audio labels. This method does not rely on embedded\\nelectronics. However, the precision of acoustic sensing was\\nlimited, and adding more audio labels would likely decreased\\nthe accuracy.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,283,747,538],\"text\":\"More recently, we used cameras to enable interactivity in\\n3D models [48] . Mar kit is a design tool that allows a user\\n(e.g., a TVI) to add annotations on a 3D model. Talkit is a\\ndesktop application that allows a user with VIs to explore the\\nannotations on the model. Using the webcam from a laptop,\\nTalkit locates a model by sensing the tracker mounted on the\\nmodel, and finds the user's finger by tracking a red sticker\\n(see Figure 4 and Figure 5 ). When a user puts his finger on an\\ninteractive element, Talkit speaks the name of the element.\\nThe user can say \\\"more\\\" to hear a detailed description of\\nthe element. Similar to other camera-based systems, the user\\nmust keep the model and their finger within the field of view\\nof the camera. Both Talkit and Markit were evaluated in lab\\nstudies. We used Talkit in our first study, and developed a\\nnew mobile application with additional features (e.g., visual\\neffects) for our second study.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,538,747,747],\"text\":\"Most prior work focused on interactive sensing techniques\\nin controlled lab settings with adults with VIs; only a few\\nprojects have been designed and evaluated with students\\nwith VIs in real teaching environments. Giraud et al. [17]\\ndesigned one interactive map in collaboration with a spe-\\ncialized teacher, and evaluated it with 24 students with VIs\\nin controlled lab studies. Brule et al. [12] designed a multi-\\nsensory map and conducted a field study with children and\\ncaretakers in geography classes. Although maps are impor-\\ntant teaching aids, we focus on designing I3Ms for a variety\\nof concepts and curricular areas. Our work extends the find-\\nings from these studies, and provides design guidelines and\\nsample I3Ms that can be used in educational settings.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,773,569,789],\"text\":\"3 WORKSHOP STUDY\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,792,746,873],\"text\":\"The primary goal of the first study was to understand how\\nwe should design I3Ms as teaching aids, and derive design\\nguidelines for future model designers. We also aimed to so-\\nlicit feedback about existing I3Ms so we could improve the\\ntechnologies to better support the use of I3Ms in classrooms.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,873,747,954],\"text\":\"We chose to achieve our study goals through design work-\\nshops. A workshop setting allows the researchers to engage\\nwith a relatively large number of participants in a short\\namount of time, allowing some one-on-one conversation as\\nwell as discussion among the participants.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 197\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/results/markdown/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300427/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300427", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/results/output_json/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[207,122,605,137],\"text\":\"Table 1: Different groups and their chosen models in the workshop study\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[171,153,642,186],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Group Number</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Chosen Model</td><td>Elephant</td><td>Heart</td><td>Map</td><td>Skull</td><td>House</td><td>Heart</td><td>Elephant</td><td>Map</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table displays \\\"Group Number\\\" and \\\"Chosen Model\\\" for 8 groups. The chosen models are Elephant, Heart, Map, Skull, House, Heart, Elephant, and Map for groups 1 through 8, respectively.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_3_tab_3.png\"},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,208,119,224],\"text\":\"Method\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,228,394,340],\"text\":\"Participants. We recruited participants for two workshops,\\nwhich were conducted in two state conferences of the As-\\nsociation for Education and Rehabilitation of the Blind and\\nVisually Impaired (AERBVI), an organization for profession-\\nals who provide services to people with VIS [1] . The two\\nworkshops followed a same protocol but were hosted in dif-\\nferent locations with different participants.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,340,394,468],\"text\":\"Sixteen TVIs (3 males, 13 females) participated at the first\\nworkshop, whose reported years of experience ranged from\\n3 to 40 years (mean=21, SD=13). One identified as low vi-\\nsion, two identified as blind, and 13 identified as sighted.\\nNineteen TVIs (5 males, 14 females) joined the second work-\\nshop. Their reported years of experience ranged from 2 to 41\\nyears (mean=17, SD=12). One identified as low vision, one\\nidentified as blind, and 17 identified as sighted.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,479,395,718],\"text\":\"Apparatus and Materials. We printed seven 3D models\\nfrom Thingiverse.com. When exploring possible models from\\nonline resources, the researchers on the team, including one\\nwho is an expert in education for students with visual impair-\\nments, identified models that would be likely be used by TVs\\nin educational settings. The models we chose were (1) a map\\nof the U.S. (Thing: 61210), (2) a rocket (Thing: 100070), (3)\\nan anatomical heart (Thing: 93266), (4) an elephant (Thing:\\n182136, as shown in Figure 2 ), (5) a house (Thing: 270223),\\n(6) a skull (Thing: 622390, as shown in Figure 3 ), and (7) a\\nDNA (Thing: 1281735). We used Markerbot and Ultimaker\\nprinters to print these models with PLA filament. To allow\\nparticipants to document modifications and annotations on\\nthe printed models, we prepared Play-Doh, stickers, sticky\\nnotes, pens, markers, and poster boards.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,718,394,784],\"text\":\"To allow participants to experience I3Ms with existing\\nannotations, we created three I3Ms and ran TaliKit on three\\nMacbook laptops. The three I3Ms were: Cell, Globe, Map,\\nmodels used in prior work [48] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,792,394,889],\"text\":\"Procedure. Each workshop lasted 1.5 hours. We began each\\nworkshop with a short presentation introducing 3D printing\\ntechnologies, I3Ms, and the design of Talit. Then, partici-\\npants split into groups (G1 to G4 in the first workshop, and\\nG5 to G8 in the second workshop). Each group was asked to\\ndesign one I3M.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,889,394,953],\"text\":\"At the start of their design process, each group chose one\\nmodel from the seven models we printed. The participants\\nchose models based on their interests, and on a first-come,\\nfirst-serve basis. Their choices are shown in Table 1 .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,208,746,303],\"text\":\"Then, each group modified the model using materials like\\nPlay-Doh, and used markers and stickers to design interac-\\ntive elements on the model. They brainstormed the type and\\ncontent for these elements, and how students would interact\\nwith them. During the design process, they also explored our\\nexisting 13Ms using Talkit.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,303,746,336],\"text\":\"At the end of the workshops, each group delegated one or\\ntwo representatives to briefly present their designs.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,346,746,425],\"text\":\"Analysis. We video recorded the presentations and took\\nphotos of the modified models. Two researchers developed\\nthemes from the recording transcripts using axial coding [42] .\\nWe refer to members of each group by their group number\\n(G1-G8).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,439,477,457],\"text\":\"Findings\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,460,745,493],\"text\":\"Model Modification. Participants provided ways to im-\\nprove and modify the designs of 3D printed models.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,502,746,677],\"text\":\"Size: Four groups shared concerns about the printed mod-\\nels being too small and explained that their size could im-\\npede tactile exploration and understanding of the concepts\\nrelated to the referent object. G1 and G7, who both chose\\nthe elephant model, thought the small model would mis-\\nlead students. G1 said it would be better if they could \\\"have\\nsomething accompanying that model to show scale.\\\" For ex-\\nample, a 3D print of the foot of an elephant. Similarly, G4\\nalso wanted to have an anatomically correct skull to show\\nthe correct size of the skull. G8 wanted a larger map model\\nso students could feel each of the states.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,686,746,864],\"text\":\"Texture : Participants were unsatisfied with the limited\\nprinting quality we had and the solid printing materials we\\nused. For example, the printing imperfections resulted in\\nridges on the top of the elephant model (see Figure 2 ) and\\n\\\"stringy\\\" surface on the heart model. G6, who chose the heart\\nmodel, said the model \\\"should be lovely to touch\\\" instead of\\nbeing \\\"like rough sandpaper.\\\" They wanted to use a rubbery\\nmaterial to make the texture of the model more similar to\\nthat of a heart. G1 thought that \\\"different parts [should have]\\ndifferent texture.\\\" They also suggested printing the model in\\na higher resolution to avoid imperfections.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,872,746,954],\"text\":\"Tactile Differentiation: G2, G4, and G8 wanted to add tactile\\npatterns on the models to make different components more\\ndistinct from one another. G4 said \\\"there wasn't much tactile\\ndiscrimination between them (different components on the\\nskull model)\\\" and they used Play-Doh to indicate different\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 197\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/results/markdown/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300427/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300427", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/results/output_json/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,126,394,172],\"text\":\"tactile patterns they would add onto the model, as shown in\\nFigure 3 . G2 and G8 had similar thoughts on the heart model\\nand the map model.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,184,394,344],\"text\":\"Visual Cues: Four groups wanted to add visual cues to\\ntheir models for low vision students. G7 thought the ele-\\nphant model should be in the color of an elephant instead\\nof being black, because most students with VIs have usable\\nvision. Both G2 and G6 wanted to make a multi-color heart\\nmodel. For example, G2 thought the arteries and veins should\\nbe color-coded to demonstrate blood flow. G4, who indicated\\nthat tactile patterns were useful to blind students, thought\\nhigher contrast would help low vision students better under-\\nstand the model.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,357,395,468],\"text\":\"Removable Components: Two groups were interested in\\nremovable components, which would allow students to ex-\\nplore the relationships between different components. For\\nexample, C5 , who chose the house model, wanted to add\\na removable roof, so students could explore the inside of\\nthe house when taking off the roof. Similarly, G4 wanted to\\ncreate a removable brain component inside the skull model.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,482,394,561],\"text\":\"Interactive Elements. After modifying the physical mod-\\nels, the participants designed interactive elements for their\\nmodels. In addition to audio labels and detailed description\\nthat were widely deployed in prior work [18, 27, 39, 44–47] ,\\nparticipants also used audio effects and animations.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,573,395,782],\"text\":\"Labels and Description: In general, the participants were\\nall in favor of annotating model components with name la-\\nbels, which could be followed by detailed descriptions when\\nqueried by users with VIs. They labeled each component of\\ntheir models, and the number of labeled elements ranged\\nfrom four (on the skull model by G4) to 12 (on the heart\\nmodel by G6). They also added detailed descriptions about\\neach component's function (e.g., the function of arteries),\\nsize (e.g., the size of an elephant leg), texture (e.g., the tex-\\nture of elephant skin), related metrics (e.g., the population\\nof a city), and surrounding components (e.g., surrounding\\nstates). G1 wanted to add a story to the elephant model in\\naddition to a factual description.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,792,394,953],\"text\":\"Audio Effects: Six groups used audio effects in their inter-\\nactive elements. Both G1 and G7 wanted their I3Ms to play\\nelephant sounds when a student touched the trunk on the\\nelephant model. G2 wanted the sound of the heartbeat. G6\\nassociated heartbeat sounds with gestures, suggesting that\\n\\\"two taps (tapping on the model twice) would [play] like an\\nactive heartbeat, uh, maybe three taps would be like a very\\nactive heartbeat.\\\" For the map model, G3 added state songs\\nand the sound of a state bird, and G8 wanted to have the\\nsound of a state animal.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[432,127,588,242],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A black elephant figurine stands on a white surface. It features several green circular markings, specifically on one ear, its feet, and the end of its trunk.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[432,259,584,377],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Participants modi-\\nfied the elephant model, us-\\ning stickers to indicate loca-\\ntions that triggered annota-\\ntions. Note the printing im-\\nperfections at the top of the\\nmodel, which participants\\nfound misleading.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[592,127,739,244],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A black human skull model is adorned with multi-colored modeling clay on various sections. Red clay covers the upper back-left, white clay the top, and yellow clay the lower jaw, with a gray/green base beneath.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[588,259,742,333],\"text\":\"Figure 3: The participants\\nmodified the skull model.\\nThey used Play-Doh to in-\\ndicate different tactile pat-\\nterns on four components.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,400,746,432],\"text\":\"Animations: In addition to audio and visual feedback, G2\\nwanted an animation of a beating heart on the heart model.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,440,746,488],\"text\":\"Interaction Techniques. Participants suggested different\\ninput and output techniques for the interactive information\\non the models.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,497,747,689],\"text\":\"Input Techniques: Gestures were the most common input\\ntechnique suggested. For example, performing single and\\nmultiple taps on a model (G1-G6, G8) to get audio labels and\\ndetailed descriptions, respectively. G4 designed buttons near\\ntheir model, with which a student could retrieve and record\\naudio annotations. In addition, some participants wanted\\nspeech input. For example, G3 wanted simple commands\\nlike \\\"Song\\\" to activate audio effects on the map model. They\\nalso mentioned more conversational commands like \\\"What's\\nthis state's song?\\\" Overall, these input techniques are similar\\nto what we found in our prior work [47] , where we designed\\ninput techniques directly with adults with VIs.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,697,747,825],\"text\":\"Output Techniques: In addition to auditory feedback (e.g.,\\nannotations and audio effects) and visual feedback (e.g., ani-\\nmations) commonly mentioned by participants, G1, G4, and\\nG6 also wanted to connect refreshable braille displays to the\\nI3Ms as one potential output channel. The display could pro-\\nvide longer descriptions that students could access in braille.\\nFor example, G6 wanted to use a braille display to describe\\nthe complicated structure of the heart model.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,833,746,881],\"text\":\"Pedagogical Considerations. When describing how they\\nwould use IBMs in their lessons, participants provided four\\nsuggestions.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,889,746,953],\"text\":\"Overview of a Model: The participants pointed out that\\nstudents should have an overview of a model before going\\ninto more complicated details. G3 said that some students\\nfocused on details and missed the overview when studying a\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 197\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/results/markdown/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300427/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300427", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/results/output_json/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,172],\"text\":\"map model. G4 thought that students should know \\\"the total\\nnumber of things to find\\\" on the skull model. The overview\\ncould be provided by a TVI or through the I3M.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,179,394,274],\"text\":\"Changeable Digital Content: The participants wanted to\\nreuse a same printed model with different digital content. For\\nexample, G4 wanted to \\\"erase that information (interactive\\nelements) and use it with a different student.\\\" They also\\nsuggested changing the content on a model as a student\\nadvances in their studies.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,282,394,411],\"text\":\"Connections between Models and Referent Objects: As dis-\\ncussed previously, most 3D printed models had a limited size\\nand a low-fidelity texture, which could lead to a misunder-\\nstanding of their referent objects. The participants wanted\\ntheir students to be aware of the difference between a model\\nand its referent object, and provide different solutions. For\\nexample, G4 wanted to bring a real skull along with the\\nmodel.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,418,394,499],\"text\":\"Student-Made Annotations: G4 wanted to allow students\\nto record their own annotations. They said, \\\"if he tapped\\nthe button or double tapped, he could add his research to\\nthat.\\\" They thought that these annotations could be used in\\npresentations or a science fair.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,506,394,555],\"text\":\"Feedback for the System. The participants also provided\\nfeedback for the Talkit application and the design of the\\nphysical trackers.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,563,394,739],\"text\":\"Application Setup: Some participants tried the Talkit appli-\\ncation, and felt the setup of the desktop application was in-\\nconvenient. For example, the current camera position might\\nlead to a high cognitive load for students with VIs. As shown\\nin Figure 4 , the Talkit application used the webcam of a lap-\\ntock to track a model and the user's gestures. In this situation,\\nas G3 said, \\\"the kid has to reorient themselves when they\\nput the map in front of them... and because so many of our\\nkids also have perceptual issues, that might be tough.\\\" They\\nsuggested setting the camera above the user or right in front\\nof them, facing the same direction as the student (Figure 5 ).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,745,394,826],\"text\":\"Physical Trackers A few participants discussed the disad-\\nvantages of the 3D tracker, which is a $2 \\\\times 2 \\\\times 2$ cm $^3$ cube\\ncovered with five fiducial tags. The tracker enabled the TaliIt\\napplication to locate the position of the model. However, the\\ntracker could feel bulky on some models.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,837,242,854],\"text\":\"Discussion and Forethought\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,857,394,954],\"text\":\"The goal of this study was to derive design guidelines for\\nI3Ms from TVIs. Thirty-five TVs participated in this study,\\nand provided suggestions about the designs of I3Ms from\\ndifferent aspects, such as model modification, interactive\\nelements, interaction techniques, and pedagogical considera-\\ntions. Although we collected data from a wide range of TVIs\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,407,746,584],\"text\":\"during the workshops, the data was mostly about conceptual\\ndesigns that were not implemented or used with students.\\nMoreover, the TVIs were constrained by the seven 3D prints\\nthat we provided as a foundation. The fact that participants\\nwere not able to choose models from a larger set was one\\nlimitation in the first study. We wanted to gather more com-\\nprehensive findings by deploying I3Ms with TVIs in their\\nclassrooms. Thus, we conducted another study, where we\\nworked with three TVIs to design and deploy I3Ms. We will\\ndiscuss the design guidelines of I3Ms with the findings from\\nboth studies at the end of this paper.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_012.png\",\"bbox\":[426,118,595,257],\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Three women are seated side-by-side at a dark table, each with a laptop in front of them. The woman in the foreground, wearing a purple shirt and glasses, actively uses a mouse. The other two women also have laptops and appear engaged, one looking forward and the other at her screen.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[431,269,596,374],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Three participants\\ntried existing LMs with the\\nTalkit application running on\\na Macbook. The application\\nuses the webcam of the Mac\\nbook to detect where the user\\nis touching the model.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_014.png\",\"bbox\":[597,119,751,258],\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A person's hands rest on a table with an open silver laptop displaying a colorful graphic on its screen. A black textured object, possibly a mouse or controller, is under their left hand, next to a small white cube with black markings.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[603,269,739,374],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Unsatisfied\\nwith the orientation\\nsettings in Figure 4 , a\\nparticipant rotated the\\nlaptop so that its camera\\nfaces the same direction\\nas the user.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,584,746,791],\"text\":\"The first study also exposed some technical limitations of\\nthe TaliIt application, which needed to be addressed before\\ndeploying I3Ms in classrooms. First, the application should\\nsupport visual content. Animations and visual cues are useful\\nfor low vision students. Second, the participants showed\\ninterests in audio effects (e.g., the sound of a heartbeat),\\nwhile the current application only spoke descriptive texts.\\nThird, the setup of the application should be easier. The\\nparticipants pointed out that the current setup would lead\\nto high cognitive load for students. Last but not least, the\\napplication should support other forms of trackers (e.g., 2D\\nfiducial tags). To address these limitations, we improved the\\napplication, which we describe subsequently.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,804,652,821],\"text\":\"4 INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN STUDY\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,826,746,954],\"text\":\"The goal of the Instructional Design study was to explore\\nthe design of I3Ms in practice. While the Workshop study\\naggregated suggestions from conceptual designs, this study\\nallowed us to work with individual TVIs in-depth, and deploy\\nI3Ms in their classrooms. Both studies answered our research\\nquestion: how should we design I3Ms as effective teaching\\naids? In this study, we specifically wanted to explore (1)\\nHow would TVIs design and use I3Ms in their lessons? (2)\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 197\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/results/markdown/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300427/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300427", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/results/output_json/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,155],\"text\":\"Are the BMs designed by TVIs useful and effective in the\\nclassrooms?\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,156,394,283],\"text\":\"Instructional design (ID) is the practice of developing learn-\\ning experiences [35] . The development of technology has\\nshaped the theories and guidelines of ID over time [40] . In\\nour case, ID has two components: the design of I3Ms and the\\ndesign of teaching plans. We worked with TVIs to develop\\nand test these two components over seven weeks. Through\\nthis process, we designed three I3Ms along with teaching\\nplans, and gained feedback from TVIs and their VI students.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,299,120,315],\"text\":\"Method\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,319,394,430],\"text\":\"Apparatus: Talkit++. To deploy I3Ms in TVs' classrooms,\\nwe developed a mobile application, Talkit++, as shown in\\nFigure 6 . To deploy I3Ms in TVs' classrooms, we developed\\na mobile application, Talkit++, as shown in Figure 6 . When\\ndesigning the app, we incorporated TVs' feedback gathered\\nduring the first study, and the suggestions from blind adults\\nobtained on similar applications in prior work [48] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,430,394,510],\"text\":\"Like Talkit, Talkit++ tracks finger gestures using a red\\nsticker, locates a model using a physical tracker, and provides\\naudio labels and detailed description. The application also\\nrecognizes simple speech commands like \\\"more.\\\" In addition,\\nwe added new features:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[88,515,395,661],\"text\":\"● Visual Cues: The application visually highlights the\\ncomponents on a model (see Figure 1 ).\\n• Animations: Users can trigger animations using a but-\\nton on the touchscreen interface (see Figure 12 ).\\n• Audio Effects: Designers can add audio effects on I3Ms.\\n• 2D Trackers: In addition to 3D trackers, Talkit++ also\\nsupports tracking models using 2D trackers, which are\\nless intrusive, as shown in Figure 11 and Figure 14 .\\n• iOS Compatibility: The application runs on iOS devices.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,666,394,792],\"text\":\"Talkit++ was developed in Swift and C++. We cross com-\\npiled computer vision libraries like Chitalis [9] and OpenCV\\n[10] , and called them in Swift. Talkit++ uses SpeechRecog-\\nnizer [6] to detect speech commands. As for output, Talkit++\\nuses a text-to-speech engine [5] , plays audio effects through\\nAudioPlayer [4] , and displays animations using UImage [7] .\\nWe also updated Markit, the I3M design tool, to work with\\nthe new features.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,793,394,955],\"text\":\"To use an I3M, a user with VIs must put a red sticker on\\nhis fingernail, and run TalkIt++ on an iOS device (e.g., an\\niPhone or an iPad). The user can put the device on a stand\\nto adjust its camera position (see Figure 7 ). In the current\\napplication, the student needs to select the digital content\\nthat works with the model using a button on the application.\\nIn the future, users could select models using speech input.\\nOnce selected, the model speaks an overview of the model.\\nThen, the user can explore the printed model tactilely. When\\nhis finger touches an interactive element, the model plays\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,423,745,456],\"text\":\"audio labels and audio effects. He can also say \\\"more\\\" to get\\na more detailed description.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[429,130,629,320],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A smartphone displays an augmented reality application with a 3D printed globe held by a hand, showing magenta, green, and red regions representing continents. User interface elements are visible at the bottom, labeled \\\"Select Models\\\" and \\\"Globe,\\\" with arrows pointing to \\\"Activate Animations\\\" and \\\"Information Display\\\" next to a gear icon.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[433,341,622,401],\"text\":\"Figure 6: The user interface of\\nthe Talkit++ application, which\\nis accessible with the built-in\\nVoiceOver screen reader.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_013.png\",\"bbox\":[625,134,738,322],\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A person's hand interacts with a tablet displaying a colorful segmented map and a tactile map-like object on a table. The hand points at the raised lines on the tactile object, which appears to be a physical representation of a map. The two panels show slightly different positions of the hand during this interaction.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[627,341,736,401],\"text\":\"Figure 7: Two ways\\na user could posi-\\ntion an iPad using a\\nstand.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,463,746,608],\"text\":\"Participants. Three TVI participants, denoted as T1 - T3,\\njoined our study. All participants were female, and their ages\\nwere 52 (T1), 34 (T2), and 24 (T3). Their years of experience\\nas TVIs were four (T1), one (T2), and one (T3). We recruited\\nthem through a Master's level personnel training program\\nfor TVIs, but they were already teaching students with Vis.\\nIn total, ten students participated. Instead of reporting the\\ninformation of each student, we report the aggregated de-\\nmographic data of the students to preserve their privacy:\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[440,611,747,786],\"text\":\"• T1 planned to work with six students, whose ages\\nwere: eight, nine, nine, nine, 10, and 11. Four of them\\nwere blind, and the other two were low vision. Three\\nof them had learning disabilities.\\n• T2 planned to work with three students, whose ages\\nwere: 16, 18, and 19. Two of them were blind, and the\\nother one is low vision. All of them had had learn-\\ning disabilities and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity\\ndisorder (ADHD).\\n• T3 planned to work with one blind student, whose age\\nwas 11. The student did not have other disabilities.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,792,746,955],\"text\":\"Procedure . The entire study lasted seven weeks, and we\\nfollowed ADDIE [38] , a commonly used process in ID, to\\ndevelop ISMs. ADDIE is an acronym for five phases: Analysis,\\nDesign, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. A\\nresearcher, who was not co-located with the participants,\\nscheduled weekly 30-minute remote meetings with each TVL.\\nIn some cases (e.g. design iteration) they had extra short\\nremote meetings. Besides the meetings, they communicated\\nvia emails. The researcher spent around 12 hours in total\\nmeeting with the three TVIs during the study.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 197\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/results/markdown/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300427/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300427", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/results/output_json/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,253],\"text\":\"Week 1: Analysis . The goal was to (1) introduce the re-\\nsearch project to the TVIs and (2) analyze and articulate the\\nteaching needs. The researcher introduced I3Ms, and demon-\\nstrated the capabilities and limitations of I3Ms. Then, the\\nTVIs were asked to think about who they would teach and\\npotential concepts they wanted to teach with I3Ms. After\\nthe meeting, the TVIs were instructed to search online and\\ncome up with three potential teaching concepts.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,277,395,421],\"text\":\"Weeks 2-3: Design. The goal was to (1) design a physical\\nmodel for each TVI, and (2) add interactive elements for the\\nmodel. First, the researcher worked with the each TVI to\\nchoose one teaching concept and design a corresponding\\nmodel. They chose a concept based on design complexity,\\nprinting feasibility, and feedback from peers. Then, the re-\\nsearcher helped the TVIs design their selected models. With\\nthe researcher's encouragement, the TVIs used digital mod-\\nels, drawings, and diagrams to illustrate their ideas.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,421,395,533],\"text\":\"After designing the physical models, the TVs designed\\ninteractive elements. They were asked to provide the textual\\ncontent of the overview introduction, audio labels, and de-\\ntailed descriptions. Optionally, they also added audio effects\\nand animations. They provided multimedia materials (e.g.,\\naudio files, YouTube videos) to the researcher if they wanted\\nthese features incorporated in their ISMs.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,559,395,655],\"text\":\"Week 4: Development . The goal was to develop I3Ms and\\nteaching plans. The researcher modified models found online\\nto meet the TVI's designs and printed them out. When the re-\\nsearcher encountered design or printing issues, he discussed\\nthese problems with the TVIs and together they adjusted the\\nmodels.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,656,395,752],\"text\":\"Then, the researcher added textual content, audio files, and\\nanimations to the models. The audio files and animations\\nwere created from the materials that participants provided.\\nThe TVIs did not use 3D modeling software themselves dur-\\ning the study; the researcher iterated on the designs with\\nfeedback from the TVIs multiple times during the study.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,752,394,784],\"text\":\"During this phase, the TMEs were asked to develop their \\nteaching plans for using ISMs in their lessons.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,808,395,955],\"text\":\"Weeks 5-7: Implementation and Evaluation . The researcher\\nand collaborating personnel university program provided\\nresearch materials to the TVI participants. For each TVI, we\\nprepared an iPad with the Talki++ application, an iPad stand,\\nfinger stickers, trackers, and the selected printed model. An\\naccessibility specialist and other researchers tested the us-\\nability of the application before delivering it to the TVIs.\\nThe TVIs had at least two weeks to get accustomed to the\\napplication before handing it to their students.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,124,746,189],\"text\":\"The TVIs implemented their teaching plans with their\\nstudents. After each teaching session, the researcher inter-\\nviewed TVIs. In the last lesson with I3Ms, the TVIs asked\\ntheir students to provide feedback on the I3Ms.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,196,747,307],\"text\":\"Data Collection. We recorded all the remote meetings be-\\ntween the researcher and each TVI, and the TVIs provided\\ntheir students' feedback on B3Ms during the meetings. We\\nonly used the data provided by the TVIs because of feasibil-\\nity and privacy concerns. Two researchers transcribed and\\ncoded the recordings of the researcher's meetings with the\\nTVIs.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,319,544,336],\"text\":\"Design Deliverables\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,340,747,419],\"text\":\"Initial Concepts and Model Selection . The participants\\n chose models according to their teaching curricula and stu-\\ndents’ individual capabilities. Initially, each of them proposed\\nthree models and narrowed down their choices based on feed-\\nback from their TVI colleagues, brailists, and the researchers.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,419,746,514],\"text\":\"TI wanted to teach the structure of the earth, the structure\\nof a flower, or the structure of a volcano. A model of a flower\\nwas too fragile to print. After conferring with her classmates,\\nshe decided to design an interactive volcano model, which\\nwould fit her teaching agenda and be more suitable for her\\nstudents.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,514,747,563],\"text\":\"T2 wanted to teach the concept of an airplane, or animals\\nlike birds and elephants. After discussing with her peers and\\nstudents, she chose an airplane model.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,563,747,691],\"text\":\"T3 initially proposed a model for conducting electricity ex-\\nperiments. She wanted to let students assemble printed com-\\nponents (e.g., a printed battery and a printed bulb) together\\nand then get interactive feedback. This idea required interac-\\ntions between 3D prints, which was not well supported by\\nthe current Talkit++ application. Besides the experiments,\\nT3 was also interested in teaching with an airplane model or\\na printed map. We chose a map model to avoid duplicates.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,698,746,731],\"text\":\"Model Iteration. The TVIs iterated on the designs of their\\nchosen models with the help from the researcher.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,737,747,914],\"text\":\"The Volcano Model: T1 wanted the external tactile tex-\\ntures of a mountain with the internal structure of a vol-\\ncano. The researcher proposed an initial design by combin-\\ning Thing:1316498 and Thing:1370593, as shown in Figure 8 .\\nHowever, T1 thought the model was too complicated. Thus,\\nwe iterated on the design and replaced the internal structure\\nwith the design from Thing: 1290606. In the final design, we\\nmade the model simpler. Since all the components are on one\\n2D surface, we used 2D trackers. We added two in case one\\nof them was blocked by a students' hand. The dimensions of\\nthe model are 22 × 15 × 13 cm $^3$ .\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,921,746,954],\"text\":\"The Plane Model: We modified Thing!182252, as shown in\\nFigure 9 . The dimensions of the model are $23 \\\\times 21 \\\\times 6$ cm $^3$ .\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 197\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300427/results/markdown/3290605-3300427_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300428/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300428", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/results/output_json/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,744,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,39,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[131,117,685,182],\"text\":\"Defending My Castle: A Co-Design Study of\\nPrivacy Mechanisms for Smart Homes\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[100,200,384,264],\"text\":\"Yaxing Yao\\n\\nSocial Computing Systems (SALT) Lab\\nSchool of Information Studies, Syracuse University\\n\\nyya08@syr.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[430,199,712,266],\"text\":\"Justin Reed Basdeo\\n\\nSocial Computing Systems (SALT) Lab\\nSchool of Information Studies, Syracuse University\\n\\njbasdeo@syr.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[100,275,384,342],\"text\":\"Smitry Kaushik\\n\\nSocial Computing Systems (SALT) Lab\\nSchool of Information Studies, Syracuse University\\n\\nsmkaushi@syr.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[434,276,712,343],\"text\":\"Yang Wang\\n\\nSocial Computing Systems (SALT) Lab\\n\\nSchool of Information Studies, Syracuse University\\n\\nywang@syr.edu\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,351,141,368],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,373,395,644],\"text\":\"Home is a person's castle, a private and protected space.\\nInternet-connected devices such as locks, cameras, and speak-\\ners might make a home \\\"smarter\\\" but also raise privacy issues\\nbecause these devices may constantly and inconspicuously\\ncollect, infer or even share information about people in the\\nhome. To explore user-centered privacy designs for smart\\nhomes, we conducted a co-design study in which we worked\\nclosely with diverse groups of participants in creating new\\ndesigns. This study helps fill the gap in the literature between\\nstudying users' privacy concerns and designing privacy tools\\nonly by experts. Our participants' privacy designs often re-\\nlied on simple strategies, such as data localization, discon-\\nnection from the Internet, and a private mode. From these de-\\nsigns, we identified six key design factors: data transparency\\nand control, security, safety, usability and user experience,\\nsystem intelligence, and system modality. We discuss how\\nthese factors can guide design for smart home privacy.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,658,172,674],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,678,345,696],\"text\":\"· Security and privacy → Privacy protections;\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,710,149,727],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,732,356,749],\"text\":\"Smart Home, Internet of Things, Privacy, Co-Design\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,354,552,367],\"text\":\"ACM Reference format:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[422,370,747,456],\"text\":\"Yaxing Yao, Justin Reed Basdeo, Smiritya Kaushik, and Yang Wang.\\n2019. Defending My Castle: A Co-Design Study of Privacy Mecha-\\nnisms for Smart Homes. In Proceedings of CHI Conference on Human\\nFactors in Computing Systems Proceedings, Glasgow, Scotland UK,\\nMay 4–9, 2019 (CHI 2019) . 12 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300428\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,477,549,495],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,499,747,690],\"text\":\"A smart home consists of different sensors, systems, and\\ndevices, which can be remotely controlled, accessed and\\nmonitored [7, 19] . The massive amount of data collected by\\nInternet of Things (IoT) devices in a smart home allows enti-\\nties to infer sensitive information without actually collecting\\nthem [9, 28] . Even seemingly innocuous data, such as home\\ntemperature and air conditioner status, could be used to de-\\ntermine whether a house is empty or not [23, 36] . In addition,\\npeople have expressed privacy concerns about smart homes,\\nsuch as continuous data collection, sharing, and even mis-\\nuse [6, 40, 42] . Privacy has thus been identified as a road\\nblocker in the wide adoption of smart homes [18, 21] .\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,690,747,754],\"text\":\"To mitigate these concerns, different privacy mechanisms\\nhave been proposed, e.g., introducing noise to shape the\\nsmart home network traffic to prevent data interference [2] .\\nHowever, little is known about what kinds of smart home\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,775,394,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored in a方式 that does not create undue demand. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acr.org.\\nCPI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,897,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto Association for Computing Machinery.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,925,266,951],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4053-5970-2/19.05...$15.00!\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300428\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_022.png\",\"bbox\":[419,769,748,922],\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Hands are writing on papers at a gray table, with a green cutting mat in the center holding numerous markers, pens, and scissors. Various craft supplies and sticky notes are also scattered on the table.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[436,932,730,950],\"text\":\"Figure 1: A photo was taken during one study session.\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 198\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/results/markdown/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300428/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300428", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/results/output_json/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,172],\"text\":\"privacy controls people desire. This is an important question\\nto answer because privacy designs that address these desires\\nare likely to be adopted.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,172,395,364],\"text\":\"To answer this question, we adopted a co-design approach\\nto empower end users and engage them directly in the design\\nprocess. Co-design [34] is a collaborative design approach\\nin which stakeholders–such as researchers, designers, and\\nusers or potential users who are considered as “ experts of\\ntheir experiences ” [38]– share their perspectives and coop-\\nerate creatively to generate new designs [35] . Kraemer and\\nIvan advocated that privacy issues in the smart home con-\\ntext should be approached by considering different stake-\\nholders [20] . In our work, we collaborated closely with many\\ngroups of participants with diverse backgrounds in designing\\nprivacy mechanisms through a series of co-design sessions.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,364,395,492],\"text\":\"Our main contribution is that we identified six key design\\nfactors from our participants' designs of privacy mechanisms\\nfor smart homes. These factors include data transparency\\nand control, security, safety, usability and user experience,\\nsystem intelligence, and system modality. They reflected our\\nparticipants' expectations in privacy mechanisms for smart\\nhomes and can be used as a good starting point to think\\nabout the design space of smart home privacy mechanisms.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,509,197,526],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,529,318,546],\"text\":\"Smart Home Privacy Concerns and Risks\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,550,395,727],\"text\":\"Prior literature identified a number of privacy and security\\nrisks of smart homes. Arbo et al. pointed out the possibility of\\nidentity theft and device reconfiguration, suggesting the need\\nfor effective malware management [3] . With an experiment,\\nApthorpe et al. demonstrated how to infer sensitive user\\ninteraction with smart home devices through network traffic\\nanalyses with reasonable accuracy [1, 2] . A risk analysis of a\\nsmart home automation system by Jacobson et al. pointed\\nout that human-related risks (e.g. poor password selection)\\nand software component risks (e.g. unauthorized modifica-\\ntion of functions in the app were the riskiest ones [17] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,727,395,950],\"text\":\"End users' privacy concerns have also been examined. By\\nunderstanding people's mental model of how smart homes\\nwork, Zimmerman et al. uncovered participants' privacy con-\\ncerns about hacker attacks and data abuse [45] . Brush et al.\\nidentified four barriers that defer the broad adoption of smart\\nhomes, such as “difficulty achieving security” in smart door\\nlocks and cameras [6] . Zeng et al. identified a number of con-\\ncerns people have, such as continuous video recording, data\\ncollection and mining, network attacks on local networks,\\nand account hacking [42] . However, people tend to outweigh\\ncost and interoperability over privacy and security [42] . Wor-\\nthy et al. found that the fewer trust participants had towards\\nthe entities who used their information, the greater control\\nover information collection participants desired [40] . Zheng\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,172],\"text\":\"et al.'s study, on the contrary, found that their participants\\nassumed their privacy is well protected because they trust\\ntheir smart home device manufacturers [43] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,172,746,332],\"text\":\"Other studies focused on specific smart home devices.\\nMalkin et al.'s survey about smart TVs revealed their respon-\\ndents’ uncertainty of data collection and usage as well as the\\ncommon nonacceptance of data being re-purposed or shared\\nwith third parties [24] . McReynolds et al.'s study on smart\\ntoys unveiled parents' concerns about the toys' recording\\nand data sharing abilities and children's concerns about be-\\ning heard by their parents [26] . Lau et al.'s study about smart\\nspeakers found that users' rationales behind a lack of privacy\\nconcerns could lead them to serious privacy risks [22] .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,354,628,371],\"text\":\"Smart Home Privacy Mechanisms\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,376,746,565],\"text\":\"Researchers have proposed various solutions to mitigate\\nprivacy concerns and risks in smart homes. For instance,\\nApthore et al.'s solution decreased the inference of sensi-\\ntive user activities by introducing a minimum amount of\\nnoise data to shape the smart home network traffic [2] . Datta\\net al. developed a Python library for IoT developers to eas-\\nily implement privacy-preserving traffic shaping [1] . By\\ninjecting synthetic network packets, Yoshigeo et al.'s solu-\\ntion obscured the real network traffic and reduced potential\\nprivacy vulnerabilities [41] . Wang et al. built a live video\\nanalytic tool for denaturing video streams by blurring faces\\naccording to user-defined rules [39] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,566,746,740],\"text\":\"To reduce improper access to users' data, Moncrieff et\\nal. developed a tool to dynamically manage access privi-\\nleges based on a number of contextual factors in smart home\\nsurveillance (e.g., occupants' location and content of ongo-\\ning conversation) [29] . Arbo et al. proposed a framework to\\nensure data security for smart home devices by providing\\ndynamically generated policies and interfaces in which end\\nusers could use to set up their privacy zones [3] . Chakra-\\nvarty et al. designed a system to collect and store users' data,\\nthen only allow users to access their data upon successful\\nre-identification [8] .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,740,746,836],\"text\":\"To increase transparency and user control, Das et al. pro-\\nposed an infrastructure for IoT devices and sensors to send\\npersonalized privacy notice and choice based on individual\\nusers' preferences [10] . McReynolds et al.'s study on smart\\ntoys suggested that toys should effectively communicate\\nwith both parents and children that toys could record [26] .\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,836,746,949],\"text\":\"More broadly, to ensure an overall safe environment of\\nsmart homes, Lin et al. suggested that auto-configuration\\nsupport should be developed for smart home network so\\nthat whenever a new device is plugged into the network, the\\nsupporting system could auto-configure itself and find the\\nmost secure settings for the new devices, such as security\\nprotocols and essential firmware updates [23] .\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 198\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/results/markdown/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300428/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300428", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/results/output_json/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[68,119,747,186],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a horizontal flowchart outlining a research process, divided into three main phases: \\\"Participants pre-screening\\\", \\\"Session 1: understanding smart home privacy perceptions\\\", and \\\"Session 2: co-designing and prototyping\\\". Each phase contains a sequence of blue-boxed steps, such as \\\"Pre-screening survey\\\", \\\"General discussion\\\", \\\"Brainstorm & co-design\\\", and \\\"Design presentations and iterations\\\", with arrows indicating transitions between some stages.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[199,198,615,214],\"text\":\"Figure 2: The flow of our co-design study, including its various components.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,236,395,332],\"text\":\"The commonality of the above mechanisms is that they\\nwere proposed or developed solely by experts or researchers.\\nOur work focuses on end users' needs and perspectives, help-\\ning fill the gap in the smart home literature between studying\\nusers' privacy concerns and designing privacy tools only by\\nexperts.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,342,152,360],\"text\":\"3 METHOD\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,364,395,476],\"text\":\"To explore how people desire to protect their privacy in the\\ncontext of smart homes, we conducted a set of co-design\\nsessions with a total of 25 participants. Figure 2 shows our\\nstudy flow including participant recruitment and two co-\\ndesign sessions. Each session took about 1.5 hours and each\\nparticipant was paid $15 for each session they participated\\nin. Our study was approved by our university IRB.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,486,145,503],\"text\":\"Participants\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,507,405,618],\"text\":\"Recruitment. We recruited our participants primarily through\\nword-of-mouth, Craigslist, local community centers, libraries,\\nand senior citizen centers. We framed our study as \\\"a design\\nstudy for smart home technology\\\" and did not mention the\\nword \\\"privacy\\\" to avoid any potential bias. We designed a\\npre-screening survey to get participants' demographic infor-\\nmation and their experiences with smart home devices.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,619,395,793],\"text\":\"Participant data. The ages of our 25 participants ranged\\nfrom 22 to 76 (mean: 41). 13 participants were cisgender\\nfemale and the other 12 were cisgender male. They had vari-\\nous occupations, such as university staff, librarians, students,\\nsoftware engineers, retired workers, a security guard, a re-\\nsearcher, and a plumber. They were categorized into three\\ntypes of participants based on their levels of experiences\\nwith smart homes: 12 participants owned smart home de-\\nvices ( users ), 7 participants were interested in buying smart\\nhome devices ( interested users ), and 6 participants did not\\nuse or plan to buy smart home devices ( non-users ).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,793,395,954],\"text\":\"Study groups. Participants were divided into five groups\\n(Group A, B, C, D, and E) primarily based on their schedules\\nand levels of experiences with smart home devices. Each\\ngroup had four to six participants (A:6, B:4, C:5, D:4, E:6).\\nEach session had at least four participants except that Ses-\\nsion 2 of Group D only had two participants due to schedule\\nconflicts. Group E consisted of participants from a senior\\ncitizen center. Due to their mobility needs, we chose to con-\\nduct the study in their center with the participants from that\\ncenter only. All other sessions were conducted in our lab.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,236,747,380],\"text\":\"All participants were invited to both sessions, however\\nnot everyone could attend both sessions due to practical\\nconstraints (e.g., conflicting schedules). To mitigate this issue,\\nsimilar to [25] , we started each Session 2 with a 15-minute\\nrecap of the discussion from the corresponding Session 1\\n(e.g., pros and cons and privacy concerns of smart home\\ndevices) to bring all participants to the same page. In the end,\\nten participants completed both sessions. Eleven participants\\nonly did Session 1 and four participants only did Session 2.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,391,481,407],\"text\":\"Session 1\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,411,747,619],\"text\":\"The goal of the first session was to understand participants'\\nprivacy and security concerns of smart homes and to conduct\\nthe initial brainstorming and design. Each session started\\nwith a round-table introduction. We then asked each par-\\nticipant to talk about their experiences with smart home\\ntechnologies and general perceptions. We then provided\\na working definition of a smart home, \\\"a home that has\\ndifferent sensors, systems, and devices, which can be re-\\nmotely controlled, accessed and monitored\\\" based on the\\nliterature [7, 19] . We showed and explained pictures of a few\\nsmart home devices (e.g., voice assistants, smart thermostats,\\nsecurity cameras, and smart toys) to illustrate this smart\\nhome definition and potential uses of these devices [27] .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,619,747,858],\"text\":\"Next, we asked our first group-based discussion question,\\n“what are the pros and cons of these devices in your opinion?”\\nThis question was meant to frame the discussion in a neu-\\ntral/balanced manner. In our pilot study, we found that our\\nparticipants were overly excited about smart home, tended\\nto fixate on the pros, and hardly considered the cons. To en-\\ncourage participants to think more about the risks, we added\\na follow-up question in the actual study that asked, “have\\nyou experienced or heard of any negative incidents of smart\\nhome technologies, and what can potentially go wrong with\\nsmart home technologies?” This question did not prime our\\nparticipants to only consider the negative aspects because\\nwe asked the pros first and they mentioned many pros. The\\ncareful consideration of both benefits and risks helped them\\nto consider the trade-off in later co-design activities.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,858,747,954],\"text\":\"The next two activities were scenario-based because smart\\nhome devices can be used in various scenarios or for differ-\\nent purposes and privacy is highly contextual [31, 32] . As\\nsuch, we hope to provide opportunities for our participants\\nto explore nuances of smart homes and their contextualized\\nprivacy implications. The first activity was a role play. We\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 198\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/results/markdown/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300428/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300428", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/results/output_json/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,348],\"text\":\"presented three scenarios adapted from the literature: (1) an\\nAmazon Echo records a conversation between a couple and\\nsends it to other people [37] , (2) a security camera monitors\\na senior citizen's well-being at home in case of emergen-\\ncies [44] , and (3) a smart toy records and processes a child's\\nconversation with it in order to respond, but also allows the\\nparents to hear the conversation via a mobile app [26] . These\\nscenarios were chosen to represent different devices, social\\nrelationships and power dynamics in the home (e.g., a cou-\\nple and a co-worker, an older adult and an adult child, and\\nyoung children and parents). In each scenario, we designed\\ntwo to four roles for our participants to choose from. Once\\neach participant picked a role, they discussed the potential\\nprivacy issues from the standpoint of the role.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,348,395,507],\"text\":\"The next activity was to co-create smart home usage sce-\\nnarios. We encouraged our participants to work in groups of\\ntwo or three. Each group chose a specific smart home device\\nand co-created a usage scenario of that device with one or\\ntwo researchers. We used six questions to guide the scenario\\ncreation process, i.e., what the device is, where the device is\\nused, who uses the device, when to use the device, why uses\\nthe device, and how the device is used. Participants then\\npresented the scenario and discuss any potential privacy\\nimplications in that scenario.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,507,395,716],\"text\":\"Through the above two activities, our participants dis-\\ncussed a wide range of usage scenarios and privacy issues of\\nsmart homes. We then moved on to the co-design activity.\\nSpecifically, we asked our participants to brainstorm their\\ndesired ways to mitigate these privacy issues and draw their\\ndesign ideas. We provided a number of creation tools (e.g.,\\ncolored papers, post-it notes, color pens). A student designer\\nwas also on site to provide help with sketching if needed.\\nWe deliberately asked our participants to work individually,\\nthink outside of the box, and consider different kinds of po-\\ntential solutions. We also explained that the solutions could\\nbe futuristic and speculative without considering the status\\nquo. Each participant then presented their ideas to the group,\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,725,128,742],\"text\":\"Session 2\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,746,395,873],\"text\":\"The goal of Session 2 was to continue the co-creation of\\nprivacy mechanisms, moving from ideation to creation of\\nprototypes. We started the session by recapping the discus-\\nsion from Session 1. To help our participants understand\\ndifferent forms of prototypes, we show various examples\\n(e.g., paper prototypes of smartphone screens and a website).\\nSimilar to Session 1, we provided different creative tools and\\nhad a student designer on site to help them draw.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,874,395,955],\"text\":\"Each participant had about an hour to work on their pro-\\ntotypes. We encouraged them to discuss their ideas with\\nother participants and the researchers, and then to create\\nthe design individually. Then each participant presented and\\ndiscussed their prototypes with the group.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,124,508,141],\"text\":\"Data Analysis\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,144,749,479],\"text\":\"Transcriptions and notes. All sessions were audio-recorded\\nupon participants' permissions. The recordings were tran-\\nscribed and then analyzed using a thematic analysis [5] by\\nthree co-authors. First, we immersed ourselves in the data\\nby reading through the transcripts multiple times. Then we\\ncoded one transcription together at the sentence level to de-\\nvelop an initial codebook. Second, we independently coded\\nthe same transcription of another session using the code-\\nbook. We added new codes to the codebook in that process.\\nOnce finished, we compared and discussed our coding, and\\nconverged on an updated codebook. The inter-coder reliabil-\\nity was 0.91 (Cohen's Kappa), which is considered good [14] .\\nNext, we coded the rest of the data using the updated code-\\nbook, which contains more than 100 unique codes, such\\nas \\\"self-driving car risks,\\\" \\\"voice assistant authentication,\\\"\\n\\\"home context,\\\" \\\"block data collection,\\\" \\\"sharing decision,\\\"\\nand \\\"intrusion detection.\\\" Once finished coding, we grouped\\nall codes into several themes, such as \\\"data transparency and\\ncontrol,\\\" \\\"security,\\\" \\\"safety,\\\" \\\"usability and user experience,\\\"\\n\\\"system intelligence,\\\" and \\\"system modality.\\\" We examined\\nand ensured the codes were assigned to the correct theme.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,479,748,623],\"text\":\"Image data. We collected participant drawings of their\\ndesign ideas. Following Poole et al.'s methodology [33] , three\\nco-authors coded all elements in every design, including all\\ncomponents involved (e.g., stakeholders, devices, users), in-\\nformation flow, context, as well as other visual elements (e.g.,\\nicons, symbols, colors). Over 80 codes emerged from the anal-\\nysis, and all the codes were grouped into the aforementioned\\nthemes in the analysis of audio transcriptions and notes. The\\ninter-coder reliability was 0.84 (Cohen Kappa).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,653,502,669],\"text\":\"4  RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,672,749,945],\"text\":\"Our work contributes to new understandings of how people\\nconceptualize privacy control mechanisms for smart homes.\\nOur participants started with creating their own smart home\\ndevice usage scenarios. They created a wide variety of usage\\nscenarios covering different devices and purposes (e.g., smart\\nsecurity cameras for home safety, smart doorbells and locks\\nfor remotely locking/unlocking doors, a smart fridge to auto-\\nmate food refill and alert food expiration, and a smart robot\\nto support indoor navigation for people with visual impair-\\nments). This activity allowed our participants to explore and\\ndiscuss possible ways of using smart home devices and po-\\ntential privacy implications. These scenarios also served as\\na basis for the subsequent co-design of smart home privacy\\ncontrols. Next, we will turn to our participants' smart home\\nprivacy designs, focusing on the major factors considered in\\ntheir designs and identified via our thematic analysis. Table 1\\nshows an overview of these factors. It is worth noting that\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 198\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/results/markdown/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300428/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300428", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/results/output_json/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,122,393,155],\"text\":\"Table 1: The six factors identified from our partici-\\npants’ design of smart home privacy controls.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[69,169,387,457],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Factors</td><td>Examples</td></tr><tr><td>Data Transparency &amp; Control</td><td>- Transparency and user awareness- Data localization- Disconnection from the Internet- Other user controls of data</td></tr><tr><td>Security</td><td>- Authentication of multiple users- Access control- Network intrusion detection</td></tr><tr><td>Safety</td><td>- Notification of physical break-in</td></tr><tr><td>Usability &amp; UX</td><td>- Considerations of user characteristics- Considerations of user effort</td></tr><tr><td>System Intelligence</td><td>- Context detection- Personalization</td></tr><tr><td>System Modality</td><td>- Hardware devices- Apps, modes, policies</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a two-column table with headers \\\"Factors\\\" and \\\"Examples.\\\" The \\\"Factors\\\" column lists categories including Data Transparency & Control, Security, Safety, Usability & UX, System Intelligence, and System Modality. The \\\"Examples\\\" column provides bulleted items for each factor, detailing specific considerations or features.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_4_tab_3.png\"},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,486,394,519],\"text\":\"these factors are not mutually exclusive. One design might\\nconsider multiple factors. We present these factors below.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,531,263,549],\"text\":\"Data Transparency and Control\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,552,394,632],\"text\":\"A major privacy concern shared by our participants was\\nsmart home devices collecting data about them. They cre-\\nated various designs to increase the transparency of data\\ncollections and user control over their data. Seventeen par-\\nticipants considered this factor (P2-6, 9-10, 12, 15-21, 24-25).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,633,395,920],\"text\":\"Transparency and user awareness. Seven participants' designs (P2-3, 6, 12, 15, 18-19) were centered around improv-\\ning transparency of data collection and usage of smart home devices. For example, P15 designed a transparency feature\\nfor a self-driving car. She considered the car part of the smart home because the car is often parked/charged at home and\\nshe can control the car (e.g., start the engine) remotely using voice assistants (e.g., Google Home). However, she was con-\\ncerned that the car manufacturer might collect her car usage data (e.g., when she used the car, where she had been to) and\\nthen use that data to predict her future activities. To address these concerns, she designed the car with two modes, an in-\\nvisible mode and a visible mode. When she wishes not to be tracked, she can turn on the invisible mode (e.g., by plugging\\nin a dedicated USB drive to the car) to hide her activities. In contrast, under the visible mode (default mode), her driving\\ndata can be tracked but she can use an app interface to see what data about her has been collected.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,920,395,953],\"text\":\"P15 explained, “the visible basically tells you what you\\nhave done with this car, like a transparency tool... [the tool] can\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,124,747,238],\"text\":\"also make sense of how the manufacturer uses the data. Like\\nthey can infer whether I'm a night person or not to increase\\nmy insurance payment.\\\" (P15) Her design of the visible mode\\nprovides more transparency about the car's data collection\\nand usage practices. However, she suggested this feature\\nshould be provided by third-party companies because she\\nfelt the car manufacturers might not tell the truth.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,239,747,396],\"text\":\"It is also worth noting that, our participants considered\\nthe purposes of data collection in their smart home sce-\\nnarios when designing the privacy controls. For instance,\\neven in the invisible mode of P15's design, she would share\\nwhen/where she uses the car with a trusted third party (e.g.,\\nfor better navigation purpose) but would not with the car\\nmanufacturer. In P3's design, the security camera monitors\\nhis home for safety (i.e., purpose), but the associated app\\ndoes not show the actual images or videos and only offers\\ntext descriptions thereof to mitigate privacy risks.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,396,748,718],\"text\":\"Data localization. A common element across seven par-\\nticipants’ designs (P2, 4-5, 15-16, 20, 24) was data localization,\\nthe idea that smart home devices store and process the col-\\nlected data locally as opposed to sending the data to a remote\\nserver. For example, P16 designed a smart door lock with a\\nfingerprint reader to improve the safety of her home. Since\\nthe fingerprint reader collects her biometric information, she\\ndesigned an additional privacy feature to protect her finger-\\nprint data by only storing it locally in the lock. She explained,\\n\\\"The fingerprint will be stored onsite only. There is no need to\\nhave it connected to anything. If you didn’t have your origi-\\nnal key and you didn’t get in with your fingerprint for some\\nreason, the only thing that the company can do is complete\\npledge it and you would start it as a brand-new device because\\nthey would not have access to get into that.\\\" (P16) According\\nto P16’s design, her fingerprint data will reside in the lock,\\nbut the smart lock is still network-connected because the\\ncompany could remotely reset the lock if the user lost her\\nkey or the fingerprint reader stopped working. However, we\\nnote that remotely resetting locks can pose security risks.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,719,748,943],\"text\":\"Disconnection from the Internet: This privacy mech-\\nanism means disconnecting smart home devices from the\\nInternet, essentially working in an offline manner. Five partic-\\nipants' designs (P2-4, P4-25) included this idea. For instance,\\nP2 was concerned about home security cameras collecting\\npersonal data and storing these data in cloud storage, which\\nmay not be secure. To address these concerns, he proposed a\\ndesign of a physical lock that could be plugged into a security\\ncamera to protect his personal data. He explained, \\\"I think\\nwhat people need is something like a lock that can be plugged\\ninto the security camera to lock our data like gender or activi-\\nties. Now they [security cameras] are using cloud services like\\nthe iCloud to store my personal data, but I don't know whether\\nthey are secure or not because they are stored at some other\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 198\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/results/markdown/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300428/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300428", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/results/output_json/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,365],\"text\":\"place, so if I have my own device without the Internet, that is\\nsafet. It's like a physical control and my things are stored only\\nin my place.\\\" (P2) Several interesting ideas are behind this\\ndesign. First, the lock is intelligent in selectively filtering\\nout certain types of data (e.g., gender). Second, the lock can\\ndisconnect the security camera from the Internet/network.\\nA defining characteristic of smart home devices or IoTs more\\nbroadly is their Internet connectedness, which often supports\\ndata transfer, remote control, and other system intelligence\\n(e.g., predictions). However, here we see P2's desire to di-\\nrectly control (enable/disable) the Internet connectedness.\\nBy disconnecting the security camera from the Internet, P2\\nfelt that he has more (at least perceived) control over the\\ndata. Third, the lock (as a standalone hardware device) is\\nphysical, which affords more tangible control.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,365,395,623],\"text\":\"Other user controls of data. Besides data localization\\nand disconnection from the Internet, nine participants (P5, 9-\\n10, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24-25) desired explicit controls of their data,\\nfrom preventing data collection to deleting collected data.\\nThe aforementioned P15's example of the invisible mode of\\na self-driving car was designed to prevent car manufacturers\\nfrom collecting data about her car activities. In comparison,\\nP5 designed a conceptual model of smart home privacy mech-\\nanisms and emphasized that a key aspect of his model was\\nusers' ability to delete data. He explained, “the user should\\nhave a hardware option to delete data. So they don't have to\\nnecessarily go to the software to delete it.” (P5) He believed\\nthat users should be able to delete the data collected about\\nthem and the deletion feature should be implemented as a\\nhardware option (e.g., a physical button on the smart home\\ndevice), which would be easier to use than a software control.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,641,122,659],\"text\":\"Security\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,661,394,741],\"text\":\"Another underlying factor of participants' designs was re-\\nlated to security, including aspects such as authentication of\\nmultiple users, access control of user data, and network intru-\\nsion detection. Twenty participants (all participants except\\nP15, 18-19, 24-25) considered this factor in their designs.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,741,395,950],\"text\":\"Authentication of multiple users. Eleven participants\\n(P1, 4-5, 10-13, 17, 21-23) spoke to the social relationships\\nand power dynamics in homes where there could be multiple\\nusers sharing one device. They emphasized the importance\\nof enabling proper authentication in order to protect each\\nfamily member's privacy. For example, P13 was concerned\\nthat other members in the household might be able to access\\nher credit card information and order food from the smart\\nfridge. To address this concern, she incorporated voice recog-\\nnition in her design as an authentication mechanism for the\\nsmart fridge. She explained, “ even if someone hacks your de-\\ntails about the credit card to make payment, but it will still\\nneed you voice to recognize and authenticate that transaction,\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,124,748,221],\"text\":\"So that can't happen unless you do it yourself. Even if some-\\none has credit card details, the transaction won't go through.\\\"\\n(P13) While P13's voice could uniquely identify/authenticate\\nher, she did not speak to the possibility where someone else\\nmight record and replay her voice to impersonate her (i.e.,\\nreplay attacks).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,222,748,510],\"text\":\"Access control. In addition to authentication, authoriza-\\ntion or access control of who can access what data was an-\\nother security feature that 16 participants (P1-11, 14, 16-17,\\n20, 23) considered in their designs. For instance, security\\ncameras (e.g., Nest Cam [30] ) often allow anyone who logs\\ninto the compatible mobile app to see the same video content.\\nHowever, P3 wanted to give users different access rights, as\\nshown in the left screen in Figure 3 . He designed two modes.\\nIn the online mode, the app shows the video feed from the\\ncamera. In the offline mode, the app provides a textual descrip-\\ntion of the video feed (e.g., a person is walking), as shown in\\nthe middle screen in Figure 3 . The access control (the right\\nscreen in Figure 3 ) determines who gets to use which mode.\\nHe elaborated, \\\"you can decide who should be in which mode\\nfrom this access management page, so some will see the text\\ndescription, some will see the live video.\\\" (P3) This feature is\\nsimilar to sharing location data at varying granularity (e.g.,\\nactual address vs. city) with different entities.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,511,748,685],\"text\":\"In addition, some participants also designed location-based\\naccess controls. For example, P1 explained that in his design\\nof a home automation system, the app to control his smart\\nhome devices should have a local mode and a remote mode.\\nHe should have full access to all the functions and data only\\nwhen he is physically at home, which triggers the local mode.\\nIn comparison, when he is away from home, the system will\\nenter the remote mode and should only give him partial ac-\\ncess to the devices and none of his data should be transmitted\\nthrough the Internet. We are not aware of any existing home\\nautomation products that support this feature.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,686,748,751],\"text\":\"Network intrusion detection. Another security feature\\nincluded in three participants' designs (P6, 22-23) was the\\nability to detect external intrusions into the smart home\\nnetwork. For example, P6 had a technical background, and he\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[437,771,725,907],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays three hand-drawn mobile app wireframes. The first compares \\\"Online mode\\\" and \\\"Offline mode\\\" with listed features and \\\"SELECT\\\" buttons. The second shows a \\\"private mode (text mode)\\\" screen with a date and \\\"No person detected\\\" message. The third presents a list of names, including \\\"C. Ronaldo,\\\" \\\"L. Messi,\\\" \\\"K. Mbappe,\\\" and \\\"T. Henry,\\\" with some entries featuring dates or small icons.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,918,745,948],\"text\":\"Figure 3: The online and offline modes of security cameras\\n(P3)\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 198\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/results/markdown/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300428/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300428", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/results/output_json/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,383],\"text\":\"was particularly concerned that hackers might hack into his\\nhome network and steal his information, that his neighbors\\ncould connect to his home network and invade his privacy,\\nor his devices could send his personal information to third\\nparties other than the device manufacturers. To address these\\nconcerns, he designed a smart router with a built-in firewall\\nand an app that worked with the smart router, which could\\nbe used to notify users whenever an outside intrusion was\\ndetected. He elaborated, “the app will be able to track data\\nsending from each device and its destination. If there is anyone\\nwho is trying to penetrate your network or trying to use your\\ndata, collect your data, this app should send you identification.\\nYou can probably reboot the device from the app to stop, kind\\nof like a filter.” (P6) This smart firewall would be able to track\\neach smart home device’s data flow and notify users of any\\nthird party attempting to collect data.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,397,110,414],\"text\":\"Safety\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,417,395,789],\"text\":\"Since our participants designed for the home environment,\\nsafety was also a concern. Twelve participants (P1, 7-8, 11,\\n15, 17-18, 21-25) considered this factor. For example, our par-\\nticipants expected that security cameras or voice assistants\\nshould be able to notify either the homeowner or the police\\ndepartment if someone broke into their house. If the users\\nwere in an emergency and needed help, they should be able\\nto call for help quickly from these devices. These features\\nare often already supported by existing products. Some par-\\nticipants also tried to ensure the physical safety of the home\\nwhile preserving people's privacy. For instance, P18 was con-\\ncerned about the unknowingly recording of passersby by\\ndoorbell cameras. She then created a long list of key points\\nthat should be written into policies. She explained, \\\"I sug-\\ngested that it could be first a law by the government that owners\\nhave to somehow make other people somehow aware whether\\nthat's a sign that says you're being recorded.\\\" (P18) While\\nthe doorbell cameras can arguably help improve people's\\n(safety) awareness of their home door area, P18 was con-\\ncerned about the privacy of other people (e.g., passersby).\\nBy calling for legislation that requires a clear notice of such\\nrecording practice, P18 attempted to strike a good balance\\nbetween homeowner safety and passersby privacy.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,802,259,820],\"text\":\"Usability and User Experiences\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,823,394,920],\"text\":\"Many participants explicitly considered the usability of their\\nprivacy designs, ensuring that users have good user experi-\\nences with the designs. Twelve participants (P3, 11-15, 17-19,\\n21-23) considered this factor in their design. There were two\\nbroad categories of usability considerations: user character-\\nistics and user effort.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,920,394,952],\"text\":\"Considerations of user characteristics: Seven partici-\\npants (P11, 13, 18-19, 21-23) took people's characteristics\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,413],\"text\":\"(e.g., abilities) into account when designing their privacy\\nmechanisms, hoping to make their designs more inclusive to\\na wide range of users. For instance, P11 designed an in-home\\nrobot, which could help people with various tasks in their\\nhomes. He then designed hardware access control interfaces\\nto manage who could access the robot remotely. In the group\\ndiscussion, P13 asked the following questions about P11's\\ndesign. “If the person is blind, or is it like an elderly person\\nwho cannot walk?” (P13) These questions prompted P11 to\\nreconsider his design. P11 then reduced the number of but-\\ntons in the interface so that it might be easier for a variety\\nof users (e.g., children, older adults). Similarly, P18 originally\\ndesigned an authentication mechanism for Amazon Echo\\nusing a physical fingerprint reader. Later he added a voice\\nrecognition mechanism for authentication because he real-\\nized that a physical fingerprint reader may be impossible or\\nhard to use for people who lost their fingers or who have\\nmobility impairments.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,413,747,606],\"text\":\"Considerations of user effort. Another usability con-\\nsideration was the amount of effort required from users to\\nutilize the privacy designs. The majority of design ideas were\\nbased on automation (e.g., users receiving automatic alerts\\nabout their information being used). However, eleven partici-\\npants’ designs (P3, 11-15, 17, 19, 21-23) intentionally required\\nexplicit user effort. For example, P19 designed an improved\\nprivacy policy (summaries of most important points) for a\\nsmart thermostat and he believed that companies should be\\nrequired to show the policy and users should be required to\\nread these policies to understand the data collection. How-\\never, we note that people tend not to read privacy policies.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,623,542,641],\"text\":\"System Intelligence\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,644,746,707],\"text\":\"Twelve participants (P1, 4-9, 13, 15, 21-23) considered system\\nintelligence in their design. Among participants' privacy\\ndesigns, we noticed two types of system intelligence: context\\ndetection and personalization.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,708,747,951],\"text\":\"Context detection. Since homes can have various social\\nrelationships, contexts, and thus privacy implications, six\\nparticipants' designs (P1 9, 13, 21-23) included a component\\nof automatic context detection. For instance, P9 designed\\nsmart toys for her children but was concerned that her sen-\\nsitive data might be accidentally recorded by these toys. For\\ninstance, she might be calling the bank with her credit card\\ninformation while her children play with the toys, which may\\nrecord and leak her private information outside the house.\\nTo address this concern, she embedded a context detection\\nfeature as part of her design. She explained, “ like when we\\nwant to have a private discussion, they [smart toys] are not\\nallowed to [record] . ” (P9) She expected the toys to be able\\nto automatically detect when she is having a private con-\\nversation and the toys will pause their recording. Similarly,\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 198\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/results/markdown/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300428/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300428", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/results/output_json/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,155],\"text\":\"P23 designed a security camera that can automatically detect\\nthat she is not at home and start recording in the home.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,156,395,429],\"text\":\"Personalization. Since the home might have multiple\\npeople with different needs, twelve privacy designs (P1, 4-9,\\n13, 15, 21-23) were personalized. For instance, P21, a senior\\ncitizen who lived with a portable oxygen concentrator, ex-\\npected that her daughter can access her security camera to\\ncheck on her well-being. However, P21 desired personalized\\npreferences in terms of when her daughter can access the\\ncamera feed and when she cannot. P22 echoed her support,\\n\\\"if I don't want them to see certain things, I can deny them.\\nDon't have them on camera when I do this, this and this. I got\\ncompany, I'm eating ice cream, don't bother, that'd be good. Pro-\\ngram it so that we don't have to worry about it. Like an alarm,\\nyou can set an alarm based on what you are doing. That's what\\na true friend would do. Let Alexa be your true friend. Twack\\nit up!\\\" P22 expressed her desire of setting her personalized\\npreferences of access control via a voice assistant, which\\nthen can automatically enforce these preferences.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,448,172,466],\"text\":\"System Modality\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,469,394,532],\"text\":\"We observed four forms or modalities of how participants'\\nprivacy designs were embodied: hardware devices, apps, sys-\\ntem modes, and policies. These modalities are not mutually\\nexclusive. Some privacy designs had two or more modalities.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,532,395,790],\"text\":\"Hardware devices. Ten participants' designs (P2, 6-9, 11-\\n12, 14-16) were proposed as hardware devices, such as P2's\\ndesign of a physical lock for security cameras, P6's design\\nof a smart router, and P15's design of a USB device for self-\\ndriving cars. In some cases, our participants intentionally\\ndesigned their privacy mechanisms as a hardware solution.\\nFor example, P15 explained, “ it is just a USB, you plug it\\nin, it will record the data, you can plug it into a computer to\\nread...it's small. I can take it with me and plug it in whenever I\\nwant to hide my activities...I don't know whether it is possible\\nto connect just using Bluetooth. So with the Internet, it can\\nupload the data by itself, but with the Bluetooth, it can only\\ntransmit data from the device to your phone, then your phone\\ncan analyze the data itself, so the USB is safer. ” P15's choice\\nof a USB was due to its portability and its perceived security\\n(no connection to the Internet).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,791,395,885],\"text\":\"Apps. Another common modality was a mobile app, often\\nfeatures of the mobile app associated with the smart home\\ndevice. Twelve participants' designs (P1, 3-5, 9, 12, 14-15, 17-\\n21-23) took the form of an app. We have presented examples,\\nsuch as P3's privacy design of the security camera app, and\\nP15's privacy design of the app for self-driving cars.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,885,395,950],\"text\":\"Modes. Four privacy designs (P3-4, 12, 15) were envi-\\nsioned as system modes in hardware devices or mobile apps,\\nsuch as P3's design of online and offline modes for security\\ncamera and P15's design of visible and invisible modes for\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,220],\"text\":\"self-driving cars. These modes were often binary, privacy\\nmode vs. regular mode. They mapped to some participants'\\ncoarse categorizations of privacy implications (e.g., I need\\nprivacy in this case). Some of them explicitly mentioned\\nthe incognito mode (of the Google Chrome browser), which\\nlikely inspired their designs.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,220,746,299],\"text\":\"Policy. In addition to technological solutions, six parti-\\npants' privacy designs (P10, 18-20, 24-25) were in the form\\nof laws and/or policies, for instance, P18's example of legisla-\\ntion, which would require smart doorbell cameras to clearly\\nnotify passersby that the cameras can record them.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,317,525,333],\"text\":\"5 DISCUSSION\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,337,549,353],\"text\":\"Smart Home Privacy\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,357,746,451],\"text\":\"The home context is complicated for privacy. First, smart\\nhome privacy covers not only information privacy (e.g., data\\ncollection and sharing) but also physical privacy (e.g., the\\nprivacy of the physical space of homes). Our participants paid\\nattention to both types of privacy in their privacy designs\\n(e.g., data transparency, safety).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,452,746,579],\"text\":\"Second, the complex social relationships and power dy-\\nnamics in a home, such as parents and children, brothers and\\nsisters, husband and wife, owners and guests, patients and\\nremote doctors [15] , can significantly affect whose privacy\\nis at risk or how privacy can be enacted. Many privacy de-\\nsigns in our study supported multiple user accounts which\\nhave been explored for shared home computers [13] , but also\\ninclude multi-user authentication and access control.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,580,747,771],\"text\":\"Third, different social relationships may suggest varying\\nprivacy norms [31] . For example, having visitors in a home\\nchanges the social context of the home and its privacy norms.\\nHomeowners might choose not to say things in front of\\ntheir visitors. Similarly, if the smart home devices record\\nor process the conversations in the home, visitors may feel\\ntheir privacy is violated. An open question for designing\\nsmart home privacy mechanisms is, whose privacy should\\nbe protected and who should make the decision? While most\\nof the participants' designs were for people who live in the\\nhome, we saw some cases where the privacy of other people\\n(e.g., passersys) was considered.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,787,545,803],\"text\":\"Design Implications\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,806,746,855],\"text\":\"Next, we will discuss how the list of design factors we iden-\\ntified from our participants' privacy designs can be used to\\nguide the design of smart home privacy mechanisms.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,856,746,950],\"text\":\"Data transparency and control are relevant whenever smart\\nhome devices collect data and/or can infer data about people\\nin the home and around the home (e.g., passersy). While\\nnotice and choice are well-respected privacy principles, how\\nto best provide and implement them is still an open question\\nfor smart homes. In terms of notice, our participants desired\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 198\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300428/results/markdown/3290605-3300428_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300431/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300431", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/results/output_json/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,36,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[75,117,739,180],\"text\":\"Mixed Reality Remote Collaboration Combining 360\\nVideo and 3D Reconstruction\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[98,196,280,272],\"text\":\"Theophilus Teo\\n\\nUniversity of South Australia\\n\\nAdelaide, Australia\\ntheophilus_hua_idt.teo@mymail.unisa.edu.au\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[307,196,506,271],\"text\":\"Louise Lawrence\\n\\nUniversity of South Australia\\nAdelaide, Australia\\n\\nlouise.lawrence@mymail.unisa.edu.\\n\\nau\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[545,196,706,259],\"text\":\"Gun A. Lee\\n\\nUniversity of South Australia\\n\\nAdelaide, Australia\\n\\ngun.lee@unisa.edu.au\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[211,284,384,348],\"text\":\"Mark Billinghurst\\n\\nUniversity of South Australia\\n\\nAdelaide, Australia\\n\\nmark.billinghurst@unisa.edu.au\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[459,284,576,348],\"text\":\"Matt Adecock\\n\\nCSIRO\\n\\nCanberra, Australia\\n\\nmatt.adcock@ciro.au\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,358,141,375],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,379,395,652],\"text\":\"Remote Collaboration using Virtual Reality (VR) and Aug-\\nmented Reality (AR) has recently become a popular way for\\npeople from different places to work together. Local workers\\ncan collaborate with remote helpers by sharing 360-degree\\nlive video or 3D virtual reconstruction of their surroundings.\\nHowever, each of these techniques has benefits and draw-\\nbacks. In this paper we explore mixing 360 video and 3D\\nreconstruction together for remote collaboration, by preserv-\\ning benefits of both systems while reducing drawbacks of\\neach. We developed a hybrid prototype and conducted user\\nstudy to compare benefits and problems of using 360 or 3D\\nalone to clarify the needs for mixing the two, and also to eval-\\nuate the prototype system. We found participants performed\\nsignificantly better on collaborative search tasks in 360 and\\nfelt higher social presence, yet 3D also showed potential to\\ncomplement. Participant feedback collected after trying our\\nhybrid system provided directions for improvement.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,668,172,685],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,690,393,740],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Mixed / augmented\\nreality; Collaborative interaction; Computer supported co-\\noperative work .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,358,502,375],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,379,745,411],\"text\":\"Mixed Reality, Virtual Reality, Remote collaboration, 360\\npanorama, 3D scene reconstruction, interaction methods\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,416,555,432],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[421,432,746,521],\"text\":\"Theophilus Teo, Louise Lawrence, Gun A. Lee, Mark Billinghurst,\\nand Matt Adcock. 2019. Mixed Reality Remote Collaboration Com-\\nbining 360 Video and 3D Reconstruction. In CHI Conference on\\nHuman Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May\\n4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK: ACM, New York, NY, USA, 14 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300431\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,533,549,550],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,553,747,808],\"text\":\"Remote collaboration technology can enable a user at a lo-\\ncal work place to quickly receive help from another expert\\nuser in a remote location. For example, a video call allows\\nthe remote guest user to quickly understand the situation\\nof the local host user. In remote collaboration it is impor-\\ntant to consider how the local host user can capture and\\nbroadcast a view of their surroundings. However, video calls\\nhave many limitations such as sharing a small field of view\\n(FOV), limited resolution, or fixing the view of the remote\\nguest user to that of the local host user. To overcome such\\nlimitations, it could be more efficient if the remote guest user\\ncould immerse themselves in a view of the local host user's\\nenvironment. Virtual Reality (VR) technology enables this\\nby having the user wear a Head Mounted Display (HMD)\\nthat provides an immersive viewing experience with a wider\\nFOV compared to a standard phone or monitor.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,809,747,955],\"text\":\"Using VR technology, 360 views of the surroundings can\\nbe shared from a panorama camera. Alternatively, other sys-\\ntems allow sharing a 3D reconstruction of a real world scene\\nusing a depth sensor and/or photogrammetry. Both of these\\ntechniques allow sharing the local host user's environment\\nto a remote guest user, but each has some limitations. Shar-\\ning 360 panorama views can provide a high quality view\\nwithout consuming a large amount of bandwidth but it is a\\n2D presentation that provides limited depth perception. In\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,790,394,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not\\nmade or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear\\nthis notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components\\nof this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with\\ncredit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to\\nredistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request\\npermissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,899,273,954],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\\n\\nc 2019 Association for Computing Machinery,\\n\\n\\nACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$1.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145%2F960635.330431\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 201\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/results/markdown/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300431/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300431", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/results/output_json/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_1_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[75,117,388,282],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This diagram illustrates a shared augmented/virtual reality experience between a \\\"Local Host\\\" and a \\\"Remote Guest.\\\" The Local Host, wearing an AR HMD and 360 camera, shares live 360 video and a static 3D scene. This content is then used by the Remote Guest, who is wearing a VR HMD and hand tracker to interact.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[88,294,373,310],\"text\":\"Figure 1: MR remote collaboration system overview.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,338,395,449],\"text\":\"contrast, sharing a 3D reconstruction supports depth percep-\\ntion as well as the ability to navigate through the 3D model.\\nHowever, the quality of 3D reconstruction and the amount\\nof bandwidth required to transfer it are directly proportional\\nto each other. So a high-quality 3D reconstruction of the\\nuser's environment would require a significant amount of\\nbandwidth and is difficult to update in real time.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,450,395,528],\"text\":\"In this paper, we present a novel Mixed Reality (MR) re-\\nmote collaboration system (see Figure 1 ) that combines 360\\nand 3D reconstructions into one. This creates a system that\\naims to merge the advantages of the individual approaches\\nwhile minimizing the limitations stated above.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,528,395,560],\"text\":\"Compared to prior work, this paper makes a number of\\nnovel and significant contributions:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[80,565,400,693],\"text\":\"(1) A novel MR Remote Collaboration technique that merges\\n360-views and 3D Reconstruction.\\n(2) The first user study that compares 360 live panorama\\nand 3D reconstruction based MR remote collaboration\\nsystems.\\n(3) The first user study that explores the benefits and impli-\\ncations of combining 360-view and 3D reconstructed\\nscene into a hybrid MR remote collaboration system.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,705,197,722],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,726,320,743],\"text\":\"360 Video Sharing Remote Collaboration\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,746,395,954],\"text\":\"Recently, researchers started to explore how 360 panorama\\ncamera can be used instead of a standard camera for remote\\ncollaboration. This allows the local host user to capture and\\nbroadcast the 360 surrounding view to the remote guest\\nuser who could turn their head while wearing the HMD. For\\nexample, Jacklin Head [16] was a remote collaboration system\\nusing 6 cameras constantly capturing videos from different\\nangles and processing them into a 360 high-quality spherical\\nvideo image to live stream to another user wearing an HMD\\nto view. The system is constructed as a headband that allows\\neasy wearability on the head for the local hos user. Tang et\\nal. [37] created a 360 video chat system with a similar set up\\non the local host user side. In their system, they used a 360\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,251],\"text\":\"camera on a monopod fixed to a user's backpack to broadcast\\nthe 360 surroundings to the viewer watching it on a tablet\\ndevice. Most recently, the Shared Sphere system [21] used\\na 360 panorama camera attached to a Microsoft HoloLens\\n[23] to capture and share the user's surroundings. With this\\nsystem, both local host and remote guest users could look\\naround independently while sharing visual communication\\ncues through MR visualisation.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,252,746,363],\"text\":\"These systems provide easy access to the 360 surroundings\\nof the local host user by the remote guest user, who can look\\naround independently. However, the viewing position of the\\nremote guest user is strictly controlled by the local host user.\\nSo the remote guest user will not be able to look at a certain\\ncorner of a room or behind any occluded objects by walking\\ncloser, unless the local host user goes there.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,376,699,393],\"text\":\"Collaboration using 3D Scene Reconstruction\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,396,746,506],\"text\":\"In order to overcome the limitation of a fixed viewing posi-\\ntion, 3D scene reconstruction can be used instead. It allows\\nthe surroundings of the local host user to be reconstructed\\neither live [1, 7, 8, 14, 15, 27] or beforehand [25, 30] , and send\\nthe 3D reconstruction to the remote guest user. In recent\\nyears, researchers have been evaluating the capabilities of\\n3D reconstruction for remote collaboration.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,507,746,618],\"text\":\"Izadi et al. [14] showed a real-time 3D reconstruction\\nmethod that enables a user to scan and reconstruct their\\nsurroundings using an RGB-D Camera. This allowed users\\nto freely move through the reconstructed scene and interact\\nwith the virtual content. However, the texture information\\nwas omitted, so the visual details for this system was limited\\nto mesh level.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,619,746,873],\"text\":\"The Holoportation system [27] used multiple depth cam-\\neras to scan and reconstruct a person in a space, including\\nthe visual texture. This could be viewed through a HoloLens,\\nenabling a remote person to appear as an Augmented Reality\\n(AR) image in the user's real space. This created interac-\\ntion between remote people that was close to face to face\\ncollaboration. However, this system required a large setup,\\nsignificant network bandwidth and special hardware such\\nas a set of depth cameras at fixed positions. This limits the\\nportability and the accessibility of the system. To overcome\\nthis, Dong and Höller [8] developed a system using the\\nbuilt-in RGB-D camera on HoloLens to scan and reconstruct\\nsurroundings in real time. This allowed for quick and easy\\nset up for 3D reconstruction, however the quality and res-\\nolution for the reconstructed scene are significantly lower\\nthan Holoportation.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,874,746,954],\"text\":\"Similarly, BundleFusion [7] , created a real-time and high-\\nquality 3D scanning technique for large-scale scenes that\\nallows a user to view and access the scene with feature using\\ninformation obtained from an RGB-D stream. This allows a\\nuser's surroundings to be scanned and shared with another\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 201\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/results/markdown/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300431/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300431", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/results/output_json/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,315],\"text\":\"user in real time. However, this system mainly focused on\\none-way communication, lacking support for interaction\\nbetween users. The local host user was not able to see or\\ncommunicate with the remote guest, compared to an older\\nwork by Adcock et al. [1] used a Spatial AR light annota-\\ntion mechanism on top of a fused RGB-D scene to achieve\\nremote collaboration between the two sides. In another case,\\nJoachimczak et al. [15] presented a 3D reconstruction sys-\\ntem that reconstructed people and objects using Kinect [24]\\nand share with another user using HoloLens, however it did\\nnot provide the ability to reconstruct the surroundings as a\\nwhole.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,316,394,539],\"text\":\"Nuermberger et al. [25] developed a technique that recon-\\nstructs a scene through a set of photographs. This allowed\\na user to snap their viewpoint to a particular photo in the\\nscene so that it creates the illusion of being immersed into\\nthe scene. Farin et al. [10] and Rhee et al. [32] also presented\\na similar technique of using either 360 panorama images or\\nvideo as a background scene or light source in the virtual\\nworld. All of these systems used image and photo illusion\\ntechniques, to create an immersive 3D experience for the\\nuser, but did not have live image updates and so had limited\\nsupport for collaboration. We can therefore say that for a\\nquick set up, using 360-video in VR is a good option while\\nfor a more realistic user experience, 3D reconstruction could\\nbe better [4] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,566,290,582],\"text\":\"Visual Cue in Remote Collaboration\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,587,394,841],\"text\":\"In a remote collaboration system, nonverbal communication\\nthrough user interaction should be considered as it could\\naffect the user performance even greater than verbal com-\\nmunication. For example, in AR and VR collaboration the\\nuse of virtual replicas [9, 26] could enable a user to better\\nunderstand the relationship between objects and carry out a\\ntask quickly. This also applies when AR cues such as hand\\ngestures and gaze indicators are used to provide virtual com-\\nmunication aids [30] . In addition, visual cues can also be\\nused as a communicator for workspace awareness [6] as\\nsometimes a local worker needs to understand the view of\\na remote expert [2] . For example, it can be important for\\nboth users to be aware of each other's viewing direction\\n[13, 21, 28] , and this can help both local host and remote\\nguest users to mutually understand the context in a remote\\ncollaborative task.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,842,394,954],\"text\":\"Sharing a life-size avatar could also be useful especially\\nfor MR remote collaboration. Researchers [15, 27, 29] have\\ndemonstrated the use of AR to visualize a life-size human\\navatar through sensors scanning. Further enriching the idea,\\nPhumsomboon et al. [31] introduced Mini-Me that combines\\nvisual cues with an adaptive human avatar to give more vari-\\nation on interactive visual cues in a MR remote collaboration.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_007.png\",\"bbox\":[419,121,754,250],\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays a mixed reality system demonstrating two modes of interaction, controllable via hand gestures shown by a central figure in a VR headset. The \\\"First Person View 360 Mode\\\" shows a user's hands interacting with a physical object in a real environment, overlaid with virtual hands and ray points. The \\\"Second Person View 3D Mode\\\" presents a virtual environment with a \\\"Local Avatar,\\\" \\\"Virtual Hand,\\\" and a \\\"Ray point,\\\" along with a \\\"View Frame with Live Video Caption.\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[484,259,682,275],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Prototype system features.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,309,747,436],\"text\":\"Compared to prior work in MR remote collaboration sys-\\ntems, our work propose combining 360 video and 3D re-\\nconstruction to complement each other. In this paper, we\\ndescribe the system design and implementation of our novel\\nMR remote collaboration system that merges live 360 video\\nand 3D reconstruction, and report on a user study that in-\\nvestigates how merging the two techniques would be useful\\nfor enhancing remote collaboration.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,450,571,467],\"text\":\"3   SYSTEM OVERVIEW\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,471,746,584],\"text\":\"Our prototype system design focuses on binding two ele-\\nments, 360 Remote Collaboration and 3D Remote Collabora-\\ntion, into a single piece of prototype system. In this way, the\\nprototype system allows a remote guest user to collaborate\\nwith a local host user through both live 360 video and re-\\nconstructed 3D scene from local host user's side (see Figure\\n2 ).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,598,653,615],\"text\":\"360 Remote Collaboration (360 mode)\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,619,746,792],\"text\":\"For 360 video based remote collaboration, our prototype sys-\\ntem is built based on our prior work [21] which implements\\nMR Remote Collaboration by sharing live 360 panorama\\nvideo from a local host user's perspective to a remote guest\\nuser. A local host is equipped with a Microsoft HoloLens\\n[23] AR HMD mounted with a Theta V [33] 360 panorama\\ncamera to share surroundings and view visual cues made by\\nthe remote guest users. The remote guest user wears a Sam-\\nsung Odyssey [34] VR HMD mounted with a Leap Motion\\n[19] hand tracking sensor to view the shared surroundings\\nand share visual cues.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,792,746,954],\"text\":\"While the collaboration takes place, a coloured rectan-\\ngle view frame is shown to each user which represents the\\nviewing direction of the other user. On top of that, the re-\\nmote guest user can also use their hand to point or make\\ngestures in the shared surroundings with the help from the\\nhand tracking sensor. This allows nonverbal communication\\nas an interaction method which enhances the collaborative\\nexperience. To provide better user experience, the prototype\\nsystem also supports 360 video stabilization that automati-\\ncally stabilizes the video using orientation tracking sensor\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 201\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/results/markdown/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300431/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300431", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/results/output_json/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,156],\"text\":\"by counter-rotating the 360 video sphere when the local user\\nturns his or her head.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,175,294,193],\"text\":\"3D Remote Collaboration (3D mode)\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,196,394,291],\"text\":\"We introduce a 3D mode that shares a 3D scene by using\\nthe static 3D model reconstructed from the local host user's\\nsurrounding. To achieve this, we use Agisoft PhotoScan [3]\\nsoftware to perform photogrammetric processing of 2D digi-\\ntal camera images and generate 3D spatial data. The use of a\\nstatic 3D scene reduces the data bandwidth requirement.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,291,394,419],\"text\":\"To aid 3D perception as well as to increase the connection\\nbetween the virtual and physical worlds, we use an HMD\\nsupporting positional tracking to allow natural walking as\\nthe navigation method in the 3D scene. Unlike the 360 mode\\nwhere both the visual cues and the interaction method are\\nheld in a first person view shared between the two user, in\\n3D mode, both users watch each other from a second person\\nview in the 3D scene.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,439,290,456],\"text\":\"Visual cues, Annotations and Avatar\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,459,394,586],\"text\":\"Similar to our prior system [21] , the remote guest user can\\nuse natural hand gestures and visual cues as nonverbal com-\\nmunication methods. This includes a view frame that in-\\ndicates the viewing direction of a user, animated 3D hand\\nmodel for making gestures, and a ray pointer for pointing.\\nThere are also additional features such as visualisation of an\\narrow or halo to indicate or highlight the view frame and\\nvirtual hands when they are out of the user's FOV.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,587,394,730],\"text\":\"With the system in two modes, visual cues and annotations\\nappear from different viewing perspective. In 360 mode, both\\nlocal host and remote guest users shares the same first person\\nview. However in 3D mode, both users have control over their\\nown view position allowing them to move independently in\\nthe scene. As this also changes the view mode into a second\\nperson view, it can be difficult to understand the other user's\\nview direction by just looking at a view frame floating in the\\n3D environment.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,730,394,873],\"text\":\"To give both users a clearer indication of the other user's\\nperspective in 3D mode, we introduce a simple avatar made\\nout of a cube and a few cylinder-shaped objects representing\\nthe head (including eyes and nose) and body of the user.\\nThe avatar is positioned based on the user's location in the\\nshared 3D space. In addition to the view frame shown in front\\nof the avatar, the avatar's head is also rotated according to\\nthe user's head motion to allow better indication of user's\\nviewing direction.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,873,394,954],\"text\":\"In addition to the view frame, a live video feed cut out from\\nthe 360 video is shown as an inset to the view frame in 3D\\nmode. This allows the remote guest user to better understand\\nand be aware of the changes made in the 360 reconstructed\\nscene despite using a static 3D model.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,124,622,141],\"text\":\"Integration of 360 and 3D Modes\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,144,746,302],\"text\":\"By combining the 3D mode with the 360 mode, we present a\\nprototype system with the capabilities for a user to switch\\nbetween the two modes (see Figure 2 ). Figure 1 outlines the\\nsystem setup that is similar to our previous work [21] while\\nsupporting a new feature to switch between 360 and 3D\\nmodes. As part of the system setup procedure, the local host\\nneeds to construct the 3D model of his or her surroundings\\nand send it to the remote guest in advance. Once the re-\\nmote guest loads the 3D scene, the system will be ready for\\nconnection.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,303,747,510],\"text\":\"To support the remote guest user to switch between 360\\nand 3D modes, we use the 3D tracking data from the remote\\nuser's HMD to allow real time virtual coordinate mapping\\nbetween the two modes. This allows the remote user to nav-\\nigate between 360 and 3D modes, and also physically walk\\nwhile in 3D mode without roaming out from the designed\\navailable walking space. Initially, the remote user position in\\nthe virtual space in the two modes are aligned with the local\\nuser's position in the physical space. This allows the system\\nto pin for the initial position so it creates an illusion that the\\nremote guest user would feel as if he or she is walking out\\nfrom the local host user's perspective when switching from\\n360 mode to 3D mode.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,511,746,703],\"text\":\"When the system launches, both users' position and rota-\\ntion values are saved and constantly synchronized over the\\nnetwork as it allows the view frame and other visual cues to\\nreposition and visualize correctly on the scene. However, as\\nthe 360 mode requires only a rotation value from both users,\\nthe position value is not used for visualisation but only kept\\ninternally. When the remote guest user enters the 3D mode,\\nboth users' position and rotation values are used to reposi-\\ntion both users at the appropriate coordinate in the shared\\nspace. The remote guest user is free to walk and discover\\naround in the 3D mode and also allowed to switch between\\nmodes at any time as they want.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,725,521,743],\"text\":\"Implementation\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,745,747,905],\"text\":\"Our prototype system is developed using Unity (ver 2017.3.11\\ngame engine running on a PC (Intel Core i7-6700 3.40GHz\\nCPU, 16GB DDR4 RAM, NVIDIA GeForce 950 GPU) with\\nWindows 10 operating system that drives the VR HMD on\\nthe remote guest user's side. The remote guest user wears\\nSamsung Odyssey HMD [34] that supports 1,440 x 1,600 pix-\\nels resolution with a refresh rate between 90Hz to 60Hz. On\\nthe other end, the local host user wears a Microsoft HoloLens\\n[23] AR HMD running our prototype software built using\\nthe same Unity game engine.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,905,746,954],\"text\":\"The user coordinates and visual cues are synchronised\\nover a Wifi connection. To share the live 360 video feed,\\nwe used a Ricoh Theta V [33] that supports 4k resolution\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 201\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/results/markdown/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300431/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300431", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/results/output_json/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,282],\"text\":\"live streaming mounted on top of the HoloLens. While the\\n360 camera we used supports streaming over Wifi in lower\\nresolution and higher delay, we used a 10 meter high speed\\n3.0 USB connection for the user study. In order to set up the\\nsystem to support 3D mode, the 3D model of the local host\\nuser's physical environment has to be reconstructed using\\na photogrammetric processing software [3] and shared to\\nthe remote guest user's side to be loaded into the system.\\nAfter that, both local host and remote guest users can start\\nthe system and connect over the network.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,283,394,396],\"text\":\"To switch between 360 and 3D modes during the collabo-\\nration, the remote guest user has to perform a specific hand\\ngesture using their hands (thumbs up on both hands). This\\nallows the remote guest user to move away from the local\\nhost user and focus on a different object from a different\\nviewpoint, navigating in the 3D scene as explained in the\\nprevious section.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,414,173,431],\"text\":\"4   USER STUDY\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,435,394,578],\"text\":\"We conducted a user study to compare and evaluate our sys-\\ntem and identify its benefits and limitations. This allows us\\nto use the data to explore the validity of the idea of combin-\\ning 360 panorama video and 3D reconstruction techniques\\ninto a hybrid remote collaboration system. We used object\\nsearching tasks to collect data and feedback for evaluation.\\nThis section describes our research questions, study design\\nand set-up including tasks, conditions, measures, and the\\nfull procedure of the user study.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,578,395,833],\"text\":\"We divided our user study into two parts. The first part\\n(Part A) of the study was designed as a user experiment\\ncomparing between the 360-only and 3D-only remote col-\\nlaboration systems to observe the benefits and limitations of\\neach approach, while the second part (Part B) was designed\\nto evaluate the proposed hybrid system that combines the\\ntwo. As our hybrid system allowed users to freely switch\\nbetween the two modes, there is a risk that some of the par-\\nticipants might end up using the hybrid system only in one\\nmode which will basically render the comparison of the three\\noptions invalid. As an alternative, we decided to compare\\nthe two systems (360-only and 3D-only) in the first part of\\nthe study, while evaluating the hybrid system in the second\\npart of the study. Here we first describe the user study en-\\nvironment and set-up that is common in both parts, then\\ndescribe the details of the study design of each part.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,852,259,870],\"text\":\"Study Environment and Set-up\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,873,395,953],\"text\":\"The user study was conducted in two rooms connected to\\neach other through a door. The local host user was in a room\\nsized approximately 6m x 8m, while the size of the other\\nroom where the remote guest user was in was approximately\\n3m x 4m. Figure 3 shows the two rooms.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[425,121,736,337],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image shows three distinct sections: a top-left panel displaying pairs of green and orange Lego blocks with accompanying instructions, a top-right panel depicting an empty office room labeled \\\"Remote guest area,\\\" and a bottom-left panel showing a furnished office with bookshelves, a table, and a desk, labeled \\\"Local host area.\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,351,745,382],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Experimental setup: task description (top left) and\\nstudy environment (top right and lower left)\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,427,747,665],\"text\":\"The local host user's room was used as the main task space\\nfor collaboration, and it had furniture including a bookshelf,\\ntwo desks, a small round table and chairs. All of the furniture\\nexcept the round table was placed towards the wall or at\\ncorners in order to leave free space for the user to walk\\naround in the room. The 3D reconstruction of this first room\\nwas prepared in advance as described in section 3 . The other\\nroom mainly had a free walking space for the remote guest\\nuser wearing a VR headset, except a couple of desks at one\\nof the corners with computers for running the VR system\\nand collecting data. We note that we had to scale the 3D\\nreconstructed scene from its actual size to 90 % to reduce the\\nspace requirement on remote guest user side for movement;\\nhowever, the user still needed to physically walk or move in\\norder to navigate in the 3D scene.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,666,747,761],\"text\":\"As apparatus for the user study, we used our prototype\\nsystem as described in section 3 . In Part A of the study, the\\nsystem worked as a 360-only or 3D-only in the relevant con-\\ndition and participants were not be able to switch between\\nthe modes. In Part B of the study, users were able to freely\\nswitch between the two modes.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,762,747,953],\"text\":\"An actor was employed in both parts of the study to main-\\ntain the flow. We noted that we may not be able to capture\\nsufficient amount of data if letting participants work in pairs,\\nsince the task could be completed by the local user alone,\\nespecially when a proactive local user is paired with a submis-\\nsive remote guest user. This could also make the experiment\\nfinish without using any of the system features. In addition,\\nif participants worked in pairs, the remote guest participant\\nmay not be aware of that they could instruct the local host\\nuser to move to a certain place. Therefore, we employed an\\nactor to play the role of a partner with whom a participant\\nneeds to collaborate.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 201\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/results/markdown/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300431/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300431", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/results/output_json/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,124,182,140],\"text\":\"Part A - 360 vs. 3D\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,144,394,209],\"text\":\"The aim of the first part of the study was to compare the two\\nremote collaboration mediums: 360 live panorama video and\\n3D reconstructed scene. The main research questions in this\\npart were:\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[81,219,396,364],\"text\":\"(1) How does the remote collaboration medium affect the\\ntask performance of collaborative object searching\\ntask?\\n\\n(2) How does the remote collaboration medium affect the\\nuser experience including usability, sense of being to-\\ngether, and motion sickness?\\n\\n(3) Would a certain type of medium (360 or 3D) be a dom-\\ninant choice for remote collaboration? Or would there\\nbe room for complementing each other?\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,379,395,651],\"text\":\"Experimental Design. This part of the study was designed as\\na within-subject experiment with two conditions, 360 and\\n3D, where the participants used either the 360 or the 3D\\nversion of the system to collaborate. The order of condition\\nwas counterbalanced between participants. As both 360 and\\n3D representation of the remote environment is only shown\\nto the remote guest user, we had participants play only the\\nrole of the remote guest while we had an actor playing the\\nrole of the local host. This is because the presentation of\\nthe captured task environment (360 or 3D mode) mainly\\naffecting the remote guest user. However, note that we let\\nthe participants also experience the local host side later in\\nPart B. As the collaboration task was in a remote expert\\nscenario where the remote guest user gives instruction and\\nthe local host user mostly follows, the impact of the actor's\\nbehaviour on the task performance and experience was not\\nthat concerning.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,665,395,954],\"text\":\"Experimental Task. One of the basic tasks in remote collabo-\\nration is finding objects of interest and manipulating them\\ncollaboratively [18] . In this study we focused on object search\\ntask which is usually the first step in remote collaboration\\nthat requires the remote user to understand and explore\\nthe task space. We used 45 pieces of Duplo Lego blocks in\\ndifferent colours and sizes as objects of interest that the\\nparticipants need to find among other physical objects (e.g.\\nbooks and boxes) present in the task space. As a remote guest\\nuser, participants were given with a description of target ob-\\njects to look for, and they were to guide and instruct the\\nactor as a local host user in the physical task environment\\nto find the target objects and mark them by placing a sticky\\nnote in front of them. This may include asking the actor to\\nphysically move in the task environment or lean towards a\\nreachable spot to find or discover objects, especially in the\\n360 condition. The task ended once the remote guest user\\nfound all of the objects and they were all marked using sticky\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,745,155],\"text\":\"notes. Each condition had the same number of target objects\\nto find.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,156,746,348],\"text\":\"There were two types of tasks depending on how the tar-\\nget object was described. The first type of task instructed\\nusers to find blocks based on visual descriptions, e.g. in a\\nspecific colour and shape. For example, find nine of blue\\ncube-shaped blocks. The second type of task described spa-\\ntial configuration and relationship between a set of blocks.\\nParticipants were required to find a group of objects in a\\nspecific colour and are close by, adjacent, parallel or stacked\\nto each other. For example, these can be finding a pair of\\nred and blue cube-shaped blocks next to each other. In each\\ncondition participants performed two tasks with different\\ntask descriptions.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,348,746,460],\"text\":\"The task descriptions included text and images shown\\nin the virtual environment and also printed on a paper in\\nthe task environment (see Figure 3 ). For the 360 condition,\\nparticipants can see the printed task description paper on\\nthe round table in the middle of the room through 360 view.\\nIn the 3D condition, the task description is visualised at the\\nsame place in the 3D space as 2D text and image.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,460,746,715],\"text\":\"Four unique task descriptions, two in each type, were\\nprepared so they could be used in different combinations\\nwith the conditions. Order and combinations of tasks and\\nconditions were counterbalanced to reduce bias. To make the\\ndifficulty level balanced between task descriptions, we first\\ncategorised the target objects into three levels of difficulty:\\nEasy, Medium, and Hard. Easy objects were in places that\\nare obvious to the users such as on a table without being\\noccluded by any other objects. Medium level difficulty objects\\nwere either partially occluded by non-task related objects or\\non the ground where the users were required to bend their\\nbody to see. Hard type objects were those fully occluded by\\nnon-task related objects, hence the users had to move around\\nthe occluding object to see them. Based on this categorisation,\\nwe tried to make each task include the same amount of\\nobjects from each difficulty level.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,729,746,954],\"text\":\"Measurements. As dependent variables, we collected both\\nobjective measures and subjective feedback in each condition.\\nThe main objective measure was task completion time as\\nan indication of task performance, and was measured based\\non video recording. For subjective feedback we collected\\nquestionnaire responses. For each task, we measured user\\nexperience through a Single Ease Question (SEQ) [35] , and\\na few other custom rating items based on prior work [20] .\\nAfter each condition, to measure the sense of being together\\nwe used the Networked Mind Measure of Social Presence\\nQuestionnaire (SoPQ) [12] and the MEC Spatial Presence\\nQuestionnaire (SpPQ) [38] . We also measured the usability\\nof the system using the System Usability Scale (SUS) [5] ,\\nand motion sickness using Simulator Sickness Questionnaire\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 201\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/results/markdown/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300431/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300431", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/results/output_json/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,190],\"text\":\"(SSQ) [17] . At the end of Part A, participants were asked to\\nchoose their preferred condition under various categories,\\nand also provide qualitative feedback by answering open\\nquestions in the post-experiment questionnaire.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,208,394,335],\"text\":\"Procedure . The experiment started from the researcher brief-\\ning the study information to the participant, then the partic-\\nipant signing a consent form once they agreed to participate.\\nThe participant was then asked to complete a pre-experiment\\nquestionnaire collecting demographic information and an\\nSSQ to measure a ground level of motion sickness. Then a\\ntraining session was held for the participant to learn the tasks\\nand build up their understanding of the task environment.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,336,394,590],\"text\":\"After finishing the training, the participant was asked\\nto wear the HMD on the remote user's side and they were\\nprovided with a task description of the first task in the first\\ncondition. While performing the task, the participant as a\\nremote guest guided the local host user (an actor) to move\\naround in the room and place sticky notes on the correct\\ntarget objects they found using a combination of verbal and\\nnonverbal communication. After finishing the first task, the\\nparticipant had a short break along with answering a per-task\\nquestionnaire. The participant then proceeded into the sec-\\nond task. After completing the second task, the participant\\nwas asked to complete another per-task questionnaire, fol-\\nlowed by a per-condition questionnaire and motion sickness\\nquestionnaire. This process was repeated with the second\\ncondition. The order of conditions was counterbalanced be-\\ntween participants.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,590,393,624],\"text\":\"After completing both of the conditions, the participant\\nwas asked to complete a post-experiment questionnaire.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,645,274,663],\"text\":\"Part B - Hybrid (360 + 3D) System\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,666,394,762],\"text\":\"In the second part of the study (Part B), we focused on eval-\\nuating the proposed hybrid system that combines 360 and\\n3D modes. We designed this session as an explorative study\\nwhere the participants tried using the hybrid system on both\\nthe remote and local user's side, and provided subjective\\nfeedback through a questionnaire.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,762,394,954],\"text\":\"First, the participants tried the remote guest user's side\\nas they did in Part A but with being able to freely switch\\nbetween 360 and 3D modes to perform a search task (sim-\\nilar to the task in Part A). While performing the task, we\\nrecorded the number of times the participant switched be-\\ntween the two modes, and the amount of time they spent\\nin each mode. After trying the hybrid system, participants\\nwere asked to complete a survey questionnaire that asked\\nif switching between 360 and 3D is useful and easy to use,\\nwhat they liked and what could be improved in the hybrid\\nsystem, and to rank the three options (360-only, 3D-only,\\nand 360+3D) based on their preference.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,364],\"text\":\"Next, the participants tried the prototype system on the\\nlocal host user side with another task where they received\\ninstructions from the actor on the remote guest user side,\\nregularly switching between the 360 and 3D modes. The\\nremote guest actor notified the participants verbally when\\nswitching between modes as the visual representation on\\nlocal user side could have only subtle change, making it\\nhard for the participant to notice. After finishing a task on\\nthe local host user side, participants were asked to fill out a\\nquestionnaire to collect feedback and recommendations for\\nimprovements, as well as to choose the preferred mode (360\\nor 3D) under various categories, as they did at the end of\\nPart A. This was immediately followed by a short debriefing,\\nand the study concluded with providing a complimentary\\ncafe voucher to the participant.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,364,746,396],\"text\":\"The experiment including both Part A and B took about\\n70 minutes on average for each participant.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,407,502,424],\"text\":\"5 RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,428,747,574],\"text\":\"In this section, we report the study results with statistical\\nanalyses ( $\\\\alpha = .05$ , unless noted otherwise) and summaris-\\ning qualitative feedback collected from the participants. We\\nrecruited 20 participants (16 male, 4 female) from the local\\ncampus community with their age ranging from 18 to 45\\nyears old. Most of the participants ( $n = 13$ ) were familiar\\nwith VR system stating that they have been using VR system\\nat least a few times a month, while a quarter of participants\\n( $n = 5$ ) have never used a VR system before.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,587,532,604],\"text\":\"Part A - 360 vs. 3D\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,607,747,800],\"text\":\"Task Completion Time. On average, participants took a longer\\ntime to complete the tasks in 3D mode compared to 360 mode,\\nand also the tasks given in visual description took longer\\nthan those described with object relationship (see Figure\\n4 ). A Shapiro-Wilk test found some of the conditions were\\nnot following normal distribution, so we applied Align Rank\\nTransform (ART) [39] before using a Repeated-Measures\\nANOVA for factorial analysis. The results showed that there\\nwas a significant main effect of both collaboration medium\\n(360 vs. 3D, $F(1, 19) = 4.682$ , $p = .043$ ) and task (task1 vs.\\ntask 2, $F(1, 19) = 45.533$ , $p < .001$ ). No significant interaction\\nbetween the two was found ( $F(1, 19) = 0.688$ , $p = .417$ ).\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,807,747,955],\"text\":\"Subjective Ratings on User Experience. The results from SEQ\\n[35] and custom rating items are shown in Figure 5 . All of the\\nrating items were answered on a 7-point Likert Scale (SEQ =\\n1: very difficult – 7: very easy; All other items = 1: strongly\\ndisagree – 7: strongly agree). Using a Repeated-Measures\\nANOVA with ART [39] , we found that using the 360 mode\\nwas significantly easier than the 3D mode ( $F(1,19)=6.652$ ,\\n$p=.028$ ), regardless of the task (task: $F(1,19)=3.030$ ,\\n$p=.098$ ; interaction: $F(1,19)=.085$ , $p=.774$ ). We also\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 201\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/results/markdown/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300431/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300431", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/results/output_json/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[70,118,391,346],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A line chart displays Average Time (Second) on the y-axis for two conditions, \\\"360\\\" (blue line) and \\\"3D\\\" (red line), across two task types on the x-axis: \\\"Task by object visual context\\\" and \\\"Task by object relationship.\\\" Both conditions show a decrease in average time from the first task type to the second, with the \\\"3D\\\" condition consistently showing higher average times than the \\\"360\\\" condition. Asterisks and brackets indicate significant differences.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,356,392,372],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Average task completion time ( $^*$ : significant effect)\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[63,382,401,494],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two divergence bar charts display user survey responses for four questions, comparing \\\"360\\\" and \\\"3D\\\" task experiences. The charts show scores for overall task perception, enjoyment, focus, and understanding a partner's focus, categorized by \\\"object visual context\\\" and \\\"object relationship\\\", with a red-to-blue scale indicating responses from negative to positive.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,501,393,531],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Subjective ratings on user experience (': significant\\neffect)\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,554,394,665],\"text\":\"found that the 360 mode provides a significantly better un-\\nderstanding of partner's focus ( $F(1,19)=7.797$ , $p=.012$ ),\\nagain regardless of the task (task: $F(1,19)=1.431$ , $p=.246$ ,\\ninteraction: $F(1,19)=1.316$ , $p=.266$ ). No significant differ-\\nence was found regarding how much participants enjoyed\\nthe experience, nor on being able to focus on the task activi-\\nties.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,673,395,833],\"text\":\"Social Presence. The social presence questionnaire (SoPQ)\\n[12] included three sub-scales – Co-presence (CP), Atten-\\ntional Allocation (AA) and Perceived Message Understand-\\ning (PMU) – and consisted of eighteen rating items on a\\n7-point Likert scale (1: strong disagree – 7: strongly agree).\\nOverall, we found significant difference in favor of the 360\\nnode $(Z=-2.931,p=.003)$ as shown in Figure . We also\\nanalyzed each sub-scale and found significant differences in\\nAA $(Z=-3.103,p=.002)$ , and PMU $(Z=-2.000,p=.045)$ ,\\nbut not in CP.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,841,395,953],\"text\":\"Spatial Presence. From SpPQ [38] , we used two subscales\\n– Spatial Presence Self Location (SL) and Spatial Situation\\nmodel (SSM) – that consisted of eight rating items on a 5-\\npoint Likert scale (1: Fully Disagree – 5: Fully Agree). Similar\\nto the SoPQ, we analyzed the results as a whole, as well as in\\neach sub-scale. However, the results reported no significant\\ndifference.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[450,115,719,317],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This box plot compares \\\"Average Scale Rating\\\" between \\\"360\\\" (blue) and \\\"3D\\\" (red) groups across four categories: SoP, CP, AA, and PMU. For SoP, AA, and PMU, the \\\"360\\\" group shows higher average ratings, marked with asterisks indicating a difference. The \\\"Average Scale Rating\\\" ranges from 1 to 7 on the y-axis.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,326,746,387],\"text\":\"Figure 6: Results of Social Presence questionnaire (SoP:\\nOverall Social Presence, CP: Co-presence, AA: Attentional\\nAllocation, PMU: Perceived Message Understanding; ': sta-\\ntistically significant).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,409,747,762],\"text\":\"Simulator Sickness. Figure 7 shows the average score of Sim-\\nulator Sickness Questionnaire [17] which comprises of four-\\nteen symptoms rated on a scale of (0: none – 3: severe).\\nOverall, participants experienced mild (mostly lower than 1)\\nsymptoms of motion sickness in either condition. The results\\nwere analyzed with a Friedman test comparing: before the\\nexperiment (Initial), after trying 360 mode (360), and after\\ntrying 3D mode (3D). For post hoc pairwise comparisons, we\\nused Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests with Bonferroni correct-\\nion ( $\\\\alpha = .0167$ ). We found significant differences between\\nInitial and 360 ( $Z = -3.297$ , $p = .001$ ), and also between\\nInitial and 3D ( $Z = -3.184$ , $p = .001$ ). However, no signif-\\nicant difference was reported between 360 and 3D modes\\n( $Z = -3.297$ , $p = .0297$ ). This indicates that participants were\\ninduced by a mild level of motion sickness after attempting\\nthe system in either mode. We also conducted a similar set\\nof analysis based on the order of condition experienced, and\\nobtained similar results, i.e. significant increases from the\\ninitial measurement (first condition: $Z = -3.03$ , $p = .002$ ,\\nsecond condition: $Z = -3.435$ , $p = .001$ ) while no signifi-\\ncant difference was seen between conditions ( $Z = -0.694$ ,\\n$p = .0488$ ).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,769,746,881],\"text\":\"System Usability. In terms of SUS [5] , both systems were\\nrated around the average level of usability (360: $M = 66.75$ ,\\n$Md = 70$ , $IQR = [56.5 - 75.5]$ ; 3D: $M = 61$ , $Md = 58.5$ ,\\n$IQR = [47.5 - 73.5]$ ). While the 3D mode received lower\\nratings, the difference between the conditions was not sta-\\ntistically significant based on a Wilcoxon Signed Rank test\\n( $Z = -1.942$ , $p = .052$ ).\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,889,746,955],\"text\":\"User Preference. In terms of preference, the participants were\\nmostly split between the conditions across the categories\\n(see Figure 8 ). Based on Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests com-\\nparing against random choices, there was only one category\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 201\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300431/results/markdown/3290605-3300431_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300432/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300432", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/results/output_json/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,39,134],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[70,118,743,184],\"text\":\"Decision-Making Under Uncertainty in Research\\nSynthesis: Designing for the Garden of Forking Paths\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[115,200,261,264],\"text\":\"Alex Kale\\n\\nUniversity of Washington\\nSeattle, Washington\\n\\nkalea@uw.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[339,200,472,265],\"text\":\"Matthew Kay\\nUniversity of Michigan\\nAnn Arbor, Michigan\\nmjskay@umich.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[554,200,707,264],\"text\":\"Jessica Hullman\\n\\nNorthwestern University\\nEvanston, Illinois\\n\\nhullman@northwestern.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,275,141,291],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,296,397,632],\"text\":\"To make evidence-based recommendations to decision-makers\\nresearchers conducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses\\nmust navigate a garden of forking paths : a series of analytical\\ndecision-points, each of which has the potential to influence\\nfindings. To identify challenges and opportunities related to\\ndesigning systems to help researchers manage uncertainty\\naround which of multiple analyses is best, we interviewed\\n11 professional researchers who conduct research synthe-\\nsis to inform decision-making within three organizations.\\nWe conducted a qualitative analysis identifying 480 analyt-\\nical decisions made by researchers throughout the scien-\\ntific process. We present descriptions of current practices in\\napplied research synthesis and corresponding design chal-\\nlenges: making it more feasible for researchers to try and\\ncompare analyses, shifting researchers' attention from ratio-\\nnales for decisions to impacts on results, and supporting com-\\nmunication techniques that acknowledge decision-makers'\\naversions to uncertainty. We identify opportunities to design\\nsystems which help researchers explore, reason about, and\\ncommunicate uncertainty in decision-making about possible\\nanalyses in research synthesis.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,643,172,660],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,663,394,714],\"text\":\"• Information systems → Decision support systems, •\\nHuman-centered computing → Visualization theory,\\nconcepts and paradigms.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,724,149,741],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,746,320,763],\"text\":\"Representing Uncertainty, Research Synthesis\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,277,555,291],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,291,746,366],\"text\":\"Alex Kale, Matthew Kay, and Jessica Hullman. 2019. Decision-\\nMaking Under Uncertainty in Research Synthesis: Designing for the\\nGarden of Forking Paths. In Proceedings of CHI Conference on Human\\nFactors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019) . ACM, New\\nYork, NY, USA, 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300432\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,391,549,407],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,411,747,553],\"text\":\"Organizations routinely rely on prepared summaries of em-\\npirical evidence to support decision-making. For example,\\nthe Navy employs scientists who review scientific literature\\nand collect data internally in order to recommend improve-\\nments in training practices. Similarly, Veterans' Affairs em-\\nploys researchers who meta-analyze the scientific literature\\non treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and\\nother conditions in order to recommend the best possible\\ntreatment options for veterans struggling with trauma.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,554,747,825],\"text\":\"When compiling and communicating a summary of sci-\\nentific evidence, researchers make a series of analytical de-\\ncisions such as how to combine information from studies\\nconducted with different measures or in different settings.\\nRecent work in reproducible statistics [64, 65, 67, 69, 77] ,\\ndriven by concerns about a “ replication crisis ” , demonstrates\\nhow flexibility in decision-making produces multiple pos-\\nsible sequences of analytical decisions, which an analyst\\nchooses between at their discretion. In the context of re-\\nsearch synthesis, alternative possible analyses may lead to\\nalternative understandings of empirical evidence and conse-\\nquently, opposite or inconclusive recommendations. Faced\\nwith a “ garden of forking paths ” [26] , researchers cannot\\neliminate subjectivity and uncertainty from the scientific\\nprocess. Instead, scholars suggest that researchers should\\nattempt to understand which analytical decisions impact\\nresults [67, 69] .\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,825,746,954],\"text\":\"By identifying researcher degrees of freedom [77] as a\\ncause of the “ replication crisis ” , prior work seems to focus\\nblame on the indiscretions of individual researchers. How-\\never, with existing software to tools, it is difficult for re-\\nsearchers to deliberate about and explore the consequences\\nof alternative analyses (e.g., [67, 69] ), such that even re-\\nsearchers with honest intentions may struggle to perceive\\nthe implications of different choices. In this study, we seek an\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,778,395,885],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,886,273,898],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,900,395,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[71,925,268,953],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4603-5970-2/19-05 ...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300432\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 202\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/results/markdown/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300432/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300432", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/results/output_json/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,189],\"text\":\"in-depth understanding of how researchers make analytical\\ndecisions in research synthesis, and where they struggle with\\nuncertainty in the process, in order to identify opportunities\\nto design for decision-making in the garden of forking paths.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,189,395,572],\"text\":\"We contribute the results of a qualitative analysis of open-\\nended conversational interviews we conducted with 11 re-\\nsearchers who work to support evidence-based decision-\\nmaking at three institutions: the Navy, the Medical Center\\nat a large public university, and the Veterans' Affairs Medi-\\ncal Center in a major US city. In our interviews we elicited\\ndetailed descriptions of experiences conducting scientific\\nreview and analysis, emphasizing the reasoning behind an-\\nalytical decisions and the strategies that researchers use to\\nmanage uncertainty. Based on these interviews, we identify\\na set of challenges around managing uncertainty in research\\nsynthesis: the tension between surveying analysis paths and\\nimplementing a specific path, the disconnect between re-\\nsearchers' rationales for analytical decisions and the actual\\nimpact of those decisions on findings, and the balance be-\\ntween researchers' skepticism and the need for compelling\\nrecommendations. We draw on utility theory [75] and prior\\nwork on reliable statistics and uncertainty visualization, in\\ncombination with our interviews, to identify opportunities\\nto address these challenges by designing systems which en-\\ncourage exploration of alternative analyses, elicit and repre-\\nsent researchers' reasoning about analytical decisions, and\\nprovide researchers with techniques to communicate uncer-\\ntainty in the research process.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,593,188,610],\"text\":\"2 BACKGROUND\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,614,331,632],\"text\":\"Managing Uncertainty in Decision-Making\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,635,395,778],\"text\":\"A large body of research on judgment and decision-making\\n(JDM) has examined how people reason with and make deci-\\nsions under uncertainty. Canonical work by Tversky and Kah-\\nnaneman [37, 73] established that people often seek to reduce\\nuncertainty, sometimes by substituting heuristic judgments\\nfor more complex reasoning. A drive to reduce uncertainty\\ncan lead to unwarranted expressions of certainty [52] , which\\nhas consequences for decision-making individually and at\\nan organizational level (e.g., public policy).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,778,395,954],\"text\":\"Decision-making under uncertainty is characterized by\\nfeelings of conflict and doubt which block or delay a choice\\nbetween alternative courses of action [55] . As such uncer-\\ntainty is broadly defined and associated with a variety of\\nterms [10, 47] such as ambiguity [32, 54] , risk [1, 3, 49] , unre-\\nliability, imprecision, incompleteness, and contradiction [44] ,\\nas well as error and subjectivity [50] . Based on a literature\\nreview of work describing real world decision-making under\\nvarying forms of uncertainty, Lipshitz and Strauss [47] devel-\\noped a framework for understanding how decision-makers\\nin organizations like the military cope with uncertainty. In\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,124,746,222],\"text\":\"their framework uncertainty is either acknowledged through\\npreemptive action and planning, reduced through rule- or\\nassumption-based reasoning, or suppressed through ignor-\\ning information or guesswork. We borrow these strategies\\nfrom Lipshitz and Strauss to characterize analytical decisions\\ndescribed by our participants during interviews.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,233,653,251],\"text\":\"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,254,746,411],\"text\":\"Systematic review and meta-analysis are methodologies used\\nto produce a rigorous summary of existing evidence on a\\ntopic. Using systematic review, researchers account for sci-\\nentific literature within a consistent framework and char-\\nacterize the research to date on a particular topic [58] . As\\nan extension of systematic review, researchers sometimes\\nchoose to aggregate quantitative results from studies through\\na meta-analysis [17, 46, 58] . Meta-analysis produces an esti-\\nmate of the effect size of an intervention by pooling statistical\\noutcomes from studies conducted under similar conditions.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,412,746,683],\"text\":\"Ideally, when prescribed procedures are followed, system-\\natic review and meta-analysis offer more robust findings 1\\nthan regular literature review and quantitative analysis, re-\\nspectively [58] . A typical systematic review starts with a\\nquestion about the effect of some intervention and database\\nqueries to find all the relevant literature. Researchers inde-\\npendently judge which articles to include and exclude from\\nthe review and then resolve disagreements. Since working\\nin pairs is standard practice, this is sometimes called dual-\\nreview. For each study, researchers document information\\non effect sizes and contextual factors (e.g., research design,\\nsubject populations) in spreadsheets, sometimes called ev-\\nidence tables. The data collected in evidence tables is then\\nstatistically aggregated in meta-analysis. Following these\\nprocedures helps researchers answer a targeted research\\nquestion while to mitigating potential biases (e.g., selection\\nbias, confirmation bias) that might otherwise accrue.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,683,747,923],\"text\":\"In practice, researchers sometimes do not adhere strictly to\\nthese standards. Researchers under time pressure may take\\nshortcuts (i.e., rapid review [24, 40, 76] ) by surveying the\\nliterature through citation trails or by making inclusion and\\nexclusion decisions individually. If the literature on a topic\\nis sparse or studies cover a variety of populations and con-\\ntexts, it is difficult to follow conventions of systematic review\\nand conventional meta-analysis may be inadvisable [17, 46] .\\nResearchers may choose to conduct a scoping study [2, 45]\\nin which they survey the breadth of literature to identify\\ngaps in knowledge. The impacts of rapid review and scoping\\nstudy methods on quality of findings have only been studied\\nrecently [60, 72] , and there is disagreement about best prac-\\ntices. We contribute a characterization of the gap between\\nbest practice and actual practice.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,939,731,953],\"text\":\"$^{1}$See Manski's critique [53] about difficulty interpreting meta-analyses.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 202\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/results/markdown/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300432/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300432", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/results/output_json/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,125,256,140],\"text\":\"Softare for Research Synthesis\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,144,396,351],\"text\":\"Interactive systems for research synthesis offer relatively\\nlittle support for reasoning about possible analysis paths.\\nSoftware tends to provide features for common steps in\\nthe analysis process such as forms for risk of bias assess-\\nment [16, 71] , data extraction [16, 71] , or creating forest and\\nfunnel plots of meta-analytic results [6, 9, 16, 71, 74] . Addi-\\ntionally, most tools focus exclusively on a single stage in the\\nanalysis process [5] such as study screening [59] of meta-\\nanalysis [6, 9, 74] . Designing research software as a set of\\nisolated optional procedures forces the researcher to conduct\\nalternative analyses sequentially and separately. Further, this\\ndesign fails to represent the motivations and constraints that\\ndrive researchers' decision-making.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,351,396,686],\"text\":\"Three tools in particular — RevMan [16] , Eppi-Reviewer [71]\\nand Rayyan [59] — offer collaboration features, such as role\\nassignment [16] , review flow diagrams [71] , and coding dis-\\nagreement overviews [59] , which help researchers coordi-\\nnate and review their work. However, with the exception of\\nhighlighting disagreements about study inclusion/exclusion\\n(a decision with implicit alternatives), these features do not\\nhelp researchers identify and weigh alternative analyses.\\nEppi-Reviewer [71] allows users to create custom “cosesets”\\nand annotations to code the status of studies under review\\nand take notes. However, researchers may overlook the ben-\\nefits of using these features to document motivations and\\nconstraints that guide their analyses in order to support later\\nrecall or scrutiny, instead using them inconsistently or not\\nat all. Rayyan [59] uses a pulldown interface to enable re-\\nsearchers to select or create a reason for their decision to\\ninclude/exclude a study. While this elicitation technique is\\na promising way of linking reasoning to decisions, Rayyan\\ndoes not document competing motivations or constraints\\nunless they are provided by different users who disagree\\nabout study screening.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,686,396,735],\"text\":\"We point to opportunities for tools to better support re-\\nsearchers in exploring, reasoning about, and communicating\\nuncertainty about alternative analyses.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,751,151,767],\"text\":\"3 METHOD\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,771,396,884],\"text\":\"We conducted open-ended conversational interviews with\\nprofessional researchers to investigate practices in applied\\nresearch synthesis. The goals of these interviews were to\\n(1) characterize how researchers manage possible analysis\\npaths, (2) gather information about the reasoning behind\\ntheir choices, and (3) study how interactive systems can sup-\\nport awareness of uncertainty in analytical decision-making.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,901,206,918],\"text\":\"Sampling Participants\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,921,395,955],\"text\":\"We employed convenience and snowball sampling [19] to\\nfind 11 professional scientists to interview for our study.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,747,380],\"text\":\"First, we reached out to four professors at the Medical Cen-\\nter of a large public university who had recently published at\\nleast one systematic review or meta-analysis to advocate for\\nevidence-based practices, such as utilitarian healthcare poli-\\ncies. Through these professors, we were able to interview\\none additional postdoctoral researcher studying teaching\\nstrategies in STEM. Second, we recruited two PhDs from the\\nVeterans' Affairs Medical Center in a major US city work-\\ning on systematic review and meta-analysis to recommend\\ntreatments for veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder\\n(PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD). Last, we used con-\\nnections in the Navy to recruit four scientists using research\\nsynthesis to recommend improvements in training practices\\nfor military pilots. Of all the 13 people we contacted, only\\ntwo declined to interview. Our sample represents people\\ndoing research synthesis in formal professional settings.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,394,522,409],\"text\":\"Interview Guide\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,412,749,764],\"text\":\"We created an open-ended conversational interview guide [48,\\n56] with the objective of getting participants to discuss their\\nresearch practices in terms of specific examples. The inter-\\nview guide was a list of topics of interest regarding decision-\\npoints at different stages of the research process: scoping\\nresearch questions, sampling literature, assessing and orga-\\nnizing evidence, analysis and visualization, and communicat-\\ning findings (see Supplemental Material 2 ). For the first five\\ninterviews, the guide was formatted as a list of questions, but\\nwe abridged these questions to a list of topics [48] covering\\nthe same content in order to better accommodate the need\\nto ask questions in terms of the experiences of individual\\nresearchers [56] , whose work varied in methods and settings.\\nMost often the interviewer broached a topic by asking a\\nquestion of the form, \\\"How did you...\\\" For example, \\\"When\\nyou conducted that literature review, how did you decide\\nwhich papers to include or exclude from your review?\\\" The\\ninterviewer also asked follow-up questions to seek clarifica-\\ntion or greater detail about particular analytical decisions.\\nThe interview guide structured our conversations around a\\nconsistent set of topics while allowing flexibility to probe for\\na greater depth of description when necessary.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,778,588,793],\"text\":\"Qualitative Coding Process\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,797,747,910],\"text\":\"All interviews, transcription, qualitative coding, and analysis\\nwere conducted by the first author, with iterative feedback\\non the coding and analysis framework from the other two\\nauthors. The analyses presented in this paper represent the\\nperspectives of our participants systematically curated in\\nan interpretive framework which was developed through\\ndiscussions among the authors.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,924,732,954],\"text\":\"*https://github.com/kalealex/analysis_paths_research_synthesis/tree/\\nmaster/interview\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 202\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/results/markdown/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300432/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300432", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/results/output_json/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[67,119,748,314],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A diagram illustrates decision-making about analysis paths, with a top flow showing \\\"Decision Point\\\" leading to \\\"Acknowledge,\\\" \\\"Reduce,\\\" or \\\"Suppress.\\\" Below, four panels depict a stick figure contemplating and choosing paths: initially facing multiple options, then surveying possibilities, then systematically applying a rule to select a path, or finally accepting a less ideal path.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,335,746,366],\"text\":\"Figure 1: A pictorial representation of strategies used to navigate the garden of forking paths. The diagram at the top depicts\\nobserved temporal orderings of these strategies, e.g., multiplexing across choices in a loop of acknowledgement and reduction.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,387,394,451],\"text\":\"Transcription. The first author listened to audio recordings of\\ninterviews and transcribed all episodes of interest, omitting\\nfrom transcription only small talk that was obviously not\\nrelevant to research synthesis.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,460,394,636],\"text\":\"Creating a Coding Framework. To build familiarity with the\\ncontent in the early interviews, the first author used open\\ncoding [19] to describe what participants said about their\\nresearch practices (e.g. literature review, meta-analysis, com-\\nmunication). Open coding helped us determine what we\\ncould reasonably infer from our interviews, similar to the\\nuse of grounded theory in related prior work [10] . Three\\nprovisional themes emerged. Participants described decisions\\nthey made throughout the scientific process, the reasons and\\nconstraints which guided those decisions, and specific ideas\\nabout how software features could support their work .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,637,394,810],\"text\":\"We used the themes identified in open coding to develop a\\nmore targeted framework (see Analytical Framework) charac-\\nterizing analytical decisions and the reasoning behind them.\\nFor each decision, we made a set of categorical judgments\\nabout the nature of the decision and the rationale provided\\nand recorded contextual information about the practices de-\\nscribed. We continued to code instances where interviewees\\nstated needs for software support in order to help us identify\\ndesign opportunities in software for research synthesis. We\\nkept track of these codes in a spreadsheet with one row per\\ndecision (see Supplemental Material 7 ).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,810,394,908],\"text\":\"Fine-tuning this framework was an iterative process. The\\nfirst author coded analytical decisions and noted issues that\\ncame up during coding. Then, the first author presented these\\nissues to collaborators for feedback and discussion. The final\\ncoding scheme (described below) represents our consensus\\nabout how to best characterize the practices described by our\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,388,746,419],\"text\":\"participants as they relate to the challenges of navigating\\nthe garden of forking paths.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,430,559,447],\"text\":\"Analytical Framework\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,451,747,564],\"text\":\"At the heart of the framework are analytical decisions\\ndescribed by participants. We were primarily concerned with\\nhow each decision acted on the space of possible analysis\\npaths, for example, by surveying multiple paths or selecting\\none path through some procedure (Fig. 1 ). Following Lipshitz\\nand Strauss [47] , we coded each decision as an instantiation\\nof one of the following three strategies:\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[432,565,748,886],\"text\":\"(1) Acknowledge [Ask] uncertainty by accounting for dif-\\nferent possibilities and planning to confront or avoid\\npotential risks. This includes decisions to explore pos-\\nsible analysis paths, orient the research toward a broad\\nset of issues, check for potential problems, and provide\\ndetails or caveats in order to preempt misinterpreta-\\ntions of scientific evidence.\\n(2) Reduce [Red] uncertainty by gathering information,\\napplying rules or conventions, making assumptions,\\nor adopting a specific procedure to exert control over\\nuncertainty. This includes decisions to seek informa-\\ntion on a particular topic, to select and encode specific\\nevidence, and to follow a rule (e.g., inclusion criteria)\\nat a decision-point.\\n(3) Suppress [Sup] uncertainty by eliminating possibili-\\nties through intuition, guessing, or other procedures\\nwhich accumulate unnecessary error. We only coded\\ndecisions as suppression when participants expressed\\nthat an alternative analysis path would contribute less\\nerror to their analysis.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,889,746,954],\"text\":\"These strategies entail different levels of justification for\\nanalytical decisions and tend to have a temporal order (Fig. 1,\\ntop). Imagine a researcher conducting a meta-analysis on\\nthe effect of mindfulness on depression. The researcher first\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,924,380,953],\"text\":\"1https://github.com/kalealex/analysis_paths_research_synthesis/tree/\\nmaster/analysis\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 202\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/results/markdown/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300432/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300432", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/results/output_json/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,395,507],\"text\":\"decides to search the \\\"gray literature\\\" (i.e., unpublished or\\nunconventional sources), orienting the scope of their search\\nbefore engaging in targeted information retrieval, an exam-\\nple of the acknowledgement strategy. Decisions which ac-\\nknowledge uncertainty often steer research broadly, survey-\\ning possible analysis paths and associated trade-offs prior to\\ndefinitive choices about how to implement the analysis. Next,\\nwhile reviewing the gray literature for their meta-analysis,\\nthe researcher decides to search unpublished dissertations\\nfor relevant data, an example of the reduction strategy. Deci-\\nsions which reduce uncertainty use specific procedures to\\nnavigate analysis paths, sometimes pruning away possible\\npaths by omission. Reduction often builds on acknowledge-\\nment by implementing the broad goals identified in acknowl-\\nedgement through a specific approach to analysis. While\\nstill engaged in data collection for their meta-analysis on\\nmindfulness, the researcher chooses not to examine the risk\\nof bias in individual studies in their sample. The researcher\\nknows this is not ideal but rationalizes this decision because\\nthey have limited time to conduct their analysis. Decisions\\nwhich suppress uncertainty are often necessary but unjusti-\\nfiable compromises in response to situational factors which\\nare sometimes beyond the researcher's control. Suppression\\nsubstitutes for acknowledgment or reduction strategies.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,507,395,618],\"text\":\"We also coded aspects of decision context. We recorded the\\nstage in the research process (e.g., question formation, lit-\\nerature review, meta-analysis ) for each decision. This allowed\\nus to compare the relative frequencies of different strategies\\nat different stages in the research process, roughly following\\nthe way that Wicherts et al. [77] break up researcher degrees\\nof freedom into different phases of analysis.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,618,394,730],\"text\":\"We coded the reason given for each decision (e.g., striv-\\ning for reproducibility, limited availability of information,\\nstandard practices). Sometimes these reasons were not ex-\\nplicitly stated, and we had to infer them from the broader\\ncontext of our discussions with participants. Coding the rea-\\nsons for each decision allowed us to examine what factors\\nmotivated participants to engage in each strategy.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,730,395,857],\"text\":\"We extended the notion of the garden of forking paths to\\ncommunicative and organizational decisions . We coded\\na distinction between decisions which have a direct impact\\non the final written report of results and decisions which\\nhave an indirect impact on results through interpretive and\\ncommunicative aspects of the scientific process. This dis-\\ntinction allowed us to highlight analytical decisions with\\nimpacts that may be difficult or impossible to quantify.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,857,395,954],\"text\":\"We also coded metadata such as the participant , their field\\nof study , and the goal of their project . Lastly, we noted when\\na decision was associated with a particular need for software\\nfeatures or a particular threat to validity . These passages\\ninformed our discussion of challenges and opportunities in\\ndesigning for the garden of forking paths.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,124,503,140],\"text\":\"4 RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[422,166,742,514],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A dual-panel bar chart illustrates research strategies across eight stages, including \\\"All Decisions.\\\" The left panel presents stacked bars showing the percentage breakdown of \\\"Suppress,\\\" \\\"Reduce,\\\" and \\\"Acknowledge\\\" strategies, with \\\"Reduce\\\" being the dominant strategy for most stages. The right panel displays the frequency count for each stage, totaling 480 decisions across all categories.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,526,746,555],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Frequencies of analytical decisions and percent-\\nages of strategies coded at each stage of the research process.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,586,591,604],\"text\":\"Decision-Making Strategies\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,606,747,685],\"text\":\"We coded 480 analytical decisions in our interviews. The\\nmajority were decisions to reduce uncertainty (297 of 480 de-\\ncisions; 61.9%), followed by decisions to acknowledge uncer-\\ntainty (139 of 480 decisions; 29.0%) and suppress uncertainty\\n(44 of 480 decisions; 9.2%).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,698,751,955],\"text\":\"Acknowledgement. Acknowledging uncertainty was most preva-\\nlent early in the research process when researchers define\\nquestions and objectives (24 of 48 decisions; 50.0%) (Fig. 2 ).\\nParticipants identified this early scoping of the review as\\nvery important to a straightforward and systematic analysis.\\n\\\"If I spend time thinking about and writing down what my pop-\\nulation, intervention, etc. is for my question, then that makes\\nmy literature review that much more efficient. Because then, as\\nI run across a new study, it should be that much easier to say,\\n`Is it in or is it out'? Does it give me one of my outcomes that I've\\nspecified? If it doesn't, then it's not included. It prevents you\\nfrom getting mired down in indecision.\\\" [Ack] [P3]. Multiple\\nresearchers described a similar practice of considering possi-\\nble analysis paths early on and writing a scope description to\\nguide later analytical decisions. Although researchers often\\nrely on frameworks (e.g., PICOTs, described by Nelson [58] )\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 202\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/results/markdown/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300432/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300432", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/results/output_json/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,395,171],\"text\":\"to guide scope development, links between scope and subse-\\nquent decisions are maintained in digital or paper notes if\\nthey are documented at all.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,172,395,523],\"text\":\"We also see relatively more acknowledgement during litera-\\nture review (37 of 117 decisions; 31.6 % ), quantitative analysis\\n(10 of 30 decisions; 33.3 % ), and communication (39 or 119\\ndecisions; 32.8 % ) than in data collection (17 of 85 decisions;\\n20.0 % ) and meta-analysis (12 of 72 decisions; 16.7 % ) (Fig. 2 ).\\nResearchers acknowledge uncertainty in later stages of re-\\nsearch mostly to confront irreducible sources of uncertainty.\\nFor example, one researcher in the Navy described using\\ncaveats to qualify information gathered through interviews\\nwith Navy personnel. “ Usually it ends up being a time issue\\nor access. [We] did not have time to go out and validate that\\nthis is how they actually perform the work on the job. We\\njust take people's word for it. ” [Ack.] (P2) In a similar case of\\nacknowledgement to avoid potential misunderstandings of\\nevidence, another researcher described checking the qual-\\nity of available data. “ I'll use data visualization as I'm going\\nthrough the process to see if there are things that look really\\nweird. Like, I'll make a little ggplot and look to see if things are\\nfalling in the range that I expect them to. ” [Ack.] (P9). When\\navailable information or resources constrain analysis paths,\\nresearchers tend to rely on acknowledgement to communi-\\ncate limitations or check impacts on data quality.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,537,395,858],\"text\":\"Reduction vs Suppression. The high frequency of strategies to\\nreduce uncertainty at every stage in analysis (Fig. 2 ) suggests\\nthat researchers often employ rule-based reasoning when im-\\nplementing their scientific review and analysis. These rules\\nare a mix of standard practices and lab-specific procedures.\\nFor example, one researcher studying behavioral treatments\\nfor PTSD augmented the common practice of meta-analyzing\\nonly between-subjects experiments by looking separately at\\nwithin-subjects evaluations to validate the treatment effect\\nwithin an individual. “ Most meta-analyses only look at the\\nbetween-group [students], and they just assume that there is\\nsufficient within-subject change to warrant doing any of it. I\\ndon't think that is as useful. That's the other big thing we are\\nadding with this meta-analysis are these within-subjects tests\\nto contextualize the between-group [effect]. I've never seen a\\nmeta-analysis in my area that does both, but systematic re-\\nviews do. ” [Red.] (P10). All researchers expressed awareness\\nof best practices and deviated from them at times, but re-\\nsearchers had different attitudes about when and how much\\nit was appropriate to bend the rules.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,858,395,955],\"text\":\"Sometimes researchers have little choice but to follow a\\npath which they know is not ideal. For example, a Navy sci-\\nentist measuring in-flight blood-oxygen levels to fill a gap in\\nexisting evidence described a decision to use finger-mounted\\nmonitors rather than more precise head-mounted monitors.\\n“ Constraints of the experiment make it so that you can’t get\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,298],\"text\":\"big head-mounted monitors and have a pilot wear their helmet\\nat the same time. You have to make concession where you\\ncan and realize that there's going to be some variability and\\nerror in your data just based on where your monitors are at.\\\"\\n[Sup.] (P5). The participant went on to describe how they\\nwould acknowledge this measurement error in their written\\nreport. When the best option available to researchers adds\\na source of error to analysis, the line between strategies of\\nreduction and suppression is blurred, and researchers need\\nto document how their analysis is constrained in order to\\nalert stakeholders to potential suppression of uncertainty.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,299,747,763],\"text\":\"Although we code suppression of uncertainty infrequently\\n(44 of 480 decisions; 9.2 % ), we suspect that suppression is\\nunderrepresented in our sample because researchers may not\\nrecognize or admit when decisions introduce greater error\\nthan other viable alternatives. For example, “ We are for sure\\nnot including any qualitative research. The only two outcome\\nmeasures we are interested in are exam score and failure rate.\\nSo maybe active learning changed how students feel about [the\\nclassroom climate], and maybe they have qualitative data from\\na survey. We are not including that either, and that's driven\\ncompletely by our research question. ” [Red.] (P4). Although\\nthe researcher attributed the decision to ignore qualitative\\nwork to their research question, earlier in our interview they\\ndescribed potential biases in the framing of their research\\nquestion. “ Before we started this meta-analysis, we wondered\\nif maybe class size would be an explanatory variable in how\\nwell active learning works, or subject area, or whether it's an\\nintro class or an upper-division class. Things like that, our\\nrelatively small research team came up with those things, so\\nthere's totally a bias present in the things that we omitted and\\nthe things that we included. ” [Sup.] (P4). Researchers need\\nways to represent and keep track of the reasoning behind\\nanalytical decisions in part because, as this researcher put\\nit, “ Defining where the personal bias is coming in and where\\nspecifically it's problematic would be important. ” (P4). We\\nargue that helping researchers document sources of bias,\\nand how they influence analytical decisions throughout a\\nresearch project, would serve to identify situational sources\\nof uncertainty which are opaque in current research practice.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,773,699,790],\"text\":\"Communicative and Organizational Practices\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,792,747,954],\"text\":\"We made a distinction between decisions which have direct\\nimpact on the content presented in the written report of find-\\nings and decisions which have indirect impact on findings.\\nDecisions with indirect impact do not change the quantita-\\ntive or qualitative evidence presented in the written report\\nof findings, but they change the way evidence is recorded in\\nwork documents and framed in meetings with collaborators\\nor presentations to stakeholders. These social and commu-\\nnicative aspects of the research process have the potential to\\nimpact how findings and recommendations are interpreted.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 202\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/results/markdown/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300432/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300432", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/results/output_json/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,364],\"text\":\"Decisions with indirect impact rely more on acknowledging\\nuncertainty (79 of 201 decisions; 39.3%) than decisions with\\ndirect impact (68 of 279 decisions; 21.5%). Often these are\\ndecisions about how to organize or manage a review. “ We\\ncreate a timeline and meet once a week to share what we've\\nlearned... and see where we have some challenges that we need\\nto work on. If we've got to jump in and help someone else, then\\nwe'll do that too. ” [Ack] (P6). Decisions to discuss issues with\\ncollaborators often serve to acknowledge possible ways of\\nhandling subsequent decisions with direct impact, such as\\nhow to sample the literature. “ When the [search] term isn't\\nclear, it's a nightmare... That's sort of this ongoing iterative\\nprocess, and honestly I don't think there's a way around it. ...\\nThe conversations with collaborators have been the best way\\nto [narrow the scope] in my experience. ” [Ack] (P9).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,364,395,553],\"text\":\"Other times, decisions with indirect impact are about check-\\ning the evidence in the review to preempt potential problems\\nlater on. “ Before the literature search is a tenth over, you should\\nrevisit your template against the literature you've examined.\\nYou can double-check your template [for the evidence table] to\\nmake sure it's right, and you adjust it. ” [Ack. (P7). By check-\\ning that the columns of the evidence table adequately reflect\\nimportant themes in the literature, the researcher ensures\\nthat their review is comprehensive. Decisions with indirect\\nimpact are scattered across notes, spreadsheets, and personal\\ncorrespondences, yet they play an important role in shaping\\nthe scientific process behind the scenes.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,554,395,875],\"text\":\"In contrast, decisions with direct impact tend to rely more\\non the reduction strategy (190 of 279 decisions; 68.1%) than\\ndecisions with indirect impact (107 of 201 decisions; 53.2%).\\nFor example, one participant described a relaxed approach\\nto systematic review which did not rely on evidence tables.\\n\\\"We were kind of looking for whether a study was really sound\\nor not. Some were more easily brushed aside because it seemed\\nlike their research design was not something we would have\\nfollowed, so we trusted each other to weed some of those out\\nearly on.\\\" [Rad.] (P6). This researcher's team excluded and\\nreviewed studies outside the context of a consistent tem-\\nplate. When asked if they would use an evidence table, this\\nparticipant said, \\\"If there was a spreadsheet already created,\\nand I could tailor it to what might be most important for our\\nparticular project, then I think I would use that. But as far as\\nusing it every time and pulling out every piece of [informa-\\ntion], I would literally have to have an intern do that for me\\nbecause I don't have time.\\\" (P6). Shortcuts, such as forgoing\\ndual-review and evidence tables, are essential to researchers\\nin the Navy because they operate on tight timelines.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,901,145,917],\"text\":\"Motivations\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,921,394,954],\"text\":\"During our qualitative analysis we inductively coded 23 dif-\\nferent reasons for researchers' decisions. We then grouped\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,466,746,499],\"text\":\"these 21 reasons into six themes which capture the motiva-\\ntions behind researchers' decision-making (Fig. 3).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[431,121,727,424],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This horizontal bar chart displays the \\\"Motivations for Analytical Decision-Making,\\\" grouped into categories such as Conventions, Domain-Specific Factors, External Constraints, Principles, Self-Imposed Constraints, and Social Factors. Each bar represents the frequency of a specific motivation, with the x-axis ranging from 0 to 60.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[436,442,729,459],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Categorized reasons for analytical decisions.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[440,501,758,901],\"text\":\"• Principles (93 of 480 decisions; 19.4%): ideals which\\nresearchers adhere to such as comprehensiveness of\\nthe review, reproducibility in judgments, consistency\\nin how evidence is evaluated.\\n• Social Factors (55 of 480 decisions; 11.5%): strictly\\ncommunicative or interpersonal influences on decision-\\nmaking such as a desire for ease of understanding or\\nbuilding confidence through consensus.\\n• Domain-Specific Factors (67 of 480 decisions; 14.0%):\\nconcerns related to the domain under study such as\\ncases where the researcher relies on domain knowledge\\nor seeks conceptual clarity regarding key constructs.\\n• Conventions (73 of 480 decisions; 15.2%): standard\\npractices which often reflect established knowledge\\nabout how to deal with issues like statistical power .\\n• Self-Imposed Constraints (107 of 480 decisions; 22.3%):\\nfactors which are under the control of the individual\\nresearcher such as research questions, preferences , or\\nacting on a sense of caution or a lack of knowledge\\nabout research procedures.\\n• External Constraints (85 of 480 decisions; 17.7%):\\nfactors beyond the researchers' control such as limited\\navailability of information , limited time and attention\\nfor the review, limited control of research objectives , or\\nlimited alternatives to the chosen analysis path .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,905,747,954],\"text\":\"In our interviews, decisions to acknowledge uncertainty\\nwere most often motivated by principles (46 of 139 decisions;\\n33.1%), domain-specific factors (32 of 139 decisions; 23.0%).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 202\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/results/markdown/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300432/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300432", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/results/output_json/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,267],\"text\":\"and self-imposed constraints (21 of 139 decisions; 15.1%).\\nThis suggests that acknowledging uncertainty is often vol-\\nuntary and carefully thought out on the part of researchers.\\nResearchers are particularly motivated by the principle of\\ncomprehensiveness (75 of 93 decisions; 80.6%), often report-\\ning that they provide detailed background information in\\ntheir written report, check data quality, and code possible\\ncovariates in their evidence tables. These practices serve the\\npurpose of a complete and thorough review.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,267,395,618],\"text\":\"The motivations for decisions to reduce uncertainty are\\nfairly balanced, with self-imposed constraints (81 of 297 de-\\ncisions; 27.3 % ) and conventions (60 of 297 decisions; 20.2 % )\\nbeing most prevalent. By analyzing participants' motiva-\\ntions, we find that not all decisions to reduce uncertainty are\\nequally justified, and this is further evidence of a blurred line\\nbetween reduction and suppression strategies. For example,\\none participant described flexibility in defining the search\\nterms used to sample the literature. “ It's helpful when you\\nhave a sense of how many studies you're talking about. In\\nthe psychiatric conditions, there was a study looking at anger.\\nAnger is not exactly—there's not a diagnosis associated with\\nthat. Initially, I wanted to include it, but there's only a cou-\\nple of studies for which that is relevant, so it seemed like it\\nwas cleaner to just exclude anger because it's not a diagnosis.\\nIt's just two studies; it's not a big deal... We don't want to do\\na systematic review with two studies; we don't want to do a\\nsystematic review with 100 studies because it's probably not\\ntargeted enough. It seemed like some of that process was find-\\ning a happy medium. ” [Red.] (P9). By sampling in order to hit\\na target sample size, the researcher may ignore constructs\\nwhich are theoretically important but hard to measure.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,619,394,874],\"text\":\"In contrast, another researcher described a decision to in-\\nclude a group with two studies in a hierarchical meta-analysis\\n(P3) (i.e., meta-regression) in order to address their research\\nquestion. Later, when speaking in general terms, they said\\nthat using groups of studies which are too small in meta-\\nregression leads to unrepresentative results and poor sta-\\ntistical power. These decisions about how to group studies\\nhighlight a trade-off between conventions — adhering to sta-\\ntistical best practices by having large enough samples in each\\ngroup — and self-imposed constraints — evaluating a specific\\nresearch question by using a certain grouping factor in a\\nstatistical model. The frequency of external constraints as\\na motivator for suppression (33 of 44 decisions; 75.0 % ) and\\nthe thin line between suppression and reduction strategies\\nsuggest that researchers would benefit from documenting\\nthe reasoning behind their analytical decisions.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,899,391,917],\"text\":\"5 DESIGN FOR THE GARDEN OF FORKING PATHS\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,921,394,954],\"text\":\"Our findings point to challenges in designing interactive sys-\\ntems to support research synthesis which faithfully represent\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,348],\"text\":\"the relevant empirical evidence while accounting for organi-\\nzational and individual constraints and goals in the synthesis\\nprocess. Specific challenges that emerge from our results in-\\nclude: 1) a tension in current practice between researchers'\\nstrong desire to consider multiple possible analysis paths,\\nas evidenced by the prevalence of acknowledgement, and\\nthe frequent influence of self-imposed constraints in moti-\\nvating the reduction of uncertainty; 2) a lack of consistent\\nrepresentations and processes for capturing their rationales\\nfor decisions, limiting researchers' ability to reflect on their\\nrationales; and 3) a trade-off between researchers' desire to\\nacknowledge uncertainty (e.g., by stating caveats) and the\\nneed to tell a clear story with their analysis (e.g., filtering\\nevidence based on their research question).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,359,743,376],\"text\":\"Research Synthesis as Expected Utility Maximization\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,380,746,506],\"text\":\"The inherent subjectivity in scoping a systematic review\\nor meta-analysis, combined with the influence of external\\nconstraints, suggests that the single “ best ” analysis may not\\nalways be the analysis that is chosen in an organization. To\\nguide reflection on how interactive software might better\\nsupport researchers' endeavors, we frame research synthesis\\nas a process aimed at maximizing the expected utility of anal-\\nysis as perceived by the researcher within an organization.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,507,747,761],\"text\":\"An expected utility framework assumes that a person will\\ndecide between multiple actions by reasoning about the ex-\\npected consequences of each in combination with the value\\nthey place on those consequences, which is defined by a\\nutility function [75] . While the consequences of actions (e.g.,\\nbetting strategies) in a classic example of utility are mone-\\ntary payoffs, we suggest that an adaption of utility theory\\nfor research synthesis might frame the relevant consequence\\nof an action, or a choice of analysis, as the accuracy or faith-\\nfulness with which the analysis captures the true state of the\\nworld. Since the true state of the world is unknown, there\\nis uncertainty about the faithfulness of any analysis. In re-\\nsearch synthesis perceived uncertainty takes the form of the\\nresearcher's subjective sense of confidence in the accuracy of\\npossible analyses. The criterion for choosing between actions\\nis the average utility of each action given the uncertainty.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,761,747,954],\"text\":\"Under utility theory a decision-maker should be able to\\nchoose the higher utility alternative given any pair of ac-\\ntions (or alternatively; should be able to declare them equal\\nin utility) [36, 75] . This assumption implies that interactive\\nsystems for research synthesis could help researchers choose\\nthe paths that maximize their expected utility by help-\\ning them to 1) accurately perceive the consequences of different\\nanalysis paths (i.e., actions). Because the true state of the\\nworld, and thus the exact consequences of an analysis, may\\nbe impossible to judge, researchers may use heuristics such\\nas looking at the results of different paths or considering\\ncompeting values to make decisions. Similarly, interactive\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 202\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300432/results/markdown/3290605-3300432_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300433/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300433", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/results/output_json/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[77,118,738,151],\"text\":\"ReType: Quick Text Editing with Keyboard and Gaze\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[111,167,264,234],\"text\":\"Shyamli Sindhwani\\nUniversity of Auckland\\nAuckland, New Zealand\\nssin882@aucland.ac.nz\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[341,168,473,234],\"text\":\"Christof Lutteroth\\nUniversity of Bath\\nBath, UK\\nc.lutteroth@bath.ac.uk\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[556,169,697,235],\"text\":\"Gerald Weber\\nUniversity of Auckland\\nAuckland, New Zealand\\ng.weber@auckland.ac.nz\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,244,141,260],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,264,395,535],\"text\":\"When a user needs to reposition the cursor during text edit-\\ning, this is often done using the mouse. For experienced\\ntypists especially, the switch between keyboard and mouse\\ncan slow down the keyboard editing workflow considerably.\\nTo address this we propose ReType, a new gaze-assisted po-\\nsitioning technique combining keyboard with gaze input\\nbased on a new `patching' metaphor. ReType allows users\\nto perform some common editing operations while keeping\\ntheir hands on the keyboard. We present the result of two\\nstudies. A free-use study indicated that ReType enhances the\\nuser experience of text editing. ReType was liked by many\\nparticipants, regardless of their typing skills. A comparative\\nuser study showed that ReType is able to match or even beat\\nthe speed of mouse-based interaction for small text edits. We\\nconclude that the gaze-augmented user interface can make\\ncommon interactions more fluent, especially for professional\\nkeyboard users.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,547,173,566],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[69,569,393,588],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Text input; Pointing\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,601,149,617],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,621,394,655],\"text\":\"Eye gaze tracking: text editor; positioning; keyboard; typo-\\ngraphical error; patching metaphor; natural user interfaces\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,664,202,679],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,679,395,754],\"text\":\"Shyamli Sindhwani, Christof Lutteroth, and Gerald Weber. 2019.\\nReType: Quick Text Editing with Keyboard and Gaze. In CHI Con-\\nference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI\\n2019) , May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK. ACM, New York, NY,\\nUSA, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300433\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,244,549,261],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,264,747,439],\"text\":\"With advances in hardware and software, eye gaze tracking\\nmay soon be built into most of our devices, especially on the\\ndesktop. Now imagine you spot a typo you need to correct.\\nWhat would you expect from a natural user interface (NUI)?\\nThat you still have to use the mouse to point to the typo,\\nalthough you are already looking at it? We present ReType,\\na NUI paradigm integrating keyboard with gaze: you look at\\nthe place you want to edit, and “re-type” the text as you want\\nit, including a short lead-up to the changed characters. This\\nis similar to ways we speak about typos while we correct\\nthem.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,440,747,600],\"text\":\"Eye gaze trackers are used to measure and possibly re-\\nspond to human eye gaze. While interacting with the com-\\nputer screen, eye gaze is a good indicator of the user's point\\nof interest and is considered one of the most natural forms\\nof input [36, 37, 44] . Hence it seems natural to use gaze\\ninput for pointing and positioning tasks. There have been\\nnumerous attempts to utilize gaze in everyday computer\\ninteraction; gaze has been used for pointing in various ap-\\nplications [1, 12, 21] and can also be used as an augmented\\ninput in addition to mouse or keyboard [18, 19, 47] .\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,600,747,886],\"text\":\"However, gaze input comes with several design constraints\\nwhich need to be addressed in order to design user interfaces\\nwith minimum eye input inaccuracies [11] . Avoiding the Mi-\\ndas Touch problem [41] is one such constraint. If we want to\\nuse gaze movements as intentional commands, it can be diffi-\\ncult to distinguish them from unintentional gaze movements\\nnecessary to consume the information on the user interface.\\nThis makes the use of eye gaze in a NUI challenging. Another\\nobstacle is the inaccuracy of gaze input. This is partly due to\\nhard physiological limitations, namely the one degree visual\\nangle covered by the fovea, the area of the retina responsible\\nfor sharp central vision [38, 42] . This creates problems for\\nselecting small and closely positioned targets such as text.\\nFurthermore, holding the gaze, e.g., to indicate a selection\\n(dwell), requires a specific novel effort from the user, which\\ncan be difficult and frustrating. In this paper we investigate a\\ngaze-augmented NUI for cursor positioning and text editing\\nwith a traditional keyboard which avoids these problems.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,886,747,951],\"text\":\"Many users who work intensively with important pro-\\nductivity applications, specifically for text input, still use\\nkeyboard and mouse as their prime input devices. Some-\\ntimes users with different tasks or preferences choose not\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,778,395,897],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\\nCHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,899,395,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,925,266,954],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4603-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3209605.3300443\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 203\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/results/markdown/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300433/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300433", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/results/output_json/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,299],\"text\":\"to use those input devices and look for other viable alterna-\\ntives. For an experienced typist, moving the hand from the\\nkeyboard and using a mouse for pointing & clicking hinders\\nthe typing flow and can cause discomfort and fatigue [46] .\\nThis repetitive context switch between keyboard and mouse\\nis not only time-consuming but also distracts the typist from\\nthe actual task, leading to reduced productivity [7, 34, 45] .\\nThe overuse of these pointing devices can also lead to RSI\\n(Repetitive Strain Injury) [6, 29] . People spending more time\\nusing keyboard than mouse at work are at lower risk for\\nCarpal Twann Syndrome [2] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,299,395,523],\"text\":\"Scope: We present a novel gaze-augmented method for\\ntext editing called ReType. It aims to facilitate the process of\\nediting text by removing the aforementioned context switch\\nbetween keyboard and mouse, allowing typists to make the\\nbest use of their typing skills. ReType combines gaze with\\nkeyboard input to replace common pointing operations; it\\ncan be used to make small changes in text anywhere on the\\nscreen, such as for typo correction, as well as to navigate in\\nthe text using only gaze and keyboard input. Beside these\\nnew operations, the keyboard can be used for text editing as\\nusual. A variation of navigation can be used to select text,\\nso that copy & paste operations can also be used as usual.\\nWe investigate ReType by addressing the following research\\nquestions:\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,528,396,643],\"text\":\"RQ1 How can gaze be naturally combined with keyboard\\ninput for text editing?\\n\\nRQ2 How does ReType compare with conventional mouse\\n& keyboard interaction?\\n\\nRQ3 How does the typing speed of a user affect ReType\\ncompared to conventional mouse & keyboard interac-\\ntion?\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,650,395,809],\"text\":\"For small text edits such as type correction, ReType merges\\nthe positioning process (within the visible text) with the\\nactual change process. We show that ReType offers an op-\\nportunity to include gaze tracking as a positioning cue in\\nsuch a way as to become second nature to the users while\\nthey focus on the change they want to make (\\\"automatic\\nReType\\\"). We also consider variants of ReType which rely on\\nmore explicit, modal positioning cues (\\\"modal ReType\\\"), in-\\ncluding a variant which works without gaze (\\\"keyboard-only\\nReType\\\").\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,809,395,955],\"text\":\"Correcting typos with a keyboard usually involves plac-\\ning the cursor at the right location and using procedural\\nbackspace or delete for editing. By contrast, ReType uses\\na new process which we call `patching' or `replacing' the\\ntypo. One can think of ReType as a metaphor of patching\\nover a typo with a band-aid: the user re-types some correct\\ncharacters preceding the typo (prefix), then continues with\\nthe correct spelling in place of the erroneous characters, and\\ncontinues a little past the typo (suffix). Prefix and suffix allow\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,747,171],\"text\":\"the new patch to 'stick' to the matching bits in the old text,\\nallowing ReType to locate the desired position of the patch\\nwithout mouse or cursor keys.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,172,747,347],\"text\":\"We evaluated the usability of the different ReType vari-\\nants, comparing them against keyboard & mouse. We did\\nnot consider using a trackpad or solely navigation keys for\\ncursor positioning as the mouse is more productive [5, 22] .\\nWe performed a qualitative free-use study, involving proof-\\nreading with a range of different text editing tasks. We also\\nconducted a quantitative study evaluating the central oper-\\nation of ReType: positioning and editing small changes by\\nre-typing. We compared ReType's ability in correcting typos\\n– as typical examples of small, localised changes – with that\\nof keyboard & mouse.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[435,348,712,364],\"text\":\"In summary, we make the following contributions:\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[423,370,748,516],\"text\":\"(1) We present the design and implementation of ReType,\\na novel gaze-assisted input method allowing keyboard-\\nonly work, which uses a metaphor of changing text by\\npatching.\\n(2) We show that in ReType, gaze tracking is essential for\\nachieving a performance which can compete with mouse\\n& keyboard.\\n(3) We show that ReType with its patching metaphor can\\nbenefit experienced keyboard users in particular.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,549,550,566],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,571,747,682],\"text\":\"Jacob et al. [13] explored technical and physiological limita-\\ntions of gaze tracking such as eye tracker accuracy, sensor\\nlag and fixation jitter. These are responsible for problems\\nwhen using gaze for interaction, such as the Midas Touch\\nproblem [11, 12] . In order to overcome these problems, gaze\\ninteraction methods have been proposed which are tolerant\\nto fairly low accuracy [18, 24, 26, 31, 32, 48] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,682,747,955],\"text\":\"Some research explores selection mechanisms for explic-\\nitly given targets, such as buttons and links [24, 31, 32, 44, 48] .\\nThese approaches derive speed advantages from the limited\\nnumber of targets, but they are not suitable for fine posi-\\ntioning such as character-wise cursor placement in a text\\neditor. Ware et al. [44] proposed selection with gaze and a\\nphysical button, noting that while this approach worked well\\nfor larger targets, a reduced speed and increase in number\\nof errors were reported for smaller targets. Zhang et al. [48]\\nfocused on improving the stability of an eye gaze cursor\\nusing multiple techniques such as force fields, which were\\nsuitable mainly for button-sized targets. In our workgroup\\nwe proposed a number of two-stage selection approaches\\nwhich increase the resolution to a degree suitable for smaller\\nlinks [24, 31, 32] . The fastest technique, Actigaze [24] , ap-\\nproaches the speed of the mouse, but is explicitly not aimed\\nat fine-grained positioning.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 203\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/results/markdown/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300433/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300433", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/results/output_json/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,395,298],\"text\":\"Gaze-enhanced input methods use existing input devices\\nand employ gaze to improve their usability. Zhai et al. [47]\\npresented MAGIC (\\\"manual and gaze input cascaded\\\"), the\\nfirst gaze-enhanced mouse pointing approach, where the\\nmouse pointer moves quickly to the user's gaze position and\\na physical mouse is used to make finer movements of the\\nmouse pointer. MAGIC proved to be slightly faster than the\\nmouse alone, with similar accuracy. The Rake Cursor [3] and\\nNinja Cursors [33] use an alternative gaze-enhanced mouse\\ntechnique: the mouse controls a grid of cursors while gaze\\nis used to select the active cursor from within the grid.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,299,395,460],\"text\":\"The GUiDE (Gaze-enhanced User Interface Design) project\\nexplored how gaze can be effectively used as an augmented\\ninput in addition to keyboard and mouse for improving the\\nuser interfaces for everyday computing tasks [19, 20] . They\\npresented practical applications for pointing & selection [18] ,\\napplication switching [17] and scrolling. Fono et al. [8] pro-\\nposed eye pointing with either dwell time or key activation\\nfor focusing a GUI window. Results indicated that while auto-\\nmatic activation was slightly faster than keyboard activation,\\nthe latter was preferred by most participants.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,460,395,553],\"text\":\"Kumar et al. [18] proposed EyePoint, which allows precise\\npointing & clicking with gaze using magnification and a\\npress-release button. EyePoint allows the user to keep their\\nhands on the keyboard, using the keyboard essentially just\\nas a mouse button. However, the magnification has a high\\nvisual impact on the user experience.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,554,395,730],\"text\":\"There are some approaches for using gaze input for text\\nbased user-interfaces, with most text entry and error correc-\\ntion applications specifically designed for people suffering\\nfrom motor impairment. GazeTalk [9] and Dasher [40] are\\nexamples of text entry systems. GazeTalk uses specialized\\non-screen keyboards with dwell time for key activation while\\nDasher lets users enter text directly using continuous point-\\ning gestures. The gaze-only text entry system proposed by\\nKishi et al. [15] includes support for copy & paste editing us-\\ning a two-step cursor control mechanism. Both initial cursor\\nsetting and fine adjustment are done using dwell time.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,731,395,921],\"text\":\"Some work focuses on increasing the typing speed for on-\\nscreen keyboards either by adjusting dwell [25, 27] or propos-\\ning virtual on-screen keyboards with novel layouts [10, 35,\\n43] . Some “ dwell-free ” typing approaches [16, 23, 30] have\\nbeen proposed to mitigate the effort and time taken by gaze\\ndwelling on keys. Majaranta et al. [26] presented a system for\\ngaze-only text editing using dynamic and static gaze menus.\\nA menu pops up when the user fixates on text to be edited,\\noffering dwell-activated buttons for editing functions such\\nas positioning the cursor within the text. The approach sup-\\nports basic text editing (cut, copy, paste) and text formatting\\n(bold, italic, underline).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,921,395,955],\"text\":\"OverlapKeys [39] works as a software filter which focuses\\nspecifically on overlap errors by identifying and filtering out\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,190],\"text\":\"additional key presses. On the other hand, TrueKeys [14], an\\nauto-correction system, combines models of word frequency,\\nkeyboard layout and typing error patterns to identify and\\ncorrect text automatically while typing.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,200,548,216],\"text\":\"3 MODAL RETYPE\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,220,747,507],\"text\":\"The initial interaction design for ReType, which we call\\n\\\"modal ReType,\\\" is a classic temporary mode that can be acti-\\nvated with a hot key and added to a standard ASCII style or\\nWYSIWYG text editor. The state machine for modal ReType\\nis shown in Figure 1. A user can switch to \\\"ReType mode\\\"\\nby pressing a pre-defined hotkey (we chose the Windows\\nkey). Pressing the Escape key exits ReType mode and returns\\nthe editor to the same state it was in before entering ReType\\nmode; we will assume that the original state is the typical\\nediting mode of the text editor and call it the \\\"normal mode.\\\"\\nFrom this point a user can switch into ReType mode again.\\nTo support ReType, the text editor has an added text field -\\nthe ReType field - for reviewing the input entered during\\nReType mode. While in ReType mode, all user input is shown\\nin the ReType field. We call the text shown in the ReType\\nfield the edit string. The edit string may contain spaces, and\\ncontrol keys such as backspace have their usual effect in the\\nReType field.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,507,747,699],\"text\":\"The first defining property of ReType is that immediately\\nafter each key stroke it performs a match of the current edit\\nstring against the original text. The match is approximate, i.e.\\nit uses a measure of similarity to match text. ReType replaces\\nthe best match in the text with the current edit string, based\\non the assumption that this is the user's intended target. If\\nthe edit string is different from the matched text, then the\\nedit string is considered the desired edited text to be used\\nin place of the original text (i.e. resulting in a text edit). If\\nthe edit string is an exact match with part of the text, no\\nmodification occurs and the cursor is merely moved right\\nafter the match (i.e. resulting in cursor positioning).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,699,747,905],\"text\":\"In principle this mechanism works well without any fur-\\nther input in unambiguous situations, i.e. if the best approx-\\nimate match in the text is indeed the desired target of the\\nReType edit operation. If the user is content with the current\\nreplacement performed by ReType, then the user can con-\\nfirm and embed this change by pressing Enter. This ends the\\nReType mode, which is designed as a temporary mode active\\nonly during the editing process, and places the cursor right\\nafter the edited text. In this optimistic case, a first contribu-\\ntion of ReType lies in making a search/replace dialogue a\\nbit less model by combining the find and the replace phases.\\nThis makes ReType more attractive for positioning and small\\ncorrection tasks.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,905,746,954],\"text\":\"In many cases, however, the approximate match with the\\nedit string will not be unique, e.g. if the same word is used re-\\npeatedly in the text and misspelled in one place, or if several\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 203\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/results/markdown/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300433/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300433", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/results/output_json/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[70,122,391,302],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This diagram illustrates a user workflow for correcting typos, transitioning from a \\\"NORMAL MODE\\\" with highlighted text to a \\\"RETYPE MODE.\\\" In ReType mode, users type a correction, see suggested matches, and use gaze or pointing to select the desired word, ultimately leading to a \\\"Typo corrected\\\" state.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[113,317,348,335],\"text\":\"Figure 1: State machine for modal ReType.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,375,395,534],\"text\":\"similarly spelled words are present. The key idea of ReType,\\nin the spirit of NULs, is that in ambiguous cases the user's\\ngaze can be used to disambiguate the user's intention, with-\\nout an explicit pointing approach. Gaze is simply used as an\\nadditional positioning cue, based on the reasonable assump-\\ntion that the user will look at the text she wants to modify (or\\nnavigate to). As a result, ReType creates a synergy between\\ngaze input, the fact that the user's gaze rests naturally on\\nthe point of interest, and the approximate match of the edit\\nstring.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,549,214,568],\"text\":\"Keyboard-Only ReType\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,571,395,793],\"text\":\"The fact that the keyboard input alone gives a good posi-\\ntioning cue, in some cases even an unambiguous position,\\nleads to a natural counterposition. In the interests of a criti-\\ncal discussion of modal ReType, a detractor may argue that\\na still rare and moderately pricey gaze tracker could be re-\\nplaced by disambiguating between potential matches with a\\ngo-to-next hotkey. This leads to a variant we call “keyboard-\\nonly ReType,” which works solely with the keyboard without\\nhaving to use eye gaze or mouse input. To make a point for\\nReType as a gaze-augmented interaction method, we will\\nshow empirically that the combination of ReType with gaze\\ntracking is necessary to deliver good usability and compete\\nwith the mouse. Keyboard-only ReType does not deliver the\\nfull advantage.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,793,395,954],\"text\":\"The working of keyboard-only is similar to ReType with\\ngaze, with one difference: amongst all the potential matches\\nin the text, the desired match is selected by moving a high-\\nlight marker with arrow keys instead of gaze input. The user\\npresses the Windows key, enters the ReType mode and types\\nthe desired edit string (e.g. a corrected snippet of a word\\nwith a typo) into the ReType field. Then she uses the arrow\\nkeys (Left, Right, Up, Down) to move between the matches\\nfound in the text file. After the correct match is highlighted,\\nthe user presses Enter to lock the changes in the document.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[423,119,744,290],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A bar chart displays the task completion times in milliseconds for ten participants (P1-P10) across three different input methods: Mouse & Keyboard, Modal ReType, and Keyboard-only ReType. Each participant has a set of three bars representing the completion time for each method. The Keyboard-only ReType consistently shows higher task completion times compared to the other two methods for most participants.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,305,746,351],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Average task completion times in milliseconds of\\nall pilot study participants for the three tested interaction\\nmethods.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,374,492,393],\"text\":\"Pilot Study\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,396,746,618],\"text\":\"The pilot studies played an important role in the design\\niteration of the ReType prototype. We followed the approach\\nof \\\"learning by doing\\\" and performed many rounds of iter-\\native testing during the design. After the initial prototype\\n(modal ReType) was ready, a fully fledged pilot study was\\nconducted with ten participants, which helped us to gain\\nan overall idea of the prototype's usability. The users were\\nasked to perform typo editing with eight text files containing\\nfive types each, using a methodology similar to the full eval-\\nuation described below. Three different interaction methods\\nwere used: 1) modal ReType, 2) keyboard-only ReType, and 3)\\nmouse & keyboard. The mouse & keyboard editing was the\\nusual editing without gaze where a user clicks at the typo,\\ndeletes the wrong characters and types the correct ones.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,619,746,825],\"text\":\"Figure 2 depicts the task completion times averaged over\\nall 40 type correction tasks for each participant. From these\\nresults it is evident that keyboard-only ReType was markedly\\nslower than the other two interaction methods. The 95 %\\nconfidence interval for the median relative ratio of the task\\ncompletion times of modal ReType and mouse & keyboard\\nwas [0.93, 1.25], with 1 signifying equal speed. This is an\\nindication that modal ReType is likely not a lot slower than\\nmouse & keyboard. Compared to other alternatives for the\\nmouse such as trackpads this can already be considered a\\ngood result. Participants' comments and observations made\\nduring the pilot study indicate that users were excited about\\nthe idea of a gaze-augmented interface for text editing.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,826,746,905],\"text\":\"Further analysis of the results showed that a major part of\\nthe task completion time for modal ReType was spent on the\\nmode switch. Supporting this, several participants pointed\\nout that the multiple steps required for editing with ReType\\nwere not optimal.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,906,746,954],\"text\":\"This led us to the hypothesis that the ReType hotkey cre-\\nated a mental load as users were not used to it in normal\\ntext editing. As a result, we looked for an interaction design\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 203\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/results/markdown/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300433/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300433", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/results/output_json/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[67,122,395,254],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A text editor interface displays a document about information technology, with several words underlined in red indicating \\\"typo errors.\\\" Arrows point to a \\\"ReType field\\\" and an \\\"Eye tracker OFF\\\" icon in the top right corner.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,264,393,295],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Screenshot of text editor in normal mode. The edit-\\ntor behaves as usual until a ReType operation is performed.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,355,394,386],\"text\":\"which would avoid the mode switch. This design is presented\\nin the next section.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,406,226,422],\"text\":\"4 AUTOMATIC RETYPE\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,427,394,523],\"text\":\"Our latest design is called “automatic ReType” as it removes\\nexplicit mode switching. In the spirit of natural interaction,\\nReType tries to detect the user's intention to switch into Re-\\nType mode and then switches to ReType mode automatically.\\nThe most promising solution we identified is a mode switch\\ndepending on the position of the user's gaze.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,523,395,651],\"text\":\"In order to avoid interference with normal typing, there\\nis no mode switch if the user looks at (or near) the current\\nposition of the cursor. Furthermore, while typing, the user\\ncan naturally move her eyes between the keyboard and the\\nscreen without triggering a mode switch. ReType will be\\nonly activated if 1) the user looks away from the cursor and\\n2) types a string that is an approximate match with text at\\n(or near) the gaze position.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,652,395,825],\"text\":\"In order to reduce the number of unintended approximate\\nmatches, we introduced the following strategy: for a match\\nto be considered, a fixed number of characters at the start of\\nthe edit string, which we call lead characters , need to match\\nthe characters in the text. The number of lead characters is\\na configurable parameter of the RcType system. It should\\nnot be too large; the only realistic values are 1C, i.e. a single\\nlead character, and 2C, i.e. two lead characters. One can also\\nthink of this in terms of the patching metaphor: for a patch\\nto stick at the target position, the edit string should start\\nwith one or two characters exactly matching the text.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,826,395,953],\"text\":\"Figure 3 depicts the editor in normal mode. The red eye\\nin the top right corner of the editor indicates that the editor\\nis not listening to gaze events (either the tracker is off or\\nnot connected). A green eye in the top right corner indicates\\nthat the editor is listening to gaze events and ready for gaze-\\naugmented text editing. Figure 4 depicts the editor in ReType\\nmode. The ReType field turns yellow to indicate that the user\\nhas entered this mode.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[419,121,747,269],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A screenshot of a \\\"ReType Editor\\\" software displays an article about Information Technology. An \\\"Edit string\\\" search bar at the top shows \\\"compute,\\\" with instances of \\\"computers\\\" in the text highlighted as a \\\"Gaze focused match\\\" and \\\"Potential match.\\\" A green toggle indicating \\\"Eye tracker ON\\\" is visible in the top right.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,279,745,310],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Screenshot of text editor in RefType mode. Matches\\nof the edit string (yellow box) in the text are highlighted.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,375,548,392],\"text\":\"Matching Algorithm\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,396,746,491],\"text\":\"As discussed above, in ReType mode the user input consti-\\ntutes the edit string in the ReType field. This edit string is\\nthen used to find the potential matches in the document\\nusing an edit distance measure. All potential matches with\\nthe lowest edit distance are immediately highlighted with a\\ngray background, see Figure 4 .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,492,746,792],\"text\":\"ReType uses a one-way edit distance, as is common in\\napproximate string matching into a continuous text. The\\ndistance is presented as an insert/delete edit script which\\ntransforms the text into the edit string, because this aligns\\nwith the preferred visualization of the edit (described in\\nmore detail below). For example, a character inserted into\\nthe edit string should be either a matching character or an\\ninsert in the text. One-way edit distance means that leading\\nand trailing deletes are ignored (i.e. have no cost). As said\\nbefore, ReType requires the first letters in the edit string,\\nthe lead characters, to be an exact match with the visible\\ntext. This simplifies the calculation of potential matches and\\nalso keeps the number of potential matches small, aiding\\nvisualization. Consequently the matching algorithm can just\\nloop through the occurrences of the lead characters in the\\ntext and compute the one-way edit distance if a match is\\npossible. So in contrast to a general one-way edit distance\\ncomputation, we know possible intended start points of the\\nmatch.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,792,746,954],\"text\":\"We use the well-known Myers' greedy algorithm for fast\\ncomputation of diff and/or edit distance [28] with one modifi-\\ncation: an early termination criterion once the edit string has\\nbeen completely inserted. In the edit graph used to visualize\\nthe Myers' algorithm, this criterion is reached as soon as the\\nalgorithm reaches the lower boundary of the graph. At this\\npoint the one-way edit distance has been computed and can\\nbe returned. Since the only change to Myers' algorithm is\\nan early termination criterion, the good asymptotic runtime\\nproperties remain.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 203\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/results/markdown/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300433/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300433", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/results/output_json/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,124,220,141],\"text\":\"Highlighting of Matches\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,144,395,431],\"text\":\"When highlighting matches, they are shown as the text of\\nthe edit string without changing the actual document yet, i.e.\\nthe displayed text is showing what will happen if the ReType\\noperation is confirmed. To make the temporary changes more\\ninformative, inserted characters are highlighted in green, and\\na character before a deleted character is highlighted in red,\\nindicating the positions where changes would be made, see\\nFigure 4 . For example, if the user has just entered 'quick'\\nto correct a word 'quick', then this potential match in the\\ntext is shown as 'quick' ('i' with green highlight and 'u' with\\nred highlight). When confirming the ReType operation by\\npressing Enter, then the potential match that is closest to\\nthe gaze point (if there is one within a certain radius from\\nthe point of gaze) gets edited according to the operation. In\\nReType mode, the system always shows the match closest\\nto the gaze point in a dedicated colour (here with a blue\\nbackground) to indicate where the current ReType operation\\nwill be applied once it is confirmed.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,449,158,466],\"text\":\"State Machine\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,469,395,836],\"text\":\"Figure 5 illustrates how the coordination is maintained be-\\ntween the gaze input and the automatic mode switchover. In\\nnormal mode a user looks at the part of the text to edit and\\nstarts typing a correctly edited snippet of the text. This gives\\nthe system an indication that the typing is not intended as\\nnormal typing in the document, but that a switchover to Re-\\nType mode is desired for editing. The system automatically\\nswitches to ReType mode, and whatever the user types is\\nentered into the ReType field. Based on the user input in\\nthe ReType field (i.e. the edit string), the system starts to\\nlook for matches within the visible text. The matches get\\ncontinually updated with each new character the user types.\\nWhen the user observes the desired change being applied\\nto the right match, while selecting the match with gaze, she\\npresses Enter to confirm the change. The selected match\\ngets changed leaving all other matches unchanged and the\\nsystem returns to the normal mode with the modified text.\\nThe user can now start the ReType operation again for the\\nnext edit (or to position the cursor). Pressing Escape at any\\nstage while performing a ReType operation exits the ReType\\nmode and leaves the text unchanged. Pressing Escape right\\nafter a ReType operation reverts the change and brings the\\nsystem back to the previous, undited state in normal mode.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,853,211,870],\"text\":\"ReType for Positioning\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,873,394,954],\"text\":\"ReType is always also performing navigation: the cursor\\nremains at the new position after patch. For pure position-\\ning, an unaltered patch can be re-typed and confirmed with\\nreturn. Once the cursor is positioned, other editing tasks\\nsuch as keyboard-based insertion and deletion of text can be\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,372,746,402],\"text\":\"performed normally. This is similar to the way some typists\\nuse search functions to navigate quickly in a text.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[416,115,743,307],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This state diagram illustrates a text correction workflow, transitioning between a \\\"NORMAL MODE\\\" and a \\\"RETYPE MODE.\\\" In NORMAL MODE, a typo is displayed in text, and user actions like pressing Escape or starting to type initiate the RETYPE MODE. RETYPE MODE shows a \\\"ReType Editor\\\" where corrections are typed and highlighted, eventually applying the corrected text and returning to NORMAL MODE.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[456,318,710,335],\"text\":\"Figure 5: State machine for automatic ReType.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,403,747,563],\"text\":\"ReType also supports text selection, which is another com-\\nmon text editing task which usually involves the mouse,\\nin a similar manner to correcting typos. Selection of a text\\nblock in ReType is based on navigation, and hence indirectly\\non patching: it involves navigating to the start position of\\nthe desired selection, pressing a special key (we chose the\\nWindows key) to mark this position, navigating to the end\\nposition of the desired selection, and finalizing the selection\\nby pressing Enter. This is similar to the mark-select workflow\\nof text selection in some text editors such as Emacs.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,579,618,595],\"text\":\"5 QUALITATIVE EVALUATION\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,599,747,775],\"text\":\"A free-use study was conducted with seven participants in\\norder to evaluate the use of ReType as a general text edit-\\ning method together with usual keyboard-based editing. We\\nwere interested in observing participants' behaviour and in-\\nteraction with the system and analyzing its usability. For this\\npurpose, we tried to create a natural text editing setup by\\nproviding participants with tasks for proofreading. Two task\\nfiles (approx. 700 words each) were used: Task 1 contained\\n60 errors and Task 2 contained 80 errors. A mix of typical\\ntypes of errors was used, including typos, incorrect words,\\nmisplaced text blocks, incorrect text blocks, and missing text.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,789,487,805],\"text\":\"Procedure\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,808,747,955],\"text\":\"The session started with a demonstration of both ReType\\nvariants, modal and automatic ReType. Participants were\\ngiven several minutes to become familiar with each of them\\nand choose one of the variants for proofreading the texts,\\ndepending on their preference. Since the focus of study was\\non qualitative aspects of usability, we did not ask partici-\\npants to be as fast as possible; instead, they were asked to\\ncorrect the text freely in their own time. It was observed that\\nparticipants spent about 15-20 mins on each task. The study\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 203\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/results/markdown/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300433/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300433", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/results/output_json/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,156],\"text\":\"session was followed by a semi-structured interview. Data\\nwas also collected from observation of the study sessions.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,170,116,186],\"text\":\"Results\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,191,394,287],\"text\":\"Variant Preference. We observed that skilled typists mostly\\nchose automatic ReType as they felt it was more natural and\\nintuitive, while average typists preferred modal ReType as\\nthey felt it gave them more control. Two participants who\\nchose modal ReType stated that with more practice they\\nwould prefer automatic ReType because of its “ naturalness, ”\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,297,394,458],\"text\":\"Ease of Use. Three participants said ReType required less\\neffort than mouse & keyboard and was therefore easier to use.\\nThe other four participants mentioned that ReType required\\nsome initial learning; however, after using ReType for a few\\nminutes, they were able to perform editing tasks quickly\\nand efficiently. Three participants were able to complete the\\nsecond task faster than the first task while making very few\\nmistakes, even though the second task contained more errors\\nthan the first. The other four participants completed both\\ntasks in roughly the same time.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,468,394,549],\"text\":\"Perceived Speed. Four participants felt they were able to com-\\nplete the tasks faster with ReType than they would have\\nwith mouse & keyboard, while maintaining their usual key-\\nboard typing rhythm. Two were uncertain whether ReType\\nor mouse & keyboard were faster. One found ReType slower.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,559,394,625],\"text\":\"Usage Intentions. All participants were inclined towards us-\\ning ReType in their own text editing work if it were avail-\\nable. Five participants said they would definitely use ReType,\\nwhile two said they would consider it after more practice.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,635,394,716],\"text\":\"Is Keyboard-Mouse Switch a Problem? All participants con-\\nfirmed that they find the hand switch between keyboard and\\nmouse problematic, with five participants calling it a \\\"hassle.\\\"\\nWhen asked what they do to avoid it, they said they used\\nkeyboard shortcuts, arrow keys, and find/replace functions.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,726,394,838],\"text\":\"Overall Experience. Two participants mentioned ReType's\\n\\\"intuitiveness\\\" in moving the cursor within the visible text.\\nTwo most liked not having to move their hands between\\nkeyboard and mouse. Text selection, highlighting and typo\\ncorrection in ReType were also mentioned positively. Six\\nsaid they felt no fatigue when using ReType; one reported\\nfatigue on the same level as with mouse & keyboard.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,853,275,869],\"text\":\"6 QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,873,394,954],\"text\":\"We conducted a quantitative experimental study in order\\nto understand the promising qualitative results in more de-\\ntail. At the heart of ReType use, underlying all other oper-\\nations, is the \\\"patching\\\" operation; therefore in this study\\nwe focused exclusively on patching of small text segments\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,250],\"text\":\"through re-typing, using words with typos as representa-\\ntive examples. We compared automatic ReType against the\\nmouse & keyboard, choosing the mouse as the control point-\\ning device in line with other studies [8, 18, 24, 36] in the\\nfield, for comparability with the literature. Previous results\\nshow that keyboard-only ReType performed a lot worse than\\ngaze-augmented ReType. Therefore we did not consider it\\nfurther.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,263,506,279],\"text\":\"Methodology\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,283,746,634],\"text\":\"The first independent variable of the comparative study was\\nMethod . It had two levels, ReType and Mouse, and used a\\nwithin-participant design. The order of the levels was coun-\\nterbalanced to compensate for order bias and training ef-\\nfects. In order to gain a differentiated insight into ReType,\\nwe considered a second independent variable, Lead Char-\\nacters , i.e. the number of preceding characters required for\\na ReType operation to start, with two levels 1C (single pre-\\nceding character) and 2C (two preceding characters). We\\nconsidered it better to expose every participant only to one\\nLead Characters configuration as it may have been confus-\\ning otherwise. We therefore investigated this variable using\\na between-participant design, dividing our 24 participants\\ninto two groups of 12. Participants were pseudo-randomly\\nassigned to groups in a way which would balance groups by\\ntyping skill. An overview of the four conditions formed by\\nthe independent variables is shown in Table 2 . For further\\nanalysis, we considered Error Type as a third independent\\nvariable, i.e. the type of error (type) a user corrected, with\\ntwo levels, Single (single error with one affected letter) and\\nMultiple (combination of different types of error and/or mul-\\ntiple affected letters), see Table 1 .\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,635,746,954],\"text\":\"The main dependent variables measured were the task\\ncompletion time, the number of errors (accuracy), System\\nUsability Scale (SUS) scores [4] and a preference ranking. Us-\\nability was further measured with additional questionnaires\\nbased on a five-point Likert scale and including questions\\nrelated to specific characteristics of each method. The typing\\nspeed of each participant was measured as a covariate. Two\\nvariants of task completion time were considered: operating\\ntime and motor time. Operating time (‘op time’) is the overall\\ntime spent in correcting a typo. It includes think time, which\\nis the time a participant spends in mental preparations such\\nas identifying the typo and planning actions to be taken,\\nbefore performing any motor action in the typo correction\\nprocess. Think time was measured as the time between the\\ninstant one typo was corrected and the instant a motor ac-\\ntion was taken to correct the following typo. Motor time is\\nthe time from the first to the last motor action a participant\\ntakes to correct a typo. As a result, operating time is the\\nsum of think time and motor time. In the following, we use\\nthe following terms for ReType task completion times: RN\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 203\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/results/markdown/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300433/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300433", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/results/output_json/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,188],\"text\":\"for ReType motor time and RT for ReType operating time.\\nSimilarly, for Mouse MN is used for motor time and MT for\\noperating time. The letters T and N indicate whether think\\ntime is considered (T) or not (N).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,196,395,372],\"text\":\"Apparatus . All experiments were conducted on a 14 inch,\\n2.3 GHz HP laptop with Intel Core i5-6200U processor and\\n1366×768 resolution. The laptop was configured with the\\nWindows 7 environment (default settings), using a Dell op-\\ntical mouse and a Tohii 4C gaze tracker. The ReType editor\\nwas developed in Java. Identical experimental equipment and\\nsettings were used for all conditions. All task text files were\\nsmall enough to be completely visible in the editor without\\nscrolling. Gaze, key press and mouse events were recorded\\nautomatically for accurate measurement of task completion\\ntimes.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,380,395,539],\"text\":\"Participants. 24 (17 men, 7 women) participants were re-\\ncruited aged from 21 to 38 years with a variety of ethnic-\\nities and from a range of disciplines including Computer\\nScience, Engineering and Psychology. All were regular com-\\nputer users, using computers between two and ten hours per\\nday and reading English text for between two and twelve\\nhours per day. The typing speeds recorded for the partici-\\npants were between 25 and 83 WPM. Ten participants wore\\neither glasses or contact lenses of varying strengths. Eight\\nparticipants had prior experience with gaze tracking.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,546,395,882],\"text\":\"Task. For each method participants were given the same five\\ntexts, which contained six typos each, resulting in each par-\\nticipant editing 30 typos in total. The five texts were taken\\nfrom Wikipedia and typos were introduced artificially. The\\ndensity of typos is relatively high for reasons of practical-\\nity in administering the study. The typos were chosen for\\nrepresentativeness to cover all positions in a word as well\\nas covering complex misspellings, a mix of incorrect letters,\\nadditional letters, missing letters, reverse order of letters or a\\ncombination of these. Table 1 gives an overview of the cate-\\ngories of typos used in the study. In order to reduce seek time\\nfor the typos, the open source Spell Check library was used\\nto highlight the incorrect words in the text file; it was not\\nused to perform the actual correction. As we want to mea-\\nsure interaction time and accuracy, and not a participant's\\nskill in correcting spelling mistakes, all participants were\\nprovided with printouts of the task text files before the start\\nof each task. These printouts showed each typo highlighted\\nand corrected, so that the participant did not have to think\\nmuch about the correct spelling while interacting with the\\ninterface.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,889,395,955],\"text\":\"Procedure. The procedure is illustrated in Figure 6 . After\\nbeing comfortably seated in an adjustable chair, participants\\nwere first asked to fill out a demographics questionnaire,\\nfollowed by a one-minute typing speed test. Participants\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,714,747,841],\"text\":\"were then briefed about the nature of the experiment and\\nwere familiarized with the input methods, editor functions\\nand experimental tasks. The gaze tracker was calibrated\\nfor each participant using the standard Tobii Eye Tracking\\nCore software. Participants were instructed to correct typos\\nquickly and accurately. For each condition, we had a pre-task\\ntraining where participants were trained on the text before\\nthe actual measurement.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,122,745,152],\"text\":\"Table 1: Typo categories (error type and letters affected) with\\nfrequencies.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[459,168,708,308],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Type of Error</td><td>1 letter</td><td>2 letters</td></tr><tr><td>Incorrect</td><td>5</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Additional</td><td>5</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Missing</td><td>4</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Order</td><td>6</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Additional + Missing</td><td>-</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Order + Incorrect</td><td>-</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Order + Missing</td><td>-</td><td>2</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a table displaying counts of different types of errors. The rows list various \\\"Type of Error,\\\" including single errors like \\\"Incorrect,\\\" \\\"Additional,\\\" \\\"Missing,\\\" and \\\"Order,\\\" as well as combined errors like \\\"Additional + Missing.\\\" The columns show numerical values corresponding to \\\"1 letter\\\" and \\\"2 letters.\\\"\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_7_tab_9.png\"},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[464,340,699,647],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This flowchart illustrates an experimental procedure, beginning with demographic and typing assessments, followed by a familiarisation phase. The core experiment involves sequentially testing \\\"Editing Alternative 1\\\" and \\\"Editing Alternative 2,\\\" both comprising calibration, multiple training and timed tasks, and two usability questionnaires. The process concludes with a post-experiment questionnaire.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[431,663,735,680],\"text\":\"Figure 6: Procedure used in the quantitative evaluation.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,842,746,955],\"text\":\"After their interaction in each condition, participants were\\nasked to fill out the SUS and additional usability question-\\nnaires. The experiment concluded with the participants fill-\\ning out a post-experiment questionnaire where they ranked\\nthe input methods based on their preference and provided\\ncomments explaining the ranking. The experiment took ap-\\nproximately 60-70 minutes for each participant.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 203\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300433/results/markdown/3290605-3300433_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300434/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300434", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/results/output_json/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,39,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[250,119,564,152],\"text\":\"Desktop Electrospinning\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[86,157,727,181],\"text\":\"A Single Extruder 3D Printer for Producing Rigid Plastic and Electrospun Textiles\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[133,199,350,279],\"text\":\"Michael L. Rivera\\n\\nHuman-Computer Interaction Institute\\nCarnegie Mellon University\\nPittsburgh, PA\\n\\nmlrivera@cs.cmu.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[460,199,678,278],\"text\":\"Scott E. Hudson\\nHuman-Computer Interaction Institute\\nCarnegie Mellon University\\nPittsburgh, PA\\nscott.hudson@cs.cmu.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_007.png\",\"bbox\":[67,296,747,416],\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays four distinct scenes: a 3D printer extruding fibrous material onto a dark surface, a hand touching a glowing green, geometrically structured object, a plant with green leaves and a fibrous, flower-like element, and a hand interacting with a cartoon drawing of a sheep and a display showing \\\"CHI\\\".\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,426,747,502],\"text\":\"Figure 1: A range of objects fabricated on our novel 3D printer using rigid plastic and electrospun textiles: (A) a close-up of\\nour printer electrospinning; (B) an origami-style folding lamp with piezosensitive resistivity control and a soft custom-shaped\\ncapacitive toggle switch that use electrospun textiles for sensing and tactile experiences; (C) an actuated electrospun and rigid\\nplastic flower that opens when an electrospun textile liquid sensor detects sufficient water in the soil; (D) a sheep comic that\\nuses electrospun textile with capacitive sensing to create an interactive tactile experience.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,508,141,525],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,528,395,735],\"text\":\"We present a new type of 3D printer that combines rigid plas-\\ntic printing with melt electrospinning – a technique that uses\\nelectrostatic forces to create thin fibers from a molten poly-\\nmer. Our printer enables custom-shaped textile sheets (simi-\\nlar in feel to wool felt) to be produced alongside rigid plastic\\nusing a single material ( i.e. PLA) in a single process. We con-\\ntribute open-source firmware, hardware specifications, and\\nprinting parameters to achieve melt electrospinning. Our\\napproach offers new opportunities for fabricating interactive\\nobjects and sensors that blend the flexibility, absorbency and\\nsoftness of produced electrospun textiles with the structure\\nand rigidity of hard plastic for actuation, sensing, and tactile\\nexperiences.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,507,525,524],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[421,528,747,561],\"text\":\"· Human-centered computing → Human computer in-\\nteraction (HCI) · Hardware → Electromechanical systems;\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,574,502,590],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,595,746,626],\"text\":\"3D Printing, Melt Electrospinning, Soft Material Fabrication,\\nTextiles\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,635,555,650],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,651,747,738],\"text\":\"Michael L. Rivera and Scott E. Hudson. 2019. Desktop Electro-\\nspinning: A Single Extrude 3D Printer for Producing Rigid Plas-\\ntic and Electrospun Textiles. In CHI Conference on Human Fac-\\ntors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4-9, 2019,\\nGlasgow, Scotland, UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 12 pages. https:\\n//doi.org/10.1145/3290695.3300434\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,756,549,773],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,777,747,953],\"text\":\"Additive manufacturing, specifically 3D printing, has gained\\nconsiderable attention in both consumer and research do-\\nmains over the last decade. Until recently, the technology\\nhas been primarily used to create functional rigid objects.\\nThe addition of flexible filaments and other pliable printable\\nmaterials ( e.g. , silicone) has opened up new opportunities for\\nfabricating objects that blend rigidity and compliance. In a\\nsimilar fashion, researchers in the field of Human-Computer\\nInteraction (HCI) have explored how to 3D print soft inter-\\nactive objects using textiles, ranging from fabric [25, 29] to\\nfelted yarn [9] .\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,774,394,898],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nare retained by the author(s) and must not be transferred to anyone who\\nis licensed. Abstracting with credit is permitted by the author(s) no terms\\nof re-use, supply or distribution must also be stated, and any other\\nreproliability, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\\nCHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019 Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,897,394,922],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,924,266,937],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,938,246,951],\"text\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300434\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 204\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/results/markdown/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300434/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300434", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/results/output_json/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,316],\"text\":\"The present work continues to explore the boundary be-\\ntween rigidity and softness but uses a new material pro-\\nduction approach to embed the fabrication of textiles di-\\nrectly into a consumer-grade desktop 3D printing process.\\nOur approach supports both rigid plastic printing and melt\\nelectrospinning—a technique that uses an electrostatic forces\\nto produce thin fibers from a molten polymer (e.g., PLA, a\\ncommonly used 3D printing filament). Controlling the depo-\\nsition of these fibers enables us to produce custom-shaped\\ntextile sheets that feel similar to wool felt alongside rigid plas-\\ntic, opening up a range of new opportunities for fabricating\\ninteractive objects and sensors (Figure 1 ).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,316,394,426],\"text\":\"We view this work as a step towards a future where mate-\\nrial science and HCI blend, pushing the boundary of what\\nand how interactive objects can be made using consumer-\\ngrade digital fabrication technology. To our knowledge, we\\nare the first to use melt electrospinning in tandem with 3D\\nprinting to create interactive objects. We make the following\\ncontributions:\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[88,432,395,595],\"text\":\"• We present a novel approach to fabricating combined\\nrigid plastic and textile-based objects.\\n• We demonstrate a new type of consumer-grade 3D\\nprinter that combines melt electrospinning and rigid\\nplastic printing using a single extruder.\\n• We contribute open-source firmware, hardware spec-\\nifications, and printing parameters to achieve melt\\nelectrospinning on consumer-grade 3D printers.\\n• Lastly, we show a series of applications and sensing\\ncapabilities enabled by using our approach.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,608,197,625],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,629,394,693],\"text\":\"Our work relates to several areas of research including soft\\nmaterial fabrication, textiles in the domain of 3D printing,\\nand electrospinning. In this section, we summarize key work\\nin these areas and describe how our approach differs.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,708,224,724],\"text\":\"Soft Material Fabrication\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,728,395,952],\"text\":\"In recent years, researchers have explored how to use the\\nflexibility and softness of materials to create interactive ob-\\njects. Some work creates sensors by mixing soft and con-\\nductive materials together such as coating sponges in con-\\nductive ink [22] , curing a carbon-filled elastomer [37] , em-\\nbedding conductive ink into 3D printing with flexible ther-\\nmoplastic polyurethane (TPU) [1] , and printing TPU and\\nconductive filaments together [31] . Using the same flexible\\nmaterial of TPU, Ion et al. print mechanisms composed of\\nmetamaterial cells [12] . Similarly, Megaro et al. demonstrate\\nan optimization-based design tool for creating compliant\\nmechanisms via 3D printing of a flexible photopolymer [20] .\\nOthers have shown how computational design of an object's\\nstructure can control its flexibility either when printed in\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,341,746,421],\"text\":\"soft materials [20, 38] or rigid materials [3, 19, 26, 32] . Lastly,\\nsome work has developed new processes for creating soft\\nmaterials such as a liquid printer that fabricates flexible ob-\\njects within a vat of gel [6, 7] , and manufacturing techniques\\nthat make conductive textiles for wearable computing [27] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_1_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[482,118,686,256],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two rectangular, orange-brown blocks are placed on a fluffy, light gray or white fibrous mat. The mat is spread across a dark, plain surface.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,265,746,310],\"text\":\"Figure 2: A simple hinge fabricated with our 3D printer us-\\ning rigid plastic printing and melt electrospinning on the\\nsame extruder.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,421,746,487],\"text\":\"Much like these prior efforts, our work demonstrates a\\nway to fabricate objects with soft materials. However, we\\nfocus on fabricating electrospun textiles and rigid plastic\\ntogether in the same printing process as seen in Figure 2 .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,499,511,516],\"text\":\"Smart Textiles\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,519,746,662],\"text\":\"Another related line of work in the HCI community has ex-\\nplored the fabrication and design of \\\"smart\\\" textiles. These\\ntextiles have embedded sensing capabilities and support a\\nrich interaction space on and around the body. For example,\\nStretchEBand [35] investigates how various stitching pat-\\nterns of conductive thread can create piezoresistive textile\\nsensors. Others have shown how smart textiles can augment\\nmusical performance [36] , enhance prosthetic limbs [15] , or\\nsupport on-body interaction [27, 30, 33] .\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,662,746,775],\"text\":\"Our work complements these prior efforts by demonstrat-\\ning ways to fabricate customized smart textiles with 3D\\nprinting and melt electrospinning. For example, we create\\na star-shaped capacitive sensor from rigid plastic and elec-\\ntrospun textile (Figure 8 ), and a liquid sensor that changes\\nelectrical resistance based on how much liquid is absorbed\\nby an electrospun textile (Figure 10 ).\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,787,570,805],\"text\":\"Textiles and 3D Printing\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,808,746,921],\"text\":\"In the domain of 3D printing, textiles have been examined\\nas a way to fabricate soft objects and explore the boundary\\nbetween hard and flexible materials. Hudson [9] developed\\na 3D printer that prints needle-felted yarn, enabling the\\ncreation of new soft objects. Peng et al. [25] created a layered\\nfabric printer that laser cuts sheets of fabric and adheres\\nthem together using heat sensitive adhesive.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,921,746,953],\"text\":\"Rather than directly printing textile materials, other work\\nhas explored combining existing textiles with traditional 3D\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 204\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/results/markdown/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300434/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300434", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/results/output_json/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,283],\"text\":\"Printing. Pei et al. [24] have shown it is possible to directly\\n3D print plastic onto textiles to create structures like a latch\\nand hook. Others have explored lace- and knit-like structures\\nusing combinations of hard and flexible materials laid down\\nusing printed materials [21] . More recently, Rivera et al. [29]\\nhave demonstrated a range of techniques for embedding\\ntextiles into 3D printed objects during the printing process,\\nopening a new design space of printed and flexible objects.\\nOthers have manipulated the softness of 3D printed objects\\nby fabricating hair-like structures with rigid plastics [13, 23] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,283,394,491],\"text\":\"Our work differs from these prior efforts in that we focus\\non in-situ creation of textiles and rigid plastic objects in a\\nsingle process ( i.e. using a single base material from a sin-\\ngle extruder). We modify a consumer-grade FDM printer to\\nsupport fabricating textiles via melt electrospinning. Further-\\nmore, unlike existing work that either embeds pre-fabricated\\ntextiles into plastic objects or vice versa, our printer can\\nprint both rigid plastic and textiles using a single plastic\\nfilament (PLA). This simplifies the printing process by no\\nlonger requiring users to insert textiles during the printing\\nprocess or rigid material after a print is finished. Lastly, our\\nwork enables the placement of printed textiles to be digitally\\ncontrolled, eliminating any alignment issues.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,502,168,520],\"text\":\"Electrospinning\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,522,394,730],\"text\":\"Our work builds on efforts in the material and polymer sci-\\nence communities that have long explored using electro-\\nstatic forces to produce polymer fibers with small diameters\\n(nanometer to micrometer scale). Electrostatic spinning, or\\nelectrospinning, is accomplished by applying a high electric\\npotential to a polymer that is either melted, or dissolved\\ninto a solution using a solvent. The process has been used to\\ncreate biological tissue scaffolding [34] , protective clothing\\nfor agricultural workers [14] , and even selectively permeable\\nmembranes [5] . We briefly describe aspects of electrospin-\\nning below. For a more comprehensive overview of elec-\\ntrospinning and its applications, we refer readers to these\\nliterature surveys [2, 8, 11] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,730,394,857],\"text\":\"There are three major components to an electrospinning\\nset-up: a high voltage power supply (5-50 kV), a spinneret\\n(typically a syringe needle) and a collector (a metal plate)\\n[2, 8, 11] . In this work, we focus on supporting melt electro-\\nspinning alongside rigid plastic 3D printing using a single\\nextruder. Using a solvent-based approach typically requires\\na ventilation system, which is not easily accessible nor well-\\nsuited for typical consumer-grade 3D printer environments.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,857,394,955],\"text\":\"In melt electrospinning, a polymer is inserted into a spin-\\nneret and heated (e.g., with a heat gun or a hot circulating\\nfluid). Once melted, a large charge differential is applied be-\\ntween the spinneret and the collector causing the melted\\nmaterial to be propelled out of the spinneret towards the\\ncollector (Figure 3 ).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[464,119,701,360],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A diagram illustrates the melt electrospinning process, where a heated polymer is extruded through a grounded spinneret. A high voltage applied to a collector draws out electrospun fibers, which are then collected on the surface.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[419,371,746,430],\"text\":\"Figure 3: A typical melt electrospinning setup uses a heated\\npolymer feed into a spinneret. A high electric potential is ap-\\nplied between spinneret tip and the metal collector to propel\\n(typically micron-level) fibers down to the collector.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,455,747,598],\"text\":\"Recently, a sub-field of the melt electrospinning commu-\\nnity has emerged that explores direct writing of fibers [4] .\\nIn direct writing, the spinneret and collector move to sup-\\nport controlled electrospinning. Our work is heavily influ-\\nenced by these efforts. We support melt electrospinning on a\\nconsumer-grade 3D printer that has three axes of movement.\\nHowever, we focus on producing both rigid plastic and elec-\\ntrospun fibers in the same process, expanding the range of\\nobjects that can be 3D printed.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,598,747,695],\"text\":\"Lastly, a former Kickstarter-based company, Electroloom 1,\\ndemonstrated a consumer process for creating fabrics via\\nsolution electrospinning over custom 3D molds. Our process\\ndiffers from theirs in that we use melt electrospinning which\\nis safer than their solvent-based approach, and we print\\ntextiles and rigid plastic without the use of molds.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,706,650,739],\"text\":\"3 ELECTROSPINNING 3D PRINTER\\nCONSTRUCTION\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,743,747,903],\"text\":\"The supplied voltage in electrospinning can typically range\\nbetween 5-50kV [2, 8, 11] . Such a large electric potential\\nintroduces difficulties that can prevent a 3D printer from\\noperating properly. Firstly, high voltage can cause electrical\\nbreakdown $^2$ in which a material that is normally considered\\nto be an electrical insulator (e.g., wire insulation or air) be-\\ncomes conductive. Secondly, any voltage above the maximum\\nrated voltage for a electronics can damage the electronics and\\ncause malfunction during operation. Thirdly, high voltage\\ncan remain on the surface of a conductive material until it is\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,911,728,936],\"text\":\"https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/electroloom/electroloom-the-world-first-3d-fabric-printer\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,937,653,952],\"text\":\"2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_breakdown\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 204\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/results/markdown/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300434/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300434", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/results/output_json/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[118,117,698,477],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image displays two schematic diagrams, A and B, illustrating a system configured for different functions. Diagram A, labeled \\\"3D Printing Mode (Rigid Plastic / HV OFF),\\\" shows a 3D printer hotend extruding rigid plastic onto a build plate, with the high voltage power supply (HVPS) off and an IR LED off. Diagram B, labeled \\\"Electrospinning Mode (Electrospun Fibers / HV ON),\\\" depicts the same hotend assembly generating electrospun fibers towards the build plate, with the HVPS on and an IR LED on, connected to a common set of electronics including an Arduino Nano.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,492,746,552],\"text\":\"Figure 4: A simplified representation of how rigid plastic 3D printing and electrospinning are accomplished on our printer. In\\nrigid plastic mode (A), the disabled IR LED triggers the build plate to be connected to the high voltage ground and the high\\nvoltage power supply (HVPS) is off. In electrospinning mode (B), the enabled IR LED triggers the build plate to be disconnected\\nfrom the high voltage ground and the high voltage power supply is enabled.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,572,394,604],\"text\":\"discharged creating possible hazards for moving electronics\\n(e.g., the hotfont heater and thermistor).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,605,395,765],\"text\":\"Most consumer-grade 3D printers operate at compara-\\ntively low voltages in the range of 5-24V (two orders of\\nmagnitude less than the applied voltage in melt electrospin-\\nning). Our printer also operates in this range using a typical\\n12V power supply; we do not use any high voltage rated\\nelectronics apart from a high voltage power supply that is\\nnormally used in electrospinning. In the following section,\\nwe describe how we modified a consumer-grade 3D printer to\\nsupport electrospinning by minimizing electrical breakdown,\\ncontrolling electrical discharge, and isolating electronics.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,765,395,908],\"text\":\"Our printer is a variation of an open-source, consume-\\ngrade 3D printer $^3$ modified to support melt electrospinning.\\nWe note that the hotend nozzle can be likened to the spin-\\nneretically used in electrospinning, while the printer's\\nmetal (aluminum) build plate functions as the collector. We\\nuse a low current high voltage (1 mA; 5-35kV) power sup-\\nply $^4$ (HVPs) to create an electrostatic potential between\\nthe hotend nozzle and build plate of the 3D printer (see\\nFigure 4A) when we enable electrospinning during a print\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,572,746,604],\"text\":\"job. The HVPS is operated independently of the 12V power\\nsupply that we use to operate the 3D printer's electronics.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,605,746,748],\"text\":\"Prior work on electrospinning has shown that either the\\n spinneret or the collector can be wired with the positive\\nvoltage as long as the other is wired with the high voltage\\nground [10, 11, 18, 40] . We experimented with both configu-\\nrations and found that wiring the high voltage ground to the\\nhotend nozzle and the high voltage positive wire to the build\\nplate allowed us to more readily isolate the electronics and\\nreduce potential charge being stored on the printer's frame\\nduring operation.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,749,746,859],\"text\":\"As a precaution, we wire the printer's frame to the high\\nvoltage ground to discharge any high voltage that manages\\nto reach the frame. We note that while this high voltage can\\ncause the electronics of the 3D printer to malfunction, the low\\ncurrent rating of our HVPS poses minimal risk for humans.\\nTouching a surface charged by the HVPS only produces a\\nzap sensation akin to a static shock.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,860,747,940],\"text\":\"In our initial investigations, we found that a minimum air\\ngap of 1.5 cm is needed to prevent the applied high voltage\\n(7 kV) from arcing across to the high voltage ground while\\nthe HVPS is on. To control when the HVPS is enabled while\\nlimiting any potential high voltage interactions with the\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,924,318,938],\"text\":\"$^{3}$Similar to the Prusa I3: https://reprap.org/wiki/Prusa_I3\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,938,319,952],\"text\":\"$^{4}$https://www.amazing1.com/hv-dc-power-supplies.html\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 204\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/results/markdown/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300434/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300434", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/results/output_json/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[68,118,395,240],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A 3D printer features two print heads positioned above a blue build plate with a black rectangle on it, and electrical probes are connected nearby. A close-up view of one print head shows its nozzle, wrapped with red heating wires and white thermistor wires, with a spring-loaded cooling fin in the background.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,249,394,338],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Our 3D printer that supports melt electrospinning\\nand rigid plastic printing using only the left extruder (A). A\\nclose-up of the extruder shows the high voltage ground wire\\nconnected to hotend nozzle (B). We note that (A) shows an ad-\\nditional extruder on the right – a recent change for exploring\\na third material type (i.e. conductive filament).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,378,394,505],\"text\":\"3D printer electronics, we use a separate electrical circuit\\nconsisting of an Arduino Nano, a solid-state relay (SSR), an\\nIR receiver, and a servo mechanism (as described below).\\nThe SSR is connected to the HVPS power input from a wall\\noutlet (120 VAC). The signal of the SSR and the IR receiver\\nare wired to the Arduino Nano. The HVPS's state is toggled\\nwhen an IR LED signal sent from our printer's electronics is\\nreceived by the Arduino Nano (Figure 4 ).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,505,394,727],\"text\":\"As mentioned before, high voltage charges can be retained\\nin the surface of objects until discharged. Our initial ex-\\nplorations found the metal build plate would hold enough\\ncharge to shutdown the entire printer when switching be-\\ntween print modes. To prevent charge from being held on\\nthe printer's build plate during operation, we use the servo\\nmechanism connected to the Arduino Nano to mechanically\\nopen or close a switch connecting the metal build plate to the\\nhigh voltage ground. When the printer is in electrospinning\\nmode, the servo opens the switch to disconnect the build\\nplate from the high voltage ground (Figure 4 B). When the\\nprinter is in normal plastic printing mode, the servo closes\\nthe switch to connect the build plate to the high voltage\\nground, discharging any remaining voltage (Figure 4 A).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,728,394,886],\"text\":\"To ensure the servo motor is electrically isolated from\\nthe high voltage wires during operation, we maintain the\\nminimum air gap distance between the servo motor, the high\\nvoltage wires and the build plate's contact terminals using a\\n3D printed plastic extension affixed to the servo. This ensures\\na safe distance is maintained for the wires and allows the\\ncontact terminals to touch without fear of arcing. The servo\\nand SSR are operated by the Arduino Nano at the same time\\nwhen the corresponding electrospinning mode on/off signal\\nis received.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,887,394,952],\"text\":\"Because the hotend nozzle maintains a safe working dis-\\ntance while the HVPS is activated and any electric potential\\napplied to the build plate is discharged once the HVPS is dis-\\nabled, we are able to use a standard ceramic cartridge heater\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,156],\"text\":\"and thermistor to manage the temperature of the hotend\\nduring printing.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,156,746,220],\"text\":\"We note that we use an all-metal hotend (without PTFE\\ninserts) $^5$ to increase the range of print temperatures. Ho-\\ntends with PTFE liners can experience melting of the liner\\nwhen the temperature rises above 265°C.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,220,747,364],\"text\":\"Lastly, we initially used a standard brass nozzle, however,\\nwe found that higher operation temperatures (>270°C) dur-\\ning melt electrospinning caused the nozzle to wear more\\nquickly. Our printer design now uses a 0.4 mm stainless steel\\nhotend nozzle 6 . This modification is consistent with prior\\nliterature on melt electrospinning that has used stainless\\nsteel syringe tips for extrusion. With these modifications, we\\nhave successfully been able to operate our 3D printer at high\\ntemperatures to support melt electrospinning.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,375,550,394],\"text\":\"3D Printer Firmware\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,396,747,572],\"text\":\"We modified the printer's base firmware 7 to handle opera-\\ntions that enable the electrospinning mode, namely sending\\na signal via IR LED and adjusting the extruder's Z position\\noffset to be at least the minimum air gap distance away from\\nthe build plate while electrospinning. When the normal plas-\\ntic printing mode is enabled, the IR LED is disabled and the\\nextruder's Z position offset returns to zero. Lastly, we sup-\\nport using a single extruder for both electrospinning and\\nnormal plastic printing by specifying there are two extruders\\nin the firmware that share a heater and thermistor on a single\\nhotend. We have open-sourced the printer's firmware 8 .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,584,710,603],\"text\":\"3D Printing of PLA and Electrospun PLA Fibers\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,606,747,844],\"text\":\"We primarily use Hatchbox PLA 1.75mm filament$^{2}$ in our\\n3D printer. We print rigid PLA at a temperature of 220°C\\nwith a combined movement and extrusion feed rate of 2400\\nmm/min. When printing electrospun fibers, we use the same\\nmaterial in same extruder, however, the temperature is much\\nhigher and feed rates are much slower. In general, we elec-\\ntrospin PLA at a temperature of 290°C with a movement\\nfeed rate 1300 mm/min, an extrusion feed rate of 10 mm/min\\nwith objects processed at a 20% infill density. These parame-\\nters can be adjusted to achieve different effects. We describe\\nthese parameters and associated tests that we performed to\\ndetermine them in the next section. G-code files generated\\nfor our 3D printer are post-processed with a Python script\\nto ensure the proper feed rates for electrospinning are set\\nbefore printing.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,859,712,886],\"text\":\"https://www.com/Gulfcoast-Robotics-Extruder-Printer-\\nFilament/dp/B07B4FHN72\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,886,709,912],\"text\":\"* https://www.amazon.com/Ivelink-Stainless-Extruder-Filament-\\nPrinter/dp/B07M8Z9JC/\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,913,631,925],\"text\":\"$^{7}$ https://github.com/repetier/Repetier-Firmware\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,925,671,939],\"text\":\"3 https://github.com/mriveralee/desktop-electrospinning/\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,939,726,953],\"text\":\"$^{9}$https://hatchbox3d.com/collections/pla/products/3d-pla-1kg1-75-gld\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 204\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/results/markdown/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300434/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300434", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/results/output_json/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[64,118,748,607],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A grid of fifteen square samples, labeled A through O, demonstrates the visual effects of varying extrusion rate, temperature, and infill density during a printing process. The top row (A-E) shows samples printed at different extrusion rates, the middle row (F-J) at different temperatures, and the bottom row (K-O) at different infill densities. Each sample varies in texture, porosity, and color, transitioning from loosely defined yellowish fibers to more consolidated, paler forms.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,618,746,662],\"text\":\"Figure 6: A series of tests we performed on extrusion rate (A-R), temperature (F-T), and infill density (K-O) to determine melt\\nelectrospinning process parameters for our 3D printer. Tool-paths were generated from the geometry of a 30x30mm square\\nswitch using a 3D printer slicer engine. Scale bar: 20mm.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,683,394,795],\"text\":\"We represent the two different types of printing (electro-\\nspinning vs. normal) as separate configurations that may\\nbe combined in \\\"dual\\\" extrusion prints. Because electrospun\\nfibers are spun at high temperatures and propelled down\\nquickly, they readily bond once in contact with previously\\nprinted plastic. To ensure a stronger bond, one can print\\nrigid plastic directly on top of desired regions of the fibers.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,795,394,891],\"text\":\"The material types may be printed in any order with two\\nconstraints: (1) the maximum height of rigid plastic that can\\nbe printed below regions that will have fibers spun on top\\nis 0.6 mm; (2) the maximum height of electrospun fibers is\\nconstrained to at most 1.2 mm. We explain these constraints\\nfurther in our Discussion and Limitations section.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,892,394,940],\"text\":\"Note that our printer can print these two material types\\nusing the same PLA filament on a single extruder with-\\nout human-intervention during the printing process. Our\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,683,746,748],\"text\":\"firmware handles enabling high voltage and offsetting the\\nextruder when necessary. The high voltage is set to 7kV and\\nthe extruder's Z position offset for electrospinning is set to\\n1.5 cm by default.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,761,723,777],\"text\":\"4 ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS PARAMETERS\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,781,746,924],\"text\":\"In this section, we report the results of tests performed to\\ndetermine optimal electrospinning parameters for our 3D\\nprinter (Figure 6 ). In agreement with prior work [11, 39] ,\\nour results demonstrate temperature and extrusion rate are\\ncrucial factors for optimal electrospinning. We also describe\\nhow infill density $^10$ , a slicing parameter that controls mate-\\nrial density, affects the size of an object when electrospun.\\nLastly, we discuss mitigating size discrepancies by apply-\\ning a scale factor to the input geometry before generating\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,938,638,952],\"text\":\"$^{10}$ https://ultimaker.com/en/resources/52670-infill\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 204\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/results/markdown/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300434/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300434", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/results/output_json/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[66,118,394,474],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This figure presents two scatter plots comparing \\\"Infill %\\\" on the x-axis with different metrics on the y-axis. Panel A shows \\\"Observed Ratio of Expected Size\\\" generally increasing with \\\"Infill %,\\\" while Panel B shows \\\"Geometry Scale Factor\\\" generally decreasing with \\\"Infill %,\\\" accompanied by a linear regression equation and R-squared value.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,484,394,557],\"text\":\"Figure 7: Infill density is positively correlated with the size\\nof fabricated electrospun objects (A). The inverse of this re-\\nlationship determines a geometry scale factor that when ap-\\nplied to objects prior to slicing will result in an electrospun\\nobject of desired size.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,584,394,664],\"text\":\"a printable tool-path. All the tests were performed using a\\n30x30mm square swatch with the same printing parameters\\nexcept for the parameter being manipulated. The default pa-\\nrameters are an extrusion rate of 10 mm/min, a temperature\\nof 290°C, and a 20% infill density.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,676,161,693],\"text\":\"Extrusion Rate\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,697,395,953],\"text\":\"Extrusion rate refers to the speed (and thereby amount) of\\nmaterial that is advanced during the printing process. For\\ntypical 3D printing, the feed rate (or movement speed for the\\nX, Y, and Z axes in mm/min) along with hotend nozzle diam-\\neter, extrusion width, and layer height are used by the slicing\\nengine to determine how much material should be advanced\\ngiven a particular tool-path operation. For electrospinning,\\nwe found it is necessary to keep a slow, constant extrusion\\nrate that is independent of the movement feed rate and these\\nother parameters. As seen in Figure 6A-E , a fast extrusion\\nrate (A) produces material that is more rigid and similar to\\ntypical 3D printed PLA. While a much slower extrusion rate\\n(E) allows electrostatic force to pull out thin fibers creating a\\nsoft textile. To prevent inconsistent production of fibers and\\nglobs of material from forming at the nozzle, the extrusion\\nrate must be held constant during the printing process.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_007.png\",\"bbox\":[419,119,748,255],\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A two-panel figure displays a star-shaped electronic device. Panel A shows the star with a copper strip connected to an electrical clip. Panel B shows a hand pressing the star, which is attached to a white wire.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,265,747,341],\"text\":\"Figure 8: Electrospun fibers can be patterned onto conduc-\\ntive materials then bound together with rigid plastic to cre-\\nate custom-shaped capacitive sensors (A). The electrospun\\ntextile offers soft touch affordances and compliance to a ca-\\npacitive sensor (B).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,371,502,388],\"text\":\"Temperature\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,392,747,567],\"text\":\"In agreement with prior research [11, 39] , we found tem-\\nperature affects the diameter of the produced electrospun\\nfibers (figure 6 F-1). A low temperature of 260°C (though high\\ncompared to normal rigid plastic printing) causes fibers to\\nbe stringy and more plastic-like in appearance (F). As the\\ntemperature increases, the diameter of produced fibers de-\\ncreases. Anecdotally, we note that the fibers have diameters\\nsmaller than a typical human hair at 300°C (I). However, at\\nthis temperature and above, we found electrospinning be-\\ncame inconsistent - extrusion halted temporarily and plastic\\nsubsequently was extruded in the form of small beads.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,581,504,599],\"text\":\"Infill Density\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,601,747,840],\"text\":\"We examined infill density, a common 3D printing slicing\\nparameter, as a way to control material density in a tool-path\\nfor electrospinning. In our tests, we used a rectilinear infill\\npattern with the various fill densities listed in Figure 6 C-O.\\nWe found infill density was positively correlated with the\\nsize of a produced electrospun object. In all cases, the infill\\ndensity test tool-paths produced objects with dimensions\\nlarger than the expected 30x30mm square swatch. Figure 7 A\\nshows the relationship between infill density percentage and\\nthe ratio of the produced object's size to its expected size.\\nTo account for the size impact of a particular infill density\\non the produced electrospun object's size, we calculate a\\ngeometry scale factor as the inverse of this ratio as seen in\\nFigure 7 B. The geometry scale factor is applied to the size of\\n3D modeled objects prior to slicing.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,840,747,953],\"text\":\"We evaluated the geometry scale factor by printing 4\\nsquare electrospin swatches (30x30mm) at 20 % infill with\\nthe scale factor of 0.65 (obtained using the fitted function in\\nFigure 7 B). We measured their width and height once fabri-\\ncated. The average dimension across the swatches was 30.09\\nmm (SD=0.49). In general, the geometry scale factor based\\non the infill density percentage is used to control the output\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 204\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/results/markdown/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300434/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300434", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/results/output_json/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[60,111,398,246],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A two-panel image shows (A) a white electrical wire with alligator clips attached to a fluffy mass of grey and black material, and (B) a person's hand pressing a small white sensor on a laptop, whose screen displays a dynamic blue waveform on a dark background.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,258,394,302],\"text\":\"Figure 9: Electrospun fibers coated in conductive paint be-\\ncome a piezoresistive sensor (A), changing electrical resis-\\ntance based on applied pressure (B).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,328,394,377],\"text\":\"shapes of our electrospun objects; however, because we are\\nfabricating textiles, we can also post-process any deviations\\nin size using similar textile-working techniques as [29] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,388,274,404],\"text\":\"5 SOFT SENSOR FABRICATION\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,408,395,472],\"text\":\"Combining melt electrospinning with 3D printing affords\\nnew opportunities for creating soft sensors. In this section,\\nwe describe how we use electrospinning to facilitate sensing\\nbased on capacitance, piezoresistivity, and liquid absorption.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,484,187,501],\"text\":\"Capacitive Sensing\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,505,395,712],\"text\":\"An electrospun textile is not conductive on its own. However,\\nwhen combined with a conductor (e.g., copper foil), the textile\\ncan be used to create capacitive sensors that offer soft touch\\naffordances. We control the placement of fibers to pattern\\ncustom-shaped sheets such as the star in Figure 8A onto\\na conductive material. We embed copper foil during the\\nprinting process after a layer of fibers is printed and the\\nhigh voltage is disabled. We then continue printing with\\nrigid plastic to create a binding enclosure for the copper\\nfoil and electrospun textile. The electrospun textile creates\\ncustom-shaped, soft affordances for the capacitive sensor\\nwhile serving as a compliant material that mediates changes\\nin capacitance Figure 8B .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,724,207,741],\"text\":\"Piezoresistive Sensing\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,745,395,873],\"text\":\"Electrospin swatches or collections of fibers can be made\\npiezoresistive by coating them in a mixture of conductive\\npaint (Figure 9 A). We mix a 1:2 ratio of conductive paint to\\nwater by volume and coat areas of the electrospin textile\\nusing a paint brush. The sensors are left to dry overnight.\\nAfter attaching test leads to the ends of the sensing region,\\nmanipulation of the textile produces changes in electrical\\nresistivity (Figure 9 B).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,885,234,902],\"text\":\"Liquid Absorption Sensing\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,905,395,952],\"text\":\"Fibers produced via melt electrospinning can be used to\\nabsorb liquids. We use this property to create an absorption\\nsensor that changes electrical resistance based on how much\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,545,746,595],\"text\":\"liquid is absorbed. We tested the feasibility of this sensor by\\nattaching test leads to copper electrodes at opposite ends of a\\nfolded electrospun swatch (fabricated as a 30x30mm square).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_014.png\",\"bbox\":[461,113,703,423],\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This two-part image features a photograph in Panel A showing a hand using a dropper to add liquid to a small device connected by alligator clips, resting on a blue stand. Panel B is a scatter plot titled \\\"Absorbed Water Drops vs. Change in Voltage,\\\" displaying \\\"Number of Water Drops\\\" on the x-axis and \\\"Change in Voltage (V)\\\" on the y-axis, with data points generally increasing.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,430,746,504],\"text\":\"Figure 10: Experimental setup (A) and results (B) for evaluat-\\ning electrospun fibers as a liquid absorption sensor. Each ad-\\nditional drop of water added to the fibers causes an increase\\nin the sensed voltage between the two electrodes fixed at op-\\nposite ends of the fibers.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,595,747,707],\"text\":\"Initially there is no electrical connection formed as there\\nis no fluid to carry charge across the fibers. We place the\\nswatch in tap water to establish an initial connection and\\nthen squeeze the swatch to remove as much water as possible.\\nThe swatch is placed in the test setup seen in Figure 10 A. We\\nthen use a liquid dropper (1 ml) to add individual drops of\\nwater to the center of the electrospun fibers.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,708,747,850],\"text\":\"After each additional water drop, we wait approximately\\n15 seconds for the voltage reading to stabilize then record\\nthe value. The chart in Figure 10 B shows that increasing\\nthe amount of water in the fibers causes an increase in the\\nsensed voltage (or decrease in electrical resistance) between\\nthe two electrodes fixed at the ends of the fibers. The 13th\\ndrop of water results in the fibers becoming overly saturated\\nand expelling some water. This loss of water leads to a lower\\nsensed voltage.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,866,540,882],\"text\":\"6 APPLICATIONS\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,886,746,951],\"text\":\"We created a set of examples to demonstrate various looks,\\nfeels and interactions (e.g., water absorption sensing) enabled\\nwith our printer. For each example, we describe the electro-\\nspinning process parameters and their intended effects.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 204\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300434/results/markdown/3290605-3300434_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300436/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300436", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/results/output_json/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[71,118,743,182],\"text\":\"Editing Spatial Layouts through Tactile Templates for\\nPeople with Visual Impairments\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[182,199,630,218],\"text\":\"Jingyi Li$^{1}$, Son Kim$^{2}$, Joshua A. Miele$^{3}$, Maneesh Agrawala$^{1}$, Sean Follmer$^{1}$\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[87,217,727,251],\"text\":\"$^{1}$Stanford University, $^{2}$Visa Center for the Blind and Visually Impaired, $^{3}$The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute,\\n{ jingyi, lmanesh } @cs.stanford.edu, skim@visiacenter.org, jam@ski.org, sfollmer@stanford.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,260,141,276],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,280,395,550],\"text\":\"Spatial layout is a key component in graphic design. While\\npeople who are blind or visually impaired (BVI) can use\\nscreen readers or magnifiers to access digital content, these\\ntools fail to fully communicate the content's graphic design\\ninformation. Through semi-structured interviews and con-\\ntextual inquiries, we identify the lack of this information and\\nfeedback as major challenges in understanding and editing\\nlayouts. Guided by these insights and a co-design process\\nwith a blind hobbyist web developer, we developed an in-\\nteractive, multimodal authoring tool that lets blind people\\nunderstand spatial relationships between elements and mod-\\nify layout templates. Our tool automatically generates tactile\\nprint-outs of a web page's layout, which users overlay on\\ntop of a tablet that runs our self-voicing digital design tool.\\nWe conclude with design considerations grounded in user\\nfeedback for improving the accessibility of spatially encoded\\ninformation and developing tools for BVI authors.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,563,172,580],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,584,394,617],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Accessibility systems\\nand tools; Accessibility technologies;\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,629,150,645],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,650,394,697],\"text\":\"accessible design tools; accessible web design; layout design;\\ntemplates; tactile overlays; blindness; visual impairments;\\nmultimodal interfaces; accessibility\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,704,202,719],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,720,394,765],\"text\":\"Jingyi Li, Son Kim, Joshua A. Miele, Maneesh Agrawala, Sean\\nFollmer. 2019. Editing Spatial Layers through Tactile Templates\\nfor People with Visual Impairments. In CHI Conference on Human\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_014.png\",\"bbox\":[420,254,747,427],\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A person's hands rest on a tablet displaying a document, with fingers spread across the screen. A speech bubble next to the tablet shows text: \\\"Element: Heading, level 2. Content: Project 2. Text alignment: left.\\\" The person is wearing a plaid shirt.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,432,745,479],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Our interface leverages interactive tactile sheets to\\nconvey web page structure and content. Here, a user double\\ntaps on a page element to hear more information.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"anno\",\"bbox\":[421,486,746,529],\"text\":\"Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–9,\\n2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 11 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/329605.3300436\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,538,537,554],\"text\":\"1 Introduction\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,557,746,719],\"text\":\"From books to screens, people around the world design and share\\nan abundance of visual media. A rich body of existing work has\\nbeen dedicated to finding the best way to visually encode, design\\nand present information [28, 30, 34, 47] . Supporting access to this\\nvisual language is especially important for people who are blind\\nor visually impaired (BVI) [8] . For example, people who are BVI\\ncreate slide decks to communicate and present their ideas in the\\nworkplace, which is an important employability skill [5] . Many\\nBVI disability advocates create and maintain their own web blogs,\\nshowcasing their work not only to BVI peers, but also to sighted\\ncolleagues and curious strangers [6, 26] .\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,720,746,953],\"text\":\"Currently, people who are BVI use assistive technologies like\\nscreen magnifiers, screen readers, and occasionally braille displays\\nto interact with digital content. Screen readers strip out graphical\\ninformation and present audio descriptions of the page content.\\nAlthough existing applications—such as PowerPoint or WordPress—\\nallow users to enter text in a pre-defined layout template, BVI au-\\nthors lack accessible ways of understanding and modifying the tem-\\nplate’s layout structure. Screen readers allow users to tab through\\nPowerPoint’s menu options and create widgets in WordPress with\\ntheir keyboard, but mouse-based interactions such as resizing or\\nrepositioning elements are inaccessible. Creating layouts with a\\nscreen reader offers no information about nor control over where\\nelements are placed besides their serialized order with regards to\\nother content on the page. While people with low vision who use\\nscreen magnifiers can access their mouse, this technology does not\\nprovide a sense of the page’s entire layout structure at once.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,776,394,883],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,886,394,951],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\\n© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\\nACM ISBN 978-1-4503-9707-2/19/05...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3296005.3300436\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 206\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/results/markdown/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300436/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300436", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/results/output_json/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,316],\"text\":\"This lack of information about spatial layout makes it difficult\\nfor BVI authors to understand how their actions impact the page's\\npresentation and structure. From a series of contextual inquiries, we\\nobserved that their current workflows usually involve entering text\\ninto a template and then using a screen reader to speak back that\\ntext (whether by presenting their slides or visiting their webpage)\\nto verify their modifications. Many ask eighted collaborators for\\nassistance on further tasks, like rearranging or adding non-textual\\nelements on a page, and “santy checking” their edits. We see the po-\\ntential of a tool that supports BVI authors and leverages their tactile\\nand auditory perceptual abilities [48] , to foster greater confidence\\nand self-efficacy in not only understanding but also modifying their\\nown layouts.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,316,394,622],\"text\":\"We carried out an exploration with people who are blind and\\nvisually impaired that identified common practices and their limita-\\ntions in working with layouts. Our findings reveal that BVI people\\nare interested in layout design and want to make modifications\\nto static templates beyond filling in text. Together with co-author\\nSon Kim, a blind Assistive Technology Specialist and hobbyist web\\ndesigner, we co-designed and prototyped a multimodal tool that\\nmakes understanding and editing layouts—specifically web pages—\\nmore accessible. Our tool provides BVI authors access to layout\\nstructures, augmenting their existing work flows of selecting and\\nfilling out layouts. To address the lack of non-visual feedback cur-\\nrent technologies provide, our tool automatically generates tactile\\nsheets (which can be laser cut, embossed, or printed on capsule\\npaper [2] ) from the bounding boxes of elements on a web page (Fig.\\nure 1 ). Similar to prior methods that augment tactile graphics with\\ninteractive audio [3, 14, 25] , our system uses a tablet to verbalize\\nboth the underlying content (e.g., Project 3 Title ) and meta-content\\n(e.g., Heading, level 2; text alignment: left ) of the layout. By break-\\ning up what a screen reader would have spoken serially into two\\nmodalities, we reduce the amount of information BVI authors have\\nto hold in short term memory.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,622,394,755],\"text\":\"In this paper, we contribute (1) the results of an initial inves-\\ntigation of how BVI people currently create and edit layouts and\\nthe challenges they face. (2) a tool that aids blind people in un-\\nderstanding and editing spatial layouts through multimodal touch\\ninteractions, and (3) design considerations for developing accessible\\nauthoring tools, such as the trade-offs of different types of spatial\\nrepresentations, developing scaffolding to support users learning\\ndomain knowledge, and building systems that amplify the unique\\nperspectives assistive technology users bring to their designs.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,774,185,790],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,792,394,851],\"text\":\"Our approach is grounded in prior work in tactile graphics and how\\nto support layout design for sighted people. We draw inspiration\\nfrom existing cross- and multimodal design tools, and accessible\\nauthoring tools.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,871,160,887],\"text\":\"Tactile Graphics\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,889,394,949],\"text\":\"There is a wide range of literature [1, 16, 36] specifying best-practice\\nguidelines for creating tactile graphics for people with visual im-\\npairments. Since these graphics traditionally have been static--\\nfabricated with a braille embosser or on capsule paper—they are\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,359],\"text\":\"limited by the amount of information they can display [9] . Commer-\\ncial products like the Talking Tactile Tablet [25] or the ViewPlus\\nIVEO [14] add interactivity to printed tactile sheets by overlaying\\nthem on a touchscreen that plays hand-made audio annotations\\nwhen touched. To explore tactile graphics, researchers have also\\nused personal fabrication machines. They have employed 3D print-\\ning to let blind users access works of art [39] , STEM education\\n[11, 20] , and traditional WIMP desktop interface elements [4] . Fur-\\nthermore, researchers have generated static laser cut tactile aids\\nto teach graphic design [31] and provide guidance for using touch\\nscreens [21] . Recently, Avila et al. verified that laser cut tactile over-\\nlays of document layouts that – like our approach — speak underlying\\ntext when touched were as comprehensible as screen readers for\\ntext comprehension and navigation [3] . We extend this work with\\na pipeline to automatically generate such sheets from web pages\\nand an authoring tool for spatial layouts.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,359,746,492],\"text\":\"Researchers continue to investigate and develop 2D matrices of\\nactuated pins: recent examples include the Holy Braille [33] , the\\nHyperBraille [38] and the American Printing House for the Blind's\\nGraphiti [13] . Although these tactile displays afford dynamic and\\nrefreshable graphics, they are prohibitively expensive: for example,\\nthe HyperBraille costs $50,000 USD for a half page size. Focusing\\non low cost and wide reach, our tool only requires two pieces of\\nhardware: a tablet to run the tool and a machine, like a capsule\\npaper printer or embosser, to fabricate the tactile sheets.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,517,549,532],\"text\":\"Layout Design Support\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,535,746,726],\"text\":\"For sighted users, researchers have extensively studied techniques\\nto support layout and graphic design. Design mining of the web has\\nproduced explorable design galleries [40] and data driven analyses\\nof website layouts [24] . Both DesignScape [35] and Sketchpile\\n[46] aid novices by offering interactive layout suggestions during\\nthe design process. R-DoMC [19] and Kuhn et al. [23] suggest\\ndesigns for magazine covers: the former through high and low level\\ndescriptors and the latter through image content. Focusing on lay-\\nout structure, researchers have developed systems to automatically\\nadapt grids to various viewport sizes [18] and make layout struc-\\ntures dynamic and reusable [29] . Our work also targets document\\nstructures, but rather than offer design recommendations, we allow\\nBVI authors to understand and modify them.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,751,652,767],\"text\":\"Crossmodal and Multimodal Design Tools\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,769,746,944],\"text\":\"Many researchers have looked at enhancing traditionally WIMP-\\nbased design tools with multiple modalities—namely, voice and\\ngesture. Speak'n Sketch [41] aimed to maximize the sketching\\nworkspace by abstracting menu options to voice commands, and\\nCrosswaver [43] let designers prototype and test interactive sto-\\nryboards through speaking and sketching. PixelTone [27] , which\\nsupported natural language and gestural inputs for image editing,\\nemployed preview galleries of available edits to promote learning\\nthe system vocabulary. Like PixelTone, our tool facilitates learning\\nthrough preview galleries; however, we focus not on augmenting\\nvisual interfaces but translating them through tactile feedback and\\naudio annotations.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 206\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/results/markdown/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300436/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300436", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/results/output_json/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,125,250,140],\"text\":\"Authoring Tools for Accessibility\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,143,395,435],\"text\":\"While 3D-printed or laser cut tactile interfaces allow for inexpen-\\nsive and customizable representations, they rely on pre-fabricated\\nmodels often made by researchers or experts. To address this issue,\\nresearchers have created authoring tools that range from generating\\ntactile overlays of graphics [17] and data visualizations [10], to pic-\\nture books [22] and annotated 3D models [42]. However, these tools\\nrely on a sighted user to design and produce the tactile artifacts for\\na blind user, which could limit their independence and ability to\\nmore deeply understand the material gained in the creation process.\\nResearchers have thus developed tools that enable blind users to\\nbe the creators of their own media. In the domain of audio editing,\\nThe Moose [37] enabled blind users to splice audio by acting as a\\npowered mouse with force feedback, while the Haptic Wave [44]\\ntranslated digital waveforms into the haptic channel. Facade [15]\\nemploys crowdsourcing to let blind users generate overlays for\\nhousehold appliances like microwaves, and Taylor et al. present a\\nsystem to create interactive 3D printed tactile maps [45]. Like these\\nsystems, our tool allows blind users to create for themselves; we\\nfocus specifically on the domain of comprehending and iterating\\nupon layout designs.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,448,212,463],\"text\":\"3 FORMATIVE STUDIES\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,467,394,584],\"text\":\"To better understand how BVI people engage in layout design, we\\nconducted semi-structured interviews with two low vision and five\\nblind participants (Table 1 ). Additionally, we draw on the expe-\\nriences of the second and third authors, who are both blind. We\\nreturned to three participants to conduct contextual inquiries where\\nwe observed them creating and editing layouts for presentation\\nslides and websites, the domains our interviewees expressed were\\nthe most challenging.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,596,128,611],\"text\":\"Procedure\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,614,394,819],\"text\":\"We recruited participants by contacting local community organiza-\\ntions, email lists, and snowball sampling. We conducted an hour\\nlong semi-structured interview with each participant that high-\\nlighted the challenges in accessing spatial information without\\ntactile aids. We revisited the offices of P2, 3, and 6 for contextual\\ninquiries where we observed them creating a website (P2) and/or\\nslide deck (P2, P3, P6). Data consisted of audio and video record-\\nings, field notes, and presentations and websites participants sent\\nus. We used a modified grounded theory [12] approach to code our\\ninterview findings. Our code categories fit into two main themes:\\nparticipants' current practices of layout design and the challenges\\nthey encountered. We used this framing to help organize insights\\nfrom the contextual inquiries, and present our final code categories\\nas the subsections below.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,831,220,846],\"text\":\"Findings: Current Practices\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,849,395,952],\"text\":\"Workflows. Our participants created layouts mainly in the context\\nof their work — everyone had experience making slide decks, and\\nP2 and P7 maintained their own websites. Participants began with\\ncontent in mind and would either outline it in a word processor to\\nthen paste into a layout template (P2), or write their content directly\\ninto the template (P3, 6), and then speak or magnify the content\\nto verify their actions. All participants made their slide decks in\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,315],\"text\":\"PowerPoint, except for P1 who used Google Slides. P6, who is\\nlow vision, used memorized combinations of mouse movements to\\naccess menu options in PowerPoint, while blind participants used\\ntheir keyboards to tab through and select the options. After using\\ntheir keyboard to select a text box identified by its placeholder\\ntext, blind participants would type their own content and not make\\nfurther changes themselves. For websites, P2, who knew how to\\nprogram, edited HTML and CSS files directly. P7 used WordPress\\nfor its interface that enabled selecting and creating widgets (like\\nimages or post comments) from the keyboard. This is consistent\\nwith the second author's own experiences of editing websites, who\\nalso used to directly edit HTML files, but prefers the higher level\\ninteractions of WordPress.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,329,747,534],\"text\":\"Choosing Templates. Participants chose templates from higher level\\ndescriptors, if they chose a template besides the default one at all.\\nFor example, P7 searched for WordPress themes that used the “ac-\\ncessible” keyword, which mirrors the second author’s experiences.\\nBecause screen readers do not convey graphical information like\\nthe typography or color palette of templates, some participants re-\\nlied on sighted colleagues to choose a “pretty enough” or “socially\\nacceptable” theme. P2 mentioned, “I don’t feel confident in experi-\\nmenting in choosing new layouts, because I would need someone\\nto explain to me what it looked like every time. I just go with the\\ndefault—that people have already described—because I know it.” P3\\nand P6 sent us PowerPoint presentations they had created without\\nexternal help, and both used the default template of black Calibri\\ntext on a white background.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,547,747,782],\"text\":\"Modification. During our contextual inquiries, blind participants\\ndid not modify templates beyond entering text. They mentioned\\nwhen they wanted to add new non-textual content (such as im-\\nages), they would ask someone sighted. Outside of content-based\\nmodifications, participants expressed a desire to control graphical\\ncomponents of layouts that they believed would impact sighted\\npeoples' judgments of their sites. This was aligned with the experi-\\nences of the second author, who would ask sighted colleagues to\\nhelp choose new color palettes for his website, because he wants\\nthem to look appealing and professional, and not just \\\"another\\nwebsite which uses the same old template.\\\" Low vision participants\\nmodified themes to be even more accessible. P7, who runs a low\\nvision advocacy blog, dramatically increased the font size in her\\ntheme, and P6 placed colorful widgets on her slides as place markers\\nso she would know where she was during her presentation, since\\nthe text was too small for her to read.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,798,537,815],\"text\":\"Findings: Challenges\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,817,747,950],\"text\":\"Lack of feedback . The biggest challenge blind participants faced\\nin understanding and editing layouts was that screen readers did\\nnot provide information about the spatial relationships encoded in\\nlayout elements, such as position and size. Instead, they experienced\\nlayouts through serialized audio descriptions of textual content. P5\\nmentioned that his modifications to templates was `absolutely a\\nverification problem.' P3 echoed these sentiments, saying, `Even if\\nI have the ability to make a change, I don't know how it actually\\naffected the layout. I just trust the computer did it, or ask someone.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 206\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/results/markdown/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300436/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300436", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/results/output_json/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[103,123,711,328],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>ID</td><td>Gender</td><td>Age</td><td>Vision level and onset</td><td>Desktop accessibility features</td><td>Layouts made &amp; frequency</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>Male</td><td>22</td><td>Born blind with light perception</td><td>Screen reader</td><td>Word documents (weekly), Slides (on occasion)</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Male</td><td>23</td><td>Born blind</td><td>Screen reader</td><td>Official documents (monthly), Websites, Slides (on occasion)</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Female</td><td>61</td><td>Born blind with light perception, total vision loss at 50</td><td>Screen reader</td><td>Slides (on occasion)</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Female</td><td>51</td><td>Born blind</td><td>Screen reader</td><td>Slides (thrice a week), Word documents (weekly)</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Male</td><td>52</td><td>Blind at age 1</td><td>Screen reader</td><td>Slides (on occasion)</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Female</td><td>28</td><td>20/450 at age 17</td><td>Screen magnification &amp; text-to-speech</td><td>Slides, Graphs (weekly), Websites, Flers (on occasion)</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Female</td><td>21</td><td>Low vision at age 3</td><td>Screen magnification &amp; reader, high contrast display, blue light filter</td><td>Websites (weekly), Slides (on occasion)</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a table presenting data for 7 individuals. The columns detail ID, Gender, Age, Vision level and onset, Desktop accessibility features used, and Layouts made & frequency.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_3_tab_2.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[147,329,667,346],\"text\":\"Table 1: Participant demographics. Participants 1-5 are blind, and 6 & 7 are low vision.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,357,395,520],\"text\":\"Screen readers sometimes inadequately communicated the re-\\nsults of blind participants' editing actions. For instance, we noticed\\ntext overflowing out of its container in a website P2 had designed\\nand edited, because he accidentally deleted a closing tag in the\\nHTML and his screen reader did not report the error. Similarly,\\nwhen the second author added a video inside WordPress's content\\neditor, it was automatically resized to fit the full page width. He\\nimmediately asked, “How does it look, visually?” and assumed the\\nvideo was small and centered on the page. Without proper feedback,\\nthe mental representations BVI authors held of the layout were\\nmismatched with the actual layout.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,529,395,780],\"text\":\"Lack of exposure to design standards . Because they have mainly\\nexperienced web pages as a spoken ordered list of page content,\\ncongenitally blind participants did not have opportunities to build\\nup their knowledge of standard layouts and design trends. P1 shared,\\n“ Before I try to make my own PowerPoint pretty, I need to ask\\nwhat people think is pretty first. ” In the instance of the fit to width\\nvideo, the second author was concerned visitors would be off put by\\nthe large video player, asking if it “ looked abnormal, ” even though\\nfit to width media have become standard in current design trends.\\nFurthermore, the kinds of information screen readers exposed, such\\nas font names, were unhelpful if participants didn't know what the\\nfont looked like in the first place. P2 wished for a `design score' that\\nevaluated the page's adherence to graphic design principles, and\\nP6 specifically asked sighted colleagues if her slides were visually\\nappealing or not. These mirrored the experiences of the third author,\\nwho mentioned, “ What I care about is, does the font choice make\\nthe page look childish, or cramped? ”\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,790,395,951],\"text\":\"High load on short-term memory. Screen readers translate the par-\\nallel experience of vision into a serial experience of speech. While\\nthis serialization is adequate for accessing individual elements, it\\nmakes exposing and understanding relationships between elements\\nchallenging due to all the information BVI people must hold in their\\nshort-term memory. The third author described his experiences\\nwith interpreting dense modern web pages through a screen reader\\nas \\\"playing chess in [his] head.\\\" Participants with low vision who\\nused screen magnifiers also faced the issue of being unable to under-\\nstand the gestalt of their layouts, because big picture relationships\\nare lost when zooming in.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,357,747,547],\"text\":\"Sighted collaborators. Several participants had experience making \\nlayouts in collaborative contexts (i.e., P6 was an editor of an aca- \\ndemic magazine and P2 was a start up co-founder and had to make \\nslide decks to raise venture capital). While they trusted their sighted \\ncollaborators to graphically design the content they provided, their \\ncollaborators sometimes lacked the proper domain knowledge to \\nsufficiently visually communicate content only they understood, \\nsuch as making graphs (P6) or technical diagrams (P2). P7 also men- \\ntioned the social strife that could result from creative differences \\nwith collaborators. “When you ask someone else to do it, you're \\nreliant on their judgment and understanding and tastes, which usu- \\nally aren't yours. And sometimes they take it personally, and then \\nyou're in a social mess.”\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,560,747,724],\"text\":\"Confidence. None of our blind participants could move, align, or\\nresize content in their layout with a screen reader without external\\nhelp. We observed low vision participants using menu options and\\nbuttons to align elements. P6 said she avoided direct manipulation\\nwith the mouse for she feared her interactions inaccurate. This lack\\nof confidence that they would not “mess up” the layout prevented\\nBVI users from editing content in the first place. P2 said, “I lack the\\nability to make last minute changes—I would never make a change\\nto my presentation without having a sighted person double check\\nit, not even if it’s as small as changing a word. I just don’t want to\\nscrew it up.”\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,740,530,756],\"text\":\"Design Imperatives\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,759,746,905],\"text\":\"In summary, like sighted people, BVI people utilize templates in\\ncreating layouts. However, their current assistive technologies re-\\nstrict them to filling in content and making high level modifications\\nthrough PowerPoint or WordPress menus, like changing color or\\ntype. Because they lack exposure to and feedback on layout elements,\\nBVI users express a desire to understand what \\\"good\\\" layout designs\\nare. They often juggle many elements in their short term memory\\nand have mental models differing from what they are designing.\\nBVI authors rely on sighted collaborators for assistance, which they\\nmentioned reduced their confidence in designing independently.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,905,747,950],\"text\":\"Based on these findings, we developed several design guidelines\\nfor our tool to help BVI authors in designing and understanding\\nlayouts. We want to (1) leverage their existing workflows of starting\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 206\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/results/markdown/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300436/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300436", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/results/output_json/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,126,394,228],\"text\":\"from templates (i.e., by adapting our tool to work with existing tem-\\nplates); (2) provide feedback on and the ability to make spatial edits\\n(i.e., through interactive tactile sheets); (3) present content-layout\\nrelationships in multiple modalities to avoid high cognitive loads\\n(i.e., by offloading some of the screen reader's audio to the tactile\\nchannel); and (4) support learning of unfamiliar layout designs and\\nconcepts (i.e., by exposing options in the context of editing).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,242,316,258],\"text\":\"4 AN ACCESSIBLE LAYOUT DESIGN TOOL\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,261,393,349],\"text\":\"Our tool enables users understand layout structures and make\\nmodifications in both page content and layout. It uses automatically\\ngenerated tactile sheets overlaid on a tablet that speaks and edits\\nHTML templates. We support two different layout representations\\nof these templates—pixel and inflated—that respectively conform\\nto the original web page design and tactile graphics guidelines.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,349,394,537],\"text\":\"While our formative studies revealed insights both in domains\\nof slide and web design, we chose to build a web-editing tool for\\na few reasons. First, the web is a platform with a rich tradition of\\nbroadening access to information, and web layouts have complex\\nissues that are widely applicable to other layout tasks (which we\\nexpand on in the discussion). Second, web pages have an underlying\\ntextual declarative representation (HTML/CSS) for visual layouts,\\nwhile this representation is hidden in other domains like closed-\\nsource slide deck software. Our interface allows users to edit layouts\\nby manipulating this underlying representation, which generalizes\\nto a platform more widely used than creating our own specialized\\nsoftware representations. Finally, we wanted to leverage building a\\ntool considering our co-designer's interests and domain expertise.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,538,394,626],\"text\":\"Although our formative study participants had a variety of vi-\\nsual impairments, to address the issues brought forth by screen\\nreaders, we frame our tool specifically for people who are blind. We\\nimagine our tool to also be useful for people with low vision, but\\nacknowledge the wide spectrum of visual impairments and push\\nagainst a \\\"one-size-fits-all\\\" solution.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,640,173,656],\"text\":\"Co-Design Process\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,659,394,892],\"text\":\"We closely designed our tool with co-author Son Kim, an Assistive\\nTechnology specialist who is also a blind hobbyist web designer.\\nWe iterated upon three design probes before arriving at our current\\nimplementation. For the first probe, we generated three sets of\\ntactile sheets by hand and encoded different page elements—like\\nparagraphs versus images—with different textures. We chose to use\\ntactile sheets because blind people use two hands with multiple\\nfingers while exploring tactile layouts [32] , and the sheets afford\\nmultiple finger and whole hand exploration. Our goals were to\\nverify that tactile sheets would lead to an adequate mental map of\\nspatial relationships as others have demonstrated [3] , and to under-\\nstand how BVI designers might chose layouts with this additional\\nunderstanding over solely high-level tags. Son recreated layouts on\\na felt board to demonstrate his understanding, and discussed with\\nthe researchers where perceptual challenges occurred, which were\\nusually around closely-spaced elements.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,893,394,951],\"text\":\"In the second probe, we generated factile sheets of two website\\ntemplates and mounted them on a tablet that provided audio an-\\nnotations. We presented the tool without editing features to focus\\non feedback on how it helped with layout comprehension. Son\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,126,746,198],\"text\":\"took about 10 minutes to understand each layout, and suggested\\ncreating a tactile sheet representation that exposed the web page's\\nunderlying grid structure and to help him more quickly identify\\nwhere elements were. We incorporated this functionality in reveal-\\ning container relationships in the tool's \\\"inflated\\\" mode.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,199,747,285],\"text\":\"Finally, our goal in the last probe was to identify a set of edit-\\ning actions to support. We presented five web page templates to\\nmodify. Son demonstrated what kinds of interactions and edits he\\nwanted to make, which we carried out with through Wizard of Oz\\nmanipulations of the underlying website by changing the DOM in\\nreal time and refracilitating new tactic sheets to reflect his edits.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,286,747,448],\"text\":\"Three themes emerged through the co-design sessions. First, legi-\\nbility difficulties in the pixel-perfect layout representation reempha-\\nsized the importance of tactile graphics guidelines such as leaving\\na minimum 1/18th inch between elements [16] . Second, with spatial\\nrelationship knowledge, Son was able to assign semantic meaning\\nto the elements—for instance, he chose a layout in the first probe\\nfor a storefront because the large space allocated for an image made\\nit 'showy and screamed, 'Buy this now!' ' Third, breakdowns oc-\\ncurred due to a lack of past exposure and contextual knowledge of\\ncomponents (such as unfamiliarity with z-ordering or pagination),\\nmirroring our formative study findings.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,460,697,477],\"text\":\"Understanding and Editing Layouts with Our Tool\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,479,746,567],\"text\":\"We describe our tool with a hypothetical design scenario. Ben,\\na blind student, wishes to make a personal portfolio website to\\nshowcase his projects before applying to jobs. He starts by searching\\nfor templates using tags, such as \\\"accessible\\\" and \\\"portfolio,\\\" and\\ndownloads a prospective HTML file, akin to his current workflow,\\nfollowing from design imperative (1).\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,576,747,677],\"text\":\"Providing access to spatial components and relationships: Ben loads\\nthe first HTML file (Figure 2A) into our tool on his tablet and selects\\nthe Print button in the toolbar (Figure 3). This downloads an SVG\\nfile that is the pixel representation of the layout—that is, bounding\\nbox outlines of page elements (Figure 2B). He prints this SVG file on\\ncapsule paper and runs the paper through a capsule paper printer to\\ngenerate raised lines. He affixes this new tactile sheet to his tablet.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,678,747,855],\"text\":\"Ben now explores this web page by running his fingers over\\nthe capsule paper. Ben double taps on a large element on the left\\nside of the layout, and he hears information about the element:\\nElement: image. Alternate text: Project 1 image placeholder. He then\\ntaps below that, Element: Heading level 2. Content: Project 1. Text\\nalign: left. This interaction follows from design imperative (2), and\\nsplitting layout information across modalities—structure to touch\\nand meta information to audio—supports design imperative (3).\\nAfter exploring the other two templates in this fashion, Ben chooses\\nthe first layout because he likes that the layout isn’t too cluttered\\nand that it has partitioned sections for both his personal information\\nand portfolio.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,863,746,952],\"text\":\"Editing content and layout. First, Ben fills in his content text by\\ndouble tapping the Edit button in the tool bar to toggle on edit mode.\\nIn edit mode, Ben first selects the element he wants to modify—\\nhere, the Heading level 1 to replace \\\"Your Name\\\" with \\\"Ben.\\\" He\\ndouble taps the Back and Next buttons to scroll through a menu\\nof operations, such as editing, deleting, swapping, or duplicating\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 206\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/results/markdown/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300436/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300436", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/results/output_json/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[67,119,747,324],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image illustrates a four-panel sequence detailing the conversion of a digital webpage user interface (UI) into a tactile, embossed format for accessibility. Panel A shows the original UI layout, while panels B and C progressively reveal design annotations and a partial tactile representation. Panel D presents the complete tactile output, featuring raised lines, shapes, and Braille text corresponding to the original UI elements.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,331,746,377],\"text\":\"Figure 2: A sample HTML template (A) and our tool's automatically generated pixel (B) and inflated (C) representations, fab-\\nricated by laser cutting capsule paper. We also generate small multiples (D); here, we show several levels of bottom margin\\nbetween the project header and description. Note the outlines of the bounding boxes are for figure purposes only.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[68,381,395,427],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A horizontal row of six interactive buttons is displayed, each with a text label above a corresponding icon. The buttons are labeled \\\"Select\\\" with a checkmark, \\\"Back\\\" with a left arrow, \\\"Next\\\" with a right arrow, \\\"Edit\\\" with the letter 'E', \\\"Print\\\" with the letter 'P', and \\\"Cancel\\\" with an 'X' symbol.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,439,394,483],\"text\":\"Figure 3: A menu appears at the top of the design tool. Users\\ndouble tap the menu options to change the tool's modality\\nand cycle through editing options.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,499,394,556],\"text\":\"the element, and traverses through the menu hierarchy: Selected\\nHeading level 1 → Edit element → Edit text. After Ben enters text\\nusing a keyboard connected to the tablet, he also fills in the images\\nhe had planned for his website by specifying their URLs.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,557,394,791],\"text\":\"With the content filled in, Ben now wants to modify the lay-\\nout structure—he has three projects he wants to showcase, but the\\ntemplate came with space for two. He toggles the print mode to\\ngenerate an inflated representation of the layout that exposes ele-\\nments’ containers (Figure 2 C). This representation adds padding to\\ncontainer elements to comply with tactile graphic guidelines [16] ,\\nincluding a minimum 1/8th distance between lines, and exposes the\\nunderlying grid structure of the page. He selects an HTML column\\n(Figure 4 .1), chooses the duplicate action, and then selects the new\\ncontainer to duplicate the column in—in this case, its row (Figure\\n4 .2). Our tool supports adaptive layouts and asks Ben if he would\\nlike to keep the current column sizes, or shrink them to keep all\\nthe elements on the same row; he selects the latter (Figure 4 , after).\\nNow there is a mismatch in representation between the underlying\\nlayout and tactile sheet, so Ben reprints and replaces the overlay,\\nwhich he keeps track of by a braille label at the top.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,792,394,952],\"text\":\"Ben now notices that his project heading is too closely spaced\\nto its paragraph description. He wants to add a bottom margin\\nto the element, but isn't sure about what value would best match\\nthe existing layout design. With the Edit margin action selected,\\nBen double taps the Print button to generate a tactile sheet of a\\npreview gallery. This gallery contains multiple copies of his project\\ntext description container (with the heading, paragraph text, and\\nMore Details' link) with different levels of bottom margin applied\\nto the heading (Figure 2 D). Following design imperative (4), the\\npreview gallery aims to expose potentially unfamiliar concepts\\nsituated in the context of the page. Ben applies a wider margin to\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,385,746,444],\"text\":\"the heading, and then selects the heading and uses the Copy style\\naction to propagate the changes to the other two project headings.\\nFinally, Ben prints a pixel representation of his layout to verify how\\nhis edits would appear on most screens.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,464,512,480],\"text\":\"Implementation\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,482,747,729],\"text\":\"Our design tool relies on manipulating the web page's Document\\nObject Model (DOM). To generate tactile sheets, our tool traverses\\nthe DOM, gets an object's bounding box coordinates, creates an SVG\\nrectangle. Generated tactile sheets have four different line patterns:\\nsolid for elements (Figure 4 D), dashed for general containers (4C),\\ndot-dashed for columns (4B), and dotted for rows (4A). Elements\\nare considered containers if their inner text matches the sum of\\ntheir children's inner text. Notably, we cannot simply just consider\\nnon-leaf nodes containers to avoid common false positives, such as\\nmarking a paragraph a container if it has a link child. To generate\\nan inflated layout, we add 1/8th inch of padding to any container\\nelement whose padding is currently less than that. Because we\\nuse responsive templates, increasing padding does not horizontally\\noverflow elements at the tradeoff of increased element heights. To\\ngenerate in-context preview galleries of small multiples, we extract\\nand modify the selected element in its parent container, applying\\nall available levels of padding, margin, alignment, or resizes.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,730,747,875],\"text\":\"Once users download the SVG, they can then fabricate a tactile\\nsheet. Users calibrate sheets to their devices by specifying their\\nscreen width and a height offset. We used a laser cutter to fabricate\\nsheets, which takes an average of 10 to 120 seconds per sheet\\ndepending on the complexity. However, sheets may be generated\\non other 2-axis CNC machines, like an embosser, or with a capsule\\npaper printer, which requires a short fixed time (about 15 seconds)\\nregardless of layout complexity. Once the sheets are fabricated,\\nusers affix them to a tablet; we attach ours to an iPad Pro by securing\\nthem under a leveled case.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,876,747,950],\"text\":\"Actions our tool currently supports include creating, deleting,\\nduplicating, and swapping content elements or their containers,\\nwhich we refer to collectively as layout components. Users can\\nedit layout components by editing their text content or tags (e.g.,\\nchanging a paragraph to a heading), resizing them, aligning them\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 206\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/results/markdown/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300436/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300436", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/results/output_json/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[65,118,744,251],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays a 'Before' and 'After' view of a layout composed of nested rectangular frames. In the 'Before' view, two distinct sections, each containing a large red rectangle (D) over a smaller one, are enclosed within layered dashed boundaries (A, B, C), with two hand icons indicating interaction in the right section. The 'After' view shows this entire structure duplicated, resulting in four identical sections arranged horizontally within the overall orange dotted boundary (A).\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,258,746,301],\"text\":\"Figure 4: In the inflated representation, we expose HTML rows (A), columns (B), other containers (C), and content elements\\n(D). Before: To duplicate a column, first users select the element to be duplicated (the column)(1) and then in the container to\\nduplicate it in (the row) (2). After: Users have the option to adaptively resize the new columns in the resultant row.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[67,311,393,473],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A workflow diagram illustrates a design process starting with an HTML Template, which is \\\"Parse DOM\\\" into \\\"Tactile sheets & small multiples.\\\" These sheets are used to \\\"Fabricate sheets\\\" for an \\\"Interactive design tool,\\\" where users can \\\"Make edits.\\\" Edits can either \\\"Regenerate sheets\\\" or \\\"Export changes\\\" back to the HTML Template, completing the design cycle.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,481,394,539],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Our system takes an HTML template as input and\\nallows users to iteratively edit templates and reprint and\\nreplace them as tactile sheets. Once users are done editing,\\nthey can export the edited HTML file.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,543,394,587],\"text\":\"within their container text aligning them, editing their padding or\\nmargin, or copying their style to another layout component. We\\nchose these actions based on the results of our co-design process.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,588,394,674],\"text\":\"Our tool is a Node.js web application. It takes an HTML file as\\ninput, and outputs both pixel and inflated SVG representations of\\nour tactile sheets and the edited HTML file (Figure 5 ). We employ\\nthe ResponsiveVoice.js library for speech feedback, Hammer.js to\\nhandle multitouch interactions, and Bootstrap as our templating\\nframework.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,685,140,701],\"text\":\"5 Results\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,705,394,779],\"text\":\"We tested our tool against popular website and web-based slide\\ntemplates and show some of the generated tactile sheets in Figure 6 .\\nIn addition to developing our tool with an experienced web designer,\\nwe verified its usability and received positive informal feedback\\nfrom non-domain experts.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,788,181,803],\"text\":\"Informal Evaluation\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,806,394,953],\"text\":\"Since our tool was co-designed with an experienced web designer,\\nwe wanted to understand how the tool helps lower the threshold\\nfor layout comprehension and design with novices . We recruited\\ntwo blind participants with no experience in creating layouts for\\ninformal feedback. Neither participated in the formative studies\\nnor considered themselves familiar with tactile graphics. P1 lost\\nhis vision nine years ago and has been using a screen reader on his\\ndesktop computer since; P2 lost her vision at eight months and did\\nnot regularly use a desktop computer, although she began using a\\nsmart phone three months prior.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,318,746,404],\"text\":\"Participants underwent one hour of training with our tool and\\none hour of a design task. During training, the proctor guided\\nthem through all of the editing features provided. For the design\\ntask, participants first explored and chose from four Bootstrap\\ntemplates for personal portfolio websites, and then filled in content\\nand modified the layout.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,405,746,654],\"text\":\"Both participants were able to successfully identify and recall\\nlayout elements, as well as populate them with content and make\\nstructural layout modifications. A template took from 15 to 20\\nminutes to fully comprehend. Participants initially had trouble\\ndecoding the different dashed line representations for containers,\\nbut learned after hearing the container type spoken a few times.\\nBoth participants swapped tactile sheets when their edits resulted\\nin a large change in the page structure—like inserting an image\\nthat was longer than its placeholder space—but were fine with\\nrelying on audio feedback for actions like alignment and swapping\\nelements that were the same size. P2 preferred the inflated layout\\nrepresentations and said the wider spaces between elements were\\nmore helpful to understanding 'which boxes were the walls of the\\nroom, and which ones were the furniture.' Both participants found\\nthe design galleries helpful in understanding unfamiliar concepts\\nlike padding. \\\"Because I added another picture, I would want to\\ndecrease the padding between them to loosen up the page,\\\" said P1.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,655,746,786],\"text\":\"Despite their lack of layout experience, both participants found\\nthe tool useful. “It’s a lot more detailed than I expected, but I like\\nthat level of specific control. With more time to familiarize myself,\\nprior work goes from being an impossibility to being possible,” said\\nP1. “I thought editing a website would be difficult because I didn’t\\nknow anything about web pages and sites, but I actually enjoy\\nediting. I feel more control when I can place in images. I think I\\nunderstand a lot more about web pages now and am more confident\\nin my ability to make one,” said P2.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,808,637,824],\"text\":\"6 DISCUSSION AND FUTURE WORK\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,826,487,840],\"text\":\"Limitations\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,844,746,903],\"text\":\"People who are blind or visually impaired have diverse abilities\\nand experiences. It is important to note that all our formative study\\ninterviewees had (or was working towards) a college degree and\\nwere experienced users of accessible desktop technology.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,904,746,947],\"text\":\"Our informal evaluation also had a small sample size. Future\\nwork should focus on a longitudinal \\\"in the wild\\\" deployment with\\nblind web designers.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 206\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/results/markdown/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300436/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300436", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/results/output_json/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[64,112,752,516],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image presents five sets (A-E) each illustrating a progression from a digital UI template to two physical representations: a flat \\\"Pixel Sheet\\\" with dashed outlines, and an \\\"Inflated Sheet\\\" showing raised, embossed UI components. The templates include a webpage, a blog design, a generic website layout, markdown code snippets, and a resume, demonstrating different UI structures.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,525,746,569],\"text\":\"Figure 6: Sample templates taken from popular themes and their corresponding pixel and inflated tactile representations. A\\nand B are Wordpress themes, C and E are Bootstrap themes, and D is a sample slide from Remark.js, an HTML-based slide\\nlibrary. Note that since template E did not have containers that needed to be inflated, its representations are equivalent.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,578,394,695],\"text\":\"While our tool exposes layout structures, it does not commu-\\nnicate other design aspects like typography or color. Translating\\nthese elements requires more research on choosing the appropri-\\nate descriptors that facilitate their understanding for congenitally\\nblind people. Our tool affords iterative feedback and editing, but\\nthe time it takes to fabricate and replace the tactile sheets prevents\\nan interactive workflow. A refreshable tactile display [13, 38] could\\nbypass this issue.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,695,394,812],\"text\":\"Our algorithm to generate tactile sheets sometimes falsely ex-\\nposes span elements that are used for stylistic markers (e.g., chang-\\ning a font color) but irrelevant to spatial layout design (for example,\\nthe last name in Figure 6 E). Since it relies on the bounding box\\ncoordinates of elements, elements with bounding boxes that stretch\\nto fill for their parent but with sparse content appear to take up more\\nspace than they actually do (for example, the footer text in Figure\\n6 C). These cases could be handled with a vision-based approach.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,838,341,855],\"text\":\"Design Considerations of Tools for BVI Designers\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,858,394,946],\"text\":\"Through our co-design sessions and informal evaluations, sev-\\neral themes emerged which we believe to be valuable to other\\nresearchers developing authoring tools for BVI users: the trade-offs\\nbetween pixel-perfect layout representations and tactile graphics,\\nhow to support a wide range of abilities and backgrounds in de-\\nveloping domain-specific tools, and building tools that recognize\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,578,746,608],\"text\":\"the valuable first-hand perspectives users of assistive technologies\\nbring to their designs.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,625,747,948],\"text\":\"Pixel-Perfect Views and Tactile Graphic Guidelines When gener-\\nating tactile sheets, there is a tension between representing the\\nstructure of a web page as a direct pixel translation of how it ap-\\npears in the browser and modifying it to conform to tactile graphics\\ntrends. Many child nodes share the same borders as their parent\\ncontainers, or are adjacent to other elements. These overlapping\\nborders are difficult to differentiate tactly — all users confused neg-\\native spaces (like the space between a navigation bar link and the\\nend of the bar) as small layout elements elements. Adding more\\nspace between element borders addresses this issue; however, in-\\ncreasing spacing leads to either overflow (with increased margins)\\nor \\\"squished\\\" content (with increased padding). Our tool\\nchooses the latter to preserve column structures central to modern\\nweb templates as to avoid unnecessary layout re-comprehension.\\nOne possible intervention is to only fabricate content elements and\\npresent the container information in audio — for example, elements\\ncould also speak the names of their parent containers. Another\\noption is to allow zooming in to the layout and add spacing at a\\nfiner granularity for less disruption. Although more research needs\\nto be done to evaluate the trade-offs of different tactile representa-\\ntions for layout design for BVI users, our findings can inform the\\ndesign of tools built on refreshable tactile displays, which would be\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 206\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300436/results/markdown/3290605-3300436_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300439/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300439", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/results/output_json/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[149,102,664,165],\"text\":\"Chatbots, Humbots,\\nand the Quest for Artificial General Intelligence\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[163,175,309,255],\"text\":\"Jonathan Grudin\\n\\nEducation Insights & Data\\nMicrosoft Corporation\\nRedmond, WA, USA\\njgrudin@microsoft.com\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[512,175,644,255],\"text\":\"Richard Jacques\\n\\nAI - Research\\n\\nMicrosoft Corporation\\nRedmond, WA, USA\\nrjacques@microsoft.com\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,292,142,309],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,315,395,633],\"text\":\"What began as a quest for artificial general intelligence\\nbranched into several pursuits, including intelligent\\nassistants developed by tech companies and task-oriented\\nchatbots that deliver more information or services in\\nspecific domains. Progress quickened with the spread of\\nlow-latency networking, then accelerated dramatically a\\nfew years ago. In 2016, task-focused chatbots became a\\ncenterpiece of machine intelligence, promising interfaces\\nthat are more engaging than robotic answering systems\\nand that can accommodate our increasingly phone-based\\ninformation needs. Hundreds of thousands were built.\\nCreating successful non-trivial chatbots proved more\\ndifficult than anticipated. Some developers now design for\\nhuman-chatbot (hubot) teams, with people handling\\ndifficult queries. This paper describes the conversational\\nagent space, difficulties in meeting user expectations,\\npotential new design approaches, uses of human-bot\\nhybrids, and implications for the ultimate goal of creating\\nsoftware with general intelligence.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,644,172,660],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,661,394,738],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Ubiquitous and mobile\\ncomputing → Ubiquitous and mobile devices → Personal digital\\nassistants\\n• Human-centered computing → Human computer interaction\\n(HCI) → Interaction paradigms → Natural language interfaces\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,751,152,767],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,767,373,813],\"text\":\"Chatbot; Intelligent Assistant; Conversational Agent; Virtual\\nCompanion; Humbot; Natural Language Interfaces; Artificial\\nIntelligence; Artificial General Intelligence (AGI).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,293,540,306],\"text\":\"ACM Reference format:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,307,747,362],\"text\":\"Jonathan Grudin and Richard Jacques. 2019. In 2019 CHI Conference on\\nHuman Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019) . May 4–9,\\n2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. ACM, New York, NY, USA. 11 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290663.3300439\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,385,558,402],\"text\":\"1   INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,407,746,558],\"text\":\"The goal of artificial intelligence left the realm of science to a\\nfiction when Alan Turing wrote in the London Times in\\n1949, “I do not see why [the computer] should not enter\\nany one of the fields normally covered by the human\\nintellect, and eventually compete on equal terms.” [35] In\\n1956, the term `artificial intelligence’ was coined and the\\nfield coalesced. Leading researchers forecast in the 1960s\\nthat ultra-intelligent computers would appear by 1980 or\\n1985 [8, 11, 17].\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,565,746,683],\"text\":\"They didn't, but early efforts such as ELIZA in 1966\\nand PARRY in 1972 mimicked human beings, conversing\\nby teletype and keyboard. Ongoing interest in\\nanthropomorphic conversational software is reflected in\\nAlice, Cleverbot, Xiaoice, Zo, Hugging Face and others.\\n(Descriptions of all of these are found on Wikipedia\\nand/or product pages.)\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,690,746,791],\"text\":\"However, most recent activity has more limited goals;\\nthe initial AI focus is now the subfield artificial general\\nintelligence (AGI). Nevertheless, intelligent assistants such\\nas Siri and task-focused chatbots could lay a foundation\\nfor AGI and reveal the nature and extent of the effort that\\nwill be required to realize it.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,798,746,900],\"text\":\"Interactive hot software had precursors in mainframe\\nand minicomputer networks and on the ARPANET.\\nInterest picked up as low-latency internet and web use\\nspread. Software agents such as recommender systems\\nappeared in the 1990s [22] , although they did not use\\nnatural language.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,906,746,941],\"text\":\"Most bots are not conversational. They are automata\\nused for background tasks such as web crawling and\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[74,827,394,904],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or\\nclassroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or\\ndistributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and\\nthe full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by\\nthe publisher of the work must also be honored in credit and from page to page. To copy\\notherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute lists, requires a\\nspecific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from Permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[73,907,250,954],\"text\":\"C# 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, USA.\\n© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.\\nACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5079-2/19/US. 0150-026X.\\nhttp://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300439\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 209\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/results/markdown/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300439/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300439", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/results/output_json/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,99,394,251],\"text\":\"notifications; for example, monitoring Wikipedia entries\\nand notifying people on a watchlist of changes. A user's\\ninteraction may be restricted to setting parameters such as\\nthe scope or frequency of notifications. Social media led to\\nthe spread of social bots. Twitter's telegraphic message\\nstyle made simulating a human easier. A Twitterbot can\\naccess a large audience by `following' people.\\nBroadcasting, forwarding, and responding are simple\\nTwitter tasks for a bot masquerading as a person.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,257,394,424],\"text\":\"By 2010, Twitter was flooded with social bots that\\nbroadcast, followed, and responded to or forwarded tweets\\ngenerated by people or other bots. Some were `anti-social\\nbots' with malicious intent: fraud, denial of service\\nattacks, trolling, and political subversion [1, 38] .\\nAlgorithms were developed to differentiate bots and\\nhumans [10] . Varol et al. [36] studied Twitterbots in 2016\\nand concluded that between 9 % and 15 % of Twitter posters\\nwere bots, which meant there were 30-45 million of these\\nsimple bots.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,433,394,718],\"text\":\"Over the past several years, conversational agents\\nbenefited from massive data sources and advances in\\nmachine learning. The principal functions of intelligent\\nassistants Siri (2011) , Cortana (2014) , Alexa (2014) , Google\\nAssistant (2016) and Bixby (2017) are to retrieve requested\\ninformation and send notifications on a broad range of\\ntopics such as the weather, your meeting schedule for the\\nday, and music requests. Also benefiting are chatbots that\\nhave deeper understanding of a specific domain, such as\\ncustomer service chatbots. Task-focused chatbots can be a\\ngood match to mobile phone use where display space and\\ninput modalities are limited to voice or text.\\nEntrepreneurs and investors saw opportunities for\\ninterfaces that are more engaging than telephone\\nanswering systems and standard software interfaces.\\nChatbots could interface to FAQ's, help order pizzas, track\\npackages, or buy products online.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,724,394,876],\"text\":\"Between 2015 and the present, as many as a million\\ntask-focused chatbots flooded the Web, residing on social\\nmedia platforms or striving to replace apps. $^1$ With the\\nInternet of Things poised to deliver ever more digital data,\\nthe potential is unlimited. However, success has been\\nunexpectedly elusive. For the foreseeable future, non-\\ntrivial task-focused chatbots might focus on handling the\\nsimplest queries and hand off others to human partners.\\nThis reduces their appeal as a low-cost interface, yet it\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,99,746,217],\"text\":\"may succeed where unassisted chatbots can't now and\\nenable us to gather data and better understand the\\nrequirements for interacting with people. Undertaking to\\ncreate a simulated person that converses with real people\\nengaged in meaningful activities provides a powerful\\nmotivation for understanding people. Below, we lay out\\nthe recent evolution of this technology.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,241,583,258],\"text\":\"2  BOT TERMINOLOGY\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,263,746,446],\"text\":\"Chatbots.org [6] lists 161 synonyms for “humanlike\\nconversational AI,” ranging from “artificial conversational\\nentity” to “virtual support agent.” They aren’t all really\\nsynonyms. There are important distinctions. Wikipedia’s\\n‘bot’ entry lists 10 subcategories with distinct entries,\\nsome of which link to additional subcategories. Some\\noverlap. For example, ‘Twitterbots’ are considered ‘social\\nbots’ which are “a particular type of ‘chatterbot’ [or ‘chat\\nbot’],” defined by the use of natural language. A few\\ncategories do not involve natural language, such as the\\nweb crawlers that constitute most web traffic.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,454,746,588],\"text\":\"Agreeing on terminology will enable us to converse\\nabout conversational software and identify related work.\\nOur goal is not to impose terminology, but we need to be\\nclear here about what we are referring to in our use of\\nterms, in order to communicate effectively. All too often\\nin the chatbot literature, different species of bot are given\\nthe same label and mixed together in studies. This creates\\nconfusion and muddies the interpretation of the results.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,596,746,662],\"text\":\"This paper focuses most on the chatbots that recently\\nbecame a topic of intense activity, those that are oriented\\naround a particular task, but first we consider ways to\\nthink about and categorize bots more broadly.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,678,573,696],\"text\":\"3   BOT TAXONOMIES\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,700,746,800],\"text\":\"Depending on your goal, bots can be usefully grouped in\\nseveral ways. As noted above, most do not converse,\\nincluding Twitterbots that appear to be human as they\\ngenerate posts but do not respond meaningfully to replies.\\nFrom this point on, we will only consider those that\\nengage in conversation.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,807,746,859],\"text\":\"One distinction is physical context. Is the chatbot on a\\nlaptop, phone, stationary device, or a mobile robot? Does\\nit interact with single users, groups or both [29] ?\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,865,746,950],\"text\":\"Bunardzic [3] considers differences in a chatbot's\\nmemory of an exchange. Cleverbot maintains no state\\ninformation—it retains no memory from one statement to\\nthe next, yet it won awards for its ability to converse. For\\neach utterance, it searches a billion responses people have\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,891,394,934],\"text\":\"1 There isn't a chatbot registry, but in May 2018, Facebook reported 300,000\\nchatbots on the Facebook platform and Microsoft reported 300,000 chatbot\\ndevelopers using its platform [16, 5] . The older PandoraBot platform hosts over\\n200,000 chatbots, IBM, LINE and Amazon also offer chatbot platforms.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 209\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/results/markdown/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300439/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300439", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/results/output_json/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,99,395,266],\"text\":\"made to Cleverbot to find a human response when\\nCleverbot said something similar. Some chatbots maintain\\nstate for the current session, flagging information to guide\\nsubsequent responses, but retain nothing when the\\nsession ends. Users might like chatbots to remember their\\npast conversations, like the fictional Samantha in Her\\n(Warner Bros., 2013), but it can be technically challenging\\nto access and make use of data across devices and\\nconstraints on retaining personal information may inhibit\\nthis capability.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,274,395,441],\"text\":\"The relationship of the conversational software and the\\ntask software can differ [9, 16] . Chat can be a layer over\\nthe task software; a user goes to one corner of an\\napplication interface to converse while using the\\napplication. At the other extreme, the conversation is the\\nbackbone, central to the interaction, with other task-\\nrelated software out of sight. In between is a hybrid: the\\nconversation is tightly integrated with the application\\ninterface; for example, a restaurant menu is displayed and\\na dimer and the chatbot discuss choices.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,454,372,485],\"text\":\"3.1 A Taxonomy Based on Depth and Breadth of\\nFocus\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,490,394,573],\"text\":\"The taxonomy in Table 1 aligns with the development\\nefforts noted in the introduction. You may prefer terms\\nother than those in the left column, but the important\\ndistinctions lie in their breadth and depth of focus and the\\nduration of their exchanges with humans.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,581,395,664],\"text\":\"Virtual companions engage on any topic and keep a\\nconversation going. Intelligent assistants such as Siri also\\ntake on any topic but work to keep conversations short.\\nTask-focused chatbots have a narrow range and go\\ndeeper, yet brief conversations are also their goal.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[93,671,368,686],\"text\":\"Table 1. A taxonomy based on conversation focus.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[69,690,392,933],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Type</td><td>Focus</td><td>Typical sessions</td><td>Examples</td></tr><tr><td>Virtual companions</td><td>Broad, deep</td><td>10 to 100&#x27;s of exchanges</td><td>ELIZA, Cleverbot, Tay, Xiaoice, Zo, Hugging Face</td></tr><tr><td>Intelligent assistants</td><td>Broad, shallow</td><td>1-3 exchanges</td><td>Siri, Cortana, Alexa, Google Assistant, Bixby</td></tr><tr><td>Task-focused chatbots</td><td>Narrow, shallow</td><td>3-7 exchanges</td><td>Dom the Dominos Pizza Bot, customer service bots, Russian trolls, non-player characters</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a table with four columns: Type, Focus, Typical sessions, and Examples. It categorizes different AI types: Virtual companions, Intelligent assistants, and Task-focused chatbots. Each row details the focus, typical session length, and provides examples for each AI type.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_2_tab_8.png\"},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,99,747,234],\"text\":\"Recent research has addressed intelligent assistants and\\ntask-focused bots. The former are few in number and used\\nby millions of people. The latter are vast in number and\\nmost are used by few people, as discussed below.\\nAlthough forces are bringing about a degree of\\nconvergence, their different contexts of use and properties\\nare important. Studies that merge data from both types\\nobscure interpretation.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,241,747,375],\"text\":\"In prolonging casual conversations, virtual companions\\nare descendants of ELIZA, taking steps toward the AI\\ndream of general intelligence. They have a lot of\\npersonality, providing casual opinions or therapeutic\\nresponses. Handling open conversation effectively is a\\nmajor challenge. Most virtual companions and intelligent\\nassistants are developed and maintained by a few large\\nsoftware companies.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,383,747,585],\"text\":\"Customer service chatbots captured the attention of\\ninvestors and software platform companies. Who could\\nresist an interface that is more engaging than a telephone\\nanswering system? Other task-focused chatbots were built\\nto replace apps or inhabit widely used platforms such as\\nKik, Slack, and Facebook Messenger. Residing on a\\nplatform simplifies installation, reduces the storage\\nneeded on a developer's device, creates opportunities to\\ninteract with other bots on the platform, and enables users\\nto access the bot without leaving the platform they are on.\\nTask-focused bots often follow a scripted tree structure\\nsimilar to those used in less friendly answering systems.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,591,747,792],\"text\":\"More sophisticated malicious chatbots have appeared,\\nconversing with people or other bots. Non-player\\ncharacters (NPCs) in games are task-focused chatbots.\\nInitially NPCs were triggered by simple phrases or actions\\nand had limited scripted responses, which was OK — in\\ngames, robotic interactions can be acceptable. Some NPCs\\nare charming robots. \\\"Warning! Warning! This does not\\ncompute!\\\" repeated a television robot popular fifty years\\nago. Today, scripted branching dialogues enable less\\npredictable responses; machine learning algorithms enable\\nsome to adapt to changing conditions in the course of\\nplay.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,799,747,934],\"text\":\"The three bot types in Table 1 have analogs in human\\nconversation. Consider a restaurant where one person\\ntakes you to a table, a server takes your order, and you\\ntalk with friends. Your exchange with the greeter is very\\nefficient – how many in your party? – as it is with an\\nintelligent assistant. The waiter shows more personality as\\nyou discuss options, but also quickly reaches a desired\\noutcome, like a customer service bot. With dinner\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 209\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/results/markdown/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300439/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300439", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/results/output_json/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,99,394,132],\"text\":\"companions you engage in open-ended conversation that\\nideally resembles that with a virtual companion.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,157,260,173],\"text\":\"4    THE CHATBOT TSUNAMI\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,178,395,429],\"text\":\"By 2014, several intelligent assistants were early stages of\\nuse for simple tasks. Investment in chatbots that could\\nprovide more depth on specific topics took off. In August\\n2015, Facebook launched M, a Messenger chatbot that\\nhandled purchases, arranged travel and made restaurant\\nreservations. In January 2016, tech evangelist and hashtag\\ninventor Chris Messina proclaimed, \\\"2016 will be the year\\nof conversational commerce.\\\" [26] His message was\\npicked up by media and investors. In 2016, Facebook,\\nMicrosoft, IBM and LINE launched chatbot platforms.\\nSlack launched an investment fund for bot development.\\nConsulting companies joined the fray. A survey of senior\\nexecutives and officials in Europe and South Africa\\nreported that 80 % expected to have customer-facing\\nchatbots by 2020 [4] . A sample of Gartner predictions:\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,436,394,470],\"text\":\"By 2020, 80% of new enterprise applications will use\\nChatbots. Nov. 4, 2016\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,479,394,528],\"text\":\"By 2021, most enterprises will treat Chatbots as the most\\nimportant platform paradigm; and \\\"Chatbots First,\\\" will\\nreplace the meme \\\"Cloud First, Mobile First.\\\"7 Nov. 4, 2016\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,536,395,621],\"text\":\"By 2021, more than 50% of enterprises will spend more\\nper annum on bots and chatbot creation than traditional\\nmobile app development. Individual apps are out. Bots are\\nin. In the “post-app era,” chatbots will become the face of\\nAI... October 16, 2016\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,629,394,711],\"text\":\"Enthusiasm continued through 2017. In September,\\nGartner predicted, “By 2022, 85% of customer service\\ninteractions will be powered by chatbots.” [24] In the last\\nfive months of 2017, TechCrunch ran 14 excited chatbot\\narticles.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,720,395,871],\"text\":\"This activity did not go unnoticed by researchers. As\\nstudy results surfaced — several are discussed below — a\\ncounter-current appeared. Facebook reportedly found that\\n70 % of Messenger chatbots were unable to answer simple\\nquestions [34] . In January 2018, Inc. magazine published\\nan article about Digit founder and strong bot enthusiast\\nEthan Bloch: “ How this founder realized the tech trend\\nhe'd built his company on was all hype. ” [23] Bloch's\\ncomment, “ I'm not even sure if we can say 'chatbots are\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,98,746,182],\"text\":\"dead,' because I don't even know if they were ever alive\\\"\\nwas widely quoted. In the first nine months of 2018,\\nTechCrunch only published 6 paeans to chatbots. In\\nJanuary 2018, Facebook shut down M, the chatbot that\\nhelped inspire the surge.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,191,746,376],\"text\":\"Thoughtful articles by people involved in bot\\ndevelopment asked “ What happened? ” and offered\\npossible answers. They ended on positive notes, some\\nciting the Gartner Hype Cycle phases: The Innovation\\nTrigger, The Peak of Inflated Expectations, The Trough of\\nDisillusionment, and The Slope of Enlightenment leading\\nto the Plateau of Productivity. Having fallen into the\\ntrough, they looked back at the peak and wrote to\\ncontribute to enlightenment. Not all product ideas make it\\nback up to the plateau, but these reflective practitioners\\nfelt that conversational AI will get there.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,399,728,431],\"text\":\"5 RECENT CHATBOT RESEARCH AND MEDIA\\nANALYSES\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,435,746,636],\"text\":\"In 2017, Zamora [39] published a study of 54 people who\\nused one of six chatbots for a week. Some used Siri, which\\nthey had on their phone; others used highly regarded\\npublicly accessible task-focused chatbots to check\\nfinances, news, and social media, order a meal to go, and\\nbook movie tickets. As the paper title indicates—“I'm\\nsorry, Dave, I'm afraid I can't do that: Chatbot perception\\nand expectations”—expectations were not met. Users\\nreported slow replies, unwanted notifications, and no gain\\nin speed or efficiency. Apart from Siri users, few said they\\nmight continue using the chatbot (Zamora, personal\\ncommunication).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,644,746,829],\"text\":\"Jain et al. [13] enlisted 13 relatively tech-savvy first-\\ntime users to try each of eight Facebook Messenger\\nchatbots daily for 3 days. The authors selected\\nChatbotle's top-rated Messenger chatbot in each of eight\\ndomains: news, travel, shopping, social, game, utility, chit-\\nchat and entertainment. Each chatbot had over 1000 likes.\\nBots and participants exchanged 9968 messages. The\\nprincipal finding: “ expectations of the users were not\\nmet. ” It was a short albeit active trial. The next study\\nindicates that initial experiences are often decisive, at least\\nfor intelligent assistants.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,836,746,936],\"text\":\"In a study subtitled “The gulf between user expectation\\nand experience,” Luger and Sellen [19] studied existing\\nusers of Siri, Cortana, and Google Now. They concluded\\nthat intelligent assistants usually failed to meet\\nexpectations and users retreated to using them for menial,\\nlow-level tasks. Users reported trying new tasks a few\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,891,391,912],\"text\":\"2 http://www.chatchottinsider.ai/industry-news/partner-predicts-enterprise-chatbots-\\n2020/\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,912,384,932],\"text\":\"3 https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/gartner-top-strategic-predictions-\\nfor-2018-and-beyond/\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,125,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 209\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/results/markdown/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300439/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300439", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/results/output_json/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,99,393,132],\"text\":\"times, then giving up when it was unsuccessful. Although\\nnot a study of task-oriented chatbots, it joined the chorus.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,139,394,258],\"text\":\"Luger and Sellen encountered a dilemma: All save one\\nparticipant reported initially trying the software as a\\nplayful exercise. They liked occasional humorous\\nprogrammed bot responses. However, the authors\\nconcluded that humor creates expectations of human-like\\nqualities that intelligent assistants cannot deliver. They\\nadvised designers to avoid playful responses.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,264,394,399],\"text\":\"The opposite conclusion was reached in a 2018 study of\\na human resources FAQ chatbot deployed over several\\nmonths to 337 new employees [18] . The authors\\nrecommended careful design that includes humor, noting\\nthat users of a previous chatbot ignored its humorous\\nefforts at congenial conversation and resorted to typing\\nkeywords to search for FAQ answers. Humor also attracts\\nsome people to virtual companions.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,406,394,642],\"text\":\"A team of eight spent 18 months building, testing and\\nrefining a meeting scheduling chatbot, calendar help [7] .\\nRequests were processed in three tiers: those handled\\nentirely by software (Tier 1); routine problems beyond the\\nsystem's capability (`microtasks') were handled by people\\nusing simple scripts to carry them out (Tier 2); and\\ndifficult cases were passed on to experts (Tier 3). The\\nfourth version of the system could handle 39 % of\\nscheduling requests in Tiers 1 and 2, with about 5 % of all\\nprocesses completed without human assistance\\n[Cranshaw and Monroy-Hernández, personal\\ncommunication]. The team analyzed the escalations to\\nautomate microtasks where possible and break difficult\\ntasks down into sets of more easily handled microtasks.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,649,394,784],\"text\":\"This is striking, because meeting scheduling seems an\\nideal task for a bot. A person designates participants (most\\nare two-person meetings). The bot has access to calendars\\nand email addresses. It is not under time pressure. It can\\nsend email proposing times, coordinate responses that are\\ngenerally straightforward, and send reminders when\\nreplies are overdue. Yet it required a human in the loop.\\nWe will return to this example.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,791,394,924],\"text\":\"In 2018, Dave Feldman, the former design manager of\\nthe Facebook Messenger chatbot platform, published\\n“Chatbots: What happened?” [9] . Other authors extended\\nhis analyses [16, 27] . In 2017 and 2018, the authors of this\\npaper were independently involved in some task-oriented\\nchatbot projects that did not meet expectations. In the\\nnext section we collect and synthesize our observations\\nand those from these studies and essays addressing the\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,99,745,132],\"text\":\"question of why most task-focused chatbots failed to meet\\nuser expectations.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,156,731,189],\"text\":\"6\\nSUCCESSSES AND CHALLENGES WITH TASK-\\nFOCUSED CHATBOTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,194,746,378],\"text\":\"FAQ's. Interfacing to a list of Frequently Asked Questions\\nis a tractable chatbot task. For questions that are\\nfrequently asked, queries and terminology are relatively\\npredictable and responses have been written. Unexpected\\nquestions can be collected and used to improve the\\nchatbot. For users, a short FAQ list can be visually\\nscanned quickly but for a long FAQ list, verbal queries can\\nbe faster. Chatbots compete with keyword search which\\ncan be faster still, so the challenge is to be congenial\\nenough to be preferred [18] . Tools are available that do\\nmuch of the work of converting a FAQ to a chatbot.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,385,746,553],\"text\":\"Niche Successes. Although the highly rated chatbots\\nused in studies did not meet all user expectations, many\\npeople like them. Some chatbots find niche audiences\\nlarge enough to sustain the effort. Some contexts offer\\nadvantages; the chance observation that people liked\\nELIZA as a counselor was followed years later by studies\\nfinding that some people like and benefit from the non-\\njudgmental nature of chatbot counselors [11] . However,\\nnot many chatbots succeed for many people. The\\nfollowing are obstacles faced by chatbot designers.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,560,746,811],\"text\":\"Tasks are complicated. The calendar.help meeting\\nscheduler addressed a seemingly straightforward task that\\nproved to be complex. After a year of refinement by a\\ncapable team, only 5 % of meeting scheduling processes\\nwere automated. The blocker in automating workflow is\\noften exception-handling: We focus on the standard\\nworkflow and fail to anticipate the wide range of\\ncontingencies that arise. A deviation in one step or\\nanother may occur almost every time. Lucy Suchman [33]\\nsaw this as a challenge for AI systems in general. When a\\nsystem that can handle 80 % of events is faced with a\\nsituation that it can't handle, the software is less effective\\nthan a person in seeing how close a solution is, whether it\\nshould be escalated or abandoned, and if escalated to\\nwhom.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,820,746,919],\"text\":\"Many existing apps benefit from decades of experience\\nand refinement. Chatbots that undertake to replace apps\\nmay have a success rate even lower than applications did\\nin the past since the chatbot must compete with mature\\nsoftware, and marketing to reach the right audience is not\\ntrivial.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 209\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/results/markdown/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300439/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300439", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/results/output_json/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,99,394,266],\"text\":\"Conversations are complicated. Unlike scripted\\ndialogue trees, natural language conversations are not\\nlinear. They can be multi-threaded, hop back and forth,\\nand circle around. Human conversations are more than\\nwords. Software is generally oblivious to posture, eye\\ngaze, gestures, facial expressions, tone, shifts in\\nconversation direction that reveal a speaker's state, the\\nconversation history from prior sessions, and so on. Some\\nof these are being researched, but the science has a way to\\ngo.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,273,394,408],\"text\":\"Natural language is complicated. Despite major\\nadvances, speech and natural language understanding fall\\nshort of human capability. Also, chatbot systems have at\\nbest primitive models of their conversational partners, so\\nsetting appropriate expectations is important. However,\\nthey can't be lowered too far: engagement is the primary\\nattraction of chatbots, so the experience must clear a\\nreasonably high bar.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,415,394,568],\"text\":\"Platforms and tools are complicated — and who is\\nleading by example? Chatbot construction is unlike\\nother software development. It requires different tools,\\nguidance and skills, such as generating a sample of\\nutterances for a given conversation intent that will\\nmaximize the ability of machine learning algorithms to\\nmatch a user utterance to the right intent. In our\\nexperience, chatbot designers are often unaware of the\\nrange of available tools and select inappropriately.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,575,394,742],\"text\":\"Feldman takes the major platform companies to task\\nfor marketing platforms and tools but not demonstrating\\nhow to use them. Why didn't they build exemplary\\nchatbots? Why weren't they more proactive with funds\\nand incubators? Why didn't they make mentors available\\nor provide design and engineering resources? Facebook\\ntried with M, the Messenger chatbot withdrawn after two\\nand a half years. Some of Facebook competitors engaged\\nin fundraising and partnership efforts, but Feldman's\\npoints are well taken.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,750,394,934],\"text\":\"The Uncanny Cliff and Mission Creep-\\ncomplications of anthropomorphism. Robots that\\nappear almost human elicit feelings of eeriness. This\\nphenomenon, called the uncanny valley, has been linked\\nto the human visual system [28] . Task-oriented chatbots\\nencounter a different problem A bot that is\\nknowledgeable within a narrow task focus often cannot\\nanswer a query on a related topic that any human expert\\ncould. It also can't handle simple general information\\nquestions. There is an unexpected sharp boundary\\nbetween what is known and what isn't, an uncanny cliff.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,99,745,182],\"text\":\"For example, a chatbot designed to answer a visitor's\\nquestions about the home team players and the stadium\\nmay quickly lose a visitor's confidence if it has no\\nresponse to “ Where I can I find a meal near the stadium?\\\"\\nor “ How can I get from the train station to the stadium?\\\"\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,191,746,291],\"text\":\"When a chatbot appears dim because it lacks\\nknowledge or information associated with its expertise,\\nthe developers' reaction is often to expand the bot's\\ncapability. This 'mission creep' can be a resource black\\nhole. It can also negatively impact performance if the\\nplatform does not scale up gracefully.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,298,747,601],\"text\":\"The Demo Trap is a general phenomenon to which\\nchatbot projects are unusually susceptible. A strong team\\nmay in a couple weeks create a working chatbot through\\nwhich a real path—no smoke or mirrors—produces the\\ndesired outcome. Strong team, solid effort, successful\\ndemo, Management greenlights the project. The hard\\nwork appears to have been done. Isn't it just a matter of\\nentering more intents (the basic user question or goal),\\nsample queries, and responses? No, scaling up is far more\\nchallenging. The demo matched queries to the right\\nintent—with five intents coded. With 500 or more\\nintents—people given the chance can ask anything—\\nmatching is less accurate and the time to respond can lag.\\nDuring the demo, no one tried to provoke the chatbot or\\nget it to say something inappropriate, but they will after\\nlaunch. We have seen successful demos of working\\nprototypes that could not scale without a much larger\\neffort.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,608,746,776],\"text\":\"Sharing lessons learned. Expectations generated by\\nsuccessful demos and the subsequent large investments in\\nchatbot projects amplify the natural reluctance to examine\\nunsuccessful projects closely and share what was learned.\\nAdvice from veteran chatbot developers sometimes\\nconcludes, \\\"When your bot is released, don't consider\\nyour job over. The most important step is to get feedback\\nfrom your first users to guide improvements.\\\" The hidden\\nmessage is, \\\"Listen to users, because most chatbots do not\\nmeet expectations.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,784,747,901],\"text\":\"Tool and platform providers are in a bind. They need\\ndevelopers to use them to provide feedback for improving\\nthe tools and to learn where their chatbots fare best. If low\\nsuccess rates are publicized and use drops, so does an\\nopportunity to make progress. Yet with hundreds of\\nthousands of unsuccessful efforts, sharing outcomes\\nshould be a priority.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 209\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/results/markdown/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300439/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300439", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/results/output_json/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,98,389,115],\"text\":\"7 HUMANS AS INVISIBLE CHATBOT PARTNERS\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,119,394,421],\"text\":\"An ethical debate over whether people should be informed\\nwhen they are conversing with a chatbot rose in volume\\nwhen Google Duplex succeeded in convincing people that\\nit was a person. [31] The human-sounding bot inserted\\n“ uh's, ” “ mhm's, ” and other mannerisms to fool people.\\nAnother debate arose when it was discovered that humans\\nare hired to pretend they are chatbots. “ The humans\\nhiding behind the chatbot, ” [12] and “ The rise of pseudo-\\nAI: how tech firms quietly use humans to do bots ” work. ”\\n[32] . Companies such as Xai and GoButler.com offered\\nservices to people who believed they were being served by\\nchatbots when their requests were actually handled by\\nemployees. Facebook Messenger's flagship chatbot M\\nquietly forwarded requests it couldn't handle to human\\nagents. $^4$ Had all developers known the extent of this, some\\nof the chatbots built to run on Messenger might not have\\nbeen built. Similarly, calendar.help did not reveal that the\\nrespondent was usually a person.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,427,394,697],\"text\":\"A full account of these human bots or humbots is\\nnuanced. People masquerade as bots for various reasons.\\nThrough half a century of natural language understanding\\nresearch, researchers have played chatbots in “Wizard of\\nOz” experiments (‘pay no attention to that man behind\\nthe curtain’). They test to see whether planned system\\nfeatures could handle human queries before doing the\\nwork of building them. ‘GUS, a frame-driven dialog\\nsystem’ [2] , published in 1977 by five leading AI and\\ncognitive science researchers, described an airline\\nreservation bot tested in a Wizard of Oz study, with an\\nauthor pretending to be the chatbot [2] . The researchers\\nfound that even for this narrow task, handling natural\\nlanguage was very tricky. They did not build GUS and\\nairline reservation chatbots are not in routine use forty\\nyears later.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,704,394,856],\"text\":\"Another use of humbots is to intrigue customers who\\nwill hire an AI servant that is available around the clock to\\nhave food delivered, book theatre tickets, buy last-minute\\ngifts, schedule meetings, and so on, \\\"making it look like\\nmagic.\\\" These customers might not feel as good if they\\nknew that their requests were handled by minimum-wage\\nnight shift workers with a job “so mind-numbing that\\nhuman employees said they were looking forward to\\nbeing replaced by bots.” [32]\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,863,394,897],\"text\":\"Humbots can save face. \\\"Using a human to do the job\\nlets you skip over a load of technical and business\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,99,746,251],\"text\":\"development challenges. It doesn't scale, obviously, but it\\nallows you to build something and skip the hard part early\\non. ” [32] Many companies were caught in demo traps in\\n2016 after announcing the imminent release of chatbots\\nafter demos impressed decision-makers. Humbots can\\npreserve the aura of being on the leading edge and be\\nthought of as Wizard of Oz experiments conducted\\noutside the laboratory, with plans to collect data to be\\nused to develop a working chatbot.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,257,746,424],\"text\":\"There is a wave of work by developers who know that\\ntheir tasks cannot be fully automated. Their chatbots\\nhandle queries or comments for which there is high\\nconfidence of a correct response and pass the rest to\\nhumans. Difficult cases can be used to further refine or\\ntrain the bot. This can be applied to tasks for which\\nhuman partnership is affordable. The [247] .ai platform\\npromotes itself as “Chatbots helping Agents, Agents\\nHelping Chatbots.” 2 When routine work is handled by a\\nchatbot, the human tasks may not be mind-numbing.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,432,747,567],\"text\":\"Examples are Facebook M and calendar.help. The\\ndevelopers of the latter first conducted a Wizard of Oz\\nexperiment, then tested systems `in the wild' with people\\nusing them in their daily work. The goal was to improve\\nthe system as it is used by analyzing difficult scheduling\\nevents. A similar service is marketed by Charalabs.com.\\nMeeting scheduling was also among M's human-assisted\\ntasks before Facebook retired the bot.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[426,567,740,677],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A three-tier workflow diagram illustrates tasks escalating from automated to manual, then to expert human workers. Tier 1, \\\"Automated Microtasks\\\" (ML, NLP, Heuristics), is represented by a robot, Tier 2, \\\"Manual Microtasks\\\" (Non-expert Workers), by four small person icons, and Tier 3, \\\"Macrotasks\\\" (Expert Workers), by a single large person icon. Arrows indicate \\\"Escalation to Human in the loop\\\" from Tier 1 to Tier 2 and Tier 2 to Tier 3, with corresponding feedback loops labeled \\\"Improve automation\\\" and \\\"Improve workflow.\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,682,745,715],\"text\":\"Figure 1: A three-tier architecture for handling tasks.\\n(From [7], with permission.)\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,722,746,840],\"text\":\"The architecture of calendar.help is shown in Figure 1 ,\\nfrom Cranshaw et al. [7] Analysis of microtasks that take\\nexpert humans minutes to carry out (Tier 3) is undertaken\\nto decompose them into a workflow of microtasks that\\ncan be executed manually in seconds by non-expert\\nworkers (Tier 2). When possible, microtasks are\\nautomated (Tier 1).\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,920,275,934],\"text\":\"$^{4}$ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_(virtual_assistant)\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,920,506,934],\"text\":\"$^{5}$ https://www.247.ai/\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 209\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/results/markdown/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300439/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300439", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/results/output_json/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[68,90,395,224],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A diagram illustrates a system featuring a central Dialogue Manager of a Bot interacting with a User and a Human Worker. The Bot engages in Bot-User Interaction and Reinforcement Learning with the User, and exchanges Suggestions and Human Worker Feedback with the Human Worker, supporting Online Learning. Worker-User Interaction also occurs directly, and Supervised Learning is indicated as part of the system.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,228,342,245],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Co-Chat framework. Adapted from [20] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,251,395,335],\"text\":\"Luo et al. [20] uses a similar approach for Co-Chat, a\\nsystem that can support multiple tasks (Figure 2 ). In `How\\nto build human/bot hybrid customer service' Kalvainen\\n[15] provides a more detailed architecture but writes little\\nabout the development process.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,342,395,494],\"text\":\"Georgia Tech deployed a virtual teaching assistant for\\nan online master's degree course in 2016 [21] . Built on the\\nIBM Watson platform and deployed without an indication\\nthat \\\"Jill Watson\\\" was a bot, it performed reasonably well,\\nalthough less well the next semester when students knew\\nthe teaching team likely included a chatbot. (It actually\\nincluded two.) Like other human in the loop systems, Jill\\nWatson calculated a confidence level for responses and\\npassed difficult queries to human teaching assistants.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,501,395,602],\"text\":\"It is not surprising that service-oriented chatbots would\\ngravitate toward bot-human partnerships. Tiered response\\nis integral to many customer service processes that rely on\\nhumans. The first tier answers the phone and tries to\\nhandle your inquiry, but if unlikely to succeed, may\\nescalate your call to a more expert tier.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,610,395,677],\"text\":\"This is good news for those worried about job loss due\\nto automation. The software may be a junior partner that\\nshifts many tasks to people. We get some work done for\\nus and we help the bots grow.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,702,282,718],\"text\":\"8 IMPLICATIONS FOR DESIGN\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,723,395,806],\"text\":\"After plunging from the peak of inflated expectations to\\nthe trough of disillusionment, it can be difficult to discuss\\nexperiences. But lessons have been learned that can be\\napplied before, during, and after chatbot development, one\\nof which is to look hard to find lessons learned!\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,813,395,949],\"text\":\"Planning . Teams should assess possible platforms and\\ntools, which have different strengths. Inspect examples of\\nbots built with each. Some that work well for a small\\nchatbot, such as an FAQ, do not scale up. We have seen\\nprojects reach a point where extensions to improve the\\nbot degraded its performance. Learn how to use the tools.\\nFor example, a common approach is to identify intents\\n(user goals) and create responses for each, then enter\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,99,746,149],\"text\":\"examples of user queries or utterances that correspond to\\neach intent. The optimal number and type of examples to\\ngenerate can be counterintuitive.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,156,747,375],\"text\":\"Personality. Personality can increase engagement,\\nwhich is a key goal of task-focused chatbots, but it raises\\nexpectations significantly. It is common to ask a new\\nacquaintance questions, and a bot with personality must\\nbe ready to field personal questions, whether polite,\\nplayful, or mischievous. Robotic responses or shutdowns\\nare undesirable but to respond meaningfully expands the\\ndesign task dramatically. Some chatbots beat a hasty\\nretreat from personality. For example, \\\"Casey the UPS\\nBot\\\" was released with fanfare in 2016, but after some\\nwithering reviews was replaced by a \\\"UPS virtual\\nassistant\\\" that sits namelessly alongside keyword search\\nand other customer service tools.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,383,747,517],\"text\":\"Personality is especially salient for virtual companions\\nthat aim for extended conversations. The lack of memory\\nfor past conversations and no persistent model of an\\nindividual over time becomes a personality trait that can\\nannoy users. Chronic amnesias feature in amusing film\\ncomedies, but ultimately it can be tiresome to explain\\nyourself repeatedly to a virtual companion who is\\notherwise congenial.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,524,747,709],\"text\":\"Task difficulty. Chatbot developers often marvel at\\nhow difficult seemingly simple tasks such as booking a\\ndinner reservation prove to be. Determine in advance\\nwhat will be involved. Do not be misled by competitors\\nwho may secretly employ humbots to carry out tasks. If\\nan existing app does do the job, examine it closely.\\nShadow people carrying out the tasks, paying special\\nattention to exceptions to the routine that are encountered\\nand how they are addressed. Decide early whether your\\nuse scenarios and business model could work if a human\\nmust be added to handle difficult cases.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,717,747,918],\"text\":\"Use context. Will the bot be accessed primarily by\\nphone? How forgiving of occasional speech recognition\\nerrors can it be? This can guide the selection of voice or\\ntyping. A display alternative that can greatly simplify an\\nexchange by constraining options is to present a handful\\nof cheerful text bubbles. Another approach that has been\\nused is to engage users in a discussion around a viewed\\nobject, such as a catalog page or a restaurant menu, with\\nthe conversation on the side but items ordered via the\\napplication. This provides terminology, constrains\\noptions, and is more flexible than a sequential climb up a\\nbranching tree.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 209\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300439/results/markdown/3290605-3300439_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300441/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300441", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/results/output_json/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,39,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[97,117,719,184],\"text\":\"Drag:on – A Virtual Reality Controller Providing\\nHaptic Feedback Based on Drag and Weight Shift\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[85,203,400,278],\"text\":\"André Zenner\\n\\nGerman Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI)\\nSaarland Informatics Campus\\nSaarbrücken, Germany\\nandre.zenner@dfki.de\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[414,203,729,280],\"text\":\"Antonio Krüger\\nGerman Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI)\\nSaarland Informatics Campus\\nSaarbrücken, Germany\\nkrueger@dfki.de\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_006.png\",\"bbox\":[64,298,749,439],\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A hand holds a device with two black, pleated fan-like components. The sequence of five panels shows these components transitioning from a fully closed position, to fully open, and then to various partially open and closed configurations. A black cord extends from the device's handle.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,445,747,507],\"text\":\"Figure 1: The five states of our shape-changing haptic VR controller Dragon investigated in our user study. a) shows the device\\nstate $S_{closed}$ with minimal surface area. When increasing its surface area symmetrically as shown in b) $(S_{haly})$ and c) $(S_{fuel})$ ,\\nthe controller adapts its drag and mass distribution to provide different haptic sensations during VR interaction. If opened\\nasymmetrically on the d) left $(S_{left})$ or e) right $(S_{right})$ side, torque is induced when moving the controller.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,512,141,528],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,533,395,758],\"text\":\"Standard controllers for virtual reality (VR) lack sophisticated\\nmeans to convey a realistic, kinesthetic impression of size,\\nresistance or inertia. We present the concept and implemen-\\ntation of Dragon , an ungrounded shape-changing VR con-\\ntroller that provides dynamic passive haptic feedback based\\non drag, i.e. air resistance, and weight shift. Dragon leverages\\nthe airflow occurring at the controller during interaction. By\\ndynamically adjusting its surface area, the controller changes\\nthe drag and rotational inertia felt by the user. In a user study,\\nwe found that Dragon can provide distinguishable levels of\\nhaptic feedback. Our prototype increases the haptic realism\\nin VR compared to standard controllers and when rotated\\nor swung improves the perception of virtual resistance. By\\nthis, Dragon provides haptic feedback suitable for rendering\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,515,746,546],\"text\":\"different virtual mechanical resistances, virtual gas streams,\\nand virtual objects differing in scale, material and fill state.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,558,525,576],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,580,746,613],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Virtual reality; Hap-\\ntic devices; User studies.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,627,502,644],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,649,746,680],\"text\":\"Haptic virtual reality controller, dynamic passive haptic feed-\\nback, shape-changing devices, air resistance feedback\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,692,554,707],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,708,747,780],\"text\":\"André Zemner and Antonio Krüger. 1919. Dragon – A Virtual Real-\\nity Controller Providing Haptic Feedback Based on Drag and Weight\\nShift. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Pro-\\nceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK . ACM, New\\nYork, NY, USA, 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300441\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,804,549,822],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,826,747,954],\"text\":\"The core concept of virtual reality (VR) is the multisen-\\nsory stimulation of the user, which makes it possible to\\nfeel present in immersive virtual environments (VEs). When\\nexperiencing the real world, humans rely heavily on their\\nvisual, auditory and haptic senses. While head-mounted dis-\\nplays (HMDs) and headphones enable users to perceive VEs\\nvisually and auditorily in immersive ways, VR systems to-\\nday only provide very limited haptic impressions. Consumer\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,778,394,898],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nalso be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@em.org.\\nCHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,899,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,925,266,954],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4603-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3200605.3300441\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,125,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 211\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/results/markdown/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300441/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300441", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/results/output_json/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,205],\"text\":\"systems with lightweight hand-held controllers primarily of-\\nfer vibrotactile feedback. These controllers, however, cannot\\nprovide different kinesthetic impressions such as the feeling\\nof weight, resistance or inertia — haptic impressions that we\\nexpect and rely on when interacting with real environments.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,205,394,331],\"text\":\"Research in the past investigated different approaches\\nto haptics in VR [20, 39, 47] . Recent research especially fo-\\ncused on techniques that can be integrated in hand-held\\ncontrollers [12, 19, 40, 45, 47] . Many of them transform the\\ncontroller such that users perceive different haptic impres-\\nsions when interacting with it, e.g. by altering the mass\\ndistribution [23, 34, 47] , the sensation at the fingertip [4, 45]\\nor a physical connection between two controllers [40] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,332,395,538],\"text\":\"In this paper, we propose a novel concept for providing\\nhaptics to VR, introducing a combination of air resistance and\\nweight shift as a means of generating haptic feedback. We\\npresent a novel shape-changing VR controller called Dragon\\nwhich leverages the airflow that occurs at the controller\\nduring VR interaction to provide a range of different haptic\\nsensations. For this, Dragon can self-transform while the\\nuser interacts in VR, to increase or decrease its surface area\\nand to adapt its mass distribution. The controller provides\\ndynamic passive haptic feedback [47] , i.e. it uses actuators\\nonly to change the physical configuration of the device. By\\nthis, the device adapts to the virtual interaction and changes\\nhow it feels when moved through the air.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,538,394,619],\"text\":\"We introduce the underlying haptic feedback concept and\\nour low-cost and mechanically simple prototype. Further, we\\npresent a user evaluation in which we studied how Dragon's\\nhaptic feedback can enhance the perception of virtual inter-\\nactions in five VR scenarios. Our main contributions are:\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[81,649,395,859],\"text\":\"(1) The introduction of a novel concept of shape-changing\\nVR controllers that provide dynamic passive haptic\\nfeedback based on air resistance and weight shift.\\n(2) Our Dragon prototype — the implementation of this\\nshape-changing VR controller concept.\\n(3) An evaluation comprising five VR scenarios, in which\\nwe study how users perceive Dragon 's haptic feedback\\nand how it compares to the haptics provided by an\\nequivalent passive prop, and by state-of-the-art HTC\\nVive controllers [13] .\\n(4) Basic recommendations for the application of drag and\\nweight-shift-based controllers such as Dragon and the\\ndesign of suitable VR experiences.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,889,394,955],\"text\":\"In the following sections we review related work, intro-\\nduce the concept and implementation of Dragon , and present\\nour user study. We then discuss our findings and potential\\napplication areas, and reflect on future research directions.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,123,550,139],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,143,746,177],\"text\":\"This section briefly reviews approaches to haptics in VR,\\nhaptic VR controllers and air-based haptic feedback concepts.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,194,667,211],\"text\":\"Approaches to Haptics in Virtual Reality\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,214,747,485],\"text\":\"Haptic feedback concepts for VR can be categorized into\\nactive [39] , passive [20] , and mixed haptics [47] . In active\\napproaches, computer-controlled actuators exert forces on\\nthe user during operation [39] , e.g. through grounded hap-\\ntic devices [27, 44] , lightweight vibrotactile actuators [10] ,\\nactuated pin arrays [4, 36] , skin stretch mechanisms [29] ,\\nbody-worn electrical muscle stimulators [25, 26] , or glove or\\nexoskeleton-based systems [5, 11, 18] . While providing flexi-\\nble feedback, a major limitation of many active approaches\\nis their complexity, limited mobility or limited workspace.\\nPassive haptic feedback (abbreviated PHF in the following),\\nin contrast, does not involve any actuation to provide haptic\\nimpressions [20] . Instead, physical props in the real envi-\\nronment provide tangibility to virtual objects [35] . PHF is a\\nlow-complexity approach that can provide highly realistic\\nhaptic feedback when suitable props are provided. Being\\npassive, however, it suffers from its general inflexibility.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,485,747,740],\"text\":\"To combine the strengths of active and passive haptics,\\nresearchers presented several mixed approaches. Cheng et\\nal. [6, 7, 9] explored how actuators can be substituted by\\nhuman actuation. Techniques like robotic graphics [2, 28, 43]\\nleverage robotic actuation to present passive props to the VR\\nuser. Dynamic passive haptic feedback (abbreviated DPHF\\nin the following) is another class of mixed haptics [47] . It\\nis of crucial relevance for our work, as the prototype we\\npresent falls into this class of haptic devices for VR. DPHF\\ndevices are props equipped with actuators. Unlike traditional\\nactive haptic devices, however, the actuators are not used to\\nactively render forces on the user, but to transform the prop\\nitself in order to change how it feels. This enables a single\\nprop to provide different passive haptic impressions before\\nand after transformations, i.e. the prop physically adjusts to\\nvirtual objects and interactions.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,740,747,853],\"text\":\"Besides these approaches, techniques exist that heavily\\nrely on visualization. In pseudo-haptics [14, 30] , visual feed-\\nback is used to trigger haptic perceptions. Other concepts\\nlike redirected touching [22] and haptic retargeting [3, 8]\\nmake use of the visual dominance effect [17] by warping\\nthe virtual space or the user's hand to modify how users\\napproach and touch physical props.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,868,650,886],\"text\":\"Haptic Controllers for Virtual Reality\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,889,747,955],\"text\":\"While expensive large-scale haptic interfaces with limited\\nworkspace are inappropriate in many everyday contexts,\\nhand-held underground VR controllers represent a practical\\ncompromise. Consumer devices today, like the HTC Vive\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 211\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/results/markdown/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300441/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300441", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/results/output_json/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,506],\"text\":\"controllers [13] , however, only provide very limited vibro-\\ntactile stimuli and always feel very lightweight. As such they\\nare unable to render kinesthetic effects, e.g. virtual weight,\\nresistance or inertia, in a realistic way. Recent research in-\\nvestigated how VR controllers can provide more realistic and\\nimmersive haptic feedback, while still being ungrounded.\\nWhittle et al.'s Haptic Revolver [45] , for example, provides\\nsensations at the fingertip by rotating a wheel carrying tex-\\nture samples or interactive elements underneath the user's\\nindex finger. Benko et al.'s [4] haptic controllers use a tiltable\\nplatform and an actuated pin array underneath the finger\\npad to convey the height, orientation, texture and shape of\\nvirtual surfaces. Choi et al. explored several ways to provide\\nrealistic haptics for touching, grasping, lifting and press-\\ning virtual objects with Wolverine [11] , Grabity [10] and\\nCLAW [12] . Other controllers provide kinesthetic percep-\\ntions, like Zenner and Krüger's weight-shifting VR controller\\nShifty [47] , or Shigeyama et al.'s Transcalibur [34] . These con-\\ntrollers can render impressions of different virtual weights,\\nsizes and shapes. Krekhov et al. [23] explored how such\\ncontrollers can enhance player experiences in games. Apart\\nfrom individual controllers, the Haptic Links by Strasnick et\\nal. [40] connect two commodity VR controllers to enhance\\nthe haptics of two-handed interactions.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,506,394,554],\"text\":\"With Dragon , we introduce the first DPHF controller that\\ncombines inertial adjustments with an intentional utilization\\nof air resistance to produce kinesthetic sensations.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,566,237,583],\"text\":\"Air-Based Haptic Feedback\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,586,395,746],\"text\":\"A variety of approaches to air-based haptic feedback ex-\\nist. The AIRREAL [38] , for example, shoots air vortices onto\\nthe user's skin to produce tactile sensations. Romano and\\nKuchenbecker's AirWind [32] produces kinesthetic haptic\\nfeedback based on air jet actuation. Rietzler et al. presented\\nVaIR [31] , a head-worn device for haptic airflow simulation.\\nOther devices provide ungrounded force feedback through\\npropeller propulsion used to generate thrust. Examples are\\nHeo et al.'s [19] VR controller Thor's Hammer , Je et al.'s [21]\\nWindBlaster and Sasaki et al.'s [33] LevioPole .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,746,394,857],\"text\":\"Most related to our work is the concept investigated by\\nSuzuki et al. [41, 42] . In their air jet driven system, users\\ncarry paddle-like objects, called air receivers. Nozzles at the\\nlocation of virtual objects in the real environment release air\\nstreams when the paddle makes contact with a virtual object.\\nCarrying the air receiver, the user feels the impacting air on\\nthe receiver as a soft contact force.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,858,395,954],\"text\":\"In contrast to our approach, however, existing air-based\\nhaptic feedback typically relies on powered propellers with\\nhigh energy requirements or air jet actuation, requiring com-\\npressed air or air compressors to render forces. Our approach\\nworks without any of these, leveraging solely the airflow\\nthat occurs at the controller during VR interactions.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[419,120,747,275],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A person wearing a VR headset and headphones holds a fan-like, semi-circular device in their outstretched hand. In panel (a), a horizontal red arrow passes through the device, with cyan arrows indicating rotation around this axis. In panel (b), a cyan arrow points inward towards the hand on the device, while a long red arrow extends vertically upwards from the person's head.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,286,747,363],\"text\":\"Figure 2: The two investigated types of interaction with\\nthe movement direction (blue), the rotational axis (red) and\\nthe motion (black lines) highlighted. a) rotational move-\\nments (rolling the controller) and b) translational move-\\nments (swinging the controller).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,390,721,406],\"text\":\"3 DRAG:ON - CONCEPT & IMPLEMENTATION\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,409,746,458],\"text\":\"We introduce the concept of a shape-changing VR controller\\nproviding haptic feedback based on drag and inertia. With\\nDragon we further present a first implementation thereof.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,471,579,488],\"text\":\"Haptic Feedback Concept\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,490,746,570],\"text\":\"During many VR interactions, users swing, drag, throw or\\nrotate virtual objects. In this context, rotational and trans-\\nlational motions of the controller (see Figure 2 ) are central.\\nDuring such motions, an air stream forms at the device as\\nthe user pushes its resisting surface through the air.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,571,746,682],\"text\":\"The central idea underlying Dragon 's DPHF is to adjust\\nthis surface area to produce different sensations of resistance\\nwhen the controller is moved. Instead of simulating constant\\nforces in a 1-to-1 manner, Dragon leverages the motions of\\nthe user to provide resistance impressions that vary with\\nvelocity. Through immersive visualizations, the dominant\\nimpact of vision is used to bridge visual-haptic mismatches.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,682,747,955],\"text\":\"As shape-changing objects are well suited to complement\\nthe simulation of virtual objects [1] , our controller trans-\\nforms its shape to adjust its surface area at runtime. De-\\npending on the implementation of the shape change, this\\nentails secondary physical effects. To additionally make use\\nof such, we opted for a design with foldable surfaces, i.e.\\nfans, a form factor that has also been focus of research on\\nfoldable displays [24] . Our decision was based on two main\\nconsiderations: 1) a fan-based design is mechanically simple,\\nlow-cost and easy to replicate, and 2) in addition to drag, it\\nallows to leverage inertial changes, which was shown to be\\nsuitable for providing kinesthetic haptics in VR [16, 34, 47] .\\nIn our design, surface area is increased or decreased (Figure 1 ,\\na to c) by opening or closing two fans symmetrically on the\\nleft and right side of the controller. Additionally, our device\\ncan control the surface areas on both sides individually. In-\\ncreasing the area only on one side of the device (Figure 1 , d\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 211\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/results/markdown/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300441/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300441", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/results/output_json/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,172],\"text\":\"and e) can induce torque. This torque rotates the controller\\nin the user's wrist during motion and allows for rendering\\nof asymmetric forces and differences in resistance.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,172,394,315],\"text\":\"Apart from drag, also the mass distribution of the object\\nchanges when opening or closing the fans, affecting the iner-\\ntial response of the controller when rolling or swinging it. By\\nopening the fans as shown in Figure 2 a), the moment of iner-\\ntia $I_{roll}$ , i.e. the rotational resistance when rolling the device\\nabout the longitudinal axis (indicated in red), increases as\\nmass is moved away from the axis. This supports and ampli-\\nfies the resistance feedback felt when rolling the controller\\nwith the wrist, in addition to the increased drag.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,316,394,476],\"text\":\"In contrast, when considering swinging the controller as\\nshown in Figure 2 b), opened fans lead to mass being moved\\ntowards the swing-axis (indicated in red) passing through\\nthe user's shoulder. This reduces the corresponding rota-\\ntional inertia $I_{swing}$ and acts against our intended effect of\\nincreased resistance. It is not a practical limitation, though,\\nas the relative change of $I_{swing}$ when opening or closing the\\nfans is much lower than the relative change of $I_{roll}$ . As a sim-\\nplifying assumption, we thus regard swinging the controller\\nas translation in the following.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,476,394,651],\"text\":\"Finally, a shape change of the controller will also affect\\nthe drag coefficient of the device. In the presented imple-\\nmentation, opening the fans leads to reduced rigidity of the\\nstructure, which in turn leads to the controller bending in\\nthe airflow at higher motion speeds. While such bent shapes\\nmake the device more aerodynamic, the increase in surface\\narea which is caused by the shape change remains the factor\\ndominating the felt drag force in our design. Our evaluation\\nwill show that in practice, the drag feedback of our con-\\ntroller can produce the desired impressions despite these\\ntwo counteracting effects.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,651,394,747],\"text\":\"Assuming a device with two adjusting fans, such as our\\nprototype, the physical state of the device can be described by\\na tuple $S = (open_{left}, open_{right})$ , given by the percentage of\\nopening of the left and right fan. While such a device can take\\nany state $S \\\\in [0, 100] \\\\times [0, 100]$ , we focus our investigation\\non the five states defined in Table 1 and shown in Figure 1 .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,761,345,779],\"text\":\"Implementation of the Dragon VR controller\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,782,394,847],\"text\":\"In the following we present Dragon : the simple, low-cost\\nand easily reproducible implementation we used for study-\\ning the presented concept. Our device is not a definitive\\nimplementation, but rather one of many imaginable designs.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,857,394,954],\"text\":\"Hardware. The 3D rendering in Figure 3 shows the main\\ncomponents of the Dragon device. The controller consists\\nof a wooden base with a screwed-on custom-designed 3D-\\nprinted mount to attach the HTC Vive tracker. In addition,\\na 3D-printed grip holds a small pushbutton attached with\\na rubber band. The location of this button can be adjusted\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,286,746,557],\"text\":\"to account for the handedness of the user. The actuation\\nmechanism depicted in Figure 4 b) is located at the top end\\nof the controller. On both sides of the controller, we fixed an\\nMG996R servo motor using custom 3D-printed parts. Each\\nservo actuates a 3D-printed arm attached to the topmost\\nlayer of a commercially available flamenco hand fan. The\\nfans are 31cm long and made out of wood and fabric, as\\ncan be seen in Figure 1 . The bottommost layer of the fan is\\nrigidly attached to a 3D-printed support structure, pointing\\naway from the user. By actuating the servo, the arm opens or\\ncloses the fan. Figure 4 b) shows a servo and an actuated arm\\nopening a fan. To allow for unconstrained movements, the\\nmaximum opening angle of the right fan is slightly limited\\nto leave enough space for the user's arm (see Table 2 ). In\\norder to ensure comfortable interaction with the device, we\\ndesigned the prototype to concentrate its mass close to the\\nuser's hand to minimize its overall moment of inertia.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[451,122,714,137],\"text\":\"Table 1: Drag:on Prototype - Investigated States\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[423,151,744,264],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>State</td><td>$open_{left}(\\\\%)$</td><td>$open_{right}(\\\\%)$</td><td>Area</td><td>Figure 1</td></tr><tr><td>$S_{closed}$</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>320cm²</td><td>a)</td></tr><tr><td>$S_{half}$</td><td>50</td><td>50</td><td>1320cm²</td><td>b)</td></tr><tr><td>$S_{full}$</td><td>100</td><td>100</td><td>2400cm²</td><td>c)</td></tr><tr><td>$S_{left}$</td><td>100</td><td>0</td><td>1410cm²</td><td>d)</td></tr><tr><td>$S_{right}$</td><td>0</td><td>100</td><td>1250cm²</td><td>e)</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table presents five distinct states: S_closed, S_half, S_full, S_left, and S_right. For each state, the table provides values for \\\"open_left(%)\\\", \\\"open_right(%)\\\", \\\"Area\\\" in cm², and a corresponding \\\"Figure 1\\\" reference (a through e).\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_3_tab_12.png\"},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,558,746,718],\"text\":\"Figure 4 a) shows the final prototype with its main system\\ncomponents. The device is connected to a controller box con-\\ntaining an Arduino Nano microcontroller and the necessary\\ncircuits. An external power adapter connects to this box to\\nprovide 7.6V to the motors. The Arduino interfaces with the\\nPC via USB serial communication (115200 baud). Table 2 sum-\\nmarizes the technical data of the Dragon prototype with the\\nHTC Vive tracker attached. The surface area referred to in\\nTable 1 and Table 2 is the area of its orthographic projection\\non a plane parallel to the fans, i.e. the area visible in Figure 1 .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_014.png\",\"bbox\":[422,765,732,906],\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A 3D rendering depicts a black and gray device with labeled components, including two fans, a servo motor, and an actuated arm. The device has a long body with a button and connects to an HTC Vive Tracker at its far end.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[450,931,715,949],\"text\":\"Figure 3: 3D rendering of the Dragon prototype.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,125,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 211\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/results/markdown/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300441/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300441", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/results/output_json/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[109,122,352,138],\"text\":\"Table 2: Drag:on Prototype — Technical Data\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[90,153,371,386],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td rowspan=\\\"3\\\">Fan Angle</td><td>min.</td><td>5°</td></tr><tr><td>max. left</td><td>152.5°</td></tr><tr><td>max. right</td><td>132.5°</td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\">Area</td><td>min. ($S_{closed}$)</td><td>320cm²</td></tr><tr><td>max. ($S_{full}$)</td><td>2400cm²</td></tr><tr><td>Time ($S_{closed} \\\\rightarrow S_{full}$)</td><td>total</td><td>570ms</td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\">Power Consumption</td><td>idle</td><td>0.23W</td></tr><tr><td>peak</td><td>6.84W</td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\">Length</td><td>fan</td><td>31cm</td></tr><tr><td>total</td><td>54cm</td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\">Weight</td><td>fans</td><td>2 $\\\\times$ 75g</td></tr><tr><td>total</td><td>598g</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table presents technical specifications for a device, listing data for fan angle, area, transition time, power consumption, length, and weight. Each category includes detailed measurements such as minimum and maximum values, idle and peak consumption, or individual component weights.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_4_tab_3.png\"},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,426,394,468],\"text\":\"As Table 2 shows, Dragon can increase its surface area by\\nup to $\\\\frac{A(S_{full}) - A(S_{closed})}{A(S_{closed})} = \\\\frac{2400m^2 - 320cm^2}{320cm^2} = 650\\\\%$ in 570ms.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,475,394,682],\"text\":\"Software. The software stack of Dragon involves two central\\ncomponents, depicted in green in the architecture overview\\nin Figure 5 . The C++ software controlling the device runs\\non the Arduino Nano. It forwards button state changes to\\nthe VR system and controls the servo motors upon reception\\nof transformation commands. The Arduino uses a simple\\ncustom protocol to communicate with the VR system on the\\nPC via USB serial connection. The second main component\\nis the C# interface script for the Unity 3D engine. This script\\nhandles serial communication with the controller and imple-\\nments convenient functions to control the state of the device.\\nWith these functions, the VE logic can send transformation\\ncommands to the Dragon and receive button state changes.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_006.png\",\"bbox\":[70,715,395,866],\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A two-panel figure presents an electronic device setup. Panel a) shows a control box labeled \\\"Dragon\\\" connected via gray cables to a stand-mounted apparatus and a power adapter. Panel b) provides a close-up of the apparatus, revealing a segmented, fan-like structure being held by a hand, with an arrow indicating a rotational movement on a joint with an embedded motor.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,875,394,949],\"text\":\"Figure 4: a) Dragon system components. The Dragon is con-\\nnected with a long cable to a box holding the microcontroller\\nand circuits. The box connects to the PC via USB. Motor\\npower is provided by an external power adapter. b) a servo\\nmotor and connected arm opening a fan.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,124,528,139],\"text\":\"4 EVALUATION\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,143,746,241],\"text\":\"We conducted a user study with $N = 18$ (14 m, 4 f) volunteer\\nparticipants aged between 21 and 33 years ( $Mdn = 27$ ,\\n$SD = 3$ ). All had normal or corrected-to-normal vision and\\n15 were right-handed. In 2 parts, we studied how a haptic\\nVR controller providing combined drag and inertial feedback\\ncan enhance the user's perception of VEs.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,241,746,303],\"text\":\"The first part investigated how the DHHP of our controller\\nis perceived in three different interactive VR scenarios. We\\ncompared different states of Dragon to test if they can pro-\\nvide distinguishable levels of haptic feedback.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,304,746,398],\"text\":\"The second part studied the two types of interaction intro-\\nduced in Figure 2 , i.e. rotating and translating the controller,\\nin two additional VR scenarios individually. Here, in addi-\\ntion to comparing different Dragon states, we compared\\nthe DPFH of Dragon on to a VPH baseline and the vibrotactile\\nfeedback of standard HTC VIVE controllers.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,399,747,686],\"text\":\"The experiment was approved by the ethical review board\\nof our faculty. It took place in a quiet lab environment and\\nwas carried out with our Dragon prototype and an HTC\\nVive HMD, trackers and controllers; it was implemented\\nwith the Unity 3D engine. Participants stood in the center of\\nthe tracking area and had enough space to freely swing the\\ncontroller. To dampen the sound of the servos, participants\\nwore over-ear headphones with which they could hear the\\ninteractions and background sounds of the VE. To further\\nexclude effects due to users perceiving servo noise or vibra-\\ntions, we implemented an obfuscation mechanism to create\\nrandom transformation noise each time Dragon was sup-\\nposed to change state. Whenever instructed to transform to\\na target state $S$ , our controller first transformed to a random\\nstate $S' \\\\in [0, 100] \\\\times [0, 100]$ before transforming to $S$ . This ef-\\nfectively doubled the transformation time up to $1140ms$ . In\\nthe study, however, this did not introduce significant delays\\nas Dragon only transformed in between user interactions.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_013.png\",\"bbox\":[419,707,746,878],\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This block diagram illustrates the hardware and software architecture of a system comprising a \\\"Drag:on\\\" device, a \\\"Drag:on Controller Box,\\\" and a \\\"PC.\\\" The Drag:on device contains servo motors, a button, and an HTC Vive Tracker, all connected to the Controller Box which houses Dragon Firmware (Arduino Nano). The Controller Box communicates with the PC via USB, where Unity handles the Drag:on Interface Script, VE Logic, and interacts with SteamVR for tracking data.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,889,746,949],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Overview of the software architecture of the\\nDragon system. Sensors and actuators are colored in gray,\\nsoftware in blue, and the two main software components of\\nDragon are highlighted in green.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 211\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/results/markdown/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300441/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300441", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/results/output_json/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,125,267,141],\"text\":\"Experiment Procedure & Design\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,144,395,352],\"text\":\"Before starting, participants were briefed by reading through\\na prepared document explaining the five scenarios of the\\nstudy. They were intentionally not informed about the con-\\ntrollers interacted with and the Dragon prototype was hid-\\nden from them until the end of the study. At the beginning\\nof each scenario, participants could become familiar with the\\ninteraction and their task by performing a short training trial.\\nWe recorded their responses only after completion of the\\ntraining trial. Upon completion of the last scenario, partici-\\npants filled in the post-study questionnaires (SUS presence\\nquestionnaire [37] , demographics and additional questions).\\nThe experiment ended with a short verbal debriefing and\\ntook ca. 95min per participant.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,351,395,511],\"text\":\"The study was designed as a within-subjects experiment.\\nThe order of scenarios in part 1 ( Scale , Material , Flow ) was\\ncounterbalanced by a 6x3 Williams design latin square (LS)\\n[46] , with the 9 trials in each scenario counterbalanced by\\na 18x9 LS. In part 2, 9 participants experienced the Wagon\\nscenario after Ratchet , while for all others, this was reversed.\\nThe order of the 3 haptic conditions ( DPFE , PHF , LIVE ) tested\\nin Wagon and Ratchet was counterbalanced by a 6x3 LS.\\nWithin each haptic condition, participants performed 9 trials\\n(3 levels of feedback, each 3x), counterbalanced by a 18x9 LS.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,524,284,540],\"text\":\"Part 1 — Comparing Drag:on States\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,543,396,912],\"text\":\"The first part of the study compared the Dragon states intro-\\nduced in Table 1 in the three VR scenarios Scale , Material and\\nFlow . In all these scenarios, participants were immersed in a\\nvirtual factory environment, holding the Dragon prototype\\nin their dominant hand and a secondary HTC Vive controller\\nin their other hand. When a trial started, Dragon transformed\\nto the state associated with that trial (independent variable),\\nwith active obfuscation. Dragon then remained in this state\\nuntil the beginning of the next trial. In each trial, participants\\ninteracted with a virtual object ( Scale , Material ) or environ-\\nment ( Flow ). The task of the participants in each scenario\\nwas to freely explore the haptic response of the object in their\\nhand ( Scale , Material ) or the environment ( Flow ) to get a feel\\nfor it. They were free to do so by swinging the controller\\n(in all 3 scenarios) or rotating it (only in Scale and Material ).\\nTheir task was then to adjust the VR visualization of the\\nvirtual object or environment until it matched their haptic\\nimpression best. For this, in all three scenarios, a simple user\\ninterface (UI) was displayed on the secondary controller that\\nallowed participants to adapt the visualization of the objects\\nor environment interacted with. By pressing a button on\\nthe controller, participants could record their best-matching\\nconfigurations (dependent variables).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,921,395,956],\"text\":\"Scenario 1 - Scale. The Scale scenario (S) compared the states\\n$S_{loaded}$, $S_{hold}$, and $S_{run}$, and investigated our hypothesis:\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[419,118,749,370],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image displays a comparison between a virtual reality (VR) scene and a physical interaction setup. The left panels (a and c) show a VR environment with wooden planks and signs casting shadows on paved ground, where the size of the plank changes. The right panels (b and d) show a person's arm and hand holding a VR controller, which has a collapsible fan-like attachment that is shown both closed and expanded.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,378,746,424],\"text\":\"Figure 6: Scale scenario: a) the avg. scale (1.33) associated\\nwith b) the state $S_{closed}$ is significantly smaller than c) the\\navg. scale (2.38) associated with d) $S_{fall}$ .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[433,445,746,478],\"text\":\"— H-S: Users associate different Dragon states with differ-\\nent virtual object sizes.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,479,746,543],\"text\":\"For this, participants interacted with a virtual wooden sign\\nas shown in Figure 6 . With the UI on the secondary controller,\\nthey could scale the sign up or down in the scaling range\\n$[1,3]$ , and record their selected best-matching scale.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,549,746,585],\"text\":\"Scenario 2 – Material. The Material scenario (M) compared\\n$S_{l,lossed}$ , $S_{half}$ , and $S_{full}$ to test our hypothesis:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[433,586,745,618],\"text\":\"— H-M: Users associate different Dragon states with dif-\\nferent virtual object materials.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,620,747,717],\"text\":\"Participants interacted with a virtual shovel as shown\\nin Figure 7 a) and could change its material. Using the UI\\non the secondary controller, they could select and record\\ntheir best-matching material from a set of three materials\\nthat visually implied different weights (lightweight plastic,\\nmedium-heavy wood, heavy metal).\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,724,746,804],\"text\":\"Scenario 3 - Flow. The Flow scenario (F) explored how asym-\\nmetric drag-based haptics, especially in comparison to sym-\\nmetric feedback, can enhance the perception of environmen-\\ntal elements like virtual gas flows. For this, we explored $S_{left}$ ,\\n$S_{right}$ and $S_{right}$ to test hypothesis:\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[433,805,746,839],\"text\":\"— H-F: Users associate different Dragon states with differ-\\nent virtual gas flow distributions.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,841,747,954],\"text\":\"Participants interacted with a virtual paddle and faced an\\nupper and lower gas stream, released through two pipes in\\nfront, as shown in Figure 8 a) and c). Their task was to swing\\nthe paddle horizontally through both gas streams towards the\\npipes (as illustrated by the arrow) to feel which of the streams\\nis stronger, or if both are equally strong. Using the UI on\\nthe secondary controller, they could adjust the visualization\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 211\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/results/markdown/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300441/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300441", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/results/output_json/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,43,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[70,123,744,251],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A three-panel digital illustration displays elements from a virtual environment. The left panel shows construction tools including shovels, a pickaxe, and a jackhammer with labels like \\\"Wooden Signs\\\" and \\\"Shovels\\\". The middle panel presents an interface with three vertical tubes filled with various spheres and granular material, alongside selection buttons labeled \\\"AIR,\\\" \\\"PLASTIC,\\\" and \\\"ROCKS.\\\" The right panel features a wheelbarrow filled with granular material, positioned on tracks in a paved outdoor setting.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,264,746,295],\"text\":\"Figure 7: Participant views of the Material, Ratchet and Wagon scenarios. The participant (a) selected a wooden Material for\\nthe shovel, (b) is supposed to lift the plastic balls with the corresponding Ratchet and (c) is about to move a half-filled Wagon .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[70,313,393,553],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays a user interacting with a virtual environment using a physical controller. Panels (a) and (c) show virtual smoke streams (pink and blue) being deflected by a flat virtual paddle, with percentages indicating the distribution of the streams. Panels (b) and (d) show a person wearing a VR headset holding a physical, fan-like controller, whose orientation corresponds to the virtual paddle in the respective virtual scenes.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,571,394,617],\"text\":\"Figure 8: Flow scenario: a) the avg. relative upper gas flow\\n(66%) associated with b) $S_{right}$ is significantly stronger than\\nc) the avg. relative upper flow (31%) associated with d) $S_{left}$ .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,640,394,737],\"text\":\"of the streams and configure the relative stream strengths\\nthat they perceived as best-matching. For this, they could\\ndistribute a total power of 100 % between the two streams.\\nThe relative upper gas flow strength of their selected best-\\nmatching configuration was recorded. We accounted for the\\nhandedness of participants by adapting the VE accordingly.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,748,176,766],\"text\":\"Part 1 - Findings\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,769,395,866],\"text\":\"We investigate the effect of the tested Drag on states on the\\ndependent variables of each scenario. For multiple compar-\\nisons, we performed non-parametric Friedman tests with\\npairwise post-hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and applied a\\nBonferroni-Holm correction. Significant results of pairwise\\ntests are indicated in the referenced charts ( $\\\\alpha = .05$ ).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,873,395,955],\"text\":\"Results. Figure 9 shows the main results of the Scale, Ma-\\nterial and Flow scenarios. Friedman tests found significant\\neffects $x^2(2) = 32.11, p < .001$ of Dragon state on perceived object scale ( ), and on perceived relative upper gas flow\\nstrength $(x^4(2) = 36, p < .001)$ . Post-hoc analysis revealed a\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,316,747,493],\"text\":\"significant difference in mean perceived object scale and up-\\nper gas flow strength for all pairwise comparisons of $S_{dashed}$ ,\\n$S_{half}$ and $S_{full}$ in Scale , and of $S_{left}$ , $S_{full}$ and $S_{right}$ in Flow\\n(all $p < .001$ ). To evaluate the Material scenario, we com-\\nputed the average probability of selecting a material as \\\"best-\\nmatching\\\" for each state and tested within each state for\\ndifferences, as well as across states individually for each\\nmaterial. Friedman tests confirmed material probabilities to\\ndiffer significantly within each state, as well as across states\\n(all $p \\\\leq .009$ ). The probabilities and the results of the pairwise\\ncomparisons can be seen in the second chart in Figure 9 .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,504,748,807],\"text\":\"Discussion. The results show that the haptic responses of\\nthe tested Dragon states are distinguishable. Dragon can\\nsuccessfully convey different object scales (here, of wooden\\nsigns — as illustrated in Figure 6 ) and the (dis)equilibrium of\\nenvironmental effects like gas streams, given corresponding\\nvisual feedback. The comparison of $S_{Left}$ , $S_{Right}$ and $S_{Full}$\\nshown in Figure 9 suggests that asymmetric states are suit-\\nable to convey relative resistance differences, especially in\\nconjunction with symmetric states representing the absence\\nof such. Our findings thus confirm H-S and H-F . Concern-\\ning material perceptions, with each of the tested Dragon\\nstates, a different material was associated most often. The\\nresults indicate that $S_{closed}$ is suitable to convey relatively\\nlightweight materials like plastic. $S_{Full}$ is associated with\\nrather heavy materials like wood or metal, and $S_{half}$ can be\\nused to render materials of intermediate weight (like plastic\\nor wood). Comparing, for example, the results for $S_{closed}$ and\\n$S_{Full}$ , it can be seen that different states are indeed associated\\nwith different materials — confirming H-M .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,823,721,841],\"text\":\"Part 2 — Comparing Haptic Feedback Techniques\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,845,746,876],\"text\":\"The second part of our study investigated rotational (Ratchet\\nscenario) and translational motions (Wagon scenario).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,888,747,954],\"text\":\"Scenario 4 — Ratchet. The Ratchet scenario studied how\\nDragon can render mechanical resistance felt when turning\\nratchets. Participants stood in front of the interaction panel\\nshown in Figure 7 b), facing three glass containers filled with\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 211\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/results/markdown/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300441/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300441", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/results/output_json/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[64,119,747,279],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A multi-panel figure presents four bar charts with error bars. The charts display \\\"Avg. Perceived Object Scale,\\\" \\\"Avg. Prob. of Perception\\\" for different materials, \\\"Avg. Perceived Up. Flow,\\\" and \\\"Avg. Haptic Realism\\\" across various conditions and feedback types. Comparisons between groups, including statistical significance indicated by asterisks, are shown.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,291,746,353],\"text\":\"Figure 9: From left to right: Scale chart plotting perceived virtual object scale. Material chart showing perception probabilities\\nfor the different materials. Flow chart illustrating perceived relative strength of the upper gas stream. Tested Dragon states on\\nthe x-axis. The rightmost chart shows the haptic realism experienced in the DPIF, PIHF and VIVE conditions in part 2 of our\\nstudy. Brackets indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05); p < 0.01 ( * ). Error bars show 95 % confidence intervals.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,373,394,453],\"text\":\"air, plastic balls, and rocks. By turning the ratchet beneath\\na container with a rotational movement as shown in Fig-\\nure 2 a), the corresponding content could be lifted up. The\\ntask of the participants was to lift each material three times\\nand the material to lift next was indicated by a spotlight.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,471,394,600],\"text\":\"Scenario 5 – Wagon. The Wagon scenario investigated how\\nDragon can render the weight felt when moving wagons\\nin the VE. Here, participants had to move a virtual wagon\\nas shown in Figure 7 c) along rails from right to left and\\nback again by grasping, swinging (as shown in Figure 2 b)\\nand releasing it with the controller. The wagon was visually\\neither empty, half-filled, or completely filled with sand, and\\neach fill state was experienced three times.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,618,395,954],\"text\":\"Scenario 4 & Scenario 5. Both scenarios compared the haptic\\nperception of $S_{closed}$, $S_{half}$ and $S_{full}$ as in part 1, and addi-\\ntionally compared Dragon 's DPHF to a PHF baseline and\\nthe vibrotactile feedback of HTC Vive controllers. Each of\\nthe scenarios was experienced once with each haptic tech-\\nnique (DHPF, PHF, VIVE). In DHPF conditions, the different\\nratchets and fill states of the wagons were mapped to the\\ntested states (air/empty $\\\\rightarrow$ $S_{closed}$, plastic/half-filled $\\\\rightarrow$ $S_{half}$;\\nrocks/full $\\\\rightarrow$ $S_{full}$) and Dragon transformed to them when\\ngrasping the ratchet or wagon. In PHF conditions, partici-\\npants also interacted with Dragon , which here only trans-\\nformed for obfuscation and always returned to $S_{closed}$ for\\neach ratchet and wagon — providing the feedback of an\\nequivalent passive prop during interaction. In VIVE condi-\\ntions, users interacted with an HTC Vive controller instead of\\nDragon , providing different vibration patterns, implemented\\nwith the SteamVR Interaction System for Unity (SteamVR-\\nhaptic racks; air/empty $\\\\rightarrow$ [64 pulses, each 1 ms], plastic/half-\\nfilled $\\\\rightarrow$ [128 pulses, each 2.5ms], rocks/full $\\\\rightarrow$ [256 pulses,\\neach 4ms]). The visual-haptic feedback combination repre-\\nsents the independent variable.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,373,747,500],\"text\":\"After each interaction, participants were asked about the\\nresistance (Ratchet) or weight (Wagon) experienced during\\ninteraction on a 1-to-7 Likert scale (1 = very low resistance\\n/ very lightweight; 7 = very high resistance / very heavy).\\nWhen completing a scenario with a haptic feedback tech-\\nnique, participants also rated the haptic realism (1 = not at\\nall realistic; 7 = highly realistic). Perceived resistance, weight,\\nand haptic realism represent the dependent variables.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,500,746,531],\"text\":\"For the Ratchet (R) and Wagon (W) scenarios, we tested for\\neach haptic technique (DPHE, PHF, LIVE) the hypothesis:\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[432,535,746,570],\"text\":\"→ H -Scenario→Haptic Technique: Users perceive\\ndifferent resistances/weights of the ratchets/wagons.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,575,664,592],\"text\":\"We further hypothesized for both scenarios:\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[432,597,748,677],\"text\":\"→ H-<Scenario->Range: The range of resistances/weights\\nconveyed with DPHF is greater than with PHF and VIVE.\\n→ H-<Scenario->Realism: Users perceive the DPHF ren-\\ndering of resistances/weights as more realistic than PHF\\nand VIVE.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,698,529,715],\"text\":\"Part 2 — Findings\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,718,746,750],\"text\":\"We applied the same test procedures as in part 1 to investigate\\nour hypotheses.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,761,747,955],\"text\":\"Results. Friedman tests showed perceived resistance and\\nweight to vary significantly 1) with the visual-haptic impres-\\nsion of the ratchets and wagons for DPHF (both p < .001),\\nPHF (both p ≤ .036) and VIVE (both p ≤ .007); and 2) with\\nthe haptic technique for air/empty, plastic/half-filled and\\nrocks/full (all p < .001). Significant results of the pairwise\\ncomparisons are indicated in Figure 10 presenting the results\\nof both scenarios. The rightmost chart in Figure 9 depicts a\\ncomparison of the haptic realism of the different feedback\\ntechniques. Friedman tests also found a significant effect of\\nfeedback technique on haptic realism and range of feedback\\nprovided (Figure 10 ) for Ratchet and Wagon (all p < .001).\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 211\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300441/results/markdown/3290605-3300441_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300442/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300442", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/results/output_json/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[86,117,728,183],\"text\":\"ForceRay: Extending Thumb Reach via Force Input\\nStabilizes Device Grip for Mobile Touch Input\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[204,201,612,263],\"text\":\"Christian Corsten, Marcel Lahaye, Jan Borchers, and Simon Voelker\\n\\nRWTH Aachen University\\nAachen, Germany\\nlastname@cs.rwth-aachen.de\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_005.png\",\"bbox\":[67,291,743,474],\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image illustrates a force-touch gesture on a smartphone displaying a grid of photos, where a finger presses and drags across the screen. Below the smartphone sequence, a line graph depicts the applied force over time, showing an increase past a \\\"Force Touch Threshold,\\\" sustained force during the drag, and a decrease as the interaction concludes, resulting in multiple selected photos.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,485,747,604],\"text\":\"Figure 1: The user wants to tap the button in the top left corner of her smartphone screen to select all images at once. Reaching\\nthis button, however, is hardly possible without changing the device grip, which leads to increased device motion and thus is\\nlikely to result in a device drop. The ForceRay interaction technique addresses this reachability issue without destabilizing the\\ndevice grip: (a) When the user applies a force touch on the screen, a ray is displayed that extends the user's thumb reach to\\nthe opposing screen edge. (b) The user drags her thumb to reposition the ray until it crosses the desired target. (c) To reach the\\nbutton, the user increases her force to move the red cursor along the ray. The cursor automatically highlights the first selectable\\ntarget, an image, on the ray. The more force is applied, the farther the cursor moves along the ray, always highlighting the\\nunderlying target. (d) At maximum force, the \\\"Select All\\\" button is reached. (e) Lifting the thumb triggers the button.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,610,141,627],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,630,395,759],\"text\":\"Smartphones are used predominantly one-handed, using the\\nthumb for input. Many smartphones, however, have grown\\nbeyond 5\\\". Users cannot tap everywhere on these screens\\nwithout destabilizing their grip. ForceRay (FR) lets users aim\\nat an out-of-reach target by applying a force touch at a com-\\nfortable thumb location, casting a virtual ray towards the\\ntarget. Varying pressure moves a cursor along the ray. When\\nreaching the target, quickly lifting the thumb selects it. In\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,610,747,723],\"text\":\"a first study. FR was 195 ms slower and had a 3 % higher\\nselection error than the best existing technique, BezelCursor\\n(BC), but FR caused significantly less device movement than\\nall other techniques, letting users maintain a steady grip and\\nremoving their concerns about device drops. A second study\\nshowed that an hour of training speeds up both BC and FR,\\nand that both are equally fast for targets at the screen border.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,739,524,756],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[421,760,716,777],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Gestural input;\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,792,502,809],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,813,728,830],\"text\":\"Touch; force; pressure; mobile; one-handed; reachability\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,847,554,862],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,863,747,950],\"text\":\"Christian Corsten, Marcel Lahaye, Jan Borchers, and Simon Voelker.\\n2019. ForceRay: Extending Thumb Reach via Force Input Stabilizes\\nDevice Grip for Mobile Touch Input. In CHI Conference on Human\\nFactors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019) . May 4–9, 2019,\\nGlasgow, Scotland UK. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 12 pages. https:\\n//doi.org/10.1145/3299665.3300442\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,777,394,883],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,884,274,896],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,898,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,925,265,938],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,940,244,951],\"text\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300442\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 212\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/results/markdown/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300442/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300442", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/results/output_json/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,124,197,139],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,144,394,398],\"text\":\"Smartphone touchscreens have been growing in size [16] ,\\nfrom 3.5\\\" in Apple's original iPhone from 2007 to 6.5\\\" in their\\ncurrent iPhone Xs Max, for example. While larger screens\\ncan show more content at a time, they are a mixed blessing\\nfor touch input: Users tend to interact with their smartphones\\nusing a single hand, whether due to user preference [3, 20]\\nor because the other hand is holding a coffee cup, carrying a\\nbag, or holding on during a train ride. This leaves the thumb\\nas the only finger to interact with the touchscreen [25] . This\\nway, however, the user cannot comfortably reach all parts of\\nthe screen unless she re-graps the device, which is inconve-\\nnient and takes time. Most critically, re-grasping destabilizes\\nthe device grip and causes increased device motion. This\\nmakes users feel insecure in holding their device [13, 15] and\\ncan lead to accidental drops, breaking the screen or other\\ncomponents. This out-of-reach area grows with screen size.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,399,393,479],\"text\":\"Industry and HCI research have proposed several ways to\\nmitigate this reachability issue (see Related Work), but these\\napproaches require explicit mode switching, allow using\\nonly a small part of the screen for interaction, or still cause\\nsignificant device motion while selecting targets.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,479,394,718],\"text\":\"We present ForceRay (FR), a reachability technique that\\naddresses these issues. It uses the force sensing touchscreen\\nfound in recent smartphones. When the user applies a force\\ntouch with her thumb on the touchscreen, a ray appears\\nthat points from the lower screen corner under her palm\\nthrough her thumb's touch position to the opposite edge of\\nthe screen (Fig. 1 ). If necessary, she can roll her thumb left or\\nright to fine-tune the direction of the ray so that it crosses\\nthe intended target. Along this virtual thumb extension, she\\ncontrols a cursor: The more force she applies, the further\\nthe cursor moves away from the thumb. If the cursor exits a\\ntarget, the next target along the ray is highlighted automat-\\nically. To select it, the user quickly lifts her thumb off the\\nscreen. To cancel instead, she reduces her force below the\\nforce touch activation threshold before lifting the finger.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,719,393,846],\"text\":\"FR is a \\\"quasi-mode\\\" [37] : It is active only while the user\\nis consciously maintaining her force touch, thus avoids con-\\nfusing and time-consuming mode switching through other\\nexplicit input gestures. Furthermore, it benefits natural, er-\\ngonomic thumb movement that enables the user to maintain\\na stable device grip. FR's design scales to different screen\\nsizes and form factors, and makes it especially fast to select\\ntargets at screen borders by simply applying maximum force.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,846,394,942],\"text\":\"Thus, the key contribution of this paper is the FR interac-\\ntion technique that extends thumb reach via force input to\\nenable selection of out-of-reach targets with a steady device\\ngrip. In the remainder of this paper, we first review related\\nwork before describing the design and implementation of\\nFR. To validate FR, we present two user studies: Study 1\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,747,283],\"text\":\"compared FR to standard direct touch input and three ex-\\nisting reachability techniques: the One-Handed Mode , found\\nin Android devices, that downscales and moves the screen\\ntowards the user's thumb, MagStick [39] , and BezelCursor\\n(BC) [29] . Among all, FR significantly caused the least device\\nmotion. Study 2 showed that an hour of training sped up FR\\nselection time and that users selected far targets at the screen\\nborder as fast as the fastest candidate from Study 1, BC, with\\n96 % selection accuracy. We close with recommendations to\\naddress reachability issues for one-handed touchscreen use.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,294,550,311],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,316,746,348],\"text\":\"FR addresses reachability and force input techniques, both\\non mobile devices. We discuss the related work successively.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,359,572,377],\"text\":\"Reachability Techniques\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,380,746,476],\"text\":\"Probably the most straightforward approach is to constrain\\nthe UI layout to just the comfort region of the thumb. With\\nthis in mind, Bergstrom et al. [2] built a model that predicts\\nwhere the user's thumb can reach. However, this limits the\\nspace for interactive elements to a constant area in one screen\\ncorner, ignoring the extra available space beyond.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,476,746,603],\"text\":\"To survey solutions that address reachability for Uls laid\\nout on the entire screen, Chang et al. [7] constructed a design\\nspace that classifies interactions by their trigger and targeting\\nmechanisms. Trigger mechanisms look at how the technique\\nis activated, and targeting mechanisms address how a target\\nis selected. The latter distinguish between techniques that\\napply a screen transform , provide a proxy region , and use a\\ncursor to select a target. We follow this useful taxonomy.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,603,747,922],\"text\":\"Screen Transform Techniques. Smartphone manufac-\\nturers embed such techniques in the mobile OS. In iOS,\\ndouble-tapping the Home button or swiping down across\\nthe bottom screen edge slides the screen half down, but this\\nleaves targets on the far side opposite of the thumb unreach-\\nable. Samsung's One-Handed Mode shrinks the entire screen\\nto be close to the thumb when triple-tapping the Home but-\\nton or sliding from the corner. TiltReduction [7] shrinks the\\nscreen likewise when tilting the device. Sliding Screen [26]\\nmoves the screen diagonally towards the thumb, and is ei-\\nther triggered by swiping or by generating a large touch\\nfootprint. TiltSlide [7] works similarly, but is activated by\\ntilting the device. MovingScreen [45] also moves the screen\\nto the thumb, depending on how far the user swipes from the\\nscreen edge. Le et al. [28] trigger the same effect by sliding\\nthe index finger across a touchpad at the back of the device\\n(BoD). Löchfeld et al. [31] detect which hand unlocked the\\ndevice to shift the UI towards that hand. Eardley et al. [13, 14]\\npresent several adaptive UI concepts, e.g., a keyboard that\\nshifts to the user's thumb when the device is tilted sideways.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,922,746,954],\"text\":\"All these techniques, however, either omit parts of the UI\\nand thus hide context information, or shrink targets, making\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 212\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/results/markdown/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300442/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300442", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/results/output_json/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,172],\"text\":\"targets more difficult to hit, or need hardware modifications,\\nor they use tilt, which is prone to overshooting and makes\\nreading the screen difficult at certain angles [42] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,172,394,364],\"text\":\"Proxy Region Techniques. TapTap [39] magnifies a part\\nof the screen around the thumb's touch location in a pop-up\\nview. ThumbSpace [23, 24] uses a similar concept but here,\\nthe view represents the entire screen, making targets very\\nsmall and difficult to hit. Both techniques do not scale well\\nto large form factors and their proxy views occlude a part\\nof the screen. Hasan et al. [19] proposed the mid-air space\\nbetween thumb and touchscreen as proxy region. Löchtefeld\\net al. [30] used a BoD touchpad to reach upper targets with\\nthe index finger from behind. Such proxy region extends\\nthe thumb's reach by 15 % [50] . However, these techniques\\nrequire hardware modifications.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,364,395,809],\"text\":\"Cursor Techniques. TiltCursor [7] lets users drag an ac-\\ncelerated cursor with the thumb and is triggered by tilting.\\nBezierCursor [29] is similar but activated by swiping from\\nthe bezel, which overwrites system-wide triggers, e.g., for\\nopening the phone's control panel. ExtendedThumb [27] is\\ntriggered by a double tap and — similar to BezelCursor [29] —\\nextends the thumb with a cursor whose offset increases with\\ndragging speed. Extensible Cursor [26] is similar but steers\\nthe cursor opposite to where the user drags her thumb. Mag-\\nStick [39] also uses this opposite dragging mechanism to\\navoid occluding the target with the thumb and is triggered\\nwhen pressing on the screen. However, the swiping that\\nthese techniques require, can lead to grip instability when\\nthe thumb is moved beyond its comfort region. 2D-Dragger\\n[44] solves this problem by stepping through UI elements\\nby tiny swipe gestures, which, however, is tedious and time-\\nconsuming. CornerSpace and BezelSpace [51] also require\\nonly little thumb movement to reach targets at screen corners\\nand edges and are triggered by a bezel swipe: BezelSpace lets\\nthe user control a cursor like an extended finger tip though\\na proxy region. CornerSpace initially places a remote cursor\\nat corners to access them quickly and allows for selecting\\nnearby targets through dragging with automatic snapping.\\nHowever, these techniques make selection of other targets\\nless accurate. Dual-Surface Input [49] uses a BoD touchpad\\nwith an absolute mapping to select screen targets by tap-\\nping with the index finger at the BoD. Yet, like other BoD\\nsolutions, hardware modifications are needed.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,821,214,839],\"text\":\"Force Input Techniques\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,841,394,954],\"text\":\"Force adds a third dimension to touch. Davidson et al. [12]\\nand Qiu et al. [35] use force to move objects along the z-\\ndimension on the touchscreen. Apple's 3D Touch [22] uses\\nforce as a modifier to pop up context menus. Boring et al.\\n[3] use the thumb's contact size as simulated force to tog-\\ngle panning and zooming on a smartphone. Goel et al. [17]\\ndiscriminate three levels of simulated force from gyroscope\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,348],\"text\":\"readings when the user is pressing against the touchscreen\\nwhile the smartphone vibration motor is pulsed. Brewster\\net al. [4] use a force modifier to conveniently type upper-\\ncase letters, and ForceBoard [52] maps force intensity to\\ncharacter selection to type on a smartphone keyboard while\\nlooking at a distant screen. ForceEdge [1] maps force to the\\nvelocity of scrolling though long lists. For smaller lists and\\nmenus, force is typically mapped directly to selectable val-\\nues. This way, users can control six to ten items on a 3–10 N\\npressure range with visual feedback in a stationary context\\n[6, 32, 33, 43, 48] . Other examples control such menus from\\nthe bezel [32, 41, 42, 46] or BoD [9] with the fingers grasping\\nthe device. Hence, force input keeps hand and fingers in\\nplace to enable a stable device grip.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,349,746,381],\"text\":\"None of these solutions exploited force input benefits to\\nsolve reachability issued for one-handed smartphone use.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,391,719,407],\"text\":\"3 THE FORCERAY INTERACTION TECHNIQUE\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,411,746,619],\"text\":\"ForceRay (FR) follows a simple sequence of small interaction\\nsteps: When the user places her thumb on the touchscreen\\nwithout applying significant force, FR is inactive. Once the\\nuser starts applying force and crosses a resting threshold\\n(this is known as a force touch ), FR is activated as long as the\\nuser maintains force above that threshold. Upon activation,\\na ray is displayed that virtually extends the user's thumb\\nto the opposing screen edge (Fig. 1 a). The ray's placement\\nis determined by the touch location and a reference point\\nthat represents the thumb's carpometacarpal (CMC) joint\\nlocation. This is the joint around which the user rotates her\\nthumb to steer the ray, and is approximately located in the\\nlower right (left) screen corner for right (left) handed users.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,619,746,906],\"text\":\"Usually, the user will initiate the ray at a point that makes\\nthe ray already go through the intended target. If she misses,\\nshe can simply move her thumb to the left or right to repo-\\nsition the ray until it intersects with the target (Fig. 1 b – c).\\nWith the ray comes a cursor that the user controls via force\\ninput to highlight any target that intersects with the ray. The\\nmore force is applied, the farther the cursor moves upwards\\non the ray towards the opposite screen edge (Fig. 1 c – d);\\nreducing the force makes the cursor move downwards again.\\nTo make this mapping consistent, i.e., have the same change\\nin force always result in the same cursor travel distance, FR\\nmaps the available force range between force threshold and\\nmaximum sensible force to the length of the touchscreen\\ndiagonal, which is the longest possible ray length. A force\\nmapping that always maps the same force to the same value,\\nknown as positional control , is often applied to force input\\n(e.g., [48] ) and allows for instant corrections to over- and\\nundershoots by simply decreasing or increasing the force.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,906,745,954],\"text\":\"Mathematically, FR's cursor position is a polar coordinate\\n$(r, \\\\Phi)$; $\\\\Phi$ is the distance to the CMC reference point, and $\\\\Phi$ is\\nthe angle between the lower screen edge and the ray.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 212\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/results/markdown/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300442/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300442", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/results/output_json/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,410],\"text\":\"To make target highlighting more efficient, FR does not\\nrequire the user to move the cursor precisely onto the target:\\nSince the targets the ray crosses follow a defined sequence in\\nwhich the cursor will reach them, the next target can already\\nbe highlighted before actually entering it (Fig. 1 c-d). In ad-\\ndition, the segment to the first target on the ray is associated\\nwith the first target, and the ray segment beyond the last\\ntarget is associated with the last target. Such virtual cursor\\nenlargement is similar to the idea behind techniques like\\nBubble Cursor [18] or DynaSpot [8] . Cursor enlargement\\nnot only speeds up the highlighting process, but also avoids\\ninvalid selections. To finally select the highlighted target, the\\nuser quickly lifts her thumb (Fig. 1 e). This selection mecha-\\nnism, also known as Quick Release , is a common technique\\nto confirm a selection with force input (e.g., [4, 10, 36, 48] ). If,\\nhowever, the user wants to cancel without selecting a target,\\nshe reduces force until it is below the force touch threshold\\nand then lifts her thumb.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,410,395,635],\"text\":\"FR has three key benefits: Scalability . It scales to arbi-\\ntrary mobile screen sizes since all targets can be reached\\nfrom within the functional area of the thumb, given that the\\nforce sensor is strong enough such that the user can select\\neach target on the ray. Efficiency . Independent from the\\nscreen size, FR makes selection of targets located at corners\\nand edges efficient: applying maximum possible force imme-\\ndiately highlights the most distant target crossed by the ray.\\nThe iOS back button located in the upper left screen corner\\nis an apt example illustrating this benefit: it is notoriously\\nhard to reach with one-handed input otherwise, but becomes\\nvery quick and easy to select with FR. Visibility . With FR,\\nthe user does not occlude content of interest with her thumb,\\nsince only the thumb's functional area is partially occluded.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,646,338,662],\"text\":\"4 STUDY 1: REACHABILITY TECHNIQUES\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,665,395,890],\"text\":\"To understand how FR compares to the state of the art, we\\nconducted a user study with 15 participants (21–33 years,\\n$M = 25.73$ , $SD = 3.31$ ; two female; all right-handed; thumb\\nlength: $M = 75.87$ mm, $SD = 7.12$ mm). They were all smart-\\nphone users (screen size: $M = 5.36$ , $SD = .46$ ). We compared\\nFR to One-Handed Mode (OM, similar to Samsung s), Mag-\\nStick (MS) [39] , and BezelCursor (BC) [29] to cover a good\\nvariety of techniques: OM is a common commercial solution,\\nMS is one of the first mobile reachability techniques and of-\\nten compared to by other papers, and BC is well scalable. We\\nadded Direct Touch (DT) input as baseline. We asked users\\nto select targets with their thumb on a mobile touchscreen\\nusing each of these techniques while holding the device in\\ntheir right hand in portrait orientation.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,901,270,918],\"text\":\"Apparatus, Techniques, and Task\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,921,395,954],\"text\":\"We used an iPhone 6S Plus to present the task to our users and\\nto capture data. For our implementation of FR, we used the\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,317],\"text\":\"force readings provided by the force-sensitive touchscreen.\\nAccording to Apple's documentation [21] , the force sensor\\nAPI delivers unitless force values between 0 and $\\\\frac{480}{72} \\\\approx 6.67$ in\\nsteps of $\\\\frac{1}{32}$ , with force sensitivity set to \\\"firm.\\\" Values around\\n1.0 should be interpreted as an ordinary touch: higher values\\nas intentional force input. Although Apple does not state\\nhow these values translate to Newtons, experiments [34]\\nsuggest a 4 N range and a linear transfer function. Although\\nFR combines dragging while exerting force, friction is low\\ndue to the small 4 N force range and the smoothness of\\nthe touchscreen glass surface. The iPhone screen measured\\n736x414 pt. For iPhone 6S/7R Plus, 1 pt $\\\\approx$ 16 mm.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,329,747,520],\"text\":\"Techniques. One-Handed Mode (OM) mimics Samsung's\\nreachability technique: by default, it downscales the UI to\\n2/3 of its original size and moves it to the lower right corner\\n(Fig. 2 , center). Unlike Samsung's trigger that is either a\\nswipe from the corner or a triple tap on the Home button, we\\nchose iOS' double tap gesture for activation: Swiping could\\nhave been confounding with BC's trigger, and pilot tests\\nrevealed that users found triple taps confusing to perform.\\nSince the iOS SDK does not notify about touch events on the\\nHome button, users instead double-tapped directly above\\nthe Home button on a pink button on the touchscreen. The\\nUI shrinking and movement animation duration was 265 ms.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,520,747,663],\"text\":\"MagStick (MS) [39] is triggered by force-touching on the\\nscreen using the same threshold as used for FR. To highlight\\na target, the user drags her thumb, which displays a line\\nthat grows into the opposite direction of where the thumb\\nis moved. The line has two components of the same length,\\nwith the center located at where the thumb was initially\\nplaced. When the upper component gets within 5 mm of a\\ntarget, it is highlighted, and the line snaps to its center as if\\nmagnetized. Lifting off the thumb selects the target.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,663,747,839],\"text\":\"BezelCursor (BC) [29] is triggered by swiping from the\\nbezel towards the touchscreen. This displays a line that grows\\nlinearly by a factor of three in the direction of the thumb.\\nThe end of the line has a circular cursor that expands ex-\\nponentially up to 7.3 mm depending on how fast the user\\nswipes her thumb. This area cursor is equivalent to DynaSpot\\n[8] , and shrinks co-exponentially when swiping acceleration\\nfalls below $2\\\\frac{mm}{s^2}$ . When a target is intersected by the cursor,\\nit is highlighted. When multiple targets are crossed, the tar-\\nget with the smallest distance from its center to the cursor\\nlocation is chosen. Lifting off the thumb selects the target.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,839,746,952],\"text\":\"ForceRay (FR) implements the interaction design de-\\nscribed earlier. We set the force touch threshold to 1.33 units,\\nwhich is significantly higher than an ordinary touch. We\\nimplemented the Quick Release mechanism for confirming\\nthe selection of a highlighted target as described in [10] us-\\ning the default parameters. Pilot testing, however, revealed\\nthat these did not fit all users, leading to increased selection\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 212\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/results/markdown/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300442/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300442", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/results/output_json/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,460],\"text\":\"errors. We followed [10] to determine individual timing pa-\\nrameters by calibration trials upfront ( $M = 48-224$ ms before\\ncomplete thumb lift-off, $SD = 32-48$ ms). Pilot testing also\\noptimized the CMC reference point placement to 3.2 mm\\naway from the right and bottom of the screen; putting it\\nexactly in the lower right corner would not allow users to\\ncomfortable move the ray to the right edge. For mapping\\nthe force input to the cursor position ( $C_{pos}$ ) on the ray, we\\nfirst used a linear transfer function as suggested by [43], but\\nusers tended to overshoot targets. Therefore, we designed a\\nlogarithmic transfer function whose slope decreased from\\n50% to 25% from force touch threshold to maximum sensible\\nforce: $C_{pos}(F_{rel}) = (\\\\frac{1}{2} \\\\ln F_{rel} + \\\\frac{1}{3}) + .0893 \\\\cdot s + \\\\delta$ , where $F_{rel}$\\nis the relative force ranging from force touch threshold to\\nmaximum sensible force, $s$ denotes a scaling factor for the\\nscreen size, and $\\\\delta$ represents the distance from the ray origin\\nto where the cursor should start on the ray. For our setup, we\\nset $s = 1.852$ pt and $\\\\delta = 248$ pt minus the dynamic distance\\nfrom the thumb's touch location to the CMC reference point.\\nFurthermore, to reduce ray and cursor jitter, we filtered touch\\nlocation and force using the 16 Filter [5] ( $\\\\alpha = .1$ ).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,466,395,755],\"text\":\"Targets. Targets were arranged on an invisible 60×10 grid\\n(Fig. 2 ) across an area of 414×730 pt; each cell measured\\n69×73 pt. The bottom 414×6 pt of the screen was excluded\\nto obtain cell sizes with whole numbers. We centered targets\\nat the cells and added distractors to other cells. As in [23] ,\\ndistractors were not centered to avoid a regular-looking ar-\\nrangement. Since reachability techniques are only meant to\\nreplace direct touch input for targets that are out of reach,\\ndistractors close to the thumb (bottom right 4×5 cells) were\\nnot selectable. Participants were informed about this and a\\nslight brighter background subtly visualized the exact area.\\nFor all techniques, lines were drawn in white, the target to se-\\nlect in blue, the cursor in red, and the border of a highlighted\\ntarget in green. Hence, when the blue target was highlighted\\nby the green border, the user should lift her thumb. After a\\ntarget was selected, the next trial was shown automatically\\nafter 500 ms. For OM, the UI was automatically shifted back\\nright before showing the next trial.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,761,394,890],\"text\":\"Variables. Independent Variables were Technique ECHINECE (DT,\\nOM, MS, BC, and FR) Target ARGET , that split our twelve targets\\n(Fig. 2 ) into two groups: targets $1$ , $4$ , $6$ , $19$ , $37$ , and $55$ located at\\nthe Border of the screen vs. the remaining six targets rather\\nlocated at the Center, and their corresponding Size IZE (small:\\n$30\\\\times30$ pt ( $4.8\\\\times4.8$ mm) and large: $60\\\\times60$ pt ( $9.6\\\\times9.6$ mm).\\nSizeize represented typical UI widget sizes, like the height of a\\nbutton ( $30$ pt) or an app icon ( $60$ pt) on the iOS Home Screen.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,890,395,954],\"text\":\"We recorded 5 Technique with 12 targets x 2 Size x 2 repeti-\\ntions = 240 trials per user. Technique was counter-balanced\\nusing a Latin Square. Targets were randomized. Scales was also\\nrandomized, but we ensured that each user started testing a\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,633,746,777],\"text\":\"new Technique about 50 % of the time with small vs. large\\ntargets first. When users were presented a new Technique,\\nthey familiarized themselves with the Technique before per-\\nforming four test trials for the given target Size. They then\\nselected the twelve targets, repeated two times, followed by\\nthe remaining Size for the current Technique, again starting\\nwith four test trials. After all 12 $\\\\times$ 2 trials were performed,\\nthe next Technique was presented. Including test trials, each\\nuser did 280 trials in approximately 45 minutes.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_007.png\",\"bbox\":[417,113,751,403],\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This multi-panel figure displays several grids of varying-sized orange squares on a dark background. The largest panel on the left features a diagonal white line intersecting a red dot, numerous white numerical labels (e.g., 1, 19, 55), and a \\\"FR\\\" label in a white circle. The smaller panels on the right show similar grids, some with light blue highlights, and contain labels \\\"OM\\\" and \\\"BC\\\" in white circles.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,414,747,622],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Targets (numbered) and distractors arranged on\\nan invisible 6×10 grid. FR: layout for the large target Size\\ncondition. The user is aiming for the blue target that is\\ncrossed by the ForceRay . Currently, the target with the green\\nborder is selected since it is the next target on the ray be-\\nyond the cursor. OM (miniaturized): Target layout for the\\nsmall target Size condition. Top: Full layout before double-\\ntapping the virtual home button (pink). Bottom: UI down-\\nscaled by 2/3 after double-tapping the pink button. BC: The\\nuser is selecting the blue target with BezelCursor . The red\\ndot visualizes the cursor position that is enlarged by the con-\\ncentric white circle (DynaSpot area cursor). Targets in the\\nlower right area (brighter background) were not selectable,\\nsince here, targets are directly accessible by the thumb.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,777,746,954],\"text\":\"Dependent Variables were trial completion Time [ms],\\nusers' Success [0,1], i.e., whether they selected the correct\\ntarget or not, and the Gesture Footprint caused by the touches\\non the screen to capture up to where users had to move their\\nthumb. To quantify device motion and grip stability as in\\n[13, 15] , Rotation captured device rotation [°] around x-,\\ny-, and z-axis at 60 Hz. After each Technique , users were\\nasked how much they agreed to (i) that they had to regularly\\nchange their device grip before acquiring a target, (ii) that\\nthey maintained a stable grip while selecting a target, and\\n(iii) that the Technique was easy to apply on a 7-point Likert\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 212\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/results/markdown/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300442/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300442", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/results/output_json/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,157],\"text\":\"scale (7 = totally agree). At the end, users were asked to rank\\nall Techniques by preference from highest (1) to lowest (5).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,167,116,184],\"text\":\"Results\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,189,395,347],\"text\":\"Since we were interested in how users' performance is dif-\\nferent depending on the Technicra used, we will focus\\nour analysis on this main effect and related interaction ef-\\nfects. We conducted a repeated-measures ANOVA on the log-\\ntransformed Time data. For the dichotomous Success data,\\nwe ran McNemar and Cochran's Q tests. For the analysis\\nof Rotation data we followed [13, 15] by summing up the\\nabsolute angles of device motion change around each axis\\nand ran repeated-measures ANOVAs on the log-transformed\\ndata. Likert scale data was compared using Friedman tests.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,348,395,538],\"text\":\"TECHNIQUE had a significant main effect on Time ($F_{4,1565}$\\n= 348.95, $p < .001$). Tukey HSD post hoc pairwise comparisons\\nwere all significant ( $p < .001$) except between OM and MS\\n(Fig. 3, left). As expected, users were fastest with DT (1,153\\nms), followed by BC, for which they needed $\\\\approx$ 324 ms longer.\\nFR was the third fastest TECHNIQUE, yet less than $\\\\approx$ 200 ms\\nslower than BC. OM and MS were close to 2,000 ms. There\\nwas also a TECHNIQUE $\\\\times$ TARGET interaction effect ($F_{4,1565}$\\n= 39.02, $p < .001$). Fig. 4 (top) list the Tukey HSD post hoc test\\nresults. For each TECHNIQUE except FR, users needed signifi-\\ncantly more time to select Border targets compared to Center\\ntargets. For FR, on the contrary, this was reversed.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,538,395,746],\"text\":\"TECHNIQUE had a significant main effect on Success ( Q(4)\\n= 81.02, p < .001, Fig. 3, right). Post hoc tests revealed that\\nSuccess for BC was significantly higher compared to all other\\nTECHNIQUES except FR. Furthermore, FR and DT yielded\\nsignificantly higher Success than OM and MS. There was also\\na TECHNIQUE $\\\\times$ SSIZE interaction effect ( Q(9) = 201.30, p < .001).\\nFig. 4 (bottom) shows the results from the post hoc tests. For\\nsmall targets, BC yielded significantly higher Success than\\nDT, OM, and MS, and FR had significantly higher Success\\nthan OM and DT. For large targets, MS had significantly\\nlower Success than all other TECHNIQUES. Only for DT, there\\nwas a significant difference for Success comparing both SIZES:\\nSmall targets had 11 % lower Success than large targets.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,746,395,954],\"text\":\"TECHNIQUE had a significant main effect on Rotation\\naround the x- (F$_{4,3566} = 995.81, p < .001$ ), y- (F$_{4,3566} = 778.61, p$\\n< .001), and z-axis (F$_{4,3566} = 563.33, p < .001$ ). For the y- and z-\\naxis, Tukey HSD post hoc tests revealed that all Techniques\\nwere significantly different from each other (Fig. 5 ). For the y- and\\nz-axis, post hoc tests revealed that differences between DT\\nand OM and between BC and MS were non-significant. All\\nother pairwise comparisons were significantly different (all:\\np < .001). In summary, for each angle, FR always caused the\\nfewest device movement. There were also TECHNIQUES $\\\\times$ TAR-\\nGET interaction effects for the x-axis (F$_{4,3566} = 4.30, p = .002$ )\\nand for the y-axis (F$_{4,3566} = 4.52, p = .001$ ). Fig. 6 lists the\\nresults from the Tukey HSD post hoc tests. In general, for\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,841,745,888],\"text\":\"each Technique, acquiring targets at the Border resulted\\nin more device movement around both, the x- and y-axis,\\ncompared to Center targets.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[420,117,747,216],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This figure presents two bar charts comparing five distinct categories (DT, QM, MS, BC, FR), each with associated statistical grouping letters (A, B, C, D). The left chart displays 'Time [ms]', with values ranging from 1,153 ms for DT to 1,983 ms for QM. The right chart shows 'Success [%]', where BC achieved the highest success at 99.03% and QM the lowest at 89.44%.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,224,745,283],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Study 1: Time [ms] (left) and Success [%] (right) by\\nTECHNIQUE . For each variable, pairs of levels that do not\\nshare a letter are significantly different (Time : all $p<.001$\\nSuccess : all $p<.05$ ). Whiskers denote 95 % CI.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[424,295,742,465],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\"></td><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">DT</td><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">OM</td><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">MS</td><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">BC</td><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">FR</td></tr><tr><td>M</td><td>CI</td><td>M</td><td>CI</td><td>M</td><td>CI</td><td>M</td><td>CI</td><td>M</td><td>CI</td></tr><tr><td>Site</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small</td><td>1,222</td><td>±0.0</td><td>A</td><td>0.071</td><td>±0.0</td><td>A</td><td>2,498</td><td>±0.0</td><td>A</td><td>1,780</td></tr><tr><td>Large</td><td>1,054</td><td>±0.0</td><td>A</td><td>1,805</td><td>±0.0</td><td>A</td><td>1,738</td><td>±0.0</td><td>A</td><td>1,381</td></tr><tr><td>Forest</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small</td><td>1,286</td><td>±0.0</td><td>A</td><td>1,218</td><td>±0.0</td><td>B</td><td>2,070</td><td>±0.0</td><td>B</td><td>1,552</td></tr><tr><td>Large</td><td>1,039</td><td>±0.0</td><td>A</td><td>1,815</td><td>±0.0</td><td>B</td><td>1,714</td><td>±0.0</td><td>B</td><td>1,403</td></tr><tr><td>Canter</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small</td><td>1,019</td><td>±0.0</td><td>A</td><td>1,019</td><td>±0.0</td><td>B</td><td>1,019</td><td>±0.0</td><td>B</td><td>1,019</td></tr><tr><td>Large</td><td>1,019</td><td>±0.0</td><td>A</td><td>1,019</td><td>±0.0</td><td>B</td><td>1,019</td><td>±0.0</td><td>B</td><td>1,019</td></tr><tr><td>Target</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small</td><td>58,926</td><td>±20.0</td><td>A</td><td>58,113</td><td>±7.1</td><td>B</td><td>58,926</td><td>±20.0</td><td>A</td><td>58,113</td></tr><tr><td>Large</td><td>50,171</td><td>±20.0</td><td>A</td><td>57,728</td><td>±10.9</td><td>B</td><td>50,171</td><td>±20.0</td><td>A</td><td>57,728</td></tr><tr><td>Target</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small</td><td>53,839</td><td>±20.0</td><td>A</td><td>58,113</td><td>±7.1</td><td>B</td><td>53,839</td><td>±20.0</td><td>A</td><td>58,113</td></tr><tr><td>Large</td><td>50,839</td><td>±20.0</td><td>A</td><td>58,128</td><td>±20.5</td><td>B</td><td>50,839</td><td>±20.0</td><td>A</td><td>58,128</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image presents two large data tables, stacked vertically, each displaying numerical values with error margins and letter codes. Both tables are organized by 'SIZE' (Small, Large) and 'TARGET' (Border, Center) as row categories, and 'DT', 'OM', 'MS', 'BC', 'FR' as main column categories, further subdivided into 'M' and 'CI'. Certain cells within the tables are highlighted in yellow or red.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_5_tab_11.png\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,482,746,572],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Study 1: Time [ms] (top) and Success [%] (bottom) by\\nTechnique $\\\\times$ Size and Technique $\\\\times$ Target . Yellow cells\\ndenote significant differences within Technique (Time and\\nSuccess; all $p$ =0.01). Pairs of levels that do not share a let-\\nter are significantly different across Technique (Time: all\\n$p$ <.001, Success: all $p$ =<.05). CI denotes 95 % CI.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_013.png\",\"bbox\":[420,580,746,735],\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A grouped bar chart displays data across three panels for X, Y, and Z-Axes, each presenting five categories: DT, OM, MS, BC, and FR. Each bar includes a numerical value, an uppercase letter denoting statistical grouping, and error bars, with the y-axis ranging from 0 to 60 degrees.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,747,747,821],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Study 1: Rotation [°] for the x- (left), y- (middle),\\nand z-axis (right) by Technique ENCHINE . For each variable, pairs of\\nlevels that do not share a letter are significantly different\\n(all $p<.001$ ). Whiskers denote 95 % CL FR caused almost no\\ndevice movement.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,888,746,953],\"text\":\"Fig. 7 shows the Gesture Footprint generated by each\\nTechnique . FR caused the smallest and most coherent foot-\\nprint, and touches stayed within the thumb's comfortable\\nreach, following natural rotation around the CMC joint.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 212\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/results/markdown/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300442/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300442", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/results/output_json/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[73,124,743,209],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A detailed data table presents numerical values with standard deviations across three distinct sections labeled \\\"X-Axis,\\\" \\\"Y-Axis,\\\" and \\\"Z-Axis.\\\" Each section organizes data by categories such as DT, OM, MS, BC, and FR, further detailed by 'M' and 'CI' conditions, and stratified by 'Size' (Small, Large) and 'Target' (Border, Center), with certain cells highlighted in yellow.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,224,746,284],\"text\":\"Figure 6: Study 1: Rotation \\\" * for the $x$ - (left), $y$ - (middle), and $z$ -axis (right) by Technique $\\\\times$ Size (top) and Technique $\\\\times$\\nTarget (bottom). Yellow cells denote significant differences within Technique (all $p<0.01$ ). Pairs of levels that do not share a\\nletter are significantly different across Technique (all $p<0.01$ ). No significant differences were found for the $z$ -axis . CI denotes\\n95 % CI. Size had no effect, but Border targets caused more Rotation than Center targets.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,299,394,490],\"text\":\"Fig. 8 shows the mean and 95 % CI for the questionnaire\\ndata. Grip change had a significant effect on Technique\\n( $\\\\chi^2(4) = 36.19$ , $p < .001$ ). Regarding post hoc tests, users stated\\nsignificantly more grip changes for DT compared to all other\\nTechniques (all: $p < .05$ ) The same trend was found for grip\\nstability ( $\\\\chi^2(4) = 36.89$ , $p < .001$ , post hoc tests: all: $p < .05$ ).\\nFor ease of use ( $\\\\chi^2(4) = 18.27$ , $p = .001$ ), users found BC\\nsignificantly easier to apply than MS ( $p = .001$ ). Technique\\nhad also a significant effect on users' ranking ( $\\\\chi^2(4) = 21.55$ ,\\n$p < .001$ ). Overall, participants preferred BC most, followed\\nby FR, OM, MS, and DT, with BC being significantly preferred\\nover all other Techniques (all: $p < .05$ ) except FR.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,502,137,519],\"text\":\"Discussion\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,523,394,650],\"text\":\"Overall, DT was fastest but achieved low Success for small\\ntargets, matching previous findings (e.g. from [23, 24] ). DT\\nalso caused the strongest device motion, since especially at\\nextremely far positions, like the upper and lower left corner,\\nusers had to change their grip, for which some participants\\nalmost accidentally dropped the phone, matching findings\\nfrom [13] . This was why users preferred DT the least. Sur-\\nprisingly, OM caused the second highest device motion.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,651,394,808],\"text\":\"Time for OM was highest, reaching almost 2,000 ms. This\\ncould be due to the double tap trigger, which, unlike BC\\nand FR, does not contribute to the target selection process,\\nand due to the 265 ms animation time that helps the user\\nunderstand how the UI is transformed. Both take additional\\ntime. Success for OM was also low, especially for small targets\\n(Fig. 4 , bottom: 81.11 % ). Shrinking them makes them too hard\\nto hit precisely due to the thumb's fat finger problem [40] .\\nA solution like AnglePose [38] that captures the finger's\\norientation, could help gaining touch precision.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,809,394,954],\"text\":\"MS had the highest task completion time and lowest Suc-\\ncess. Participants found MS more demanding than other tech-\\nniques, because it required good planning upfront: To reach\\nthe top left corner, e.g., the user must place her thumb at\\nleast above the center of the screen, so that dragging it to the\\nlower right corner will move the cursor far enough in the\\nopposite direction. When the thumb is placed improperly, it\\nis not possible to correct this within a trial, which explains\\nMS' low Success, for both, large and small targets. Using the\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,713,746,761],\"text\":\"model from [2], we found that for most of our users, the cen-\\nter of the 5.5\\\" screen is not reachable without uncomfortably\\nstretching the thumb or changing the device grip.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[419,293,746,423],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This figure presents five horizontally arranged scatter plots, labeled DT, OM, MS, BC, and FR, visualizing touch events on a coordinate system with Touch X and Touch Y axes. Touch phases are color-coded: blue for 'Begun', red for 'Moved', and green for 'Ended'. The first two plots show distinct clusters of mainly green points, while the remaining three display dense, dispersed patterns of red and blue points, often forming larger, continuous shapes.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,432,747,506],\"text\":\"Figure 7: Study 1: Gesture Footprint by Technique . Blue dots\\nmark where users started placing their thumb, red dots rep-\\nresent dragging, and green dots indicate where users lifted\\ntheir thumb. FR had the smallest coherent footprint and fol-\\nlowed ergonomic thumb movement.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_012.png\",\"bbox\":[420,526,744,609],\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a statistical table displaying mean values (M) and confidence intervals (CI) for five different techniques (DT, OM, MS, BC, FR). The data is presented across four criteria: \\\"I had to change my grip regularly,\\\" \\\"I maintained a stable grip while selecting,\\\" \\\"The technique was easy to apply,\\\" and an overall \\\"Rank\\\" (1: Highest, 5: Lowest), with letters indicating statistical significance groups.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,626,748,701],\"text\":\"Figure 8: Study 1: Means and 95 % CI for Likert scale re-\\nsponses (1: totally disagree, 7: totally agree) and ranking\\ndata (right) from the questionnaire. For each statement,\\npairs of levels that do not share a letter are significantly dif-\\nferent. BC was preferred over FR, but not significantly more.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,762,746,856],\"text\":\"Among the reachability techniques, BC was fastest, which\\nwas also independent from target Size . While users ranked\\nBC best, they remarked that targets at the top were more\\ndifficult to reach due to swiping long distances upwards. To\\nease this, users tilted the device (Fig. 6 ) towards the thumb,\\nfor which they sometimes even had to reposition their grip.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,857,746,952],\"text\":\"Although non-significant, Success for FR was 4 % lower\\nthan for BC. The Quick Release selection mechanism used\\nin FR could be one explanation, since a lift-off based on\\nforce is a less definite event than a lift-off only considering\\ntouch information, as used for BC. Unfamiliarity with force\\ncontrol could also explain the lower Success : Corsten et al.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 212\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/results/markdown/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300442/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300442", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/results/output_json/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,267],\"text\":\"[ 11 ] showed that users' performance for force control sig-\\nnificantly increased with training. Our participants reported\\nthat selecting close and far targets with FR was fundamen-\\ntally easier compared to other targets because then they only\\nhad to apply minimum or maximum force. Some developed\\na strategy: Independent of the target location at the border,\\nthey first applied maximum force to create a ray with the\\ncursor positioned at its end and then, while maintaining this\\nforce, moved the ray onto the target.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,267,394,411],\"text\":\"Interestingly, some participants remarked that they found\\nFR's continuous cursor rather a disadvantage and that the\\ndiscrete green indicator highlighting the preselected target\\nwas sufficient. Despite the 1€ Filter [5] , these users were\\nworried when the cursor would move along the ray with\\nsubtle changes in force. Furthermore, they remarked that\\nthey were concentrating too much on that cursor, trying to\\npush it towards the target's center instead of stopping when\\nthe green highlight matched the desired target.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,411,394,603],\"text\":\"Taking all data from Study 1 into account, we found BC as\\nthe fastest and most accurate reachability technique. How-\\never, BC's Success was not significantly better than FR's, and\\nFR caused the least and almost no device motion that was sig-\\nnificantly different from all tested techniques, and it allowed\\nusers to select all targets without leaving the thumb's com-\\npable region. Yet, users found controlling their force the\\nmain challenge. Encouraged by the findings from Corsten\\net al. [11] , we wondered whether users could improve their\\nperformance by training. We therefore conducted a second\\nuser study with trained users testing the two most promising\\nand preferred techniques: BC and FR.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,613,352,630],\"text\":\"5 STUDY 2: TRAINED USER PERFORMANCE\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,634,394,731],\"text\":\"We asked six people (23–34 years, $M = 25.50$, $SD = 3.33$; two\\nfemale; all right-handed; thumb length: $M = 68.33$ mm, $SD =\\n4.37$ mm; phone screen size: $M = 5.33^\\\\circ$, $SD = .51^\\\\circ$) to train FR\\nfor three consecutive days, four sessions per day. To train in\\nthe same consistent environment, users were asked to come\\nto our lab. For fair comparison, they also trained BC.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,742,191,760],\"text\":\"Apparatus and Task\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,761,394,955],\"text\":\"We slightly modified the application from Study 1: We used\\nthe same grid for laying out targets, but this time users se-\\nlected all 40 targets in random order. Half of the targets were\\nof small Size (4.8 mm), the other half of large Size (9.6 mm).\\nTargets were shifted from the center of their grid cells at ran-\\ndom. All targets were repeated twice per Technique . Hence,\\nin each training session, a user performed 2 Techniques $\\\\times$\\n40 Targets $\\\\times$ 2 repetitions = 160 trials. Based on the feed-\\nback from Study 1, we disabled the continuous cursor for FR\\nafter 50 % of the training sessions. Otherwise, dependent and\\nindependent variables were the same as in Study 1. Again,\\nusers performed a calibration task to determine individual\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,745,156],\"text\":\"Quick Release timings for FR before the first session. Sessions\\nalternated between starting with BC and FR.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,156,746,348],\"text\":\"Three days later, our users performed a final session, pre-\\nceded by one more training session as a warm-up exercise\\nand a renewed Quick Release calibration, since training could\\nhave affected the individual timings. The final session fol-\\nlowed the original design from Study 1, but excluded DT,\\nOM, and MS. Afterwards, users filled in the same question-\\nnaire used in Study 1. In addition, we asked them how much\\nthey agreed to that even further training would allow them\\nto (i) select targets faster, (ii) hit more correct targets, and\\n(iii) maintain a more stable device grip. We also asked users\\nhow much they agreed to have felt fatigue in arm, hand, or\\nfingers. All responses were based on a 7-point Likert scale.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,363,469,380],\"text\":\"Results\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,384,746,480],\"text\":\"Fig. 9 (top) shows how participants' Time decreased over the\\ntwelve training sessions for both BC and FR. After twelve\\nsessions, trained FR was as fast as untrained BC. Yet, after\\ntraining, BC was still 250 ms faster than FR. Success for BC\\nyield a constant 98–99% Success, but for FR the 96–97% Success\\ndecreased to 94–95% for the last four training sessions.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,480,745,512],\"text\":\"For analysis, we focus on the main effects from the final\\nsession conducted after training.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,512,745,559],\"text\":\"Technique had a significant main effect on Time ($F_{1,565} =$\\n13.24, p <0.001); BC (1.248 ms) was significantly faster than\\nFR (1.372 ms), but the difference was small (Fig. 10, top).\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,558,745,607],\"text\":\"TECHNIQUE had a significant main effect on Success ($\\\\chi^2(1) = 7.69$, $p = .003$, Fig. 10, bottom): Success for BC (99.65%) was\\nsignificantly higher than for FR (95.83%).\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,607,746,640],\"text\":\"Technique has had a significant main effect on Rotation\\naround the $x$ ( $F_{(1,5s)} = 1225.14$ ), $y$ ( $F_{(1s)} = 1581.83$ ), and\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_017.png\",\"bbox\":[421,672,747,848],\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The figure presents two stacked line charts. The top chart plots Time in milliseconds for two series, 'BC' and 'FR', across 12 training sessions, while the bottom chart plots Success percentage for 'BC' and 'FR' over the same training sessions. In both charts, the 'FR' line generally appears above the 'BC' line.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,862,746,967],\"text\":\"Figure 9: Study 2: Time [ms] (top) and Success [ % ] (bottom)\\nfor all training sessions. Users became faster over all ses-\\nsions for both, BC and FR. Success for BC was $\\\\approx$ 99 % for each\\nsession and for FR $\\\\approx$ 97 % for sessions 1 – 8, but then decreased\\ndue to the Quick Release calibration not fitting trained per-\\nformance anymore. The dashed line indicates when FR's red\\ncursor was turned off, showing no effect on FR performance.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 212\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300442/results/markdown/3290605-3300442_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300450/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300450", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/results/output_json/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[83,117,732,215],\"text\":\"ElasticVR: Providing Multilevel\\nContinuously-Changing Resistive Force and Instant\\nImpact Using Elasticity for VR\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[111,233,268,297],\"text\":\"Hsin-Ruey Tsai\\n\\nNational Taiwan University\\nThe University of Tokyo\\nhsnuhrt@gmail.com\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[338,234,475,281],\"text\":\"Jun Rekimoto\\n\\nThe University of Tokyo\\n\\nrekimoto@acm.org\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[549,233,702,279],\"text\":\"Bing-Yu Chen\\n\\nNational Taiwan University\\n\\nrobin@ntu.edu.tw\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,307,140,324],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,329,395,648],\"text\":\"Resistive force ( e.g., due to object elasticity) and impact\\n( e.g., due to recoil) are common effects in our daily life. How-\\never, resistive force continuously changes due to users' move-\\nments while impact instantly occurs when an event triggers\\nit. These feedback are still not realistically provided by cur-\\nrent VR haptic methods. In this paper, a wearable device, Elas-\\nticVR, which consists of an elastic band, servo motors and\\nmechanical brakes, is proposed to provide the continuously-\\nchanging resistive force and instantly-occurring impact upon\\nthe user's hand to enhance VR realism. By changing two\\nphysical properties, length and extension distance, of the\\nelastic band, ElasticVR provides multilevel resistive force\\nwith no delay and impact with little delay, respectively, for\\nrealistic and versatile VR applications. A force perception\\nstudy was performed to observe users' force distinguisha-\\nbility of the resistive force and impact, and the prototype\\nwas built based on its results. A VR experience study further\\nproves that the resistive force and impact from ElasticVR\\nboth outperform those from current approaches in realism.\\nApplications using ElasticVR are also demonstrated.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,659,172,675],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[69,679,394,712],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Virtual reality; Hap-\\ntic devices.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,725,148,741],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,746,394,777],\"text\":\"Haptic feedback, force feedback, elastic force, resistive force,\\nimpact, virtual reality, wearable device\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[497,311,699,327],\"text\":\"Continuously-changing resistive force\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_014.png\",\"bbox\":[437,327,732,477],\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A human arm wears a haptic device, which is depicted demonstrating both \\\"Resistive force\\\" and \\\"Recoil Impact.\\\" Each type of force feedback is illustrated with physical interactions on the arm, indicated by movement and force arrows, next to a corresponding virtual environment rendering.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,493,746,537],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Resistive force and impact from ElasticVR. Blue,\\ngreen and red arrows indicate the force directions of the\\nband, hand movement and mechanical brakes, respectively.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,550,555,566],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,567,747,654],\"text\":\"Hsin-Ruey Tsai, Jun Rekimoto, and Bing-Yu Chen. 2019. ElasticVR:\\nProviding Multilevel Continuously-Changing Resistive Force and\\nInstant Impact Using Elasticity for VR. In CHI Conference on Human\\nFactors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019) . May 4–9, 2019,\\nGlasgow, Scotland UK. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 10 pages. https:\\n//doi.org/10.1145/3299653.3304054\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,677,549,694],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,699,747,874],\"text\":\"Force feedback indeed enhances the realism and immersion\\nof virtual reality (VR). Resistive force and impact are com-\\nmon force feedback effects, but still not realistically pro-\\nvided in versatile VR applications. For resistive force, users\\nshould perceive it continuously changing in opposition to\\ntheir movement, e.g., when pressing upon elastic objects or\\npitching. In addition, various resistive force levels are re-\\nquired for versatile VR applications, e.g., pressing objects\\nwith different elasticity/stiffness. For impact, users should\\nperceive it instantly occurring ( i.e., produced nearly simulta-\\nneously) after an event trigger, e.g., a hit or recoil.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,874,747,954],\"text\":\"To provide resistive force, previous approaches generally\\nleverage either objects with corresponding physical proper-\\nties [1, 2, 5, 6, 9] , e.g., brakes for rigid objects or elastic objects\\nfor resistive force, or force simulation [7, 11, 14, 21, 23] by\\nmotors, propellers or electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) to\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,790,395,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not\\nmade or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear\\nthis notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components\\nof this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with\\ncredit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to\\nredistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request\\npermissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,900,273,954],\"text\":\"CIR 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\\n\\n© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery,\\nACM ISBN 978-1-4053-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\\n\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290653.3300450\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,125,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 220\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/results/markdown/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300450/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300450", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/results/output_json/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,267],\"text\":\"provide multilevel resistive force. However, they provide ei-\\nther single-level resistive force, i.e., for rigid or certain elastic\\nobjects, using physical properties, or limited continuously-\\nchanging resistive force due to delays or cut-off from motors,\\nEMS and propellers using force simulation. To present im-\\npact, impulses from motors [4, 23] and EMS [13, 14] are\\nleveraged to simulate the users. However, EMS requires se-\\nrial calibration steps and motors need a delay to gradually\\nprovide strong force, which is not instant enough (Figure 8 ).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,267,395,635],\"text\":\"Hence, we propose a wearable device, ElasticVR, to pro-\\nvide continuously-changing multilevel resistive force and\\ninstant multilevel impact upon the hand. ElasticVR consists\\nof an elastic band, servo motors and mechanical brakes. By\\nchanging length and extension distance of the elastic band,\\nit provides multilevel resistive force and impact, separately,\\nintegrated on one device. By changing the band length us-\\ning the brake, multilevel resistive force is provided with no\\ndelay as in [1, 2] . By extending the band using the motor to\\nstore the energy in advance, multilevel impact is rendered\\ninstantly as the band is released. Though the delay is in resis-\\ntive force level switching, it is \\\"prior\\\" to the users' perceiving\\nmovement. There is no delay at all \\\"during\\\" the users' move-\\nment at a resistive force level. ElasticVR provides resistive\\nforce with no delay and impact with little delay to achieve re-\\nalistic and versatile VR applications. To realize these results,\\nwe first observed users' distinguishability of the multilevel\\nresistive force and multilevel impact in a force perception\\nstudy. Based on the results, we manufactured the ElasticVR\\nprototype and further compared it with current approaches\\nin a VR experience study. The results prove that the resistive\\nforce and impact from ElasticVR are significantly more real-\\nistic. Finally, some ElasticVR applications are demonstrated.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[81,635,346,652],\"text\":\"The paper presents the following contributions:\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[80,654,395,768],\"text\":\"(1) Providing continuously-changing multilevel resistive\\nforce with no delay for realistic and versatile VR ap-\\nplications.\\n(2) Rendering instantly-occurring multilevel impact with\\nlittle delay for realistic and versatile VR applications.\\n(3) Exploring users' force perception distinguishability in\\nregard to resistive force and impact.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[67,779,197,795],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,799,395,832],\"text\":\"In this section, we discuss the researches providing force\\nfeedback for resistive force and impact, respectively, in VR.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,844,282,861],\"text\":\"Grounded Force Feedback Devices\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,864,395,913],\"text\":\"Using DC motors to control wires, SPIDAR [15] and [12]\\nprovide force feedback in a fixed operating space. Some com-\\nmercial products, e.g., Phantom Premium $^1$ , with complicated\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,747,190],\"text\":\"mechanical structures and computation also provide resis-\\ntive force and impact. However, these devices are limited in\\ngrounded scenarios. Though SPDAR-W [16] improves the\\nconcept of SPDAR but its lack of mobility is still a limitation.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,201,667,217],\"text\":\"Ungrounded Devices for Resistive Force\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,220,747,522],\"text\":\"To provide resistive force, using objects' physical properties\\nand force simulation are two common approaches. Dexmo [9] ,\\nWolverine [6] and Grablity [5] leverage servo or DC motors\\nto control mechanical brakes and restrain the users' fingers.\\nHence, when grasping a rigid object in VR, their fingers\\nare fixed to accommodate the object's shape by the resis-\\ntive force while not further penetrating the virtual object.\\nElastic-Arm [1] and FlexiFingers [2] use an elastic band and\\nmetal strips worn on the shoulder and hand to provide re-\\nsistive force as if the hand presses on and/or grasps elastic\\nobjects, respectively. Hence, the resistive force is increased\\ncontinuously as the hand stretches and grasps. Using physi-\\ncal properties, these methods generally provide continuously-\\nchanging resistive force but only at a single-level (i.e., rigid\\nbody or certain elasticity). The users may need to switch the\\ndevices manually to perceive different force levels. Though\\nShifty [24] uses a stepper motor to change the center of the\\nmass and can provide multilevel force feedback, it focuses\\non device weight change instead of resistive force.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,523,747,874],\"text\":\"In force simulation, Exointerfaces [23] , worn on the upper\\narm, renders resistive force on the forearm using high fre-\\nquency impulses from DC motors with belts. By placing elec-\\ntrodes on shoulders and arms, EMS impulses with a cut-off\\nproduce resistive force in [14] . CLAW [7] uses a servo motor\\nand force sensor to build a closed-loop force control system\\nto provide resistive force as grasping different object stiff-\\nness. Haptic Links [21] use servo motors to control friction\\nof the mechanical brakes in “ chain ” and “ layer-hinge ” forms\\nto provide various resistive force between the hands. Thor's\\nHammer [11] uses six motors and propellers to produce 3\\nDoF (degree of freedom) resistive force on a handheld device.\\nHowever, no matter simulating resistive force using discrete\\nimpulses or closed-loop control from motors, EMS or pro-\\npellers, the delay issue is the common limit. The delays due\\nto deadband and backlash are potential and inevitable limits\\nof control signals and mechanical motors, respectively. Back-\\nlash is produced by a gap between gears, which is essential\\nfor the gears rotating. The effect of the delay is more obvious\\nwhen the motors and gears rotate reversely and repeatedly,\\nas in the users' back and forth movement. Such movement\\nhowever is common when the users feel and explore objects.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,874,747,953],\"text\":\"Some tactile methods also provide force feedback. By alter-\\ning orientation of a platform, [17, 19, 20] deform and squeeze\\nthe finger tip to provide tactile and even force feedback. How-\\never, without restraining the finger movement, whenever\\nthe finger penetrates virtual objects, VR realism is decreased.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,924,373,953],\"text\":\"1 https://www.3dsystems.com/haptics-devices/3d-systems-phantom-\\npremium\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 220\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/results/markdown/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300450/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300450", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/results/output_json/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[81,122,376,267],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This diagram illustrates the conceptual design of the ElasticVR haptic feedback system, showing its integration from separate resistive force and impact mechanisms. The system connects to a hand via a wire retractable buckle and an elastic band with a wire, utilizing various brakes and a rotation motor for haptic effects.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,272,393,304],\"text\":\"Figure 2: ElasticVR design. Integrating resistive force and\\nimpact into our device.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,311,394,344],\"text\":\"Tactile and force feedback are complementary, and should\\nbe combined, as in [13], to provide realistic feedback.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,344,394,407],\"text\":\"Current resistive force feedback approaches are either\\nsingle-level or non-continuously-changing. In this paper,\\nElasticVR provides multilevel continuously-changing resis-\\ntive force for realistic and versatile VR experiences.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,420,266,439],\"text\":\"Ungrounded Devices for Impact\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,441,395,713],\"text\":\"Jetto [8] provides 2D lateral impact on a smartwatch by emit-\\nting a jet of air. Although the force feedback is ungrounded, it\\nrequires a bulky air compressor. Motion Guidance Sleeve [4] ,\\nworn on the forearm, uses step motors to drag users' arms\\nand provide motion guidance in rotational direction for the\\narm. Impacto [13] combines force feedback from EMS and\\ntactile feedback from a solenoid to provide realistic impact as\\nif being punched. Exointerfaces [23] and Virtual Walls [14]\\nprovide both resistive force and impact using impulses from\\nDC motors and EMS. Without bulky but powerful grounded\\ndevices, instant impact is limited to tiny DC motors, which\\nneed delays to gradually provide strong force. This restrains\\nthe realism. Although EMS provides powerful and quick im-\\npact, it overwrites the body part movement internally, which\\nis different from impact externally applied to the users as\\nis usual. In addition, calibration steps of EMS are needed.\\nElasticVR provides instant impact to enhance VR realism.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,725,165,742],\"text\":\"3 ELASTICVR\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,745,395,955],\"text\":\"ElasticVR is a wearable device worn on the forearm to pro-\\nvide continuously-changing multilevel resistive force and\\ninstant multilevel impact to the hand. Notably, multilevel\\nresistive force does not mean that the force changes depend-\\ning on the movement but indicates that it changes in various\\npatterns per objects degree of elasticity/stiffness. To provide\\nsuch realistic force feedback, continuously-changing resis-\\ntive force with no delay and impact rendered in an extremely\\nshort time, i.e., with little delay, are required, as described in\\nIntroduction. To accommodate these considerations, we use\\nthe object's physical properties instead of force simulation\\nwith the potential delay problem as mentioned in Related\\nWork to provide resistive force and impact via ElasticVR.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,125,485,140],\"text\":\"Hardware\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,144,747,448],\"text\":\"ElasticVR consists of an elastic band, servo motors and me-\\nchanical brakes. Using the servo motors and mechanical\\nbrakes, ElasticVR alters the elastic band's two physical prop-\\nerties, length and extension distance, to change the band's\\nelasticity. While not all bands follow Hooke's law acting as\\nsprings, the length and extension distance of a band still\\nmaintain non-linear relation to its elasticity. To provide resis-\\ntive force, the elastic band brake in the ElasticVR design (Fig-\\nure 2 (left)) blocks different positions of the band to change its\\nlength. The shorter the band, the stronger the elasticity, the\\nstronger the resistive force level. When the band is blocked, it\\nis extended and the resistive force is increased continuously\\nin the direction opposite to the hand movement. As the hand\\nreleases and moves back, the band is loosed and the resis-\\ntive force is decreased. Using the elastic band as well as the\\nmotors and brakes, ElasticVR provides multilevel resistive\\nforce and maintains smoothness of continuously-changing\\nresistive force with no delay, as in [1, 2], for realism. This\\nconcept is similar to Shifty [24].\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,448,747,575],\"text\":\"To provide impact, ElasticVR extends the hand to different\\nextension distances for various levels of impact using the\\nrotation motor as per the ElasticVR design (Figure 2 (right)).\\nUsing the wire brake to block the wire between the band and\\nthe hand, the extended band stores energy in advance. As the\\nwire brake is released, the band is released to instantly stim-\\nulate users. The little delay from ElasticVR is much shorter\\nthan that directly produced from the same motor (Figure 8 ).\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,575,747,766],\"text\":\"The force deliveries require restricted hand movement, but\\nhand movements should be free under normal conditions. We\\nleverage the wire retractable buckle with the movement brake\\nto achieve such requirements (Figure 2 (dotted frame)). The\\nretractable wire is connected to the hand, and the buckle with\\nthe movement brake is connected to the band. While a slight\\nretracting force is produced, it is negligible compared with\\nthe force feedback from ElasticVR. The retractable buckle\\nprovides free hand movement as the movement brake is re-\\nleased, and restricts the hand as the movement brake blocks\\nthe retractable wire for force delivery. The design also allows\\nthe free hand movement when storing energy for impact.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,766,747,894],\"text\":\"To integrate resistive force and impact feedback on a de-\\nvice, we combine the designs and observe that the wire re-\\ntractable buckle with the movement brake can be shared. In\\naddition, the elastic band brake and wire brake can be com-\\nbined into one movable dynamic brake (Figure 2 (lower)).\\nThus, ElasticVR consists of an elastic band, two brakes, in-\\ncluding the dynamic brake and the movement brake , and the\\nrotation motor (Figure 3 and 4).\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,904,747,954],\"text\":\"Elastic Band. The wider the elastic band, the stronger the\\nelasticity. We chose the proper elastic band in a pilot with\\nthe band width 1cm and length 8cm, which provides resistive\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 220\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/results/markdown/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300450/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300450", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/results/output_json/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[80,118,381,341],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This technical diagram illustrates a complex mechanical system with a retractable wire connected to a \\\"Hand,\\\" leading into multiple braking and motor components. The system features a \\\"Wire brake,\\\" \\\"Dynamic brake,\\\" and \\\"Movement brake\\\" (shown in released and blocked states), alongside a \\\"Rotation motor\\\" connected to a \\\"Winding axle\\\" and \\\"Rotary encoder.\\\" Insets highlight details such as a \\\"Position motor\\\" with \\\"Tenon\\\" and \\\"Mortise,\\\" and an \\\"Elastic band\\\" with knots.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[101,351,359,367],\"text\":\"Figure 3: ElasticVR prototype in STL 3D model.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[82,374,379,588],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A human forearm wears a white and black mechanical device, which includes a \\\"Movement brake\\\" on the hand connected by a \\\"Retractable wire\\\" to components like a \\\"Dynamic brake,\\\" \\\"Rotation Motor,\\\" and \\\"Rotary encoder\\\" on the forearm. An inset provides a closer view of some device components, including an \\\"Elastic band,\\\" and a separate \\\"Wire retractable buckle\\\" is shown at the top left.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[89,595,371,612],\"text\":\"Figure 4: ElasticVR prototype worn on the forearm.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,616,394,712],\"text\":\"force discriminatively as perceived by the hand. Besides, to\\nfirmly block the band using the dynamic brake , several tiny\\nrubber bands as band knots were tied on the elastic band, and\\na wire knot was tied on the wire (Figure 3 (upper right)). Two\\nfishing lines as wires connect the two sides of the band with\\nthe rotation motor and the movement brake , respectively.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,720,394,865],\"text\":\"Dynamic Brake. We leveraged mechanical designs, a tenon\\nand mortises, to build the movable dynamic brake . Mortises\\nwere built, and a tenon is controlled by the dynamic brake\\nmotor and it is moved by the position motor to different mor-\\ntises’ positions (Figure 3 (upper)). The micro servo motors\\nXCSOURCE RC450 (3.7g) are used for the position and dy-\\nnamic brake motors . The mortise closest to the hand is used\\nas the wire brake (Figure 2 ). The others are used as the elastic\\nband brake . Each knot on the band corresponds to a morise.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,873,394,953],\"text\":\"Movement Brake. The movement brake motor (RC450) is at-\\ntached to a wire retractable buckle with a diameter of 21mm.\\nIt controls a disc with a tiny hole, and the retractable wire\\nis pulled through the hole connected to the hand. Most of\\nthe disc is obscured within the case. As the movement brake\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,399,746,432],\"text\":\"blocks, the disc is rotated in the case and the wire is halted\\nby the friction. The hand is restricted (Figure 3 (lower left)).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[437,116,732,359],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image presents two parallel flowcharts, titled \\\"Resistive force\\\" on the left and \\\"Impact\\\" on the right. Both diagrams illustrate sequences of events involving \\\"Dynamic brake\\\" and \\\"Movement brake,\\\" with the \\\"Impact\\\" scenario additionally featuring a \\\"Rotation motor\\\" and elastic band. Red text indicates blocked states, while blue text indicates released states.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[445,369,720,386],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Block diagram of ElasticVR process flow.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,442,746,505],\"text\":\"Rotation Motor. A continuous rotation servor motor GWS 535\\nSTD (41g) and a rotary encoder (Pololu Magnetic Encoder)\\nare used as the rotation motor. A winding axle with radius\\n10mm is attached to it to wind the wire and extend the band.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,505,746,536],\"text\":\"The weight of ElasticVR including its four servo motors is\\n150g, which is lighter than other force feedback devices [7, 9]\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,549,479,566],\"text\":\"Software\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,571,747,761],\"text\":\"Per the block diagram of process flow shown in Figure 5 , the\\ndynamic brake is moved and blocked at first for both force\\nfeedback. For force delivery, the movement brake is then\\nblocked to restrict the hand movement for resistive force,\\nbut it is blocked after the hand is extended by the rotation\\nmotor for impact. Resistive force is provided as the hand\\npresses. Impact is provided as the dynamic brake is released.\\nThe dynamic and movement brakes for resistive force, and\\nthe movement brake for impact, are all released to free the\\nhand. For impact, a 100ms delay between dynamic brake and\\nmovement brake release reinforces impact, and the rotation\\nmotor rotates reversely to loosen the elastic band at last.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,761,747,954],\"text\":\"Using the motors to change the elastic band's physical\\nproperties, ElasticVR provides multilevel resistive force with\\nno delay and impact with little delay to achieve realistic and\\nversatile VR applications. For each resistive force level, Elas-\\nticVR constantly actuates the motors five times (Figure 5 ).\\nHowever, other resistive force simulation approaches actuate\\nmotors depending on the perceiving movement, usually by\\nmuch more than five times, and this may require more power\\nconsumption. In switching resistive force levels, there is a de-\\nlay, 1160ms (= 800ms + 300ms (move and block the dynamic\\nbrake in any position) + 60ms (block the movement brake) .\\nTo reduce it, the system can move and block the dynamic\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,125,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 220\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/results/markdown/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300450/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300450", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/results/output_json/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[85,116,342,293],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The figure presents a graph showing the force versus extension for an 8cm elastic band, illustrating hysteresis with multiple force-extension loops and a vertical dashed line at 2.75cm extension. Below the graph, a photograph depicts a robotic force sensor on the left and a human hand on the right, both holding the elastic band with visible markers.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,303,394,333],\"text\":\"Figure 6: Resistive force stimuli collected by the force sensor\\nand OptiTrack markers. Hysteresis could be observed.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,341,395,517],\"text\":\"brake in advance by inferring the next resistive force level\\nneeded by the users. Therefore, only a 60ms delay to block\\nthe movement brake is required to switch resistive force levels.\\nElasticVR with no delay \\\"during\\\" but a little delay \\\"prior to\\\"\\nthe perceiving movement still provides high VR realism, as\\nproven by our VR study. We report the delay of impact after\\nthe following study for realizing more detailed parameters.\\nWe have demonstrated the preliminary ElasticVR prototype\\nin [22] and lab open house each for three hours. More than\\n70 users have experienced the prototype; this guarantees its\\nusability. Most users were surprised with its performance.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,517,395,581],\"text\":\"Resistive force levels require corresponding numbers and\\npositions of mortises and knots. Impact levels need corre-\\nsponding revolution numbers from the rotation motor. We\\nhave observed the parameters in the following study.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,594,271,611],\"text\":\"4 FORCE PERCEPTION STUDY\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,614,395,679],\"text\":\"To provide proper resistive force and impact parameters\\nfor ElasticVR, we observed users' force feedback perception\\ndistinguishability in this study. We modified and modified\\nthe just-noticeable difference (JND) study in [10, 18] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,692,237,710],\"text\":\"Apparatus and Participants\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,712,395,887],\"text\":\"Without knowing the appropriate morteise arrangement for\\nresistive force, we built a preliminary ElasticVR prototype as\\ndescribed prior with equidistant mortises to provide only im-\\npact in this study. Arduino Uno is used to control the motors\\nin ElasticVR using a USB cable. 4 batteries provided 6V power\\nfor the rotation motor . In addition, a hand brace worn on the\\nhand connects to an elastic band and the ElasticVR prototype\\nfor resistive force and impact perception, separately. An eye\\nmask and earphones were worn to block visual and audio\\nfeedback during the study. 12 right-handed participants (5\\nfemale) aged 23-33 (mean: 25.25) were recruited.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,900,117,918],\"text\":\"$$\\n Stimuli \\n$$\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,921,395,954],\"text\":\"The resistive force change that depends on users' perceiving\\nmovement is different from a general JND stimulus with a\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,407,747,632],\"text\":\"certain intensity, so we needed to define the intensity values\\nfor resistive force stimuli with dynamic ranges. Hand move-\\nment ranges vary among individuals. Therefore, different\\nmaximum resistive forces could be perceived as the same\\nresistive force level. We observed that many users repeatedly\\npressed their hands extending the elastic band to perceive\\nresistive force within a smaller force perception range . The\\nmean range of 2.5cm (a band extension between 1.5 to 4cm)\\nwas found using a tape measure during the pilot. In addition,\\ndue to hysteresis, in the same hand extension, the force in\\nthe extending procedure is stronger than in the release pro-\\ncedure, as in Figure 6 (upper). Thus, we defined a resistive\\nforce level as the force magnitude with 2.75cm band exten-\\nsion (middle of the range) in the band extending procedure.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_013.png\",\"bbox\":[445,119,726,343],\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A multi-panel figure shows a human forearm and hand exercising with an elastic band attached to a fixed point, with the arm in various positions demonstrating wrist movement. Schematic diagrams on the right illustrate the elastic band's stretching from a \\\"Hand\\\" at different points, listing distances in centimeters and corresponding forces in Newtons.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,354,747,398],\"text\":\"Figure 7: The resistive force apparatus in the force percep-\\ntion study. 7 knots (blue dots) were tied on two elastic bands\\n(light), 10N resistive force was provided (lower).\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,632,747,887],\"text\":\"To obtain the relationship between elastic band force mag-\\nnitude and extension, we affixed one side of the band with a\\nload cell (TAL220 with HX711 ADC amplifier) and extended\\nit from the opposite side (Figure 6 (lower)). Two markers\\nattached on both sides are tracked by the OptiTrack system.\\nBy repeatedly extending the band, we collected the force\\nmagnitude and band extension data (Figure 6 (upper)). By av-\\neraging the force magnitude in extension 2.75cm with 0.5 cm\\ninterval (2.5 to 3 cm) in the extending procedure, we obtained\\nthe resistive force level. We tied knots on the band to form\\ndifferent band lengths for proper resistive force stimuli (Fig-\\nure 7 ). For impact stimuli, we affixed the force sensor and\\nElasticVR, and measured various impact levels by actuating\\nthe rotation motor at different revolution numbers. We also\\nused the setup to show the impact difference from a motor\\nimpulse and from ElasticVR using the same motor (Figure 8 ).\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,901,543,918],\"text\":\"Task and Procedure\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,921,747,954],\"text\":\"A pair of force stimuli was examined in a trial. Participants\\nwere asked to respond if the force levels were the same or\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 220\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/results/markdown/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300450/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300450", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/results/output_json/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[80,122,379,255],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two line graphs display Force (N) over Time (sec), comparing \\\"Impact from motor\\\" on the left with \\\"Impact from ElasticVR\\\" on the right. The left graph shows a gradual force increase peaking around 15 N and a gradual decrease, while the right graph shows a sharp force increase peaking around 10.5 N followed by a more extended, gradual decrease. Both graphs include a \\\"F/s\\\" value, 9.74 for the motor and 47.5 for ElasticVR.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,262,394,292],\"text\":\"Figure 8: Impact from the motor impulse and ElasticVR. F/s\\nslope is for the force increase as impact produced.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,298,395,603],\"text\":\"different. Each pair of stimuli included a base and offset force\\nmagnitude. Resistive force stimuli consisted of four base\\nforces (7N, 8N, 9N, 10N) and four offset forces (0N, 1N, 2N,\\n4N). A total of 7 knots were on the two identical bands to\\nprovide resistive force levels from 7N to 14N (Figure 7 ). The\\nmaximum/minimum values of resistive force were depending\\non the elastic band's elasticity and length. The band we used\\nwith the proper resistive force range was unable to provide\\nexponentially increased base and offset values as in a JND\\nstudy. Therefore, we did not claim that this study is a JND\\nstudy but a force perception study. Impact stimuli includes\\nfour base forces (1N, 2N, 4N, 8N) and four offset forces (0N,\\n1N, 2N, 4N), which were also modified for consistency. The\\nrevolution numbers of the rotation motor are between 0.25 to\\n2.75 in ElasticVR. A total of 16 conditions were examined in\\nresistive force and impact, respectively. The order of stimuli\\nfor each pair was randomized. Each condition was repeated\\nonce. Therefore, 64 (= 2 (force feedback) × 16 (conditions) ×\\n2 (repetitions)) trials are examined for each participant.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,603,395,858],\"text\":\"For resistive force, the experimenters adjusted the force\\nlevel by affixing the elastic band to the corresponding knot.\\nThe participants' arm and hand parallel to the band was\\nthen moved to ensure that the band was straight but not\\nextended (Figure 7 ). The participants were asked strictly to\\nonly perceive resistive force using their wrists to guarantee\\nthe precision of the study. Participants could ask to play\\nback stimuli in the same pair to confirm the perception and\\nrespond to the experimenters. The experimenters unfixed\\nthe hand and adjusted to the next force level between stimuli,\\nwhich guaranteed that the relative hand position was not\\nused to infer a band's length. For impact, the participants\\nwore the preliminary ElasticVR prototype and earphones,\\nblocking motors' sound, and laid their forearm on the desk to\\nperceive the stimuli. The impact levels were adjusted using\\nElasticVR. The study took approximately an hour.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,868,211,885],\"text\":\"Results and Discussion\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,889,395,954],\"text\":\"The results of the study on resistive force and impact are\\nshown in Figure 9 . The aggregate fractions of responses that\\nparticipants regarded the stimuli in pair as different force\\nlevels are shown. Interestingly, we observed that in resistive\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,308,747,468],\"text\":\"force, the smaller base forces required larger offset forces\\nto be distinguished, which was in contrast to normal JND\\nresults as in impact. It consists with the claim that resistive\\nforce was not a general JND stimulus. The participants report\\nthat it was harder to distinguish the stimuli at lower resistive\\nforce levels. However, at higher force levels, they perceived\\nthat the resistive force increased quickly, which caused the\\nstimuli to be more distinguished. Thus, we suppose that\\na more distinct resistive force increase at the same band\\nextension is easier and clearer to perceive and distinguish.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[437,124,732,240],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two heatmaps are displayed side-by-side, each showing a grid of numerical values with color intensity representing the magnitude. The left heatmap, titled \\\"Resistive force,\\\" uses a green color scale with \\\"Offset (N)\\\" values (0, 1, 2, 4) on the y-axis and \\\"Base (N)\\\" values (7, 8, 9, 10) on the x-axis. The right heatmap, titled \\\"Impact,\\\" uses a red color scale with the same \\\"Offset (N)\\\" values on the y-axis and different \\\"Base (N)\\\" values (1, 2, 4, 8) on the x-axis.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,250,746,295],\"text\":\"Figure 9: The force perception study results of resistive force\\nand impact. Fractions of responses that the pair of stimuli\\nwere supposed as unequal were shown.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,468,747,724],\"text\":\"For impact, the results are quite typical, loosely consistent\\nwith Weber's law (constant = (offset) / (base)). The stronger\\nbase force requires stronger offset force to be distinguished.\\nAlthough there are unexpected results for resistive force,\\nbased on the results in Figure 9 , we still obtain proper resis-\\ntive and impact levels with over 90 % distinguishability. For\\nresistive force, five levels (7N, 10N, 12N, 14N, rigid ) are pro-\\nvided. 7N is the minimum resistive force of the band. Rigid is\\nindicated when pressing stiff objects with the strongest force\\nlevel, so the whole band in ElasticVR is totally blocked by\\nthe wire brake . For impact, three levels (4N, 8N, 12N) are pro-\\nvided. We chose 4N instead of 2N as the base to make force\\nfeedback stronger and easier to be perceived in VR. Based on\\nthese results, we manufactured the ElasticVR prototype with\\nproper mortises' and knots' positions, and set corresponding\\nresolution numbers to the control board (Figure 3 and 4 ).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,738,594,754],\"text\":\"5 VR EXPERIENCE STUDY\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,758,746,807],\"text\":\"We further observed whether the resistive force and impact\\nfrom ElastiVR were more realistic than those from conven-\\ntional feedback methods, and enhanced VR experiences.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,821,589,839],\"text\":\"Apparatus and Participants\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,841,747,954],\"text\":\"The ElasticVR prototype, a HTC Vive HMD and controller\\nwere used in this experiment. Earphones were worn to block\\naudio feedback. We used Unity3D and SteamVR SDK for\\nVive to build the VR scene. 12 right-handed participants (3\\nfemale) aged 20-31 (mean: 24.33) were recruited. One had no\\nVR experience before. Five of them attended to the previous\\nstudy but about a week elapsed between the two studies.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 220\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/results/markdown/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300450/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300450", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/results/output_json/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[77,116,379,246],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A person wearing a VR headset and headphones operates a hand-mounted controller featuring a touchpad and grip button. The accompanying virtual reality scene displays multiple colored balls (red, green, blue, yellow, white) on a green surface, with a zoomed-in view of a green ball shown in an inset.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[78,250,381,266],\"text\":\"Figure 10: The apparatus and VR scene of the VR study.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,279,190,295],\"text\":\"Task and Procedure\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,299,395,618],\"text\":\"Five balls with different colors and elasticity/stiffness were\\nplaced in the VR scene (Figure 10 ). The participants could\\nfreely press and fire (or shoot) the balls to experience resis-\\ntive force from the elastic balls and impact from the recoil\\nwith three fire power levels, respectively. Three feedback\\nmethods were examined, including vibration (V) from the\\noff-the-shelves controller, general force feedback method (F)\\nusing impulses from a motor as a baseline, and force feed-\\nback from ElasticVR (E). Notably, the motor in (F) was the\\nsame as in (E), which compares our (E) and the previous (F)\\ndesign concepts using the same hardware. Two force feed-\\nback, resistive force and impact, with 5 and 3 levels were\\nexperienced, separately. Therefore, a total of $6$ (= $3$ force\\nfeedback methods) $\\\\times$ $2$ (kinds of force feedback)) conditions\\nwere experienced. Feedback methods were counterbalanced.\\nEach method was experienced for about $5$ to $10$ minutes. The\\nparticipants could experience different force feedback at var-\\nious levels freely at will. Force distinguishability is examined\\nin the previous study, so it is not examined but only observed\\nusing the subjective scale in this study.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,619,395,889],\"text\":\"The participants held a Vive controller in the dominant\\nhand on the study. For resistive force in (V), based on the\\nstudy in [14] , the system provides stronger vibrations when\\npressing harder balls using SteamVR SDK for Vive, and vice\\nversa. For (F), by replacing the band with a fishing line and\\ndisabling the dynamic brake in ElasticVR, motor impulses\\nare used to simulate resistive force. When pressing the balls,\\nimpulse magnitude increases as shorter distance between\\nthe controller and ball center (i.e., pressing deeper) and the\\nincrement is sharper for harder balls, and vice versa. For (E),\\nthe system infers that the ball would be pressed in a free ex-\\nploration by computing which ball is closest to the controller,\\nso only a 60ms delay to block the movement brake is required\\nas mentioned in the ElasticVR section. The participants were\\nasked to press the balls only using the wrist in (E). Besides,\\ndifferent deformation levels of the balls in visual feedback\\nwere provided as pressing in all feedback methods.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,889,395,955],\"text\":\"For impact, the participants randomly picked up a ball\\nby pressing the grip button with their thumb and fired it\\nby pressing the touch pad with their index finger on the\\ncontroller (Figure 10). After a short period to store fire power,\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,378,747,618],\"text\":\"the ball is ejected. The three fire power levels depend on\\nthe fire sequence. The stronger power, the longer power\\nstoring period. The periods were the same for all feedback\\nmethods. Stronger vibration and impulse were provided for\\nstronger recoil in (V) and (F), separately, and vice versa. In\\n(E), ElasticVR stores power by actuating the rotation motor at\\nlevel 1 (4N, 1940ms), 2 (8N, 3920ms), and 3 (12N, 6000ms). As\\npower is stored in advance, only a 360ms delay (60ms to block\\nthe movement brake and 300ms to release the dynamic brake )\\nis required for impact. When firing and recoil is produced, the\\nvarious firing speeds and distances of the balls are provided\\nas visual feedback. After the experiment, the participants\\nfilled out a questionnaire with a 7-point Likert scale, allowing\\ndecimal scores, and were encouraged to give open-ended\\nfeedback in an interview. The study took a half an hour.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[447,117,716,346],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two stacked bar charts display 7-point Likert scale ratings for \\\"Resistance\\\" (top) and \\\"Impact\\\" (bottom) across four categories: Realism, Enjoyment, Distinguishability, and Preference. Each category presents scores for three conditions: Vibration (green), Force Feedback (red), and ElasticVR (blue), with error bars and some statistical significance markers.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[440,353,725,370],\"text\":\"Figure 11: 7 Likert-scale of the VR experience study.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,630,562,647],\"text\":\"Results and Discussion\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,651,746,730],\"text\":\"The scores on 7-point Likert scale are shown in Figure 11 .\\nRepeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni correction for\\npost-hoc pairwise tests are used for the further analyses. We\\ndid not try to compare with resistive force and impact, so\\nthe analyses were only within the same force feedback.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,731,746,954],\"text\":\"For resistive force, significant main effects are found in\\nrealism $(F_{222} = 32.64, p < 0.01)$ $(F_{222} = 10.43, p < 0.01)$ and enjoyment $(p = 0.15)$ , but not in distinguishability $(p = 0.83)$ and\\npreference $(p = 0.15)$ . Post-hoc pairwise tests show that\\nthere are significant differences among all pairs in regard\\nto realism and only between (V, E) in enjoyment. Therefore,\\nresistive force from (E) is significantly more realistic than\\nthat from (V) and (F). Resistive force from (E) and (F) has a\\nsimilar enjoyment level. For impact, significant main effects\\nare revealed in all factors $(p < 0.01$ in all). Post-hoc pairwise\\ntests show that there are significant differences in (V, E) and\\n(F, E) in realism and distinguishability, in (V, F) and (V, E)\\nin enjoyment, and among all pairs in preference. Therefore,\\nimpact from (E) is significantly more realistic, distinguishable\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,125,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 220\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/results/markdown/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300450/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300450", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/results/output_json/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,156],\"text\":\"and preferred than that from (V) and (F). Impact from (E)\\nand (F) has a similar enjoyment level.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,156,395,475],\"text\":\"For resistive force, all participants respond that the re-\\nsistive force provided by (E) is more realistic. P3 , P9 , P10 ,\\nP11 , P12 commonly mention that they clearly perceived the\\ncontinuously-changing force magnitude as moving the hand,\\nwhich made it realistic. P9 comments that when pressing\\nthe balls, it seemed that a \\\"buffer\\\" absorbed the force she\\napplied, and it gradually resisted the hand movement. The\\nsmooth and gradual force change caused the resistive force\\nfrom (E) realistic. Although the force change is also in (F),\\nthe change of patterns from (E) and (F) are quite different.\\nP5 , P12 suppose that force feedback from (F) with a delay\\nwhen pressing the balls was not similar to elastic force. These\\nresults prove our claim that continuously-changing resistive\\nforce with no delay from (E) is significantly more realistic,\\nalthough there exists a little delay in force level switching.\\nMost participants suppose that (V) is not realistic at all in\\nVR but a distinguishable hint, which is consistent with vi-\\nbrotactile research. For (E), some participants comment that\\nthe lower and higher force levels are distinct, especially the\\nrigid one. However, the middle levels are a bit unclear.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,476,395,762],\"text\":\"For impact, most participants mention that the impact\\ninstantly provided by (E) results in better realism. Compared\\nwith the impact from (E), that from (F) is not provided fast\\nenough, which reduces the realism. These results also verify\\nour claim that (E) providing impact instantly is significantly\\nmore realistic. More powerful motors or grounded devices\\nmight solve the problem, but those could make the wearable\\ndevice bulky. Interestingly, only P4 supposes that (V) is more\\nrealistic. P4 comments that the recoil includes vibration and\\nforce feedback. The vibration from (V) is similar to the recoil\\nfeedback in video games using controllers, but the force\\nfeedback from both (E) and (F) are not realistic enough. He\\nfelt the hand pulled back instead of pushed, which limited\\nthe realism using (E). This could be further improved by\\ncombining tactile and force feedback as in [13] . Generally,\\nElasticVR provides better performance in both continuously-\\nchanging resistive force and instant impact, which indeed\\nenhances VR experiences.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,773,263,790],\"text\":\"6 ELASTICVR APPLICATIONS\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,793,395,841],\"text\":\"In addition to pressing balls and firing recoil, we propose\\nanother two ElasticVR applications, surgery training and\\nbaseball game, also shown in the demo video.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,841,395,953],\"text\":\"In the surgery training, ElasticVR provides resistive force\\nfor palpations and impact for electric shocks from defibrilla-\\ntion (Figure 12 ). For palpations, we provide two body parts,\\nthe chest and abdomen, of the patient in both healthy and un-\\nhealthy conditions. In the healthy condition, a chest with ribs\\ninside is usually harder than an abdomen, so, resistive force\\nlevel 4 and 2 are for the chest and abdomen, respectively. In\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,619,747,809],\"text\":\"an unhealthy condition, we provide stronger resistive force\\nlevel 5 and 3 for a chest with a rib fractured and abdomen\\nwith a possible tumor, separately. With multilevel resistive\\nforce from ElasticVR, the users can learn to diagnose whether\\na patient is healthy in palpation training. For defibrillation,\\ntwo electric shock levels are provided. After setting the elec-\\ntric shock level, the users press the grip button on the Vive\\ncontroller to charge the defibrillator, and ElasticVR stores\\nthe impact power. When the charging is done, they press the\\ngrip button to defibrate the patient, and ElasticVR provides\\nthe impact for the electric shock. We expect that the users\\nexperience surgery in VR before in the real surgery room.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[432,115,734,344],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image displays multiple panels from a virtual reality medical simulation. The top four panels show a patient mannequin on an operating table, with text overlays indicating various conditions such as \\\"Healthy chest,\\\" \\\"Healthy abdomen,\\\" \\\"Chest with rib fracture,\\\" and \\\"Abdomen with a tumor.\\\" The bottom three panels feature virtual hands, with one panel showing the text \\\"Charging.\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,353,746,398],\"text\":\"Figure 12: Surgery training. Palpation (upper) with 4 resis-\\ntive force levels. Defibrillation (lower) with strong (lower-\\nright) and weak (lower-left) electric shock.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[436,402,731,570],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image displays a virtual reality simulation where a floating white ball interacts with a virtual hand or stick. Several panels show the ball being approached and then hit, resulting in a yellow explosion effect. A small inset in two panels shows a user wearing a VR headset and holding controllers.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,580,746,610],\"text\":\"Figure 13: Baseball game, 2 resistive force levels in pitching\\n(upper) and 2 impact levels in batting (lower).\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,809,747,953],\"text\":\"In the baseball game, ElasticVR provides resistive force\\nfor pitching and impact for batting (Figure 13 ). For pitching,\\nthe users pitch at two power levels. They feel the stronger\\nresistive force as pitching at faster speed and stronger power\\n(fireball), and vice versa. They press and hold the grip but-\\nton on the Vive controller to grasp the ball. When pressing\\nthe hand during pitching, the resistive force is gradually\\nincreased. When releasing the grip button, the ball is re-\\nleased and thrown, and ElasticVR releases the movement and\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 220\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300450/results/markdown/3290605-3300450_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300453/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300453", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/results/output_json/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[69,118,744,151],\"text\":\"The Role of Gaming During Difficult Life Experiences\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[149,168,336,235],\"text\":\"Ioanna Iacovides\\n\\nDepartment of Computer Science\\n\\nUniversity of York, UK\\n\\njo.iacovides@york.ac.uk\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[481,168,660,235],\"text\":\"Elisa D. Mekler\\n\\nFaculty of Psychology\\n\\nUniversity of Basel, Switzerland\\n\\nelisa.mekler@unibas.ch\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,244,141,261],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,264,395,504],\"text\":\"HCI has become increasingly interested in the use of technol-\\nogy during difficult life experiences. Yet despite considerable\\npopularity, little is known about how and why people en-\\ngage with games in times of personal difficulty. Based on\\na qualitative analysis of an online survey (N=95), our find-\\nings indicate that games offered players much needed respite\\nfrom stress, supported them in dealing with their feelings, fa-\\ncilitated social connections, stimulated personal change and\\ngrowth, and provided a lifeline in times of existential doubt.\\nHowever, despite an emphasis on gaming as being able to\\nsupport coping in ways other activities did not, participants\\nalso referred to games as unproductive and as an obstacle to\\nliving well. We discuss these findings in relation to both cop-\\ning process and outcome, while considering tensions around\\nthe potential benefits and perceived value of gaming.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,518,172,534],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,538,394,573],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Empirical studies in\\nHCI;\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,588,149,604],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,609,394,641],\"text\":\"Games, coping, difficult life experiences, sensitive life expe-\\nriences\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,655,204,669],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,669,395,743],\"text\":\"Ioanna Iacoviode and Elisa D. Mekler. 2019. The Role of Gaming\\nDuring Difficult Life Experiences. In CHI Conference on Human\\nFactors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019,\\nGlasgow, Scotland, UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 12 pages. https:\\n//doi.org/10.1145/3290653.3304543\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,244,549,262],\"text\":\"1 Introduction\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,264,747,504],\"text\":\"Throughout our lives, we all experience times of personal\\ndifficulty. Serious life disruptions can destabilise routines\\nand influence our relationships [27] , making us feel vulner-\\nable [17] , distressed [34] , and potentially questioning our\\npurpose in life [20] . A growing body of research within HCI\\naims to understand how everyday technologies can be used\\nto support people in coping with sensitive life experiences\\n[17] , such as relationship breakdowns [18, 31] , job loss [7] ,\\nmoving home [38] , retirement [6, 10] , gender transition [15] ,\\nveteran re-integration into civilian life [37] , and dealing with\\nbereavement [e.g., 1, 27] . Though not without potential is-\\nsues (see for instance [16] ), the findings of such work broadly\\nhighlight the positive role that technology, and Information\\nand Communication Technologies (ICTs) in particular, can\\nhave in connecting individuals to valuable support networks.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,504,747,743],\"text\":\"Games are vastly popular, and there is increasing interest\\nin examining the potential of games to positively affect play-\\ners’ mental health and well-being [13, 25] . Work in the area\\nof emotionally moving game experiences has also suggested\\nthat players sometimes reflect on gameplay and how it re-\\nlated to personal life events involving difficult and existential\\nconcerns [20] , such as coping with loss and death, family\\nbreak-up, or questioning one's identity [3] . In addition, pre-\\nliminary findings suggest that people may play games as a\\nway to cope during times of emotional distress [1–3, 37] . At\\nthis stage however, it is unclear whether games play a simi-\\nlar role to ICTs during difficult life experience, e.g., through\\nthe social networks and connections that games can provide\\n[8, 42] , or whether they influence coping in different ways,\\nsuch as providing an escape through entertainment [38] .\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,743,747,935],\"text\":\"A more comprehensive investigation that focuses on gam-\\ning would help deepen understanding of the range of tech-\\nnologies people utilise during times of difficulty, the purposes\\nthese technologies serve and the impacts they can have. In-\\ndeed, despite the World Health Organization (WHO) recently\\nincluding gaming disorder in the International Classification\\nof Diseases (ICD-11), it has been suggested that escapist on-\\nline gaming may actually be a response to particular life\\nproblems, rather than a mental disorder related to impulse-\\ncontrol issues [22, 40, 41] ; thus it “ is vital to investigate in\\ndetail how specific media content affords coping for partic-\\nular life issues ” [22, p. 72] . Beyond a focus on problematic\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,774,395,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\\nCH 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,898,395,950],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto the Association for Computing Machinery.\\nACM ISBN 978-1-4503-9770-2/19/05...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/329605.3300453\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 223\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/results/markdown/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300453/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300453", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/results/output_json/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,156],\"text\":\"gaming, there is scope to examine how and why games are\\nused during difficult life experiences.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,156,395,492],\"text\":\"To explore these questions, we conducted an online survey\\nwith 95 participants before carrying out a thematic analysis.\\nOur contribution is two-fold: First, the findings contribute\\nto research on technology and difficult life experiences by\\nproviding insights into the role of gaming during times of\\npersonal crisis and upheaval [17, 27] . Namely, our analysis\\nindicates how games are able to offer much needed respite\\nfrom stress and negative thoughts, as well as affording play-\\ners opportunities for social connection and for coming to\\nterms with their feelings. We also found that gaming was able\\nto provide a lifeline and stimulate personal growth, thereby\\ncontributing to our understanding of how people grapple\\nwith existential concerns through their interactions with\\ntechnology [20] . Second, despite indicating that gaming can\\nprovide useful coping mechanisms during times of difficulty,\\nour analysis indicates participants' tendency to view gaming\\nas a less worthwhile or productive activity than other pas-\\ntimes. While it is clear that problematic gaming behaviours\\ncan occur, the 'moral panic' [26] around games continues\\nto influence people's perceptions of games, even when they\\nreport experiencing clear benefit.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,497,198,515],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,519,283,535],\"text\":\"HCI and Sensitive Life Experiences\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,536,395,731],\"text\":\"Kapptelin [ 20 ] argues that HCI should deal with the role of\\ntechnology and the fundamentals of existence (i.e., mortality,\\nidentity, isolation, freedom and meaning). Many of these\\nissues relate to sensitive life experiences , defined by Herron\\nand colleagues as \\\"life events and life transitions which see\\nindividuals in a vulnerable state\\\" [17, p. 1] . Similarly, Massini\\net al. refer to life disruptions , a form of adverse event that is\\nunpredictable, uncontrollable and destabilising [27] , which\\ncan also involve an identity crisis as a result of life transition ,\\ni.e., moving from one phase or condition in life to another\\n[37] . From moving home to the loss of a loved one, times of\\npersonal difficulty are likely to affect us all.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,731,395,954],\"text\":\"According to the psychological literature [12, 34, 35] , when\\ndifficult life experiences occur, people resort to different\\nforms of coping i.e., “ cognitive and behavioural efforts to\\nmanage specific external and/or internal demands that are\\nappraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person ”\\n[12, p. 141] . Folkman and Moskowitz [12] , outline three dif-\\nferent types of coping: emotion-focused (aimed at reducing\\nnegative emotions association with the problem), problem-\\nfocused (aimed at directly addressing the problem causing\\ndistress) and meaning-focused (where cognitive strategies\\nare used to engage in meaning-making [34, 35] ), whilst high-\\nlighting the increasing attention being paid to social factors\\n(e.g., where other people can provide instrumental or emo-\\ntional support). While these distinctions can be useful, the\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,745,172],\"text\":\"authors note that are quite broad, where specific strategies\\nmay be adaptive or maladaptive, i.e., more or less useful,\\ndepending on the circumstances.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,172,746,476],\"text\":\"Research in HCI and sensitive life experiences has focused\\non coping within a range of contexts. Massimi et al. [27] , for\\ninstance, examined the role of technology across three dif-\\nferent instances: leaving an abusive partner, homelessness,\\nand the death of a family member. They note how social\\nand technological relationships are reconfigured in each of\\nthese cases in order to mitigate some of the consequences of\\nthese extreme disruptions as the individuals involved move\\ntowards `a new normal'. As technologies are an integral part\\nof our lives, they can influence and potentially change the\\nways in which we cope. For example, Baglione et al. [1]\\nnote how people experiencing bereavement are increasingly\\nsupported through digital memorializations and through ex-\\npressing their grief online. In another instance, Haimson et\\nal. [16] focus on the experience of transgender people, noting\\nthat while they can find support from others online, they\\nalso have to deal with social networking technologies that\\ndo not always support them in negotiating the challenging\\ninterplay between their past and current identities.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,486,539,503],\"text\":\"Games and Coping\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,506,746,841],\"text\":\"Despite calls for more research into the role that games play\\nin players' lives [41] , in the context of sensitive life experi-\\nences, this has rarely been an explicit focus. For instance,\\nSemaan et al. explored veterans' use of ICTs during civil-\\nian re-integration [37] mainly in relation to Facebook and\\nReddit, and also to veteran-specific spaces. However, some\\nparticipants referred to engaging with massive multi-player\\nonline games (MMOGs) as a form of escape from the diffi-\\nculty of transition, to connect with former soldiers, and as\\na way to draw on the old structures of their military iden-\\ntity. In another example, Baglione et al. [1] conceptualised\\nplaying video games as a means of distraction and self-care\\nwhen dealing with complicated forms of grief. Shklovski et\\nal. [38] also refer to games as part of using the Internet for\\nentertainment, as a possible escapist coping strategy when\\ndealing with moving home. However, they include brows-\\ning behaviours as part of the same strategy, so the extent to\\nwhich their findings relate specifically to games is unclear.\\nDespite referring to MMOGs, the authors appear to view\\nusing the Internet for communication as a separate strategy\\nand do not note the potential overlap with regard to games.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,841,746,954],\"text\":\"Within game studies, Banks and Cole [2] investigated\\nthe use of games in the context of military personnel and\\nveterans. While they do not explicitly focus on sensitive life\\nexperiences, part of the research involved asking participants\\nabout whether they ever used games to work through the\\n`challenges' they had experienced as a result of their military\\nservice (presumably, many of which are likely to relate to\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 223\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/results/markdown/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300453/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300453", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/results/output_json/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,267],\"text\":\"times of personal difficulty). The findings suggested that\\ngames were able to provide an escape from stress, a way to\\nmanage physical or psychological challenges, an opportunity\\nto experience camaraderie and support from other military\\npersonnel and a way to enjoy connections with civilians.\\nWhile some of these themes are specific to a military context,\\nsocial support is clearly important for coping with challenges\\nand there is scope to explore how their findings apply in\\ndifferent contexts.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,267,395,603],\"text\":\"A related body of research has also emerged around the\\npotential emotional benefits of games [13] where studies\\nhave looked more broadly at gaming as a way to deal with\\ngeneral stress. Reinecke et al., for instance, indicate that\\ngames were more likely to provide relief from frustration\\nthan non-interactive media due to their being more cog-\\nnitively demanding. Building on Reinecke's findings [36] ,\\nCollins and Cox [9] find further evidence that gameplay can\\naid post-work recovery. They found that a variety of gen-\\nres could promote recovery experiences, but that this was\\nmost pronounced for action and first-person shooters. These\\neffects were further mediated by online social support sug-\\ngesting that, at least in part, games are effective at promoting\\nrecovery because of the opportunities they provide for social-\\nising. In work focused on male gamers, Vella and colleagues\\n[42] also indicate that online gaming can lead to positive\\nemotions such as competence and camaraderie, and suggest\\nthat the activity provides players with a way to access social\\nsupport. In particular they note how voice chat can help de-\\nvelop trust between players, creating opportunities to bond\\nover gaming experiences and to discuss emotional issues.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,603,394,841],\"text\":\"It has also been suggested that interacting with others on-\\nline may be a form of coping with personal difficulties, where\\n\\\"negative life situations can give rise to a motivation to go\\nonline to alleviate negative feelings\\\" [21, p. 352] . The effects\\nare not always clear however, where different research has\\nindicated that online gaming can both positively or nega-\\ntively influence wellbeing [39] . On the basis of their studies,\\nSnodgrass and colleagues suggest that the outcomes depend\\non the way in which an individual engages online – where in-\\ntensive online play can improve wellbeing in lonely players\\nby creating opportunities to bond with others. In contrast,\\nmore casual forms of play will not allow for a `signaling'\\nof mastery and commitment that intensive involvement en-\\nables, making players less likely to connect with others and\\nexacerbating their feelings of loneliness.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,841,394,955],\"text\":\"These studies highlight how games may be able to influ-\\nence general wellbeing through providing an escape, influ-\\nencing mood and supporting social interaction. However,\\neven though there has also been increasing interest in using\\ngames for promoting mental health or treatment of clinical\\nsymptoms [e.g. 25] , there are few studies on players' exist-\\ning use of games as part of coping with life transitions and\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,205],\"text\":\"disruptions. Games have generally received limited attention\\nin previous research on HCI and sensitive life experiences.\\nTo our knowledge, and outside of a specific focus on military\\npersonnel, no study has specifically examined how people\\nengage with games to navigate times of personal difficulty.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,220,504,236],\"text\":\"3 METHOD\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,241,536,258],\"text\":\"Overview of study\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,261,747,548],\"text\":\"The goal of this study was to consider the role of gaming\\nduring difficult life experiences, that is, how players engage\\nwith games and gaming-related activities when navigating\\ndifficult events and disruptions in their lives. Given the po-\\ntentially sensitive nature of the subject matter, we wanted\\nto ensure that participants did not experience any major dis-\\ncomfort or relive any trauma due to participating in the study.\\nHence, we chose to solicit participants' experiences via open-\\nended questions in an online survey rather than interviews.\\nSurveys are arguably limited due to it not being possible to\\nask follow-up or clarifying questions. However, they are less\\nintrusive and afford anonymity, which allows people time\\nand space to reflect on sensitive topics and consider what\\ninformation they feel comfortable disclosing [16, 23] . More-\\nover, whereas interviews might have blurred the boundaries\\nbetween our participants and our role as researchers [43] , an\\nonline survey was thought to be less likely to cause distress\\nfor the authors of the present work [30] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,564,486,581],\"text\":\"Procedure\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,584,747,792],\"text\":\"Upon clicking the survey link, participants were introduced\\nto the survey and asked for consent. Participants were re-\\nquired to be over the age of 18 years. While surveys can be\\nless intrusive than interviews on distressing topics [16, 23] ,\\nthey may still increase respondents' levels of stress and neg-\\native mood [23] . To minimise potential risk and discomfort\\n[33] , the survey instructions emphasised the voluntary na-\\nture of the survey [43] , that participants were free to drop\\nout at any time and that they were free to share as much or\\nas little of their personal experiences as they wanted. Due\\nto the sensitive nature of the topic, it was recommended\\nthat people currently suffering from high stress or emotional\\ndistress did not take part. Participants were then instructed:\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,806,746,888],\"text\":\"All of us have times of – perhaps ongoing – personal diffi-\\nculty. Please think of a stressful, confusing, troubled, or discour-\\naging time in your life during which you play(ed) video games.\\nPlease describe this difficult time in your life. What did you\\nexperience as stressful, confusing, troubling, or discouraging?\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,903,746,951],\"text\":\"The above description of a \\\"difficult time in your life\\\" corre-\\nsponds to the wording employed in Pals' study on difficult life\\nexperiences [34] . To minimise discomfort this first question\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 223\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/results/markdown/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300453/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300453", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/results/output_json/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,553],\"text\":\"was left optional, where 11 participants chose not to respond.\\nNext, participants were asked what game(s) they played\\nduring this difficult time and why they had chosen them.\\nThey were then asked to describe whether they thought\\nplaying was helpful, whether they thought gaming had af-\\nfected them negatively in any way and whether they had\\nengaged in any other gaming-related activities (e.g., posting\\non forums, creating mods, fanfiction, etc.) during this time.\\nTo further contextualise participants' coping practices, we\\nalso asked them about activities or resources outside of gam-\\ning they had found helpful. Finally, participants provided\\ndemographic information and indicated their gaming pref-\\nerences. At the end of the survey, participants could enter\\ntheir e-mail address, if they wished to enter a prize raffle for\\none of 10 $ 20 (USD) Amazon gift cards. Before submitting\\ntheir responses, participants were once again asked whether\\nthey consented to disclosing their experiences, in case any\\nchanged their minds after partaking in the survey. However,\\nno participants chose to withdraw from the study at this\\nstage. Participants were then referred to the final screen of\\nthe survey, which thanked them for their time and contained\\nlinks to different international and national support organi-\\nsations (e.g., Befrienders Worldwide) – If participants chose\\nto quit before completion, the same links were presented in\\na pop-up window to ensure participants were provided with\\ncontacts that could offer support. On average, the survey\\ntook 15 minutes to complete.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,553,394,715],\"text\":\"During recruitment, several participants left comments\\non our subreddit posts, where we had advertised the survey,\\nall of which were positive. Participants provided encourage-\\nment for our study and research on the role of gaming during\\ndifficult life events, or asked us how we got into this field\\nof study. While somewhat blurring the research boundaries\\n[43] , the second author responded to all comments to ensure\\nthat respondents felt heard and comfortable with their par-\\nticipation in the study; for instance, by disclosing that the\\nresearch team also shares a personal interest in gaming.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,715,395,794],\"text\":\"Due to the sensitive and sometimes in-depth accounts\\nof participants' difficult life experiences, the authors also\\nheld regular debriefing sessions during data collection and\\nanalysis to discuss our own feelings of distress brought about\\nby engaging with the data [30] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,803,144,823],\"text\":\"Participants\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,826,395,955],\"text\":\"Participants were recruited from the SampleSize survey sub-\\nreddit, as well as various gaming subreddits (i.e., r/GFD,\\nr/gamedev, r/IndieGaming, r/itchio). A total of of 230 par-\\nticipants clicked the survey link, of which 95 participants\\ncompleted the survey: 58 male, 28 female, 7 non-binary, 2\\npreferred not to disclose their gender, ranging from 18 to 58\\nyears of age (M=25.50, SD=6.90). On average, participants\\nhad been playing digital games for 17.81 years (ranging from\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,205],\"text\":\"7 to 37 years). Participants' game preferences were quite var-\\nied, with the most popular genres being role-playing games\\n(n=76), adventure (n=67), as well as first-person shooters\\n(n=56), and strategy games (n=55). Sixteen participants' pro-\\nfession or area of study related to games in some way.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,205,747,555],\"text\":\"Our participants dealt with a range of difficult and highly\\nstressful experiences. These included struggling with mental\\nhealth issues, familial and relationship problems, bereave-\\nment, as well as other episodes of considerable emotional\\nturmoil (e.g., dysphoria, losing their job). Participants of-\\nten played several games during these times. While the re-\\nported games covered a broad range of genres (e.g., RPGs,\\nMOBAs, action-adventures, casual games, first-person shoot-\\ners, etc.), several participants referred to playing Skyrim,\\nWorld of Warcraft, Stardew Valley, Overwatch and the Poké-\\nmon games. Participants also engaged in a variety of game-\\nrelated activities, such as visiting and commenting on spe-\\ncific game subreddits and forums, watching game-related\\nvideos and livestreams on YouTube and Twitch, as well as\\nengaging in creative fandom activities (e.g., cosplay, mod-\\nding, reading and writing fanfiction). A few participants also\\nactively contributed to forums aimed at gamers dealing with\\nmental health issues. For many participants, gaming was\\none of many activities that helped them cope. Talking with\\nfriends and family, taking walks and other forms of physical\\nexercise, playing music, as well as attending counseling and\\ntherapy sessions were deemed particularly helpful.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,571,535,589],\"text\":\"Thematic Analysis\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,592,747,945],\"text\":\"To analyse the responses, we conducted an inductive the-\\nmatic analysis as outlined by Braun and Clarke [4, 5] . Our\\naim was to gain a rich understanding of the role of gaming\\nduring difficult life experiences rather than focus on partic-\\nipants’ responses to the individual survey questions. The\\nfirst and second author were both involved in reviewing\\nthe data, the code generation process, and the data coding\\nthrough reading and discussion throughout. Accordingly,\\neach researcher first examined the data set before manually\\ndeveloping a set of initial research codes. Some examples\\ninclude \\\"Distraction from emotional pain\\\", \\\"Feeling like part\\nof a community\\\", \\\"Games as non-productive\\\" and \\\"Reso-\\nnance\\\". Codes pertained to both the semantic content (i.e.,\\nwhat participants wrote) and latent levels (i.e., participants'\\nassumptions underlying the semantic content). With regards\\nto the initial coding of the entire data set, sentences formed\\nthe smallest unit of text and could be assigned several codes.\\nWorking together, we manually collated and amended these\\ninitial codes by grouping and re-grouping them to develop a\\nset of provisional themes (see supplementary materials for\\nsome examples). The final stage involved further refinement\\nof these provisional themes, through using Nvivo 12 to apply\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 223\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/results/markdown/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300453/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300453", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/results/output_json/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,124,394,172],\"text\":\"them to entire data set to determine their fit. Overall, the in-\\nductive thematic analysis resulted in 65 codes, used to create\\n8 provisional themes, and then 6 final themes.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,185,150,202],\"text\":\"4 RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,207,395,446],\"text\":\"In examining the role of gaming during difficult life expe-\\nriences, the following six themes are presented: (1) much\\nneeded respite; (2) connection - no one should be an island;\\n(3) dealing with feelings; (4) prompting personal change and\\ngrowth; (5) gaming as a lifeline; and (6) gaming as an obsta-\\ncle to living well. Note that the themes were not mutually\\nexclusive (e.g., a quote about playing with others being a\\ngood distraction would be coded as both “Connection” and\\n“Respite”). Each theme is discussed below with illustrative\\nquotes, labeled by participant number and age, e.g., (N135; m,\\n31) refers to participant 135, male, aged 31. Please note that\\nthe original participant numbering is retained (i.e., of the\\ninitial 230 respondents who accessed the survey, though the\\nresponses analysed only came from the 95 who completed\\nit). Quotes are also kept in original spelling and punctuation.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,459,206,476],\"text\":\"Much Needed Respite\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,480,395,576],\"text\":\"The focus of the first theme is on how games were able to\\noffer necessary respite from the stress and trauma that par-\\nticipants were experiencing in their daily lives. As explained\\nbelow, difficult life experiences (such as dealing with the\\nterminal illness of a loved one) are exhausting, and certain\\nforms of gameplay can provide a valuable break:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[101,580,363,772],\"text\":\"'Your emotions and strategic planning/thinking\\nabilities are exhausted as your mind searches\\nfor alternative plans, options, and considers how\\nto try to save your loved one, care for the sur-\\nvivors, cope with or process the loss yourself,\\nand go through all the aspects of grief ... you\\nneed distraction or retreat to rest. A somewhat\\nmindless game that you can sink into with rep-\\netition and sort of get into a 'zone' where you\\nplay with complete focus and without thinking\\nabout much was a sort of meditation.\\\" (N37; m,\\n31)\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,777,396,953],\"text\":\"Both playing games and engaging in related activities were\\nfrequently referred to as providing `distraction' or `escape',\\ne.g., \\\"Discussing games on Reddit was another source of dis-\\ntraction that helped keep my mind off of negative thoughts\\\"\\n(N101; m, 21); \\\"Playing videogames took my mind off not\\nhaving a job. I guess they helped me escape reality when I\\nplayed\\\" (N114; m, 23). Essentially, gaming provided an ac-\\ntivity for participants to focus on that wasn't related to the\\ndifficulties they were going through. For some who were\\ndealing with mental health issues, this focus helped them to\\ndisrupt negative thought processes:\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,124,715,252],\"text\":\"“...although I believe it needs to be applied with\\nmoderation, distraction in short periods was\\nhelpful for me. Because I struggle with anxiety\\nas well as depression, I can often get trapped\\ninto unproductive thought loops, and being able\\nto immerse myself and focus on something else\\nlike a game or movie sometimes gives me an\\neasy way to interrupt that.” (N 86, f. 27)\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,261,746,356],\"text\":\"Additionally, through providing an engaging experience,\\ngameplay was described as distracting from physical, as well\\nas emotional pain: “I was able to focus on something else and\\nsomething interesting. To this day, I still have good memories\\nof Morrowind's ability to help me cope with my physical\\npain during that time period.” (N48; f. 36)\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,356,747,627],\"text\":\"Games were also described as being more effective than\\nother pastimes: \\\"The escapism of video games let me relax\\nand clear my head in ways that I can't do just with other\\nactivities (ie reading, watching tv, etc.)\\\" (N155; f. 26). To suc-\\ncessfully achieve respite, the right balance of challenge was\\nkey \\\"so that I'm focused enough to momentarily distract myself\\nfrom my situation, but not stressed out additionally by a\\nhigh difficulty\\\" (N19; m. 33). Thus, players often sought out\\nexperiences where they could minimise the risk of creating\\nfurther stress e.g., through choosing familiar games that had\\nrepetitive tasks like Battlefield, which \\\"was something that I\\n[have] known and I found comfort in repetition and playing\\nthe same game all the time.\\\" (N34; f. 22). Similarly, N121 (m.\\n19) explains how they prefer to play Steward Valley alone,\\nas opposed to engaging in multiplayer games because it \\\"is\\nthe most relaxing. The other games are a bit more stressful\\nand it helps me get distracted.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,627,747,801],\"text\":\"In addition, participants highlighted how in gameplay they\\nwere “achieving something, reaching goals” which ‘helped\\nme escape my life, stopped the pain for a little while’ (N185; f,\\n28). Games allowed for ‘small accomplishments ... while real\\nlife didn’t have many rewards’ (N142; f, 37) where ‘it made\\nme feel like I wasn’t a failure and had some control on what\\nI was doing with myself.’ (N70; m, 20). Due to dealing with\\nnegative issues beyond their control, games were able to offer\\nfurther respite through providing players with opportunities\\nto experience competence and agency, which may have been\\nlacking in other areas of their lives.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,817,556,836],\"text\":\"Dealing with Feelings\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,840,746,951],\"text\":\"The second theme relates to players describing gaming as a\\nhelpful way for them to work through their feelings about\\ntheir current situation. In contrast to playing for respite,\\na few participants purposefully selected games where the\\nnarrative resonated with aspects of their current situation,\\ne.g., when explaining what they played during a difficult\\ntime: \\\"Celeste, LIS [Life is Strange] - relatable characters,\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 223\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/results/markdown/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300453/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300453", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/results/output_json/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,156],\"text\":\"themes of anxiety\\\" (N141; not stated, 21). Similarly, some\\nchose to play games that:\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[102,159,361,270],\"text\":\"\\\"dealt with heavy issues like suicide and depres-\\nsion, which confronted me with my own feelings\\n... When I played games with heavy themes like\\nThe Cat Lady, I could understand the charac-\\nters better, and that made me realize that even\\nthough depression sucks, it gives you a ton of\\nempathy.\\\" (N111; f. 26).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,273,393,337],\"text\":\"Thus, some participants appeared to deliberately engage\\nin uncomfortable experiences in an effort to come to terms\\nwith their emotions and deal with how they felt about the\\nsituation they were in.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,338,394,513],\"text\":\"In another example, players connected with a game de-\\nspite not playing it themselves: \\\"Technically I watched a\\nplaythrough of P3FES [Persona 3], not played it\\\" where the\\ngame \\\"has ended up as one of my favorite narratives ever\\nbecause it hit so close to home with its depictions of depres-\\nsion\\\" (N204; nb, 23). However, the participant also raises a\\nnote of caution when playing games with serious themes\\nwhen describing \\\"graphic depictions of death\\\", which did\\ngive me more vivid suicidal ideations.\\\" Despite the negative\\nimagery, the participant generally found their experience\\nrelated to P3FES to be beneficial:\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[101,516,361,596],\"text\":\"'Fanfiction and waiting for the updates of said\\nfanfiction gave me something to wait for and\\nlook forward to when I was suicidal. One Per-\\nsona 3 fanfiction even made me realize how bad\\nmy depression was' (N204; nb. 23)\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,599,394,854],\"text\":\"For other participants, processing emotions was more\\nabout catharsis, where they played to vent frustration and\\nstress, e.g., in relation to GTA5 “The open world and lack of\\npermanent in-game consequences, even when committing\\nserious violence, made for a very easy way to channel stress.”\\n(N221; nb. 24). Players occasionally appeared to experience\\ngaming both as respite and a way to process their emotions,\\nwhere, one participant explains how they found Kingdom\\nHearts Birth by Sleep helpful “because I was able to escape\\nthe pain and have a break. The story also has heart felt mo-\\nments that made me cry or more helped me cry and it was\\nvery therapeutic.” (N87; f. 28). Note that this process could be\\naccidental, e.g., “Dark Souls kinda helped me process some\\nof the stuff going on in my life for some reason” (N131; f. 21),\\nwhere games helped players deal with their feelings, even if\\nthat was not the original aim.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,864,326,882],\"text\":\"Connection - No One Should Be an Island\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,886,394,919],\"text\":\"The third theme relates to how games can provide valuable\\nopportunities to connect with others in different ways. We\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,348],\"text\":\"labeled the theme 'Connection - No one should be an island'\\nto highlight the fact that isolation can be a significant factor\\nwithin difficult life experiences and to reflect the implicit as-\\nsumption that it is beneficial to feel connected to something\\nother than ourselves. Connections could occur through social\\nforms of play, e.g., \\\"I would stream (live stream) Resident Evil\\n7 as it made me feel less alone and more supported. Diablo 3\\nI would play with family for the same reason\\\" (N147; m. 29)\\nor engaging in related activities, e.g., \\\"I often browse the sub-\\nreddits for games I play. Reading stories and feedback other\\nfellow players have made me feel a part of a community\\\"\\n(N32; m. 22). Through engaging with people who shared\\na similar interest, gaming was able to provide \\\"a sense of\\nsatisfaction and belonging\\\" (N11; m. 24).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,348,746,523],\"text\":\"There was sometimes an overlap between this theme and\\n`Much needed respite', where participants indicated it was\\nhelpful to engage with others without having to discuss their\\ndifficulties, e.g., multiplayer games “ allowed me to chat to\\nfriends and keep my head out of my issues ” (N128; f, 24).\\nIn other cases, the interaction was closer to `Dealing with\\nfeelings' as gaming provided an additional form of support,\\ne.g., with Star Wars: The Old Republic. `I was able to talk\\nto my friend if I needed someone to talk to' (N13; m, 22).\\nHowever, while generally positive, there was the occasional\\nreference to negative online interactions, such as:\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,531,715,675],\"text\":\"\\\"I remember playing San Andres multiplayer.\\nThe server had its own forum, admins and social\\nlife in the game and I spent a lot of time just\\nchatting with people. That was the first time\\nI overcame my social anxiety and made some\\nof my first internet friends. The only negative\\nexperience were other girls, who saw me as a\\nthreat to their popularity I guess. But I mostly\\nignored them.\\\" (N123; f, 21)\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,685,746,846],\"text\":\"Beyond providing opportunities to engage with other peo-\\nple, gaming also appeared to support different forms of con-\\nnection. For instance, where gameplay allowed people to feel\\nconnected to someone who had passed away: “Also, which I\\nthink is important to say, is that I played the games, because\\nwe played them with my younger brother, or he was watch-\\ning me play them before he died. So it maybe helped me a\\nlittle bit to fill the void his death left inside of me” (N127; m.\\n28). Additionally, a form of connection was also experienced\\nthrough engaging with characters within the game:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,855,715,951],\"text\":\"\\\"It helped me not feel so alone. Sometimes during\\nthe middle of the story when i was really drawn\\nin I almost forgot what i was dealing with and\\nfelt normal for a little bit...\\n\\\" People make me feel\\nso alienated most of the time. It helps knowing\\nthat even though ill never probably have a lot of\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,924,393,953],\"text\":\"\\\"E.g., player characters in Persona 3 summon their Personas by holding and\\ntriggering a gun-like object against their head.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 223\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/results/markdown/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300453/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300453", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/results/output_json/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[99,125,361,156],\"text\":\"real friends, these characters were created by a\\nreal person and so that helps (N167; m. 43)\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,158,395,270],\"text\":\"Here, through playing RPG and adventure games with a\\n\\\"good story and relatable characters\\\", the participant explains\\nhow games were able to offer a form of respite from the\\nloneliness they experience as a result of their anxiety. While\\nthe game itself offered opportunities to create an attachment\\nwith in-game characters, the quote also suggests feeling a\\nsense of connection to those who created the games.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,282,250,300],\"text\":\"Personal Change and Growth\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,303,395,397],\"text\":\"The fourth theme relates to the ways in which games acted\\nas a catalyst for personal change and growth. For instance,\\none participant explains how “Gaming motivation slowly\\ngot me back into exercising and carefully editing my dietary\\nhabits, which was launched through gaming and character\\ndevelopment” where:\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,400,361,481],\"text\":\"\\\"Being able to feel involved in something, enjoy\\nit, explore, and focus on improving something\\n(even if virtually only) was something I needed\\nin order to get out of my head and start getting\\nmotivated a little bit at a time\\\" (N99; f. 28)\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,484,395,596],\"text\":\"Similarly, `Playing games like Skyrim, where I could ex-\\nplore for days and be the most powerful person alive, sorta\\ngave me confidence in the real world as well' (N11; m. 24).\\nThese experiences suggest that, through providing opportu-\\nnities to develop competence, the confidence and motivation\\ndeveloped in game can transfer to other areas of a person's\\nlife.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,596,395,692],\"text\":\"Participants shared further experiences of personal growth,\\ne.g., \\\"Learning that actions had consequences was an impor-\\ntant lesson that dark souls taught me\\\" (N175; gender and\\nage not stated). There was sometimes a social component to\\nlearning, where the process resulted from interacting with\\nother players:\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[99,694,362,855],\"text\":\"'surprisingly, Gaia Online also increased my so-\\ncial knowledge too - I interacted with and learned\\na lot about groups of people I would have never\\ninteracted with otherwise - arguably more, as\\nlistening to them express struggles and hard-\\nships that they wouldn't have expressed out-\\nside of the online social environment really in-\\ncreased my understanding and empathy towards\\nthose groups, and towards humanity as a whole.\\\"\\n(N227; m. 33)\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,857,395,954],\"text\":\"Additionally, other community members could also influ-\\nence personal changes. For instance, in relation to a psy-\\nchologically abusive ex-partner, N5 (f, 36) explains how the\\nsupport from other World of Warcraft players \\\"helped break\\nme free of that relationship. People from the game encour-\\naged me to go to college and I did.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,124,548,140],\"text\":\"Gaming as a Lifeline\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,143,747,353],\"text\":\"The fifth theme focuses on how gaming provided a lifeline\\nduring periods of existential doubt. There was an indica-\\ntion from several participants that they would have “been\\nworse without video games” (N21; m. 21), where gaming\\nwas described as preventing them from more destructive\\nbehaviours. In some cases the possibility of self-harm was\\nimplied, e.g., “They helped distract me from extremely nega-\\ntive thoughts that may have led me to do something reckless”\\n(N101; m. 21), whereas in others it was made more explicit,\\ne.g., “They were also helpful because they kept my mind and\\nbody busy, they suppressed the thoughts of suicide” (N168;\\nm. 18). For some participants, the lifeline was found in the\\n“Connection” games provided with others:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,361,715,458],\"text\":\"\\\"Video games helped [me] to stay connected\\nwith outside world and kept from depression\\nand loneliness completely consuming me, the\\npoint of committing suicide. After my only fam-\\nily member's death playing video games was\\n[the] only reason to get outta bed\\\" (N215, m. 24).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,467,747,643],\"text\":\"Games appeared to provide players with a sense of pur-\\npose at a time in their lives when they were struggling: \\\"I\\nplayed Overwatch because it gave me meaning. My intense\\ndysphoria made me depressed and isolated. I didn't care\\nabout anything. I hurriedly cared about myself. Overwatch, and\\ntrying to be the best I could be at it, gave me something to\\nfocus on, something to aim for.\\\" (NS8; f, 19). Similarly, in the\\nfollowing example, the participant notes the challenges they\\nwere experiencing in their daily life and how a specific game\\nwas able to provide them with more achievable goals both\\nwithin and outside of the game:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,652,715,845],\"text\":\"\\\"I wasn't doing a good job of looking after my-\\nself, my appetite was non existent and I barely\\nate anything. Looking after my puppies in Nin-\\ntedogs: washing them, feeding them, walking\\nthem, playing with them gave me a sense of\\naccomplishment. There's a feature in the game\\nwhere you can actually \\\"take\\\" the dogs on a walk\\nby bringing your 3ds out with you. I didn't want\\nto leave the house but I did sometimes to \\\"walk\\\"\\nthe dogs, so I did get outside and got some fresh\\nair. This is probably more than I would have\\ndone without the game\\\" (N177; f. 27).\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,854,747,951],\"text\":\"While there is overlap with \\\"Personal change and growth\\\",\\nthe quote also illustrates the contrast between the nature\\nof the participant's situation (where they were not looking\\nafter themselves) with the unique way the game was able to\\nprovide them with more manageable challenges related to\\nlooking after their Nintendog puppies.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 223\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/results/markdown/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300453/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300453", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/results/output_json/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,124,301,140],\"text\":\"Gaming as an Obstacle to Living Well\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,144,395,256],\"text\":\"The final theme relates to a view of gaming as being detri-\\nmental to wellbeing. Despite the vast majority of participants\\nsuggesting they got something positive out of gaming, many\\nalso referred to negative effects of playing games e.g., in\\nterms of how excessive play affected 'school work' (N78; m,\\n18), or when it led to decreased physical activity and fewer\\nopportunities for socialising in other contexts:\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,262,361,373],\"text\":\"\\\"The only negative side of it is that I'm spending\\nmost of my time in my room, alone and sitting at\\nmy desk. I don't get outside much, and don't get\\nmuch of a chance to socialise with other people.\\nIt's a very sedentary and asocial life, and I know\\nthat it's negatively affecting my health\\\" (N07: m,\\n25).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,380,395,604],\"text\":\"Some participants suggested that their involvement in\\ngaming prevented them from dealing with problems head\\non, where it \\\"Pulled me away from social interaction and\\nseeking support\\\" (N45; m, 28). There was a risk of gaming\\nbeing 'abused' as a way \\\"to run away from the feelings and\\nthoughts I didn't want to deal with\\\" (N146; m, 24). Similarly,\\nthere were occasional references to addiction, but only one\\nexample that referenced a potential diagnosis: \\\"Before the\\nWHO said there was a such thing as gaming disorder my\\npsychologist said I had a severe addiction to video games. I\\ncouldn't go more than a few hours without, I would be irri-\\nable and would think of nothing else\\\" (N185; f, 28). However,\\na few participants also recognised that they may have been\\nusing games as a scapegoat for other issues:\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[99,610,361,738],\"text\":\"\\\"It did hurt my relationship with my sister. She\\nwas young at the time and wanted me to play\\nwith her and I had no interest in that. This went\\non for a few months before she gave up. This\\nwouldn't have been different no matter what I\\ndid, but it was easier to blame the games for it\\nthan to say there was an issue beneath it all\\\"\\n(N52; m. 22)\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,744,395,952],\"text\":\"It was suggested that the low barriers of access to games\\nmade players less likely to engage in other sorts of activities,\\ne.g., “it’s very easy to just say fuck it, and stay in bed playing\\ngames” (N211; m. 28). While previous themes indicate that\\ngames being less effortful as a positive (since other pastimes\\nrequired more energy than individuals may have been able\\nto give), here, the concern was that gaming would displace\\nother, presumably more worthwhile, activities, e.g., “I was\\nalways playing games which meant I didn’t have time for\\nother things which can be bad” (N187; m. 19). Similarly, gam-\\ning experiences were not always viewed as being valuable,\\ne.g., “I like the illusory sense of achieving something even\\nthough it’s ultimately worthless/pointless” (N179; f. 25). As\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,156],\"text\":\"one participant succinctly stated \\\"after all it's still not as\\nproductive as doing things in the real world\\\" (N9; m. 25).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,157,747,316],\"text\":\"While excessive gaming can have detrimental effects, many\\nof the negative viewpoints expressed also seem to reflect so-\\ncietal discourses around the perceived value of the activity.\\nIn particular, there were examples of participants struggling\\nto reconcile their positive experiences with the concept of\\n'productivity'. For instance, as noted earlier, N101 (m. 21)\\nstated that games 'helped distract me from extremely nega-\\ntive thoughts that may have led me to do something reckless',\\nbut later describes gaming activities as 'very unproductive'.\\nSimilarly, N123 (f. 21) first explains how gaming:\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,330,719,492],\"text\":\"\\\" gave me space where I belonged I guess ... I\\nstarted playing League of Legends and met friends.\\nI'm still in touch with, almost 7 years later. Games\\ngave me something I could be passionate about,\\nwhen everything else just seemed dull. And when\\nI was searching for a career path, there was nothing\\nI was even remotely interested in, so I chose\\nto study IT and it's been the best decision of my\\nlife. Games gave me escape from harsh reality,\\nmy own thoughts and something I could pursue.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,505,747,617],\"text\":\"However, despite referring to games providing an 'escape\\nfrom harsh reality' (Respite), creating and supporting re-\\nlationships with others (Connection), providing purpose\\nthrough inspiring passion (Lifeline) and influencing their\\ncareer path (Personal growth), N123 later admits to still oc-\\ncasionally wondering \\\"What if I spent my time doing some-\\nthing more productive?\\\".\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,640,525,657],\"text\":\"5 DISCUSSION\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,660,747,948],\"text\":\"Research within the domain of sensitive life experiences has\\nindicated that technology can provide people with an addi-\\ntional way to cope during times of disruption and transition\\n[17, 27] , where there is a need to understand how people\\nuse technology to grapple with existential concerns [20] .\\nHowever, despite suggestions that games may afford support\\nthrough providing an escape, opportunities for socialising\\nor changing mood [e.g., 36–38] , there has been little explicit\\nfocus on the role of gaming within difficult life periods. Our\\nstudy addresses this gap, where we present six themes that\\nprovide further insight into games as a specific technology\\npeople turn to in times of difficulty and the impacts it can\\nhave. Below we discuss these themes in relation to (1) how\\ngaming is used as a coping strategy, and (2) the potential\\noutcomes of gaming as a coping mechanism, before conside-\\nring (3) limitations and future work. Where relevant, we also\\nhighlight potential considerations for designing games that\\nexplicitly aim to support people during times of difficulty.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 223\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300453/results/markdown/3290605-3300453_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300455/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300455", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/results/output_json/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,39,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[109,118,705,182],\"text\":\"A Framework for the Experience of Meaning in\\nHuman-Computer Interaction\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[153,201,332,264],\"text\":\"Elisa D. Meltzer\\n\\nFaculty of Psychology\\n\\nUniversity of Basel, Switzerland\\nelisa.meltzer@unibas.ch\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[469,201,673,264],\"text\":\"Kasper Hornbæk\\n\\nDepartment of Computer Science\\nUniversity of Copenhagen, Denmark\\n\\nkash@diku.dk\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,274,141,291],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,296,396,551],\"text\":\"The view of quality in human-computer interaction con-\\ntinuously develops, having in past decades included con-\\nsistency, transparency, usability, and positive emotions. Re-\\ncently, meaning is receiving increased interest in the user\\nexperience literature and in industry, referring to the end,\\npurpose or significance of interaction with computers. How-\\never, the notion of meaning remains elusive and a bewildering\\nnumber of senses are in use. We present a framework of\\nmeaning in interaction, based on a synthesis of psychologi-\\ncal meaning research. The framework outlines five distinct\\nsenses of the experience of meaning: connectedness, pur-\\npose, coherence, resonance, and significance. We illustrate\\nthe usefulness of the framework by analyzing a selection of\\nrecent papers at the CHI conference and by raising a series\\nof open research questions about the interplay of meaning,\\nuser experience, reflection, and well-being.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,561,172,579],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,583,394,616],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ HCI theory, concepts\\nand models;\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,627,149,644],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,649,395,680],\"text\":\"Meaning, meaningfulness, meaningful interaction, meaning-\\nmaking, user experience\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,688,202,702],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[70,703,395,777],\"text\":\"Elisa D. Mekler and Kasper Hornbøk. 2019. A Framework for the\\nExperience of Meaning in Human-Computer Interaction. In CHI\\nConference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings\\n(CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK . ACM, New York,\\nNY, USA, 15 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290650.3300455\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,274,549,291],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,295,747,533],\"text\":\"What makes interaction good? The answers to this ques-\\ntion are steadily evolving in human-computer interaction\\n(HCI) [20, 28, 52] , having in the past included consistency,\\ntransparency, usability, and positive emotions [42] . Recently,\\nmeaning has received increasing interest as a quality of in-\\nteraction. There have been explicit calls to design moments\\nof meaning [16, 36, 41] , to foster enduring meaningful user\\nexperiences over momentary pleasure [54] , and to consider\\nhow technology use impacts the human experience of mean-\\ning and meaninglessness [58, 72] . Some researchers even\\nargue that computers struggle to support and might eas-\\nily undermine meaning [69, 70] . The emerging interest in\\nmeaning is also shared by the tech industry. Zuckerberg, for\\ninstance, declared in January 2018 that Facebook aims to\\nprioritize `meaningful interactions' [73, 123] .\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,534,747,822],\"text\":\"However, while notions of `meaning' have long been cen-\\ntral to work on embodied interaction [14, 26, 39] and semi-\\notics in HCI [21] , meaning as a quality of interaction remains\\nelusive. As we will later show, the notions of `meaning',\\n`meaning-making' and `meaningful' interaction are preva-\\nlent and appear to be valued in HCI. Yet their components\\nand definitions are rarely explored. Kapteinn [58] recently\\nnoted, for instance, that \\\"there has been relatively little atten-\\ntion to systematic conceptual analysis of meaning making\\nper se\\\" (p. 10). As a consequence, it is difficult to design for,\\nassess, evaluate or simply discuss meaning as a quality of\\ngood interaction. While many areas in HCI concern contexts\\nof use that clearly go beyond mere task efficiency or momen-\\ntary joy—say, reflecting [10, 11] , designing for the self [122]\\nor life disruption [51]—most UX studies focus on usability\\nand positive affect [3, 95] . This is all the more unfortunate, as\\npsychology provides ample evidence that the experience of\\nmeaning is key to people's well-being [38, 55, 74, 102, 110] .\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,822,747,950],\"text\":\"We present a framework that outlines the components\\nof meaning as an experience in interaction: connectedness,\\npurpose, coherence, resonance, and significance. These com-\\nponents are oriented toward the self/the world, motivation,\\nunderstanding, feeling/intuition, and evaluation. They are\\nbased on a synthesis of psychological research on meaning\\nin life, meaning-making, and meaning maintenance. Our aim\\nis to improve conceptual clarity about meaning in HCI and\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,789,395,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not\\nmade or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear\\nthis notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components\\nof this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with\\ncredit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to\\nredistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request\\npermissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,898,273,952],\"text\":\"CRI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\\n\\n© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery,\\nACM ISBN 978-1-4305-3970-2/19/5 . $15.00\\n\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145%3F906053.300455\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,125,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 225\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/results/markdown/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300455/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300455", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/results/output_json/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,237],\"text\":\"to complement current models of user experience; the frame-\\nwork can also be used to support evaluation and design. We\\nillustrate the usefulness of the framework by analyzing a se-\\nlection of CHI papers and show how previous HCI research\\nhas – and hasn't yet – addressed meaning in interaction,\\nidentifying open research questions about the interplay of\\nmeaning, reflection, user experience, and well-being.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,247,197,263],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,267,396,555],\"text\":\"The view of what makes up quality or goodness in interaction –\\n“ what makes interaction good ” -is an important question in\\nhuman-computer interaction (HCI). Answers to this ques-\\ntion serve to advance theory in HCI and may ultimately\\ninfluence measures, methodology, and design [52] . Follow-\\ning Cockton [19] , we assume that quality in use and fit to\\ncontext are qualities of user experience during interaction,\\nbut also that “ the determinants of interaction quality [...]\\nlie in the lasting value of enduring outcomes. We should\\njudge systems by what endures beyond interaction ” (p. 133).\\nThus both experience during interaction as well as outcomes\\nthat endure beyond the moment-to-moment interaction are\\nvalid answers to the question about goodness. Similar to\\nmost work on user experience [e.g. 42] , we assign primary\\nimportance to users' experience and perception of both in-\\nteraction processes and interaction outcomes. Next, we turn\\nto how meaning might qualify as a quality of interaction and\\nto earlier work on meaning, both in HCI and in psychology.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,566,286,583],\"text\":\"Meaning as a Quality of Interaction\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,586,396,841],\"text\":\"Meaning is a complicated word; fleshing out our understand-\\ning of it in relation to HCI is the main purpose of this paper.\\nBut to avoid misunderstandings, we outline a few distinc-\\ntions that are key to understanding meaning as a quality\\nof interaction. Meaning is typically used akin to a form of\\nfulfillment [69] , worth [19] , or `goodness' [28] of interaction.\\nThis is similar to the use in \\\"a meaningful experience\\\", “find-\\ning meaning in an activity\\\", or \\\"to be engaged in meaning-\\nmaking\\\". Thereby, meaning may be applied to objects, ex-\\nperiences, activities, and behavior. Alternatively, meaning\\nmay be used as a non-modifying term to indicate a general\\nsense of purpose, significance, or coherence. This is different\\nto other uses of meaning, in particular that of a reference\\nor intended expression (e.g., \\\"meaning a particular type of\\nuser\\\", \\\"the meaning of a word\\\"). In particular, semiotics in\\nHCI focuses on this last sense of meaning [21] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,842,395,955],\"text\":\"Given this understanding, recent work has in different\\nways proposed meaning as a focus for HCI. Fallman [28,\\np. 1053] argued that within HCI research “third wave ap-\\nproaches tend to share an interest in meaning and in human\\nexperiences, momentary or long-term, of using or living with\\na digital product or service, often termed the ‘user experi-\\nence’. How has this interest in meaning been realized?\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,748,460],\"text\":\"User experience research has provided a set of answers.\\nHassenzahl et al. [41] called for design to focus on affording\\nmoments of meaning, and argued that meaning stems from\\nthe extent a product satisfies various psychological needs.\\nHowever, this call is not backed up by any empirical data.\\nWhile their original 2010 study included the psychological\\nneed for meaning [40] , it is absent from their discussion of\\npleasant and meaningful user experiences [41] , which largely\\ndraws upon the results of the aforementioned study. Stud-\\nies examining positive user experiences [40, 93, 112] found\\nmeaning (operationalized as self-actualization [106] ) to be\\nconsistently the least salient need. Hassenzahl et al. [40]\\ntherefore concluded that it is difficult to imagine situations\\nin which interactive technologies afford experiences of mean-\\ning. In contrast, Meller and Hornbark found that this depends\\non users' motivation [84] . Eudaimonically motivated (i.e.,\\nstriving to pursue personal ideals) and social experiences\\nwere considered more meaningful than hedonic experiences,\\nwhich pertained to relaxation and short-term pleasure. Relat-\\nedly, Lukoff et al. found that users consider habitual smart-\\nphone interactions to be among the most meaningless [72] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,460,748,682],\"text\":\"Some work has looked into the design qualities that af-\\nford the experience of meaning. Grosse-Hering et al., for\\ninstance, incorporate slow design for users to spend \\\"more\\ntime for those parts of the interaction that are meaningful\\\"\\n[36, p. 3431]. Carpenter and Overholt [16] discuss identity,\\nenabling stories, and designing for subtlety, as design link-\\nages that allow for meaningful experiences with a pregnancy\\nwearable. Finally, Lu and Roto focus on meaningful experi-\\nences in the workplace as an experience goal [71]. Based on\\nthe mechanisms of meaning at work outlined by Rosso et al.\\n[100], Lu and Roto analyzed a series of work tool design cases\\nand found them most suitable for supporting employee's self-\\nesteem and self-efficacy, but less likely to facilitate a sense\\nof authenticity of purpose.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,682,748,938],\"text\":\"Other work has focused on meaning in life more glob-\\nally. Light et al. [70, p. 728] , for instance, called for “ sug-\\ngestions for qualities we can employ in our design work\\nthat speak to the existential crisis we find ourselves fac-\\ning. These suggestions might encourage tools that focus on\\nmeaning, purpose and fulfillment in difficult, unstable and\\nrapidly changing times ” . Kaptelinin [58] focused on exis-\\ntential concerns — mortality, identity, isolation, freedom and\\nmeaning — and their relation to both psychological research\\n[e.g., 97, 121] as well as to HCI. However, as quoted in the\\nintroduction, Kaptelinin was concerned about the lack of\\ntheory building around meaning-making. While he stresses\\nthe importance for HCI to consider existential concerns, he\\nwrites relatively little about what the human experience of\\nmeaning – or the absence thereof – implies for technology\\nus and HCI; nor does he provide a definition of meaning.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 225\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/results/markdown/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300455/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300455", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/results/output_json/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,570],\"text\":\"In some theories, meaning forms an ontological basis for\\nany discussion of interaction; this is prominently the case\\nfor work on embodied interaction [14, 26, 39] . Harrison and\\ncolleagues [39] discussed how the role of meaning evolved\\nthroughout different research paradigms in HCI: “ The first\\nparadigm (...) signifies meaning) unless it causes a problem,\\nwhile the second interprets meaning in terms of informa-\\ntion flows. The third paradigm, in contrast, sees meaning\\nand meaning construction as a central focus ” (p. 7). This is\\nsimilar to the earlier argument by Fallman. An example of\\nembodied interaction comes from Dourish [26] , who mostly\\ndiscusses meaning in terms of understanding, although it is\\nalso implied to be core to good embodied interaction. He dis-\\ntinguishes three aspects of meaning: (1) Ontology concerns\\nour relationship to the objects in the world, from which\\nmeaning can be constructed. That is, we uncover meaning\\nin the world through our interactions with it. A design may\\nreflect a particular set of ontological commitments on the\\npart of a designer, but it cannot provide an ontology for the\\nuser. (2) Intersubjectivity is about the sharing of meaning, in\\na sense, that different people can come to shared understand-\\ning about the world and each other, despite not having access\\nto each other's mental states. (3) Intentionality concerns the\\nrelationship between action and meaning. These offer a com-\\nplementary view of meaning to the user experience accounts\\nand claim that the world is already filled with meaning. Thus,\\nmeaning is a circumstance around good interaction rather\\nthan a characteristic of it.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,571,395,794],\"text\":\"In summary, studies have addressed meaning from a va-\\nriety of angles. In user experience research, despite calls\\nto afford `moments of meaning' [41] , research has largely\\nignored the experience of meaning [84] . To date, the ma-\\njority of UX studies have focused on evaluating interactive\\nsystems in terms of usability-related constructs or positive\\naffect [3, 95] . The most well-articulated accounts of meaning\\nin HCI, from embodied interaction and in particular Dourish\\n[26] , deal mainly with meaning as a pervasive condition of\\nthe world and not as a quality of interaction per se. Thus,\\nboth the experience of meaning and meaningful outcomes\\nof interaction are currently not well developed in HCI. Next\\nwe review work on meaning in psychology, which we will\\nproceed to use as a basis for a framework of meaning.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,804,270,823],\"text\":\"Meaning Research in Psychology\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,826,395,955],\"text\":\"Meaning research has a long and eventful history within psy-\\nchology [refer to 5, 60, for more in-depth accounts]. Coming\\nto terms with his experiences of the Holocaust, Frankl was\\namong the first to emphasize \\\"man's will to meaning\\\", the\\nimportance of finding value in life, even in the face of adver-\\nsity and suffering [30] . This notion was taken up and further\\ndeveloped by existential psychologists [e.g. 5, 11, 121] , who\\nexamine the role of meaning in coping with the \\\"darker\\\"\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,236],\"text\":\"aspects of human existence (e.g., alienation, mortality). Con-\\ncurrently, Maslow argued that meaning (sometimes also re-\\nferred to as self-actualization) constitutes a psychological\\nneed necessary for humans to flourish [80] . This perspec-\\ntive has been influential in positive psychology, which has\\nonly more recently acknowledged and researched the role\\nof meaning in promoting well-being [94, 102] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,236,748,652],\"text\":\"From these two perspectives, existentialist and positive\\npsychology, a growing body of research has emerged around\\nthe different psychological aspects of meaning. The first con-\\ncerns meaning in lifc [34, 45, 78, 109] , the second pertains to\\nmeaning-making and meaning maintenance [43, 91, 96] . The\\nformer aims to look at the subjective experiences of humans\\nand asks what makes them experience meaning in their lives\\n[34, 78] . According to empirical research into meaning in\\nlife, people have a general tendency to view their lives as\\nmeaningful [45] , which acts as a buffer against the effects\\nof stress on well-being [79] , but also directly contributes to\\nwell-being [94, 102, 109] . If this sense of meaning is absent\\nor threatened by stressful or incomprehensible events, peo-\\nple are motivated to create, maintain and reinstate meaning\\n[43, 91, 96] . Despite the abundance of research showcas-\\ning the benefits of meaning in life, meaning-making and\\nmeaning maintenance, much empirical work has favored a\\nreductionist approach that tends to measure `meaning' in\\nan overly simplistic manner (e.g., `Compared to most of my\\npeers, my life is meaningful' in [9] ). Consequently, many\\nmeaning scholars in psychology [34, 45, 68, 78, 99] have\\ncalled for more elaborate and nuanced definitions, which\\nconsider the complexity and conceptual range of meaning.\\nRecent work has thus endeavoured to outline models of\\nmeaning [34, 91] and suggested various components that\\nmake up the experience of meaning [e.g., 34, 35, 45, 78] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,671,600,689],\"text\":\"3 MEANING FRAMEWORK\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,693,747,820],\"text\":\"We next formulate a framework of five components of mean-\\ning. The purpose of the framework is to extract insights\\nfrom the psychological literature on meaning in a form that\\nis simple, actionable, and useful relative to the issues in HCI.\\nWe intend the framework to work as a conceptual tool to\\nhelp analyze meaning in interaction, suggest open research\\nquestions about meaning and user experience, and clarify\\nthe nascent discussions about meaning in HCI.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,821,747,949],\"text\":\"The framework was developed by reviewing the works\\nof contemporary meaning scholars within existential ex-\\nperimental and positive psychology [see 4, 34, 78, 118 , for\\noverviews]. In particular, we focus on research on meaning\\nin life, meaning-making and meaning maintenance, which\\nare of particular relevance to HCI [58] . We make no claim\\nto cover psychological meaning research in its entirety. For\\ninstance, we acknowledge missing accounts, such as those\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 225\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/results/markdown/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300455/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300455", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/results/output_json/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,157],\"text\":\"of logotherapy and meaning-centered counseling [e.g.,\\n25, 117], or research on the meaning of work [e.g., 100].\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,157,395,283],\"text\":\"The key idea of the framework is that the experience of\\nmeaning consists of five distinct, albeit related components\\n– connectedness, purpose, coherence, resonance, and signifi-\\ncance. Table 1 contains an overview of the components that\\nthe subsequent sections will explain. Before detailing the\\nframework, however, three comments about the scope and\\nassumptions of the framework are necessary. We return to\\nchallenge these assumptions in the discussion section.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,294,261,311],\"text\":\"Assumptions of the Framework\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,316,395,476],\"text\":\"First, given its relevance for HCI and UX research, we fo-\\ncus on meaning as a moment-to-moment experience. While\\nmuch psychological research focuses on people's global as-\\nsessment of meaning in life, this is largely derived from\\ntheir daily and situational experiences of meaning [38, 50, 61,\\n62, 74, 99] . Various phenomenological [68] , `evaluative' [92] ,\\nor experiential [46, 54] components of meaning have been\\nproposed in the literature. Although the terminology and def-\\ninitions vary between authors, the framework components\\nare discussed by a majority of the reviewed works.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,476,395,603],\"text\":\"A second assumption is that our framework conceptual-\\nizes meaning as a chiefly subjective experience. Rather than\\nbeing objectively given in the world, we understand meaning\\nas something personal, which must be subjectively gener-\\nated (e.g., through meaning-making). This understanding is\\nshared with many existentialist philosophers (e.g., Camus,\\nSartre) and psychologists [e.g., 32, 45, 78, 91, 121] - although\\nthere are several notable exceptions [e.g., 29, 30, 54, 68, 99].\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,603,395,826],\"text\":\"A third assumption is that despite its vast and seemingly\\nabstract nature, the experience of meaning is not ineffable.\\nWhile the sources of meaning (i.e., what is experienced as\\nmeaningful) are manifold and may differ over time and from\\nperson to person [23, 99] , the experience of meaning is uni-\\nversal [34, 45, 61, 78] . While we are wary of reductionist\\nmeasures of meaning [e.g., 9] , we take the position that the\\nexperience of meaning is made up of multiple facets, which\\ncan be conceptually defined and distinguished, as well as\\nempirically assessed in some form [34, 35, 61, 78, 109] . Again,\\nwe do not claim that the framework captures the experience\\nof meaning in all its complexity, nor that this is viable to do.\\nRather it outlines distinct `projections' of meaning [68] in\\nform of the five components.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,837,163,854],\"text\":\"Connectedness\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,858,396,954],\"text\":\"By connectedness we refer to the fact that the experience of\\nmeaning always connects beyond the immediate experience\\n[68, p. 461] . Meaning does not simply emerge from a vacuum,\\n– all experience of meaning connects to aspects of the self\\nand the world we are in. For example, many people report\\nmeaningful experiences involving video games [88] , because\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,188],\"text\":\"those games have a personal connection. For others, video\\ngames constitute at best a pleasant, yet ultimately meaning-\\nless pastime [84] , precisely because their experiences lack\\nthese connections.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,189,747,364],\"text\":\"The experience of meaning relates to and is constantly\\nshaped by aspects of the self, including our past behaviors\\nand experiences, personal beliefs and values, our goals and\\ndefining memories, as well as our relationships and socio-\\ncultural context [6, 7, 34, 43, 82, 91, 96, 99] . Hence, people\\nsharing the same cultures, experiences, ideologies, and be-\\nliefs may consider similar experiences meaningful [7, 23, 34] .\\nThe opposite of connectedness is self-alienation [60] . With-\\nout a clear sense of self to help us make sense of our ex-\\nperiences or attribute personal significance, our sense of\\nmeaning is threatened in a fundamental way.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,364,747,652],\"text\":\"Importantly, connectedness does not per se refer to the\\nextent that our experiences align with our personal values or\\npreferences, only that these connections to the self underlie\\nall experience of meaning. Thus, connectedness is essential\\nto meaning [8, 44, 67, 96] and sometimes described as the on-\\ntological dimension of meaning [68] . Although we do not per\\nse experience connectedness [68] , it is a necessary prereq-\\nuisite for the experiential components of meaning to form\\n[78, 110] . Consider the case of associative prosopagnosia,\\nwhere affected persons can perceive and differentiate faces,\\nbut may not be able to recognize and identify familiar people\\n[31] . The lack of connectedness (e.g., where do I know this\\nperson from)? makes it difficult for affected people to make\\nsense of the situation and understand the other person's\\nsignificance to them. That being said, due to the unique, sub-\\njective and dynamic nature of the self [82] , connectedness\\nremains the most elusive attribute of meaning, making it\\nparticularly challenging to directly assess or design for [68] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,671,473,689],\"text\":\"Purpose\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,692,747,884],\"text\":\"By purpose , we refer to having a sense of direction [78, 83,\\n102] , perceiving one's current activities as having clear ends\\nto strive towards [32, 34] , as well as seeing how they are\\nlinked to future events [7, 75] . For instance, many people ex-\\nperience gardening as a purposeful leisure activity that offers\\nshort (e.g., mowing the lawn) and long-term goals (tending\\nto the trees so that they can grow) to pursue. Purpose is\\ntherefore also referred to as the motivational component\\nof meaning [78, 92, 99] , and may be considered the future-\\noriented component of meaning. We question purpose when\\nwe ask “ Why is this happening to me? ” or “ Why am I doing\\nthis? ”\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,885,747,949],\"text\":\"In a more extreme example, the protagonist in Roberto\\nBenign's film 'Life is Beautiful' is interned in a concentra-\\ntion camp with his young son. To overcome the futility of\\nthe situation and make it more bearable for his child, the\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 225\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/results/markdown/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300455/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300455", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/results/output_json/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[73,123,740,331],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td></td><td>Connectedness</td><td>Purpose</td><td>Coherence</td><td>Resonance</td><td>Significance</td></tr><tr><td>Meaning is ...</td><td>always connected to the self and the world</td><td>sense of core goals, aims, and directions</td><td>comprehensibility and making sense of one&#x27;s experiences</td><td>clicking with something or feeling it is right</td><td>enduring value and importance</td></tr><tr><td>Absence</td><td>Self-alienation</td><td>Aimlessness</td><td>Absurdity and uncertainty</td><td>Feeling of &#x27;wrongness&#x27; and anxiety</td><td>Triviality</td></tr><tr><td>Orientation</td><td>Self and the world</td><td>Motivation</td><td>Understanding</td><td>Feeling and Intuition</td><td>Mattering</td></tr><tr><td>Temporality</td><td>—</td><td>Present to Future</td><td>Past to Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Past, Present and Future</td></tr><tr><td>Process</td><td>Living</td><td>Goal-setting</td><td>Sense-making</td><td>Intuiting</td><td>Evaluating</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table presents five dimensions of \\\"Meaning\\\" (Connectedness, Purpose, Coherence, Resonance, Significance) across its top row. The first column outlines aspects like \\\"Meaning is...\\\", \\\"Absence,\\\" \\\"Orientation,\\\" \\\"Temporality,\\\" and \\\"Process,\\\" with corresponding descriptive phrases filling the cells of the table.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_4_tab_2.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[244,332,570,349],\"text\":\"Table 1: Overview of the five components of meaning.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,359,394,392],\"text\":\"protagonist frame it as a game with a clear purpose (e.g.,\\n\\\"you must hide from the guards to win points!\\\").\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,392,395,583],\"text\":\"Indeed, Heintzelman and King argue that goals constitute\\none way in which 'humans beings construct and impose'\\nmeaning [44, p. 477] , as they provide life with a series of\\nconnections and overarching order. In contrast, an enduring\\nabsence of purpose gives rise to a sense of aimlessness and\\nmotivation, which is detrimental to one's well-being [22,\\n103] . Effectively, people find even trivial, short-term goals\\nwith no discernible benefit to themselves or others more\\nmotivating than the absence of purpose. Ariely et al. [2] , for\\ninstance, found that participants chose to be more productive\\nwhen provided a goal (i.e., to build as many Lego units as\\npossible) rather than when no purpose was apparent.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,583,395,869],\"text\":\"The extent to which goals are experienced as meaningful,\\nhowever, depends on the degree to which their pursuit is\\nself-determined [101] , as well as how closely they align with\\none's personal interests, beliefs and values [55, 82, 105, 114] .\\nAs such, for a sense of purpose to emerge it need be ap-\\nparent how one's actions and short-term goals relate to\\none's higher-order aims, and values [32, 34, 103] . Impor-\\ntantly, purpose need not pertain to benefiting the self only,\\nbut may have `broad implications' [54] . Several meaning\\nresearchers emphasized the self-transcendent character of\\nmeaning [30, 99, 118] , where serious involvement with things\\nbeyond oneself and one's pleasure (e.g., rearing children, vol-\\nunteer work) promote meaning [9] , even if it the detriment\\nto one's happiness. Concurrently, while having lofty aspira-\\ntions imbues life with a sense of purpose and meaning [9, 82] ,\\nfailing to break them down into more concrete and achiev-\\nable long- and short-term goals may eventually diminish\\none's sense of self-efficacy [7, 75] and happiness [82, 103] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,869,395,919],\"text\":\"To conclude, purpose is about experiencing a sense of di-\\nrection and perceiving one's actions as tied to clear (higher)\\nends. Put differently, it is about experiencing how the given\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,359,746,408],\"text\":\"moment joins with or relates to our goals and beliefs. With-\\nout such joining or relating, our sense of purpose would be\\nconfined to the most immediate and impulsive goals [7] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,431,490,448],\"text\":\"Coherence\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,452,747,644],\"text\":\"We use coherence to denote the extent to which one's ex-\\nperiences make sense [7, 34, 45, 54, 78, 99, 110] . The sense\\nof coherence results from thinking about those experiences\\nand understanding them in relation to life as a whole. It is\\nthe moment when we explain “I see what you did there” or\\nstate “that made sense to me”. We question coherence when\\nwe ask ourselves “what is happening to me?” For instance,\\nas absurd as it may seem to our friends that we structure\\nvacation and work time around the CHI deadline, it makes\\nsense to us—most of the time at least—as it is coherent with\\nour identity as HCI researchers, our goal to write a good\\npaper, and our previous experiences in doing so.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,644,747,819],\"text\":\"In the literature, this component has also been referred to\\nas sense-making [43, 54, 96] , comprehension [34] , or sense\\nmade [91] . An event or experience makes sense to the extent\\nthat a person can assess how their experience fits their per-\\nsonal beliefs, goals and previous experiences in an expected\\nway [7, 8, 54, 82] . Objects and images that are comprehen-\\nsible or presented in an expected manner may also inspire\\na sense of coherence. For instance, Heintzelman et al. [48]\\nfound that study participants experienced more meaning af-\\nter viewing pictures of trees ordered seasonally rather than\\nwhen presented at random.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,819,747,947],\"text\":\"When this sense of coherence is perturbed or no coher-\\nence can be found — due to a perceptual anomaly [48, 64] , a\\ndistressing life experience [91] , mortality salience [108] , or\\nan acute awareness that unfortunate events randomly befall\\ndecent people [43, 96]— an experience may devolve into “ a\\nstring of events that fails to coalesce into a unified, coher-\\nent whole ” [109, p. 685] . Such experiences are unsettling\\nand challenging, because they fail to readily connect to our\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,125,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 225\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/results/markdown/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300455/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300455", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/results/output_json/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,156],\"text\":\"values or previous experiences; they are not as we expect.\\n[43, 91, 96, 99]\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,157,395,316],\"text\":\"To establish or restore a sense of coherence people engage\\nin different sense-making processes [91, 96] . These include\\nrelatively low-effort endeavors to reaffirm unrelated, exist-\\ning connections (e.g., “ My paper got rejected, but students\\nvalue my teaching ” ) or reframing the experience to meet\\none's expectations (e.g., “ R2 surely had a bad day when they\\ngave a low score ” ). However, more deliberate reflection to\\nreconsider one's assumptions and create new connections\\n(e.g., “ R2 does have a point... ” ) was largely found to be more\\nbeneficial to well-being in the long-term [91, 96] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,316,394,381],\"text\":\"In sum, coherence is about whether one's experiences\\nmake sense relative to our expectations. Thereby, it is dif-\\nferent from purpose in that it is about understanding 'what'\\none is doing and experiencing rather than 'why' that is so.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,422,137,439],\"text\":\"Resonance\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,443,395,619],\"text\":\"We use resonance to denote the immediate, unreflected expe-\\nrience of something making sense [54] , without the need to\\nreflect on why or how it does so, or being able to explain it.\\nWe assert \\\"what is happening now feels right\\\" [44, p. 473] or\\nthat something just \\\"clicks\\\" with us [54] , indicating a special\\nfit or connection. For example, we might have an intuition,\\na positive 'gut feeling,' that what we are doing and experi-\\nencing right now is 'right'. Reading a poem or gazing at a\\nbeautiful landscape might resonate strongly with us. Perhaps\\nwe know more than we can tell [44] , such as when practicing\\nyoga, one notices that the pose feels 'right'.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,619,395,857],\"text\":\"Resonance is related to, albeit experientially distinct from\\ncoherence. While conscious and more active reflective pro-\\ncesses are often central to research on meaning, compre-\\nhension and sense-making [34, 43, 91, 96] , the notion of\\nresonance has received far less attention. Yet recent work\\nhas argued that not all meaning people experience is actively\\nconstrued and that people often experience events as intu-\\nitively and instantaneously meaningful [44, 47] , whereby\\none's link with an experience or activity has an echo, a sec-\\nond dimension that makes it more vibrant and real' [54, p.\\n21] . This has also been referred to as the 'feeling of mean-\\ning' [46, 49] , which Heintzman and King [46, 48] argued is\\ndistinct from affective responses. Moreover, a recent study\\nof theirs showed that the experience of meaning in life was\\npositively associated with intuition [47] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,857,395,938],\"text\":\"In short, while coherence is about understanding how\\none's experiences fit with what we know about ourselves\\nand the world, resonance denotes a pronounced feeling of\\nrightness' that emerges spontaneously in response to one's\\nongoing experience connecting with one's self in some way.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,124,499,140],\"text\":\"Significance\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,144,746,320],\"text\":\"Finally, we refer to significance as the sense that our expe-\\nriences and actions at a given moment feel important and\\nworthwhile, yet also consequential and enduring [7, 34, 62,\\n78] . In short, the experience underlines that our existence\\nis non-trivial. It is when we state that things \\\"matter\\\" and\\n\\\"make a difference.\\\" For instance, some activities and expe-\\nriences bring us little to no pleasure—in fact, we might feel\\nquite ambivalent or even bad about them. Yet we deem them\\ndeeply important: Breaking up with an estranged partner, or\\ndedicating considerable time and effort to improve a work\\nthat hardly anyone will ever see.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,320,746,655],\"text\":\"Indeed, the notion of significance has also been referred\\nto as value [7, 54, 75] , mattering [33, 34] , as well as the af-\\nfective [92] or evaluative [54, 78] component of meaning.\\nLike resonance, it has received far less attention in empirical\\nmeaning research [33, 34] , but is implicit in many earlier con-\\nceptualizations of meaning. Baumeister, for instance, noted\\nthat “A person wants his or her life to make an interesting or\\ninspiring story, to exemplify a high theme or lesson, or to be\\npart of grand and important developments [...] that all of this\\nhas some profound, lasting importance” [7, p. 61] . Similarly,\\nthe notion of significance is also implicit in Terror Manage-\\nment Theory [TMT; 64, 108] , where people seek symbolic\\nimmortality – i.e., to feel part of something larger, more sig-\\nnificant, and more enduring than their own individual lives\\n– to assuage death anxiety [43] . TMT research typically oper-\\nationalizes this as self-esteem, where participants rate their\\nsense of personal worth relative to other people. However,\\nthis constitutes a somewhat narrow perspective limited to\\nsocial comparison [33] . Rather, significance is more about\\nevaluating events and experiences relative to one’s personal\\nvalues [7, 34, 78] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,655,746,735],\"text\":\"To sum up, while significance somewhat resembles the\\nnotion of resonance, resonance is about an intuitive feeling of\\nthings making sense in the moment. In contrast, significance\\nis about having a sense that one's experiences matter to one's\\nlife and beyond, rendering them valuable and precious.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,753,700,770],\"text\":\"Relation Among the Components of Meaning\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,773,747,950],\"text\":\"The five components of meaning are distinct, but it would\\nbe inaccurate to see them as separate and orthogonal. Con-\\nnectedness is at the core of the experience of meaning. If\\nour experiences did not connect to anything, we would not\\nbe able to make sense of them (coherence), develop any gut\\nfeelings (resonance), recognize their purpose to us, or be able\\nto assess their significance in light of our personal values.\\nConversely, experiencing coherence, resonance, significance\\nand purpose provides further connections and order between\\naspects of the self – we become more aware of what matters\\nto us, our personal goals, what feels right, as well as how our\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 225\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/results/markdown/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300455/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300455", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/results/output_json/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,188],\"text\":\"experiences fit with our previous experiences. This also en-\\ntails that – in contrast to happiness and pleasure, which are\\nmostly present oriented [9, 59] – the experience of meaning\\nconnects to the past, present and future [9, 59] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,189,394,380],\"text\":\"Similarly, the experiential components of meaning are\\ninterconnected in complex ways. Coherence arguably con-\\nstitutes a necessary condition for purpose, resonance and\\nsignificance. If we cannot make sense of our experiences,\\nthey feel wrong, and it is difficult to evaluate whether they\\nmatter to us and set future goals. But a sense of coherence\\nalone will not automatically render our experiences purpose-\\nful or significant. Having goals to which one is committed\\n(purpose), likely generates a sense of significance [32] , ‘stim-\\nulate(s) behavioral consistency' [83, p. 248] contributing to\\na sense of coherence, as well as provides an indication of\\nwhether one's actions feel right.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,380,394,666],\"text\":\"Importantly, while our framework focuses on the moment-\\nto-moment experience of meaning, it need be reiterated that\\nmeaning is never solely about one specific moment in time.\\nPurpose as a future-oriented goal can lend significance to\\nthe present moment [78] . Significance, in turn, is not bound\\nto a certain form of temporality, as we may derive a sense of\\nsignificance from our future goals, our past experiences and\\nfrom the present moment. Meanwhile, it may take consid-\\nerable time until we can make coherent sense of our experi-\\nence. Moreover, while coherence, purpose, and significance\\nconcern different dimensions of experience, they all require\\nreflective and interpretative efforts from us [78] in the form\\nof sense-making, setting and assessing goals, and evaluating\\nthe significance of events respectively. A crucial exception is\\nresonance, however, which is intuitive and spontaneous [47] .\\nNevertheless, each component impacts the other and the\\ncombined experience of the meaning components reinforces\\nand intensifies the experiencing of each one [34, 78, 99] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,677,275,694],\"text\":\"4 CHI AUTHORS ON MEANING\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,699,394,842],\"text\":\"To illustrate the use of the framework, we present an analy-\\nsis of how CHI authors write about meaning. The purpose\\nis to bring the framework in touch with recent work using\\nthe concept of meaning and thereby illustrate both its com-\\nponents and its benefits to HCI. While such a discussion is\\nnecessarily superficial because we cannot account in-depth\\nfor each of the papers and their discussions of meaning, we\\nnevertheless believe it raises some important discussions\\nabout meaning that have not previously been articulated.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,842,394,955],\"text\":\"To identify papers about meaning, we used dLacm.org to\\nsearch the past three year of the CHI conference for papers\\nthat intensively used the concept of meaning. We ranked\\nthe retrieved papers on the number of occurrences of the\\nword 'meaning', and browsed titles and abstracts to identify\\npapers that used meaning in ways beyond reference or sense.\\nFor instance, Wiseman and Gould [116] analyzed how emojis\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,237],\"text\":\"are repurposed in personalized and secretive ways. Their\\npaper is not, however, about meaning in a psychological\\nsense and was not of interest to our analysis. Based on these\\nconsiderations, we selected 20 papers as our sample (marked\\nwith an \\\" in the References). Reading and relating these\\npapers to our framework gave rise to several observations\\nand discussion points; next we raise four such points.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,254,630,271],\"text\":\"The Many Meanings of “Meaning”\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,274,746,482],\"text\":\"Our analysis of the CHI sample suggests that meaning is a\\ncomplex phenomenon , with many different senses and inter-\\npretations. One way this becomes apparent is that the term\\nmeaning\\\" is used to describe the user experience [12, 65] .\\nactivities (e.g., data being made “ socially meaningful ” [53] ),\\nartifacts [27, 57] , or the user's interpretation of the interac-\\ntion [18, 24, 63, 76]— often all within the same paper [e.g.,\\n17, 85] . While this suggests that meaning is valued as a qual-\\nity of interaction, none of the reviewed papers make explicit\\nwhat they mean by `meaning' (or `meaningful' or ‘meanings-\\nmaking’). Even when meaning is central, as suggested by\\nseveral papers featuring `meaning' in the title [56, 76, 84, 86] ,\\nno definition is provided.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,483,746,688],\"text\":\"As mentioned, we excluded many instances of common-\\nsense uses of meaning. A more tricky issue is what to make of\\nsituations where uses of the term meaning could be replaced\\nwith learning, understanding, or developing a mental model.\\nFor instance, Malinverni et al. [76] used the terms meaning-\\nmaking, sense-making and understanding interchangeably\\nto describe how through different AR interaction paradigms,\\nchildren interpreted their environment as a place to play\\nwith or as a mediated image. In this case, the framework we\\nhave described, with its psychological underpinnings, may\\nnot apply and a set of much simpler mechanisms might be\\nused in its place; mechanisms that are perhaps much more\\nwell-developed in HCI.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,688,746,769],\"text\":\"The individual papers do the discussion of the specifics\\nof meaning more justice than we can do. Nevertheless, the\\nvariety of uses of the term meaning is confusing in trying to\\nappreciate the individual papers, the processes involved in\\nthe experiences of meaning, and their interrelation.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,786,687,803],\"text\":\"The Components of Meaning in HCI Papers\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,806,746,952],\"text\":\"Another way of seeing the complexity of meaning is that all\\nsenses of meaning in our framework are represented in the pa-\\npers. Landwehr-Sydow et al. [65] explored maker culture, for\\ninstance, and noted “how taking things apart can be mean-\\ningful as an activity” (p. 123), shaped by “acts of subjective\\nmeaning making and interpretation” (p. 123). These interpre-\\ntations involve both users’ material literacy (i.e., their skills\\nand previous experiences) and the characteristics of the ar-\\ntefact (e.g., affordances, material qualities). This highlights\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 225\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/results/markdown/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300455/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300455", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/results/output_json/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,205],\"text\":\"the role of connectedness for sense-making and meaning-\\nful experience to occur. Similarly, Deendorf et al. implied\\nthe notion of connectedness by noting that \\\"the meaning of\\nsomething is established among a web of associations with\\nother meaningful things\\\" [24, p. 6032] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,205,394,426],\"text\":\"The notion of meaning as coherence was particularly promi-\\nnent in research on making sense of data [53, 86, 98] . For\\nexample, in a study on self-tracking in World of Warcraft\\n(WoW), a participant noted that “it is strange how at the\\nbeginning of my experience in WoW all these data were con-\\nfusing, quite meaningless for me” [98, p. 4] . While clearly de-\\nnoting an absence of coherence, this example is mainly about\\nthe data at first not being consistent with the users' previous\\nexperiences. In another study, Houben et al. specifically em-\\nployed physicalization “to make the data more meaningful\\nby [...] help(ing) users become interested in, and understand\\nthe data streams more in the context of their own lives.” [53,\\np. 1610] , which more fully reflects the notion of coherence\\noutlined in our framework.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,426,394,650],\"text\":\"Several papers also refer to meaning as purpose . Nies and\\nWozniak [86] , for example, discussed “ meaningful (fitness)\\ntracker goals) ” and “ meaningful transitions between goals ” ,\\nwhile Mekler and Hornbæk's work on cudaimonic experi-\\nences suggests higher order goals (e.g., “ Seeking to pursue\\nexcellence ” , [84, p. 4511] ). Similarly, Brewer and Piper iden-\\ntified blogging as “ a source of meaningful engagement for\\nolder adults by providing a focal activity ” and “ a sense of\\nmeaningful engagement [...] from creating an artifact that\\nis valuable to others ” [13, p. 538] . These uses of meaning\\necho the notions of purpose and significance in our frame-\\nwork, where blogging affords older adults with clear and\\nvalued future goals to impact others' lives positively, and\\nwhich may have been missing after retirement from work.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,651,394,841],\"text\":\"Other instances of meaning as significance pertain to how\\ncancer survivors regard their tattoos as “meaningful artifacts”\\nthat facilitate and symbolize post-traumatic growth [27] ,\\nor “meaningful choices [...] through which the player can\\nsignificantly impact the course of the game” [56, p. 2] . In\\nanother example, Gruning noted that “maintenance actions\\nsuch as keeping and deletion of e-books were less meaningful\\nactions than they were when taken with paper books” [37, p.\\n7] , where one of her participants commented that “because (e-\\nbooks are) invisible. They don’t matter” (p. 139) . This echoes\\nour understanding of significance being about worthwhile\\nand consequential interactions.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,841,394,922],\"text\":\"The notion of meaning as resonance was less apparent.\\nAmbe et al. [1] discussed an augmented clock that displays\\nall family members' whereabouts, regardless of whether they\\nshare the same home: 'The object is no longer just an every-\\nday object but a connection to loved ones and a feeling of\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,284],\"text\":\"togetherness” (p. 6640). While the authors stress that these in-\\nteractions only became meaningful over time through every-\\nday practices, the resulting feeling of togetherness is likely\\nspontaneous and arguably more about resonance. Of partic-\\nular note is also work on designing for people with dementia\\n[66, 85] , which highlights the role of aesthetic and embodied\\ninteractions that resonate with people's “own self, history\\nand proficiencies which were still very present” [85, p. 1131] ,\\neven though their sense-making processes might be altered\\nor compromised [66, 85] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,301,594,319],\"text\":\"How To Design for Meaning\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,322,747,609],\"text\":\"Some of the sampled papers discuss how to design for mean-\\ning . We find a number of those discussions superficial, given\\nthe complexity of meaning as captured in our framework and\\nin the broader psychological literature. For instance, Niess\\nand Wozniak claimed that “ being aware of the user's qual-\\nitative goals will enable designing systems that link them\\nto hedonic and eudaimonic needs. This, in turn, will enable\\nsuggesting meaningful qualitative goals that foster reflection ”\\n[86, p. 9] . Similarly, a study on how game elements support\\nsense-making stated that: “ Instruments like askm robots,\\ntherefore, can quickly recommend the optimal gear to wear,\\nrepresenting a valuable aid to make players' numbers mean-\\ningful without requiring strong efforts from them ” [98, p. 6] .\\nBoth quotes suggest that the experience of meaning comes\\neasy, provided it is targeted accordingly through design. In\\ncontrast, Ambe et al. stressed that “ the added meanings, con-\\ntributed by the users themselves, are personal, encouraged\\nbut not provided by design ” (1, p. 6639).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,609,747,769],\"text\":\"Sometimes the design suggestions are about ambiguity\\n[e.g., 17, 24, 107] . For instance, in an empirical exploration of\\nmindfulness design, it was suggested that `By distorting the\\ndisplayed information, the system makes the representation\\n'imprecise' and thus requires users to `fill in the gaps in the\\ninformation'. This allows users to identify their own focus\\nand create new meaning' [17, p. 6] . While this likely initiates\\nsense-making processes to establish a sense of coherence, it\\nis not clear whether this would also afford users with a sense\\nof purpose, resonance, or significance.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,786,569,802],\"text\":\"Reflection and Meaning\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,805,747,951],\"text\":\"We observed several assumptions about how reflection relates\\nto meaning . Some work equates the experience of meaning\\nand reflection, as in the case of studies measuring ‘appreci-\\nation’ [e.g., 12, 56] , “an experiential state characterized by\\nthe perception of deeper meaning [...] and the motivation to\\nelaborate on thoughts and feelings inspired by the experi-\\nence” [87, p. 76] . Others included measures of `meaningful\\naffect' [12, 84] to assess how introspective users felt [89] .\\nHowever, these operationalizations make it unclear whether\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 225\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300455/results/markdown/3290605-3300455_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300458/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300458", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/results/output_json/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,134],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[91,102,722,196],\"text\":\"On the Shoulder of the Giant: A Multi-Scale Mixed\\nReality Collaboration with 360 Video Sharing\\nand Tangible Interaction\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[184,203,630,237],\"text\":\"'Thammatthip Piunsoombom$^{1,2}$, Gun A Lee$^{1}$, Andrew Iritili$^{1}$, Barrett Ens$^{3}$,\\nBruce H. Thomas$^{1}$ and Mark Billinghurst$^{1}$\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[80,244,286,318],\"text\":\"$^{\\\\dagger}$School of ITMS\\nUniversity of South Australia\\nMawson Lakes, SA, Australia\\n\\n{gun.lee, andrew.irlitti, bruce.thomas,\\n\\nmark.billinghurst}@unisa.edu.au\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[296,243,511,302],\"text\":\"2 School of Product Design\\nUniversity of Canterbury\\nChristchurch, New Zealand\\n\\ntham.piumsomboon@canterbury.ac.nz\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[555,243,704,301],\"text\":\"$^{2}$ Immersive Analytics Lab,\\nMonash University\\nMelbourne, VIC, Australia\\nbarrett.eas@monash.edu\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[67,328,744,567],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This multi-panel image demonstrates a \\\"Giant-Miniature Collaboration (GMC)\\\" system. A person wearing a VR headset (\\\"Giant\\\") uses a handheld tracked device to interact with physical miniature objects and virtual characters. The panels illustrate different interactions including summoning, denying, and attracting attention, some from a \\\"Miniature View.\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[70,567,743,609],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Giant-Miniature Collaboration : a) Overview, a2) Protruded-shoulder-worn mount, b) GMC's use case scenario –\\nPC assembly, c) Giant-Miniature Interaction – Summoning the remote VR user to Miniature mode, d) Denying access to the\\nMiniature mode, e) The Miniature attracts attention of the Giant by changing his representation into a lit torch.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,626,142,643],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,648,394,781],\"text\":\"We propose a multi-scale Mixed Reality (MR)\\ncollaboration between the Giant , a local Augmented\\nReality user, and the Miniature , a remote Virtual Reality\\nuser, in Giant-Miniature Collaboration (GMC) . The\\nMiniature is immersed in a 360-video shared by the Giant\\nwho can physically manipulate the Miniature through a\\ntangible interface, a combined 360-camera with a 6 DOF\\ntracker. We implemented a prototype system as a proof of\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,620,746,786],\"text\":\"concept and conducted a user study (n=24) comprising of\\nfour parts comparing: A) two types of virtual\\nrepresentations, B) three levels of Miniature control, C)\\nthree levels of 360-video view dependencies, and D) four\\n360-camera placement positions on the Giant . The results\\nshow users prefer a shoulder mounted camera view, while\\na view frustum with a complimentary avatar is a good\\nvisualization for the Miniature virtual representation.\\nFrom the results, we give design recommendations and\\ndemonstrate an example Giant-Miniature Interaction .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,797,524,815],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[421,817,746,864],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing-Mixed/augmented reality •\\nHuman-centered computing-Computer supported cooperative\\nwork\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,876,503,893],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,894,719,924],\"text\":\"Mixed Reality: remote collaboration; live panorama sharing;\\nWearable Interface; Tangible User Interface; multi-scale\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,795,388,873],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or\\nclassroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed\\nfor profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full\\ncitation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others\\nwho5,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,878,243,924],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, USA\\n© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery\\nACM ISBN 978-1-4505-5972-2/19/5 - 415.5\\nDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3360565.3360548\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_num\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 228\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/results/markdown/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300458/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300458", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/results/output_json/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,102,394,209],\"text\":\"ACM Reference format:\\nThammasth Phuomsoom, Gun A. Lee, Andrew Irlitti, Barrett Ens,\\nBruce H. Thomas & Mark Billinghurst. 2019. On the Shoulder of the\\nGiant: A Multi-Scale Mixed Reality Collaboration with 360 Video Sharing\\nand Tangible Interaction. In 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in\\nComputing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow,\\nScotland, UK. ACM, New York, NY, USA. 17 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3299605.3300458\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,232,207,250],\"text\":\"1   INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,255,394,388],\"text\":\"Mixed Reality (MR) technologies have the potential to\\nenhance collaboration beyond the limits of the physical\\nworld. One of those possibilities is through a multi-scale\\nMR collaboration (MSMCR) [55, 57] , which utilizes the\\ncapability of Virtual Reality (VR) to supports a multi-scale\\ncollaborative virtual environment (MCVE) [76] and\\nextends it to the real world using Augmented Reality (AR)\\nas shown by earlier research [5, 35, 57] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,395,395,598],\"text\":\"Past research on MR collaboration has explored sharing\\nlive 2D video [12, 32] , which offers only a limited view,\\nand 3D reconstructed scenes [14, 19, 58, 68] that can be\\nchallenging to dynamically update and lack in detail with\\ncurrent technologies. In comparison, 360-video sharing\\noffers omni-directional viewing capability that can be live\\nstreamed [30, 69] . Comparing to sharing 3D\\nreconstruction, 360-videos require lower processing\\npower and network bandwidth yet provide higher update\\nrate and better-quality image when full 3D immersion is\\nnot crucial but possible with a stereo 360-camera. It also\\noffers high mobility using minimal hardware setup.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,604,395,738],\"text\":\"A few researchers have begun investigating 360-video\\nsharing for MR collaboration, by using a 360-camera,\\neither head-worn [44] or backpack mounted [8] , but these\\napproaches make it impossible to directly see the\\ncollaborator’s face. To our knowledge, there has been no\\nwork on 360-video sharing applied to MSMRC. This\\nshortcoming has led us to create design requirements for a\\nMSMRC that addresses these issues:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,745,395,896],\"text\":\"R1) The remote VR user can see the local AR user's face,\\naction, and environment through a simple hardware\\nsetup.\\nR2) Offers mobility and flexibility for the local AR user to\\ncontrol the remote user's view.\\nR3) Provides an appropriate visual representation of the\\nremote VR user so that the local AR user is aware of\\nthe attention and to improve the communication\\nfidelity.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,898,394,947],\"text\":\"From these requirements, we have implemented our\\nMSMCR prototype that offers two modes of collaboration,\\nthe Conventional Scale Collaboration (CSC) , with shared 3D\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,101,747,336],\"text\":\"reconstruction, and the Giant-Miniature collaboration\\n(GMC) , through a 360-video with a 1:12 scale disparity. In\\nthis paper, we explore GMC as an alternative metaphor\\nthat offers 360-video sharing and tangible interaction. We\\nexpect that this can benefit tasks that demands mobility\\nand flexibility to support a room scale collaboration as\\nwell as better perspective of fine details, such as assembly\\nof models or circuit of a PC (see Figure 1 b). However, a\\n360-video-based approach also come with some challenges\\nsuch as view dependency where the remote user's view is\\naffected by the local user controlling the camera. Thus, we\\nconducted a comprehensive study to investigate these\\ncharacteristics of sharing a 360-video with an augmented\\nvisual presentation.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[438,343,661,361],\"text\":\"The main contributions of the paper are:\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[420,368,748,609],\"text\":\"• A novel multi-scale MR collaborative system\\nprototype supporting two modes of collaboration,\\nGiant-Miniature Collaboration between a local AR\\nuser, as the Giant , and a remote VR user, as the\\nMiniature through 360-video sharing and tangible\\ninteraction, and Conventional Scale Collaboration with\\na regular size avatar in a static 3D reconstructed\\nspace.\\n• Three novel examples of Giant-Miniature Interaction\\n• A four-part user study exploring GMC in terms of\\nvirtual representations, Miniature controls, 360-video\\nview dependencies, and 360-camera placements.\\n• Discussions and Design recommendations based on\\nthe user study results.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,632,560,650],\"text\":\"2   RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,660,674,676],\"text\":\"2.1 Mixed Reality Remote Collaboration\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,680,747,814],\"text\":\"Researchers have explored using MR [49] technology for\\nenhancing remote collaboration [56] where the virtual\\nrepresentation of the physical task environment is\\ncaptured and shared with a remote collaborator who\\nviews it using VR. The remote user then communicates\\nback to the local user not only through verbal\\ncommunication but also using visual communication cues\\nshown on the AR interface on the local user's side.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,822,747,941],\"text\":\"Early works in MR remote collaboration used 3D\\nmodels prepared in advance as virtual representations of\\nthe physical environment [53] while others explored\\nsharing 3D reconstructions of physical scenes viewed by\\nremote users on a desktop computer [68] or handheld\\ndevices [66] . More recently, researchers also experimented\\nusing a Head-Mounted Display (HMD) to collaborate in a\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 228\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/results/markdown/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300458/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300458", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/results/output_json/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,99,394,251],\"text\":\"shared 3D reconstructed environment captured with a\\ndepth camera [14, 15, 41, 58, 70] . These systems visualized\\nvirtual hand gesture cues either captured with a depth\\ncamera [14, 66, 70] or represented by virtual hand models\\n[41] . While these prior works using static 3D\\nreconstructions can capture the spatial structure of the\\nphysical environment, they have limitations in updating\\ndynamically changing scenes and the visual quality is\\ntypically worse than a video image.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,257,394,576],\"text\":\"Others have tried building MR remote collaboration\\nsystems based on sharing live video streams. Early\\nprototypes explored sharing visual communication cues\\nsuch as a pointer and drawing annotations overlaid onto\\nshared live 2D video on a handheld device [13, 17–19, 33,\\n34] or using wearable interfaces [21, 24] . Further\\nexplorations included sharing eye gaze [3, 21, 43] or hand\\ngestures [2, 24] . These prior works shared an egocentric\\nviewpoint through a 2D video stream, so the remote user's\\nview was dependent on the motion of the camera\\ncapturing and sharing the video. To overcome this\\nlimitation, researchers have investigated various\\napproaches, such as saving key frames to view later [34,\\n51, 52] , placing a camera fixed in the environment [12, 32] ,\\nor mounting a camera on a remote controlled robotic\\nplatform [38, 40, 60, 63, 64] on a mobile robot [1, 39, 47,\\n48] or even a drone [23, 54, 55] . These approaches still\\nhave limitations with the field of view and delay in remote\\ncontrolling the view with a mechanical system.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,583,394,935],\"text\":\"As an alternative, researchers also investigated sharing\\n360 panorama [59] to let the remote user freely look\\naround, although it supports only changing the viewing\\ndirection but not position. Some of the early works simply\\nshared static images [6] or added a live 2D video insert on\\na static panorama image [50, 62] , and overlaid simple MR\\nvisual cues for collaboration, such as pointers or drawings.\\nAs 360 panorama cameras became more affordable (e.g.,\\nRicoh Theta S, Insta360, Samsung Gear 360, etc.), social\\nnetworking platforms, such as Facebook and YouTube,\\nstarted supporting shared live streaming of 360 panorama\\nvideo. Kasahara et al. [30] developed the Jack-in-system\\nwhere the sharer wore a custom built panorama camera\\non his or her head and a remote user watched the shared\\npanorama in a HMD. Their research mostly focused on\\nsharing the experience through live 360 panorama, but not\\non active interaction between the users using MR cues. To\\ninvestigate challenges in collaboration over live 360\\npanorama, Tang et al. [69] mounted a 360 panorama\\ncamera on a backpack monopod, sharing the wearer's\\nsurroundings from an exocentric viewpoint with a remote\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,99,746,182],\"text\":\"viewer watching the shared panorama video on a tablet.\\nThey found the remote viewer had difficulties in\\ncommunicating location and orientation information due\\nto the lack of sharing gestures and other non-verbal\\ncommunication cues.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,191,746,424],\"text\":\"Most recently, researchers started looking into adding\\nMR visual cues to support non-verbal communication in\\nlive 360 remote collaboration. Lee et al. [44] created a\\nsystem that allows sharing of hand gestures and view\\nawareness cues over live 360 panorama captured by a\\nhead-worn camera, enabling two-way non-verbal\\ncommunication between a pair of users wearing AR or VR\\ndisplays. Cai et al. [8] demonstrated a system which\\nshows the remote user's virtual head and hands in a\\nshared live 360 panorama captured from a backpack\\nmounted 360-camera. Compared to this research, our\\nwork explores using a tangible representation of a remote\\ncollaborator in the context of multi-scale MR remote\\ncollaboration.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,432,746,617],\"text\":\"In terms of collaborative virtual environment (VE),\\nBeck et al. [4] explored an immersive telepresence system\\nthat supported distributed groups of users to meet in a\\nshared VE. At each site, the users and a small portion of\\nthe local interaction space was captured using a cluster of\\nRGBD cameras. Compared to this work and the other\\nresearch focusing on shared VE, our research emphasizes\\non sharing a room-scale or larger environmental\\ninformation of the real-world task space that is relevant\\nfor the collaboration. In other words, the majority of the\\ncollaborative contents in our MR collaboration are real.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,629,658,645],\"text\":\"2.2 Multi-scale Remote Collaboration\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,649,746,884],\"text\":\"Multi-scale Collaborative Virtual Environments (MCVE)\\nsupport collaboration between multiple users at different\\nscales. In one of the earliest examples, Zhang and Furnas\\n[76] explored collaboration between city planners at\\ndifferent scales, one at a regular scale at street-level and\\nanother as a giant at city-scale, and showed that users can\\ncomplement each other's actions (e.g. navigation and\\nmanipulation in VR) by taking advantage of working at\\ndifferent scales. Kopper et al. [37] and Fleury et al. [11]\\nstudied navigation techniques to help users interact and\\ncollaborate at different scales, while Le Chênéchal et al.\\n[42] investigated co-manipulation in a MCVE. These\\nworks showed that multi-scale interfaces can be used for\\neffective collaboration in VR.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,891,746,943],\"text\":\"While not as common as in VR, researchers have also\\nexplored applying multi-scale collaboration to MR systems\\nthat combine AR and VR technologies. Kiyokawa [35]\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,125,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 228\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/results/markdown/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300458/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300458", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/results/output_json/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,101,395,402],\"text\":\"developed a system which allowed users to easily\\ntransition between VR and AR and collaborate across\\nmultiple scales. In the MagicBook [5] , while a user views\\nAR content overlaid on a physical book, another user\\ncould scale down and fly into the 3D virtual scene in VR\\nso they can collaboratively explore the scene at different\\nscales. These works focused on face to face collaboration,\\nas opposed to recent research that emphasized remote\\ncollaboration for example [57] demonstrated multi-scale\\nremote collaboration between an AR and a VR user. The\\nAR user's environment was 3D reconstructed and shared\\nwith the VR user who could scale themselves up into a\\ngiant or down into a miniature for collaboration. Another\\nexample is [55] that introduced a concept of multi-scale\\nmixed collaboration (MSMRC) and explored using an\\nadaptive pair of cameras mounted on a drone to adjust the\\neye separation of the virtual camera and create an illusion\\nof being a giant.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,409,395,612],\"text\":\"Compared to prior work using 3D modeled or\\nreconstructed environment, our research is one of the first\\nthat applies the concept of multi-scale collaboration to a\\nlive 360 panorama-based MR remote collaboration system.\\nWe also combine the concept of multi-scale collaboration\\nwith a Tangible User Interface (TUI) [29] as we use a\\nhandheld 360 panorama camera as a tangible\\nrepresentation of the remote collaborator, superimposed\\nwith a virtual representation to indicate the remote user's\\nattention and action to the local user. In contrast, past\\nresearch on remote collaboration with TUI only focused\\non tabletop or planar workspaces [7, 9, 36, 46, 61] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,635,335,653],\"text\":\"3 MULTI-SCALE MR COLLABORATION\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,657,395,892],\"text\":\"Past works demonstrated various implementations of\\nmulti-scale MR collaborative systems between a local AR\\nuser and a remote VR user [5, 35, 55, 57] , yet none of them\\nwere sharing live 360 panorama of the collaborative\\nenvironment. In this research, we have created a multi-\\nscale MR collaborative system with two modes of\\ncollaboration: Conventional Scale Collaboration (CSC)\\nmode, which shares a 3D reconstruction to the remote VR\\nuser at a regular scale (section 3.1 ), and Giant-Miniature\\nCollaboration (GMC) mode, that shares a 360-video at\\ndifferent scale (section 3.2 ). The transition between the\\ntwo modes can be made by the remote VR user using the\\ncontrollers, or the local AR user through tangible interface\\nin Giant-Miniature Interaction (section 3.5 ).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_006.png\",\"bbox\":[420,99,742,337],\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image overviews a multi-scale mixed reality collaborative system, showcasing two distinct interaction types. The \\\"Conventional Scale Collaboration\\\" illustrates a local AR user interacting with a regular-sized VR user's avatar in a reconstructed 3D environment, connected by networked PCs and VR headsets. The \\\"Giant-Miniature Collaboration\\\" depicts a local AR user interacting with a miniature VR avatar, where the remote VR user experiences a 360-video feed from a Garmin Virb 360 with a 6 DOF tracker via WIFI.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[468,337,694,354],\"text\":\"Figure 2: An overview of GMC prototype.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,365,695,382],\"text\":\"3.1 Conventional Scale Collaboration (CSC)\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,385,747,603],\"text\":\"Conventional Scale Collaboration (CSC) mode is an MR\\ncollaboration with shared static 3D reconstruction at a\\nregular scale similar to those demonstrated in [56, 58]\\n(Figure 2 ). The user on one side is represented by an\\navatar to their collaborator on the other side. The VR user\\nis also immersed in a reconstructed physical environment\\nof the AR user. The local AR space was scanned using the\\nFaro Focus $^40$ 70 [10] , a high precision 3D scanner (error\\n±3mm, range 0.6-70m). An example scan result is shown\\nin the upper-right picture of Figure 2 . The reconstructed\\nmodel was pre-loaded on the VR system and calibrated\\nusing a VR controller to align the model's origin to the\\nreal world.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,614,683,632],\"text\":\"3.2 Giant-Miniature Collaboration (GMC)\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,635,747,904],\"text\":\"Giant-Miniature Collaboration (GMC) mode is an MR\\ncollaboration through shared live 360 panorama video\\n(Figure 2 ). In GMC , the two users are in different scales,\\nand the remote VR user, the Miniature , sees a live 360-\\nvideo from the local AR user, the Giant . The Miniature 's\\navatar appears tiny and attaches to the 360-camera, which\\nthe Giant can control as a TUI. The Miniature 's avatar\\nmeasured 15 cm for the Giant and the Giant appeared 12 $\\\\times$\\nlarger (-22 m or -72 ft) to the Miniature in the 360-video.\\nThe 15cm avatar's size matches the height of the 360-\\ncamera including its handle. The avatar's eye (VR user's\\nvirtual camera) aligns to the camera sensor and the\\navatar's feet touch the ground when the camera is placed\\non a surface with the handle used as a tripod. The\\nmeasurement to match the size was physically done using\\na ruler placed next to tripod/360camera.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 228\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/results/markdown/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300458/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300458", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/results/output_json/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,98,206,116],\"text\":\"3.3 System Overview\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_3\",\"bbox\":[68,120,207,135],\"text\":\"3.3.1 Hardware Overview\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,143,394,295],\"text\":\"Local AR user side (Giant in GMC) included an HTC Vive\\nPro with two 2nd generation Lighthouse sensors [26]\\ndriven by a Windows 10 desktop computer (Intel Core i7-\\n6700K at 4.0 GHz, 16 GB RAM, and NVIDIA GeForce GTX\\n1070), one Garmin VIRB 360 camera [16] , and one Vive\\nTracker (2018 model) [28] with a custom-made camera\\nmount. We used the video see-through (VST) mode of the\\nHTC Vive Pro's stereo camera (captured in VGA@90Hz)\\nfor the AR experience.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,302,394,387],\"text\":\"Remote VR user side (Miniature in GMC) included an HTC\\nVive with two 1st generation Lighthouse sensors [25]\\ndriven by a Windows 10 laptop computer (Intel Core i7-\\n6700HQ at 2.6 GHz, 16 GB RAM, and NVIDIA GeForce\\nTXG 1070).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,394,394,528],\"text\":\"Networking - The two sides were networked through a\\nrouter (D-Link DSL-2888A) using a 100MB Ethernet\\nconnection and the Garmin VIRB 360 camera was\\nconnected to the same network using 2.4 GHz WiFi\\n(802.11b). The two sides communicated through voice over\\nIP using an HMD's built-in microphone and a headphone.\\nThe average latency of the 360-video stream was\\nmeasured as 0.75 second (SD=0.25).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_3\",\"bbox\":[68,535,200,552],\"text\":\"3.3.2 Software Overview\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,560,394,628],\"text\":\"Development Tools - We developed our software using the\\nUnity game engine version 2017.3.0f [71] with SteamVR\\nfor Unity [72] and Vive SRWorks SDK for VST mode [27]\\n(AR side).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,636,394,870],\"text\":\"Virtual Representation - Based on past research on virtual\\ncharacters, it was found that realistic virtual human was\\nfavorable for remote collaboration [75] . Therefore, we\\nchose to use a realistic avatar in the CSC mode. However,\\nwe were not aware of any past survey that elicited user\\npreferences of a Miniature avatar. Hence, we conducted an\\nonline survey (n=32, 3 females, mean age 31.4, SD=8.3)\\nsimilar to [20] through the online forums (Reddit) in\\nAR/MR related channels. We compared three options: a\\nrealistic looking, a semi-cartoonish, and a cartoonish\\navatar. We found that almost half of the participants\\npreferred the realistic avatar and so we used the same\\navatar design to represent the VR user in both CSC and\\nGMC modes.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,882,270,899],\"text\":\"3.4 Giant-Miniature Interaction\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,903,394,935],\"text\":\"The transition between the two modes can be made by the\\nremote VR user using the controllers, or the local AR user\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,99,746,233],\"text\":\"through tangible interaction. In this section, we\\ndemonstrate latter interaction. We developed three Giant-\\nMiniature Interaction (GMI) techniques to showcase GMC\\n(Figure 1 ). The Giant could use the camera as a tangible\\ninterface to perform different actions with the Miniature .\\nThe Miniature could also change the appearance to\\ncommunicate with the Giant . Several interactions could be\\nsupported:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,241,746,357],\"text\":\"3.4.1 Summoning – The Giant can summon the remote\\nVR user to enter the Miniature mode (from CSC to GMC)\\nby waving the camera like a bell (Figure 1-c1). After a\\ncouple of waves, a virtual summoning bell appears which\\nis then replaced by the Miniature (Figure 1-c2). On the VR\\nside, the VE showing a 3D reconstruction is replaced by a\\n360-video sphere.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,366,746,466],\"text\":\"3.4.2 Denying - For privacy, the Giant can flip the\\ncamera upside down, removing the VR user from the\\nGMC mode (Figure 1-d1) and teleporting him back to CSC\\nmode (Figure 1-d2), a virtual cone appears indicating that\\nthe remote VR user could no longer enter the Miniature\\nmode.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,474,746,591],\"text\":\"3.4.3 Attracting Attention – The Giant could lose\\nattention of the Miniature (Figure 1-e1), in this\\ncircumstance, the Miniature could attract attention of the\\nGiant by changing his/her appearance as a virtual torch\\non fire (Figure 1-e2). The Giant's view could dim down and\\nonly lit the Miniature area, forcing the Giant to pay\\nattention to the Miniature.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,606,534,624],\"text\":\"4   USER STUDY\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,628,746,762],\"text\":\"We conducted a four-part user study to examine GMC and\\nevaluate the three design requirements given in the\\nintroduction section. Part A of the study evaluated two\\nvirtual representations of the Miniature , an avatar and a\\nfrustum, which corresponded to the requirement R3. Part\\nB examined the level of control that the Giant has over the\\nMiniature , and Part C compared the effects of view\\ndependencies of 360-video on the Miniature , these two\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_018.png\",\"bbox\":[419,772,746,926],\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image displays two horizontal stacked bar charts from a user study with 24 participants. The top chart illustrates participant familiarity with AR/MR interfaces, categorized from Novice to Expert, with numerical counts for each level. The bottom chart shows AR/MR usage frequencies, ranging from \\\"a few times a year\\\" to \\\"everyday,\\\" also with corresponding participant counts.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[463,928,701,945],\"text\":\"Figure 3: User Study - demographic results.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 228\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/results/markdown/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300458/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300458", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/results/output_json/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[70,99,746,225],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image illustrates augmented and virtual reality concepts, featuring a person wearing a VR headset in a room with numbered cubes, a user operating VR controllers at a desk, and virtual camera views. The virtual views show combinations of an avatar, a camera frustum, and an augmented reality scene where virtual elements are overlaid on real-world objects like hands and cubes.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[70,226,734,243],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Study setup: a) Participant's space, b) actor's space, c) conditions in Part A, d) giant's perspective during the trial.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,250,395,451],\"text\":\"parts assessed requirement R2. Part D compared four\\ndifferent mounting positions of the 360-camera on the\\nGiant , which examined requirement R1. In Parts A and B,\\nthe participants were in the role of the Giant ,\\ncollaborating with an actor, who was playing the\\nMiniature . In Part C and D, the participants experienced\\nthe Miniature role. For Part C, 360-videos and 6 DOF\\ntracking data were pre-recorded within the experimental\\nspace to ensure the consistency of experience across\\nparticipants. Finally, in Part D, 360-videos were pre-\\nrecorded from both indoor and outdoor environment\\nsimulating a house inspection scenario.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[70,463,173,481],\"text\":\"4.1 Participants\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,484,394,652],\"text\":\"We recruited 24 participants (5 female, mean age of 29.0\\nyears, SD=6.4) from the University of South Australia. We\\nsought participants with some experience with AR or VR\\ninterfaces to reduce the effect of novelty and for the\\npotential insight from their experiences. Their familiarity\\nwith AR/MR, measured on a 7-point Likert scale, from 1\\nfor a notice to 7 for an expert, yielded M=5.08 (SD=1.75)\\n(Figure 3d). The frequencies of use were at least few times\\na year (29%) if not more than few times a month (71%) (see\\nFigure 3e).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[70,662,134,678],\"text\":\"4.2 Setup\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,682,395,883],\"text\":\"Our experimental space was setup in a room (4.9m by\\n2.9m), divided by a tall cabinet and a partition into two\\nspaces, the participant's space (2.9m by 2.9m) and the\\nactor's space (2 m by 2.9 m). For every part of the study,\\nthe participants always performed their tasks in the\\nparticipant's space (Figure 4a ) regardless of their roles and\\nfilled out the questionnaires on a computer in the actor's\\nspace (Figure 4b ). Both sides used an HMD with a\\nheadphone and a built-in microphone for voice over IP\\ncommunication. Videos of the trials were recorded using a\\nDSLR camera on the participant's side, and screen\\nrecorded on the actor's side.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,892,394,942],\"text\":\"The room was normally lit with 8 fluorescent tubes.\\nHowever, this posed a problem with the HTC Vive Pro's\\nstereo camera (captured in VGA@90Hz) in the VST mode\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,250,746,334],\"text\":\"flickering image caused by the unmatched AC power\\nfrequency. For Part A and B that required VST mode, we\\nreplaced the AC lightings with 3 battery-powered DC\\nlight sources to eliminate the flicker (one 1500 Lumen, and\\ntwo 800 Lumen all white lights).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,342,746,408],\"text\":\"The experimental tasks required physical props,\\nincluding 27 Styrofoam tiles of letters (A-Z and ' & '), 6\\nnumbered cardboard boxes, and paper cut-out tiles in 6\\nshapes and 6 colors.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,421,515,438],\"text\":\"4.3 Procedure\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,442,746,541],\"text\":\"The study was conducted in the order of Part B $\\\\rightarrow$ A $\\\\rightarrow$ C\\n$\\\\rightarrow$ D. This was to ensure better understanding of the tasks\\nby the participants, as Parts A and B were easier than Part\\nC. This also minimized the potential effects of simulator\\nsickness on Parts A and B from viewing 360-videos in\\nParts C and D.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,551,747,735],\"text\":\"After an introduction to the study, the participants\\nsigned a consent form and completed a demographic\\nquestionnaire. The researcher explained all the equipment\\ninvolved in the study. The participants were then asked to\\ntry on the HTC Vive Pro HMD and fitted the headset. At\\nthe beginning of each part, the researcher explained the\\npurpose of the study and the participant's role in\\ncompleting the tasks. The user study took approximately\\n90 minutes to complete for each participant. Further\\ndetails on each part of the study will be given in the\\nfollowing sections.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,746,687,764],\"text\":\"4.4 Study Part A - Virtual Representations\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,768,747,934],\"text\":\"We were interested in comparing an abstract virtual\\nrepresentation, such as a view frustum which was found\\nto be an effective representation [56] , and a potential\\nalternative of an avatar for the Giant to understand the\\nMiniature 's attention. Our implementation of a view\\nfrustum provides a video overlay, allowing the Giant to\\nsee what the Miniature sees (see Figure 4 -c2). In addition\\nto the view frustum, the Giant could see the virtual\\nmodels of the VR controllers in the video, representing the\\nMiniature 's hands. Therefore, any hand movement could\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 228\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/results/markdown/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300458/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300458", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/results/output_json/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,99,394,133],\"text\":\"be observed in this condition too but from the Miniature's\\nego-centric perspective.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,139,395,326],\"text\":\"In this first part of the study, we investigated the\\neffects of an avatar and a view frustum on the ability of\\nthe Giant to understand the Miniature 's attention on an\\nobject in a room scale collaborative environment. This\\ninvolved the usage of basic non-verbal communication\\ncues, e.g. gaze and gestures, when the Miniature is\\ndirecting the Giant to find an object of interest. We were\\nmost interested in the usefulness of each virtual\\nrepresentation for indicating the Miniature 's attention,\\ntherefore, we did not incorporate any manipulation task\\nto reduce the complexity of this part of the study.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,332,395,602],\"text\":\"4.4.1 Study Design . Part A was a within-subject 2 $\\\\times$ 2\\nfactorial design where the two independent variables were\\nthe presence/absence of an avatar or a view frustum. The\\ncombination yielded 4 conditions, No Visualization (NV) as\\nthe baseline, Frustum Only (FO), Avatar Only (AO), and\\nAvatar + Frustum (AF). The order of conditions was\\ncounterbalanced between participants. Dependent\\nvariables included task completion time and number of\\nerrors. Our subjective measures were Networked Mind\\nMeasure of Social Presence questionnaire [22] (on Co-\\nPresence and Perceived Message Understanding subscales),\\nSubjective Mental Effort Question (SMEQ) [65] , task\\ndifficulty using the Single Basement Question (SEQ) [65] ,\\nand user preferences. Social Presence, SMEQ, and task\\ndifficulty were collected after each condition and user\\npreference was collected at the end of Part A.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,608,396,926],\"text\":\"4.4.2 Tasks. The goal of this study was for the participants,\\nas the Giant , to observe the virtual representations of the\\nMiniature for collaboration in addition to the baseline\\nverbal communication. The task for the participants was\\nto guess the object of interest that the actor was randomly\\nassigned to find in each trial. The object could be either a\\nletter (on one of the three walls), a number (on a table), a\\ncolor (on a partition) or a shape (on a cabinet). The actor\\nwas not allowed to directly tell the participants what the\\nobject was, and they had to search the room together and\\nfind the object of interest as fast as they could. In addition\\nto randomization of the object to find, the physical props\\nwere randomly shuffled in each session to ensure minimal\\nlearning effect by the actor. This task simulates a situation\\nwhen it is difficult to verbally describe the object of\\ninterest in the scene to the collaborator e.g. a workspace\\nfull of similar items. In all conditions, our actor\\nconsistently acted the same way by looking, pointing, and\\ngesturing toward the object of interest utilizing their body\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,99,746,132],\"text\":\"language, a natural behavior to assist verbal\\ncommunication.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,139,747,424],\"text\":\"During the trial, the participants, as the Giant , held the\\n360-camera representing the Miniature with an overlaid\\nvirtual representation (except for the no visualization\\ncondition). In this study, the Giant could only control the\\nMiniature 's position but not its orientation. This is a\\ncondition that we call Independent (more details in Part B).\\nThey were directed by the actor, as the Miniature , who\\nhad the information of the object to look for. In case of no\\nvisualization, the participant could not see any visual\\nrepresentation of the Miniature . The participants could ask\\nthe actor, any binary questions that the actor could\\nanswer in \\\"Yes/No\\\" or \\\"True/False\\\". A wrong guess or a\\nbinary question asked was counted as an error. The\\nparticipants were given two training trials for each\\ncondition. There were six experimental trials in total for\\neach condition, with 3 random letters, 1 number, 1 color,\\nand 1 shape object. This part took about 20 minutes.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,432,707,450],\"text\":\"4.4.3 Hypotheses. Our hypotheses for this part were:\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[421,456,746,625],\"text\":\"A1. An avatar or a view frustum being present lowers the\\nsubjective mental effort and task difficulty.\\nA2. An avatar or a view frustum being present improves\\nthe user performance.\\nA3. An avatar or a view frustum being present increases\\nAggregated Social Presence score (AsoP), in terms of the Co-\\nPresence (CoP) and Perceived Message Understanding (Msg)\\nsubscales.\\nA4. Participants prefer seeing both virtual representations\\nof the Miniature (i.e. Avatar + Frustum condition).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,632,747,767],\"text\":\"4.4.4 Results. When dependent variables did not comply\\nwith normality assumptions, a Repeated-measures\\nANOVA with the Aligned Rank Transform (ART) was used\\nfor nonparametric factorial analysis [74] . For post-hoc\\npairwise comparisons, we used Wilcoxon signed-rank\\ntests with Bonferroni correction (the p-value is adjusted\\nwhile the alpha level is kept at .05). Figure 5 presents the\\nresults.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,774,747,943],\"text\":\"4.4.4.1 Performance. We used the aggregated task\\ncompletion time ( Tct ) and aggregated number of errors\\n( Errors ) from 6 trials combined resulting in 24 datapoints\\nper condition for each variable. The Shapiro-Wilk test\\nindicated that our data significantly deviated from a\\nnormal distribution ( Tct - W=79, p<.0001, Errors - W=71,\\np<.0001) so the ART was applied. We found significant\\nmain effects of both avatar ( Tct - F1s0=70.37, p<.0001,\\nErrors - F1s0=294.8, p<.0001) and frustum ( Tct - F1s0=60.55,\\np<.0001, Errors - F1s0=296.56, p<.0001). There were\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 228\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/results/markdown/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300458/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300458", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/results/output_json/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[73,99,746,304],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This multi-panel figure displays seven sets of results, each comprising a 2x2 grid of p-values and a line graph, alongside a stacked bar chart on the right. The line graphs illustrate metrics like Tct, Errors, SMEQ, Difficulty, Co-Presence, Perceived Message, and Aggregated Score across \\\"Frustum Off\\\" and \\\"Frustum On\\\" conditions for \\\"Avatar Off\\\" (blue/green) and \\\"Avatar On\\\" (yellow/red) visualization states. The stacked bar chart shows user preferences for different visualization combinations.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[96,306,719,337],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Results from Part A showing factorial plots to visualize interaction between the Frustum and the Avatar\\n( $^{***}$ p<.0001, $^{**}$ p<.0001, $^{*}$ p<.001, and $^{*}$ p<.05). Error bars represent standard errors.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,346,394,427],\"text\":\"significant interaction effects of avatar $\\\\times$ frustum on both\\nmeasures ( $Tct - F_{1st}=51.42$ , p<.0001, Errors - $F_{1st}=285.23$ ,\\np<.0001). Pairwise comparisons gave a significant\\ndifference only between NV-AO, and NV-FO for both Tct\\nand Errors.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,435,394,588],\"text\":\"4.4.4.2 Subjective Mental Effort and Task Difficulty. We\\nfound significant main effects of both avatar (SME - F1,69=18.64, p<0.0001. Difficulty - F1,69=24.78, p<0.0001) and\\nfrustum (SME - F1,69=55.43, p<0.0001. Difficulty - F1,69=59.86,\\np<0.0001). Significant interaction effects were found for\\navatar $\\\\times$ frustum on both measures (SME - F1,69=13.02,\\nF=0.0005. Difficulty - F1,69=7.02, p=.01). Pairwise\\ncomparisons gave a significant difference between NV-AO,\\nNV-FO, and AO-AF for both SME and Difficulty.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,596,394,813],\"text\":\"4,4,4,3 Social Presence. An internal consistency test yielded\\ngood results (Cronbach's $\\\\alpha$ > 0.92) for both subscales, Co-\\nPresence (CoP) and Perceived Message Understanding (Msg),\\nand the overall Aggregated Social Presence (ASoP) score\\n(see Figure 5 ). Again, we found significant main effects of\\navatar (CoP - $F_{1,69}=29.96$, p<.0001, Msg - $F_{1,69}=19.91$,\\np<.0001, ASoP - $F_{1,69}=30.76$, p<.0001) and frustum (CoP -\\n$F_{1,69}=38.05$, p<.0001, Msg - $F_{1,69}=43.88$, p<.0001, ASoP -\\n$F_{1,69}=51.27$, p<.0001). Significant interaction effects were\\nalso found (CoP - $F_{1,69}=19.48$, p<.0001, Msg - $F_{1,69}=9.52$,\\np=.003, ASoP - $F_{1,69}=17.31$, p<.0001). Pairwise comparisons\\ngave a significant difference between NV-AO and NV-FO\\nfor CoP, and NV-AO, NV-FO, and AO-AF for Msg and AsoP .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,821,394,888],\"text\":\"4.4.4 User Preferences. Most of the participants preferred\\nAF condition (62.5%) followed by the FO condition (33.3%).\\nA Chi-squared goodness of fit test yielded a significant\\ndifference against random choice, $\\\\chi^2(3) = 24.33$, p<.0001.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,896,394,929],\"text\":\"4.4.5. Discussion . Our results provide strong evidences to\\nsupport all four hypotheses (A1, A2, A3, and A4), which\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,346,746,444],\"text\":\"showed that having virtual representations, either an\\navatar or a frustum, significantly improved the overall\\nexperience of the GMC and the remote collaboration\\nthrough a 360-video for that matter. Having no\\nvisualization limits the ability of the local user to notice\\nthe remote collaborator's attention.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,452,746,588],\"text\":\"4.4.5.1 Miniaturized Virtual Representation. Past\\nresearch has shown that sharing of hand gestures and\\nview awareness cues [44] , or virtual head and hands [8] ,\\nenabled two-way non-verbal communication. Our findings\\nalso support this claim, however, we extend their results\\nand show that a miniaturized virtual representation can\\nalso improve non-verbal communication despite being\\nmore compact and occupying less display space.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,595,747,811],\"text\":\"4.4.5.2 Avatar vs Frustum. For this asymmetric task,\\nwhere the Miniature was guiding the Giant, we found that\\nthere were no significant difference with or without an\\navatar when there was a view frustum present. In\\ncontrast, the absent of a view frustum had a significant\\neffect in terms of increased subjective mental effort,\\nhigher task difficulty, and reductions in Perceived\\nMessage Understanding and overall Social Presence. These\\nresults support the claim that a frustum is an effective\\nawareness cue [56] . This finding leads us to believe that a\\nview frustum (with a video overlay) might be a better\\nvirtual representation than an avatar to indicate the\\nremote user's attention. Participants said:\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,820,746,868],\"text\":\"\\\"I feel like the frustum is the easiest way of telling what\\nthe subject is doing. The avatar is helpful, but I feel is made\\nredundant by the frustum.\\\" – P5.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,874,746,940],\"text\":\"\\\"Frustum was the most helpful and least distracting. It's\\nvery obvious where the remote user is looking. In the avatar\\nconditions, you mostly see the back of the avatar anyway, so\\nmany social benefits are lost.\\\" – P13\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,125,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 228\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300458/results/markdown/3290605-3300458_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300459/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300459", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/results/output_json/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,39,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[160,119,653,152],\"text\":\"“I feel it is my responsibility to stream”\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[80,159,733,184],\"text\":\"Streaming and Engaging with Intangible Cultural Heritage through Livestreaming\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[90,201,232,267],\"text\":\"Zhicong Lu\\n\\nUniversity of Toronto\\nToronto, Ontario, Canada\\n\\nluhzc@dtp.gordon.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[262,203,395,266],\"text\":\"Michelle Annett\\n\\nMishMaskMakers\\n\\nToronto, Ontario, Canada\\n\\nmikannett@gmail.com\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[423,201,561,267],\"text\":\"Mingming Fan\\nUniversity of Toronto\\nToronto, Ontario, Canada\\nmfan@mfgp.toronto.edu\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[581,201,724,267],\"text\":\"Daniel Wigdor\\nUniversity of Toronto\\nToronto, Ontario, Canada\\ndaniel@dgp.utoronto.ca\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[84,282,727,513],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Six vertical screens display a collage of traditional Chinese arts and crafts, including brush painting, a man playing a Guqin, hands working on a figurine, detailed carving of a small object, calligraphy with a brush, and a shadow puppet show. Each screen features common live-streaming user interface elements such as chat bubbles and interactive icons.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,519,747,565],\"text\":\"Figure 1: ICH(Intangible Cultural Heritage)-related livestreams on Kuishou, a livestreaming and video sharing mobile appli-\\ncation, where streamers livestream videos of themselves engaging in cultural practices such as (a) traditional Chinese painting,\\n(b) Gugin (Chinese Zither), (c) sculpting Dough Figurines, (d) Pit Carving, (e) Chinese calligraphy, and (f) Shadow play.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,571,140,587],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,592,394,768],\"text\":\"Globalization has led to the destruction of many cultural\\npractices, expressions, and knowledge found within local\\ncommunities. These practices, defined by UNESCO as In-\\ntangible Cultural Heritage (ICH), have been identified, pro-\\nmoted, and safeguarded by nations, academia, organizations\\nand local communities to varying degrees. Despite such ef-\\nforts, many practices are still in danger of being lost or forgot-\\nten forever. With the increased popularity of livestreaming\\nin China, some streamers have begun to use livestreaming\\nto showcase and promote ICH activities. To better under-\\nstand the practices, opportunities, and challenges inherent in\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,572,747,699],\"text\":\"sharing and safeguarding ICH through livestreaming, we in-\\nterviewed 10 streamers and 8 viewers from China. Through\\nour qualitative investigation, we found that ICH streamers\\nhad altruistic motivations and engaged with viewers using\\nmultiple modalities beyond livestreams. We also found that\\nlivestreaming encouraged real-time interaction and social-\\nity while non-live curated videos attracted attention from a\\nbroader audience and assisted in the archiving of knowledge.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,714,525,731],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[422,735,747,768],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing — Human computer in-\\nteraction (HCI); Empirical studies in HCI;\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,783,502,798],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,803,747,836],\"text\":\"Livestreaming, intangible cultural heritage, user engagement,\\nsocial media, cultural preservation\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,850,554,865],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[422,866,747,954],\"text\":\"Zhuong Lu, Michelle Annett, Mingming Fan, and Daniel Wigdor.\\n2019. \\\"I feel it is my responsibility to stream.\\\" Streaming and Engag-\\ning with Intangible Cultural Heritage through Livestreaming. In\\nCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings\\n(CHI 2019), May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK . ACM, New York,\\nNY, USA, 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290650.3350047\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,778,394,884],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,886,265,898],\"text\":\"CHI'19, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,900,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,926,267,939],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,940,246,953],\"text\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300459\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,997,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 229\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,997,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":26,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/results/markdown/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300459/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300459", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/results/output_json/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,124,197,139],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,144,394,447],\"text\":\"As noted by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific,\\nand Cultural Organization), \\\"Cultural diversity is as necessary\\nfor humankind as biodiversity is for nature\\\" [23] . Over the last\\nfew decades, globalization has led to an increased sense of ur-\\ngency to maintain cultural diversity through the protection\\nand promotion of cultural heritage [22] . Most often, preserva-\\ntion activities focus on entities of tangible cultural heritage,\\ne.g., monuments and historical sites, however, there has been\\na growing interest in intangible cultural heritage (ICH). Intan-\\ngible cultural heritage refers to social practices and traditions\\nrooted in local cultures, such as oral traditions, customs, lan-\\nguage, music, and craftsmanship (Figure 1 ), which are often\\npassed down by personal exchanges and oral mentoring [48] .\\nThese practices are not only a manifestation of human intel-\\nligence and creativity, but also a medium through which to\\ntransmit the wealth of human knowledge from generation to\\ngeneration [11] . However, they are continually being threat-\\nened by globalization, which has caused new generations to\\nlose interest in them.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,447,394,669],\"text\":\"In recent years, the proliferation of high-speed internet\\nand high resolution cameras on mobile devices has led to a\\nsurge in livestreaming [12, 18, 19, 24, 46] . This “third-wave”\\nof mobile livestreaming has enabled the average person to\\nuse their mobile devices to stream their life and socialize with\\ntheir audience, in real time [26] . Recently, Lu et al. reported\\non the emergence of livestreamers in China, some of whom\\nlivestream traditional cultural practices [28] . Livestreams\\nabout ICH enable viewers to become aware of, appreciate,\\nand gain knowledge about cultural practices using real-time\\nmedia. With its growing popularity, livestreaming has the\\npotential to enable ICH to reach a broader, more global audi-\\nence, raise public awareness and interest in ICH practices,\\nand further assist in the safeguarding of such practices.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,669,394,942],\"text\":\"To better understand the practices, opportunities, and chal-\\nlenges of using livestreaming platforms for the dissemina-\\ntion of ICH, we conducted an interview-based study with 10\\nstreamers who livestream ICH-related content, and 8 viewers\\nof these streamers. We found that ICH streamers were less\\nmotivated by financial benefits but were motivated by self-\\nperceived responsibilities to safeguard the cultural practices\\nof their expertise. Streamers also curated their livestream\\ncontent to meet different viewer goals, e.g., appreciating the\\nart or craftsmanship, socializing with others, collecting arti-\\nfacts, or acquiring knowledge. Streamers also leveraged live\\nand non-live media (e.g., curated videos or posts) for differ-\\nent purposes. Live media was used to interact with viewers\\nin real time, answer questions, and provide knowledge in\\ncontext, whereas non-live media was used to post curated\\ncontent, gain attention from a broader audience, and archive\\nknowledge for post-hoc learning.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,750,252],\"text\":\"Because livestreaming in China differs from that in North\\nAmerica in terms of content and platform design [28] , and\\nfew ICH-related livestream readily occur outside of China,\\nthe aim of our work is to understand ICH livestreaming\\nwithin the unique social and cultural context in China, but\\nnot to explicitly generalize all aspects of Chinese ICH livestrea-\\nming to other contexts, especially in light of the many cultural-\\nspecific ICH sensibilities found in other cultures [15] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,252,747,412],\"text\":\"The contributions of this work are thus, an interview-\\nbased study that identified i) the practices and motivations\\nof streamers who livestream ICH-related content, and how\\nthis differs from other categories such as video gaming, ii)\\nhow streamers engage viewers with ICH-related content\\nthrough different media, and iii) design implications to im-\\nprove the software and tools available to ICH streamers and\\nviewers. We also provide insights into what other practition-\\ners safeguarding ICH in China or in other countries can learn\\nfrom Chinese ICH livestreaming practices.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,430,683,447],\"text\":\"2 BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,451,746,515],\"text\":\"Research into ICH, engaging local communities to protect\\nICH, the technology available to safeguard ICH, and current\\nlivestreaming and ICH practices in China all helped inform\\nthe direction of this work.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,533,595,550],\"text\":\"Intangible Cultural Heritage\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,553,747,954],\"text\":\"Every community has its cultural heritage. Heritage is most\\nrecognizable within tangible heritage such as monuments\\nand historical sites, however, equally important are the in-\\ntangible facets of heritage, e.g. music and craftsmanship.\\nGlobalization and modernization have led to the large scale\\ndestruction of traditional ways of living, and modern urban\\nlifestyles have discouraged ICH practices [22] . The safeguard-\\ning of cultural heritage has always been a goal of institutions\\nsuch as UNESCO [22] . However, only in recent years has\\nthe focus shifted towards intangible heritage, people, and\\ntheir culture [25] . In 2003, UNESCO introduced the Conven-\\ntion for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage\\n[48] , which defined intangible cultural heritage as “ practices,\\nrepresentations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the\\ninstruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated\\ntherewith – that communities, groups, and individuals recog-\\nnize as part of their cultural heritage ” [48] . The Convention in-\\nscribed a broad range of practices and expressions, including\\nlanguages, oral traditions, performing arts, rituals, festivities,\\nand traditional craftsmanship. These practices and knowl-\\nedge are essential to sense of social and cultural identity and\\ncultural continuity of local communities [25] . UNESCO has\\ncreated a list of ICH practices in need of urgent safeguarding\\nand, when possible, has made photographs and audio-visual\\nrecordings of these practices accessible online [50] . Although\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 229\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/results/markdown/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300459/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300459", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/results/output_json/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,156],\"text\":\"this list helps raise awareness about ICH, it provides limited\\nguidance on how to engage local communities [17] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,174,317,193],\"text\":\"Community Participation to Protect ICH\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,196,395,580],\"text\":\"Intergenerational transmission within local communities is\\nessential to safeguarding ICH [15] . Because of this, much re-\\nsearch has taken a bottom-up perspective to investigate how\\nto encourage local communities to safeguard ICH [59] . For\\nexample, mainstream public archives of ICH in the UK have\\ndeveloped flexible practices to work with local communities,\\nallowing them to regain control over their material while\\nstill getting support from public archives for long-term safe-\\nguarding [43] . Some participatory ICH protection projects\\nin China have shown that even though the government and\\nexperts provide guidance and policy support to local commu-\\nnities, success is not warranted if local communities, which\\ncan be composed of minor ethnicities from rural areas that\\nhold primitive life-styles or are illiterate [22] , do not play\\na role in the decision making processes [32] . Research has\\nshown that many community-based safeguarding projects\\nsuffered from an insufficient understanding of users' needs\\n[1, 35] , digital illiteracy [44] , partial engagement by the com-\\nmunity [10] , and often resulted in new divisions within a\\ncommunity [13] . Based on these findings, we aim to explore\\nhow livestreaming, a new form of media which facilitates the\\nforming of online communities and improves user engage-\\nment [19, 28] , could encourage community participation and\\nengagement in the safeguarding of ICH.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,598,306,617],\"text\":\"Safeguarding ICH through Technology\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,619,395,954],\"text\":\"Although technology is often considered a threat to many\\ncultural practices, many innovations in Information and\\nCommunication Technology (ICT) have contributed to the\\nidentification, documentation, dissemination, education, and\\nsafeguarding of ICH. For example, the i-Treasures project\\ndeveloped an open and extendable platform to identify fea-\\ntures or patterns of ICH for research or education [11] using\\ntechnologies such as facial expression analysis, vocal tract\\nmodelling, body motion analysis, 3D visualization, and text-\\nto-song synthesis [2] . The use of serious games [16, 29] ,\\ntangible interaction [38] , crowdsourcing [34] , wikis [14, 36] ,\\nand augmented and virtual reality [3] have been explored\\nfor cultural heritage education, in cases such as indigenous\\ncustoms [20] , festivals [8] , sports and games [47] , and dance\\n[21] . Most of these projects did not involve ICH practitioners\\nwhen end users were interacting with the systems. Little\\nresearch has explored how ICH practitioners themselves use\\ntechnology, how to leverage the bonds and interactions that\\noften grow between ICH practitioners and users, and how\\nnew forms of social media (i.e., livestreaming), can engage\\nusers and facilitate the dissemination and learning of ICH.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,123,621,140],\"text\":\"ICH and Livestreaming in China\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,144,747,336],\"text\":\"China has many cultural heritage practices, among which 39\\nhave been identified by UNESCO as representative of ICH\\n[49] . The Chinese government has also implemented a policy\\nof “ central initiative and local participation ” and developed\\nits own framework to identify, classify, and safeguard ICH\\npractices at national, regional, and local levels [22] . There\\nare critiques of this framework because government-led ap-\\nproaches may not fully engage local communities and may\\neven exploit or misuse cultural heritage [7, 32] . Further, al-\\nthough Chinese citizens have an increased awareness of ICH\\nin recent years, most “ common ” people are reported to be\\nindifferent to ICH and few desire to be successors of ICH [7] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,336,747,576],\"text\":\"Livestreaming in China attracted over 324 million users in\\n2017, with the top 9 popular platforms having over 2 million\\ndaily active users [28] . Since 2017, most popular livestream-\\ning platforms in China have begun to officially host special\\nlive ICH events and promote ICH streamers [28, 31] . Al-\\nthough previous research on livestreaming has explored the\\ndifferent types of content that engages viewers, e.g., video\\ngaming [19, 37] , live events [18] , experience sharing [46] , live\\nperformance [28] , civic engagement [12] , and shopping [5] ,\\nlittle has focused on understanding ICH-related livestreams,\\nstreamers, and viewers. We thus aim to explore the moti-\\nvations, practices, and challenges of sharing and watching\\nICH-related livestreams to gain insights into how to better\\ndesign interfaces to support engagement and improve the\\ntransmission of ICH through livestreaming.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,586,511,602],\"text\":\"3 METHODS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,607,746,639],\"text\":\"Inspired by the prevalence of ICH-related livestreams in\\nChina, we sought to explore these research questions:\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[419,639,746,715],\"text\":\"RQ1: What are the practices and motivations for sharing and\\nwatching ICH-related livestreams in China?\\nRQ2: How do ICH streamers interact with, and engage, viewers?\\nRQ3: What are the perceived benefits, drawbacks, and positive\\nand negative experiences by both the ICH streamers and viewers?\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,725,489,742],\"text\":\"Interviews\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,746,747,954],\"text\":\"Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 ICH\\nlivestreamers (Table 1 ) and 8 viewers of these streamers to\\nunderstand their practices (Table 2 ). The interviews were\\nconducted remotely using video or audio calls in July and\\nAugust 2018. Each interview lasted approximately 50 min-\\nutes, and participants were provided with a 50 CNY hono-\\nrium for their time. Interviews with streamers included\\nquestions about how they started livestreaming, their motiva-\\ntions to stream ICH-related content, their stream structures,\\nhow they interacted and engaged with viewers, their posi-\\ntive and negative experiences with livestreaming, and the\\nchallenges they faced while livestreaming. Interviews with\\nviewers included questions about their motivations to watch\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 229\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/results/markdown/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300459/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300459", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/results/output_json/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,122,394,166],\"text\":\"Table 1: Summary of streamers interviewed. Streaming\\nPlatforms: C-Kuaishou, H-Huishan, D-Douyin; Location:\\ncities listed according to the Chinese city tier system [52] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[70,183,405,360],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>ID</td><td>Sex</td><td>Age/ICH Category</td><td>Years Streaming/ W ICH</td><td># of Fol-lowers</td><td>Platform/ Location</td></tr><tr><td>S1</td><td>F</td><td>28 Jade Carving</td><td>0.5</td><td>10+</td><td>K &amp; K</td></tr><tr><td>S2</td><td>M</td><td>47 Steamed Bun Figurine</td><td>1</td><td>20+</td><td>K &amp; K</td></tr><tr><td>S3</td><td>M</td><td>Peking Opera</td><td>&lt;0.5</td><td>10+</td><td>11k</td></tr><tr><td>S4</td><td>F</td><td>45 Dough Figures</td><td>0.5</td><td>30+</td><td>645k</td></tr><tr><td>S5</td><td>F</td><td>32 Chinese Paper-cutting</td><td>1.5</td><td>3</td><td>237k</td></tr><tr><td>S6</td><td>M</td><td>33 Chinese Calligraphy</td><td>2</td><td>10+</td><td>90k</td></tr><tr><td>S7</td><td>M</td><td>30 Miu Pot Carving</td><td>1.5</td><td>8</td><td>8.4k</td></tr><tr><td>S8</td><td>F</td><td>27 Guqin (Chinese Zither)</td><td>1.5</td><td>3</td><td>3.4k</td></tr><tr><td>S9</td><td>M</td><td>27 Chinese Calligraphy</td><td>1+</td><td>10</td><td>18K</td></tr><tr><td>S10</td><td>F</td><td>31 Chinese Embroidery</td><td>2</td><td>4</td><td>50k</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a table displaying data for ten individuals (S1-S10). The columns include ID, Sex, Age, ICH Category, Years Streaming, Years with ICH, Number of Followers, Platforms, and Location. Each row provides specific information for one individual across these categories.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_3_tab_3.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,379,394,410],\"text\":\"Table 2: Summary of viewers interviewed. Location: cities\\nlisted according to the Chinese city tier system [52] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[70,426,388,574],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>ID</td><td>Sex</td><td>Age</td><td>Streamers Watched</td><td>Years Watching</td><td>Viewing Sessions Per Week</td><td>Sessions Type of Learner</td><td>Location</td></tr><tr><td>V1</td><td>F</td><td>41</td><td>S6, S8</td><td>&lt;1</td><td>2</td><td>Casual</td><td>Tier 1</td></tr><tr><td>V2</td><td>F</td><td>50</td><td>S3</td><td>0.5</td><td>3</td><td>Casual</td><td>Tier 2</td></tr><tr><td>V3</td><td>M</td><td>52</td><td>S3</td><td>1.5</td><td>3</td><td>Casual</td><td>Tier 1</td></tr><tr><td>V4</td><td>F</td><td>42</td><td>S6</td><td>&lt;1</td><td>5</td><td>Casual</td><td>Tier 1</td></tr><tr><td>V5</td><td>M</td><td>25</td><td>S6, S9</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>Casual</td><td>Rural</td></tr><tr><td>V6</td><td>M</td><td>38</td><td>S4</td><td>&lt;1</td><td>5</td><td>Professional</td><td>Tier 3</td></tr><tr><td>V7</td><td>M</td><td>30</td><td>S1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>Casual</td><td>Tier 2</td></tr><tr><td>V8</td><td>M</td><td>32</td><td>S1, S4</td><td>1.5</td><td>2</td><td>Professional</td><td>Tier 1</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a table presenting data on eight individuals (V1-V8), with columns for ID, Sex, Age, Streamers Watched, Years Watching LS, Viewing Sessions Per Week, Type of Learner, and Location. The data includes demographic information, streaming habits, and learner type, with various numerical and categorical entries.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_3_tab_5.png\"},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,600,394,729],\"text\":\"ICH-related content, what types of content they watched,\\nhow long they had been watching such content, what the\\nadvantages and drawbacks of ICH livestreams compared to\\nICH content in other media were, what they liked or disliked\\nabout ICH-related livestreams, and how they interacted with\\nstreamers and other viewers. Interviews were conducted in\\nMandarin, audio-taped, and later transcribed by the author\\n(a native Mandarin speaker) who conducted the interviews.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,742,148,759],\"text\":\"Recruitment\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,762,394,905],\"text\":\"Streamers were recruited by sending direct messages on\\nstreaming platforms or sending messages to the WeChat ac-\\ncounts disclosed on their public profile. We searched through\\nthe top 10 streaming platforms in China (e.g., Douyu.tv, Inke,\\nKuaishou, etc. [28] ) and popular video sharing mobile appli-\\ncations with livestreaming functionality (i.e., Douyu, Hu-\\noshan) using ICH related keywords (e.g., Guqin, figurine,\\netc.), and sent direct messages to those streamers who had\\nstreamed in the past 2 weeks and had over 1,000 followers.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,905,394,954],\"text\":\"We contacted 87 streamers in total and 10 streamers were\\nwilling to be interviewed (denoted as S1 – S10). S1 was a\\ncraftsman who ran a jade carving studio. S2 was running\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,348],\"text\":\"a home-based business selling steamed bun figurines who\\nalso sometimes taught apprentices from local areas about the\\npractice. S3 was an office-worker but had practiced Peking\\nOpera for more than 10 years. S4 was a renowned craftsman\\nwho made and sold intricate dough figurines for over 30\\nyears. S5 was a housewife interested in paper-cutting and\\noften practiced it during her spare time. S6 and S9 were\\nboth office-workers interested in Chinese Calligraphy and\\nhad practiced and casually wrote it for over 10 years. S7\\nwas a full-time pit carver who sold their artifacts. S8 was\\na worker in a tech company but quit her job to work on\\nsafeguarding Guqin and now ran a school teaching Guqin.\\nS10 was a housewife living in a rural area, who made and\\nsold Chinese embroidery from her home.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,348,747,522],\"text\":\"Viewers were recruited by either sending direct messages\\nto them on the livestreaming platforms (V1, V4, V5, V6), or\\nby contacting them in the group chat of the streamers (V2,\\nV3, V7, V8). Sending direct messages on streaming platforms\\nto viewers resulted in a very low response rate. We had con-\\ntacted 73 viewers in total, but only 8 viewers were willing\\nto participate. Many viewers were skeptical about our in-\\ntentions and many worried that they would not be able to\\nprovide constructive answers to our questions, so they did\\nnot agree to be interviewed. This challenge made us unable\\nto recruit more viewers for interviews.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,523,747,636],\"text\":\"To build rapport with the streamers and viewers who\\nagreed to be interviewed, we identified ourselves to them\\nwhile we started to watch their streams and join fan chat\\ngroups on WeChat or QQ [28] 2 weeks prior to the interviews.\\nThis allowed us to become part of their viewership and ask\\nfocused, informed questions about their community and\\nstreaming and viewing practices during the interviews.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,646,507,662],\"text\":\"Data Analysis\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,666,747,826],\"text\":\"The interview transcripts were analyzed using an open cod-\\ning method [9] . Two native Mandarin-speaking authors coded\\nthe transcripts individually and met to gain consensus on\\ntheir codes. All the codes were then translated into Eng-\\nlish and were discussed by the research team using affinity\\ndiagramming [4] as a modified version of grounded the-\\nory analysis [9] . All codes were transcribed on sticky notes\\nwhich were arranged in a random order. We then iteratively\\narranged the notes into a hierarchy of themes and reached a\\nconsensus about the general patterns of ICH streaming.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,837,509,853],\"text\":\"4 FINDINGS\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,857,747,953],\"text\":\"The affinity diagramming activity revealed 5 main themes\\nabout ICH livestreaming in China: the activities and prac-\\ntices of streamers, motivations to watch and stream ICH, pro-\\nmotional strategies used by streamers, the use of technology\\nbeyond livestreaming to promote ICH, and the growing im-\\nportance of e-commerce within ICH livestreams.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,125,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 229\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/results/markdown/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300459/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300459", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/results/output_json/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,125,320,140],\"text\":\"Activities and Practices of ICH Streamers\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,144,395,209],\"text\":\"Although the workload required to prepare and conduct\\nICH streams is significant, all the interviewed streamers\\nvoluntarily stream about ICH practices on public streaming\\nplatforms which are accessible to anyone.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,221,395,446],\"text\":\"ICH Streamer Practices. As shown in [28] , there is a frag-\\nmentation of users among the popular streaming platforms\\nthat coexist in China. Unlike many popular streamers who\\nare contracted to one platform exclusively [28] , many ICH\\nstreamers streamed on multiple platforms. For some, this\\ntook the form of posting pre-recorded, curated videos about\\nICH practices on multiple platforms to test if viewers on\\nthose platforms like their content. S7 and S10 reported that\\nthey use two mobile phones to livestream on two platforms\\nsimultaneously to maximize their visibility. For others, they\\nchoose platforms that are mostly used by local people be-\\ncause they want to engage local people for potential offline in-\\nteractions, e.g., \\\"I want more local people to watch my streams\\nso that I can attract them to come to my school\\\" (S8).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,446,395,636],\"text\":\"When deciding which platforms to stream on, the demo-\\ngraphics of viewers was one factor, as different platforms\\nhave clusters of different viewers, i.e., \\\"Douyin is more used\\nby Millennials in Tier 1 and Tier 2 cities, while Kuaishou is\\nmore used by people from Tier 3 and Tier 4 cities or rural ar-\\neas, who may be more interested in ICH\\\" (S7). The \\\"realness\\\"\\nof the audience was another factor. To increase viewership\\nand encourage more streaming content, many services use\\nbots to stimulate streams, however, they were not favored\\nby streamers, \\\"I prefer to use Kuaishou because viewers on it\\nare real people. They ask questions and contact me on WeChat.\\nI don't need any bots. I want real interactions\\\" (S1).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,637,395,860],\"text\":\"In terms of when streamers decided to stream, a variety of\\nschedules emerged. Streamers who had more flexible sched-\\nules streamed daily, and had a fixed schedule to reach the\\nmost viewers. For those with full-time professions, if videos\\nthey posted went viral on one platform, i.e., it received many\\nlikes, comments or shares, they would stream that day on\\nthat platform to gain more visibility and attention from new\\nfollowers. For others, the decision to stream was dictated by\\nconvenience. \\\" When there are some common questions that\\nthe fans keep asking [in group chat], I will stream to answer\\nthem instead of replying one by one\\\" (S6). For them, the ease\\nwith which they could start a livestream to answer questions,\\nas opposed to answering the same question multiple times,\\nencouraged them to use livestreaming to save time.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,873,395,955],\"text\":\"Streaming Structures. Streamers used diverse streaming\\nstructures to showcase ICH practices. Across all streamers,\\nhowever, each used a basic model wherein they used live\\nvideo to showcase themselves performing the ICH practice\\n(with video frames including their upper body and face) and\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,188],\"text\":\"simultaneously narrated while they were performing the\\npractice. Streamers interact with viewers in real time using\\nchat functions. Such streams lasted from one to two hours.\\nA number of other streaming structures were also used.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,189,746,282],\"text\":\"Question and Answer Sessions. Most of the streamers\\nmentioned that they sometimes hosted special Q & A sessions\\nfocused on answering frequently asked questions from view-\\ners about cultural backgrounds or common misunderstand-\\nings. Such sessions were mostly on demand and viewers\\nwere informed about the schedule in group chat.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,282,747,476],\"text\":\"Live Talks by Other Experts. S8 and S6 sometimes in-\\nvited artists or other cultural practitioners to give talks about\\narts and life in their streams. This enabled viewers to reflect\\non arts, culture, and life. \\\"Playing Guqin is not just about skills.\\nLearners must have a deep understanding about life and nature\\nto understand the background and the true meaning behind\\nthe music scores\\\" (S8). Viewers found such talks inspiring\\nand beneficial, as V1 noted, \\\"By watching these talks of whom\\nI might not have access to before, I am inspired to think deeper\\nabout arts and self. These deeper thoughts are very important\\nfor playing Guqin, as for me, playing Guqin is like having\\nconversations with myself.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,476,747,825],\"text\":\"Live Performances by Learners. S3, S4 and S8 reported\\nthat they invited several learners to give live performances as\\npart of their livestreams so that the streamer could comment\\non the performance during their stream. Such invitational\\nshows happened physically or virtually online. S4 and S8\\nliked to invite local learners to come to their studios and\\nstreamed them playing Guqin or making dough figurines. S3\\nleveraged online media, since most of his viewers were not\\nlocal. He used WeSing, a mobile app for singing and sharing\\nKaraoke, to host live sessions of performances by learners.\\nHe remarked that he usually created a live \\\"Karaoke room\\\"\\non WeSing to allow all of his viewers to join and take turns\\nto sing their favorite songs of Peking Opera. He chose to\\nuse WeSing to host such sessions, which was not affiliated\\nwith his streaming platform of choice. Huoshan, because\\n\\\"other streaming apps do not have instrumental music and\\nlyrics for Peking Opera\\\" , and WeSing allows users to upload\\ncustomized music clips. Viewers who are cautious about\\ntheir privacy can also participate because WeSing allows for\\nthe recording of audio without video. As the room is open\\nto the public, it also helped the streamer attract more fans\\nbecause anyone can join the room.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,825,747,955],\"text\":\"Live Tutorials about Fundamental Knowledge. To at-\\ntract a broader audience and benefit more viewers, S1, a jade\\ncarver, reported that she also collaborates with other stream-\\ners to give live tutorials about design sketching, so that even\\nviewers who do not carve jade can learn fundamental design\\nskills. The invited collaborators each streamed about their\\nown expertise, e.g., sketching the human body or flowers,\\nand often shared common groups of viewers. \\\"Since most of\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 229\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/results/markdown/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300459/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300459", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/results/output_json/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,205],\"text\":\"my viewers are craftsmen and many of them have not finished\\ncollege or even high school, they had limited training in a lot\\nof skills, including arts and design. We would like to help all\\nof them improve by streaming basic sketching skills. It can\\npotentially benefit our craftsmen\\\" (S1).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,205,394,252],\"text\":\"The diversity of the streaming structures and additional\\ntechnology used for these endeavors, suggest that a one-size-\\nfits-all app would unlikely be beneficial for ICH streamers.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,263,227,279],\"text\":\"Motivations of Streamers\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,283,394,331],\"text\":\"We identified four motivations of ICH streamers in China:\\ntransmission and enhanced visibility of ICH, sociality, positive\\nimpact, and self-improvement.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,332,395,602],\"text\":\"Transmission and Enhanced Visibility of ICH. A per-\\nceived responsibility to enable more people to be aware of,\\nand engage with, ICH motivated all the interviewed stream-\\ners, e.g., “ young adults should not just play games using mo-\\nbile phones. I feel it is my responsibility to stream. With more\\nlivestreams like mine, they could also use mobiles to learn\\nabout ICH practices. ICH is the roots of our Chinese culture\\ninherited from our ancestors ” (S4). Unlike popular video gam-\\ning streamers or performers [24] , ICH streamers were less\\ninterested in receiving virtual gifts in streams. They did not\\nwant to create the impression that only those who were able\\nto buy many virtual gifts could engage with ICH, but rather\\nthat everyone could have equal access. Because of this, few\\nstreamers induce viewers to buy virtual gifts during their\\nstreams, e.g., “ I understand that many viewers of mine are stu-\\ndents who are learning crafting. They don’t have much money,\\nso I never encourage them to buy virtual gifts for me ” (S1).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,603,395,873],\"text\":\"Sociality . All streamers also commented that livestream-\\ning provides them more chances to communicate with people\\nthey may not otherwise had chances to speak to before. As\\nS2 noted, “ traditional craftsmen in China were often isolated\\nfrom the society, because they worked very hard mastering\\nthe techniques and seldom went out of their studios ” . With\\nlivestreaming, such craftsmen have a direct communication\\nchannel to the outside world, even when they are crafting.\\nThis direct access gives cultural practitioners the ability to\\nquickly clear up misunderstandings about ICH practices,\\ne.g., “ Some streamers who are not real experts are misleading\\nthe viewers about some calligraphy skills. Sometimes in my\\nstreams, I try to correct my viewers about this ” (S9). Being\\nsocial through livestreaming can also reduce loneliness for\\nsome streamers, e.g., “ Writing calligraphy alone often makes\\nme feel lonely, but when I livestream while writing and chatting\\ncasually with fans, it makes me feel much better ” (S6).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,873,395,954],\"text\":\"Positive Impact. Nine interviewed streamers also re-\\nported that livestreaming enables them to have power to\\npositively impact ICH practitioners and fans. Streamers can\\npromote ICH on a large scale without geographical con-\\nstraints, e.g., \\\"Before I started livestreaming, I could only teach\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,747,282],\"text\":\"tens of local people calligraphy. Now I have learners from\\nacross China\\\" (S6). Further, through exposure to ICH, live\\nlectures, and live tutorials, viewers can develop an apprecia-\\ntion for these traditional art forms and the efforts and labor\\nbehind the practices, e.g., \\\"if people are always exposed to ar-\\ntifacts that are mass-produced by machines, they are not able\\nto develop aesthetic senses, and few will appreciate handicrafts.\\nThrough our efforts streaming practices and teaching sketching\\nskills, we hope that people can gradually have a better taste of\\ncrafts, which is beneficial to the whole craft industry\\\" (S1).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,283,747,587],\"text\":\"Self-improvement . Nine streamers noted that livestream-\\ning had made a positive impact on their lives. Encountering\\npeople from diverse backgrounds allowed them to see how\\ndifferent people react to their performance or artifacts and,\\nsometimes, enabled them to draw inspiration from their con-\\nversations, e.g., “ Once there were some viewers who are experts\\nin mechanical engineering. They pointed me to some tools I\\ncould leverage to boost my efficiency ” (S7) . As some viewers\\nare also experts, especially for calligraphy and Peking Opera,\\nsuch viewers often help the streamers improve their own\\nskills as well. As S6 noted, “ sometimes viewers give me advice\\nwhen watching me writing calligraphy. Some advice is helpful.\\nI cannot easily recognize it by myself ” . Further, to engage and\\nimpress viewers during the stream, some streamers make\\ngreat efforts to practice and improve both their speaking and\\nICH-related skills, which in turn makes them feel a sense\\nof self-fulfillment, e.g., “ I don't want to err in my streams,\\nand only show viewers when I think it is close to perfect. So, I\\npractice many times before going to stream ” (S9) .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,598,564,615],\"text\":\"Motivations of Viewers\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,619,747,698],\"text\":\"We identified four motivations for watching ICH livestreams:\\nlearning , engaging with arts , interest in the artifacts , and con-\\nnecting with others . Since connecting with others is also a\\ntenant of other types of livestreams [19, 28, 46] , we focus on\\nthe other three here.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,698,747,906],\"text\":\"Learning . All the interviewed viewers reported their main\\nmotivation for watching ICH livestreams was learning. They\\nliked the detailed demonstrations performed by the stream-\\ners, the direct interaction that they could have with the\\nstreamers, the possibility of learning skills by practicing\\nalongside the streamers, the ability to ask questions in-situ,\\nand the closeness that they feel to the streamers, who seem\\nakin to role models but are more approachable than well-\\nknown ICH masters. As V3 mentioned, “ by listening to the\\nstreamer [S3] singing opera, I learned a lot of subtle tricks\\nwhich I cannot learn from other well-known masters. I think it\\nis because he has more experience on what problems average\\npeople may have and he highlights the details in his streams . ”\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,906,747,954],\"text\":\"Engaging with the Arts. Most viewers shared that they\\nalso watch ICH livestreams for an edification of the arts and\\nreflections on life. Listening to Guqin music, watching Peking\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 229\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/results/markdown/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300459/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300459", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/results/output_json/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,252],\"text\":\"Opera, and appreciating calligraphy are all traditionally seen\\nas activities part of an elegant life style in China. Livestreams\\nmake these activities more accessible and affordable to most\\nviewers. Viewers also found it beneficial to listen to streamers\\nabout their own thoughts on culture and life, e.g., \\\"I was\\ngreatly inspired by her [S8] deep thoughts on life style and\\nGuqin culture. I began to realize that learning to play Guqin\\nis also about the cultivation of mind\\\" (V1).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,252,395,428],\"text\":\"Interest in the Artifacts. For viewers who watch craft-\\ning or calligraphy, they often expressed an interest in pur-\\nchasing the artifacts that the streamers were making during\\nthe stream. Some saw the artifacts as having a collectible\\nvalue, whereas others enjoyed watching the production pro-\\ncess of an artifact and wanted to have the artifact since\\nwatching how it was made “ embedded more meaning ” (V6).\\nThey were also motivated to learn more about how to iden-\\ntify high-quality from poor-quality or fake artifacts, e.g., “ the\\nstreamer [S9] told us a lot about inside stories of calligraphy\\nmarket, and I learned some tricks to be a wiser buyer ” (V5).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,442,231,460],\"text\":\"Strategies to Promote ICH\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,463,395,528],\"text\":\"To better engage viewers and promote ICH, streamers used\\na number of techniques, including using curated content that\\nwas always available, giving away gifts or free artifacts, and\\noffering apprenticeship opportunities.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,537,395,825],\"text\":\"Always Available, Curated Content. Because some stream-\\ners cannot livestream regularly due to their full-time jobs,\\nthey constantly post curated short videos on the streaming\\nplatforms to maintain their fan base and increase their visi-\\nbility. As S9 noted, \\\"it is much more flexible to post curated\\nvideo than to livestream, because I don't need to commit a\\nperiod over one hour to streaming. I can capture a short video\\neven when I am very busy\\\" . The length of the short videos\\noften ranges from several seconds to one minute, and due to\\ntheir format, they can be widely shared on social media. The\\ncontent of such curated videos is often creative and focused,\\nhighlighting unique features of ICH, e.g., a video demonstrat-\\ning how to make a rose from dough (S2). Viewer comments\\non these curated videos and the number of likes can provide\\nuseful feedback for the streamers to improve their content.\\nS8 and S9 noted that they sometimes tested how viewers\\nmight react to different livestreaming content by observing\\nthe comments and number of likes to the curated videos.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,826,394,954],\"text\":\"The streamers engaged viewers with live and curated\\nvideos in complementary ways. If viewers raise questions\\nduring livestreams, the streamer can then call out the curated\\nvideos to attract more people to watch the videos which con-\\ntain answers, hints, or other useful information (S1, S8). The\\nmore views a streamer has of their curated videos, the more\\nlikely they are to be featured on the platform, and thus visible\\nto new viewers. On the other hand, because curated videos\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,189],\"text\":\"are always visible to all users on a platform, and the more\\ncreative the content, the more likely it will stimulate users'\\ncuriosity, which could lead to increased followership and\\nviewers' interest in watching streams when they are live.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,190,747,537],\"text\":\"The interviewed viewers also mentioned that they engage\\nwith the live and curated videos in an interleaved manner.\\nThey enjoy the liveness and realness of livestreams, but also\\nlike the creativity and convenience of the curated videos,\\ne.g., \\\"I enjoy chatting with other viewers during livestreams.\\nWhen I am too busy to watch livestreams, I can watch the\\nshort videos to relax\\\" (V2). While watching livestreams, some-\\ntimes they start watching the curated videos out of curios-\\nity or the need to recall some important information, and\\nthen they jump back to the livestream. By doing this, how-\\never, they may have missed important information in the\\nlivestream. Because there are no summarization features\\nwithin a livestream, viewers often get lost when they come\\nback to the livestream. Viewers also noted that when they\\nwatched the curated videos and had questions, instead of\\nasking the streamers via commenting or direct messaging,\\nthey prefer to go to livestreams to ask the streamers. As V8\\nnoted, \\\"it feels more direct and intuitive to get answers during\\nthe stream, because she [S1] can provide more details and even\\ndemonstrate a relevant technique or process\\\". Some viewers\\ngo to curated videos after watching the streams because the\\ncurated videos help them recall key points in livestreams.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,538,746,715],\"text\":\"The always available nature of curated videos also enables\\nstreamers to improve upon their own streams by watching\\nother streamers' curated videos to get inspiration, e.g., \\\"I\\nwatch other popular streamers who stream about calligraphy\\nto see how they control the camera, and what music they play\\nduring the stream, and then adapt some good practices to mine\\\"\\n( S6 ). Many streamers also work hard to modernize the con-\\ntent or topics of their curated videos or streams. For example,\\nbecause Guquin only has limited traditional music scores, to\\navoid potential boredom, S8 sometimes played modern pop-\\nular music using Guquin to attract more viewers.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,730,747,955],\"text\":\"Rewarding Viewers. Similar to many popular streamers\\nin China [28] , streamers can also reward viewers by giving\\nthem free gifts or hosting auctions for their artifacts. The\\ndifference between this and typical livestreaming content is\\nthat the free gifts or artifacts for bidding are crafted by the\\nstreamers during the livestream and can be customized to the\\nspecifications or desires of viewers in real time. This helps\\nviewers form a bond with the artifacts they are watching\\nbeing created. Viewers also reported viewing the invitation\\nto perform in a live sharing session as a reward, e.g., \\\"Being\\ninvited by him [S3] to perform and share with peer viewers\\nseems to be an approval for me. I think I also benefit from it\\nbecause it urges me practice more to improve my skills and\\nmakes me feel more comfortable with speaking publicly\\\" (V2).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 229\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/results/markdown/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300459/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300459", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/results/output_json/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,410],\"text\":\"Apprenticeship. Many ICH practices in China are tradi-\\ntionally transmitted from masters to apprentices [22] . Al-\\nthough livestreaming brings more learners and awareness to\\nICH practitioners, some still maintain apprenticeship tradi-\\ntions. For such streamers, livestreaming is a recruitment tool\\nand can enable apprentices to showcase their talents. These\\napprentices, however, often have more privileges compared\\nto average learners, for example, S4 only teaches his appren-\\ntices about ingredients of the dough he uses. S4 is also the\\nmain streamer in his stream, but occasionally lets some of\\nhis apprentices stream during less popular time periods. He\\nreported that he is very strict when selecting apprentices,\\ne.g., \\\"I only choose those who have good character and moral\\nprinciples\\\" (S4). This practice was rooted in a stigma about\\napprenticeship in traditional craftsmanship, wherein if the\\nmaster teaches everything he knows to an apprentice who\\nlacks integrity, the apprentice would eventually dominate\\nthe business and thus starve the master.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,422,310,441],\"text\":\"Social Interactions Beyond Livestreams\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,444,394,492],\"text\":\"In addition to using streaming platforms, several additional\\ntools were used by almost all streamers to encourage social\\ninteractions between themselves and their viewers.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,499,395,818],\"text\":\"Private Fan Groups. Most interviewed streamers disclose\\ntheir personal WeChat or QQ IDs while streaming or on\\ntheir public profiles on streaming platforms. Unlike many\\npopular streamers in China who have fan groups that are\\nopen to all [28] , these streamers maintain closed and private\\nfan groups. Viewers who want to join the streamer's group\\nmust first befriend the streamer on WeChat or QQ, and then\\nget invited by the streamer to join their fan group. This\\nensures that all the members in the group chat are really\\ninterested in the ICH practices and helps reduce scams, e.g.,\\n\\\" there are many people scamming in group chats on WeChat,\\nespecially those of strangers. His [S3] fan group is much better,\\nsince members are selected \\\" (V3). As the members of the\\nprivate group are curated, there are few instances of off-\\ntopic conversation because the livestreams provide more of\\na common grounding for the group and thus members are\\nmore focused on discussions about the skills or knowledge\\nrelated to the ICH practice. As S8 noted, \\\"the learners often\\npost some videos of them practicing Guqin, and I often provide\\nfeedback to help them improve in the group chat\\\".\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,825,395,953],\"text\":\"Peer Learning Sessions in Group Chat. Fan groups also\\nserve an additional function for streamers, i.e., as a classroom\\nto deliver more customized guidance. For example, S1, S5, S8,\\nand S9 often invite a subset of fans to a provisional group chat\\nfor a peer learning session. Peer learning sessions typically\\nlast about 90 minutes, during which members try to learn\\nand help each other learn by posting videos and pictures of\\nthemselves performing the ICH practices and then comment\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,332],\"text\":\"on the posted videos and pictures. Viewers like the positive\\nand supportive atmosphere of these sessions, the construc-\\ntive criticism they receive from peers, and the collaborative\\nrather than competitive norms of these sessions, e.g., \\\"our\\nrelationship grows as we learn from each other, and the group\\nfeels like a family. We care about, and encourage each other, so\\nthat we all make progress\\\" (V1). Similar to knowledge sharing\\nlivestreams [27] , some viewers voluntarily serve as teaching\\nassistants in the group, helping the streamer prepare materi-\\nals that will be used in the stream, and helping others learn,\\ne.g., \\\"I voluntarily help him [S3] make instrumental music, and\\npersuade peers to practice singing regularly. I feel happy when\\nthe peers can benefit from my efforts\\\" (V3).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,341,747,485],\"text\":\"Other Interactions on WeChat. In addition to private chat\\ngroups, streamers often communicate with fans on WeChat.\\nThey often use WeChat to send pre-recorded videos to view-\\ners about specific skills through direct messaging (S2 and\\nS10). If the video is insufficient, streamers will often use video\\ncalling to have a one-on-one conversation or demo session\\nwith the viewer. As S2 noted, “I feel that I am responsible to\\nhelp learners improve. When they are stuck on some problems,\\nvideo calling is the most efficient way to help them”.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,485,746,613],\"text\":\"Streamers also make use of WeChat Moments, a social\\nfeed feature similar to feeds of friends on Facebook. Stream-\\ners regularly post photos or videos about ICH or their new\\npieces of work in WeChat Moment, post screenshots of their\\nconversations with other viewers about ICH, or post screen-\\nshots about their transactions of artifacts (Figure 2 ). This\\nallows the streamer to be more transparent to viewers and\\ncontinually provide them with new, interesting content.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,613,747,676],\"text\":\"Viewers are also actively using WeChat Moments. For\\nexample, V1, V2, V4, and V5 all reported posting photos or\\nvideos of themselves crafting or learning skills. Streamers\\nsometimes comment on these posts to provide the poster,\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[423,696,737,882],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two smartphone screens are displayed side-by-side, showing interfaces from the WeChat application. The left screen, labeled \\\"WeChat Moment,\\\" presents a social feed with entries for \\\"Videos of Calligraphy\\\" and \\\"Photos of Calligraphy\\\" alongside timestamps. The right screen, labeled \\\"A Screenshot of a Chat On WeChat,\\\" shows a chat conversation with message bubbles, one of which is identified as a \\\"WeChat Money Transfer.\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,890,745,949],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Left: A WeChat Moment where $6 shares photos\\nand videos of calligraphy; Right: A screenshot of the con-\\nversation about a transaction for calligraphy, showing the\\nmoney transfer, which is shared in a WeChat Moment.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,997,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 229\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,997,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300459/results/markdown/3290605-3300459_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300460/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300460", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/results/output_json/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[93,117,723,215],\"text\":\"AILA: Attentive Interactive Labeling Assistant for\\nDocument Classification through Attention-based\\nDeep Neural Networks\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[90,232,722,250],\"text\":\"Minsuk Choi$^{1}$, Cheonbok Park$^{1}$, Soyoung Yang$^{1}$, Yonggyu Kim$^{2}$, Jaegul Choo$^{1}$, and Sungsoo (Ray) Hong$^{3}$\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[160,249,653,264],\"text\":\"1 Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, {mchoi, cb_park, dudrrm, jchoo}@korea.ac.kr\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[218,264,594,279],\"text\":\"2 Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea, ygkim2535@gmail.com\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[198,279,616,296],\"text\":\"$^{3}$ University of Washington, dub group, Seattle, WA, USA, rayhong@uw.edu\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,307,140,324],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,328,396,632],\"text\":\"Document labeling is a critical step in building various ma-\\nchine learning applications. However, the step can be time-\\nconsuming and arduous, requiring a significant amount of\\nhuman effort. To support an efficient document labeling en-\\nvironment, we present a system called Attentive Interactive\\nLabeling Assistant (AILA). At its core, AILA uses Interactive\\nAttention Module (IAM), a novel module that visually high-\\nlights words in a document that labelers may pay attention\\nto when labeling a document. IAM utilizes attention-based\\nDeep Neural Networks , which not only support a prediction of\\nwhich words to highlight, but also enable labelers to indicate\\nwords that should be assigned high attention weights while\\nlabeling to improve the future quality of word prediction.\\nWe evaluated the labeling efficiency and accuracy by com-\\nparing the conditions with and without IAM in our study.\\nThe results showed that the participants' labeling efficiency\\nincreased significantly under the condition with IAM than\\nunder the condition without IAM, while the two conditions\\nmaintained roughly the same labeling accuracy.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,643,172,660],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,663,398,713],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Visualization systems\\nand tools; • Computing methodologies $\\\\rightarrow$ Information\\nextraction;\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,724,148,740],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,744,395,778],\"text\":\"Document labeling, document classification, natural lan-\\nguage processing, attention model, deep neural networks\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,308,555,324],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,325,749,426],\"text\":\"Minsuk Choi, Cheonbok Park, Soyoung Yang, Yongyun Kim,\\nJaegul Choo, and Sungsoo (Ray) Hong. 2019. AILA: Attentive\\nInteractive Labeling Assistant for Document Classification through\\nAttention-based Deep Neural Networks. In CHI Conference on Hu-\\nman Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–9,\\n2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 12 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300460\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,436,550,454],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,458,748,792],\"text\":\"Acquiring an accurately labeled text corpus is necessary for\\ntraining machine learning (ML) models in various text clas-\\nsification applications such as spam detection [6, 18] , fake\\nnews filtering [2, 8] , and sentiment analysis [29, 41] . It is\\noften the case that the labeled dataset is not available, which\\nnecessitates researchers and practitioners to build their own\\ndatasets. However, it was previously identified that design-\\ning user interfaces (UIs) for motivating labelers' efficient\\nand accurate labeling entails substantial challenges [7, 21] .\\nFor instance, although crowdsourcing could be a powerful\\nplatform in collecting labeled data at scale [11] , existing\\nstudies have discussed the difficulties of enabling workers to\\nmaintain their attention [40] and/or coping with a crowd's\\ninconsistent performances regarding labeling accuracy [26] .\\nIn addition, supporting labeling tasks that require domain\\nknowledge, such as labeling incorrect statements in a le-\\ngal document or labeling a particular disease name given a\\nperson's medical record, poses new challenges. There exist\\npressing needs in understanding better design for motivat-\\ning labelers' labeling performances [4, 9, 21, 34] , but such a\\ndomain is relatively under-explored.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,792,747,952],\"text\":\"Motivated by these challenges, we present an Attentive\\nInteractive Labeling Assistant , or in short, AILA, which sup-\\nports efficient human labeling. For our initial efforts, AILA's\\nscope of the target task is a document classification problem,\\nespecially a binary classification of relatively short docu-\\nments (e.g., a document with a few sentences). Labeling each\\ndocument as positive or negative with respect to a particu-\\nlar criterion, such as positive/negative sentiment, is a basic\\nclassification task, but our design can be applied in different\\nlabeling tasks such as ordinal or categorical classification.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,790,396,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not\\nmade or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear\\nthis notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components\\nof this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with\\ncredit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to\\nredistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request\\npermissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,898,273,910],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,914,273,925],\"text\":\"© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,926,265,939],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,940,244,952],\"text\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300460\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 230\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/results/markdown/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300460/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300460", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/results/output_json/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,87,336,105],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[640,87,745,104],\"text\":\"Minsuk Choi et al.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[\"author\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,123,394,220],\"text\":\"tasks. In general, AILA works as follows: Once a labeler\\nassigns particular labels on a small number of documents,\\nAILA's back-end ML model is trained using the results. Next,\\nAILA performs the prediction on the remaining documents\\nand interactively recommends a subset of the documents so\\nthat a labeler can label relevant documents sequentially.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,220,394,492],\"text\":\"Our back-end ML model is called an Interactive Atten-\\ntion Module (IAM). IAM adopts Recurrent Neural Networks\\n(RNNs), a type of Deep Neural Networks (DNN) that is widely\\nused for text classification [36] . IAM leverages the attention\\nmechanism [42] , which has shown its effectiveness in numer-\\nous DNN architectures, to support efficient labeling environ-\\nment via two different approaches. First, IAM utilizes the\\nattention mechanism to visually emphasize words of a given\\ndocument that the model predicts to be useful for labeling.\\nSecond, the attention mechanism works not only as a means\\nfor labelers to check the prediction outcome from the model,\\nbut also as a handle for labelers to steer the model; IAM\\nallows labelers to highlight keywords important for labeling\\ndocuments and updates the model accordingly for future\\nprediction. The importance of interactive ML that involves\\nhumans in training data and correcting the classification is\\nbeen extensively discussed in previous works [12, 35] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,492,395,650],\"text\":\"To confirm the effectiveness of IAM in supporting a user's\\nlabeling task, we conducted a within-subject study between\\nthe condition that adopts IAM and the condition that does\\nnot. Our findings indicate that participants' labeling task\\nwas significantly accelerated with IAM than without IAM.\\nMeanwhile, there was no significant difference in terms of the\\nlabeling accuracy between the two conditions. Additionally,\\nin the usability study, we found that participants perceived\\nour system as a useful tool that helps them label documents\\nwith much less effort.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[81,650,356,667],\"text\":\"In summary, we offer the following contributions:\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,685,396,849],\"text\":\"• Technical contributions : we present IAM, a novel mod-\\nule that couples human labelers and ML models to ac-\\ncurately predict words that are important for labeling\\ndocuments and then visually emphasizes the words.\\n• System contributions : we propose AILA, a system that\\nadopts IAM and orders documents in a coherent manner\\nto present an efficient document labeling environment.\\n• Empirical contributions : we report our study results\\non the expected effect of IAM and the advantages and\\ndisadvantages of using AILA.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,875,197,892],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,896,394,946],\"text\":\"We review the existing ML models that focus on text classifi-\\ncation. Next, we discuss related work on the UI design for\\nsupporting labelers' text classification tasks.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,124,745,140],\"text\":\"Text classification models using attention mechanism\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,144,747,319],\"text\":\"In recent years, computational performances for text classi-\\nfication have been greatly improved as neural models have\\nevolved. Such models include Convolutional Neural Net-\\nworks (CNNs) [19, 32, 44] and long short-term memory\\n(LSTM), which is known to be a successful architecture of\\nRNNs [14, 38] . In particular, the studies show that classif-\\ncation accuracy significantly improved when the model used\\nword embedding , a technique that represents a word as a\\nhigh-dimensional vector, along with an attention mechanism ,\\nwhich allows the model to capture important parts of the\\ndata [3] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,320,747,511],\"text\":\"Researchers have applied the attention mechanism to build\\ntext representation models for prediction tasks. For instance,\\nLing et al. proposed an attention-based model to perform\\nword embedding [24] , but their approach mainly focused on\\na word level of prediction. Yang et al. utilized an attention\\nmechanism for text classification at both word and sentence\\nlevels [43] . An advanced self-attention model has taken into\\naccount the semantic and syntactic relationships of words\\nwithin a sentence [23, 25] . Self-attention models have of-\\nten adopted the notion of a multi-head attention, which can\\nsimultaneously incorporate different types of word relation-\\nships [37] .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,511,746,575],\"text\":\"Most of the aforementioned approaches work in a com-\\npletely automated manner without involving humans in the\\nloop. However, their performances often leave room for im-\\nprovement, where humans can intervene in the process.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,605,688,622],\"text\":\"UI design for interactive document labeling\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,625,747,752],\"text\":\"Traditionally, studies show that experts commonly put a\\ngreat deal of effort for accurate labeling of data [28, 39] .\\nBecause labeling can be time-consuming and often arduous,\\nunderstanding better design that offloads labelers' cognitive\\nburden has recently been an active area of research in the HCI\\ncommunities. Many approaches are based on active learning ,\\nwhich aims to identify a small set of data for humans to label\\nwhile achieving a satisfactory prediction accuracy.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,752,747,912],\"text\":\"For instance, Bernard et al. introduced a visual labeling UI\\nin a 2D embedding view. The UI applied active learning and\\nautomatically suggested the most influential data to label [4] .\\nKuleszar et al. also suggested the technique called structured\\nlabeling that is designed for the labelers' consistent label-\\ning [21] . Label and Learn [34] allows users to predict the\\nclassifier's expected performance so as to avoid inaccurate\\nlabeling. Finally, ELA [9] provides a rich set of interactive\\nlabeling capabilities through topic modeling and automatic\\nkeyword generation.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,912,746,945],\"text\":\"Although existing approaches adopt active learning to im-\\nprove the UI design for properly supporting labelers' tasks,\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 230\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/results/markdown/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300460/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300460", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/results/output_json/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,86,320,104],\"text\":\"AILA: Attentive Interactive Labeling Assistant\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[479,86,745,104],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[68,121,747,373],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A document analysis interface displays a 2D scatter plot of document embeddings on the left, showing clusters of colored and hollow dots. The right panel presents a document classification board listing text snippets related to the keyword \\\"wannacry,\\\" with instances of this keyword and other relevant terms highlighted, each accompanied by classification buttons.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,382,747,501],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Overview of AILA. (A) The document embedding view lays out the documents using t-distributed stochastic neighbor\\nembedding (t-SNE) algorithm. The circle represents a document that has not yet been labeled, and the color of the circle\\nrepresents the predicted score by the model. The document selected on the document classification \\\\ _ _ board view is represented by a\\ngreen border. The colored dot is the document that the user has labeled. (B) The document classification _ _ board view presents\\na document list where the attention weight of every word is highlighted in a red-colored background. A labeler can select\\nimportant words for labeling, which is displayed with a red-colored border line. For each document, labelers can use “A” (As\\npredicted), “P” (Positive), or “N” (Negative) buttons to label. When labelers select a label, the selected documents are bordered\\nby the selected label color.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,522,396,777],\"text\":\"to the best of our knowledge, no approach has adopted at-\\ntention models in designing labeling UIs and/or leveraging\\nhuman labeling results to train attention-based models as a\\nmain classifier. In applying attention models in ML pipelines,\\nwe identify the two following design opportunities. First, us-\\ning the attention weight that attention module calculates for\\npredicting classification, the system may visually emphasize\\nwords that users may pay attention to for labeling a doc-\\nument. Such a visual emphasis can guide labelers to focus\\non relevant words with less cognitive effort and improve\\nlabeling performance. Second, enabling labelers to select the\\nrelevant words they used for labeling a document can be an\\neffective means to train the attention model itself. Based on\\nthe notion of active learning, presenting such interactivity\\nbetween labelers and the model can improve labelers' overall\\nlabeling performance.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,789,320,804],\"text\":\"3 INTERACTIVE ATTENTION MODULE\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,809,395,952],\"text\":\"An attention model in neural networks has been inspired\\nfrom computational neuroscience, but it also has strong\\nconnections to information visualization [17, 20] . Most an-\\nimals focus on particular parts of visual input to quickly\\nrespond while ignoring a majority region perceived as unim-\\nportant [20] . Based on this observation, the studies identified\\nthat animals do neural computations by searching the most\\nimportant information in visual signals [10] . In building deep\\nneural networks (DNNs), the idea of attention models has\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,522,746,553],\"text\":\"been applied to capture the relevant parts of the object to\\nimprove the prediction performance.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,553,747,792],\"text\":\"Our core component called IAM in the attention-based\\nDNN model enables human labelers to interact with our\\nmodel and gradually improve a labeling environment in two\\nways. First, IAM predicts the attention weight of an indiv-\\nidual word in a document (see words in red in Fig. 1 (B)) so that\\nlabelers can focus on the words that might be important for\\nlabeling. At the same time, IAM leverages user interaction to\\ncollect the words that the labelers perceived as important for\\nlabeling documents (see words in rectangles in Fig. 1 (B)) to\\nimprove the quality of the IAM module for attention weight\\nprediction. Second, IAM presents input to a classifier in our\\nmodel that predicts the class of a document to improve the\\nclassification accuracy. The prediction output is shown in\\nthe color of the buttons labeled \\\"A\\\", as shown in Fig. 1 (B),\\nwhich stands for \\\"As predicted.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,792,746,841],\"text\":\"In this section, we articulate how the IAM and the classifier\\nwork together. Next, we present quantitative experiments\\nthat show IAM's reliability.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,852,516,870],\"text\":\"Model pipeline\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,874,747,952],\"text\":\"Fig. 2 shows the overview of our model. Our model takes a\\nlabeled input , documents with labeled classification, and an\\nattention input , which is a set of words that labelers indicated\\nto be important for labeling documents. Each word in a\\nlabeled document is initially represented as an embedding\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 230\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/results/markdown/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300460/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300460", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/results/output_json/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,87,335,105],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[640,87,744,104],\"text\":\"Minsuk Choi et al.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[\"author\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[68,126,411,409],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This diagram illustrates a neural network architecture for text classification, showing the flow from word vectors through a Bi-LSTM layer, a Multi-head Self-attention layer, and a Fully connected layer. The self-attention module has an auxiliary binary classification loss (L2) derived from labeled input, while the final output is optimized using a CrossEntropy loss (L1).\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[96,417,365,448],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Overview of our model: (A) word vector\\nconversion, (B) IAM, and (C) the classifier.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,475,394,538],\"text\":\"vector. A Bi-LSTM layer converts the word vector to a hidden-\\nstate vector that encodes the context of a document (see Fig. 2\\n(A)). This vector and the attention input are both used in\\nIAM (see Fig. 2 (B)).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,538,394,873],\"text\":\"IAM extends Lin et al.'s multi-head self-attentive sentence\\nembedding model [23] . Using the hidden-state vector cal-\\nculated in the Bi-LSTM layer, the multi-head self-attention\\nmodule shown in Fig. 2 (B-1) identifies those words that la-\\nbelers may pay attention to and present the output in the $r$\\ndifferent forms, or heads, of attention weight vectors. The\\noutput is then stored in Fig. 2 (B-2). Next, IAM utilizes a\\nlabeler's attention loss by comparing the $r$ heads of attention\\nweight vectors and the attention input stored in Fig. 2 (B-3).\\nSpecifically, IAM applies a binary cross entropy loss function\\nbetween the first-head attention weight vector from $r$ heads\\nof attention weight vectors and the labeler's attention input\\nin generating attention weights. Using the IAM output, or the\\nrecalculated first-head attention weight vector, the context\\nvectors are obtained as the weighted sum of $r$ multi-head\\nattention weights and the hidden-state vector derived from\\nthe Bi-LSTM layer. After $r$ context vectors are concatenated\\nas a single vector, two consecutive fully-connected layers\\ntransform it to the final prediction over different classes (see\\nFig. 2 (C)). In predicting the class of a document, the classifier\\nis trained via the conventional cross entropy loss.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,873,394,953],\"text\":\"IAM's core novelty lies in how it defines the attention loss.\\nSpecifically, IAM considers both the attention loss specified\\nby labelers (L2) in addition to the conventional classifica-\\ntion loss (L1) to achieve a user-dependent attention module.\\nIn a conventional design, the attention weight is indirectly\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,249],\"text\":\"trained through the classification loss, which has limitations\\nin reflecting labelers' intent. IAM improves the conventional\\ndesign by training the model jointly using the two losses.\\nEach loss is used to train the classifier and the attention\\nweight one by one (i.e., using L1 and then L2) to emphasize\\nthe particular words that reflect each labeler's personalized\\nattention. A labeler's attention loss, or L2, can be computed\\nas\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"equ\",\"bbox\":[452,249,714,288],\"text\":\"$$L _ { n } ( U ; A ) = - \\\\sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { n } u _ { i } \\\\log a _ { i } + ( 1 - u _ { i } ) \\\\log ( 1 - a _ { i } ) ,$$\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,290,746,370],\"text\":\"where n indicates the total number of words in a document.\\n$U$ is the labeler's attention input as shown in Fig. 2 (B-3). $A$\\nis the first-head attention shown in Fig. 2 (B-2) colored in\\nyellow, $u_i$ is the labeler's attention input of word i , and $a_i$ is\\nthe first-head attention weight of word i .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,382,560,398],\"text\":\"Reliability Assessment\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,402,746,499],\"text\":\"To assess IAM's reliability, we investigated the following\\nquestions: Q1. Can adding the attention loss from labelers\\nlead to an accurate detection of important words in a docu-\\nment, even with few labeled inputs? Q2. To achieve a certain\\ndegree of classification accuracy, how many of the labeled\\ninputs would be required?\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,506,747,873],\"text\":\"Q1. Assessing attention weight prediction. We used 200,000\\nreviews that have rating scores between 1 and 5 from Yelp\\nDataset Challenge 2015 [1] as documents to be labeled. Among\\n200,000 documents, we randomly selected 400 documents\\nthat have scores of 1 or 5 to be the labeled inputs used for\\ntraining two models: one that adopts IAM and the other\\nthat doesn't adopt IAM. The reason that we only consid-\\nered scores of 1 or 5 to train models was to achieve clear\\ntraining outcome, as documents rated as 1 may have few\\npositive words while the documents with 5 may have few\\nnegative words. Using the two models we trained differently,\\nwe predicted the attention weights of additional 100 docu-\\nments from the Yelp dataset. Documents with every rating\\nscore were considered at this stage. Consequently, we ob-\\ntained two results, generated based on the model that did not\\nadopt IAM, R1 , and the other that adopted IAM, R2 . Each\\nresult contained the attention weights of every word in the\\ndocuments. As attention inputs were required for training\\nthe IAM based model, three authors manually collected 426\\nwords. We note that the 426 words were used at once for\\ntraining, which would yield a different outcome than that\\nof a case where labelers indicate the attention input one by\\none. We ran statistical analyses as follows:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,874,746,953],\"text\":\"We first measured whether applying IAM can better detect\\n\\\"some\\\" words in a document than not applying IAM can.\\nTo measure the detectability of words, we measured the\\nstandard deviation (SD) regarding the attention weights of\\neach document in R1 and R2. A higher SD mean a larger\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 230\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/results/markdown/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300460/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300460", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/results/output_json/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,86,320,104],\"text\":\"AILA: Attentive Interactive Labeling Assistant\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[478,86,745,104],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[68,119,747,272],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This figure presents three plots: a bar chart (A) showing word frequency distributions across attention weights for R1 and R2, and two line charts (B and C) comparing M1 and M2 based on the number of labeled documents. Chart B shows the standard deviation of attention weights, while Chart C displays attention accuracy, with M2 consistently higher in both line charts.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[74,287,739,320],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Two distributions that show the attention weights of R1 and R2 (A). Trends that show how the word detectability\\n(B) and the proportion of important words (C) change depending on the number of labeled input.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,339,395,546],\"text\":\"variance between the attention weights, which indicates\\nthat the model can visually emphasize \\\"some\\\" words. In\\nthis analysis, we hypothesized that the SD observed in R2\\nwill be higher than those in R1. Our paired samples t-test\\nshowed that the SD in R2 was significantly smaller than\\nthat in R1 (R1: M=0.0003, SD=0.00021, and R2: M=0.0022,\\nSD=0.00132, t(99)=16.458, p=0.00). Fig. 3 (A) shows the two\\ndistributions of every attention weight between R1 and R2.\\nThe graph shows that R1's distribution is more centered than\\nthe distribution of R2. We found that the attention weights\\nbetween words in documents in R2 have a higher standard\\ndeviation than those in R1. Such characteristics of R2 would\\nhelp labelers focus on certain words in a document.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,546,396,947],\"text\":\"In the second round of analysis, we first aimed to under-\\nstand whether the detected words can be actually important\\nin making a labeling decision. To do so, we measured preci-\\nsion metrics that show the proportion of how many of the\\nwords whose attention weights are higher than $\\\\mu + \\\\sigma$ in a\\ndocument (i.e., top 15.7 % of the words that have the high-\\nest attention weights; true positive and false positive) are\\nactually listed in Hu's positive and negative English words\\n(i.e., true positive) [16] . We hypothesized that the proportion\\nwould be higher in R2 than in R1. We conducted paired sam-\\nples t-test using the proportions. The results showed that the\\nproportions in R2 was significantly higher than those in R1\\n(R1: M=0.1684, SD=0.10585, and R2: M=0.2350, SD=0.16441,\\nconditions; t(99)=-5.936, p=0.00). Next, we measured the re-\\ncall metric; among all the words in a document that are also\\nlisted in Hu's list (i.e., true positive and false negative), how\\nmany of them are included in the top 15.7 % words in terms\\nof attention weights. The paired samples t-test found that\\nthe proportions that indicate recall show no significant dif-\\nferences between R1 and R2 (R1: M=0.2877, SD=0.2239, and\\nR2: M=0.2922, SD=0.23173, conditions;t(99)=-.409, p=0.683).\\nOur findings show that (1) IAM can better detect important\\nwords for making a labeling decision than the existing ap-\\nproaches can, but (2) using IAM does not mean that it can\\nbetter detect every important words in a document.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,339,747,532],\"text\":\"Aside from our measurements, we plotted how the word\\ndetectability (i.e., SD) and the proportion of important words\\n(i.e., precision) vary depending on how many labeled inputs\\nare used for training the two models trained without using\\nIAM (M1) and trained using IAM (M2). Fig. 3 (B) shows the\\ntrend of the word detectability between M1 and M2. The\\ngraph shows no difference when 20 labeled inputs are used.\\nBut M2's word detectability becomes better than that of M1\\nas more labeled inputs are used for training. Fig. 3 (C) shows\\nthe trend of the proportion of important words between M1\\nand M2. The plot shows M2's better performance over M1\\nregarding this measurement in general.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,548,748,950],\"text\":\"Q2. Assessing document classification prediction . To under-\\nstand the second perspective, we randomly selected input\\nlabels from 200,000 documents. To see how the prediction\\naccuracy varies depending on the size, we chose different\\nsizes of input labels starting from 50 documents up to 250,\\nincreased by an increment of 50. In total, we had six sets of\\nlabeled inputs. In building our input sets, we selected half\\nof the inputs from positive documents (i.e., the documents\\nrated as '5') and the other half from negative documents (i.e.,\\nthe documents rated as '1'). For each of the differently-sized\\nlabeled inputs, we trained two models, one without using\\nIAM (M1) and another using IAM (M2). In training M2, we\\nused the same 426 words in Q1 as attention inputs through-\\nout. Using M1 and M2, we predicted the sentiment of 100\\ndocuments rated either 1 or 5, which we randomly selected.\\nThe 100 documents were all different from the labeled in-\\nputs used for training models. The prediction accuracy was\\ncomputed based on how accurately the models predicted the\\nsentiment (i.e., documents with 1 to be predicted as nega-\\ntive and 5 to be positive). We repeated this process 10 times\\nand yielded the average accuracy (and also the confidence\\nintervals), which is shown in Fig. 4 . The results show that\\nthere is no difference between M1 and M2 when the size of\\nlabeled input is 50, but M2 shows more accurate results than\\nM1 between the size of 100 and 200. The accuracy of M2\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 230\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/results/markdown/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300460/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300460", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/results/output_json/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,87,336,105],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[640,87,745,104],\"text\":\"Minsuk Choi et al.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[\"author\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[80,126,380,295],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A line graph shows prediction accuracy on the y-axis (0.0 to 1.0) versus the number of labeled documents on the x-axis (50 to 300). Two lines, M1 (blue squares) and M2 (red circles), illustrate how prediction accuracy changes with the number of labeled documents. Both models demonstrate an overall increase in prediction accuracy as more documents are labeled.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[91,311,369,344],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Change of document prediction accuracy\\naccording to the size of labeled inputs.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,367,394,415],\"text\":\"converges to around 0.8 after training the classifier with 200\\nlabeled inputs, whereas the accuracy of M1 converges to the\\npoint after using 250.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,427,123,444],\"text\":\"4 AILA\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,449,394,528],\"text\":\"AILA presents interactive labeling environment for classify-\\ning a document. We discuss AILA's major design considera-\\ntions and how we reflected such considerations in designing\\nAILA's UI. We then introduce AILA's architecture and imple-\\nmentation in detail.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,540,210,558],\"text\":\"Design Considerations\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,561,394,626],\"text\":\"This subsection discusses major design considerations (DCs)\\nthat we believe are critical for supporting an efficient and\\naccurate document labeling environment and articulates how\\nAILA's features are designed based on the consideration.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,633,394,729],\"text\":\"DC1. Supporting \\\"one-by-one\\\" labeling documents. We adopt\\nthe fashion of allowing labelers to classify one data point at\\na time as such fashion is one of the most reliable ways to\\nproduce accurate datasets. The flip side of such design is the\\npotential cognitive burden that labelers may need to cope\\nwith. We attempt to offload their burden as follows.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,729,394,953],\"text\":\"AILA presents visual aids that may help labelers focus\\non the important parts of a document for labeling so that\\nthey don't need to serially scan the entirety of the words\\nin a document. Using IAM, AILA visualizes the attention\\nweights using a sequential color scale of red to present the\\npredicted degree of importance that labelers may focus on\\nin a document, as shown in Fig. 1 (B). Aside from this visual\\nemphasis, AILA allows a labeler to specify the words that\\n(s)he perceived to be important in understanding the theme\\nof the document (see Fig. 1 (B)). In supporting such an indi-\\ncation process, asking a labeler to set the same words every\\ntime as they appear can be inefficient. To improve upon this,\\nAILA highlights words in all of the other documents upon a\\nlabeler's selecting a word in one document.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,316],\"text\":\"Next, AILA presents information about the predicted la-\\nbels of unlabeled documents. Specifically, AILA provides \\\"As\\npredicted\\\" button in addition to \\\"Positive\\\", and \\\"Negative\\\"\\nbuttons for each document to help a labeler in making la-\\nbeling decisions (see the three buttons that are labeled with\\n\\\"A\\\", \\\"P\\\", \\\"N\\\" in Fig. 1 (b)). The color of the \\\"A\\\" button is dis-\\nplayed as blue if a document is predicted as positive, or red\\nif negative. The color intensity of the button increases as\\nthe predicted score gets higher. If the score is not biased\\nto one side, the color of the button remains white. If a la-\\nbeler chooses to press the \\\"A\\\" button, the system receives\\nthe user's input as the same label the model predicted.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,322,747,451],\"text\":\"DC2. Presenting visual guidance relevant for supporting label-\\ning in real-time. In building an interactive system, selecting\\ninformation relevant to a user's task and presenting the out-\\ncomes in real-time are critical to warrant usability [15] . AILA\\nexecutes the two learning routine types based on two data\\ntypes it receives from labelers and the update in its front-\\nend with newly computed outcomes accordingly upon the\\ncompletion of learning routines.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,451,747,658],\"text\":\"First, it learns labelers' labeling outcome to improve the\\nprediction accuracy of unlabeled documents (i.e., a labeler\\nhits any button between “A”, “P”, or “N” in Fig. 1 (B)). For\\nsuccessfully accomplishing the first learning routine, it is\\ncritical to randomly sequence labeled data points that capture\\na good balance between every possible category (in our case,\\npositive and negative), which is critical for reducing the\\npotential of biased learning. To achieve this, ALLA provides\\na training function, which collects multiple labeled data in a\\nbuffer. When a batch of newly labeled data points is ready,\\nthe function trains the model by randomly shuffling the\\nsequence of the data points. Upon training, the color of every\\n“A” button is updated.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,658,747,866],\"text\":\"Second, ALLA learns from the words that labelers indicated\\nto be important and recompute the attention weight of each\\nword. The words indicated as important is presented with a\\nred border line as Fig. 1 (B) shows. Technically, the attention\\nweights in each document sum up to one as the attention\\nweight of each word is the softmax output of previous hidden\\nlayer weight. Therefore, the smaller the number of words in\\na document, the larger the average attention weight becomes\\ndue to the smaller denominator. To normalize, we scale the\\n$1/n$ point to 0.5 point and add a log scale value to emphasize\\nvalues that are greater than 0.5. Upon a labeler's indication\\nof an important word, the attention scores of every word in\\nthe documents are computed and updated in ALLA's UI.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,873,747,953],\"text\":\"DC3. Ordering documents. Labelers may put additional effort\\ninto labeling multiple documents when a system orders doc-\\numents without considering labeling difficulties or thematic\\nconsistency. With the lack of such considerations for order-\\ning documents, labelers may encounter blocks or experience\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 230\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/results/markdown/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300460/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300460", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/results/output_json/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,86,320,104],\"text\":\"AILA: Attentive Interactive Labeling Assistant\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[479,86,746,104],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,172],\"text\":\"\\\"contextual jump\\\". To reduce the labeler's burden of classi-\\nfying multiple documents with varying topics, we discuss\\npossible document ordering strategies.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,172,394,348],\"text\":\"Entropy score: The attention weights between words in\\na document allow a labeler to recognize which words to\\npay more attention to for labeling. In general, labeling can\\nbecome easier for a document with concentrated attention\\nweights on a subset of words. On the other hand, labelers may\\nhave to read through more words if the attention weights are\\nevenly distributed across the words. This may increase the\\nperceived effort for labeling. We can measure the unevenness\\nof attention weights within a document using standard de-\\nviation or an entropy score (i.e., lower entropy score means\\nhigher variances between attention weights) [30] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,348,395,603],\"text\":\"Prediction score : A document's prediction score shows\\nhow certain the model predicts a document's category. When\\nour model predicts the label of a document, all the values\\nof a last fully-connected layer (shown in Fig. 2 (C)) pass\\nthe softmax function, which normalizes values by making\\nall the values sum up to 1. This means that all the positive\\nand negative values of last decision layer sum to 1. We can\\ncompare these positive and negative scores. By calculating\\nthe absolute distance of the positive and negative scores, we\\ncan measure the degree to which the model is certain about\\npredicting a document's label. Specifically, if the absolute\\ndifference between the positive and negative scores is bigger,\\nthat means the model's prediction certainty is higher. We\\ncan assume that the label with a higher prediction score can\\nbe easier to label whereas a lower score may increase the\\ndifficulty level of labeling.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,603,395,857],\"text\":\"Each document's level of labeling difficulty can be esti-\\nmated using the the entropy score and the prediction score.\\nUsing the two, we can divide the documents into the follow-\\ning types. Type 1: documents that has high prediction score\\nand low entropy. This document type would be relatively\\neasy to label. Type 2: both prediction and entropy are high\\nor low, which would be intermediate level, and Type 3: hav-\\ning low prediction score with high entropy, which would be\\nrelatively difficult to label. In ordering documents, placing\\nType 1 serially may lessen labelers' burden, while the model\\nmay learn little based on people's labeling. Type 2 may im-\\npose more burden in labeling, but the model may improve\\nit's accuracy than getting input from Type 1. Finally, Type 3\\nmany be the hardest documents, therefore acting as a block.\\nIn our implementation, we present Type 1 and Type 2 first,\\nthen Type 3 at the last.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,858,395,938],\"text\":\"We suggest one way to categorize the three types of doc-\\numents. We define the intermediate \\\"region\\\" as when the\\nrange of the attention entropy score and the prediction score\\nare both [0, 1], so the virtual line $L$ can be represented such\\nas $y = x$ . The distance between an arbitrary document and $L$\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,123,747,204],\"text\":\"can be expressed as $|d_x - d_y|/\\\\sqrt{2}$, where $d_x$ is the attention\\nentropy score and $d_y$ is the prediction score of each docu-\\nment. We define the document as effective if the distance of\\n$L$ and a document is less than a certain criterion, which we\\nset as 0.3 in AILA.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,205,747,316],\"text\":\"Additional way ordering documents : The document\\nembedding view presented in Fig. 1 (A) can help labelers in\\nselecting documents and lists those on the right side of AILA.\\nThe view embeds the document on the 2D screen using the\\nt-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) [27]\\nalgorithm, which we will discuss in greater detail in DC4.\\nFinally, AILA provides the keyword search function.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,327,747,470],\"text\":\"DC4. Adopting Visual Information-seeking Mantra . Visual\\ninformation-seeking mantra presents useful interaction de-\\nsign guidelines and enables users to comprehend the overall\\nlandscape of a large dataset [33] . The mantra has been widely\\nadopted in a variety of everyday information-seeking sys-\\ntems and has guided people to achieve efficient and effective\\nexploratory information-seeking [22] . In building AILA, we\\nadopted the mantra to help labelers to see the overview of\\ndocuments and identify their overall progress.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,470,747,724],\"text\":\"First, AILA presents the view named \\\"document embed-\\nding view\\\", which lays out the documents on a 2D screen\\nusing the t-SNE (t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embed-\\nding) algorithm (See Fig. 1 (A)) [27] . The algorithm considers\\na document as a set of words that form a vector to project the\\ndocument on a Cartesian space. To obtain the word vector\\nrepresentation, we use the GloVe model [31] , where we can\\nget pre-trained word vectors from. In the embedding view,\\na dot represents the documents that the user has labeled,\\nwhereas a bigger circle signifies a document that has not\\nbeen labeled. The intensity of the color in a circle indicates\\nthe prediction score for the document, which implies that\\nthe higher the intensity, the higher the prediction score is. If\\na labeler selects some documents using the embedded view,\\nthe selected documents are colored as green and displayed\\nin the document classificationboard (See Fig. 1 (B)).\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,724,747,789],\"text\":\"Second, AILA provides a view that helps a labeler under-\\nstand their progress as well as how the model progresses\\nthrough time (See Fig. 5 ). A dot chart in Fig. 5 (A) shows\\nthe progress of a labeler's work. The number in the middle\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_014.png\",\"bbox\":[429,811,742,891],\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays two charts: a donut chart (A) showing \\\"Labeling Progress\\\" and a line graph (B) tracking \\\"Accuracy\\\" over 10 \\\"Iterations\\\". The donut chart indicates 4% negative, 4% positive, and 92% unlabeled data, with 8.2% of the data labeled overall. The line graph shows accuracy starting around 0.5, peaking near 1.0 at iteration 1, then fluctuating before stabilizing around 0.9 by iteration 10.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[422,903,743,949],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Visualization of labeling progress; AILA provides\\n(A) a dot chart that shows progress in labeling and (B) a\\nline chart that shows model's prediction accuracy\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 230\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/results/markdown/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300460/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300460", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/results/output_json/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,87,335,104],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[640,87,744,103],\"text\":\"Minsuk Choi et al.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[\"author\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,204],\"text\":\"of the chart represents the percentage of documents labeled\\nby a labeler. The percentage of positively labeled documents\\nis presented as as a blue slice while the percentage of nega-\\ntively labeled documents is shown as a red slice on the donut\\nchart. The proportion for unlabeled documents remains gray.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,204,394,460],\"text\":\"The line chart in Fig. 5 (B) shows the training accuracy of\\na model measured at each point where the model is retrained\\nwith a batch of newly labeled data points. The accuracy here\\nmeans the percentage of documents of which the AILA's\\nprediction and the classification that a labeler has indicated\\nmatch each other out of every document that the labeler has\\nclassified so far. The label that a labeler indicated is used\\nas ground truth. In general, the accuracy tends to change\\nlargely at the beginning because the model varies depend-\\ning on a labeler's labeling decision. As the model retrains\\nitself based on newly labeled data points, the accuracy tends\\nto increase, which indicates that the model is stabilized at\\na high level of accuracy prediction percentage. In present-\\ning the second view that shows the labeling progress along\\nwith the model's prediction accuracy, we include these two\\nvisualizations above the two views presented in Fig. 1 .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,474,318,492],\"text\":\"Architecture and implementation details\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,495,394,574],\"text\":\"System architecture. Fig. 6 shows AILA's overall architecture.\\nAILA has four parts as follows: Fig. 6 (A) Data preprocessing,\\nFig. 6 (B) Document analysis module, Fig. 6 (C) Document\\nclassifier, and Fig. 6 (D) Interactive labeling interface. The\\nsystem follows this process.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,574,394,829],\"text\":\"Data preprocessing model in ALA loads documents and\\ncreates indices of the loaded documents and words from the\\nentire dataset. The module performs stemming at each word,\\nwhich analyzes words by finding the roots of each word,\\nand generates a term-document matrix and document vec-\\ntors (Fig. 6 (A)). The Text classification model and attention\\nweights are trained in real time by the user-labeled docu-\\nments. Document Classifier presented in Fig. 6 (C) is trained\\nupon new inputs. Also, upon receiving new input, it recalcu-\\nlates and evaluates the prediction scores and the attention\\nweights for unlabeled documents. The document analysis\\nmodule selects a document and sorts the document by the\\nprediction score and the attention weight(Fig. 6 (B)). When\\nthe system learns the user-labeled documents in real time,\\nusers can interact with the system through the Interactive\\nlabeling interface (Fig. 6 (D)).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,840,395,951],\"text\":\"Implementation details. ALLA's front-end UI and the back-\\nend model communicate through WebSocket protocol. The\\nfront-end was implemented based on JavaScript libraries\\nincluding jQuery and D3.js [5] . The back-end was built using\\nPython. A Web server was built based on Flask. Additionally,\\nthe DNN module was written in PyTorch library. For our\\nsentence classification model of IAM, we used bidirectional\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[419,117,763,310],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This diagram illustrates a multi-component system for document processing and classification. It features \\\"Preprocessing,\\\" \\\"Document Analysis,\\\" and \\\"Document Classifier\\\" modules, interconnected with a \\\"Labeling interface.\\\" The labeling interface shows a document embedding scatter plot and document visualization with highlighted words and interactive labeling buttons.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[429,324,735,369],\"text\":\"Figure 6: System architecture of AILA: (A) Data\\npreprocessing, (B) Statistical computation engine,\\n(C) Document Classifier, and (D) Interactive labeling UI.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,394,746,521],\"text\":\"LSTM model with 300 dimensions in each direction, and used\\nmax pooling across all LSTM hidden states to get the sentence\\nembedding vector, then used a 2-layer rectified linear units\\n(ReLU) output multilayer perceptron (MLP) with 512 hidden\\nstates to output the classification result. In addition, our self-\\nattention MLP has a hidden layer with 350 units, and we\\nchose the matrix embedding to have 5 rows and a coefficient\\nof 1 for the penalization term.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,531,489,549],\"text\":\"5   STUDY\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,552,746,618],\"text\":\"In our study, we especially focused on understanding (1)\\nwhether a labeling environment that adopts IAM can facili-\\ntate labelers' efficient labeling performance, and (2) whether\\nAILA can present usable labeling environment in general.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,630,506,648],\"text\":\"Methodology\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,650,746,793],\"text\":\"IAM within-subject study . To understand the effects of IAM,\\nwe conducted a within-subject study. In this study, we hy-\\npothesized that the adoption of IAM in designing UIs for\\ndocument labeling would increase labelers' task efficiency,\\nas paying attention to the visual stimuli chosen by IAM can\\noffload more of the labelers' cognitive load than the condition\\nwhere they may need to serially scan words in a document\\ncan. Meanwhile, we see it is possible that such improved\\nlabeling efficiency can entail decreased labeling accuracy.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,793,746,953],\"text\":\"To conduct the within-subject study, we prepared two Uls:\\none that did not present IAM (C1) and one that presented\\nIAM (C2). We recruited 15 participants through email lists\\nused for recruiting study participants from Korea University,\\nwho reported that they frequently use Yelp to see reviews in\\norder to find places to visit. Participants' ages ranged from 22\\nto 39 ( $\\\\mu = 25.4$ , $\\\\sigma = 4.35$ ). 11 reported themselves as male and\\n4 reported oneself as female. Upon their arrival at the lab, we\\nexplained the overall process of the study and features that\\nthey can operate in AILA to label documents. Participants\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 230\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300460/results/markdown/3290605-3300460_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300466/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300466", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/results/output_json/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[71,111,742,209],\"text\":\"Bring the Outside In: Providing Accessible\\nExperiences Through VR for People with Dementia in\\nLocked Psychiatric Hospitals\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[80,219,258,324],\"text\":\"Luma Babbaa\\nSchool of Engineering & Digital\\nArts\\nUniversity of Kent\\nCanterbury\\nUnited Kingdom\\nl.a.babbaa@kent.ac.uk\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[319,219,497,324],\"text\":\"Chee Siang Ang\\n\\nSchool of Engineering & Digital\\nArts\\n\\nUniversity of Kent\\nCanterbury\\nUnited Kingdom\\nc.s.ang@kent.ac.uk\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[557,219,734,324],\"text\":\"Vienna Rose\\n\\nDementia and Huntington’s\\nDisease Integrated Practice Unit\\nSt Andrew’s Healthcare\\nNorthampton\\nUnited Kingdom\\nviarose@standrew.co.uk\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[77,336,260,443],\"text\":\"Panote Siriraya\\n\\nFaculty of Computer Science and\\nEngineering\\nKyoto Sangyo University\\nKyoto\\nJapan\\n\\nk6180@cc.kyoto-su.ac.jp\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[317,336,495,441],\"text\":\"Inga Stewart\\n\\nDementia and Huntington’s\\nDisease Integrated Practice Unit\\nSt Andrew’s Healthcare\\nNorthampton\\nUnited Kingdom\\nistewart@standrew.co.uk\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[551,337,735,442],\"text\":\"Keith G Jenkins\\n\\nDementia and Huntington’s\\nDisease Integrated Practice Unit\\n\\nSt Andrew’s Healthcare\\nNorthampton\\nUnited Kingdom\\nkjenkins@standrew.co.uk\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[306,454,510,544],\"text\":\"Maria Matsangidou\\n\\nSchool of Engineering & Digital Arts\\nUniversity of Kent\\nCanterbury\\nUnited Kingdom\\nm.matsangidou@kent.ac.uk\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,570,142,586],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,588,394,757],\"text\":\"Many people with dementia (PWD) residing in long-term\\ncare may face barriers in accessing experiences beyond\\ntheir physical premises; this may be due to location,\\nmobility constraints, legal mental health act restrictions,\\nor offence-related restrictions. In recent years, there have\\nbeen research interests towards designing non-\\npharmacological interventions aiming to improve the\\nQuality of Life (QoL) for PWD within long-term care. We\\nexplored the use of Virtual Reality (VR) as a tool to\\nprovide 360 $^\\\\circ$ -video based experiences for individuals with\\nmoderate to severe dementia residing in a locked\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,568,746,675],\"text\":\"psychiatric hospital. We discuss at depth the appeal of\\nusing VR for PWD, and the observed impact of such\\ninteraction. We also present the design opportunities,\\npitfalls, and recommendations for future deployment in\\nhealthcare services. This paper demonstrates the potential\\nof VR as a virtual alternative to experiences that may be\\ndifficult to reach for PWD residing within locked setting.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,681,529,697],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[421,701,746,749],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing • Human-centered\\ncomputing-Virtual reality • Applied\\ncomputing-Psychology\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,754,503,770],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,773,746,819],\"text\":\"Virtual Reality; Dementia; Long-Term Care; Locked\\nPsychiatric Hospital; Patient-Centred Design; Person-\\nCentred Care\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,825,554,839],\"text\":\"ACM Reference format:\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,843,746,940],\"text\":\"Luma Tabbaa, Chee Siang Ang, Vienna Rose, Paneto Siriayara,\\nInga Stewart, Keith G Jenkins and Maria Matsangediu. 2019.\\nBring the Outside In: Providing Accessible Experiences Through\\nAI for People with Dementia in Locked Psychiatric Hospitals. In\\nProc. of CHI 2019, CHI ’19, The CHI Association in Computing\\nSystems Proceedings (CHI 2019), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 13–\\n17 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300466\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,775,393,886],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are\\nnot made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than ACM must be\\nhonored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior\\nspecific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from\\npermissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,888,273,934],\"text\":\"CIR 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\\n© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery\\nACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$1.00\\nhttps://doi.org/1.1145/3290653.3309466\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 236\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/results/markdown/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300466/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300466", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/results/output_json/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,108,195,125],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,130,394,464],\"text\":\"As global population is ageing, the number of people\\ndiagnosed with Dementia (PWD) is growing. This growth\\nhas led to the emergence of research interest in providing\\ninterventions which aim to support PWD whose cognitive\\nfunctions tend to degenerate as a result of dementia.\\nFurthermore, there is currently no cure for dementia.\\nTherefore, promoting wellbeing in PWD, especially those\\nin long-term facilities, considered a quintessential\\nmeasure of effective dementia care [1, 2] . Measures for\\nQuality of Life (QoL) can include preserving autonomy for\\nas long as possible and enabling PWD to maintain their\\nlife style and identity, including partaking in meaningful\\nactivities, and supporting social networks [3] . However,\\nsuch interventions can become difficult to achieve in more\\nrigid settings including in-patient services that are locked,\\nlow secure, medium secure, or high secure, where\\nenvironmental and procedural restrictions are\\nimplemented depending on the risk that individuals may\\npose to themselves or others. As such, further research is\\nneeded to explore and develop novel interventions that\\ncan support QoL interventions for people residing within\\nsuch potentially restricted environments.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,464,394,723],\"text\":\"Research within the HCI community has examined\\nvarious uses of technology to aid and assist PWD residing\\nwithin the community, including those in care homes.\\nSuch research is mostly aimed at providing interventions\\nfor training [4, 5] , assistive technology (see a summary in\\n[6] ), detection and assessment [7, 8] , or reminiscence [9,\\n10, 11] . Virtual Reality (VR) has also been examined in the\\nresearch field of dementia care. In addition, existing\\nliterature mainly explored the use of VR as a tool for\\ntraining and rehabilitation [12, 15, 14, 15] for individuals\\nwith early or mild dementia. However, little is known\\nabout the feasibility of VR for individuals who are at the\\nlater stages of dementia residing within in-patient services\\nsuch as a locked psychiatric hospital. Therefore, it is\\nunclear how we can design VR to benefit this patient\\ngroup and what barriers a locked hospital may present to\\nthe deployment.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,723,394,906],\"text\":\"This study therefore aimed to understand how VR\\ncould be used to promote wellbeing among individuals\\nwith moderate to severe dementia residing in a locked\\npsychiatric hospital. Through this study, we aimed to\\ncontribute to the research in the design community by\\nexamining the opportunities VR could offer to this patient\\ngroup and further explore the design to capitalise on the\\nbenefits of VR. We also hoped to draw potential research\\ndirections towards a more deployable VR system for those\\nwho may face barriers in accessing different environments\\ndue to ill health, difficulties with mobility or legal\\nrestrictions.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,109,630,125],\"text\":\"1.1 Dementia in Long-Term Care\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,127,747,568],\"text\":\"There are approximately 850,000 PWD in the UK [16] and\\n46 million people worldwide [17] . Dementia is an\\numbrella term that describes disorders of the brain, which\\nare progressive in nature and effect cognitive functions.\\nWith a complex array of symptoms of dementia, PWD can\\nprogressively lose their sense of autonomy; including\\nengagement in activities of daily living and capacity to\\nmake decisions in various or all aspects of their life [18] .\\nBehaviours that challenges are very common with\\nindividuals in the moderate to severe stages of dementia\\n[19] . This might include physical aggression toward self or\\nothers and verbal aggression [20] . Since dementia remains\\nincurable and progressive, institutional care is essential\\nfor some [21] . Similar to the growing number of PWD,\\nolder offenders with mental disorders including dementia\\nare the fastest growing group in the prison population\\n[22] . In some cases, for offenders with mental disorders\\nand comorbidities including dementia, referral to\\npsychiatric hospitals is required to meet their specialised\\npsychiatric and psychological needs. The levels of security\\nwithin psychiatric hospitals depend on the risk(s) the\\nindividual pose to themselves and/or others. PWD who\\nreside in a locked psychiatric hospital often present with\\nsymptoms of dementia that requires a level of psychiatric\\ncare and safety measures, such as behaviour that\\nchallenges, may have offence-related histories and, may be\\ndetained within the hospital for their own safety and/or\\nfor the safety of others under the Mental Health Act\\n(2007) [23] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,568,747,843],\"text\":\"Extensive research has examined the important role\\nQoL plays in the wellbeing of PWD. Studies suggest that\\nalmost half of long-term residents in care services with\\ncognitive disorders are diagnosed with depression [24] .\\nSubsequent reaction to symptoms of depression can\\ncontribute to cognitive decline, social withdrawal, lack of\\nmotivation and loss of interest in oneself and others [25] .\\nSimilarly, within forensic hospitals, research found that\\nhigher QoL results in lower levels of anxiety, depression\\nand hostility within wards. Research suggests security\\nmeasures within hospitals contribute to a lower QoL due\\nto decreased autonomy, privacy, personal control, and\\nrestricted access to leisure opportunities [26] . For all the\\naforementioned reasons, research in dementia for\\nindividuals living with moderate to severe dementia in\\nhospitals, is directed towards delivering innovative\\ninterventions that reduce behaviour that challenges, and\\nsupports their QoL.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,847,654,863],\"text\":\"1.2 VR Technology in Dementia Care\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,865,746,942],\"text\":\"VR in mental health care has demonstrated its potential\\nthrough decades of research in many areas including post-\\ntraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [27, 28, 29] , eating\\ndisorders [30, 31] , and treatment of phobias [32, 33] as\\nwell as individuals with autism [34, 35] and schizophrenia\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 236\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/results/markdown/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300466/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300466", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/results/output_json/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,108,394,232],\"text\":\"[36] . Within each field, researchers have explored how VR\\ncan be beneficial to the target users and distinctive VR\\nfeatures that traditional interventions may not be able to\\noffer. For example, the main VR feature that makes it\\nunique for treatments of phobias is the ability to control\\nthe stimuli and provide progressive exposure based on the\\npatient's pace in a controlled safe environment away from\\nunexpected real-environment factors [37] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,232,394,686],\"text\":\"In recent years, there have been emerging interests in\\nusing VR with PWD and examining the unique features\\nthat VR could offer to this patient group. Most VR\\nresearch within dementia has focused on assessment and\\ntraining of skills which typically decline with the course\\nof the disease, including spatial navigation [12, 15] and\\nattention [38, 39] . Furthermore, VR has been explored as a\\ntool for memory training [40] and improving functional\\nautonomy such as cooking activities [41] . Subsequently,\\nresearch in dementia has attracted substantial attention\\nwithin the HCI community especially because of the\\nspecific needs such population requires due to the decline\\nin cognitive functions that affects the usability and\\nacceptance of VR technology. Prior studies have explored\\nsuch design requirements when developing Virtual\\nEnvironments (VEs) experiences in both semi-immersive\\nand fully immersive modalities [42, 43] . These studies\\ndemonstrated the importance of developing computer\\ngenerated VEs (3D-VEs) that is custom to preferences,\\nstories, or activities PWD would enjoy, as this could\\ncontribute to more meaningful and sustained engagement.\\nHowever, the potential pitfalls of developing tailored 3D-\\nVEs was highlighted in both studies. First, the time it takes\\nto understand individual preferences and the time needed\\nto visualise, generate, and test 3D-VEs is substantial and\\ntherefore places a time constraint for deployment. Second,\\nthe cost constraints when it comes to operating such\\nmethodologies to a wider use within in-patient service is\\nconsiderable. Both major constraints could become a\\nbarrier to deployment.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,685,394,900],\"text\":\"We decided to take a different approach by using 360°\\nvideo-based VEs (360-VEs). 360-VEs are recorded using\\nomnidirectional cameras; a technology that allows several\\ncameras to record in every direction all at the same time.\\nThe recorded videos are then stitched together to simulate\\na 360° view. Using such technique, users are able look\\naround by rotating their head and upper body.\\nConsidering the wide spread use of VR in the consumer\\nmarket, 360-VEs have become easily available at large\\nquantities across online platforms. We believe that using\\n360-VEs could reduce the cost and development time, and\\nby that, make VR more realistically deployable within a\\nhospital medium and still be able to provide a tailored\\nexperience.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,900,394,945],\"text\":\"There is a lot to be learnt in regards to the potential of\\ndeploying VR technology within more complicated\\nhealthcare settings such as locked and secure hospitals. In\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,108,746,291],\"text\":\"such environments, the symptoms of later stages of\\ndementia could be more challenging for meaningful and\\neffective user interaction. At the most fundamental level,\\nwe needed to understand whether a Head Mounted\\nDisplay (HMD) would be tolerated by PWD who can\\nexhibit behaviour that challenges. We also needed to\\nexamine the unique features of VR so that it can be\\ndeployed successfully in the future, in larger scale. In\\naddition, we needed to understand what kind of benefits\\nVR could provide to this patient group, and how we can\\ndesign VR to enhance and maximise these benefits in the\\nfuture.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,301,549,320],\"text\":\"2 METHODOLOGY\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,324,488,339],\"text\":\"2.1 Ethics\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,342,746,555],\"text\":\"Participants were recruited from a locked psychiatric\\nhospital in the UK that specialises in progressive\\nneurological conditions, including dementia. The hospital\\nprovides specialist care to individuals who may present\\nwith behaviour that challenges and/or forensic-related\\nrisk. Ethical approval was sought from the hospital ([21])\\nas well as the UK National Health Services (NHS) research\\ncommittee (17/LO/1477). Where concerns were expressed\\nwith regards to individual's capacity to consent to their\\nparticipation, capacity assessments were completed using\\nthe 'Mental Capacity Act (MCA) 2005 Assessment\\nChecklist' [44]. Where individuals were deemed to lack\\ncapacity, a relevant consultee was invited to consider\\nproviding consent on their behalf.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,560,623,577],\"text\":\"2.2 Study Design and Procedure\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,578,747,945],\"text\":\"The study design emerged from rigorous discussions with\\nexperts in the field of dementia care and HCI in healthcare\\nand a completion of a systematic review that examined\\nthe feasibility of VR for individuals with moderate to\\nsevere dementia [45] . Data was collected over a two-week\\nperiod and included interviews and qualitative and\\nquantitative observations. First, a clinical researcher\\nobserved PWD in care as usual for 15 minutes prior to the\\nVR session and recorded “ pre-exposure ” quantitative\\nmeasures. Then, escorted by a caregiver, PWD were\\ninvited to use VR in a room within the ward they reside\\non. PWD were offered an A3 paper “ Menu ” of 360-VEs to\\nchoose from. They were offered to spend time in VR for a\\nmaximum of 15 minutes and were reassured they had the\\nchoice to stop using VR at any time or not use it at all. The\\nmaximum duration was suggested to reduce the risk of\\nPWD having adverse effects of using VR such as dizziness.\\nAfterwards, PWD participated in a semi-structured\\ninterview then returned to care as usual and the clinical\\nresearcher observed the PWD for 15 minutes to record the\\n“ post-exposure ” quantitative measures. Lastly, the\\ncaregiver supporting the PWD during the intervention\\nparticipated in a semi-structured interview. Using the\\nsame procedure, the PWD were invited to a second\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 236\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/results/markdown/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300466/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300466", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/results/output_json/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,109,394,261],\"text\":\"session two weeks later. During the VR session, a\\ntechnical researcher managed the equipment and recorded\\nqualitative observations then corroborated the notes using\\nthe video recordings of the sessions. As for \\\"during-\\nexposure\\\" quantitative measures, the clinical researcher\\nwas occupied with supporting the PWD during the\\nsession and therefore, the measures were taken after the\\nsession by reviewing the video recordings. Overall, each\\nsession lasted approximately an hour to one and half\\nhours on average.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,266,172,282],\"text\":\"2.3 Participants\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,283,394,497],\"text\":\"Of the pool of eligible participants (n=38) within the\\nhospital, 6 PWD were deemed to have capacity to consent\\nand provided consent to participate, and 2 consultees\\nconsented on behalf of PWD that were deemed to lack\\ncapacity to consent. Therefore, the final sample included\\neight PWD (6=male, 2=female). The mean age was 69.63\\nyears (range=41-88 years). Primary diagnoses included:\\ndementia in Alzheimer's disease (n=2); unspecified\\ndementia (n=2); dementia in Huntington's disease (n=2);\\nmixed cortical and subcortical vascular dementia (n=1);\\nand frontotemporal dementia (n=1). Secondary diagnoses\\nincluded: recurrent depressive disorder (n=3); depressive\\nepisode (n=1); organic mood disorder (n=1) and paranoid\\nschizophrenia (n=1).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,498,394,680],\"text\":\"The Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) [46] consists of\\nseven stages of cognitive functions in dementia ranging\\nfrom 1: “no cognitive decline” to 7: “very severe cognitive\\ndecline” was used to assess participant's cognitive\\nfunctions in dementia. The GDS mean score of\\nparticipants was 5 (indicating moderately severe cognitive\\ndecline) with a minimum of 2 (indicating very mild\\ncognitive decline) and a maximum of 6 (indicating severe\\ncognitive decline). Sixteen caregivers were recruited to\\nsupport PWD during their VR exposure, whose\\nprofessions included nursing (n=11); occupational therapy\\n(n=3); psychology (n=1) and physiotherapy (n=1).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,683,276,700],\"text\":\"2.4 VE Content Selection Process\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,702,394,948],\"text\":\"A 90-minute workshop was conducted at a Specialist\\nNeuro-Care Conference organised at the participating\\nhospital. Attendees were a group of approximately 15\\nspecialists such as clinical psychologists, psychiatrists,\\nnurses and managers within dementia healthcare. During\\nthe workshop, the researchers presented an introduction\\nto VR technology and the results of the systematic\\nliterature review [45] . Afterwards, attendees split into\\nthree groups and brainstormed the type of VR content\\nsuitable for PWD. Attendees suggested the following\\ncategories: 1) Travel (google maps, cities around the\\nworld, cruise). 2) Nature (beach, woodland, park). 3) Arts\\nExperience (music, cinema, museum). 4) Hobbies and\\nSports (football, fishing, golf, bowling). 5) Social (pub). 6)\\nHome (kitchen, workshop, and garden). 7) Pets (puppies,\\nkittens). 8) Patient-Custom Content (e.g. Christmas or a\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,109,745,139],\"text\":\"thanksgiving content with the family, locations from\\nearlier life).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,139,747,612],\"text\":\"Through the workshop and based on the technical\\nexperience of the researchers in the HCI field, we critically\\ndiscussed and agreed on the following exclusion criteria\\nthat was used to identify potential 360-VEs: 1) Resolution\\nless than 2K (2048×1080) to avoid compromising\\nresolution quality of content. 2) Sudden transitions\\nbetween scenes to avoid PWD being startled or confused.\\n3) Moving, shaking, unstable camera recording to avoid\\ninducing motion sickness. 4) Animals or people that are\\nclose to the camera that may be perceived as startling or\\nscary. 5) Negatively high arousing content that may be\\nperceived as startling or scary. 6) Audial content that is\\nnot consistent to the visual content, aiming to provide\\ncoherent audial-visual feedback and avoid distraction. 7)\\nAudial content that is perceived loud, low, or noisy. 8)\\nExplicit audial narration, as it is important for the PWD to\\nhear the caregiver's directions and prompts whilst using\\nVR. 9) Computer generated content or special effects\\nadded onto 360-VE due to the lack of evidence on the\\neffects this type of content could have on PWD. Based on\\nthese criteria, we identified the following number of\\nvideos within each category: 1) Travel (n=21). 2) Nature\\n(n=14). 3) Arts Experience (n=25). 4) Hobbies and Sports\\n(n=11). 5) Social Experience (n=0). 6) Home Experience\\n(n=2). 7) Pets (n=5). Six researchers, three of which have\\nan extensive clinical experience with PWD discussed and\\nrated the videos independently (1: include, -1: exclude or\\n0: not sure). The highest rated videos were the cathedral,\\nforest, sandy beach, rocky beach, and countryside, and\\nwere therefore included in the study. Snapshots of these\\nVEs are displayed in figure 1 .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[423,614,747,898],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image contains five panoramic photographs arranged in a grid. The top row shows a forested path and a rocky coastline with a lighthouse. The middle row depicts a pebble beach with cliffs and a sun-drenched forest scene by water, while the bottom panel presents an ornate church interior.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,906,745,936],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Snapshots of the VEs that were offered to the\\nparticipants\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 236\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/results/markdown/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300466/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300466", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/results/output_json/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,109,167,127],\"text\":\"2.5 Equipment\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,127,394,386],\"text\":\"The Samsung Gear VR $^3$ HMD paired with a Samsung\\nGalaxy S6 mobile phone was used to stream the audial\\nand visual content. The Samsung Gear VR is a wireless\\nHMD that can be used hands-free using its 3-point\\nharness head strap and features optical lens with a 96\\\"\\nField of View. The combined weight of the HMD (318\\ngrams) and phone (138 grams) is 456 grams. The VR\\ncontent was wirelessly streamed to an external laptop\\nscreen, mirroring the user's real-time VE's viewing angle;\\nallowing caregivers to provide relevant prompts and\\nsupport during the exposure. A video camera with a\\ntripod was used to film individuals during the VR session,\\nand a dictaphone was used when interviewing all\\nparticipants. A laminated A3 paper VE menu was\\npresented to the participant at the beginning of the\\nsession which included pictures and titles of the five\\ndifferent VE options they could choose from.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,391,274,407],\"text\":\"2.6 Data Collection and Analysis\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,408,394,622],\"text\":\"A clinical researcher, who is experienced in using the\\nobservatory instruments, recorded the following measures\\nfor pre, during and post VR exposure: 1) Overt Aggression\\nScale-Modified for Neurorehabilitation (OAS-MNR) [47] :\\nthis scale records different types and severity of\\naggression categories: verbal aggression, physical\\naggression against objects; physical aggression against\\nself; and physical aggression against others. 2) Observed\\nEmotion Rating Scale (OERS) [48] : the scale measures the\\ntime spent expressing five affect types of emotions:\\npleasure; anger; anxiety; sadness; and general alertness.\\nRatings are measured on a Likert scale (1= never; 2= <16\\nseconds; 3= 16-59 seconds; 4= 1-5 minutes; 5= >5 minutes;\\nand 7= not in view).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,622,394,896],\"text\":\"Semi-structured interviews were conducted by two\\nresearchers. However in some instances, an experienced\\ncaregiver who was familiar with the participant's\\nbackground was sought to support facilitating the\\ninterview when barriers in communication (i.e. cognitive\\nimpairment, other medical issues) arose. Interviews with\\nPWD aimed to reflect on their experience using VR over\\ntechnology acceptance, presence, and emotional affect.\\nSome of the questions were constructed based on the\\nUsability Evaluation in Industry Questionnaire [49] and\\nPresence Questionnaire [50] . For PWD who are able to\\nelaborately express their answers, questions were asked in\\nan open-ended nature to allow discussions. A simplified\\nversion was adopted for PWD who best respond to\\nquestions that are simple and closed-ended. Finally, to\\nensure the reliability of the answers, the same questions\\nwere asked more than once and sometimes in a different\\nformat. Interviews with caregivers aimed to reflect on\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,109,746,169],\"text\":\"their observations of the PWD using VR and sought their\\nprofessional opinion on the usability of VR in the locked\\nhospital environment. All interviews were transcribed\\nverbatim by two researchers.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,169,747,383],\"text\":\"Qualitative observations were also taken by a technical\\nresearcher who was dedicated during the sessions to\\nrecord observations. The aim of these observations were\\nto record any physical interaction participants had with\\nthe HMD, their behavioural responses, reactions and facial\\nexpressions in response to the VR experience.\\nFurthermore, the notes captured the interaction between\\nPWD, caregivers, and the HMD, as well as explored how\\nthe technology could be designed and enhanced to best fit\\nsuch interaction in a locked care environment. The\\nobservation notes were then verified and corroborated\\nlater using the video recording, then by two researchers\\nindependently to gain an overall understanding and to\\nensure reliability of the observations.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,382,747,703],\"text\":\"The findings were drawn using thematic analysis; a\\nmethod used for identifying, interpreting, and reporting\\npatterns within datasets [51] . Overall, the findings were\\norganised, presented and discussed to answer the\\nfollowing questions: “ What potential benefits could VR\\nexperiences have within a locked hospital environment? ” ,\\n“ how could these experiences be designed to benefit this\\npatient group? ” and “ what are the deployment challenges\\nthat we need to address for successful implementation.\\nTo answer the research questions, patterns in the data\\nwere coded then refined into themes. Finally, to further\\nrefine and verify the themes, three expert clinical\\npsychologists in the field of dementia healthcare and two\\nexperts in HCI for healthcare critically discussed and\\nreviewed each theme and underlying codes together. The\\nprimary resource of data presented in this paper is based\\non observation notes. Passages were quoted from our\\nnotes after they had been verified using video recordings.\\nWe occasionally used quotes from the transcribed\\ninterviews when needed to provide context and\\nillustration of the findings.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,712,625,729],\"text\":\"3 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,734,746,810],\"text\":\"Three main themes were identified as a result of the\\nthematic analysis: a) the appeal of slipping into a virtual\\nworld, b) multi-dimensional benefits and c) a holistic user-\\ncentred intervention design. The thematic scheme is\\nsummarised in Table 1 .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,921,296,936],\"text\":\"1 https://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/gear-vr/\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,997,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 236\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,997,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/results/markdown/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300466/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300466", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/results/output_json/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[120,108,341,126],\"text\":\"Table 1: Thematic scheme summary\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[64,132,398,377],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>The Appeal of Shipping into A Virtual World</td><td>Multi-Dimensional Benefits</td><td>A Holistic User-Centred Intervention Design</td></tr><tr><td>Virtual Outreach for a Personal Space</td><td>Therapeutic Effects of VR</td><td>Designing Meaningful Experiences</td></tr><tr><td>Engress Attention and Empower Autonomous Experiences</td><td>Cognitively Stimulating Interaction</td><td>Tailoring the VR Technology</td></tr><tr><td>A Portable Experience</td><td>A Unique Space for Building Therapeutic Rapport</td><td>The Role of the Caregiver</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a three-column table. The columns are titled \\\"The Appeal of Slipping Into A Virtual World\\\", \\\"Multi-Dimensional Benefits\\\", and \\\"A Holistic User-Centred Intervention Design\\\". Each column lists multiple related sub-items.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_5_tab_3.png\"},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,381,363,397],\"text\":\"3.1 The Appeal of Slipping into a Virtual World\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,398,394,506],\"text\":\"When assessing the potential of VR within restricted\\nhospitals or in long-term care facilities, it is essential to\\nunderstand what unique aspects of a virtual experience\\nmakes VR technology viable and valuable. Three sub-\\nthemes were identified: a) virtual outreach for a personal\\nspace, b) engross attention and empower autonomous\\nexperiences, and c) a portable experience.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,505,395,886],\"text\":\"3.1.1 Virtual Outreach for a Personal Space . There is\\nextensive research in preventing violence and aggression\\nin psychiatric services, due to the significant concerns\\ntoward the health and safety of the patients and\\ncaregivers [52] . Clinical practice has moved from\\nrestrictive approaches to manage risk such as seclusion\\n-placement of a patient in an area where the patient is not\\nallowed to leave) or restraint (administering mechanical,\\npharmacological, or medical interventions) towards less\\nrestrictive approaches when possible. These approaches\\nincludes preventive interventions by identifying and\\naddressing the triggers to behaviours or developing\\ninterventions that aims to reduce these behaviours once\\nthey had developed [53] . The body of research identified\\nthe hospital physical environment as one factor that affect\\nthe behaviour of patients including behaviour that\\nchallenges and aggression. Such environment design\\nfactors could include space density and excessive stimuli\\nsuch as the activity level within the hospital [54] . In such\\ncases, studies suggests that one of the most effective non-\\npharmacological interventions in de-escalating patients\\ninclude caregivers re-directing patients to a low stimulus\\nenvironment and taking action in changing antecedent\\ncondition that might have elicited the aggressive\\nbehaviour [55] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,885,395,948],\"text\":\"Observations shows that VR could be utilized to create\\na private isolated space. Through this space, PWD can\\nmomentarily 'escape' the reality of the hospital whilst\\nreceiving the necessary support from the caregivers. Our\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,108,747,354],\"text\":\"observations suggest that this could be especially helpful\\nin reducing behaviour that challenges. Using OAS-MNR, a\\ntotal of eight aggressive behaviours were observed and\\nrecorded throughout the two-week study. Of those\\nbehaviours, seven behaviours were observed pre-exposure\\nto VR, zero during, and one post-exposure. Although we\\ndid not observe many aggressive behaviours overall,\\nwhich may in part have been due to the small sample size,\\naggression was not observed whilst using VR, and the\\ntotal number of aggressive behaviours was considerably\\nless in comparison from pre to post-exposure. Two out of\\nthese observations included PWD who were unsettled and\\nverbally aggressive due to the changes in the environment\\n(i.e. presence of the researchers) ceased to be aggressive\\nonce exposed to VR, and became calm for the entire time\\nthey spent in the VR.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[444,360,724,515],\"text\":\"\\\"The PWD at the beginning was verbally aggressive by swearing at the researchers [...] asking them to leave the room, however when CG [caregiver] demonstrated using VR, even though he was still verbally aggressive and unsettled, he was interested in using VR. When PWD was using VR he appeared to enjoy being in his own world. We were informed this PWD could become agitated easily, and yet surprisingly, he tolerated VR and used it for the maximum period. \\\" [PWD7, Observations, 2]\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,520,747,750],\"text\":\"It is as if VR “teleported” the PWD to a low stimulus world\\nand isolated them from the physical world which\\ncontained elements that could have triggered their\\naggressive behaviour. Unlike other non-immersive or\\nsemi-immersive devices that are normally available on\\nwards such as a television set where PWD could still be\\ndistracted by the high stimulus surrounding, VR is capable\\nof physically isolating PWD from the physical world\\ninstantly without having to physically remove them from\\nthe high stimulus physical environment. Moreover, VR\\ncan simulate realistic immersive experiences by providing\\nPWD an experience with a high degree of “presence” and\\nyet retain the safety of PWD. Most participants reported a\\nhigh level of presence during the interviews, reporting\\nthat it felt “real” or “like they were in there”.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[445,755,723,791],\"text\":\"\\\"I was quite happy to be on my own.\\\" [PWD4,\\nInterview 2]\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[445,799,723,866],\"text\":\"\\\"It moves when you move, you feel like you're\\nwithin it I guess. You can't see the [physical] room\\nthat you're actually in so you are in that picture\\n[VE].\\\" [CQ44, Interview, 1]\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,909,744,934],\"text\":\"1 PWD = person with dementia, CG = caregiver, source: observation notes\\nor interview transcript, week 1 or 2.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 236\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/results/markdown/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300466/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300466", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/results/output_json/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,109,394,185],\"text\":\"We believe that the sense of isolation in VR coupled\\nwith a suitable VE could provide a “ soothing effect ” for\\nthose who are agitated. This was also noticed by\\ncaregivers and some expressed their desire to try using VR\\nfor de-escalation in the future.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[91,193,371,347],\"text\":\"\\\"It was relaxing for him so me as a nurse I think\\nthat I'm [going to] use it if someone is distressed\\n[...] I can see the trigger coming I can take him in\\nthe quiet environment [VE] and we can go through\\nthis as a session. I think that may get somebody\\nmore relaxed [...] so he's inside [he VE] when you\\ndistressed in your mental state, you have\\nsomething there to focus on it that will distract\\nyour mind, make you more relaxed.\\\" [CG05,\\nInterview, 1]\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,353,394,596],\"text\":\"In fact, this potential benefit of VR is not too foreign to\\nthe existing body of literature: VR has been used as a\\ndistraction technique in different areas, including pain\\nmanagement [56] for burns [57] , painful procedures for\\ncancer patients [58] , and acute pain in exercising [59, 60] .\\nThe distraction technique in previous literature examined\\nthe context of providing the brain an alternative imagery\\nto alleviate the users' physical pain. However, to our\\nknowledge, none examined the context of \\\"escapism\\\" in\\nVR as an anchor to regulate one's emotions through\\nimmersive personal spaces for individuals who are in\\nlong-term care. Our observations seem to point to the\\npossibility of utilising VR for this purpose however,\\nfurther in-depth research is needed to examine whether\\nPWD will tolerate using VR at the moment when they are\\naggressive.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,596,395,841],\"text\":\"3.1.2 Engress Attention and Empower Autonomous\\nExperiences. A key challenge when designing activities in\\ngeneral and recreational interventions specifically for\\nPWD is to engage and sustain their attention and interest\\nfor a meaningful period of time. The fluctuation of\\ncognitive impairment is a marked deficit of a dementia\\ndiagnosis, which contributes to difficulties in maintaining\\nattention and struggles to deactivate irrelevant stimuli\\n[20] . We found through our observations that VR was able\\nto sustain the attention of PWD, whether that was\\nthrough \\\"thorough exploration\\\" of a single VE or \\\"surfing\\nthrough\\\" various VEs within one session. The ease of\\nchanging the VE allowed PWD to be quickly \\\"transported\\\"\\nto different experiences, which was particularly useful for\\nPWD who had a short attention span and could lose\\ninterest in one virtual space quickly.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[92,847,371,940],\"text\":\"\\\"She reread the menu after each experience and\\nbecame excited when a VE on the menu caught her\\ninterest. She viewed the VE and engaged in VR, and\\nthen when she no longer was interested in that VE,\\nshe went back to the menu and so on. It appears\\nthat having multiple VEs, with the menu in front of\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[444,109,723,186],\"text\":\"her the entire time, as well as being able to set up\\nthe VEs swiftly continued the momentum of\\nengagement even when the PWD had a short\\nattention span or lost interest within a specific\\nVE. [PWDSs, Observations, 2]\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,193,746,346],\"text\":\"In 5 (out of 16) sessions, PWD spent 3 minutes or less\\nin VR and in 11 sessions PWD spent 12 minutes or more.\\nNonetheless, it is important to note that the measure of\\nsuccess of a session with PWD is very individualised and\\nthat the quality of the time spent in VR is often more\\nimportant to the length of time spent. For example, for an\\nindividual who may find engagement in activities of daily\\nliving difficult, if VR is able to trigger alertness and\\ninterest, the engagement could be perceived as meaningful\\nregardless of how short it is.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[444,352,723,461],\"text\":\"\\\"Looking at PWD's engagement, it may look like he\\ndid not engage much or the time spent in VR was\\nshort, however, today he explored the VO on his\\nown in multiple occasions, which is in comparison\\nto last session, an achievement on its own,\\nparticularly for a PWD who presents with\\napathy.\\\"[PW1D, Observations, 2]\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,467,746,576],\"text\":\"One aspect that could have contributed to an active\\nprolonged interaction is the element of surprise in VR. It is\\ncrucial to clarify that the VEs used did not include any\\nquick motions or sudden appearance of visual elements.\\nTherefore, the element of surprise in this case refers to\\nelements that are not accessible within the hospital or\\nsomething the PWD did not expect to see in the VE.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[444,582,723,659],\"text\":\"\\\"He giggled whilst saying I think it's a cow, yet\\nit is, moving [the cow]. I think it's a cow! CG\\nresponded 'yeah?' he replied 'yes it is! It's moving,\\nwith its front legs and back legs, it's a\\ncow!\\\" [PWD4.0, Observations, 2]\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,665,746,774],\"text\":\"Having the autonomy to choose the VE also seems to\\nhave contributed to the PWD's interest in the VR\\nexperience as it was “ their ” choice and it piqued their\\ninterest at the time. In the study, PWD were invited to\\nsimply explore an open VE space (i.e. without having to\\nperform specific tasks), in which they engaged in open-\\nended discussions with caregivers.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[444,780,722,888],\"text\":\"\\\"PWD: It [VE] reminds you of some of the places\\nI've been to [giggles]. CG: So what places does it\\nremind you of? PWD: [country name]. CR: [country\\nname]? PWD: Yeah I stayed there for a month,\\nyeah, four-star hotel and everything, it was nice, it\\nwasn't too expensive neither! [Giggles] And they've\\ngot a flea market. [PWDs, Interview, 1]\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,894,746,941],\"text\":\"The open space within the VE provided the PWD the\\nautonomy to steer the engagement and conversation in\\nthe direction that the individual felt like at the time. Such\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 236\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/results/markdown/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300466/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300466", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/results/output_json/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,108,394,215],\"text\":\"shared thoughts ranged from personal and emotional life\\nevents, to their inner feelings and reflections. This is\\nespecially beneficial to such patient group where PWD\\nmay no longer exercise exhaustive autonomous lifestyles\\nin their daily living within a locked psychiatric hospital\\nmedium, autonomous experiences could become more\\nvaluable.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,215,394,413],\"text\":\"3.1.3 A Portable Experience . In contrast to deploying VR\\nin other settings, we needed to understand the locked\\nhospitals' structure and restrictions as an additional\\nchallenge to design and implementation. There are a\\nnumber of wards within the locked hospital, each focusing\\non different levels of care and diagnosis. The type of\\nrestrictions put in place are based on the risk each\\nindividual pose to themselves and/or others. Hence,\\nchoosing a technology that is portable and easy to admit\\nto these wards is essential. In addition, in the case where\\nequipment was set up in the room with PWD was present,\\nthe need for a speedy and easy set up to avoid participants\\nexperiencing discomfort or loss of interest was vital.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[92,419,371,543],\"text\":\"\\\"With this PWD we had to conduct the session at\\ntheir living space as per the hospital protocol.\\nWhich meant we carried the equipment and set it\\nup on the spot. Furthermore, this PWD has a\\ntendency to be short tempered and can easily\\nbecome unsettled by changes in the environment;\\nthis means that we needed to set up the equipment\\nin a rapid manner.\\\" [PWD7, Observations, 1]\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,549,395,659],\"text\":\"VR has the advantage of creating experiences that may\\nbe difficult for PWD to access. Such restrictions could be\\ndue to lack of mobility, ill health, or offence-related\\nbackground. Inaccessibility could also refer to having\\nenvironments that are unavailable due to uncontrolled\\nfactors like weather, location availability, or places of\\ninterest in the past, which no longer exist.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[91,664,371,835],\"text\":\"\\\"Well especially in an environment like this, you\\ncan't get them to a forest walk every day, you can't\\nget them to a beach every day, you can't get them\\nto a cathedral every day and it's as close to those\\nenvironments that they can then get to regularly.\\nSo it's definitely beneficial for them because I mean\\n[PWD] wouldn't have seen the lovely countryside\\ntoday if it hadn't of been virtual reality [...] ...\\\"\\nwalking is more difficult so he can't access those\\nenvironments as easily as an abled bodied\\nperson.\\\" [CG04, Interview, 1]\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,839,394,949],\"text\":\"We found that PWD were excited about the fact that they\\nhad a variety of VEs to discover. Such variety motivated\\nsome individuals to choose to explore two or more VEs\\nwithin the same session, whilst others decided to go\\nthrough the VE experiences one by one in different\\nsessions. One PWD chose the same VE in both sessions,\\nwhich highlights another important feature in VR:\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,108,746,201],\"text\":\"generating consistent experiences. Caregivers expressed\\nthe potential of VR bringing experiences that might not be\\nreproducible in real life, such as experiences from the past,\\nor activities PWD loved but cannot do within the locked\\nhospital environment. Both of which could be enjoyable\\nand stimulating.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[445,208,723,255],\"text\":\"\\\"Using it itself [VR] for transporting them back to,\\ndays gone by [...] I think it would be quite good,\\nquite beneficial.\\\" [CG08, Interview, 1]\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[445,267,724,361],\"text\":\"\\\"Especially stuff like the beach for instance, they\\nmight have had a, previous love of going to the\\nbeach which is not something we can do here [...] it\\nmight bring back memories of something they've\\nnot done for a while if they do that one.\\\" [CG11,\\nInterview, 2]\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,368,747,551],\"text\":\"Only in recent years, VR technology has advanced from\\nPC-based to portable display using mobile devices. Having\\na wireless mobile HMD that can be easily carried,\\nadmitted to the wards, and set up contributed to the\\nsuccessful inclusion of this patient group. In particular, VR\\nhas the ability to provide virtual mobility to PWD who\\nmay no longer experience the outside, simulating various\\ntypes of experiences that can be “ new ” every time and can\\nbe easily reproduced and customised to individual\\npreferences all in line with the hospital's security\\nrequirements and therefore reduce the “ inertia and\\nfriction ” of deployment to a minimal.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,555,667,572],\"text\":\"3.2 Multi-Dimensional Mutual Benefits\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,573,747,665],\"text\":\"During the study, we observed various benefits that\\nrelated directly or indirectly to the significance of\\nexploring such environments. Here we present three sub-\\nthemes: a) therapeutic effects of VR, b) cognitively\\nstimulating interaction, and c) a unique space for building\\ntherapeutic rapport.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,664,747,833],\"text\":\"3.2.1 Therapeutic Effects of VR . A common objective in\\nmany non-pharmacological interventions within long-\\nterm care is to provide experiences that enhance the\\noverall wellbeing of the residents through promoting\\npositive effects amongst PWD [18, 19, 54, 55] . The\\nmajority of PWD enjoyed the VR experience, and through\\nour observations, it is prominent that VR promoted a\\npositive uplifting mood and general well-being. We also\\nfound that the effect of VR was not only temporary whilst\\nusing VR, but also remained for a short term after the\\nsession.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[444,839,724,949],\"text\":\"\\\"Post VR Observations - shared his experience with\\nothers, talked about the VR, laughed and smiled\\nwhen talking about it, shook CG's hand and\\nthanked them. Commented, \\\"It was the best day\\never.\\\" Talked to others including peers and CGs\\ncommenting, \\\"Best day I've ever had.\\\"[PW D3,\\nObservations, 1]\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 236\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300466/results/markdown/3290605-3300466_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300468/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300468", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/results/output_json/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,39,134],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[68,117,746,183],\"text\":\"Unremarkable AI: Fitting Intelligent Decision Support\\ninto Critical, Clinical Decision-Making Processes\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[111,200,267,266],\"text\":\"Qian Yang\\nHCI Institute\\nCarnegie Mellon University\\nyangqian@cmu.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[328,200,484,265],\"text\":\"Aaron Steinfeld\\n\\nRobotics Institute\\nCarnegie Mellon University\\nsteinfeld@csmu.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[548,200,704,265],\"text\":\"John Zimmerman\\nHCI Institute\\nCarnegie Mellon University\\njohnzg@cs.cmu.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,274,141,291],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,296,396,551],\"text\":\"Clinical decision support tools (DST) promise improved health\\ncare outcomes by offering data-driven insights. While effec-\\ntive in lab settings, almost all DSTs have failed in practice.\\nEmpirical research diagnosed poor contextual fit as the cause.\\nThis paper describes the design and field evaluation of a rad-\\nically new form of DST. It automatically generates slides for\\nclinicians' decision meetings with subtly embedded machine\\nprognostics. This design took inspiration from the notion of\\nUnremarkable Computing , that by augmenting the users' rou-\\ntines technology/AI can have significant importance for the\\nusers yet remain unobtrusive. Our field evaluation suggests\\nclinicians are more likely to encounter and embrace such a\\nDST. Drawing on their responses, we discuss the importance\\nand intricacies of finding the right level of unremarkable-\\nness in DST design, and share lessons learned in prototyping\\ncritical AI systems as a situated experience.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,564,172,581],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,585,384,601],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ User centered design;\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,613,149,630],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,634,376,651],\"text\":\"Decision Support Systems, Healthcare, User Experience.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,658,204,672],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,672,395,762],\"text\":\"Qian Yang, Aaron Steinfeld, and John Zimmerman. 2019. Unre-\\nmarkable AI: Fitting Intelligent Decision Support into Critical,\\nClinical Decision Making Processes. In CHI Conference on Human\\nFactors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–9,\\n2019, Glasgow, Scotland Uk . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 11 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300468\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,274,549,292],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,296,747,423],\"text\":\"The idea of leveraging machine intelligence in healthcare\\nin the form of decision support tools (DSTs) has fascinated\\nhealthcare and AI researchers for decades. These tools often\\npromise insights on patient diagnosis, treatment options, and\\nlikely prognosis. With the adoption of electronic medical\\nrecords and the explosive technical advances in machine\\nlearning (ML) in recent years, now seems a perfect time for\\nDSTs to impact healthcare practice.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,424,747,599],\"text\":\"Interestingly, almost all these tools have failed when mi-\\ngrating from research labs to clinical practice in the past\\n30 years [5, 8, 9] . In a review of deployed DSTs, healthcare\\nresearchers ranked the lack of HCI considerations as the\\nmost likely reason for failure [12, 23] . This includes a lack\\nof consideration for clinicians' workflow and the collabora-\\ntive nature of clinical work. The interaction design of most\\nclinical decision support tools instead assumes that indiv-\\nidual clinicians will recognize when they need help, walk up\\nand use a system that is separate from the electronic health\\nrecord, and that they want and will trust the system's output.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,600,747,791],\"text\":\"We are collaborating with biomedical researchers on the\\ndesign of a DST supporting the decision to implant an ar-\\ntificial heart. The artificial heart, VAD (ventricular assist\\ndevice), is an implantable electro-mechanical device used to\\npartially replace heart function. For many end-stage heart\\nfailure patients who are not eligible for or able to receive a\\nheart transplant, VADs offer the only chance to extend their\\nlives. Unfortunately, many patients who received VADs die\\nshortly after the implant [2]. In this light, a DST that can\\npredict the likely trajectory a patient will take post-implant,\\nshould help identify the patients who are mostly likely to\\nbenefit from the therapy.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,791,747,934],\"text\":\"We draw insight from a field study investigating the VAD\\ndecision processes, searching for opportunities where ML\\nmight help [26] . The findings revealed that clinicians are\\nunlikely to encounter or to actively engage with a DST for\\nhelp at the time and place of decision making. For most\\ncases, they did not find the implant decision challenging;\\nthus, they had no desire for computational support. In ad-\\ndition, the extremely hierarchical healthcare culture strati-\\nfied senior physicians who make implant decisions and the\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,776,395,898],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\\nCHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,898,395,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,924,266,952],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4655-5970-2/19-03...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3206005.3300468\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 238\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/results/markdown/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300468/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300468", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/results/output_json/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,156],\"text\":\"mid-level clinicians who use computers. Almost no VAD \\ndecision-making took place in front of a computer.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,156,395,364],\"text\":\"Embracing the rich context of the implant decision, we\\ndesigned a radically new DST that automatically generates\\nslides for the required decision meeting. The design em-\\nbeds prognostic decision supports into the corner of decision\\nmeeting slides. We wanted decision makers to encounter the\\ncomputational advice at a relevant time and place across the\\ndecision process, and we wanted this support to only slow\\nthem down for the few cases where the DST adds value to\\nthe decision. This design draws inspiration from Tolmie et\\nal.'s notion of Unremarkable Computing, that technology\\nneeds to have the right level of remarkableness to valuably\\nsituate itself in people emerging routines and becoming the\\n glue of their everyday lives [22] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,364,395,553],\"text\":\"This paper presents this DST's interaction design as well\\nas a field evaluation at three VAD implant hospitals. We\\nalso spoke with physicians working on clinical decisions\\noutside of VAD implant, probing whether this design might\\ngeneralize to other critical, clinical decisions. Our findings\\nsuggest that clinicians are more likely to encounter and em-\\nbrace a DST that binds “unremarkable” decision supports\\nwith their current work routine. Drawing on clinicians' re-\\nsponses, we discuss the importance and intricacies of finding\\nthe right level of unremarkableness in a DST design. We dis-\\ncuss lessons learned and unexpected challenges in evaluating\\ncritical AI systems as a situated experience.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,554,395,651],\"text\":\"This paper makes two contributions. First, we offer one\\nconcrete solution to the long-standing challenge of effec-\\ntively situating DSTs in clinical practice. Second, we offer a\\nrare description of clinicians' responses to a DST situated in\\ntheir workflow. This surfaced intriguing insights valuable\\nfor future investigations of critical AI systems.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,668,197,686],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,690,330,707],\"text\":\"Clinical Decision Support Tools in Practice\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,710,395,774],\"text\":\"Clinical decision support tools (DSTs) are computational\\nsystems that support one of three tasks: diagnosing patients,\\nselecting treatments, or making prognostic predictions of\\nthe likely course of a disease or outcome of a treatment [25] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,774,395,950],\"text\":\"This project focuses on clinician-facing, prognostic DSTs.\\nA significant strand of recent HCI work focused on critical\\nissues in this area, including AI interpretability and fairness,\\ndata visualization, accuracy of risk communication, and more\\n[18, 19, 21] . The significance of this body of work has led\\nsome to describe it as \\\"the rise of design science in clinical\\nDST research\\\" [1] . These studies typically investigated DST\\nin lab settings, using prototypes that are dedicated to a single\\nclinical decision. Clinicians came out of their day-to-day\\nworkflow, used these systems for a pre-identified task, then\\nprovided feedback on the system design.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,266],\"text\":\"Despite success in labs, the vast majority of clinican-\\nfacing DSTs failed when moving to clinical practice. Clin-\\nicians rarely use them [4, 5, 24] , and therefore they have\\nshown no significant improvement on healthcare outcomes.\\nHealthcare researchers identified a lack of HCI consideration,\\nrather than poor technical performance, as the main cause\\nof these failures [16, 20] . These HCI considerations include\\nworkflow integration, integration with social context, and\\nclinicians' lack of motivation to use a DST.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,267,747,428],\"text\":\"Relatively few research projects have focused on how\\nto integrate DST output into clinical contexts. Within HCI\\nthere are initiatives to engage with real clinical users and\\ncontexts, yet the lack of meaningful access remains a major\\nbarrier. Researchers have shared that they were not allowed\\nto evaluate incomplete designs, that evaluations took months\\nor even years, that iterative design or repeated evaluation\\nwas not possible, and finally, that design evaluations had to\\nbe conducted by healthcare professionals rather than by HCI\\nprofessionals [3, 10, 15] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,439,655,456],\"text\":\"VAD Decision-Making and Its Context\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,459,747,538],\"text\":\"Due to many of the aforementioned barriers, investigations\\nof the VAD implant decision making and field assessment of\\nDST designs are rare. An exception is a field study conducted\\nat three VAD programs [26] . Researchers made a number of\\nobservations that informed this work:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,538,746,603],\"text\":\"First, clinicians perceived no need for computational sup-\\nport; They considered most patient cases as textbook cases\\nthat follow a standard, systematic process of therapy escla-\\ntaion and a staged unfolding of decision considerations.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,603,746,666],\"text\":\"Second, clinicians made implant decisions during daily\\nrounding of patient wards, during hallway conversations,\\nand in multidisciplinary VAD decision meetings. Decisions\\nwere rarely discussed or made in front of a computer.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,666,747,858],\"text\":\"Finally, the clinical workplace culture was strongly hi-\\nerarchical yet highly collaborative. Cardiologists and sur-\\ngeons, who function at the top of the hierarchy, decided who\\ngets classified as a difficult case and who gets discussed dur-\\ning the required multidisciplinary meeting which the whole\\nVAD team attends. This cultural context poses a two-fold\\nchallenge for DST use. First, decision makers (physicians)\\nand computer users (the midlevel clinicians, including nurse\\npractitioners, social workers and VAD coordinators) rarely\\noverlap at any point of the decision-making process. Second,\\nphysicians have great trust in their colleagues' suggestions,\\nmuch more so than in computational support.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,869,670,886],\"text\":\"3 DESIGN PROCESS AND RATIONALE\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,890,746,954],\"text\":\"We set out to design a new form of DST for VAD patient\\nselection to explore how to overcome its real-world adoption\\nbarriers that many prognostic DSTs face. Drawing upon prior\\nwork, we had two design goals:\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 238\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/results/markdown/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300468/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300468", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/results/output_json/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,205],\"text\":\"1 - Embedding DST in current workflow: Clinicians, espe-\\ncially cardiologists and surgeons, need to naturally encounter\\nthe DST within their current decision-making workflow, be-\\ncause they are unlikely to recognize when they might need\\nhelp and then walk up to a computer for help;\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,205,394,298],\"text\":\"2 - Slowing down decision-making only when necessary:\\nThe DST outputs need to be easily ignored in most patient\\ncases that are textbook. However, it should also be present\\nenough to slow the decision-making down when there is a\\nmeaningful disagreement between the clinicians' view and\\nthe DSTs view of the situation;\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,299,395,444],\"text\":\"These orientations are very different from the convention\\nof DST design in which decision supports are always avail-\\nable, waiting for clinicians to walk up and use at any point\\nacross the decision-making process. Instead, we wanted to\\ntailor the DST for particular moments in the process, such\\nthat clinicians do not have to take pause and invent se-\\nquences of action anew. We wanted the DST to naturally\\naugment the actions of decision making, rather than pulling\\nthe user away from doing their routine work.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,455,288,472],\"text\":\"Making Clinical DST Unremarkable\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,475,395,650],\"text\":\"Tolmie et al. [22] introduced the notion of unremarkable com-\\nputing when discussing how ubiquitous computing should\\narrive and create its place in people's homes. They argued\\nthat technology can augment people's actions in ways that\\nhave a wealth of significance but seem unremarkable, be-\\ncause its interactions are \\\"so highly situated, so fitting, so\\nnatural\\\". They argued that home technology should not only\\nbe more intelligent, it should also be more subservient to\\npeople's daily routines. In doing so, the technology becomes\\npart of the routines, part of the very glue of their everyday\\nlife.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,651,395,762],\"text\":\"We draw connections between this ambition and our afore-\\nmentioned design goals. We also draw connections between\\nthis notion of routine and VAD decision making. While these\\nare daunting life-and-death decisions, the implant decisions\\nare part of a work routine for clinicians. To fit a DST into their\\npractice, we need to make it subservient to the day-to-day\\ndecision-making workflow they engage in.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,762,395,841],\"text\":\"We wanted to operationalize this idea of unremarkable\\ntechnology in the context of critical, clinical decision making.\\nThis is a difficult goal because it requires a right level of\\n“ unremarkableness ” such that the DST does not constrain\\nclinicians' decision making flow except when it needs to .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,852,164,870],\"text\":\"Design Process\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,873,395,953],\"text\":\"To situate a DST into the current VAD decision-making rou-\\ntine, we first needed to identify a time and place where\\nclinicians should naturally and impactfully encounter the it.\\nWe chose the multidisciplinary patient evaluation meetings,\\nfor a number of reasons. First, the meeting is a rare social\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,330],\"text\":\"touch point where most clinicians involved in the decision\\nare present, and they are actively forming a collective de-\\ncision about patient treatment. Second, it is one of few the\\ndecision points where a computer is present and being used.\\nThird, decision meetings are common across hospital sites.\\nVAD centers in the US are legally required to take a mul-\\ntidisciplinary approach to patient care, therefore regularly\\nscheduled meetings are common. Globally, these meetings\\nare also recommended [17] . Fourth, multidisciplinary meet-\\nings have become an increasingly common best practice in\\norgan transplantation [14] . Designing DST for decision meet-\\nings therefore could potentially generalize beyond VADs to\\ninclude a number of other clinical decisions.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,331,747,491],\"text\":\"Next, we considered how to fit the DST comfortably within\\nthe meetings. Drawing lessons from prior work [13, 26] , we\\nwanted to embed the DST into Electronic Medical Records\\n(EMR) to minimize the effort needed from clinicians to type\\nin patient information. We also wanted to augment clini-\\ncians’ paperwork to provide them additional motivation for\\nadoption. We therefore integrated the DST output into a\\nmeeting slide generator, a system that automatically extracts\\npatient information from EMR and populates slides for the\\ndecision meeting, which could be projected or printed.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,491,746,602],\"text\":\"We sketched what the DST predictions output might look\\nlike. We iterated on the design based on feedback of two col-\\nlaborating clinicians (an attending Cardiologist and a nurse\\npractitioner). The final design was a small line chart that\\nshowed a patient's predicted chance of survival (Figure 1 ). It\\nalso showed the most likely causes of death, such as right\\nventricular failure or renal failure.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,602,747,890],\"text\":\"We placed this chart in the top-right corner of the slide\\nsummarizing an individual patient's current state. The sub-\\ntlety was a deliberate choice toward achieving the right level\\nof unremarkableness. In the most common case, when the\\nDST agreed with the clinicians' assessment, the visual dis-\\nplay of the agreement could help clinicians gain trust in the\\nsystem without slowing them down. In the rare case that the\\nDST prediction conflicted with the clinicians' assessment,\\nthe DST could slow the decision down. Everyone attending\\nthe meeting would see the disagreement. We speculated this\\nwould apply social pressure on the senior physicians to ratio-\\nnalize and articulate their decision making. We speculated\\nit could also encourage the medical students, residents and\\nother mid-level clinicians to participate in the discussion\\nwhen they disagreed with the senior clinician's decision. It\\ncould allow them to disagree by pointing to the conflict with\\nthe DST and not claiming that they personally knew more\\nthan the senior physician.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,890,747,938],\"text\":\"We worked out the detailed contents of the slide with the\\ntwo collaborating clinicians. We also referenced the meeting\\nprintouts and workup checklists currently in use.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 238\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/results/markdown/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300468/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300468", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/results/output_json/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[163,118,644,310],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A medical summary dashboard for \\\"John, Adams\\\" is presented, featuring sections for patient demographics, history (including graphs for history and DST predictions), psychosocial and financial evaluation notes, and patient conditions. The dashboard displays various lab results, medications, and functional capacity details.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,324,747,355],\"text\":\"Figure 1: The decision meeting slide design. We designed a DST that automatically generates decision-meeting slides for clin-\\nicians with subtly embedded machine prognostics at the top right corner.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,379,394,537],\"text\":\"We wanted to finalize the design by populating with real\\npatient data. However, a variety of policies and legal regu-\\nlations would not allow this. As a work-around, we asked\\nour clinical collaborators to help us populate the slides with\\nsynthetic patient cases. Interestingly, they found it very chal-\\nlenging to generate a prototypical patient case including\\ndozens of vital signs and test results. They instead selected\\nelements across several of their former cases, removing iden-\\ntifiable demographic information and molding parts of the\\nmedical condition to disguise the identity.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,537,394,618],\"text\":\"In our final design (Figure 1 ), the DST outputs are in the\\ntop right corner of the slide, next to a summarized patient\\nhistory visualization. Patient test results are categorized and\\nput in the center. The patient demographics and links to\\nsocial and financial evaluations are on the left.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,630,230,645],\"text\":\"4 DESIGN ASSESSMENT\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,650,394,793],\"text\":\"We had several questions we wanted to answer with our as-\\nsessment, including: (1) Would clinicians naturally encounter\\nthe DST within their current workflow? (2) Would clinicians\\naccept computational decision support in the public context\\nof the meeting? (3) Does placing the prediction in the corner\\npresent the right amount of unremarkability? Specifically,\\ndoes the DST get ignored when its predictions align with\\nthe clinicians' judgment, and would it slow decisions down\\nwhen its output conflicts with clinicians?\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,805,288,822],\"text\":\"Assessment in VAD Implant Centers\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,826,394,921],\"text\":\"We gained access to three hospitals that regularly perform\\nVAD implantation, all within the US. Two were sites from\\nour formative field study and one was new. The facilities\\nvaried geographically and in scale. The smallest we studied\\nperforms about 40 VAD implants a year; the largest performs\\nover 100.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,922,394,954],\"text\":\"We wanted to assess our design within the context of an\\nactual implant decision meeting in order to observe whether\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,379,747,537],\"text\":\"it impacted discussion. Unfortunately, this proved to be im-\\npractical. of the sites would allow us to present slides\\nshowing information for the patients they were currently\\nimplanting. All felt this could impact the life and death de-\\ncision. The clinicians doing the VAD implants were quite\\nbusy. They would only agree to interact with a single design.\\nThey did not have the time for us to make revisions and\\nthen revisit. Finally, one of the sites had a specific policy\\npreventing us from observing the decision meeting. They\\nwould only participate in one-on-one interviews.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,537,747,650],\"text\":\"In reaction to these restrictions, we re-designed the as-\\nsessment process with the goal of making the most use of\\nour participant pool within one round of assessment. We\\ncarried out all following procedures in hospital C. In hospi-\\ntal B, we carried out all except (3) presenting at a decision\\nmeeting. In hospital A, we carried out all procedures except\\n(4) interviewing all physicians and surgeons.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[420,650,746,888],\"text\":\"(1) At each site, we first interviewed the mid-levels to\\nunderstand their practice around the decision meeting, and to\\nprobe the DST design's fit in their respective hospitals. When\\nnecessary, we adjusted the designs to fit specific hospital's\\nroutine practice;\\n(2) Our research collaborator at each site recommended\\none attending physician to be our confederate. We conducted\\ninterviews with them, discussing the DST design, and con-\\nfirming there was no glaring mismatch between the design\\nand the practice at their respective sites;\\n(3) The confederate physician presented the patient case\\nwith the DST on display in the decision meeting. We observed\\nclinicians' responses and discussions.\\n(4) Finally, we interviewed the rest of the VAD team to\\nfurther individually discuss the DST design.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,889,747,953],\"text\":\"In total, we interviewed nine attending cardiologists or sur-\\ngeons and eight mid-level clinicians. Each interview lasted\\nfor at least one hour. The DST design was presented in two\\nhospitals' multidisciplinary decision meetings. Field notes\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 238\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/results/markdown/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300468/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300468", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/results/output_json/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,172],\"text\":\"were recorded using pen and paper. Interviews were audio-\\nrecorded and transcribed. We analyzed our data using affinity\\ndiagrams [11] and by performing thematic analysis.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,188,343,205],\"text\":\"Assessing Generalizability of the DST Design\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,209,394,303],\"text\":\"We chose to situate the DST within slides used for decision\\nmeetings partially because these meetings are best practices\\nin other critical medical domains as well. To gain some in-\\nsights as to if this design might generalize, we chose to probe\\na small set of clinicians from other medical domains who\\nparticipate in these meetings.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,304,395,464],\"text\":\"To recruit these participants, we asked participants from\\nthe VAD study to help us identify other clinical domains\\nand decisions that have interdisciplinary decision meetings.\\nWe then interviewed 6 physicians whose practices include\\ndecisions meetings for pediatric surgery, pediatric critical\\ncare, adult cardio-thoracic surgery, internal medicine emer-\\ngency care, orthopedic surgery, and obstetrics/gynecology.\\nWe audio-recorded, transcribed and analyzed these inter-\\nviews using the same methods as we used for our VAD par-\\nticipants.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,479,297,497],\"text\":\"5 DESIGN ASSESSMENT FINDINGS\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,501,395,611],\"text\":\"We first offer an overview of observations from the individual\\nsites, describing the different cultures, facilities, and practices.\\nWe then report findings across the three sites related to the\\naforementioned assessment goals: the likelihood of encoun-\\ntering DST during decision-making, the acceptance of DST,\\nthe right level of remarkableness, and finally, generalizability\\nto other kinds of medical decisions.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,628,132,645],\"text\":\"Overview\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,648,395,727],\"text\":\"Hospital A was the least technologically advanced. They\\nrecently transitioned from paper-based to electronic clinical\\nrecords. Phone signals generally did not penetrate the build-\\ning, built in the late 1800s. Many common web services, such\\nas Google search, were blocked on their internal network.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,728,395,950],\"text\":\"The weekly meeting took place in a long, grandiose, turn-\\nof-the-century board room. This contained one long, 40-seat\\ntable above which hung four large chandeliers. At one end\\nof the table (the “head” of the table) there was a portable, low\\nresolution projector. They sat according to an unspoken seat\\nchart based on clinical role hierarchy. Physicians sat near\\nthe head end, and a small group of these physicians would\\npresent the individual cases. Nurses sat near the middle. So-\\ncial workers and others sat farthest from the projector. Only\\nparticipants sitting near the head of the table participated in\\nthe discussion. The content on the projector screen was also\\ntoo small to read since most sat far from the screen. They all\\ninteracted with bulky printouts of EMR data for each patient\\ndiscussed.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,283],\"text\":\"Hospital B had in-house statisticians dedicated to outcome\\nanalysis and patient risk modeling. The physicians and this\\nsite were also actively involved in VAD risk modeling re-\\nsearch. Interestingly, when it came to using a risk model to\\ninform their own implant decisions, they described them-\\nselves as \\\"very minimalist despite all these interests in ML.\\\"\\nCardiologists and surgeons led implant decision making both\\nwithin and outside of the implant meetings. Meeting partic-\\nipants did not vote on how to proceed. Hospital B did not\\nprovide us authorization to observe its decision meeting.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,283,747,523],\"text\":\"Hospital C was more technology-friendly. The meeting\\nroom had large projector, which most participants could\\nread. In addition, participants had access to a printout of\\nthe presented materials. One program manager and two\\nmid-level clinicians arrived more than 40 minutes before\\nthe meeting to set up the computer, projector, and remote\\nconference connections. As the presenting physicians spoke,\\na seasoned nurse practitioner operated the computer, pulling\\nout and zooming into relevant patient information from EMR.\\nThis nurse practitioner had been performing this role for\\nmore than 5 years. Physicians and mid-levels used laptops\\nto search for relevant information in the EMR or online and\\nto add items to their digital to-do lists. Many more people\\nengaged in discussing the patients. Following the discussion\\nof each patient, all clinicians present voted on the next step.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,524,747,747],\"text\":\"Hospital C had previously experimented with bringing\\ncomputational predictions into their meetings. Cardiologists\\nchose a model that had been nationally validated through\\nfive randomized clinical trials. They had a nurse practitioner\\ninput all of the data for each patient discussed and show\\nthe DST prediction in the decision meeting. One year later,\\nthey stopped this practice because two recent journal articles\\nreported that the models used were “horribly mis-calibrated.”\\n“That was a lot of work to type in all that sh-t and generate\\nthat number, and that’s not that helpful.” Their EMR held four\\nother implant outcome prediction models, which predicted\\nthings such as the chance of depression. However, the clin-\\nicians never used these models, stating that each required\\nmanually entry of all of a patient’s data.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,768,701,785],\"text\":\"Likelihood of Encountering DST in Workflow\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,788,746,948],\"text\":\"Our observations suggested that most clinicians involved\\nin the VAD implant decision would likely encounter the\\nDST output if it was included as part of an individual pa-\\ntient’s information presented at the decision meeting. All\\nthree facilities hosted a weekly implant decision meeting.\\nClinicians of all ranks and roles attended, ranging from sea-\\nsoned surgeons to residents, to nurse practitioners to social\\nworkers to palliative care coordinators. Although the weight\\nthat the meetings carried for influencing an implant deci-\\nsion appeared to vary across the three sites, the occurrence\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 238\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/results/markdown/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300468/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300468", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/results/output_json/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,156],\"text\":\"of the meetings was one of the few events that happened\\neverywhere.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,157,395,348],\"text\":\"These meetings offered one of the extremely few situa-\\ntions where senior clinicians actively discussed decisions\\nin proximity of a computer. Meetings in all three hospitals\\nhad a shared computer projecting patient information. Two\\nhospitals projected dedicated meeting materials. The other\\nprojected patient profiles from the EMR. Clinicians described\\nthe other key decision points as “ just talk on the fly ” with\\nno EMR access or paper records in hand. The other decision\\npoints most often only included attending physicians and\\nsurgeons. “ Everything is happening live. ” Mid-level clini-\\ncians, who spend more time with each individual patient, did\\nnot participate in the decisions made outside of the meeting.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,362,316,379],\"text\":\"Acceptance of DST in Decision Meetings\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,383,395,590],\"text\":\"None of our interview participants expressed any resistance\\nto the including DST output within the context of the deci-\\nsion meeting. One site (Hospital C) had already made the\\neffort to manually include DST data into their meeting but\\nhad abandoned this practice due to their loss of confidence\\nin its quality. Seasoned physicians and surgeons voiced their\\nappreciation for what a prognostic DST might bring, stating\\nthat it would “give its perspective” and offer a chance for an\\n“occasional recalculation.” Clinicians also shared that making\\nan objective decision could sometimes be hard. The decision\\nto not implant was usually a death sentence for a patient.\\n“When I really like this patient, really want to help him or her,\\nit sometimes helps to get a more factual view.”\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,590,395,749],\"text\":\"Seasoned physicians shared that their dream DST should\\nplay a role similar to mid-level clinicians. They should pro-\\nvide additional context for the seasoned physicians' decision.\\nThe DST could provide additional context and a different\\nperspective to the senior physicians. They recognized the\\nvalue a DST might bring from its statistical consideration\\nacross many cases. \\\"The value is you are looking at thousands\\nof cases, I'm looking at 100 and overweighting the last three I\\nsaw.\\\" They also shared that input from mid-levels was not\\nalways \\\"taken really into account\\\".\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,749,394,782],\"text\":\"Mid-levels agreed they only inform and support the dis-\\ncussions. They did not make decisions.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[87,786,376,834],\"text\":\"My role in selecting patients for VAD... hmm. I don't\\nselect patients. But I do talk about it... We are there to\\nhelp discuss patients. (Nurse practitioner, B2)\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,840,395,953],\"text\":\"Mid-level clinicians enthusiastically welcomed the idea of \\na decision meeting slide generator. They envisioned a num- \\nber of possible benefits. They shared that the slide generator \\nwould automate work that is not currently billable. At hospi- \\ntal A and B, meeting slides were prepared by staff who had \\nlittle to no medical training. Physicians could get frustrated \\nwith the result, characterizing the unfiltered materials as\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,220],\"text\":\"being prepared by \\\"amateurs.\\\" These staff members could\\nnot personalize patient presentations because they could\\nnot risk skipping information that might prove to be critical.\\nMid-levels felt they could benefit from the automation and\\nseasoned physicians felt they would benefit by the removal\\nof the copious, irrelevant data being pulled out of the EMR,\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,220,746,444],\"text\":\"Mid-level clinicians viewed the slides as a potentially im-\\nportant vehicle for communicating their opinions to physi-\\ncians. In all three hospitals, senior physicians set the agenda\\nfor decision meetings. They decided which patients to present\\nand during the meeting, they called out the information that\\nthey felt was important enough to discuss. This hierarchical\\nculture was well captured by the design of a custom patient\\nreview tool at hospital C. Two VAD coordinators customized\\na patient review dashboard within EMR in order to help them-\\nselves better track medical tests and share results within the\\nteam. Although cardiologists and surgeons rarely used the\\ntool, they controlled which pieces of information could be\\nplaced on the dashboard and which elements would not be\\nincluded when the patient case was classified as urgent.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,444,746,747],\"text\":\"Mid-levels often doubted that their voice was heard or\\nthat their expertise was considered. They were hesitant to\\ndirectly disagree with a physician. They described the sit-\\nuation as more complicated than just the power dynamics.\\nThey shared that the cardiologists were incentivized to im-\\nplant more patients and to implant sicker patients. They\\nfound themselves often advocating for patient mortality (let\\nthe patient die). Mid-levels felt their opinions focused on\\npost-implant quality of life. Unlike the physicians, mid-levels\\nworked intimately \\\"with all the problems that can come from\\na patient that maybe shouldn't have been implanted.\\\" They\\nnoted there was no right or wrong answer between length\\nof life and quality of life. They shared it was often hard to\\nargue with great confidence that letting patients die was\\nbetter than offering them a small chance to live. In such situ-\\nations, mid-levels frequently cited \\\"you never know what will\\nhappen\\\" as a reason to not to pursue further discussion with\\nattending physicians. Some shared that over time, they had\\nslowly removed themselves from the decision making.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[440,752,729,816],\"text\":\"There is risk stratification for each patient, but I don't\\nknow... It's like, we talk about it, but I don't know if it's\\nreally taken really into account. (Nurse practitioner,\\nB2)\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,823,747,953],\"text\":\"Mid-levels consider the ability to organize the contents\\nof meeting slides as one way to increase their influence.\\nMeeting slides provide additional, visual presence they could\\nuse in support of the facts they felt were important. This\\nwould make it less like they were only sharing an opinion\\nwith the physicians. The meeting slides could be facts in a\\nspace where only the seasoned physicians' opinions carried\\nany weight. They felt the formality the meeting slides carried\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 238\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/results/markdown/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300468/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300468", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/results/output_json/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,172],\"text\":\"was unparalleled to any other artifact they had access to. A\\nprognostic DST that indicates post-surgery quality of life\\ncould potentially amplify their voices.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[87,174,375,255],\"text\":\"There is not a way to present (my reasoning) formally.\\nIt's just me saying.\\n'This, this and this'\\n. [...] I think it's\\ngood to have something visual for anybody to see. It's\\nlike, OK, LOOK. Let's slow down a bit here. (Nurse\\npractitioner)\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,266,320,282],\"text\":\"Intricacies of Making DST Unremarkable\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,286,394,413],\"text\":\"Both seasoned physicians and mid-levels expressed appre-\\nciation for DSTs that could slow them down \\\"only when\\nnecessary.\\\" They liked this aspect of our design. However,\\nwe could not easily conclude whether our specific design\\nhad achieved this goal. Instead, clinicians' discussions and\\nquestions, which we will soon describe, depicted many un-\\nexpected intricacies in this notion of the \\\"right\\\" level of\\nunremarkableness.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,420,394,501],\"text\":\"Challenges of Engaging Synthetic Patient Cases via Data. Clin-\\nicians shared that they could not draw on their experience of\\nmaking critical clinical decisions seeing only patient data on\\npaper. This presented the biggest barrier to assessing how\\nclinicians might respond to a conflicting DST prediction.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,502,394,660],\"text\":\"Patient history data alone did not give clinicians enough\\nconfidence to make an implant decision. Physicians described\\nthe meeting data as merely a surrogate for the actual patient.\\nThe data did not allow them to see patients “as a whole.” They\\nstressed that to understand a patient clinically, they needed\\nto “look at the patient, talk to the patient, take care of the\\npatient.” Social workers shared that they had not met with\\nthis patient not talked to their family. In our field evaluation,\\npresentations of the synthetic patient cases were always\\nfollowed by a long, awkward silence.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[87,663,377,727],\"text\":\"A very sick but highly motivated patient can do better\\nthan their illness would otherwise be left them, com-\\npared to a less sick, less motivated patient. These things\\nare hard to capture. The eyeball tests (Surgeon, B6)\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,730,394,921],\"text\":\"Clinicians also had wildly different readings into the same\\nDST prognostics. We presented the same two synthetic cases\\nwith the same implant survival predictions to all participants.\\nInterestingly, they generated wildly different reactions and\\ninterpretations of the cases. Some viewed the survival esti-\\nmate as implying that an implant would not work. “Gee... VAD\\nis futile here.” Others viewed the DST output as implying the\\npatient should be immediately implanted, before things got\\nworse. “We still have a chance.” Few clinicians believed that\\nall VAD implant candidates would have a similar prognosis\\nas the synthetic case we presented: “This chart is meaningless.\\nEvery VAD candidate's projection would look like this.”\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,922,394,954],\"text\":\"That the data was based upon synthetic patient cases made\\nany real discussion about the patient even more difficult.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,284],\"text\":\"Instead, clinicians started to focus on the DST prognostics.\\nThey probed on where the model comes from. It took a long\\ntime for us to explain the data source and the ML mechanism\\nto clinicians with no ML experience and without a deep\\nunderstanding of statistics. It took even longer to explain it\\nto clinicians with statistical depth and ML experience. They\\nfixed on the fact that the ML systems' performance was\\nnot the focus of our assessment. The synthetic patient data\\noften turned this into an assessment of the DST's quality in\\nthe minds of many meeting participants.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,292,746,436],\"text\":\"Is the Model Validated by Clinical Trials? Clinicians com-\\nmonly expressed a need to know more about the model's\\nsource and credibility. When they learned that the model\\npresented has not been rigorously validated through clinical\\ntrials and published in prestigious clinical journals, they sug-\\ngested we were wasting their time. Physicians and surgeons\\nconsidered discussing an unvalidated model unethical; as\\nmisleading as \\\"looking at a crystal ball.\\\" Others tended to\\njudge DST quality based on the journal it was published in.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,438,746,549],\"text\":\"Physicians also desired a model that had been validated\\nwith data from their own hospital, \\\"It's better to be home-\\ngrown.\\\" Models should be published in a good journal and\\nthen validated in a national scale study across several implant\\ncenters. Some suggested including links to the peer reviewed\\nclinical trial within the DST output on the slide. It \\\"lends a\\nlot of weight to a clinical model.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,558,746,703],\"text\":\"Are the Predictions Based on Clinicians' Best Efforts? Physi-\\ncians highlighted that the predictive models, regardless of\\nhow well they measure medical uncertainties, would never\\nreplace human, clinical decision-making. They viewed their\\nown decision making as focused on managing and reducing\\nuncertainties. \\\"If we think that we will be able to tell everybody\\nwhat to do based on a model, we ignore the fact that we also\\nhave tools and mechanisms for dealing with the uncertainty\\nthat is inherent when putting VADs in patients.\\\" (Cardiologist)\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,704,746,846],\"text\":\"Many clinicians' questions, as well as their discussion\\naround the DSTs, revealed a tension between what they\\nsaw as the DST's static view of patient conditions and the\\nclinicians' desire and ability to also focus on future actions\\nand interventions. They wanted to know which modifiable\\nfactors most influenced the DST predictions. They wanted\\nto be able to offer treatments that they could improve these\\nfactors, thus increasing the likelihood of a positive surgical\\noutcome at some time in the future.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[441,851,728,884],\"text\":\"These predictions are (what will happen) despite our\\nbest efforts, right? (VAD manager, C8)\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[441,888,728,954],\"text\":\"Having an understanding of what's driving the risk\\n[features that most influence the prediction] is very im-\\nportant for us to understand what is modifiable at that\\npatient. [...] Is it age or something we cannot change?\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,997,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 238\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,997,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/results/markdown/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300468/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300468", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/results/output_json/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[88,125,374,157],\"text\":\"Otherwise there is a lot of potential here. (Hospital C\\ndecision meeting)\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,158,394,414],\"text\":\"Clinicians did not seem to actively make the subtle but\\ncritical distinction between features that were important\\nto predicting an outcome and features that are causal to\\nthat outcome. For example, an observation that people are\\ncarrying umbrellas can be used to predict that it will rain.\\nHowever, taking people's umbrellas away will not prevent\\nrain. ML systems make predictions based on covariance of\\nfeatures. They do not assess the causality of those features.\\nWhen prompted, clinicians claimed that this distinction is\\n“ absolutely important ” . However, in our conversations, we\\ndid not observe them distinguishing ML predictions from\\ngeneral statistics. They seemed to strongly believed DSTs\\nshould be able to distinguish causality from prediction and\\nthat they should present only causal features. “ This is the\\nwhole point of statistical processes. A DST model should address\\nthat, right? ”\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,414,394,669],\"text\":\"There was a sense that if the DST predictions were not\\nbased on causal factors, then the predictions should not be\\npresented at all. Clinicians described differentiating correla-\\ntion (prediction) versus causality as a central part of their\\ndecision making. For example, many patients being eval-\\nuated for left-ventricular VAD also have right-ventricular\\nheart failure. An important decision cardiologists must make\\nis whether the heart failure on the right was caused by the\\nleft heart failure or if it is independent. Will fixing only the\\nleft side also fix the right? Currently, clinicians speculate\\nby probing patients with medication. They try different left\\nheart medications and observe how the right side responds.\\nClinicians wanted help: \\\"If you can help us understand [...]\\nwhich factors seem to be most dominant, or most closely asso-\\nciated with certain outcomes, then that helps.\\\" They wanted\\nto know the causal links and features for individual cases.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,677,395,885],\"text\":\"Are Data-Driven Prognostics Facts OR Predictions? Clinicians\\nfrequently asked us to clarify whether DST prognostics are\\npredictions that carry agency and subjectivity, or if predic-\\ntions are facts rooted in historic data. We sensed they wanted\\nto limit discussions to facts, including how heart failure has\\nplayed out for the patient they were treating and the statistics\\nfrom previous, similar cases. We observed resistance from\\nsome clinicians toward the idea of showing predictions. Our\\ncollaborating physicians, who created the synthetic cases\\nand helped us select contents for the slides suggested that\\nthe DST output should be \\\"one statistical representation of\\n100 patients who are similar to him\\\" rather than a prediction\\nfor this individual patient.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[88,889,375,953],\"text\":\"I think if you continue to call it \\\"VAD projections\\\", 65%, \\npeople are going to poke holes at it. They are gonna try \\nto prove you wrong. This is [DST projection] is just what \\nthe historical outcomes were. But this guy is different,\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[440,125,726,156],\"text\":\"this guy has his own things that make him special.\\n(Collaborating cardiologist, hospital A)\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,167,753,327],\"text\":\"Are the Predictions Individual Medicine OR Population Medicine?\\nMost clinicians share that they thought of DST output as an\\n“average”. They seemed to find the notion of personalized\\npredictions difficult to grasp. Some voiced strong concerns\\nthat using DST was the same as applying “populational statis-\\ntics” to individual patient decision making. They felt this was\\nmethodical. Others proposed that “instead of having one model\\nthat we apply to the entire population, we would have a group\\nof models. Those models predict for that group of patients.”\\n(Surgeon, B4)\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,338,749,433],\"text\":\"What Does \\\"Now\\\" Mean in DST Predictions? The DST vi-\\nsualized the patient outcome predictions, including life ex-\\npectancy, estimated time until right heart failure, and likely\\ncause of death. For example, Figure 1 shows that the pa-\\ntient's post-implant life expectancy is 21 days if a VAD was\\nimplanted now, under the condition shown on the slides.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,433,746,515],\"text\":\"Clinicians were confused by this notion of \\\"now\\\" because\\nit was extremely unlikely that they would implant a patient\\non the same day as the decision meeting. Is \\\"that 21 days\\nfrom today? If we are gonna lose the patient in 21 days [21\\ndays following after implant], can we just wait?\\\"\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,524,747,717],\"text\":\"DSTs Do Not Account For the X Factors. Clinicians said that\\nthe DST would only ever be one factor in their decision\\nbecause of \\\"X factors\\\", the many factors beyond a patient's\\ncondition that impacts the implant decision. One X factors\\nthey spoke of was O/E ratio (observed-to-expected mortality\\nratio). The O/E ratio is a rating that measures the surgeon\\nand care teams' performance. Surgeons cared about keeping\\na high rating. They described the implant decision for high-\\nrisk patients as \\\"taking on new O/E ratio debts.\\\" This seemed\\nto strongly influence whether they take on another high-risk\\npatient. It seemed to depend strongly on how many patients\\nhad recently had poor outcomes.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[440,722,728,882],\"text\":\"It's not that we don't help that [VAD candidate] patient,\\nbut if we take this shot and do poorly, then we cannot\\ntake on the next 10 patients like him. Because now we\\ngot too much of a cluster of high-risk patients who've\\ndone poorly, then we have to do some lower risk ones\\nbefore we can go back up [in O/E ratings]. Insurance\\ncompanies and Medicare and all that... they will mark\\nyou. They may not pay. It all plays into the complex\\nfactor for deciding who, especially sicker patients, we\\nwould take a shot. (Surgeon, B6)\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,888,747,952],\"text\":\"Some surgeons described that, for some cardiac surgeries\\nthat have officially defined models used to rate surgeons and\\ncare teams, their decision meetings had became centered\\naround risk models. This is not yet the case for VAD implants.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 238\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300468/results/markdown/3290605-3300468_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300469/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300469", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/results/output_json/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,39,134],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[88,118,724,212],\"text\":\"AI-Mediated Communication: How the Perception\\nthat Profile Text was Written by AI Affects\\nTrustworthiness\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[164,224,649,243],\"text\":\"Maurice Jakesch$^{1}$, Megan French$^{2}$, Xiao Ma$^{1}$, Jeffrey T. Hancock$^{2}$, Mor Naaman$^{1}$\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[248,242,438,258],\"text\":\"$^{1}$ Cornell Tech, Cornell University\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[84,259,730,274],\"text\":\"mj32@cornell.edu, mfrench2@stanford.edu, xm75@cornell.edu, jeff.hancock@stanford.edu, mor.naaman@cornell.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,285,142,302],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,306,395,561],\"text\":\"We are entering an era of AI-Mediated Communication (AI-\\nMC) where interpersonal communication is not only medi-\\nated by technology, but is optimized, augmented, or gener-\\nated by artificial intelligence. Our study takes a first look at\\nthe potential impact of AI-MC on online self-presentation.\\nIn three experiments we test whether people find Airbnb\\nhosts less trustworthy if they believe their profiles have been\\nwritten by AI. We observe a new phenomenon that we term\\nthe Replicant Effect : Only when participants thought they\\nsaw a mixed set of AI- and human-written profiles, they mis-\\ntrusted hosts whose profiles were labeled as or suspected\\nto be written by AI. Our findings have implications for the\\ndesign of systems that involve AI technologies in online\\nself-presentation and chart a direction for future work that\\nmay upend or augment key aspects of Computer-Mediated\\nCommunication theory.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,572,174,590],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,594,399,626],\"text\":\"• Human-centereded computing → Interaction paradigms\\nHCI theory, concepts and models.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,636,149,653],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,657,303,672],\"text\":\"AI-MC; Artificial Intelligence; CMC; Trust.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,678,202,693],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[69,693,395,781],\"text\":\"Maurice Jakesch, Megan French, Xiao Ma, Jeffrey T. Hancock, Mor\\nNaaman. 2019. AI-Mediated Communication: How the Perception\\nthat Profile Text was Written by AI Affects Trustworthiness. In CHI\\nConference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings\\n(CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland. ACM, New York, NY,\\nUSA, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300469\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,285,550,302],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,306,748,560],\"text\":\"The introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) to interper-\\nsonal communication has the potential to transform how\\npeople communicate and present themselves in mediated\\nenvironments. What used to be Computer-Mediated Commu-\\nnication (CMC) is turning into AI-Mediated Communication\\n(AI-MC): interpersonal communication not simply transmit-\\nted by technology but augmented—or even generated—by\\nalgorithms to achieve specific communicative or relational\\noutcomes. In AI-MC an AI system operates on behalf of the\\ncommunicating person, e.g., by augmenting, generating or\\nsuggesting content. AI-MC is distinct from traditional CMC\\ntechnologies that primarily transmit messages, and from\\ntypical machine-authored texts that do not represent a per-\\nson. “Smart replies”, for example, are AI-MC: The technology\\ngenerates parts of the user’s communication on the user’s\\nbehalf.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,561,748,864],\"text\":\"Broadly defined, AI-MC can impact interactions from one-\\nto-one exchanges such as messaging to one-to-many broad-\\ncasts like writing user profiles or appearing in a live YouTube\\nvideo. In text-based communication—the focus of this work—\\nwe have already advanced from spell check and predictive\\nauto-completion to early AI-MC instances, like the aforemen-\\ntioned auto-responses for chats and e-mails [31] . Natural\\nlanguage processing and generation technologies enhance\\npeople's writing style [23] , write human-like texts [64] , and\\nproduce online self-presentations [1] . As the power of lan-\\nguage processing and generating technologies increases, AI-\\nMC will become more pervasive and powerful. The use of\\nAI in interpersonal communication challenges assumptions\\nof agency and mediation in ways that potentially subvert\\nexisting social heuristics [15, 30, 56] . The emerging field\\npresents a significant new research agenda with impact on\\ncore CMC and Human-Computer Interaction topics, from\\ncommunication practices to relationship and interpersonal\\ndynamics [51, p. 22] .\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,864,747,943],\"text\":\"This study examines the effect of AI-MC on online self-\\npresentation dynamics, making theoretical contributions to\\na rich area of research [7, 12, 49, 54] . We ask a basic question,\\nas appropriate for an initial study: Does the belief that AI\\nmay have written a profile affect evaluations by others? In\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,790,395,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,899,258,912],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,913,392,938],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the authors. Publication rights licensed to ACM.\\nACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19-05. $15.00\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,940,245,953],\"text\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300469\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,997,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 239\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,997,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/results/markdown/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300469/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300469", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/results/output_json/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,172],\"text\":\"particular, to borrow the terminology of the Hyperpersonal\\nModel [56, 57] , will receivers evaluate senders differently if\\nthey believe AI is involved in authoring the sender's profile?\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,173,394,298],\"text\":\"We study this question in the context of online lodging\\nmarketplaces like Airbnb [25, 46] with a focus on host trust-\\nworthiness. Trust and deception in online self-presentation\\nhave been studied extensively [24, 26–28, 52] and have been\\nshown to play a critical role in online marketplaces [16, 35,\\n36] . The Airbnb scenario also allows us to build on previous\\nwork that investigated the influence of profile text on the\\ntrustworthiness of Airbnb hosts [38, 39] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,300,394,506],\"text\":\"In a series of three online experiments, we examine how\\nthe belief that a computer system has generated a host's\\nprofile changes whether the host is seen as trustworthy by\\nothers. Study 1 compares how hosts are evaluated in two hy-\\npothetical systems: one where profiles are supposedly writ-\\nten by AI, and one where hosts wrote their own profiles. In\\nStudy 2 and 3 participants evaluate hosts in an environment\\nwhere they believe some profiles have been generated using\\nAI, while others have been written by the hosts. In reality, all\\nprofiles shown were written by humans, and were selected\\nfrom a publicly available dataset of Airbnb profiles [38] since\\nwe are interested in the future potential impact of AI-MC\\nrather than its current capabilities.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,507,394,826],\"text\":\"In this first attempt to conceptualize AI-MC and to test\\none of its effects, we observe that (1) when people are pre-\\nsented with all AI-generated profiles they trust them just as\\nthey would trust all human-written profiles; (2) when people\\nare presented with a mixed set of AI- and human-written\\nprofiles, they mistrust hosts whose profiles they believe were\\ngenerated by AI. We term this phenomenon the Replicant\\nEffect $^1$ - as in the movie Blade Runner, our (experimental)\\nworld was populated by non-human agents (the replicants )\\nthat imitated humans. Our results lend support to the Hy-\\nperpersonal Model of CMC [57] where receivers tend to\\nexaggerate perceptions of the message sender, or, in this\\ncase, exaggerate textual hints that a profile was written by\\nAI. Further, we show that different respondents reliably iden-\\ntify similar profiles to be written by AI, likely due to a folk\\ntheory [8, 17] of what AI-written text would look like. In the\\ndiscussion, we draw on relevant theories that may explain\\nour findings, offer directions for future AI-MC work, and\\nproject on how AI-MC may shift our use and understanding\\nof CMC systems.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,839,187,856],\"text\":\"2 BACKGROUND\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,859,394,924],\"text\":\"Our inquiry is motivated by the maturing ability of AI sys-\\ntems to generate natural language as well as the increasing\\nuse of AI in online self-presentation. Previous work in CMC\\nhas studied online self-presentation [13, 34] and the nature\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,189],\"text\":\"of human interactions with bots and agents [3, 5, 18, 44] . We\\nbuild on these works to situate our discussion of AI-Mediated\\nCommunication. We also relate our work to previous studies\\non the perceived trustworthiness of user profiles.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,201,555,218],\"text\":\"Impression formation\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,220,746,426],\"text\":\"CMC research has extensively studied how people present\\nthemselves online via technology [13, 34] . We expand on\\nthis research by analyzing how the introduction of AI into\\nonline self-presentation might shift impression formation.\\nAI-mediated may influence how people interpret and scru-\\ntinize the content of profiles, as users interpret signals pre-\\nsented online to infer characteristics about other individu-\\nals [14, 58, 60] . The Hyperpersonal Model [56, 57] , for ex-\\nample, argues that receivers may over-interpret cues from\\nthe sender's self-presentation because of the reduced cues\\nin text-based CMC. When certain cues can be easily modi-\\nfied with the help of AI, receivers have to change how they\\nevaluate them.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,427,746,665],\"text\":\"A number of theories touch on how information shared in\\nonline profiles becomes credible. Walther [59] introduced the\\nprinciple of warranting to CMC, asserting that receivers rely\\nmore on information that is difficult for the sender to manip-\\nulate [6] . The warranting idea is highly related to signaling\\ntheory , used by Donath [9] to explain why online signals\\nvary in their reliability as proxies of the sender's underlying\\nqualities—from easily faked self-descriptions (e.g., “I go to\\nCornell”) to difficult to fake signals (e.g., having a cornell.edu\\nemail address). The Profile as Promise framework explains\\nhow people assess signals in online profiles when they expect\\nfuture interactions, like in online dating, or in lodging mar-\\nketplaces. The framework asserts that people are expected\\nto make minor–but not significant–misrepresentations in\\ntheir profile.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,666,746,825],\"text\":\"Introducing AI to interpersonal communication may com-\\nplicate these theories and models. Will self-descriptions gen-\\nerated by a computer be treated as “ warranted ” , as earlier\\nresearch suggested [40] ? Can AI give credible promises on\\nbehalf of the sender? Will AI-MC change the assessment of\\nonline signals, and result in different behaviors by senders\\nand receivers when people optimize their self-presentation\\nalgorithmically, as seen in recent work [7] ? Studying AI-MC\\nin the context of online self-presentation will test and extend\\nthese theories.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,837,643,854],\"text\":\"Interactions with bots and AI agents\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,857,747,954],\"text\":\"Since Weizenbaum's early study [61] , a large body of re-\\nsearch adjacent to our work on AI-MC has explored natural\\nlanguage communication between man and machine. We\\nknow that people tend to apply social rules and attributes\\nto computers [44, 45] . Technological advances now allow\\nagents to produce more human-like dialogues. Studies of\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,938,288,953],\"text\":\"$^{1}$with apologies to Philip K. Dick and Ridley Scott\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,997,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 239\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,997,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/results/markdown/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300469/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300469", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/results/output_json/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,189],\"text\":\"social bots [18] find that in these dialogues, people put more\\neffort into establishing common ground when they perceive\\nan agent as human [3] and that introducing anthropomor-\\nphism may generate strong negative user reactions [5] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,189,395,347],\"text\":\"Various researchers have explored how humans perceive\\nmachine generated content: In the context of automated\\njournalism, scholars have observed differing levels of per-\\nceived credibility of computer-written articles: in some cases,\\ncomputers were perceived as less credible, explained by the\\nheuristic that machines are more artificial than humans [22,\\n55] . In other cases, there was no difference in the perceived\\ncredibility of human- and computer-written news [62] , po-\\ntentially because machines are seen as more objective than\\nhumans [50] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,348,395,477],\"text\":\"Unlike in interactions with bots, in AI-MC computers are\\nnot communicating on their own behalf, but on behalf of a\\nperson in interpersonal exchange. The findings and outcomes\\nof past studies need to be re-evaluated in settings where bots\\nand AI agents are used for interpersonal communication.\\nSome early work suggests that the involvement of AI through\\n“ smart replies ” can influence conversations, for example by\\noffering primarily positive suggestions [31] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,494,299,512],\"text\":\"Trustworthiness, profiles, and Airbnb\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,515,394,579],\"text\":\"We situate our work in the context of online lodging market-\\nplaces, specifically Airbnb, where a range of prior work [16,\\n25, 38, 39] and publicly available data sets [38] allow us to\\nground our experiments in existing methods and discussions.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,579,395,707],\"text\":\"The trust that can be established based on user profiles [16,\\n20] is central to the functioning of social interactions and\\nexchange, from online dating [19, 40, 53] to resumes [24]\\nand lodging marketplaces like Airbnb [16, 35, 36, 38] . On\\nAirbnb, hosts list properties that guests can book and rent.\\nHosts aim for their profiles to appear trustworthy, especially\\nin situations where reputation signals are either unavailable\\nor skew positively high for everyone [65] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,707,395,850],\"text\":\"The current work directly builds on a recent study of the\\ntrustworthiness of Airbnb hosts based on profile text [38] .\\nThe study revealed that the profile text impacts the perceived\\ntrustworthiness of hosts in a reliable way: in other words,\\nthe evaluations of host trustworthiness based on profile text\\nare fairly consistent between raters [38] . Our experiments\\nbuild on these established measurements of trustworthiness\\nof Airbnb hosts to investigate whether the introduction of\\nAI-MC affects perceived trustworthiness.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,868,147,885],\"text\":\"3   STUDY 1\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[67,889,395,954],\"text\":\"Study 1 offers a first experimental attempt to understand the\\neffect of AI-MC on perceived trustworthiness. It compares\\nhow hosts are evaluated in two hypothetical systems: one\\nwhere their profiles are supposedly written by AI, and one\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,745,156],\"text\":\"where hosts wrote their own profiles. In reality, participants\\nin both scenarios rate the same set of profiles.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,168,478,184],\"text\":\"Methods\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,189,747,493],\"text\":\"Study 1 is a mixed-factorial-design online experiment where\\nparticipants rate the trustworthiness of prospective hosts in\\nan Airbnb-type scenario. Our procedure followed prior work\\non the trustworthiness of Airbnb host profiles [38] . We asked\\nparticipants to imagine they were reviewing potential hosts\\nin a lodging marketplace. We showed them a set of 10 Airbnb\\nhost profiles in randomized order. The profiles were selected\\nfrom a publicly available dataset $^4$ of Airbnb profiles [38] . We\\nonly considered a set of profiles of comparable length (37 to\\n58 words) based on Ma et al.'s result showing the correlation\\nbetween profile length and trustworthiness ratings. From\\nthis set, we chose five profiles that had received very high\\ntrustworthiness rankings (top 5 % ) in the prior study, and five\\nprofiles that had received very low trustworthiness ratings\\n(bottom 5 % . We defined an independent variable called the\\n\\\"profile baseline\\\" based on this split. The variable allows us\\nto observe whether the effect of AI-MC is different for high-\\nand low-trustworthiness profiles. The profiles are listed in\\nthe appendix.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,501,746,613],\"text\":\"Experimental manipulation. Participants were randomly as-\\nsigned to the control or treatment group. While all partici-\\npants were reviewing the same profiles, subjects in the treat-\\nment group were led to believe that the profiles they rated\\nhave been generated using an AI system, similar to the \\\"Wiz-\\nard of Oz\\\" approach used in other studies of interpersonal\\ncommunication [4, 10, 37] .\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,613,746,741],\"text\":\"We developed our AI-MC illusion through multiple rounds\\nof design iterations. We chose the wording of the task based\\non the results of a survey ( $n=100$ ) where we tested respon-\\ndents’ understanding of the terms AI , algorithm and computer\\nsystem . We launched a pilot experiment ( $n=100$ ) to test the\\ndesign and refined elements of the manipulation based on\\nthe feedback collected. In the final design, we explained the\\nAI system as follows:\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[468,745,699,857],\"text\":\"To help hosts create profiles that are more\\nattractive, this site provides a computer\\nsystem using artificial intelligence that will\\nwrite the description for hosts. The hosts\\nsimply enter some information and the ar-\\ntificial intelligence system generates the\\nprofile.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,860,746,924],\"text\":\"The participants in the treatment group then watched a\\n10-second demo video of a mock-up AI system (see Figure 1 ).\\nIn the video, an animation depicts a system automatically\\ngenerating text for an Airbnb profile from a Facebook profile\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,938,738,953],\"text\":\"2The dataset is available from https://github.com/sTechLab/AirbnbHosts\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 239\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/results/markdown/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300469/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300469", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/results/output_json/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[68,120,747,324],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A four-panel sequence illustrates a web application generating an optimized profile. The first panel shows an input field with \\\"facebook.com/jci\\\" and a \\\"GENERATE OPTIMIZED PROFILE\\\" button. The subsequent panels show a loading animation (progressing from a partial yellow to a fuller orange circle) after an input of \\\"facebook.com/john.schneider\\\", culminating in the final panel displaying a generated text profile starting with \\\"I am a software engineer at IBM...\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[74,335,740,352],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Screenshots of the \\\"AI system\\\" demo video participants in the treatment group watched before rating the profiles\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,372,394,453],\"text\":\"URL provided by a user. We performed a manipulation check\\nto verify that the participants in the treatment condition\\nunderstood that a profile had been generated. To reinforce\\nthe manipulation, all profiles in the treatment group came\\nwith a label that reminded of the AI system.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,463,394,606],\"text\":\"Measured variables. We measured the perceived trustworthi-\\nness of the host as the outcome variable. We used perceived\\ntrustworthiness for several practical reasons: First, perceived\\ntrustworthiness is a variable that is conceivably affected by\\nthe introduction of AI-MC. Second, the variable has been\\nshown to be a reliable measure in the context of Airbnb in\\nprevious studies [38, 39] . Finally, we had access to publicly\\navailable data on hosts and their perceived trustworthiness\\nscores [38] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,606,395,751],\"text\":\"Perceived trustworthiness is defined as an attribute of a\\ntarget individual [29, 33] - in our case, the host represented\\nby the profile. We measured profile trustworthiness using a\\nscale developed in [38] which builds on earlier measurements\\nof Mayer et al. [41, 42] . As the six items in the original scale\\nwere highly correlated [38] , to reduce respondent fatigue,\\nwe selected one item only from each dimension of trustwor-\\nthiness (ability, benevolence, and integrity [42] , Likert-style,\\n0–100). The items we used were:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[81,754,395,852],\"text\":\"(1) This person maintains a clean, safe, and comfortable\\nhousehold. (ability)\\n(2) This person will be concerned about satisfying my\\nneeds during the stay. (benevolence)\\n(3) This person will not intentionally harm, overcharge,\\nor scam me. (integrity)\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,857,394,922],\"text\":\"Following past studies [38], we combined the three items\\ninto a trust index by calculating their mean (Cronbach's\\n$\\\\alpha = .86; M = 66.6, SD = 18.5$, reliable and consistent with\\nprior work).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,922,394,954],\"text\":\"After the main rating task, we asked participants to com-\\nplete a generalized trust scale we adapted from Yamagishi's\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,590,746,668],\"text\":\"trust scale [63] and an AI attitude survey modeled after the\\nwell-established computer attitude scale [47] . We combined\\nthe multiple-item scales into mean generalized trust (Cron-\\nbach’s $\\\\alpha = .88$ ; $M = 64.1, SD = 16.7$ ) and AI attitude scores\\n(Cronbach's $\\\\alpha = .72; M = 70.1, SD = 18.7$ ).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[485,370,681,386],\"text\":\"Table 1: Overview of measurements\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[437,401,727,549],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Name</td><td>Concept</td></tr><tr><td>Trustworthiness</td><td>The perceived trustworthiness of a host based on his or her Airbirth profile [38]</td></tr><tr><td>Generalized trust</td><td>A measure of how much the participant trusts other people in general [53]</td></tr><tr><td>AI attitude</td><td>An index of the participant's positive and negative attitudes toward AI [40]</td></tr><tr><td>Trust baseline</td><td>Whether the profile was rated as trustworthy or not by the participant [38]</td></tr><tr><td>AI score (Study 2 and 3 only)</td><td>A measure of how strongly the participant suspects a profile was written by AI</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image is a table with two columns labeled \\\"Name\\\" and \\\"Concept\\\". It defines five terms: Trustworthiness, Generalized trust, AI attitude, Trust baseline, and AI score (Study 2 and 3 only). Each term is accompanied by its conceptual definition and a reference number.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_3_tab_12.png\"},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,669,747,781],\"text\":\"Participants also answered demographic questions (gen-\\nder, age, education, and residential neighborhood type), as\\nwell as free-form questions explaining how they rated the\\nprofiles. We finally asked what they thought was the purpose\\nof this study, and, in the treatment group, whether they had\\ncomments on the system. An overview of variables is shown\\nin Table 1 .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,792,747,954],\"text\":\"Participants. We recruited 527 participants via Amazon Me-\\nchanical Turk (AMT) [2, 32] . Participation was limited to\\nadults in the US who had completed at least 500 tasks with\\nan approval rate of $\\\\geq$ 98 % . Participants' mean age was 38,\\nwith 48 % identifying as female. Participating workers re-\\nceived a $ 1.20 compensation based on an estimated work\\ntime of 6 minutes for a projected $ 12 hourly wage. The work-\\ners provided informed consent before completing the study\\nand were debriefed after completion with an option to with-\\ndraw. The debrief is included in the appendix. The protocols\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 239\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/results/markdown/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300469/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300469", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/results/output_json/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[65,121,387,296],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a grouped bar chart with error bars displaying mean trustworthiness scores for \\\"Control (all human)\\\" and \\\"Treatment (all AI)\\\" groups across ten different \\\"Host Profiles\\\" (P1-P10). The chart is split into two panels: \\\"High baseline profiles\\\" (P1-P5) and \\\"Low baseline profiles\\\" (P6-P10). In the high baseline profiles, trustworthiness scores generally range from 70-80, while in the low baseline profiles, scores range from 50-65.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,310,395,356],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Study 1 host trustworthiness ratings by experimen-\\ntal condition, for profiles of high (left) and low (right) trust-\\nworthiness baseline\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,387,394,420],\"text\":\"were approved by the Institutional Review Board at Cornell\\nUniversity (protocol #1712007684).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,428,395,684],\"text\":\"Data validation. We performed several integrity and atten-\\ntiveness tests for our participants. We excluded responses\\nthat had failed the linguistic attentiveness check borrowed\\nfrom Munro et al. [43] as well as participants who did not\\nselect the right scenario ('I am traveling and the person in\\nthe profile offers to host me.' in a second attentiveness test.\\nWe excluded workers whose median rating time per profile\\nwas less than five seconds and workers with mostly uniform\\nresponses (SD < 5.0). Furthermore, we removed participants\\nwhose average trust rating fell outside the mean $\\\\pm$ 2 SD statis-\\ntic of participant rating averages, leaving us with 389 subjects.\\nFinally, we examined the free-form responses participants\\nin the treatment group gave after viewing the system demo.\\nAlmost all responses demonstrated a clear understanding\\nthat the system generated a profile, leading us to conclude\\nthat the manipulation was effective.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,695,394,745],\"text\":\"Open Science Repository. The full experimental data, analysis\\ncode and experiment preregistration are available from https\\n://osf.io/qg3m2/ and https://github.com/sTechLab/amc-chi19.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,757,117,773],\"text\":\"Results\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,778,394,841],\"text\":\"When people are presented with either all human-written\\nor all AI-generated profiles, do they assign different trust-\\nworthiness scores to hosts? The results of Study 1 provide a\\nnegative answer to this question.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,841,395,955],\"text\":\"Figure 2 illustrates our results: For each of the ten profiles\\n(along the x-axis), we observed almost identical trustwor-\\nthiness ratings (y-axis, along with confidence intervals) in\\nthe control (blue) and treatment (black) group. For example,\\nprofile 1 received average trust ratings of 78.3 by respon-\\ndents who believed all profiles were written by humans, and\\n78.1 by respondents who thought an AI system generated all\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,459],\"text\":\"profiles. We conducted a 2x2 mixed factorial ANOVA to com-\\npare the main effects of perceived profile generation (human\\nvs. AI), profile baseline (high vs. low), and their interaction\\neffect on trust ratings. The ANOVA revealed significant dif-\\nferences between high baseline ( $M = 75.4, SD = 14.6$ ) and\\nlow baseline ( $M = 57.8, SD = 17.7$ ) profiles, $F(1,387) =$\\n2046, $p < .001$ . Since we selected the profiles to be of ei-\\nther high or low baseline trustworthiness based on a prior\\nstudy this result was expected and validates the reliability\\nof the trust measurement in the current study. The ANOVA\\nresults did not indicate a main effect of perceived profile\\ngeneration (human vs. AI); in other words, we did not find\\nsignificant differences in trustworthiness ratings when we\\ntold participants that all profiles were written by the hosts\\n( $M = 66.64, SD = 18.1$ ) and when we told them all pro-\\nfiles were AI-generated ( $M = 66.64, SD = 18.8$ ). We briefly\\nnote that consistent with previous work, respondents' gen-\\neralized trust levels were predictive of the trustworthiness\\nratings they assigned ( $\\\\beta = 0.30, p < .001$ ) and AI attitude\\n( $\\\\beta = 0.08, p < .001$ ) was predictive of the trust ratings as\\nwell.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,471,499,488],\"text\":\"4   STUDY 2\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,491,750,555],\"text\":\"Study 2 explores whether people perceive the trustworthi-\\nness of profiles differently when they encounter a mixed-\\nsource environment that includes both AI- and human-written\\nprofiles without knowing how each profile was written.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,566,479,582],\"text\":\"Methods\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,587,747,748],\"text\":\"We ran Study 2 with an almost identical setup to Study 1,\\nbut we told participants this time that \\\" some of the profiles\\n[they see] have been generated by a computer system using\\nartificial intelligence, while others have been written by the\\nhost.\\\" Participants were not told which or how many profiles\\nwere generated by AI. We showed them the same demo video\\nof the AI system and checked the efficacy of the manipulation\\nas described in Study 1. Participants rated the 10 host profiles\\nfrom Study 1. The full experimental data, analysis code and\\nexperiment preregistration are publicly available on OSF.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,753,747,898],\"text\":\"Measured variables. We measured the same variables as in\\nStudy 1. In addition, respondents indicated whether they\\nthought each profile was (1) \\\"Definitely Human-written\\\" to\\n(6) \\\"Definitely AI-generated\\\" on a 6-point Likert-style scale.\\nWe refer to this measurement as the \\\"AI score\\\" of a pro-\\nfile. In follow-up questions after the rating task, we asked\\nparticipants how they decided whether a profile had been\\ngenerated by AI. We aggregated indices for the trust ratings\\n(Cronbach's $\\\\alpha = .86$ ; $M = 65.5$ , SD = 17.9) as in Study 1.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,905,747,954],\"text\":\"Participants. We recruited 286 participants using the same\\nprocedure, parameters, and payments we used in Study 1.\\nParticipants who had participated in Study 1 were not eligible\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 239\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/results/markdown/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300469/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300469", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/results/output_json/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[83,122,719,360],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A multi-panel scatter plot displays \\\"Trustworthiness rating\\\" on the y-axis against \\\"Belief about profile generation\\\" (Human or AI) on the x-axis for ten profiles, each labeled 'high' or 'low'. Individual data points are colored by \\\"AI Score\\\" ranging from dark gray (\\\"Definitely AI\\\") to dark blue (\\\"Definitely human\\\"), and each panel contains a black trend line.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,373,746,404],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Study 2 host trustworthiness (y-axis) versus the participant's belief whether a profile was AI-generated (x-axis), for\\nprofiles of high (left) and low (right) trustworthiness baseline\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,423,394,505],\"text\":\"for Study 2. Participants' mean age was 37; 56 % of them\\nidentified as female. We performed manipulation checks and\\nattentiveness tasks to control for low-quality responses using\\nthe same procedure as in Study 1, excluding 89 out of 285\\nparticipants.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,532,117,550],\"text\":\"Results\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,554,394,650],\"text\":\"In a mixed-source environment, where participants do not\\nknow whether a profile was written by the host or AI, do they\\nevaluate hosts with profiles they suspect to be AI-generated\\ndifferently? The results show a clear trend: the more par-\\nticipants believed a profile was AI-generated, the less they\\ntended to trust the host.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,650,394,954],\"text\":\"Our observations are visualized in Figure 3 showing an\\noverview of the raw trustworthiness scores participants gave\\n(y-axis), grouped by host profiles 1 – 10 (x-axis), and further\\nplotted over the AI score assigned. The AI score is also repre-\\nsented by color, from \\\"more human\\\" (blue, left) to \\\"more AI\\\"\\n(grey, right). For example, the top-most, left-most point on\\nthe figure shows a participant that gave Profile 1 a perfect\\ntrustworthiness score (100), and a low AI score (1), corre-\\nsponding to the belief that the profile was \\\"definitely human-\\nwritten\\\". Just like Study 1, the five profiles on the left are\\nhigh baseline trustworthiness profiles. The figure suggests\\nthat participants who believed that a profile was written by\\nthe host assigned higher trust ratings to the host than partic-\\nipants who suspected the same profile was AI-generated. We\\nvisualize this trend by fitting a basic linear model to the data.\\nThe slope of the fitted line indicates that there may be an\\ninteraction: while for the high baseline trustworthiness pro-\\nfiles the slope is strongly and consistently negative, the slope\\nof low baseline trustworthiness profiles is less pronounced.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,423,747,743],\"text\":\"To test how the particular characteristics of an observation\\naffected ratings, we calculated a multiple linear regression\\npredicting trustworthiness based on AI score, profile baseline,\\nand their interaction ( $R^2$ =.231, $F(3, 1966) = 196.8, p < .001$ ).\\nAs expected, a low baseline is predictive of lower trust rat-\\nings ( $B=-21.7, SE=1.55, p<.001$ ). More interestingly,\\nthe AI score participants assigned to a profile significantly\\npredicted lower trustworthiness ratings ( $B=-2.51, SE=$\\n$0.31, p<.001$ ): the more a participant believed a profile to be\\nAI-generated, the less trustworthy the participant judged the\\nhost. We also find a significant interaction between baseline\\ntrustworthiness and AI score, predicting that the negative\\neffect of AI score will be weaker for low baseline trustwor-\\nthiness profiles ( $B=1.68, SE=0.45, p<.001$ ). We repeated\\nthe analysis with a multilevel model with a random effect\\nper subject and computed two additional models including\\nfixed effects for generalized trust and AI attitude. All mod-\\nels showed similar coefficients and significance of baseline\\ntrustworthiness, AI score, and their interactions. We thus\\nomit the model details for brevity.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,743,747,840],\"text\":\"Taken together, Studies 1 and 2 demonstrate that AI-MC\\nhas an effect on trustworthiness. Study 3 replicates the ef-\\nfect and extends the results by investigating what factors\\ncontributed to the lower evaluations that hosts with pro-\\nfiles perceived as AI-generated received in Study 2, but not\\nStudy 1.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,868,499,885],\"text\":\"5   STUDY 3\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,889,747,954],\"text\":\"Study 3 investigates key questions raised by the previous\\nstudies. While Study 1 exposed no differences in trust, Study 2\\nprovided initial evidence that perceived AI-generation affects\\ntrustworthiness in mixed-source environments. We designed\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,125,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 239\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/results/markdown/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300469/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300469", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/results/output_json/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,155],\"text\":\"Study 3 to clarify the conditions under which AI-Mediated\\nCommunication is distrusted.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,155,394,506],\"text\":\"Specifically, Study 3 asked whether the uncertainty in the\\nmixed-source environment led to distrust. Did hosts receive\\nlower trust ratings due to source uncertainty – as in Study 2\\nparticipants did not know what type of profiles they rated –\\nor due to the heightened salience of the type of profile in a\\nmixed-source environment? We tested the role of uncertainty\\nin one experimental group where profiles were labeled, dis-\\nclosing their supposed generation type. In addition, Study 2\\nforced participants to assign an AI score to a profile before\\nthey provided trust ratings, perhaps priming their responses.\\nStudy 3 explored the impact of asking participants to assign\\nAI scores before rating a profile. Furthermore, we replicated\\nthe trend observed in Study 2 on a wider set of profiles. Both\\nStudy 1 and Study 2 used the same set of 10 profiles. We\\nconducted Study 3 with a different and larger set of pro-\\nfiles to show that the effect observed in the earlier studies\\nwas not due to specific characteristics of the chosen profiles.\\nFinally, we designed Study 3 as a randomized controlled\\ntrial by showing participants profiles that we pretested to be\\nmore AI-like or more human-like. Conjointly, Study 3 has\\nbeen designed to offer strong experimental evidence for the\\nexistence of an AI-MC effect.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,506,394,683],\"text\":\"We hypothesized that “ AI ” profiles in the treatment condi-\\ntions will be rated as less trustworthy than the same profiles are\\nrated in the control condition. In other words, we predicted\\nthat when we tell participants they are rating a mixed set of\\nprofiles, regardless of whether the AI-like profiles are labeled\\nas such, these “ AI ” profiles will be rated as less trustworthy\\ncompared to the ratings they receive in a control group that\\nassumed all profiles to be written by humans. We preregis-\\ntered our hypotheses and the full experimental design prior\\nto the collection of data. The full experimental data, analysis\\ncode and preregistration are publicly available on OSF.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,705,125,722],\"text\":\"Methods\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,726,394,789],\"text\":\"Study 3 used the procedures and techniques from Study 1\\nand 2, introducing new experimental conditions and a new\\nand larger set of 30 profiles that we pretested to be either\\nhuman- or AI-like.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,808,394,954],\"text\":\"Selection of profiles. In a preliminary study, we collected a\\nset of profiles that were generally seen as either human-like\\nor AI-like. To identify such profiles, we tested 100 random\\nprofiles from the same public dataset we used in the first two\\nstudies [38] on AI score. To keep the studies comparable, we\\nonly selected profiles of 37-58 words length. While the pro-\\nfiles in Study 1 and 2 were selected to explore the difference\\nbetween high or low trustworthiness profiles, in Study 3 we\\nselected profiles of average trustworthiness ( $mean = 0.55D$\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,275,745,306],\"text\":\"statistic) to minimize potential confounds due to differences\\nin trustworthiness.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[474,122,691,137],\"text\":\"Table 2: Overview of Study 3 conditions\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[428,153,736,236],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Name</td><td>Manipulation</td></tr><tr><td>Control</td><td>Subjects believed they were rating regular profiles</td></tr><tr><td>Unlabeled</td><td>Subjects believed that some of the profiles were AI-generated, while others were written by the host</td></tr><tr><td>Labeled</td><td>In addition, “AI” profiles were labeled as AI-generated</td></tr><tr><td>Primed</td><td>Instead of labels, subjects assigned AI scores to profiles</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a two-column table titled \\\"Name\\\" and \\\"Manipulation\\\", detailing four experimental conditions. The \\\"Control\\\" group believed they rated regular profiles, while the \\\"Unlabeled\\\" group thought some profiles were AI-generated and some human-written. The \\\"Labeled\\\" group had AI profiles explicitly marked as such, and the \\\"Primed\\\" group assigned AI scores instead of receiving labels.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_6_tab_10.png\"},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,306,746,466],\"text\":\"We recruited 80 workers on Amazon Mechanical Turk\\nto each rate 16 of the 100 profiles, indicating whether they\\nthought a profile was (1) “Definitely Human-written” to (6)\\n“Definitely AI-generated” or a 6-point Likert-style scale. Af-\\nter excluding uniform or incomplete answers, we analyzed\\nthe 945 AI scores received. We selected the 15 profiles that re-\\nceived the highest mean AI scores for the “AI” profile group\\nand the 15 profiles receiving the lowest mean AI scores for\\nthe “human” profile group. The selected profiles are available\\non OSF .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,478,747,669],\"text\":\"Study design and procedure. Participants rated 10 profiles in\\nrandomized order: five “AI” profiles (out of the 15 profiles\\nrated as AI-like in the preliminary selection) and five “hu-\\nman” profiles (out of the 15 profiles rated human-like). We\\nrandomly assigned participants to one of four groups: The\\ncontrol group participants were told they were rating regular\\nprofiles written by the host (akin to the `host-written' group\\nin Study 1). In the treatment groups, participants were told\\nthat “some of the profiles [they] see have been generated by\\na computer system using artificial intelligence, while others\\nhave been written by the host.” Treatment group participants\\nalso viewed the system demo used in Studies 1 and 2.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,669,747,878],\"text\":\"The three treatments, different versions of the “ mixed-\\nsource ” environment, were designed to test under which\\nconditions “ AI ” profiles are distrusted. Participants in the\\nlabeled condition saw a 'generated profile' label above the\\n“ AI ” profiles and a \\\"regular profile\\\" label above the \\\"human\\\"\\nprofiles. Participants in the unlabeled condition did not see\\nany label identifying the profiles. Subjects in the primed\\ncondition were not shown any labels, but we asked them,\\nas we had done in Study 2, to rate the AI score of a profile\\nbefore they rated the host's trustworthiness. An overview\\nof conditions is shown in Table 2 . We measured the same\\nvariables as in Study 1 and 2 and created an index for the\\ntrust ratings (Cronbach's $\\\\alpha = .87$ ; $M = 69.8$ , $SD = 16.7$ ).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,889,746,954],\"text\":\"Participants. We recruited 323 participants that had not par-\\nticipated in Studies 1 or 2 for the experiment using the pro-\\ncedure, parameters, and payments of Study 1. Participants'\\nmean age was 35.6 $\\\\pm$ 4.4 % of them identified as female. We\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,125,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 239\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/results/markdown/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300469/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300469", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/results/output_json/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[70,132,386,353],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This grouped interaction plot displays mean trustworthiness scores, ranging from 66 to 72, across four conditions: Control, Unlabeled, Labeled, and Primed. Trustworthiness is shown for \\\"Human\\\" profiles (blue squares) and \\\"AI\\\" profiles (black circles), with error bars indicating confidence intervals. Generally, \\\"Human\\\" profiles show higher trustworthiness than \\\"AI\\\" profiles, especially in the Labeled and Primed conditions.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,367,394,412],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Study 3 trustworthiness ratings for hosts in the “ AI ”\\nprofile set versus hosts in the “ human ” profile set, across all\\nexperimental conditions\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,441,395,633],\"text\":\"performed manipulation checks and filtering tasks to ex-\\nclude low-quality responses using the same procedure as in\\nStudy 1 and 2, excluding 115 participants. In addition to the\\nchecks of the prior studies, we performed a multiple-choice\\nmanipulation check after the rating task to make sure partici-\\npants remembered the AI-generation. Only four participants\\nfailed the additional manipulation check, confirming that\\nour former procedure was effective at removing low-quality\\nresponses and that the manipulation had been understood\\nand remembered. We decided not to exclude these four par-\\nticipants due to their small number and the risks associated\\nwith post-randomization exclusions.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,646,117,661],\"text\":\"Results\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,665,395,890],\"text\":\"Figure 4 shows the trust ratings that the different profile\\ntypes received in the different treatment groups. Black cir-\\ncles show the mean trust ratings (and confidence intervals)\\nof AI-like profiles, blue squares represent human-like pro-\\nfiles. The different experimental conditions are shown on\\nthe x-axis. We see that “ AI ” profiles received slightly higher\\nratings ( $M = 71.13$ , $SD = 10.8$ ) than “ human ” profiles ( $M =\\n69.32$ , $SD = 11.54$ ) in the control group, where participants\\nbelieved all profiles were written by the hosts. However, in\\nthe treatment groups, where respondents believed some pro-\\nfiles were written by the host, while others were generated\\nusing an AI system, the ratings of AI-like profiles dropped\\nconsiderably to their lowest observed mean of 66.24 in the\\nprimed condition.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,889,395,955],\"text\":\"We calculated a multiple linear regression of our 4x2 mixed\\ndesign to estimate how the different treatments and profile\\ntypes affected the trust ratings. Model 1, shown in Table\\n3 , predicts respondents' trust ratings based on treatment\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,460,747,715],\"text\":\"(control, unlabeled, labeled or primed), profile type (\\\"AI\\\" or\\n\\\"human\\\"), and their interaction. The baseline is \\\"human\\\" pro-\\nfiles in the control group. of the main effects were\\nsignificant predictors; as expected, the treatment did not\\nhave a significant effect on the evaluation of \\\"human\\\" pro-\\nfiles. However, in the labeled and primed conditions hosts\\nwith AI-like profiles received significantly lower trust rat-\\nings. Model 2 includes a random effect per subject, in order\\nto control for participants' differing trust baselines. In the\\nmultilevel model, AI-like profile characteristics predicted\\nsignificantly lower trust ratings in all treatment groups. Fol-\\nlowing our preregistration, we also conducted a 4x2 mixed\\nANOVA on the influence of profile type, experimental treat-\\nment, and their interaction on the trust ratings. Similar to\\nthe regression, the ANOVA reveals a significant interaction\\nof treatment and profile type ( $F(1,1966)=4.534$ , $p<0.001$ ).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,122,746,152],\"text\":\"Table 3: Regression table predicting trust ratings based on\\nprofile type and treatment\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[429,167,735,395],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td></td><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">Model 1</td><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">Model 2</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>B</td><td>SE</td><td>B</td><td>SE</td></tr><tr><td>(Intercept)</td><td>69.321***</td><td>0.99</td><td>69.321***</td><td>1.709</td></tr><tr><td>*AI type profile</td><td>1.810</td><td>1.414</td><td>1.810</td><td>1.016</td></tr><tr><td>Unlabeled condition</td><td>2.222</td><td>1.401</td><td>2.222</td><td>2.407</td></tr><tr><td>Labeled condition</td><td>1.950</td><td>1.510</td><td>1.950</td><td>2.594</td></tr><tr><td>Primed condition</td><td>0.089</td><td>1.434</td><td>0.089</td><td>2.463</td></tr><tr><td>*AI x Unlabeled condition</td><td>-3.096</td><td>1.981</td><td>-3.096*</td><td>1.430</td></tr><tr><td>*AI x Labeled condition</td><td>-4.552*</td><td>2.135</td><td>-4.552*</td><td>1.542</td></tr><tr><td>*AI x Primed condition</td><td>-4.976*</td><td>2.028</td><td>-4.976***</td><td>1.464</td></tr><tr><td>Random effects:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>SD</td></tr><tr><td>1 | Subject</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>11.61</td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>2,080</td><td></td><td>2,080</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R²</td><td>0.0095</td><td></td><td>0.4873</td><td></td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This table presents statistical results for two models, Model 1 and Model 2, showing coefficients (B) and standard errors (SE) for several predictors. Predictors include an intercept, \\\"AI\\\" type profile, and three conditions (Unlabeled, Labeled, Primed), along with their interaction terms with \\\"AI\\\". The table also lists random effects for Model 2, the sample size (N), and R-squared values for both models.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_7_tab_10.png\"},{\"label\":\"anno\",\"bbox\":[433,402,687,417],\"text\":\"Significance codes: $* * *$ $p < 0.001, **$ $p < 0.01, *$ $p < 0.05$\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,715,747,857],\"text\":\"We separately analyzed the data collected in the primed\\ntreatment where participants rated the profiles' AI scores.\\nWe wanted to confirm that our selection of “ AI ” and “ human ”\\nprofiles based on the pre-study aligned with the AI scores\\nprofiles received in the experiment. We find that indeed,\\nprofiles in the “ AI ” group received significantly higher AI\\nscores ( $M = 3.56$ , $SD = 1.70$ ) than profiles in the “ human ”\\ngroup ( $M = 2.77$ , $SD = 1.51$ , $(512) = -5.60$ , $p < 0.001$ ),\\ndemonstrating that AI score is a reliable measure.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,858,747,955],\"text\":\"The primed condition furthermore allows us to expand on\\nthe analysis of Study 2 (Figure 3 ), directly re-evaluating the\\nrelationship between AI score and trustworthiness. Figure\\n5 shows the means and confidence intervals of ratings in\\nthe primed condition plotted over the associated AI scores.\\nFor example, when participants rated profiles as `definitely\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 239\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300469/results/markdown/3290605-3300469_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300472/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300472", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/results/output_json/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[169,118,646,180],\"text\":\"Impulse Buying: Design Practices and\\nConsumer Needs\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[123,194,253,272],\"text\":\"Carol Moser\\n\\nSchool of Information\\nUniversity of Michigan\\nAnn Arbor, MI, US\\n\\nmoserc@umich.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[338,193,475,272],\"text\":\"Sarita Y. Schoenebeck\\nSchool of Information\\nUniversity of Michigan\\nAnn Arbor, MI, US\\nvardi@unich.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[561,195,690,272],\"text\":\"Paul Resnick\\n\\nSchool of Information\\nUniversity of Michigan\\n\\nAnn Arbor, MI, USA\\n\\npresnick@umich.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,285,141,301],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,306,394,592],\"text\":\"E-commerce sites have an incentive to encourage impulse\\nbuying, even when not in the consumer's best interest. This\\nstudy investigates what features e-commerce sites use to\\nencourage impulse buying and what tools consumers desire\\nto curb their online spending. We present two studies: (1) a\\nsystematic content analysis of 200 top e-commerce websites\\nin the U.S. and (2) a survey of online impulse buyers (N=151).\\nFrom Study 1, we find that e-commerce sites contain mul-\\ntiple features that encourage impulsive buying, including\\nthose that lower perceived risks, leverage social influence,\\nand enhance perceived proximity to the product. Conversely,\\nfrom Study 2 we find that online impulse buyers want tools\\nthat (a) encourage deliberation and avoidance, (b) enforce\\nspending limits and postponement, (c) increase checkout\\neffort, (d) make costs more salient, and (e) reduce product\\ndesire. These findings inform the design of \\\"friction\\\" tech-\\nnologies that help users make more deliberative consumer\\nchoices.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,603,173,621],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[69,625,392,658],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → User studies; Interac-\\ntion design.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,668,149,684],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,689,392,707],\"text\":\"E-commerce; Dark Patterns; Self-control; Behavior Change\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,711,202,725],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,726,392,770],\"text\":\"Carol Moser, Sarita Y. Schoenbeck, and Paul Resnick. 2019. Impulse\\nBuying: Design Practices and Consumer Needs. In CHI Conference\\non Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019)\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,287,747,317],\"text\":\"May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. ACM, New York, NY, USA,\\n15 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3296005.3300472\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,343,549,360],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,364,747,586],\"text\":\"Impulse buying, or making unplanned purchases with little\\ndeliberation [46, 69] , is commonplace in the United States;\\nroughly 84-86 % of Americans report making impulsive pur-\\nchases in stores and online [47, 55] . Unfortunately, impulse\\nbuying can lead to a host of negative outcomes, including\\nfinancial strain [69] , feelings of guilt, shame, and regret\\n[55, 89] , and strain on personal relationships [55] . Even when\\nused strategically to cope with negative emotions, impulse\\nbuying can backfire and lead to a greater number of rumi-\\nnating and negative thoughts [26] . While consumers have\\nreported a desire to curb their impulse buying [87] , retail-\\ners have little incentive to support this goal and are often\\ncriticized for promotional and design strategies that seem to\\naggressively encourage impulse buying [33, 84] .\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,586,747,793],\"text\":\"Behavior change research in HCI has explored ways to\\nsupport financial health, with tools that track personal fi-\\nnances [43] and UI design features that encourage saving for\\nretirement [31] . More recent work on \\\"dark patterns\\\" has\\nhighlighted the use of intentionally deceptive functionality\\ndesigned to persuade, or even manipulate, users into signing\\nup for or purchasing things that may not be in the user's\\nbest interest [30] . The current research bridges themes from\\nHCI and consumer behavior by prioritizing the needs of the\\nuser/consumer in designing new self-control technologies.\\nTo do so, we capture current design practices found on e-\\ncommerce sites (Study 1) and then investigate the needs and\\npreferences of online impulse buyers (Study 2).\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,793,747,953],\"text\":\"Results from Study 1 show that the top 200 e-commerce\\nsites in the U.S. use multiple features that encourage impulse\\nbuying; common features include those that: (a) lower the\\nperceived risk of transacting online, (b) leverage social influ-\\nence, (c) enhance perceived proximity to the product, and\\n(d) enhance perceived temporal proximity to the product.\\nFor example, Booking.com utilizes a variety of social influ-\\nence features such as “11 people are looking right now” and\\n“In high demand!” (Figure 1 ). In contrast, Study 2 reveals\\na range of web tools that online impulse buyers want to\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,778,392,897],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@em.org.\\nCHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,900,392,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,925,265,954],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19-03...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3296505.3300472\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 242\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/results/markdown/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300472/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300472", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/results/output_json/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,189],\"text\":\"discourage their impulse buying, including those that lever- \\nage deliberation, avoidance, spending limits, postponement, \\nincreased checkout effort, more salient costs, and reduced \\nproduct desire. Social accountability tools were less popular.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,189,395,427],\"text\":\"This work is driven by a consumer advocate perspective\\nthat prioritizes ethical design practices and consumer well-\\nbeing. We (a) demonstrate that the use of impulse buying\\nfeatures is common and does not vary significantly by a\\nsite's product focus, (b) highlight which e-commerce sites\\nmay be especially encouraging of impulse buying, and (c)\\ncatalog commonly used features that can encourage impulse\\nbuying. For researchers and designers interested in designing\\ntools to support this population of consumers, we provide\\ninsights into the types of tools users hope to use in the future\\nto control their impulse spending. We synthesize findings\\nfrom our content analysis and user survey to emphasize\\ntransparency opportunities for e-commerce companies and\\nto propose potential technological interventions that can\\nhelp consumers exert greater self-control with e-commerce.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,439,290,457],\"text\":\"2 CONTENT ANALYSIS (STUDY 1)\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,460,395,794],\"text\":\"Online impulse buying is a regular topic in the popular press,\\nwhich reports on the thousands of dollars consumers \\\"waste\\\"\\nannually [83] and prescribes tips on how to avoid impulsive\\nspending [16, 72, 76]. Yet little research has investigated the\\ntypes of features that e-commerce sites utilize to encourage\\nthis behavior. Early research on \\\"unregulated buying on the\\nInternet\\\" analyzed eight e-commerce sites and found more\\nfeatures that disrupt self-regulation than encourage it [48].\\nMore recent work has highlighted the use of \\\"dark patterns\\\" –\\ndesign features intended to trick and trap users [30]. Analysis\\nof dark pattern exemplars revealed features that utilize nag-\\nging, obstruction, sneaking, interference, and forced action.\\nDark patterns related to e-commerce included, for example,\\nsneaking products into shopping carts and obstructing price\\ncomparison tools [30]. The goal of this research is to more\\nsystematically investigate which features are being utilized\\nby current e-commerce sites that can encourage impulse buy-\\ning. Therefore, this study asks (RQ1): Do current e-commerce\\nsites include features that can encourage impulse buying?\\nAnd if so, (RQ2) What types of features do e-commerce sites\\ncurrently use that can encourage impulse buying?\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,805,248,824],\"text\":\"Encouraging Impulse Buying\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,825,395,955],\"text\":\"While many factors can encourage impulse buying (e.g., in-\\ndividual differences [12, 70] and current mood [26] ), this\\nresearch focuses on factors related to the product or shop-\\nping environment. Hoch and Loewenstein theorized that\\nenhancing perceived physical proximity to a product creates\\nfeelings of partial ownership and potential loss if the prod-\\nuct is not ultimately purchased [36] . Accordingly, a shopper\\nwho tries on a new winter coat is more likely to purchase\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,396],\"text\":\"“ their ” coat than a shopper who only sees that coat in a store\\ndisplay. Enhancing the vividness and interactivity of online\\nproduct presentations can help the consumer feel physically\\ncloser to the product [80] . In the case of a sunglass e-store,\\nhaving 360-spin view options or a web-can mirror to “ try\\non ” sunglasses predicted feelings of wanting to impulsively\\npurchase [80] . Shopping through Facebook live video helped\\nconsumers feel as though they were shopping in a physical\\nstore, increasing impulse buying behavior [49] . Perceived\\ntemporal proximity, or how quickly a consumer believes they\\ncan acquire a product, can also encourage impulse buying.\\nImmediate rewards are often favored over delayed rewards,\\neven when delayed rewards are larger [36] . The availabil-\\nity of next- or same-day shipping and easy credit ( i.e., not\\nhaving to wait and “ save-up ” for a purchase) provides the\\npromise of near-instant gratification for online consumers\\n[69, 90] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,396,747,538],\"text\":\"Lowering the perceived risks of shopping can also en-\\ncourage impulsive purchasing. Impulse buyers often rely\\non generous return/refund policies—especially when impul-\\nsively buying apparel [41] . Products marketed as “on sale”\\n[40] or that are perceived as a “good deal” can trigger an\\nimpulse buy [26, 90] . Similarly, being offered unexpected or\\nsurprise coupons at the beginning of a shopping trip can\\nresult in a greater number of, and greater amount spent on,\\nunplanned purchases [35] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,538,748,746],\"text\":\"Social influence, or cues that \\\"leverage the behavior of\\nother users\\\" [15] , can also encourage impulsive purchases.\\nImpulse buys can be brought on by social comparison, when,\\nfor example, consumers see their peers purchasing a particu-\\nlar product [36] . Friend posts on social network sites about\\nproducts or local establishments (e.g., restaurants) predict\\nsimilar online purchases and visits to similar establishments\\n[91] . On social media marketplaces, the more \\\"like\\\" that\\na product receives [17, 49] and the larger the live video audi-\\nence [49] , the more likely a consumer is to experience an\\nimpulsive urge to buy. E-commerce sites have also found\\nsuccess increasing revenue through the use of social proof\\ncues, such as highlighting \\\"popular\\\" products [15] .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,746,747,921],\"text\":\"Field experiments have shown that more time spent brows-\\ning in-store leads to more impulse purchases [12, 63] . Simi-\\nlarly, time spent browsing an online store positively affects\\na consumer's felt urge to buy impulsively [79, 92] . The ef-\\nfect may be explained by greater exposure to novel products\\nand marketing stimuli. Consumers assigned to shop in an\\nunfamiliar grocery store contended with unfamiliar store lay-\\nouts, increasing their exposure to in-store marketing stimuli,\\nleading to increased impulse buying [63] . Similarly, expo-\\nsure to online product recommender systems can increase a\\nconsumer's number of unplanned purchases [38] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,921,747,955],\"text\":\"Add-on benefits describe when a purchase is made more\\nattractive by bundling it with add-ons, such as free gifts.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 242\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/results/markdown/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300472/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300472", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/results/output_json/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[74,122,390,273],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays a product listing for \\\"HI - Boston Hostel,\\\" featuring an image of a building with a \\\"Best seller\\\" tag. The listing includes an \\\"Excellent 8.7\\\" rating, details about high demand with \\\"11 people are looking right now\\\" and \\\"Booked 100 times in the last 24 hours,\\\" and a price of \\\"$598 for 3 nights\\\" including breakfast. It also highlights a \\\"Risk Free\\\" cancellation policy and a button to view available rooms.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,285,394,345],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Screenshot from Booking.com illustrating features\\n(A) bestseller tag, (B) ratings and number of ratings, (C) num-\\nber of customers interested and selling fast tag, (D) free can-\\ncellation, and (E) low stock warning.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,377,395,712],\"text\":\"Consumers have reported that entry into a sweepstakes or\\nthe promise of a \\\"free gift with purchase\\\" have triggered an\\nimpulse purchase [44, 90] . The shopping momentum effect\\ndescribes how making an initial purchase creates a \\\"psycho-\\nlogical impulse\\\" to make additional purchases [21] . Recent\\nwork has shown that making an unplanned purchase in-\\ncreases the probability of making subsequent unplanned\\npurchases, especially for those with medium (versus small)\\nsized budgets [27] . Perceived product scarcity is the “percep-\\ntion of a product shortage\\\" conveyed to consumers through\\n\\\"limited-quantity\\\" messaging [3] . One way that e-commerce\\nsites enhance perceived product scarcity is through \\\"stock\\npointers\\\" (e.g., only 1 left in stock) [15] . When consumers\\nperceive that a product of interest is almost out of stock, they\\nexperience an urge to purchase that product immediately\\n[32] . Urgency, in contrast, is based on limited-time avail-\\nability messaging that, for example, urges a consumer to\\ntake action before a deadline, sometimes implemented on\\ne-commerce sites with a countdown clock [15] . Research has\\nshown that limited-time offers are one of the most commonly\\nself-reported triggers of online impulse buying [52] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,712,394,840],\"text\":\"The presence of product advertising has long been associ-\\nated with impulse buying behavior and can include stimuli\\nsuch as mass advertising [74] and in-store marketing materi-\\nals [63] . Other miscellaneous factors that have been shown\\nto encourage impulse buying include visually appealing web-\\nsite design [62] , diverse product assortments [51] , appetitive\\nstimuli (e.g., “ mouthwatering photography ” ) [88] , and user-\\nfriendly website navigation [62] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,852,120,869],\"text\":\"Method\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,872,394,955],\"text\":\"Content analysis is a well-established \\\"observational\\\" re-\\nsearch method used to systematically evaluate the content\\nof different types of communication [45] . We conducted a\\ncontent analysis of 200 e-commerce sites to systematically\\nassess the presence of features related to impulse buying.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,125,747,396],\"text\":\"Sample Selection. The U.S. Census Bureau segments the “ Elec-\\ntronic Economy ” into 4 sectors: Manufacturing, Retail, Ser-\\nvices, and Wholesale [2] . This work focuses on Retail pri-\\nmarily, as well as the travel services segment of Services,\\nboth of which cater to consumers. We analyzed the top 200\\nretail websites from Internet Retailer's 2017 Top 500 Report,\\nan annual industry report of the top internet retailers in\\nthe United States by online revenue [67] . We chose the top\\n200 sites to capture a range of websites but without having\\nto code all 500. We excluded purely informational corpo-\\nrate websites and non-functional websites (i.e., out of busi-\\nness). We added eBay, a large online auction site, and the\\ntop earning U.S. based travel websites, which were not in-\\ncluded in Internet Retailer's report, to our sample. The final\\nsample includes 186 retail sites (e.g., Amazon.com, OfficeDe-\\npot.com, PetCo.com) and 14 travel sites (e.g., Expedia.com,\\nBooking.com, Airbnb.com).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,403,747,658],\"text\":\"Website Archiving. All websites were archived in PDF for-\\nmat in April 2018, over the course of seven days. A research\\nassistant visited all websites using a Chrome browser on\\nan HP desktop computer. Because some e-commerce sites\\ntrack user behavior in order to personalize content [1] , sites\\nwere visited in `incognito' mode to prevent our sample from\\nreflecting the personalized content of one person. The re-\\nsearch assistant used each website's navigation bar to drill\\ndown to a specific product type. When possible, products\\nwere selected from a list of product types that are more likely\\nto be purchased on impulse (i.e., lower-cost items such as\\nbooks, toys, small electronics, makeup, clothing, accessories,\\nand home décor [24, 40] ). For specialty websites that spe-\\ncialized in a particular product type (e.g., 1800Flowers.com),\\nthat product was selected. The average price of the product\\ncaptured was $ 29.22 ( SD = $ 67.14, min =$ 0.69, max =$ 599).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,659,747,850],\"text\":\"A full-page screen capture was taken of (a) the home page,\\n(b) all pop-up windows and special interactivity, such as\\nquick-view buttons, (c) a fully expanded homepage naviga-\\ntion bar, (d) any “sale” or “deal” pages, (e) a product listing\\npage (e.g., all winter scarves), (f) a product details page (e.g.,\\nfor one particular scarf), (g) any product interactivity such\\nas video, zoom, spin, or virtual dressing rooms, (h) the shop-\\nping cart, and (i) the first checkout screen. The full checkout\\nprocess was not captured because that would have required\\nmaking a purchase. No paid membership accounts (e.g., Ama-\\nzon Prime) were used. The average number of pages captured\\nper website was 9.26 (SD=1.98, min=4, max=14).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,857,747,955],\"text\":\"Coding Procedure. We developed a codebook based on themes\\nidentified from our review of prior work in impulse buying.\\nKeeping these themes in mind, the lead author visited sev-\\neral e-commerce sites (independent from the study's sample)\\nand generated an initial list of features that can encourage\\nimpulse buying. For example, the literature suggests that\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 242\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/results/markdown/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300472/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300472", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/results/output_json/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,298],\"text\":\"social influence can encourage impulse buying [17, 49, 91]\\nand therefore features such as product recommendations\\nbased on what \\\"other customers\\\" purchased were added to\\nthe codebook under the social influence theme. The list was\\nexpanded to also include features that can encourage deliber-\\native decision-making (e.g., product comparison tools). The\\nresearch team then reviewed, discussed, and revised the ini-\\ntial list of features. The list was then reviewed and expanded\\nby an independent group of six doctoral students. The list\\nof features was then reviewed one last time and finalized by\\nthe research team.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,299,395,538],\"text\":\"The codebook excluded features that were not conducive\\nto a binary (present/not present) measurement (e.g., visually\\nappealing). The final codebook included 12 themes: physical\\nproximity, temporal proximity, lower risk, social influence,\\nbrowsing, add-on benefit, perceived scarcity, urgency, shop-\\nping momentum, advertising, investment, and deliberation.\\nWe added the “ investment ” theme for a small number of\\nfeatures that did not map to any themes identified in prior\\nwork. Investment features require an investment from the\\nconsumer (usually time or effort) in exchange for informa-\\ntion or functionality that can encourage impulse buying in\\nthe future (e.g., completing a personalization quiz). Themes\\nwere represented by a total of 71 parent codes ( i.e., features)\\nand two child codes. Websites were coded using Atlas.fi for\\nwhether a feature was or was not present on a website.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,549,395,805],\"text\":\"Inter-Rater Reliability and Analysis. Inter-rater reliability (IRR)\\nwas established and measured following Lombard et al. [53] .\\nThe lead author first trained a research assistant on a small\\nsample of websites independent from the study's main sam-\\nple (N=3, representing 1.5 % of full sample size). The two\\nresearchers then completed independent pilot coding of two\\nnew websites (also not part of the study's main sample), com-\\npared coding, discussed points of disagreement, and refined\\nthe codebook. The two researchers then conducted indepen-\\ndent coding of 20 websites (10 % of the full corpus [20, 53] )\\nrandomly selected from the study's sample of 200 websites.\\nIRR for the two coders was Cohen's Kappa of .83, demon-\\nstrating sufficient agreement between coders [53] . One coder\\ncompleted the remaining 180 websites in a random order.\\nWe conducted all statistical analyses (frequency counts and\\ncomparison of means) using SPSS.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,820,117,836],\"text\":\"Results\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,840,395,955],\"text\":\"Websites Use Impulse Buying Features. Research question 1\\nasked whether current e-commerce sites include features that\\ncan encourage impulse buying — our results show that they\\ndo and that the use of those features was common among\\nthe websites sampled. Among all websites sampled (N=200),\\nan average of 19.36 features (SD = 5.64, min = 4, max = 34, me-\\ndian = 19) were present out of a possible 64 features. 75 %\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,236],\"text\":\"(N=150) of websites had at least 16 features that can encur-\\nage impulse buying. 100 % (N=200) of websites included at\\nleast 4 features than can encourage impulse buying. Web-\\nsites also included deliberation features (M=1.97, SD=1.48,\\nmin=0, max=6, median=2, out of a possible 7 features). 75 %\\n(N=150) of websites included at least 1 deliberation feature.\\n16 % (N=32) of websites included no deliberation features.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,251,748,476],\"text\":\"Most and Least Common Features . Research question 2 asked\\nwhat types of features do e-commerce sites currently use that\\ncan encourage impulse buying. The most common impulse\\nbuying features, found in 75 % of websites, included mem-\\nber/rewards program discounts, discounted prices, product\\nratings/reviews, sale pages, product interactivity (e.g., photo\\nzoom/spin), and returns/refunds. The least common features\\nincluded entry into a sweepstakes with a purchase, display-\\ning a countdown clock for limited-time product availability,\\nquick check-out buttons, a discount for the first purchase\\nmade on the site, virtual dressing rooms, and showing that\\nsocial media friends have purchased the product. Fewer than\\n3 % of websites included any one of these features. See Table 1\\nfor a report on all features.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,490,748,825],\"text\":\"Most and Least Common Themes. When features were ana-\\nlyzed at the theme level, we found that features that lower\\nthe perceived risk of transacting on an e-commerce site (e.g.,\\ndiscounts, returns/refunds, and third-party seals such as\\nVersign TM ) were the most common theme—100% (N=200)\\nof websites sampled included features in this category. An-\\nother common theme of feature included those that rely on\\nsocial influence, such as product ratings/reviews, sharing\\ncards/products, bestseller tags, and product recommenda-\\ntions based on what \\\"other\\\" people bought—96% (N=192)\\nof websites sampled included features in this category. Fea-\\ntures that enhance a user's perceived physical proximity to\\na product were also common, such as product interactiv-\\nity (zoom/spin of product photos), multiple product photos,\\npreviews of product specs such as different colors, and prod-\\nuct videos or animation—91% (N=182) of websites included\\nfeatures in this theme. Features that enhance the perceived\\ntemporal proximity to a product (e.g., same day delivery,\\nstore pick-up, quick add-to-cart buttons, quick check-out\\npop-ups) were also common—more than 90% (N=181) of\\nwebsites included this theme.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,825,747,954],\"text\":\"Other common themes included those that try to generate\\nshopping momentum (e.g., add-on product recommenda-\\ntions) and that encourage browsing (e.g., curated product\\ncollections). These two themes were each present in at least\\n82 % of websites sampled. Features that encourage more delib-\\nerative decision making, rather than impulsive purchasing,\\nwere also a common theme, with 84 % (N=168) of websites\\nincluding at least one feature that encourages deliberation.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 242\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/results/markdown/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300472/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300472", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/results/output_json/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[70,122,391,573],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Theme</td><td>Feature</td><td>Count</td></tr><tr><td>Lower risk</td><td>member/rewards program discounts</td><td>183</td></tr><tr><td>Lower risk</td><td>discounted price</td><td>167</td></tr><tr><td>Social influence</td><td>product ratings/reviews</td><td>164</td></tr><tr><td>Lower risk</td><td>sale page list</td><td>163</td></tr><tr><td>Lower proximity</td><td>internet activity</td><td>159</td></tr><tr><td>Lower risk</td><td>returns/refunds</td><td>151</td></tr><tr><td>Social influence</td><td>number of ratings/reviews</td><td>145</td></tr><tr><td>Social influence</td><td>share cart or product (no counter)</td><td>128</td></tr><tr><td>Diliberation</td><td>willing</td><td>126</td></tr><tr><td>Temporal proximity</td><td>quick add-to-cart button</td><td>125</td></tr><tr><td>Browsing</td><td>product collection(s) for browsing</td><td>119</td></tr><tr><td>Social influence</td><td>bestseller tag</td><td>118</td></tr><tr><td>Advertising</td><td>internal ads</td><td>117</td></tr><tr><td>Urgency</td><td>limited-time discount (no countdown clock)</td><td>116</td></tr><tr><td>Physical proximity</td><td>multiple product pictures</td><td>113</td></tr><tr><td>Lower risk</td><td>third-party seal</td><td>108</td></tr><tr><td>Browsing</td><td>similar products recommendations</td><td>103</td></tr><tr><td>Temporal proximity</td><td>expedited shopping (all)</td><td>103</td></tr><tr><td>Shopping momentum</td><td>expedited shopping (next day) (count=52)</td><td>96</td></tr><tr><td>Physical proximity</td><td>expedited shopping (same day) (count=9)</td><td>88</td></tr><tr><td>Shopping momentum</td><td>discounted shopping with minimum spent</td><td>96</td></tr><tr><td>Browsing</td><td>preview products specs</td><td>88</td></tr><tr><td>Shopping momentum</td><td>add-on product recommendations</td><td>87</td></tr><tr><td>Browsing</td><td>product quickview button</td><td>76</td></tr><tr><td>Shopping momentum</td><td>discount for add-on products</td><td>72</td></tr><tr><td>Lower risk</td><td>discount for providing email address</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>Temporal proximity</td><td>stocking date</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>Add-on benefit</td><td>free gift with purchase</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Lower risk</td><td>discount/promo code (not for shopping)</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td>Browsing</td><td>general product recommendations</td><td>57</td></tr><tr><td>Diliberation</td><td>product comparison tool</td><td>57</td></tr><tr><td>Diliberation</td><td>helpful review voting</td><td>56</td></tr><tr><td>Diliberation</td><td>product Q&amp;A section</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Advertising</td><td>example of sponsored products</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>Temporal proximity</td><td>checkout popup</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>Diliberation</td><td>save-for-later list</td><td>47</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image is a table presenting a list of e-commerce features, categorized by \\\"Theme,\\\" along with their respective \\\"Count.\\\" The table has three columns labeled \\\"Theme,\\\" \\\"Feature,\\\" and \\\"Count,\\\" and is ordered by the count in descending numerical order.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_4_tab_2.png\"},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[411,123,741,585],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Theme</td><td>Feature</td><td>Count</td></tr><tr><td>Perceived scarcity</td><td>exclusive product</td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td>Deliberation</td><td>rating distribution</td><td>42</td></tr><tr><td>Social influence</td><td>others bought recommendations</td><td>42</td></tr><tr><td>Social influence</td><td>product review highlighted</td><td>41</td></tr><tr><td>Social influence</td><td>show real customers using product</td><td>41</td></tr><tr><td>Browsing</td><td>others viewed recommendations</td><td>39</td></tr><tr><td>Physical proximity</td><td>video/animation of product</td><td>39</td></tr><tr><td>Perceived scarcity</td><td>limited-quantity for sale (not low-stock)</td><td>36</td></tr><tr><td>Perceived scarcity</td><td>recommendations and recommendations</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>Perceived scarcity</td><td>exclusive product</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>Temporal proximity</td><td>low stock warning</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>Investment</td><td>easy credit/payment terms</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>Perceived scarcity</td><td>requires account to buy</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>Perceived scarcity</td><td>sold out/bonded order tag</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>Urgency</td><td>order deadline for shipping</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>Urgency</td><td>limited time discount (with countdown clock)</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>Urgency</td><td>link in discounted item feature</td><td>26</td></tr><tr><td>Lower risk</td><td>price match guarantee</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>Investment</td><td>sign up for price alerts</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>Social influence</td><td>referral discount</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>Perceived scarcity</td><td>selling for tag</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>Shopping momentum</td><td>reference for auto-reorder</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>Social influence</td><td>share cart/product (with counter)</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>Add-on benefit</td><td>donation with purchase</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>Social influence</td><td>number sold/number of customers</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>Urgency</td><td>limited-time product availability (no clock)</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>Lower risk</td><td>trial period</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>Social influence</td><td>number of customers interested watching</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Deliberation</td><td>negative review highlighted</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Investment</td><td>personalization quiz</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Lower risk</td><td>free reservation cancellation</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Social influence</td><td>shows social media friends have purchased</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Physical proximity</td><td>vital dressing room</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Shopping momentum</td><td>first purchase discount</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Personal proximity</td><td>quantitative prediction</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Urgency</td><td>limited-time product availability (with clock)</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Add-on benefit</td><td>sweepstakes with purchase</td><td>1</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a three-column table titled \\\"Theme,\\\" \\\"Feature,\\\" and \\\"Count,\\\" listing various marketing themes, their corresponding features, and a numerical count for each feature. The table contains 38 rows detailing features like \\\"exclusive product,\\\" \\\"rating distribution,\\\" and \\\"others bought recommendations,\\\" with counts ranging from 46 down to 1.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_4_tab_3.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[77,586,736,602],\"text\":\"Table 1: Frequency count of websites (max=200) that included at least one instance of each impulse buying feature (code).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,637,395,845],\"text\":\"Such features included wish lists, save-for-later lists, prod-\\nuet comparison tools, and product Q&A sections. Less com-\\nmon themes included features that enhance a user's sense\\nof urgency (N=138, 69.0%) (e.g., limited-time discounts with\\ncountdown clocks), relied on advertising (N=135, 67.5%) (e.g.,\\nsponsored products), or enhanced the perceived scarcity of\\na product (N=124, 62%) (e.g., low stock warnings, exclusive\\nproduct offerings). The least common themes of impulse buy-\\ning features included those that provided an add-on benefit\\nfor purchasing (e.g., free gift with purchase) and those that\\nrelied on the user to make a time investment (e.g., signing-\\nup for price alerts)– fewer than 40 % of websites included\\nfeatures in either of these two themes.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,857,395,954],\"text\":\"Top Websites. Table 2 lists the top 18 websites (roughly top\\n10%) based on number of impulse buying features. The top 18\\nwebsites all included at least 27 features ( $M=29.33$ , $SD=2.47$ )\\nthat can encourage impulse buying. Macys.com, OpticsPlanet-\\n.com, Amazon.com, Newegg.com, and Target.com topped\\nthe list, each including more than 30 impulse buying features\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,637,747,685],\"text\":\"on their sites. The top 18 websites also included on average\\n2.78 features (SD=1.26, min=1, max=6, median=3) that can\\nencourage deliberation.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,714,748,955],\"text\":\"Number of Features by Product Type. Product type was pulled\\nfrom Internet Retailer's Top 500 Report [67] , which classi-\\nfied websites into one of 15 categories: Apparel/Accessories\\n(N=61); Automotive (N=8); Books/Music/Video (N=5); Com-\\nputers/Electronics (N=10); Flowers/Gifts (N=5); Food/Drug\\n(N=9); Hardware (N=10); Health/Beauty (N=15); Housewares\\n(N=13); Jewelry (N=6); Mass Merchant (N=18); Office Sup-\\nplies (N=4); Specialty (N=9); Sporting Goods (N=10); Toys/\\nHobbies (N=3). We added a final category, Travel (N=14),\\nfor a total of 16 product categories. Because the assumption\\nof homogeneous variances was violated (Levene's, $p$ = .02), a\\nWelch ANOVA was used to assess differences between prod-\\nuct types. There were no statistically significant differences\\nin the number of times buying features between websites\\nwith different product types. Welch's F(15, 35.62) = 1.66, $p$ = .11.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 242\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/results/markdown/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300472/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300472", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/results/output_json/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[68,120,391,379],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Website</td><td>Product Type</td><td>Deliberation Features (count)</td><td>Impulse Features (count)</td></tr><tr><td>maxys.com</td><td>Apparel/Accessories</td><td>3</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>opticalplant.com</td><td>Sporting Goods</td><td>4</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>amazon.com</td><td>Mass Merchant</td><td>6</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>newegg.com</td><td>Computers/Electronics</td><td>3</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>target.com</td><td>Mass Merchant</td><td>3</td><td>31</td></tr><tr><td>officedep.com</td><td>Office Supplies</td><td>2</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>jepenny.com</td><td>Apparel/Accessories</td><td>3</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>ebay.com</td><td>Mass Merchant</td><td>2</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>bednallandbeyond.com</td><td>Housewares</td><td>5</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>geekolarity.com</td><td>Services</td><td>2</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>midwaya.com</td><td>Sporting Goods</td><td>1</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>bestbuy.com</td><td>Computers/Electronics</td><td>4</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>ae.com</td><td>Apparel/Accessories</td><td>1</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>staples.com</td><td>Office Supplies</td><td>4</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>build.com</td><td>Hardware</td><td>3</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>giantcard-sonoma.com</td><td>Accessories</td><td>2</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>eblag.com</td><td>Apparel/Accessories</td><td>1</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>nyandcompany.com</td><td>Apparel/Accessories</td><td>3</td><td>27</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table presents a list of e-commerce websites, their product types, and the corresponding counts of \\\"Deliberation Features\\\" and \\\"Impulse Features.\\\" The table includes 20 entries, with columns for Website, Product Type, Deliberation Features (count), and Impulse Features (count).\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_5_tab_2.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,381,392,396],\"text\":\"Table 2: Top websites by number of impulse buying features.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,441,336,475],\"text\":\"3 SURVEY OF ONLINE IMPULSE BUYERS\\n(STUDY 2)\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,478,394,669],\"text\":\"Consumers report that regret is one of the most common\\noutcomes of impulse buying [55] . The goal of this exploratory\\nsurvey is to understand the preferences of consumers who\\nengage in online impulse buying but who wish to curb that\\nbehavior. To that end, we ask (RQ3) what types of tools do\\nconsumers wish they had available to them to help curb their\\nonline impulse buying and (RQ4) what self-control strategies\\nhave consumers successfully and unsuccessfully used in the\\npast to control their online impulse buying? The survey is\\ninspired by a user-centered design approach [81] , reaching\\nout to consumers to inform the development of technology\\ninterventions that support them.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,682,208,700],\"text\":\"Self-control Strategies\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,703,394,767],\"text\":\"We present prior work on self-control and self-regulation\\nstrategies, specifically for impulse buying when available\\nand more generally for saving and eating behavior when not\\navailable.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,777,394,954],\"text\":\"Goals, Rules, and Monitoring. Exerting self-control is often\\nmotivated by a personal goal to change unwanted behavior.\\nGoal setting involves identifying and setting a goal (e.g., I\\nwant a healthier body weight) and then forming goal in-\\ntentions (e.g., I intend to exercise every day) [8, 29] . Rules,\\nin contrast, establish a hard restriction on one's behavior\\nand can take the form “I do not do X” or “I always Y.” For\\nexample, households with the rule that one spouse's income\\nis always set aside for savings have been shown to spend\\nless money than households without savings rules [68] . Im-\\nplementation plans, a type of rule, specify what actions to\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,188],\"text\":\"take under certain conditions (e.g., \\\"If I'm offered dessert, I'll\\nalways ask for coffee instead\\\"). Meta-analysis data show that\\nimplementation plans are effective, with a medium-to-large\\neffect size on goal attainment [29] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,189,747,493],\"text\":\"Goal priming helps keep goals top of mind in the face of\\ntemptations. Lab experiments have shown that participants\\nunconsciously primed with the word “save” (versus “table”\\nin the control condition) reported lower willingness to make\\nunplanned purchases in a shopping scenario [82] . Other re-\\nsearch has shown that participants who were primed to take\\na promotion-focus (i.e., focus on what they wanted) were less\\nlikely to yield to a tempting dessert than participants primed\\nwith a prevention-focus (i.e., focus on what they wanted to\\navoid). This suggests that for impulse buyers, focusing on\\nwhat they hope to achieve (e.g., saving for a vacation) may be\\na better self-control tactic than focusing on what they hope\\nto avoid (e.g., going further into debt). Finally, monitoring\\none’s behavior against goals or standards is considered a\\nkey criteria for successful self-regulation [11] . Monitoring\\nprovides the signal that a behavior shift may be needed to\\nremain in-line with goals or standards. Further, the effort\\nof monitoring can be perceived as a tax on that behavior,\\ncreating additional incentives to not engage in it [77] .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,498,747,866],\"text\":\"Commitment Devices. Commitment devices are self-imposed\\narrangements, typically designed to eliminate future, goal-\\ninconsistent choices [7] . For example, commitment contracts\\npromise a reward or a punishment, contingent on performing\\nor avoiding some behavior (e.g., If I surpass my monthly\\nshopping budget, I am not allowed to watch TV for a month).\\nCommitment contracts can be created with yourself on an\\n“ honor ” system [7] , can be refereed by someone else, or can\\nbe structured as a competition among a group of people\\n(i.e., commitment pools). For example, a randomized field\\nexperiment in Chile demonstrated that participants who\\nreported their progress toward savings goals at weekly group\\nmeetings were able to save more money over time than\\nparticipants who did not attend [42] . Other commitment\\ndevices restrict access to goal-inconsistent options. Examples\\ninclude cutting up your credit cards to make spending more\\ndifficult and putting a lock on the refrigerator to restrict\\nsnacking. Consumers sometimes purchase smaller-sized (yet\\nmore expensive per-unit) product packaging to slow their\\nconsumption of vice products, such as cigarettes [85] . Bank\\ncustomers enrolled in a savings account that restricted access\\nto funds until a certain date or until their savings goal was\\nmet increased their savings by 81 percentage points [6] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,872,747,954],\"text\":\"Deliberation. Models of self-control describe two systems:\\nthe reflective/planner/cool system and the impulsive/doer/hot\\nsystem [57, 75, 77] . Deliberation strategies work to engage\\nthe reflective system to make more considered, less impulsive\\nchoices. One such strategy is to conduct a cost assessment,\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 242\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/results/markdown/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300472/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300472", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/results/output_json/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,332],\"text\":\"or a systematic consideration of the economic and psycho-\\nlogical costs associated with, for example, an impulse buy\\n[36] . A type of cost assessment is to bundle costs, meaning\\nto consider a product's cumulative price instead of prices\\npresented in smaller, more palatable chunks (e.g., “ only 5\\ninstallments of $9.99 ” ) [36] . Emotional forecasting is a cost\\nassessment that involves thinking about the emotions you\\nwill feel if you, for example, prevail against or yield to a\\ntemptation. Lab experiments have shown that participants\\nwho thought about the pride they would feel for passing on\\na piece of cheesecake ate significantly less cake than those\\nwho thought about the shame they would feel for yielding\\nto the temptation [64] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,332,395,507],\"text\":\"Other deliberation strategies include priming elaboration\\nof non-obvious costs [65] or of potential outcomes. Partici-\\npants who scored low on the tendency to elaborate allocated\\nmore money to a retirement fund when they were told to\\nthink about the potential positives and negatives of investing\\n[61] . Cognitive reappraisal research has shown that the way\\nyou think about a temptation can affect your desire for it.\\nWhen presented with tempting junk food, participants who\\nwere prompted to imagine that something bad had happened\\nto the food, such as someone coughing on it, reported lower\\nlevels of desire for the temptation [28] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,522,395,731],\"text\":\"Avoidance, Postponement, and Substitution. Avoidance in-\\nvolves preventing exposure to factors that can induce an\\nunwanted impulse [36] . Impulsive buyers may try to avoid\\nshopping malls to avoid feeling an impulse to spend. A re-\\nlated strategy, selective attention, involves strategically fo-\\ncusing attention to lessen the pull of a temptation. In Mischel\\net al.'s classic delay-of-gratification studies, the amount of\\nattention paid to a short-term reward (e.g., a marshmallow)\\npredicted whether a child was able to wait for larger re-\\nwards [59] . Children waited longer periods of time when\\nthe temptation was not visible and when they focused on\\nthe “ abstract ” qualities (e.g., shape) versus the “ arousing ”\\nqualities (e.g., taste) of the treat.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,731,395,954],\"text\":\"Postponement involves \\\"putting off consumption with-\\nout external reward for incurring the delay\\\" (c.f. delay-of-\\ngratification) [56] . Research in time-inconsistent preferences\\nhas shown that adding even a small delay to an immediate re-\\nward can shift preferences to larger, long-term rewards [73] .\\nThis strategy is made available to consumers who purchase\\ncars or products from persuasive door-to-door sales profes-\\nsionals through “cooling off period” laws [54] . Research has\\nshown that a postponement strategy can be more effective\\nthan a total inhibition strategy [56] . Related is the sub-\\nstitution strategy, giving oneself a small immediate reward\\ninstead of the larger temptation. The substitution may satisfy\\nthe individual enough to reduce the desirability of the larger\\ntemptation [36] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,124,472,139],\"text\":\"Method\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,144,747,303],\"text\":\"We conducted an exploratory, anonymous, online survey of\\nonline impulse buyers who wished to curb their online im-\\npulse buying. The goal of the survey was to understand what\\ntools consumers want to help them exert greater self-control\\nwith e-commerce. The survey also asked about any strate-\\ngies, successful and unsuccessful, that consumers have used\\nin the past. The 21-item survey was administered through\\nthe web platform Qualtrics and ran for 5 days in September\\n2017. This study was deemed exempt by the research team's\\nInstitutional Review Board.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,315,746,554],\"text\":\"Procedure and Measures. Participants were recruited on shop-\\nping groups and self-improvement threads on Facebook, Red-\\ndit, and Craigslist. We selected these channels in order to\\nreach frequent online shoppers who also wanted to cut back\\non their online spending. With permission from group mod-\\nerators, we posted ads that invited individuals to partici-\\npate in an online survey for a one-in-ten chance to win a\\n$15 e-gift card. Recruitment ads linked to a brief question-\\nnaire that screened for (a) living in the United States, (b) age,\\n(c) frequency of online purchases, (d) frequency of making\\nunplanned, impulsive purchases online, and (e) a desire to\\ncurb online impulse buying. Responses to both frequency\\nquestions were made on a five-point scale, which included\\n1=never, 2=a few times a year, 3=a few times a month, 4=a\\nfew times a week, 5=every day.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,554,747,809],\"text\":\"Participants who did not live in the U.S., were younger\\nthan 18 years, had never purchased something online, had\\nnever made an unplanned, impulsive purchase online, or\\ndid not have a desire to reduce their online impulse buying\\ndid not qualify to participate. All others were directed to an\\ninformed consent form. Participants were then asked four\\nfree-response (text) questions. To aid recall, participants first\\nlisted the types of things they have impulsively purchased\\nonline in the past. Participants then listed any (a) success-\\nful and (b) not successful strategies that they have used in\\nthe past to resist making impulse purchases online. Finally,\\nparticipants were asked, “ If you could talk to the designers\\nof an app or online tool that is meant to help you control\\nthe amount of impulse buying you do online, what would\\nyou tell them to design/build/create for you? ” (adapted from\\n[23] ).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,809,746,955],\"text\":\"Participants were then asked about specific web/app fea-\\ntures. First, participants selected one response to a multiple-\\nchoice question that asked, \\\"I would like to use an app or\\nonline tool that makes me wait 1 - 2 (a) minutes, (b) hours,\\n(c) days, (d) weeks, or (e) months before I can checkout\\\";\\nparticipants were also given the option of selecting \\\"I don't\\nwant an app / tool that makes me wait to checkout.\\\" Next\\nparticipants were presented a list of 19 web tools and were\\nasked to select all that they \\\"would like to use\\\" when trying\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 242\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/results/markdown/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300472/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300472", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/results/output_json/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,220],\"text\":\"to control impulse buying online. The list of tools was devel-\\noped to represent self-control strategies such as goal setting\\n[10] , monitoring [10] , avoidance [36] , cost assessments [36] ,\\nand commitment devices [36] . Example tools included, “ Re-\\nminds me of my goals, such as to save money ” and “ Reminds\\nme of my past regretted impulse buys online ” .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,221,395,396],\"text\":\"Participants then completed a modified version of the\\nImpulse Buying Tendency (IBT) scale (adapted to focus on\\nonline buying) [86] . The IBT scale is a validated, widely-used\\nfive-item scale with items such as “ When I see something\\nonline that really interests me, I buy it without consider-\\ning the consequences ” and “ When I go shopping online, I\\nbuy things that I had not intended to purchase. ” Responses\\nwere made on a seven-point Likert Scale anchored by either\\nStrongly disagree/Strongly agree or Very rarely/Very often . The\\nsurvey concluded with demographic questions about gender,\\nincome, race, and employment status.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,403,395,594],\"text\":\"Participants. Out of 255 participants who completed the screen\\nquestionnaire, 151 qualified for and completed the survey.\\nParticipants were 18-65 years old (M = 36.33, SD = 10.43, me-\\ndian = 36) with 86.1% (N = 130) identifying as women. Most\\n(67.5%) reported annual household incomes less than $75,000/\\nyear. Half of participants (51.6%) earned an Associate degree\\nor higher. Participants worked full-time (38.4%), were stay-at-\\nhome parents (27.2%), worked part-time (19.9%), were unable\\nto work or retired (12.6%), were students (9.3%), were out\\nof work (4.6%), or were military (1.3%). They were primar-\\nily caucasian (81.5%) and married or living with a partner\\n(72.2%).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,595,395,739],\"text\":\"Participants were frequent impulse buyers, with 84.8 %\\nmaking impulse purchases online at least a few times per\\nweek. Our sample skewed higher than average ( M = 25.44,\\nSD = 5.62, median = 26, range = 6-35) on the Impulse Buying Ten-\\ndency (IBT) scale, where scores can range from a minimum\\nof 5 to a maximum of 35. Prior work in convenience student\\npopulations and shopping mall visitors reported average IBT\\nscores ranging from 14.73 (SD = 4.16) to 21.30 (SD = 6.95) [86] .\\nIn our sample, 71.5 % had average IBT scores of 22 or above.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,740,395,913],\"text\":\"The most common products that participants reported buy-\\ning impulsively online included clothing, household items,\\nchildren's items, beauty products, electronics, and shoes.\\nSome participants reported specific vendors (e.g., \\\"anything\\nfrom Amazon\\\", \\\"a small stuff from eBay\\\"), while others noted\\nthat they had purchased a wide variety of items on impulse,\\nincluding \\\"almost anything that seems like a great deal\\\" and\\n\\\"if they sell it, I buy it\\\". Finally, several participants described\\ntheir past purchases as items they did not \\\"need\\\", for example\\n\\\"a random car part I didn't need\\\" and \\\"unnecessary house hold\\nitems\\\".\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,921,395,954],\"text\":\"Analysis. Descriptive statistics (e.g., frequency counts) were\\nused to analyze results from multiple-choice questions. For\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,252],\"text\":\"qualitative analysis, the lead author read through all open-\\nended text responses to identify high level themes, followed\\nby a second reading to develop an initial codebook for each\\nof the four questions. The research team reviewed, discussed,\\nand revised the codebook. Responses from each question\\nwere coded by the lead author or a research assistant us-\\ning the coding software, Atlas.ti. The number of codes per\\nquestion ranged from 24-32 codes.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,278,469,295],\"text\":\"Results\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,299,747,410],\"text\":\"Desired Self-control Tools. Survey responses revealed seven\\ncategories of desired self-control tools: making costs more\\nsalient; encouraging reflection; enforcing spending limits;\\nincreasing checkout effort; forcing postponement; avoidance;\\nand reducing product desire. For each category we report\\nresults from open-ended text responses, followed by any\\nrelevant quantitative results.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,410,747,699],\"text\":\"Make Costs More Salient. Participants reported wanting\\nfeatures that help make costs more salient while shopping\\nonline. Suggested tech features included tools that track total\\nspending, show alternatives uses of money, or reframe costs\\nin personally relevant ways. For example, “ Something with\\na log that shows recent impulse buys, along with a total of\\nmoney spent and equivalence to something else (ex: $50 spent =\\napproximately 10 specialty coffees or 8 Chipotle burritos). ” Par-\\nticipants wanted a tool that “ makes me calculate the number\\nof hours I need to work to pay for the product ” (54.3%, N=82),\\na tool that “ reminds me of my spending budgeting ” (51.7%,\\nN=78), or a tool that “ reminds me of my goals, such as to save\\nmoney ” (49.7%, N=75). Less frequently desired tools included\\nreviewing “ all the online purchases I have already made that\\nmonth ” (40.4%, N=61), a tool that “ reminds me of past regret-\\nted impulse buys online ” (21.2%, N=32), or a tool that “ shows\\nme pictures of the negative outcomes of over-shopping (e.g.,\\nlandfills, sweatshop labor, poverty) ” (17.9%, N=27).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,699,748,953],\"text\":\"Encourage Deliberation or Reflection. Participants describe\\nwanting features that encourage deliberation or reflection by,\\nfor example, completing a needs assessment before making\\na purchase: “ Asking what I would use it for and if I truly need\\nit\\\"; “ Ask me a series of questions, do you need? What will\\nyou use it for?\\\"; and “ Do I need it? Do I love it? Does it spark joy?\\\". \\nOther participants wanted to be prompted to reflect on their\\ncurrent possessions: “ Ask me do you really need that. How\\nmany do you have now?\\\". Participants also desired tools that\\n“ make me list reasons why I need the product I am trying to\\nbuy\\\" (43.0%, N=65); or “makes me rate (from 1-10 how much I\\nwant to buy each product in my shopping cart\\\" (43.0%, N=65).\\nFeatures that promote a simple awareness of impulse buying\\nbehavior were less popular, such as a feature that “gives me\\na physical warning, like a mobile phone vibration, when I'm\\nabout to checkout\\\" (26.5%, N=40).\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 242\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300472/results/markdown/3290605-3300472_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300473/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300473", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/results/output_json/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[165,103,649,163],\"text\":\"Communication Breakdowns Between\\nFamilies and Alexa\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[105,169,251,248],\"text\":\"Erin Beneateau\\n\\nInformation School\\nUniversity of Washington\\nSeattle, WA, USA\\nebenet@uw.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[96,257,259,351],\"text\":\"Julie A. Kientz\\n\\nHuman Centered Design and\\nEngineering\\n\\nUniversity of Washington\\nSeattle, WA, USA\\njkientz@uw.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[324,170,494,235],\"text\":\"Olivia K. Richards\\nPennsylvania State University\\nUniversity Park, PA, USA\\norichards@psu.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[336,258,483,337],\"text\":\"Jason Yip\\n\\nInformation School\\nUniversity of Washington\\nSeattle, WA, USA\\njcyp@uw.edu\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[563,169,713,248],\"text\":\"Mingrui Zhang\\n\\nInformation School\\nUniversity of Washington\\nSeattle, WA, USA\\nmingrui@uw.edu\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[562,257,713,334],\"text\":\"Alexis Hiniker\\n\\nInformation School\\nUniversity of Washington\\nSeattle, WA, USA\\nalexislrs@uw.edu\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,374,141,390],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,394,394,729],\"text\":\"We investigate how families repair communication\\nbreakdowns with digital home assistants. We recruited 10\\ndiverse families to use an Amazon Echo Dot in their\\nhomes for four weeks. All families had at least one child\\nbetween four and 17 years old. Each family participated in\\npre- and post- deployment interviews. Their interactions\\nwith the Echo Dot (Alexa) were audio recorded\\nthroughout the study. We analyzed 59 communication\\nbreakdown interactions between family members and\\nAlexa, framing our analysis with concepts from HCI and\\nspeech-language pathology. Our findings indicate that\\nfamily members collaborate using discourse scaffolding\\n(supportive communication guidance) and a variety of\\nspeech and language modifications in their attempts to\\nrepair communication breakdowns with Alexa. Alexa's\\nresponses also influence the repair strategies that families\\nuse. Designers can relieve the communication repair\\nburden that primarily rests with families by increasing\\ndigital home assistants' abilities to collaborate together\\nwith users to repair communication breakdowns.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,741,172,757],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,761,393,790],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Human computer interaction\\n(HCI); Collaborative interaction; Field studies; Empirical studies in HCI\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,374,503,390],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,394,725,424],\"text\":\"Digital Home Assistants; Human Computer Interaction; Joint\\nMedia Engagement; Communication Repair; Families\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,439,540,452],\"text\":\"ACM Reference format:\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,452,746,532],\"text\":\"Erin Beneteau, Olivia K. Richards, Mingrui Zhang, JLue A. Kientz, Jason\\nYip, and Alexis Hiniker. 2019. Communication Breakdowns Between\\nFamilies and Alexa. In 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in\\nComputing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow,\\nScotland, UK. ACM, New York, NY, USA. 13 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3296685.3300473\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,557,558,575],\"text\":\"1   INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,579,747,829],\"text\":\"The worlds of human-to-human communication and\\nhuman-to-technology communication are quickly\\nbecoming blurred in everyday, family life. The increasing\\npopularity of digital home assistants, like the Amazon\\nEcho, and conversational assistants, like Siri, increase\\nusers' expectations of voice as an effective communication\\nmethod with machines [23] . However, humans must work\\nto adapt their communication patterns to the needs of the\\nmachines, rather than machines adapting to humans [19] .\\nPeople shorten their sentences, use simplified language,\\nand repeat themselves in attempts to be understood by\\nvoice interfaces [19,20,22,23,31] . As a result, users of voice\\ninterface technology become frustrated and can fail to\\nlearn the full capabilities of the technology, or abandon\\nuse altogether [10,23] .\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,830,746,948],\"text\":\"Despite the difficulty with human-to-voice interface\\ncommunication, the technology is becoming pervasive in\\nfamily lives. Yarosh et. al found that 93 % of the children\\nthey talked with at a state fair in Minnesota had used\\nvoice interface technology [43] . Digital home assistants,\\nwhich utilize voice interfaces, are anticipated to be present\\nin 55 % of American households by the year 2022 [32] . Yet,\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,808,387,927],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or\\nclassroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed\\nfor profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on\\ncitation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others\\nthan the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy\\notherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior\\nspecific permission and/or a fee. Reprinting from permissions@acm.org.\\nFebruary 2019, May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\\n© 2019 Copyright is held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM\\nby 130.150.133.118 on December 21, 2019. 15:00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3296063.3300471\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 243\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/results/markdown/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300473/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300473", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/results/output_json/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,101,394,184],\"text\":\"the prevalence of the technology does not necessarily\\nindicate the successful, ongoing use of the technology.\\nTrue conversational capabilities have not yet been fully\\nrealized [33,34] , and we want to better understand how\\nhuman-technology \\\"conversations\\\" can be improved.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,185,394,401],\"text\":\"In our research, we blend two fields of study: human-\\ncomputer interaction (HCI) and speech-language\\npathology. HCI has a long history of research in how\\nhumans communicate with computers, robots, and other\\nconversational agents [26,39] . Speech language pathology\\nhas a long history of research on human-to-human\\ncommunication development, communication disorders,\\nand remediation [14,35] . Drawing from these two fields,\\nwe aim to better understand the communication\\nbreakdowns and repair strategies used between families\\nand digital home assistants, specifically, the Amazon Echo\\nDot (who we refer to as the conversational partner\\n“Alexa”).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,402,394,569],\"text\":\"To frame our study, we use the concepts of joint media\\nengagement [40] , conversational analysis [27] , pragmatics\\n[35] , and discourse scaffolding [41] . Building on these\\nconcepts, we explore the communicative relationships\\nbetween digital home assistants and families. Our specific\\nresearch questions are: 1) What types of communication\\nbreakdowns occur? 2) How do families repair\\ncommunication breakdowns with Alexa? 3) How does\\nAlexa repair communication breakdowns with family\\nmembers?\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,569,394,904],\"text\":\"We gave Amazon Echo Dots to 10 economically and\\nethnically diverse families to use in their homes for four\\nweeks. of the families had previously owned a\\ndigital home assistant. We conducted pre- and post-\\ndeployment interviews with all 10 families in their homes,\\nand we captured audio of natural, unscripted family\\ninteractions with Alexa. Based on an analysis of 59\\nconversational interactions, we discuss three types of\\nresponses from Alexa that signal communication\\nbreakdowns and a taxonomy of five strategies that family\\nmembers used to repair breakdowns. At times, Alexa\\ninitiated collaborative communication repair opportunities\\nwith her communication partner, but currently, the brunt\\nof communication repair work lies with the family.\\nDesigners could use the analysis of communication repair\\ntypes to create relevant and helpful responses for digital\\nhome assistants to use during communication\\nbreakdowns. We conclude with design suggestions that\\ncan improve digital home assistants' facilitation of\\nconversational repairs with families.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,100,559,118],\"text\":\"2   RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,129,699,160],\"text\":\"Human Communication and Communication\\nBreakdowns\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,163,747,516],\"text\":\"In the field of speech-language pathology, pragmatics\\nincorporates the social aspects of communication,\\nincluding turn taking, topic maintenance, socially\\nappropriate speech and language use, and code switching\\n[18,35] . Code switching involves the recognition of\\ndifferent communicative expectations for different\\ncommunication partners and/or different communication\\nenvironments [8] . The most explicit form of code\\nswitching is to switch languages to match the language of\\nthe communication partner, such as shifting from English\\nto Spanish [13] . A subtle form of code-switching, in which\\nthe rules and use of language are dependent on the\\ncommunication context, is demonstrated when a teenager\\nuses a different conversational tone and different\\nvocabulary when talking to friends than when talking to a\\nparent. Pragmatics, and specifically code switching,\\nrequires some understanding and intentional thought\\nbehind communication interactions [17,35,36] . As such,\\nlinguistic code switching often begins around ages 4-5,\\nwhen children begin intentionally talking in different\\nways to different people, in different settings [44] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,517,747,917],\"text\":\"Communication repair refers to the work of restoring\\nshared understanding after conversational partners\\nmisunderstand each other. Essentially, the person who is\\ntalking needs to rephrase or say something differently\\nbecause the person they were talking to did not\\nunderstand what they were saying [25] . The ability to\\ncode switch can aid in conversational repair and can be\\nthought of as the act of adjusting your speaking style to\\naccommodate the listener [41] . These adjustments to\\nspeaking style can take many forms and are dependent on\\nthe communicator's language abilities. For example,\\nchildren often use repetition as their initial repair strategy\\nwhen presented with “ neutral ” clarification responses,\\nsuch as “ huh, ” “ what, ” and “ I don't know ” [6,25] . Children\\nages nine and older might use contextual cues, such as\\ndefining terms, to repair a communication breakdown,\\nwhereas this can be more challenging for younger\\nchildren [6] . Adults may engage in discourse scaffolding\\nto assist children in expanding or adjusting their speech\\n[41] . Discourse scaffolding is a mechanism to guide\\nlearning through communication strategies with the\\nintention of gradually transferring skills and responsibility\\nto the learner [38,41] . At an early communication stage,\\nan example of discourse scaffolding is when a child says,\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 243\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/results/markdown/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300473/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300473", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/results/output_json/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,99,394,132],\"text\":\"\\\"cookie,\\\" and a parent responds with an expansion of the\\nchild's utterance: \\\"you want more cookies.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,133,395,467],\"text\":\"Dynamics between multiple communication partners,\\nespecially those involving young children, can be heavily\\ninfluenced by the communicative development ages of the\\ncommunication partners and the context of the\\ncommunication interaction [14,18,21,24] . Our earlier\\nexample of discourse scaffolding was appropriate for a\\nvery young child, whereas the communication interaction\\nbetween a teenager and parent would look very different.\\nFor example, a parent might use discourse scaffolding\\nthrough questioning to lead the teen to expand on their\\nown language. The parent might ask, \\\"What did you do\\nafter school?\\\" and the teen might reply, \\\"hung out with\\nfriends.\\\" The parent could then scaffold further elaboration\\nwith questions, such as, \\\"where did you and your friends\\nhang out?\\\" While these examples highlight the nuances of\\ncommunication interactions between family members of\\ndifferent ages and developmental stages, we find that the\\ncommunication interaction can become even more\\ncomplex when one of the communication partners is not\\nhuman.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,479,286,496],\"text\":\"Human-Computer Communication\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,499,395,819],\"text\":\"The field of HCI has a well-established body of literature\\non how humans verbally communicate with computers,\\n robots, and other devices. In 1987, Suchman framed acts\\nof human-machine interaction as a dialog between\\ncommunication partners [39] . From this perspective, the\\nwork of the designer is to enable human and machine\\ncollaboration towards a shared understanding through\\ncontinuous acts of collaborative communication repair\\nwhen breakdowns occur. Yet, despite this legacy, and\\nimprovements in human-computer communication\\ntechniques [2–4] , research continues to demonstrate that\\nhumans adapt their communication styles and patterns to\\nmatch the machine, both with robots [31,42] and\\ncomputers [28,30] , rather than the other way around.\\nHumans shorten their sentences [20,31] , use repetition [1] ,\\nincrease volume [5] and hyperarticulate [28] as repair\\nstrategies. These modification strategies are motivated by\\na desire to achieve successful communication with\\ncomputers [5,30] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,829,381,846],\"text\":\"Communication Breakdowns with Voice Interfaces\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,850,395,933],\"text\":\"In recent years, the field of HCI has begun to examine\\nhuman communication with conversational agents, such\\nas Siri, and with digital home assistants, such as the\\nAmazon Echo [10,23,34,37] . Despite the “ conversational ”\\ninterface with conversational agents, people are not yet\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,99,747,319],\"text\":\"able to talk to technology in the same way that they talk\\nto other people [23,34] . Users of conversational assistants\\noften need to shorten their queries to key words, since\\nincreased utterance length can increase the likelihood of\\nspeech recognition errors, both with conversational agents\\nand with other humans [19,22–24] . We also see young\\nchildren using repetition as an initial conversational\\nrepair strategy when they are talking to a computer game\\n[9] . With current systems, the burden of ensuring a\\nsuccessful communication interaction with a\\nconversational agent continues to fall to the human in the\\nconversation, with little support from the conversational\\nagent itself [12,34] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,319,746,602],\"text\":\"The majority of research on communication\\nbreakdowns and repairs takes place in 1:1 interactions\\n[19,20,22,24,25,31,43] . One of the few studies that\\ninvestigates how multiple people work together to repair\\ncommunication breakdowns with a conversational agent\\nobserved friends meeting in a cafe, using the\\nconversational agents (such as Siri) on their phones [34] .\\nThe researchers used conversational analysis as their\\napproach, based on the principle of analyzing naturally\\noccurring interactions with technology from the user's\\npoint of view [27] . Their findings revealed that when a\\ncommunication breakdown occurs with a conversational\\nagent, multiple people attempt communication repairs,\\npassing the phone from person to person. Our specific\\ninterest is how families repair communication\\nbreakdowns with digital home assistants in naturalistic\\nuse in their homes.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,602,747,921],\"text\":\"We can turn to literature on how technology is situated\\nwithin family dynamics for reference, such as Takeuchi\\nand Stevens documentation of \\\"Joint Media Engagement\\\"\\n(JME) and the ways families make meaning around their\\ntechnology experience [40] . Family members, particularly\\nparents, use media as shared learning opportunities,\\nscaffolding communication around the media experience\\n[16,40] . Comparatively little work has examined children's\\nand families' interactions with digital assistants. Yarosh\\nand colleagues found that children struggled to formulate\\nqueries to a voice interface [43] and Cheng and colleagues\\ndefine a taxonomy of communication repair strategies that\\npreschoolers use when talking to a voice-driven game [9] .\\nPorcheron et al. report on a study of five families using\\nthe Amazon Echo in their homes, and they describe how a\\nfamily of two adults and two children take turns in\\nattempting to repair a communication breakdown with\\ntheir Amazon Echo [33] . The authors conclude that the\\ndevice's responses to the communication breakdown are\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 243\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/results/markdown/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300473/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300473", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/results/output_json/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,102,394,134],\"text\":\"ineffective in supporting the participants in identifying\\nthe cause of the breakdown.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,134,394,252],\"text\":\"In this study, we expand the body of work on\\ncommunication repair strategies with conversational\\nagents and digital home assistants. We specifically explore\\nhow diverse families attempt to repair communication\\nbreakdowns with the conversational partner Alexa (their\\nEcho Dot) through a close analysis of conversational\\ninteractions.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,275,160,293],\"text\":\"3   METHOD\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,297,394,348],\"text\":\"We conducted a four-week field study with 10 families,\\naudio recording their everyday interactions with the\\nAmazon Echo Dot (second generation).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,360,146,377],\"text\":\"Participants\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,381,394,564],\"text\":\"We recruited 10 diverse families to use the Echo Dot for a\\nperiod of four weeks, intentionally recruiting families who\\nrepresent a wide-spectrum of family life. Families self-\\nidentified as never having owned a digital home assistant.\\nFamilies also reported having a total household income at\\nor below the median for the county in which the study\\nwas conducted. Families ranged from families of two to\\nfamilies of five (see Table 1 ). All families had at least one\\nchild between the ages of four and 17 living in the home.\\nTwo families were bilingual, in which all family members\\nspoke both English and Spanish in their homes.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,576,135,592],\"text\":\"Procedure\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,597,394,765],\"text\":\"We collected audio data throughout the four-week period,\\nusing a custom-built audio sampling system designed to\\nrecord interactions every time the trigger word “ Alexa ”\\nwas spoken. We also conducted pre- and post-deployment\\ninterviews with families in their homes at the start of the\\ndeployment period and at the conclusion of the four\\nweeks. We compensated families with US $ 100 in gift cards\\nfor completing the study, and they were able to keep their\\nEcho Dot after the conclusion of the study. The study was\\napproved by our university's Institutional Review Board.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,779,394,810],\"text\":\"Table 1. Total family members, ages, and ethnicity of\\nparticipant families.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[70,816,390,940],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Family ID</td><td>N</td><td>Adult N</td><td>Adults age ranges</td><td>Child ages</td><td>Ethnicity</td></tr><tr><td>A</td><td>4</td><td>3</td><td>41-68+</td><td>13</td><td>Asian</td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td>4</td><td>3</td><td>18-55</td><td>12</td><td>White/Asian</td></tr><tr><td>C</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>41-55</td><td>9</td><td>White</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>4</td><td>2</td><td>26-55</td><td>3, 5</td><td>Hispanic</td></tr><tr><td>E</td><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>26-67</td><td>4, 8</td><td>White</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a table displaying family demographic information. It includes columns for Family ID, total family members (N), number of adults (Adult N), adults' age ranges, children's ages, and ethnicity for five different families (A through E).\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_3_tab_11.png\"},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[423,102,742,256],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Family ID</td><td>N</td><td>Adult N</td><td>Adults age ranges</td><td>Child ages</td><td>Ethnicity</td></tr><tr><td>F</td><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>18-55</td><td>&lt;1, 5</td><td>Hispanic</td></tr><tr><td>G</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>26-40</td><td>10, 16</td><td>African American/ White</td></tr><tr><td>H</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>41-55</td><td>9</td><td>White</td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td>5</td><td>2</td><td>26-40</td><td>2, 4, 6</td><td>White</td></tr><tr><td>J</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>18-25</td><td>4</td><td>White</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a table displaying family demographic information. It has columns for Family ID, total family members (N), number of adults (Adult N), adult age ranges, child ages, and ethnicity. The table presents data for five different families (F, G, H, I, J).\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_3_tab_12.png\"},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,267,513,284],\"text\":\"Audio Capture\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,289,746,421],\"text\":\"To capture audio recordings of participants' interactions\\nwith the Echo Dot, we created an audio buffer system\\ninspired by the open source code from Porcheron et al.\\n[33] . The software captures audio when the trigger word\\n\\\"Alexa\\\" is spoken; it saves one minute of audio prior to\\nthe trigger word, along with three additional minutes\\nduring and after the trigger word is spoken. It then pushes\\na total of four minutes of audio to a secure server.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,422,746,590],\"text\":\"For our study, we deployed the audio recording system\\non a Samsung tablet computer that families placed near\\nthe Echo Dot in each of their homes. We instructed\\nfamilies to keep the tablet plugged in and not to use the\\ntablet for anything other than for the study's audio\\nrecording. The recording system also had both a “ record a\\nthought ” button and a “ delete ” button available for\\nfamilies to leave explicit comments for the researchers or\\nto delete the audio capture files, based on the desires of\\nthe participants.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,602,476,619],\"text\":\"Analysis\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,622,747,940],\"text\":\"We used an inductive process to analyze the audio capture\\nconversational samples [7,11,29] . We began with memoing\\nand open coding during the initial transcriptions of the\\naudio capture files. Through memoing and open coding,\\nwe noticed an emerging theme related to communication\\nbreakdowns. We then began coding communication\\nbreakdowns from transcripts of each of the 10 families,\\ndeveloping and revising codes as we found additional\\nexamples of communication breakdowns, reviewing a\\ntotal of 14.5 hours of audio capture. We continued this\\nprocess until communication breakdown codes were\\nstable and applicable to multiple families. Once codes\\nwere stable, we reviewed transcripts from each of the 10\\nfamilies for communication breakdowns again. We\\nincluded communication breakdowns from each family in\\nour corpus of 59 communication breakdown interactions,\\nsystematically going through each individual family's\\ntranscript and pulling out communication breakdowns for\\neach code (when present). If a family had multiple\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 243\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/results/markdown/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300473/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300473", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/results/output_json/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,100,394,216],\"text\":\"communication breakdowns for a particular code type, we\\nreviewed the instances and chose no more than three\\ninstances of that code type for deeper analysis. For\\nexample, Family C had multiple instances of adjusting\\nprosody; we chose three instances that we felt were most\\nrepresentative to be included in the corpus for deeper\\nanalysis.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,217,394,467],\"text\":\"For our final analysis on communication breakdowns\\nand repairs, a total of 59 conversational interactions\\nfalling under the broad themes of communication\\nbreakdowns and repairs were deeply analyzed by two\\nresearchers. Communication breakdowns were defined as\\ninteractions between family members and Alexa which\\ndid not result in an appropriate response from Alexa to\\nthe human communication partner. We drew on the HCI\\nconversational analysis approach to analyze family\\nconversations set in natural environments, with a focus on\\nthe user's experiences. The use of conversational analysis\\nin HCI aims to highlight opportunities for designers to\\nimprove interactions between humans and computers by\\ndetailing the structure of interactions from the user's\\nperspective [27] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,467,394,651],\"text\":\"The first author, a speech-language pathologist (SLP),\\nused speech-language constructs when analyzing\\ncommunication breakdowns and repairs. Constructs are\\ndefined in our findings below. We also consulted a\\npracticing SLP on the codes and themes related to family\\ncommunication repair strategies. The practicing SLP\\nvalidated the communication repair strategies identified\\nand validated the repair types used in the conversational\\nsamples discussed in this paper. For additional validation,\\nwe consulted a second SLP, also a researcher, who\\nvalidated the repair strategy definitions used.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,652,394,768],\"text\":\"During our analysis, we discovered that family\\nmembers were not the only communication partners to\\nattempt communication repairs in conversations. Alexa\\nalso engaged in communication repair attempts, and\\ntherefore we have included an analysis of Alexa's\\ncommunication repairs in the findings, in addition to\\nfamily communication repairs.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,769,394,920],\"text\":\"We also want to explicitly state that in our findings and\\ndiscussion, we refer to Alexa in a personalized form. We do\\nthis for two reasons: 1) Alexa is a communication partner\\nin the conversational interactions and is most easily\\nidentified by name and personal pronoun when discussing\\nthe complex interaction between multiple conversation\\npartners. 2) We reflect our participant families' language\\ndescribing Alexa, based on our interviews and audio\\ncapture.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,99,510,116],\"text\":\"4 RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,120,746,286],\"text\":\"All 10 of our families experienced communication\\nbreakdowns with Alexa. To illustrate our findings, we\\ndiscuss three distinct conversational samples from three\\ndifferent families in which we highlight the complex\\ncommunication dynamics between multiple family\\nmembers and Alexa. Before our discussion of these rich\\nconversational samples, we provide an explanation of the\\nconstructs we use to describe the communication\\ninteractions between family members and Alexa (shown\\nin Tables 2 - 4 ).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,286,746,371],\"text\":\"Our families used a variety of specific speech and\\nlanguage repair strategies, which we categorize under the\\nbroader construct of “ communication repair types. ”\\nCommunication repair types are listed in Table 2 , with\\nquotes from our participant families used as examples.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,372,747,521],\"text\":\"In addition to specific repair strategies, we define a\\nvariety of discourse scaffolds between family members\\nthat occur during collaboration, adapted from the fields of\\neducation and speech-language pathology [38,41] . These\\nscaffolds occur both between family members and\\nbetween family members and Alexa. The discourse\\nscaffolds are listed and defined in Table 3 . Examples of\\ndiscourse scaffolds are described when we discuss the\\nthree specific family communication breakdowns.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,528,746,558],\"text\":\"Table 2. Speech and language repair strategies used by\\nfamily members.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[424,564,742,944],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Repair Type</td><td>Definition</td><td>Example</td></tr><tr><td>Prosodic changes</td><td>Adjustments to the rhythm or cadence of speech, including pausing and the rate of speech</td><td>&quot;Alexa...what is...the ...temperature?&quot; [each individual word pronounced slowly and clearly instead of in a conversational manner] - Family C</td></tr><tr><td>Overarticulation</td><td>Exaggerating sounds, also referred to as hyperarticulation [22]</td><td>&quot;Alexa, play &quot;Make it Rain&quot; by Dack steN&quot; [emphasis and prolongation of final consonant] - Family C</td></tr><tr><td>Semantic adjustments and modification</td><td>Modifying the meaning of a word or sentence, including providing &quot;cues,&quot; such as defining a word [6]</td><td>&quot;Alexa, play little kid music.&quot; (Alexa): I couldn&#x27;t find any little kid songs. &quot;Alexa, play kids songs.&quot; - Family G</td></tr><tr><td>Increased volume</td><td>The speaker raises their voice specifically for the interaction with Alexa</td><td>&quot;Alexa step.&quot; &quot;Alexa stop!&quot; [louder] - Family D</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a four-column table detailing different types of speech repairs. The columns are labeled \\\"Repair Type,\\\" \\\"Definition,\\\" and \\\"Example,\\\" illustrating \\\"Prosodic changes,\\\" \\\"Overarticulation,\\\" \\\"Semantic adjustments and modification,\\\" and \\\"Increased volume\\\" with corresponding explanations and usage examples.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_4_tab_12.png\"},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 243\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/results/markdown/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300473/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300473", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/results/output_json/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[71,102,390,283],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Repair Type</td><td>Definition</td><td>Example</td></tr><tr><td>Syntactical adjustments</td><td>Modifying sentence structure or grammatical elements</td><td>\\\"Alexa, thank you, stop it.\\\" (alarm continues) \\\"Alexa, stop.\\\" Family H</td></tr><tr><td>Repetition</td><td>The speaker repeats an utterance used earlier in the same conversation</td><td>\\\"Alexa, call [name]. (Alexa): Do you mean [name]? \\\"Volume to eight. Call [name]. Alexa, call [name]\\\": Family A</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a two-row table defining two types of \\\"Repair Type\\\" in speech: \\\"Syntactical adjustments\\\" and \\\"Repetition.\\\" Each row includes a definition and an example illustrating the repair type.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_5_tab_2.png\"},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,300,394,385],\"text\":\"Our final construct is that of Alexa's responses and\\nhow they signal communication breakdowns. We\\nencountered three types of responses from Alexa that\\nindicate a communication breakdown. Examples from our\\naudio capture of Alexa's responses are listed in Table 4 .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,407,394,451],\"text\":\"Table 3. Discourse scaffolds families used to support one\\nanother in reformulating their communication with\\nAlexa.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[64,459,386,659],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Discourse Scaffold</td><td>Definition</td></tr><tr><td>Direct instruction</td><td>Telling a family member what they should say or why something has happened</td></tr><tr><td>Modeling</td><td>Producing an utterance to demonstrate the desired response</td></tr><tr><td>Redirection</td><td>Refocusing the conversation on a desired topic</td></tr><tr><td>Expansion</td><td>Adding on to something said by someone else</td></tr><tr><td>Contraction</td><td>Shortening something that has been said</td></tr><tr><td>Consulting</td><td>Family members asking others for assistance or information</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a two-column table titled \\\"Discourse Scaffold\\\" and \\\"Definition.\\\" The table defines six types of discourse scaffolds: Direct instruction, Modeling, Redirection, Expansion, Contraction, and Consulting.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_5_tab_5.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,679,394,709],\"text\":\"Table 4. Signals from Alexa that a communication\\nbreakdown has occurred.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[64,717,383,944],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Response type</td><td>Definition</td><td>Example</td></tr><tr><td>Acting on Misunderstanding (AoM)</td><td>Performing an action or providing a response based on misheard or misunderstood input</td><td>“Alexa, what should we do this night?” Alexa responds with a definition of “this night.”</td></tr><tr><td>Neutral Clarification Response (NR)</td><td>Providing an indication that the communication partner’s interaction was unclear</td><td>“Sorry, I don’t know that.” “Sorry, I’m not sure.” “I’m not quite sure how to help you with that.”</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a two-column table with three rows, detailing different response types. The first column lists \\\"Response type,\\\" the second \\\"Definition,\\\" and the third \\\"Example.\\\" It describes \\\"Acting on Misunderstanding (AoM)\\\" and \\\"Neutral Clarification Response (NR),\\\" providing a definition and an example for each.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_5_tab_7.png\"},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[416,102,735,193],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Response type</td><td>Definition</td><td>Example</td></tr><tr><td>Specific Clarification Response (SR)</td><td>Providing specific information to request clarification</td><td>\\\"Did you mean [person's name]?\\\" \\\"Is that 10:45 in the morning or evening?\\\"</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table defines \\\"Specific Clarification Response (SR)\\\". The \\\"Response type\\\" column lists \\\"Specific Clarification Response (SR)\\\". The \\\"Definition\\\" column states \\\"Providing specific information to request clarification\\\", and the \\\"Example\\\" column gives \\\"Did you mean [person's name]?\\\" and \\\"Is that 10:45 in the morning or evening?\\\".\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_5_tab_8.png\"},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,205,680,223],\"text\":\"Family Collaboration on Repair Strategies\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,226,747,344],\"text\":\"We explored the variety of communication repair\\nstrategies that family members use with Alexa, within the\\nframing of family collaboration and joint media\\nengagement. We present three examples of\\ncommunication breakdowns with three different families,\\nand use speech and language constructs to analyze the\\nspecific repair strategies used in detail.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,360,637,378],\"text\":\"Communication Breakdown 1: Family E\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,384,747,535],\"text\":\"Our first communication breakdown occurs in Family E,\\nwho are talking while music is playing on their Echo Dot.\\nThe topic of conversation is about popicles, a flavored ice\\ntreat. The son (age 8) initiates communication with Alexa.\\nAlexa responds by acting on a misunderstanding. The\\nmother collaborates with her son in repairing the\\ncommunication breakdown, to which Alexa responds with\\nspecific clarification responses. The family ultimately\\ncarries on the conversational topic without Alexa.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[438,542,745,950],\"text\":\"(Son): Can I ask a question?\\n(Mother): What?\\n(Father): What'\\ns the question?\\n(Son): Um (pause) what are popsicles made of?\\n(Father): Why would I tell you that?\\n(Son): Alexa, (pause and music stops) what are popsicles\\nmade of?\\n(Alexa): Three, six servings of s\\n'\\nmores popsicles are, you\\n'll\\nneed two cups cold milk, one... (Alexa continues to talk)\\n(Mother, talking over Alexa): She thinks it'\\ns s\\n'\\nmores\\npopsicles because you didn't articulate.\\n(Mother, in louder voice): Alexa, (pause and Alexa stops\\ntalking) how do you make a popsicle?\\n(Alexa): Okay, for popsicles, I recommend a top recipe called\\nsweet pink popsicle orange summers, which take eight hours\\nand five minutes to make.\\n(Mother talking over Alexa): Oh my god.\\n(Alexa): You can ask for more information, or for more\\nrecipes, say next.\\n(Son): Next\\n(Mother): Alexa, stop. Resume music.\\n(Father): Hey. You\\n're a smart kid. What do you think\\npopsicles are made of?\\n(Son): Ice?\\n(Father): No.\\n(Mother): How do you make ice?\\n(Father): How do you make it?\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 243\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/results/markdown/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300473/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300473", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/results/output_json/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[88,100,156,115],\"text\":\"(Son): Water.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[88,116,194,130],\"text\":\"(Mother): Plus what?\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[88,131,250,144],\"text\":\"(Son): Plus steam! No, plus cold.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[87,145,371,175],\"text\":\"(conversation continues between parents and child about\\npopsicles)\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,182,394,349],\"text\":\"In this interaction, the son first asks his parents how to\\nmake popsicles, asking for consultation without the use of\\nmedia. When he does not get the answer he is looking for,\\nhe changes communication partners and asks Alexa. At\\nthis point, the family as a unit is now engaged with media,\\nwith Alexa as a consultant. We see throughout the\\ninteraction that all family members are listening to the\\nconversational interactions with Alexa, as evidenced by\\nthe subsequent communication by family members related\\nto Alexa's response.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,349,394,432],\"text\":\"We know the son wants generalized information based\\non his initial word choice, \\\"what are popsicles made of\\\".\\nThe use of a plural and the lack of a specific type of\\npopsicle indicates that he is interested in popsicles in\\ngeneral instead of a specific popsicle type.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,433,394,700],\"text\":\"Alexa responds on the correct topic - popsicles - but\\nprovides too specific of a response that deviates from the\\nson's intended topic. When the communication\\nbreakdown occurs, the son's mother actively engages in\\nthe interaction. However, her initial communication is\\nwith her son rather than with Alexa. She uses the\\ncommunication breakdown as a learning opportunity to\\neducate her son on improving his success in obtaining\\ninformation from Alexa. The mother provides discourse\\nscaffolding in the form of direct instruction. She instructs\\nher son, given her interpretation of the source of the\\ncommunication breakdown with Alexa: his poor\\narticulation in which Alexa misheard the word “s'mores.”\\nShe then provides further discourse scaffolding in the\\nform of modeling by engaging with Alexa directly in a\\ncommunication repair.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,701,394,935],\"text\":\"The mother makes the first repair attempt by adjusting\\nthe syntax of the question from, \\\"what are popsicles made\\nof\\\" to, \\\"how do you make a popsicle?\\\" As a result, the\\ncommunication breakdown is somewhat repaired, and\\nAlexa responds both on-topic and with specific\\ninformation relevant to the question. However, Alexa\\ncontinues to provide information for a specific type of\\npopsicle rather than a generalized recipe for any popsicle.\\nAt this point, Alexa assists her communication partners by\\nrefining her response and providing a summary of the\\npopsicle recipe. Alexa then models two possible\\ncommunication responses to her communication partner:\\n\\\"ask for more information\\\" or \\\"say next.\\\" By providing\\nchoices, Alexa is performing discourse scaffolding of her\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,99,746,165],\"text\":\"own and promoting turn-taking in the communication\\ninteraction through a specific clarification response. The\\nspecific clarification further refines her response to more\\nclosely match the needs of her communication partner.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,166,747,400],\"text\":\"The son, the original instigator of the communication\\ninteraction, resumes his role in the interaction with Alexa\\nand responds to Alexa with “next,” one of the\\ncommunicative options that Alexa provided. However, it\\nis clear that both the mother and father are engaged with\\nthe interaction and have had enough of Alexa's responses.\\nThe mother redirects the conversation by stopping Alexa.\\nThe parents take on the roles of communication partners\\nwith their son. The family maintains the topic of\\nconversation but abandons Alexa as a communication\\npartner for the remainder of the conversational topic. The\\nparents resume the discourse scaffolding that the mother\\nstarted earlier and lead their son to answering his own\\nquestion.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,407,638,424],\"text\":\"Communication Breakdown 2: Family B\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,432,747,548],\"text\":\"The next conversational interaction is with Family B,\\nwhich begins in a similar way to Communication\\nBreakdown 1 in Family E. One family member first\\nconsults other family members for information, but when\\nother family members are not able to provide the\\ninformation, the family turns to technology for the\\nanswer.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[440,557,723,837],\"text\":\"(Mother): Hey! [daughter's name]! Hey [father's name]!\\n(paute) South Korea (pause) what part of Asia? Southeast\\nEast Asia?\\n(indistinct family member response)\\n(Mother): From America. What you...\\n(indistinct family member response)\\n(Mother): Yeah.\\n(Father): Google is South Korea East Asia or South?\\n(Mother): Alexa! South Korea is East Asian or Southeast\\nAsian?\\n(Alexa): Sorry, I'm not sure.\\n(Daughter): Alexa. Are Koreans Southeast Asian?\\n(Alexa beeps)\\n(pause in family conversation)\\n(Mother): Try again [daughter's name].\\n(Daughter, with increased volume): Alexa! Are Koreans\\nSoutheast Asian?\\n(Alexa): I'm not quite sure how to help you with that.\\n(Daughter): Hmmm.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[441,838,731,946],\"text\":\"(Laughter): Yaaaaaaaa...\\n(Mother): Alexa. Who is Eastern East Asia? What country is\\nEast Asia?\\n(Alexa): There are no UN recognized countries in Eastern\\nEurope.\\n(Laughter): Augh.\\n(Father, with raised voice): Alexa. Please define East Asian\\ncountries.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 243\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/results/markdown/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300473/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300473", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/results/output_json/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[88,101,391,160],\"text\":\"(Alexa): This might answer your question. There are five UN\\nrecognized countries in Eastern Asia: China, Japan, South\\nKorea, North Korea, and Mongolia. Did that answer your\\nquestion?\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[89,161,160,175],\"text\":\"(Mother): Yes.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[89,175,263,192],\"text\":\"(Alexa): Thanks for your feedback.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,199,395,567],\"text\":\"This interaction illustrates multiple types of\\ncommunication repairs that families in our study used:\\nsyntax adjustments, semantics adjustments, changes in\\nvolume, changes in prosody, and collaboration with family\\nmembers. To begin, the mother consults other family\\nmembers for information, and when they are not able to\\nprovide that information, the father suggests the family's\\ngo-to information resource: Google. By doing this, the\\nfather immediately provides discourse scaffolding and\\nshifts the family's focus to include media. The mother\\ndecides to try Alexa first, essentially shifting the family's\\nmedia attention from Google as a resource to Alexa. The\\nmother's question to Alexa closely follows the syntactical\\nmodel suggested by the father for the Google search, with\\nan expansion to clarify the last key term \\\"Southeast Asian\\\"\\nvs \\\"South.\\\" This form of question is essentially an either/or\\ntype of question, in which the requester provides two\\noptions and is looking for a response that fits one of those\\noptions. Alexa's response, instead, is a neutral response,\\n\\\"Sorry, I'm not sure,\\\" which does not provide her\\ncommunication partner with any specific information on\\nthe cause of the communication breakdown.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,568,395,784],\"text\":\"The daughter, originally asked as a primary\\ninformation resource, actively takes part in the\\nconversation with Alexa and takes a turn at repairing the\\ncommunication breakdown. She uses her mother's query\\nas a foundation for her interaction. The daughter employs\\ncontraction by making a syntactical change: deleting the\\nwords in the query and thus changing the nature of the\\nquestion to a yes/no question ( “ Are Koreans Southeast\\nAsian? ” ). Alexa's response to this question is an extreme\\nversion of a neutral response, that of a beep and silence.\\nThe family conversation briefly comes to a halt with this\\nresponse from Alexa, causing a second, and perhaps more\\ndramatic communication breakdown.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,785,395,936],\"text\":\"After the brief silence, the mother encourages her\\ndaughter to try again through direct instruction. At this\\npoint, both mother and daughter are actively engaged in\\njointly repairing the communication breakdown. The\\ndaughter employs repetition with increased volume in this\\nconversational repair attempt (the third total\\nconversational repair attempt for the family as a unit).\\nAlexa responds with another neutral response, “I’m not\\nquite sure how to help you with that.”\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,101,746,218],\"text\":\"At this point, the mother resumes her original role in\\ncommunicating with Alexa and attempts the fourth repair.\\nShe modifies her daughter's interaction through a\\ncombination of expansion and contraction. Utilizing a\\ndramatic syntactic change, she breaks up her original\\neither/or question into two closed ended questions, asking\\nboth \\\"who\\\" and \\\"what\\\" questions.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,219,746,369],\"text\":\"By now, we have seen the original question modified\\nfive times by three family members. Each time the\\nquestion is modified in relation to the prior family\\nmember's version of the question. Up to this point, Alexa\\nhas provided neutral responses, which resulted in the\\nfamily collaborating to make a wide variety of repair\\ntypes. Without any specific responses or actions from\\nAlexa, the family did not have any signposts to guide their\\nrepair strategies.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,369,746,602],\"text\":\"In response to the mother's two closed ended\\nquestions, Alexa acts on a misunderstanding. After the\\nfourth repair attempt is unsuccessful, the daughter makes\\na noise of frustration and at this point the father actively\\njoins the interaction with Alexa for the first time. His\\ninteraction indicates that he has been listening to the prior\\ncommunication attempts between his family and Alexa\\nbut has waited to take his turn at communication repair.\\nThe father's communication repair employs another\\nsyntactic change, as well as increasing his volume. He\\nshifts the question to a specific, closed-ended request:\\n“ Please define East Asian countries. ” He also redirects Alexa\\nfrom an off-topic response (countries in Eastern Europe)\\nback to the specific topic the family is interested in.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,603,746,802],\"text\":\"All three family members collaborated to achieve a\\nsuccessful communication interaction with Alexa. Each\\nfamily member listened to the interaction between Alexa\\nand other family members and adjusted their\\ncommunication interaction based on the prior\\ninteractions. At the end, after providing the desired\\ninformation, Alexa initiates turn-taking with the family\\nby asking them a question “ did that answer your question? ”\\nThe mother, the initiator of the communication\\ninteraction, responds to Alexa's question. Alexa responds\\nback to the mother with a statement that concludes the\\ncommunication interaction on this topic.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,810,639,830],\"text\":\"Communication Breakdown 3: Family D\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,836,746,936],\"text\":\"Our final collaborative communication repair example is\\nfrom one of our two bilingual families. We note that this\\nfinal communication breakdown example is representative\\nof two key themes found across our participant families:\\nchildren's speech and language development impacting\\ncommunication with Alexa (captured in multiple\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 243\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300473/results/markdown/3290605-3300473_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300475/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300475", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/results/output_json/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,744,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[250,120,563,145],\"text\":\"HCI and Affective Health\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[114,156,698,179],\"text\":\"Taking stock of a decade of studies and charting future research directions\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[201,196,392,258],\"text\":\"Pedro Sanches\\n\\nKTH Royal Institute of Technology\\nStockholm, Sweden\\n\\nsanches@kth.se\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[421,194,613,259],\"text\":\"Axel Janson\\n\\nKTH Royal Institute of Technology\\nStockholm, Sweden\\naxel@janson.org\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[90,269,284,331],\"text\":\"Pavel Karpashevich\\n\\nKTH Royal Institute of Technology\\nStockholm, Sweden\\n\\npavelka@kth.se\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[340,269,470,331],\"text\":\"Camille Nadal\\n\\nTrinity College Dublin\\nDublin, Ireland\\n\\nnadalc@tcd.ie\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[550,269,701,332],\"text\":\"Chengcheng Qu\\n\\nLancaster University\\nLancaster, United Kingdom\\n\\nc.qu@lancaster.ac.uk\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[95,343,283,406],\"text\":\"Claudia Daudén Roquet\\n\\nLancaster University\\nLancaster, United Kingdom\\n\\nc.daudenoquet1@lancaster.ac.uk\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[331,343,483,405],\"text\":\"Muhammad Umair\\nLancaster University\\nLancaster, United Kingdom\\numair7@lancaster.ac.uk\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[529,344,722,404],\"text\":\"Charles Windlin\\n\\nKTH Royal Institute of Technology\\nStockholm, Sweden\\n\\nwindlin@kth.se\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[128,417,252,481],\"text\":\"Gavin Doherty\\n\\nTrinity College Dublin\\nDublin, Ireland\\n\\ngavin.doherty@tcd.ie\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[311,417,503,480],\"text\":\"Kristina Hoök\\nKTH Royal Institute of Technology\\nStockholm, Sweden\\nkhook@kth.se\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[549,417,702,479],\"text\":\"Corina Sas\\n\\nLancaster University\\nLancaster, United Kingdom\\nc.sas@lancaster.ac.uk\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,490,136,506],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,509,394,753],\"text\":\"In the last decade, the number of articles on HCI and health\\nhas increased dramatically. We extracted 139 papers on de-\\npression, anxiety and bipolar health issues from 10 years of\\nSICCH conference proceedings. 72 of these were published\\nin the last two years. A systematic analysis of this growing\\nbody of literature revealed that most innovation happens in\\nautomated diagnosis, and self-tracking, although there are\\ninnovative ideas in tangible interfaces. We noted an overem-\\nphasis on data production without consideration of how it\\nleads to fruitful interventions. Moreover, we see a need to pro-\\nmote ethical practices for involvement of people living with\\naffective disorders. Finally, although only 16 studies evaluate\\ntechnologies in a clinical context, several forms of support and\\nintervention illustrate how rich insights are gained from eval-\\nuations with real patients. Our findings highlight potential for\\ngrowth in the design space of affective health technologies.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,763,171,781],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,784,394,816],\"text\":\"• General and reference → Surveys and overviews; • Ap-\\nplied computing → Health informatics;\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,490,502,507],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,510,746,540],\"text\":\"affective disorders, literature review, innovation, clinical trials,\\nethical issues\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,552,550,567],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,567,747,678],\"text\":\"Pedro Sanches, Axel Janson, Pavel Karpashevich, Camille Nadal,\\nChengcheng Qu, Claudia DaudenRoquet, Muhammed Umair, Charles\\nWindlin, Gavin Doherty, Kristina Hoik, and Corina Sas. 2019. HCI\\nand Affective Health: Taking stock of a decade of studies and chart-\\ning future research directions. In CHI Conference on Human Fac-\\ntors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019,\\nGlasgow, Scotland UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 17 pages. https:\\n//doi.org/10.1145/3299653.300475\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,703,550,720],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,724,747,890],\"text\":\"Mental health and wellbeing is a rapidly growing area within\\nHuman-Computer Interaction (HCI). In recent years, many\\nhave developed systems, theoretical stances, and methodolo-\\ngies that aim at positioning Information and Communication\\nTechnologies (ICT) as an important component of therapies,\\nprevention strategies or self-management for people dealing\\nwith affective disorders, as well as their peers, caregivers or\\nclinical staff. Affective disorders, such as bipolar or depres-\\nsion, are a category of mental health illness characterized by\\na distorted emotional state which interferes with the ability\\nto function [3] .\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,890,747,952],\"text\":\"Research on mental health in HCI sometimes spans the\\nfull spectrum of the development cycle: from gathering re-\\nquirements for designing technologies for specific groups of\\nusers, to designing novel prototypes and finally to evaluating\",\"reading_order\":26,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[69,836,194,885],\"reading_order\":27,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,886,394,911],\"text\":\"This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution International\\n4.0 License.\",\"reading_order\":28,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,913,271,924],\"text\":\"c 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s).\",\"reading_order\":29,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,925,246,951],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4550-5792-0/2019-03\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300475\",\"reading_order\":30,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 245\",\"reading_order\":31,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":32,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/results/markdown/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300475/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300475", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/results/output_json/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,169],\"text\":\"the uptake of novel technologies by users in healthcare con-\\ntexts. These evaluations range from design feedback studies to\\nclinical studies aiming to systematically establish their effect.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,169,394,231],\"text\":\"Designing healthcare systems supporting users with men-\\ntal health conditions is by its very nature a delicate endeavor,\\naddressing a vulnerable user group, requiring that ethical\\nconsiderations are taken into account.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,231,395,442],\"text\":\"As we entered into a novel project 4 aiming to design sys-\\ntems supporting processes of emotion regulation, we saw the\\nneed to gain a better understanding of the research front in\\nHCI. Our aim was to both inform our own work and con-\\ntribute to the field by synthesizing recent research in the area\\nof mental health (as has recently been carried out for health\\nresearch with low-SES and minority individuals [149] ), and\\nchart future directions. The systematic review of literature\\nherein addresses three main research questions. RQ1: What\\nis the design space of technologies for affective health explored\\nso far in the field of HCI? ; RQ2: Which ethical approaches are\\nfollowed or developed within the design of these technologies, re-\\ngarding sensitive user groups? ; RQ3: Has HCI work on affective\\nhealth been validated through clinical trials, and how?\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,442,395,700],\"text\":\"With the first research question, we aim to broadly charac-\\nterize the design space of technologies in HCI in regard to the\\nmain function of the system or methodology being developed.\\nWhat functions do the developed systems perform (e.g. diag-\\nnosing, logging data, or social support). We were curious to\\nknow what kinds of designs were most common, which thera-\\npies they were built on, and what opportunities might exist to\\nfurther explore innovative designs. The second research ques-\\ntion aims at delineating the space of how ethical guidelines and\\nconsiderations are approached in the design and evaluation of\\nthese systems, with special attention to how vulnerable pop-\\nulations are treated. The third research question aims at char-\\nacterizing how clinical evaluations have been employed in\\nHCI. While HCI research does not necessarily need to involve\\nclinical studies (as we will discuss in detail below), we would\\nlike to see if there were any such studies at all, and if so, what\\nfactors would they provide into our own design processes.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,700,395,914],\"text\":\"After a systematic analysis of 139 papers in the ACM digital\\nlibrary, we found that only 16 papers describe a clinical study,\\nand only 48 papers explicitly mention and deal with ethical is-\\nsues. Much of the research either deals with diagnosis (23.7 % )\\nor self-tracking (20.1 % ) and supports a narrow range of thera-\\npeutic methods for affective disorders. Based on our findings,\\nwe propose three future research directions. First, HCI ought\\nto be pushing the state of the art on technological affordances,\\nfor example on novel tangible interfaces or data-driven tech-\\nnologies, while engaging with recent advances in therapies\\nfor affective disorders [56] . In the past, new technologies,\\ne.g. virtual reality, enabled new kinds of therapies, e.g. vir-\\ntual reality (VR) exposure therapy, while at the same time\\ntherapies, e.g. cognitive-behavioral therapy, enabled novel\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,368],\"text\":\"design spaces for HCI, e.g. computerized cognitive behavioral\\ntherapy (CBT). We would like to encourage collaboration in\\nthe research fronts of the two fields, as only then can new\\ntherapies and technologies feed on each other in novel and\\ninteresting ways. Second, we would like to see more new de-\\nsigns being taken all the way to clinical trials, as only then can\\ntheir benefits for affective health be determined. At the same\\ntime, there is lot to learn from patients in clinical settings,\\nwhich can also spur novel designs that can actually make a\\ndifference in the lives of people living with mental ill-health.\\nFinally, we would like to see more ethically sensitive design\\npractices being applied to this area. For example, more partic-\\nipatory design methods including the voices of people living\\nwith affective disorders, as the literature often exposes limited\\nunderstanding of their realities, and more consideration of\\nrisks and benefits of developing technology in this domain.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,387,503,403],\"text\":\"2 METHOD\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,407,747,742],\"text\":\"The most common affective spectrum disorders are depression\\nand bipolar disorders, with a very high co-morbidity of anxiety\\ndisorders [2, 3, 78] . We have chosen to limit the search terms\\nto the most common affective spectrum disorders, which are\\nestimated by 2020 to be the highest ranked cause of disease\\nin the developed world [39] . This represents an important,\\ntractable, and coherent subset of the large volume of mental\\nhealth research in HCI. Therefore we searched for papers that\\nmentioned \\\"depression,\\\" \\\"anxiety\\\" or \\\"bipolar\\\" in the ACM\\ndigital library in the period 2007 – 2017 (when we started the\\nliterature survey), published in all SIGCHI sponsored confer-\\nences and affiliated publication venues. A pilot study was first\\nperformed through a keyword search in titles and abstract in\\nthe ACM digital library. The initial results (94 papers) were\\ncoded inductively by a team of three researchers to articu-\\nlate the research questions and delineate the scope. Since the\\npilot study revealed that the keyword search was missing\\nrelevant papers, a full-text search was performed instead for\\nthe same terms, capturing publications that mention these\\nterms anywhere in the paper. This search yielded 2775 papers.\\nWe then developed strict relevance criteria to select papers\\nfor inclusion, which yielded a final corpus of 139 publications.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,761,602,778],\"text\":\"Relevance criteria and coding\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,781,747,949],\"text\":\"A paper was classified as relevant if at least one of these con-\\nditions apply: 1) addresses depression, anxiety, or bipolar as\\na main disorder, 2) addresses general mental health issues,\\nof which depression, anxiety and bipolar are included or 3)\\naddresses other mental or physical conditions; however, de-\\npression, anxiety, bipolar are explicitly identified as caused\\nby the condition (e.g. anxiety and panic attacks for autistic\\nchildren). A paper was classified as irrelevant if: 1) depression,\\nanxiety and bipolar are not mentioned at all, 2) Other defini-\\ntions of depression, bipolar, anxiety are used in the paper —\\n\\\"depression\\\" as financial recession, or \\\"bipolar\\\" as a type of\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,924,394,952],\"text\":\"$^{1}$Affect-Tech - Personal Technologies for Affective Health\\nhttp://www.affecttech.org/\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 245\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/results/markdown/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300475/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300475", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/results/output_json/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[101,122,359,137],\"text\":\"Table 1: Distribution of main codes (n=139)\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[73,150,386,792],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Code</td><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">Frequency (%)</td></tr><tr><td>Development cycle</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Requirements and Context</td><td>50</td><td>(36.0%)</td></tr><tr><td>Design and Development</td><td>31</td><td>(22.3%)</td></tr><tr><td>Non-clinical Evaluation</td><td>42</td><td>(30.2%)</td></tr><tr><td>Clinical Evaluation</td><td>16</td><td>(11.5%)</td></tr><tr><td>Main stakeholder</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adult sufferers</td><td>84</td><td>(60.4%)</td></tr><tr><td>Children sufferers</td><td>12</td><td>(8.6%)</td></tr><tr><td>Peers and Significant others</td><td>3</td><td>(2.2%)</td></tr><tr><td>Caregivers</td><td>4</td><td>(2.9%)</td></tr><tr><td>Clinical staff</td><td>5</td><td>(3.6%)</td></tr><tr><td>Researchers</td><td>31</td><td>(22.3%)</td></tr><tr><td>User journey</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Prevention</td><td>4</td><td>(2.9%)</td></tr><tr><td>Diagnosis and Triage</td><td>29</td><td>(20.9%)</td></tr><tr><td>Treatment/intervention</td><td>37</td><td>(26.6%)</td></tr><tr><td>Self-management and maintenance</td><td>32</td><td>(23.0%)</td></tr><tr><td>No specific stage</td><td>37</td><td>(26.6%)</td></tr><tr><td>Outcome</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Clinical</td><td>18</td><td>(12.9%)</td></tr><tr><td>Proximal</td><td>27</td><td>(19.4%)</td></tr><tr><td>Adherence</td><td>8</td><td>(5.8%)</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>18</td><td>(12.9%)</td></tr><tr><td>No outcome measured</td><td>68</td><td>(48.9%)</td></tr><tr><td>Primary system function</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Diagnosis</td><td>33</td><td>(23.7%)</td></tr><tr><td>Self-tracking</td><td>28</td><td>(20.1%)</td></tr><tr><td>Biofeedback</td><td>12</td><td>(8.6%)</td></tr><tr><td>Structured psychological interventions</td><td>13</td><td>(9.4%)</td></tr><tr><td>Social support</td><td>14</td><td>(10.1%)</td></tr><tr><td>Mindfulness</td><td>9</td><td>(6.5%)</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>30</td><td>(21.6%)</td></tr><tr><td>Ethical principles</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Autonomy</td><td>25</td><td>(18.0%)</td></tr><tr><td>Nonmaleficence</td><td>18</td><td>(12.9%)</td></tr><tr><td>Beneficence</td><td>3</td><td>(2.2%)</td></tr><tr><td>Justice</td><td>2</td><td>(1.4%)</td></tr><tr><td>No mention of ethics</td><td>91</td><td>(65.5%)</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a table presenting categorical data with frequencies and percentages. The table is structured into sections for \\\"Development cycle,\\\" \\\"Main stakeholder,\\\" \\\"User journey,\\\" \\\"Outcome,\\\" \\\"Primary system function,\\\" and \\\"Ethical principles,\\\" each listing various codes and their numerical and percentage frequencies.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_2_tab_3.png\"},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,829,393,859],\"text\":\"a transistor - or 3) the terms are used in \\\"general sense\\\", as\\nthe name of the metrics or a short-term mood.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,859,394,952],\"text\":\"One coder downloaded the full text of each paper in the\\ninitial corpus (2775), and interpreted the text against the rele-\\nvance criteria, yielding 139 relevant papers and 2636 irrelevant\\npapers. We then followed a two-step process. First, the 139\\npapers considered relevant were divided into 5 groups of 2\\ncoders (10 independent coders in total) for deductive coding,\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,232],\"text\":\"using the manual described below (see Table 1 for code dis-\\ntribution). Secondly, following the initial coding, each set of\\npapers within a code was subsequently inductively analyzed\\nby the same coding teams in order to extract commonalities\\nand differences, e.g. papers marked as clinical evaluations\\nwere analyzed for common themes and compared to papers\\nwho report non-clinical evaluations.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,246,746,354],\"text\":\"Development cycle. Requirements and context refers to\\nstudies aimed at informing design work, design and devel-\\nopment presents novel designs but lack validation. When\\nthere is validation, some work performed non-clinical eval-\\nuation, i.e. typical user studies, whereas clinical evaluation\\nstudies involve people with mental health difficulties and typ-\\nically in a clinical setting.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,368,746,461],\"text\":\"Primary target user: We distinguished between two types of\\nmain stakeholder: adult or children and adolescents.\\nSome work was aimed at significant others or peers of su-\\nferers, whereas some research was aimed at caregivers or\\nclinical staff dealing with sufferers. Finally, papers aimed at\\ninforming future research were marked for researchers .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,475,757,536],\"text\":\"User Journey. We constructed a simple taxonomy for steps,\\nbased on health care models [121] . Systems can be used for\\nprevention, diagnosis and triage, treatment/intervention\\nor self-management and maintenance.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,551,746,660],\"text\":\"Outcome. Outcomes of systems can be measured through\\nclinically validated tools, although the use of a clinically val-\\nidated tool does not mean that a clinical trial procedure was\\nfollowed. Outcomes could also be measured through prox-\\nimal indexes (e.g. sleep) impacting mental health, or through\\nadherence , which measures engagement with a particular\\nsystem or following through a particular therapy.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,673,747,782],\"text\":\"Primary system function. As for characterizing the main func-\\ntion of the systems, some were aimed at automatic diagnosis ,\\nwhereas others aimed at intervening in sufferers' lives, ei-\\nther by supporting self-tracking , biofeedback training, im-\\nplementing structured psychological interventions , e.g.\\ncomputerized cognitive behavior therapy tools, encouraging\\nmindfulness or promoting social support.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,795,747,948],\"text\":\"Ethical principles. We applied a coding scheme of four princi-\\nples informed by healthcare ethics [18] : autonomy , captur-\\ning the respect for the decision making ability of autonomous\\npersons through supporting information, its understanding\\nand consent; non-maleficence or the explicit intention of\\nnot causing harm; beneficence focusing not only on prevent-\\ning harm but also on providing benefits and on balancing bene-\\nfits against risks and costs; and justice which captures fair dis-\\ntribution of benefits, risks and costs to all people irrespectively\\nof social class, race, gender or other forms of discrimination.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 245\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/results/markdown/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300475/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300475", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/results/output_json/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,123,295,139],\"text\":\"3   ANALYSIS OF REVIEWED WORK\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,142,175,159],\"text\":\"System functions\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,162,395,254],\"text\":\"Broadly characterizing the design space, we can say that the\\nlargest proportion of HCI work focuses on diagnosing affec-\\ntive disorders, followed by self-tracking technologies. It is\\nalso worth noting that there was some overlap across the\\ndifferent categories, as the initial coding was done to obtain\\nthe primary function performed by the system.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,254,396,482],\"text\":\"Across the different system functions, the most prevalent\\ntherapy cited was cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) - 13\\npapers based their designs on CBT [12, 31, 41, 53, 89, 107, 130,\\n131, 144, 147, 157, 176, 182]. Other therapies cited include for\\nexample: Respiratory Biofeedback-assisted Therapy [43], Vir-\\ntual Reality Exposure Therapy [29, 87], Interpersonal Social\\nRhythm Therapy [110, 117] and Emotion Regulation Therapy\\n[72, 113] There is space for more engagement with existing\\ntreatment methods or emotion regulation theories. This said,\\nnot all design explorations need to be based on an existing\\ntherapy method. There is space for innovation and for treat-\\nments that might circumvent the issue through other means\\n- engaging with caregivers, focusing on empathy or diagnosis.\\nWe now consider the different categories of systems to better\\ndescribe the overall design space.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,488,395,626],\"text\":\"Diagnosis. Based on various forms of data, these systems focus\\non diagnosing an affective disorder. Five papers in this cate-\\ngory report on design of new diagnostic systems [34, 69, 79,\\n125, 160]. Nine suggest novel approaches / frameworks/ meth-\\nods for more accurate diagnosis [9, 20, 21, 35, 37, 48, 64, 82, 84],\\nwhile the majority (19) present the results of the studies per-\\nformed in the existing systems, discover patterns and correla-\\ntions in data [10, 26, 36, 45–47, 49, 51, 52, 74, 76, 104, 105, 122,\\n136, 141, 142, 150, 161].\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,625,395,732],\"text\":\"Three papers look at measuring user behavior when using\\ntechnology (computers, or performing tasks) and mapping\\nit to stress and anxiety symptoms [82, 105, 150] . Another\\nstrand [14] tries to extract features from popular social media\\nplatforms (Facebook, Twitter, Reddit, LifeJournal) trying to\\ncorrelate users' content and online behaviour with affective\\ndisorder symptoms [9, 10, 35, 36, 45–49, 74, 79, 104, 122, 161] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,732,395,807],\"text\":\"Six papers introduced multimodal approaches, frameworks\\nand systems combining visual, audio [20, 21, 52] , as well verbal\\ncues [64] , biosensor data [84] and self-reporting [37] . Such a\\nsynergy is reported as more accurate for detecting sub-types\\nof affective disorders, for example melancholia [20, 21] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,807,396,885],\"text\":\"There is also an emerging trend of studies correlating partic-\\nipants’ mobility patterns (based on GPS data from the smart-\\nphones) with affective health state [76, 136, 160] and using the\\nobtained data for predicting changes in depressive mood [34]\\nor social anxiety [26] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,891,396,953],\"text\":\"Self-tracking Self-tracking technologies are systems that make\\nuse of personal data collection about the sufferers. A majority\\n(19) of papers present novel designs [11, 13, 17, 59, 60, 60, 61,\\n75, 77, 81, 88, 89, 110, 115, 120, 130, 157, 163, 179], whereas\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,124,746,169],\"text\":\"nine [8, 15, 56, 58, 90, 111, 117, 148, 159] are concerned with\\nmethodologies for developing self-tracking technologies at-\\ntending to the specificities of affective disorders.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,169,746,261],\"text\":\"To our surprise, save some exceptions [69, 81, 89, 130, 157] ,\\nmost systems or system proposals (24 out of 29) in this cat-\\negory are aimed at multiple stakeholders. Self-reflection is\\noften a stated aim of these systems, but in this domain self-\\ntracking goes beyond the individual, and data may be shared\\nwith caregivers, family members or clinical staff.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,261,747,382],\"text\":\"Regarding reasons for collecting data and sharing with oth-\\ners, seven systems [13, 17, 60, 61, 110, 115, 163] are aimed en-\\ncouraging the patient to adhere to a particular course of treat-\\nment, a medication prescription or a set of healthy routines,\\nsuch as exercising. These are often crucial components of\\nany therapy for affective disorders. Some [59, 117, 120] devel-\\noped machine learning and data analytics to trigger automatic\\nreminders and generate advice based on self-tracked data.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,382,747,504],\"text\":\"There are also other aims for self-tracking. Some systems\\nare aimed at supporting communication between clinical staff\\nand patients [15] or family members [75] , promoting empathy\\nwith mental health sufferers [179] or sharing data with others\\nfor increasing visibility of the condition of sufferers [88] . In\\nthese cases, self-tracking can have the goal of strengthening\\nthe social network of sufferers and create spaces for commu-\\nnicating that may complement face-to-face interactions.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,521,746,629],\"text\":\"Biofeedback. A biofeedback loop mirrors bodily signals that\\nare hard to consciously experience (such as breathing pat-\\nterns, heart rate variability or sweating patterns) back to the\\nuser. In the medical literature, biofeedback has been shown\\nto have positive effects, as it provides individuals with access\\nto their psychophysiological processes and can help regulate\\nbodily responses to stress or other mental fluctuations [143] .\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,629,746,841],\"text\":\"All 12 of the articles presented systems that engaged end-\\nusers in biofeedback loops. Input included: breathing [63,\\n166, 169]; heart rate [91, 103, 153]; electroencephalography\\n(EEG) [72]; bodily movements [119]; indoor-positioning [88];\\nelectro-dermal activity (EDA) [110]; one of the biofeedback\\nsystems was more of a toolkit, allowing many different bios-\\nnals as input [113]. Apart from the diversity in biosignal in-\\nput, there was also a richness in outputs that these biofeed-\\nback systems produced. Most common were forms of visual\\nand/or auditory feedback [63, 72, 91, 110, 119, 169] and haptics\\n[113, 147], but there was also a touchable animated crystal\\nball [153], underwater swimming in a VR-environment [166],\\na game changing its difficulty level [103], and an alarm pre-\\nventing the sleepwalkers from entering dangerous areas [88].\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,841,746,949],\"text\":\"All in all, we note that this is a viable and thriving research\\narea with much potential. But it is also an area where we\\nneed to question the basic idea that biofeedback, without care-\\nful scaffolding for how to enact change, can result in healthy\\nemotion regulation. Biofeedback should be accompanied with\\nspecific therapeutic guidance, and attention should be given\\nto actuation as much as sensing.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 245\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/results/markdown/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300475/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300475", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/results/output_json/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,395,322],\"text\":\"Structured Psychological Interventions. The category describes\\ntechnological projects and studies built upon different inter-\\nventions. The majority of the publications (8 out 13) refer to\\nCBT as the therapy of choice in their studies. Among those,\\nseveral authors turn their attention to more specific CBT\\nsubsets — CBT for insomnia [182] , computerized CBT [131]\\nor common CBT components such as mood charting [107]\\nas well as using context-aware CBT [12] and CBT with life\\ncoaches [144] . Other structured psychological interventions\\nin the categories are Assessment and Commitment Ther-\\napy (ACT) [94] and Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy [29,\\n87] , as well generic tools, not assigning them to particular\\ntherapies [162, 176] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,322,395,580],\"text\":\"Nine of the articles describe the design and evaluation pro-\\ncess of novel technological solutions [12, 31, 41, 53, 94, 107,\\n144, 162, 176] . These include the design of a wearable de-\\nvice for public speaking anxiety [31] , an intervention system\\nwith biosensing, self-reporting and decision support [176] , a\\nclinical study of a CBT-based therapeutic programme for de-\\npression [53] and a coach-supported CBT platform [144] . Two\\npapers study contextual aspects of using computerized CBT\\n[151, 182] , and three discuss design options for future systems:\\na smartphone-based CBT system for unipolar and bipolar dis-\\norders [12] , or a system for treatment of social phobias [29]\\nand anxiety disorders [87] . We note that CBT is constantly\\nbeing developed and specialized for different settings, mak-\\ning it an active and important research area. However, other\\nwell established and emerging therapies (ACT, DBT, Interper-\\nsonal therapy) have received relatively less attention from\\nthe community and could hold promise for future designs.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,608,394,700],\"text\":\"Mindfulness. Mindfulness can be defined [181] as acceptance\\nof the moment through non-judgment. In this category, five\\npapers are novel designs [14, 133, 146, 154, 168], two are stud-\\nies of previously developed applications [137, 153] and two\\npresent studies for understanding how to better design mind-\\nfulness in general, outside of therapeutic settings [80, 181].\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,700,395,943],\"text\":\"Research engaging more seriously with therapeutic set-\\ntings proposes mindfulness as a complement to different ther-\\napies. Thieme et al. [153, 154] talk about how to design for a\\nclinical setting for mental health patients (women in a secure\\nunit). The focus is on a method to innovate outside traditional\\nhealthcare practices, with a focus on complex mental health\\nconditions. Here, mindfulness appears within a context of is-\\nsues such as acceptance and distress tolerance, through teach-\\ning the person to accept the things they cannot change. Seo\\net al. [146] developed a system aimed at promoting calmness\\nand a feeling of being at ease through touching and interacting\\nwith plants. It was tested in children with autism and older\\nadults living in a senior home. Although mindfulness was\\nnot a very prominent category in the papers we reviewed, we\\nwere pleased to see innovative work integrating mindfulness\\ninto the specificities of therapeutic contexts.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,201],\"text\":\"Social Support. Work in this category is motivated by research\\nshowing that belonging to a community of mutual obligations\\nhas mental health benefits. Specifically, interaction with fam-\\nily and friends can significantly contribute to positive health\\noutcomes for people with depression [118] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,201,746,337],\"text\":\"A majority of the papers (10) present results of studies\\nrather than designing or developing a novel system. They\\npresent characteristics of social support in patient-caregiver\\ndyads [4, 19, 156, 178] and how patients look for social sup-\\nport via social media [50, 71, 73, 132] . Some recommend using\\npreventative diagnostics to direct the conversation between\\npatients or moderate their content consumption. Four pa-\\npers specifically investigate cultural aspects of mental health\\n[30, 73, 100, 178] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,337,746,443],\"text\":\"Four present novel systems, of which three describe the\\ndesign and development of assistive social robots [98] or con-\\nveying empathy towards the patient by either \\\"being in the\\nsame misery\\\" [164] or emulating symptoms [97] . Wallbaum\\net al. [170] propose a tangible interface that allows for im-\\nplicit communication between patients and their relatives to\\nemulate social support.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,443,746,533],\"text\":\"Overall, we found that research on social support systems\\nhas revealed patterns in different cultural contexts while in-\\nvestigating social support with the help of, for example, partic-\\nipatory design methodology [19, 30, 98] . However, we would\\nlike to see more novel designs of systems that foster and sup-\\nport beneficial human interactions.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,542,747,799],\"text\":\"Other functions. In the \\\"other\\\"-category, comprising 30 pa-\\npers, nine describe novel design ideas that do not fall into the\\nother categories above [28, 29, 57, 93, 114, 167, 171, 173, 174] -\\nthe rest (21 papers) mainly focus on providing design require-\\nments. Out of the novel design ideas, some stick out as particu-\\nlarly interesting. For example, there are two systems engaging\\nwith our somatic selves. The first one, the art piece the rest is\\nconstruction, lets participants emulate the experience of liv-\\ning with anxiety; exploring one particular somatic symptom:\\nimpaired motor performance (shaking, trembling, tremors)\\nthrough haptics and visualizations, to enhance empathy [174] .\\nThe second paper engaging with somatics presents three hap-\\ntic systems: one emulates touch therapy, the second is a vest\\nthat hugs the wearer, distributing pressure in ways that have\\nbeen shown to lessen panic attacks in autistic children, and the\\nthird generates controlled pain as a form of sensory grounding\\nfor persons with tendencies towards self-harm [167] .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,799,747,953],\"text\":\"Three papers present systems for users with autism [28,\\n114, 171] – none of these are addressing affective disorder as\\nsuch, but rather ways of coping . One was developed in a partic-\\nipatory design process, bringing out a down-to-earth solution to\\npanic attacks through a mobile app with a “panic button”, al-\\nlowing the user to get in contact with someone trusted to talk\\nthem through the situation at hand [114] . Living with affective\\ndisorders will, for many, not be a state to be cured, but rather a\\nlife-long adjustment, which is why the design space for coping-\\nstrategies is an interesting and underdeveloped area in HCI.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 245\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/results/markdown/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300475/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300475", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/results/output_json/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,124,176,140],\"text\":\"Ethical principles\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,143,394,264],\"text\":\"A striking finding is that from the total of 139 papers, two\\nthirds (91 papers) do not mention any ethical concerns or val-\\nues. Such limited emphasis is disconcerting given the height-\\nened vulnerability of people with mental ill health. One ex-\\nplanation is that such vulnerability is considered accounted\\nfor through the institutional ethics approval processes, but\\nthis assumption may hide specific ethical concerns relating\\nto affective disorders or the system at hand.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,264,394,478],\"text\":\"Within the remaining 48 papers addressing ethical issues,\\nmore than half (25 papers) referred to the topic of auton-\\nomy, one third (18 papers) touched upon the issue of non-\\nmaleficence, i.e., not causing harm to the others, and only a\\nfew papers mentioned the ethical value of beneficence, i.e.,\\nproviding benefits which are balanced benefits against risks\\nand cost (3 papers), and justice, i.e., fair distribution of benefits,\\nrisks and costs to all people (2 papers). With respect to the\\nvalue of autonomy, 14 papers focus on supporting the deci-\\nsion making ability of autonomous persons, 6 papers touched\\nupon the privacy of personal data, while 5 papers acknowl-\\nedged that the opinions of multiple stakeholders have been\\nconsidered in the design. We now discuss the key findings for\\neach of these ethical principles.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,493,394,539],\"text\":\"Autonomy. Papers addressing the ethical principle of auton-\\nomy focused on two main areas: respect for the voice of people\\nliving with affective disorders, and for their data privacy.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,539,394,766],\"text\":\"The majority of the 48 papers touching on ethics focused on\\nthe voice of adults living with affective disorders (26 papers),\\nand to a lesser extent on children (5 papers). Studies engaging\\nadults included people living with serious mental illness, their\\ncaregivers and clinicians [163] , people living with depression\\n[26] or anxiety, and their clinicians [115, 168] , or people with\\nthe experience of self-harm [22] . Fewer papers have engaged\\nwith the age [112] , or gender aspects [154] of mental health,\\nwhile the focus on children or teenagers included autism\\n[58, 114] , or cyberbullying [7] . Participatory design methods\\nare the dominant approach, often involving several stake-\\nholders. Novel approaches have started to emerge, such as\\nmethodologies for transforming hackathons into safe spaces\\nfor engaging with vulnerable users throughout the entire\\ndesign process [22] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,766,394,827],\"text\":\"Most papers addressed the value of autonomy with respect\\nto the privacy of sensitive data . Such data could be extracted\\nfrom one's digital footprint, or captured explicitly through\\nself tracking technologies.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,827,394,949],\"text\":\"Although public, user generated data shared on social me-\\ndia or online forums is highly personal and sensitive, address-\\ning mental health concerns and being shared for the main\\npurpose of accessing social support. As several papers indi-\\ncated [35, 45, 49, 124] , when such data is repurposed for the\\ndifferent goal of academic research, the issue of volunteer-\\ning consent and protecting the anonymity of people who\\ngenerated the data becomes important.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,382],\"text\":\"Good practices addressing these issues have started to\\nemerge, with emphasis on protecting anonymity rather than\\non informed consent. Two noticeable exceptions include Pa-\\nter et al. [124] who contacted and asked permission from\\nthe owners of public pictures to be analyzed, and Homan et\\nal. [74] who also used informed consent combined with a\\nrespondent-driven sampling method to protect data owners'\\nprivacy at the recruitment stage. Their study explored signs\\nof depression in a social network designed to support LGBT\\nyouth at risk of self-harming [74] . An important work is that\\nof Mankikova and De Choudhury [104] who have developed\\nguidelines to support the design of interventions for men-\\ntal health on social media, guidelines which include seeking\\nvoluntary consent, and developing privacy and security pro-\\ntocols to protect people being studied throughout the entire\\nresearch process, from data gathering and analysis to the\\ndevelopment of interventions.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,382,746,609],\"text\":\"Good practices for protecting the anonymity of users of\\nsocial media whose public content is analyzed include de-\\nidentification [35, 36, 104, 172] and paraphrasing [6] of per-\\nsonal data, or recreation of such data [6] . For example, De Chou\\nhury et al. [46] applied de-identification of mothers' public ex-\\npression on Twitter posts used to predict postpartum changes.\\nDe Choudhury et al. [49] paraphrased Twitter posts in their\\nexploration of gender and cultural differences in social dislo-\\nsure, while Andahli et al. [6] paraphrased quotes and recre-\\nated Instagram images in their analysis of instagramers' ex-\\nperiences of depression. A similar approach was taken for the\\nexploration of social media communities focused on mental\\nhealth and suicide support such as Reddit [48] , where public\\nposts analyzed to identify individuals likely to engage in suici-\\ndal ideation, were previously de-identified and paraphrased.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,610,746,821],\"text\":\"Apart from data shared on social media, autonomy con-\\ncerns have been also raised with regard to tracking technolo-\\ngies. The additional challenge of some vulnerable groups is\\nthat their autonomy could be claimed by their social support\\nnetwork, collectivized by healthcare services, or both [15] .\\nFor example, mobile apps for self-reporting symptoms of de-\\npression must be designed carefully due to the risks to the\\nautonomy of individuals or groups of users such as pregnant\\nwomen [15] , while people living with depression raised pri-\\nvacy concerns regarding the uncertainty of who may be able to\\naccess their data [53] . In addition, privacy controls for tracking\\ndevices to support aging in place has been also critiqued [112]\\nhighlighting the risk of older adults' data getting shared with\\ntheir social support network without fully informed consent.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,821,746,898],\"text\":\"Privacy concerns regarding mobile-based interventions for\\nmental health were also raised among user groups where the\\nsharing of mobile phones is an accepted norm, i.e., teenagers\\n[107] , or where the ownership of such devices is limited due\\nto socio-economic status [22] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,906,746,953],\"text\":\"Non-maleficence. The principle of non-maleficence was tar-\\ngeted through: participant recruitment, diagnostic claim, and\\nproviding feedback of negative states.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 245\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/results/markdown/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300475/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300475", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/results/output_json/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,232],\"text\":\"Firstly, participant recruitment focused on identifying peo-\\nple whose participation in a study may seriously impact their\\nmental health. In their recruitment of people living with de-\\npression, two studies addressed this issue by employing a\\nscreening process. This process involved exclusion criteria\\nsuch as suicidality or psychosis [53] , and interview with a clin-\\nician who provided clearance for study participation [53, 73] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,232,395,504],\"text\":\"Secondly, many studies reporting analysis of personal data\\nshared on social media have also raised concerns on the di-\\nagnostic claim: how and to whom is this being communicated.\\nFor example, in a study predicting postpartum depression\\nfrom Facebook data, De Choudhury et al. [47] questioned\\nthe impact of these predictions on people's professional and\\nsocial identities and the risk of perpetuating stigma and dis-\\ncrimination. Chancellor and colleagues described a classifier\\nto identify pro-eating disorder posts on social media [36] , also\\nraising concerns of how automated diagnosing may nega-\\ntively impact users. We additionally identified three emerging\\ngood practices addressing this concern. First is the avoidance\\nof any diagnostic claim being made in De Choudhury et al.\\n[49] , as this would require medical expertise. Second is sen-\\nsitively sharing the predictions of mental ill health privately\\nwith the user [45] . The third is to support users in making\\nsense of these predictions, for example through sharing them\\nwith their support group [45] or medical staff [46] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,503,395,820],\"text\":\"Finally, the feedback provided by tracking technologies to\\npeople living with affective disorders is most likely to reflect\\nnegative emotional or behavioral patterns, which in turn can\\nincrease their mental ill-health symptoms [54, 117] . A similar\\nargument is made regarding the impact of tracking technolo-\\ngies on older adults' emotional and physical wellbeing whose\\nfeedback can threaten one's positive self-concept and damage\\nwellbeing [112] . This concern is also relevant for younger\\npeople such as students using self-tracking for stress manage-\\nment, with findings showing that participants with mental\\nhealth issues reported increased negative experiences with\\nthe feedback of negative data [90] . Such experiences included\\nguilt, disappointment, and embarrassment about their data.\\nAuthors proposed that special care must be paid to scaffold\\nstudents during self-tracking for mental wellbeing. They also\\nrecommended mechanisms for framing negative data in a\\nway that does not further demotivate students affected by ill-\\nhealth. This paper offers a candid account of the potentially\\nharmful implications of self-tracking technologies for vulner-\\nable users suffering from mental ill-health, raising awareness\\nof the need to account and limit them.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,820,395,927],\"text\":\"Two emerging research directions addressing these chal-\\nlenges are worth mentioning. The first has a focus on sup-\\nporting reflection on tracked data. For example, Echo is an\\nemotion tracking app supporting technology mediated reflec-\\ntion through which people could discover positive aspects in\\noriginally negative experiences [81] . The option to engage\\nin reflection may not be taken on by all users, and those who\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,339],\"text\":\"chose to merely record fail to experience the benefits of reflec-\\ntion. Others argued for the value of increasing user's feeling of\\ncontrol by augmenting tracking technologies with support for\\nreflection [16] , or increasing user engagement with technol-\\nogy through DIY approaches to design [148] . Another emerg-\\ning HCI area aims to acknowledge and proactively support\\nthe often invisible emotional labor [116, 175] of researchers\\nengaged in health technologies. For example, Moncur [116]\\nargued that working with sensitive groups such as people\\ndiagnosed with depression is emotionally taxing, increasing\\nresearchers' vulnerability to wellbeing risks. To address this\\nrisk, the paper identifies supporting mechanisms such as re-\\nflection, counselling, peer support from friends, family as well\\nas preparedness [116] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,348,746,485],\"text\":\"Beneficence. Beneficence is arguably relevant to all HCI work\\non mental health, as ultimately this is about doing good. How-\\never, such a broad framing renders this concept less useful\\nand to break it down, we were inspired by the approach taken\\nby Bates [16] who defined beneficence as “ an affirmative ethic\\nin the sense that it demands that actions must be taken when\\nthe opportunity arises to actively contribute to the health and\\nwelfare of clients ” underpinned by “ doing the right thing, ”\\nand “ doing it well. ”\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,484,747,896],\"text\":\"We would argue that as HCI researchers we hold the eth-\\nical responsibility to recognize when the technologies we\\ncontribute to and research are appropriated in harmful ways.\\nFor example, within the broader discussion of online activ-\\nities’ impact on wellbeing, Pater and Mynatt [123] defined\\ndigital self-harm as SNS-based communication, through user\\ngenerated or consumed content, which fosters intentional\\nself-harm. They call for researchers to be aware of how our\\ntools support such negative behaviors to arise and spread, and\\nto take ethical responsibility for addressing these issues. A\\nsimilar call for action regards the negative affective and social\\nimplications of excessive smartphone use; with Faiola and\\nSrinivas [55] arguing for researchers’ responsibility to con-\\nfront this issue through visionary designs supporting social\\nengagement and self-responsibility. Beneficence also means\\ndoing things well, and in this respect Topham et al. [157]\\nargued for researchers’ ethical responsibility to ensure that\\ntheir mental health technologies are grounded in solid and\\nvalid principles to maximize the benefits and limit harm. An\\nimportant prerequisite for doing things well is the empathy of\\nHCI researchers working on sensitive topics, and in particular\\nwhen designing for people with affective disorders. Several\\nstudies highlighted the importance of empathy supported by\\ndesign methods such as role-play [108] , person-focused or\\nexperience-centered design [154] , or phonesis as an ethical\\napproach to design celebrating wisdom of taking actions for\\ndoing good in a situated context [15, 16, 151]\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,904,746,952],\"text\":\"Justice. Justice is an ethical principle focusing on fair distri-\\nbution of benefits, risks and costs. The few papers addressing\\njustice argue for researchers' responsibility to design for the\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 245\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/results/markdown/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300475/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300475", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/results/output_json/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,42,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,42,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,170],\"text\":\"wider possible user groups [131] , including those underpriv-\\nileged by the digital divide [22] , by leveraging their strengths\\nrather than weaknesses [96] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,184,239,201],\"text\":\"Validation and user journey\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,202,395,492],\"text\":\"While HCI techniques and design research can help to exp-\\nlore user needs, clinical constraints, and the design space\\nof affective health technologies, it is only by evaluating tech-\\nnologies with people with real mental health difficulties that\\nmany questions relating to design can be answered. Demon-\\nstrating feasibility and providing initial evidence of benefit\\nalso serves to show that ideas proposed are suitable for more\\nformal summative clinical evaluation. Only 16 studies report\\nclinical evaluations, i.e. with clients of a mental health service,\\nor who meet the formal criteria for a specific mental health\\nproblem. As a proportion of the overall corpus, this number\\nappears low. This may reflect the need to have completed a\\ndevelopment process through several iterations (as described\\nin [60, 107, 110] ), resulting in a system which is both refined\\nand stable enough to ethically be used in an evaluation, and\\nthe need for potentially extensive collaboration with men-\\ntal health researchers, not just practitioners (see section 4 ).\\nNevertheless, these studies illustrate the richness of the data\\nwhich can be gathered from clinical evaluation.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,501,395,654],\"text\":\"Patient group. A large majority of these studies (12 out of 16)\\nexplore solutions for adult sufferers, and 2 studies primarily\\naddress clinician tools. Two studies address children with af-\\nfective health problems [41, 107] . While there are compelling\\nreasons to address mental health problems in childhood and\\nadolescence [41] , and good arguments for the use of technol-\\nogy with children and adolescents [107] , these lower numbers\\nmay reflect the additional practical and ethical difficulties of\\nworking with an especially vulnerable population on a topic\\nof such sensitivity.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,662,395,769],\"text\":\"Form of solution. Two studies address analysis of corpora\\nwhich might inform the development of tools for diagnosis or\\nsymptom tracking [21, 52] , and one the gathering of a corpus\\nof eye tracking data for attentional retraining [69] . Thus the\\nmajority (12 out of 16) of clinical evaluations were concerned\\nwith technologies to directly support people with affective\\nhealth issues rather than analysis of data and clinician tools.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,769,395,952],\"text\":\"Many of the papers explored novel technologies, with 9\\npapers investigating the use of sensors and data analysis, and\\nother papers exploring the use of games [41] and Virtual Re-\\nality [147] . Technology for the treatment of mental health\\ndifficulties is the subject of 8 out of 16 of the clinical eval-\\nuations, while 5 focus on tools for self-management, and 3\\naddress diagnosis. It is encouraging that half of the studies\\nare thus concerned with treatment interventions. Assessment\\nand self-management are also an important part of day-to-day\\nmental health practice, and for bipolar disorder in particu-\\nlar, long term self-management is a central feature [11, 110] .\\nWithin the subset of papers reporting clinical evaluations,\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,233],\"text\":\"three studies [41, 53, 144] were based on CBT as a treatment\\nmodel, which has been identified as a treatment approach\\nwhich is both widely used and particularly amenable to sup-\\nport using technology [41] . One further paper [94] was based\\non Acceptance Commitment Therapy, which differs in several\\nways from traditional CBT, for example in promoting accep-\\ntance of negative thoughts rather than challenging them.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,248,747,370],\"text\":\"Evaluation methods. The studies aimed to capture a range of\\noutcomes, including engagement, satisfaction [41] , usability\\n[115, 144] , and perceived benefit [11] , to formally measured\\npsychological outcomes (10 studies). One study reported clini-\\ncal measures only, and one paper survey results only. However,\\nthe majority reported a rich mixture of quantitative and qual-\\nitative data. Adherence (6 studies) and usage were the most\\nfrequently reported quantitative measures.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,369,747,550],\"text\":\"Four studies reported pre-post measures using validated\\nmeasures. No studies used a randomized control trial design\\nfor effectiveness, although one study with stress as a proxi-\\nmal outcome randomised people to three different versions\\nof a program [93] . Only one study measured maintenance of\\ngains at follow-up [41] . The length of studies varied widely,\\nranging from lab studies, through to studies that lasted over\\n20 weeks. Of particular interest was the MONARCA system,\\nas a second study on the system presented refinements over\\nthe original design [11, 60] . A sustained program of research\\nand development is important for maximising the chances of\\nbringing technology to clinical practice.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,550,747,657],\"text\":\"One study used clinical measures to give a breakdown\\nof results (including adherence and overall usage time) by\\ndepression severity, facilitating discussion of the needs of\\ndifferent client groups [53] . Other studies looked at patterns\\nof use, identifying issues such as re-engagement [107] , and\\nthe relationship between coach calls and use of an online\\nintervention [144] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,657,747,795],\"text\":\"Qualitative data was gathered by questionnaire and inter-\\nview for 10 studies, and was often related to specific aspects\\nof the technology. Issues discussed with respect to qualitative\\ndata included reasons for engagement (or non-engagement),\\ncomparisons to existing paper-based materials, comments on\\nhow the technology impacted on their treatment or illness,\\nand requests for additional functionality. The qualitative data\\nwas also related to quantitative data, for example, in explain-\\ning the reasons behind different patterns of engagement.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,809,747,949],\"text\":\"Patient insights. Two papers presented detailed clinical case\\nstudies providing rich insight into the treatment of children\\nwith mental health difficulties, including severe difficulties [41,\\n107] . Case studies included the background of the client, the\\nnature of their difficulties, and how the technology-supported\\ntreatment progressed, including clinical measures. Case stud-\\nies have long been used in mental health, and may provide\\na means for conveying a richer sense of the people involved\\nand the progress of treatment.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 245\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300475/results/markdown/3290605-3300475_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300479/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300479", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/results/output_json/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,39,134],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[105,118,711,183],\"text\":\"Enhancing Texture Perception in Virtual Reality\\nUsing 3D-Printed Hair Structures\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[85,201,294,280],\"text\":\"Donald Degraen\\n\\nIntel Visual Computing Institute (IVCI)\\n\\nSaarbrücken, Germany\\ndonald.degraein@intel-vci.\\n\\nuni-saarland.de\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[328,203,487,280],\"text\":\"André Zenner\\n\\nGerman Research Center for\\nArtificial Intelligence (DFKI)\\n\\nSaarbrücken, Germany\\nandre.zenner@dfki.de\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[548,203,704,281],\"text\":\"Antonio Krüger\\n\\nGerman Research Center for\\nArtificial Intelligence (DFKI)\\nSaarbrücken, Germany\\nkrueger@dfki.de\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,290,141,307],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,311,395,568],\"text\":\"Experiencing materials in virtual reality (VR) is enhanced\\nby combining visual and haptic feedback. While VR eas-\\nily allows changes to visual appearances, modifying haptic\\nimpressions remains challenging. Existing passive haptic\\ntechniques require access to a large set of tangible proxies.\\nTo reduce the number of physical representations, we look\\ntowards fabrication to create more versatile counterparts. In\\na user study, 3D-printed hairs with length varying in steps\\nof 2.5 mm were used to influence the feeling of roughness\\nand hardness. By overlaying fabricated hair with visual tex-\\ntures, the resolution of the user's haptic perception increased.\\nAs changing haptic sensations are able to elicit perceptual\\nswitches, our approach can extend a limited set of textures\\nto a much broader set of material impressions. Our results\\ngive insights into the effectiveness of 3D-printed hair for\\nenhancing texture perception in VR.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,578,172,596],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,599,394,632],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ User studies; Haptic\\ndevices: Virtual reality.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,644,150,660],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,665,376,682],\"text\":\"texture perception; passive haptic feedback; 3D printing\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,689,202,704],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,705,394,764],\"text\":\"Donald Degraen, André Zenzner, and Antonio Krüger. 2019. En-\\nhancing Texture Perception in Virtual Reality Using 3D Printed\\nHair Structures. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing\\nSystems Processing (CHI 2019), May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_015.png\",\"bbox\":[416,287,695,577],\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A split image displays a human finger pressing a small, vertically ribbed device on the left, and a 3D rendered finger interacting with a layered, multi-textured block on the right. The block on the right is composed of red, blue, and gray sections, each with a distinct surface texture, and the rendered hand transitions from a wireframe model to a solid representation.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,597,745,629],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Augmenting texture perception by overlaying a\\nphysical structure with different virtual textures.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[420,664,746,695],\"text\":\"UK, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/\\n3290605.3300479\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,709,549,726],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,730,747,889],\"text\":\"In virtual reality (VR), users can experience virtual worlds\\nin an immersive way. When done right, one can feel present\\ntherein and respond realistically to events experienced in the\\nimmersive virtual environment (IVE) [23] . To support the\\nfeeling of presence, the plausibility of the experienced IVE is\\na crucial factor. As we are used to concurrently experiencing\\nthe real world through multiple modalities, high expectations\\nare placed upon interacting with virtual scenes. The system\\nhas to fulfill these requirements to a certain degree in order\\nto maintain the illusion of the virtual environment.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,889,746,954],\"text\":\"State-of-the-art VR systems already provide extensive vi-\\nsual and auditory impressions of virtual scenes, but lack in\\nproviding realistic haptic impressions. In literature, differ-\\nent approaches have been investigated to support haptic\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,778,394,898],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nalso be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@em.org.\\nCHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,899,392,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,925,265,954],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19-03...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3260505.3300479\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 249\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/results/markdown/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300479/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300479", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/results/output_json/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,380],\"text\":\"feedback beyond standard hand-held controllers. One such\\ntechnique called passive haptics [11] enables users to touch\\nand feel their virtual surroundings through passive haptic\\nproxy objects. There props are physical representations of\\nvirtual objects, typically registered in a 1-to-1 fashion. A\\nnaïve implementation of passive haptics requires virtual ob-\\njects with varying materials to be represented by the same\\nnumber of physical objects with corresponding materials.\\nWhile this technique can provide highly realistic haptic de-\\ntails, it remains bound by several limitations. As continuous\\nsynchronization of physical and virtual objects is required\\nfor every change in the virtual environment, it is inherently\\ninflexible. Additionally, when IVEs consist of large numbers\\nof objects each with their own different surface material,\\nscaling issues arise as the required collection of physical\\nmaterials to equip proxies with increases rapidly.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,380,394,538],\"text\":\"Our aim is to counter the limitations of passive haptics by\\nlooking towards novel fabrication techniques for construct-\\ning more flexible proxy objects. Similar to the evolution of\\nthe paper printer, 3D printers will take their place into the\\neveryday lives of consumers. As the resolution of these print-\\ners is already high enough to produce rich and fine-grained\\ntactile structures, they have the potential to extend IVEs\\nwith customized haptic feedback. To this intent, we explore\\nthe design of 3D-printed hair structures to serve as versatile\\nproxy surfaces for influencing texture perception.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,538,394,666],\"text\":\"In this work, we present a user study in which we used\\nhair samples of different lengths overlaid with visual textures\\nto investigate the users' perception of virtual materials in VR.\\nOur results describe how participants experienced both vir-\\ntual and haptic textures separately and how both modalities\\nare influenced through mixed visual-haptic combinations.\\nWe discuss practical findings for the future of fabricating\\npassive haptic feedback.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[67,676,198,694],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,698,394,731],\"text\":\"In the following section, we provide an overview of work\\nrelated to our investigation.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,742,286,760],\"text\":\"Haptic Feedback for Virtual Reality\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,762,394,857],\"text\":\"To ensure interactions in virtual environments remain plausi-\\nble and intuitive for users, VR aims to replicate real world sen-\\nsations. Interactive VR, thus, needs to include haptic feedback\\nin line with visual and auditory stimulation of the user [25] .\\nResearch distinguishes three basic types of haptic feedback\\nfor VR, namely active, passive and mixed approaches.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,857,394,954],\"text\":\"Active haptic approaches rely on computer-controlled ac-\\ntuators that exert forces onto the user [25] . An early example\\nis the PHANToM [17] device equipped with an actuated sty-\\nlus able to render forces. Major consumer-grade VR systems\\nprimarily use hand-held controllers with vibrotactile actu-\\nation for haptic effects. Active haptic approaches typically\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,171],\"text\":\"suffer from a limited workspace, comparably high computa-\\ntional and mechanical complexity, high costs and potential\\nsafety issues, as failure may harm the user.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,172,747,476],\"text\":\"The technique most relevant to our work is passive haptic\\nfeedback [8, 11] . Here, physical objects are spatially regis-\\ntered to virtual objects to provide touch feedback in IVEs.\\nWhen reaching out to touch a virtual object, the user touches\\na corresponding physical prop to experience appropriate\\nfeedback. While perfect replicas provide the most realistic\\nhaptic feedback, in practice, discrepancies in shape, size,\\nweight, or texture are unavoidable. Their influence in var-\\nious dimensions has been investigated [12, 14, 22, 33] . Of-\\nten, visual feedback can compensate for different extents\\nof discrepancy. Kitahara et al. [12] considered how several\\ndifferent haptic surfaces are perceived when overlaid with\\nvirtual textures in an augmented reality setup. Using mixed\\nsensory input, they focused on the properties of hardness\\nand edge sharpness, while also considering the perception\\nof texture. However, their work used a fixed set of materials\\nand did not consider fabricated physical surfaces. We focus\\non physical hair structures and their fabrication to influence\\ntactile surface properties.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,476,747,747],\"text\":\"Mixed techniques such as dynamic passive haptic feed-\\nback [34] combine active and passive haptics by equipping\\npassive proxies with actuating elements. Used at runtime,\\nthese elements modify the proxy's passive haptic properties,\\ne.g., weight distribution [34] . Interesting for our work is the\\nHaptic Revolver [30] which is able to dynamically switch\\nthe haptic material perceived by a user when touching a\\nvirtual object. Similarly, our approach could be dynamically\\npresented in a mixed environment to improve the percep-\\ntion of virtual materials using passive 3D-printed hair sam-\\nples. Further related concepts, such as robotic graphics or\\nencountered-type haptics, build a robotic environment in\\nwhich robotic arms hold passive proxy elements in front of\\nthe user at predicted touch locations [18, 27] . By swapping\\nthe prop held at the actuated arm, a single robot can provide\\nfeedback for many different objects [1] . Here, too, one can\\nimagine combinations with 3D-printed hair structures.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,757,580,774],\"text\":\"Mixed Texture Perception\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,777,747,954],\"text\":\"As the brain combines signals from all sensory channels to\\nproduce a coherent interpretation, perceptual channels are\\nweighted differently in accordance to their reliability [5] . In\\nthe presence of mismatching stimuli, e.g., facing a visual-\\nhaptic mismatch in texture perception, vision plays an im-\\nportant role as it can dominate other senses. This effect is\\ntypically referred to as visual dominance. Gibson stated that\\nthe haptic perception of a physical shape is altered when per-\\nceiving the shape with distorting lenses [7] . More recently,\\nKohl [13] introduced redirected touching, a technique to\\nenhance the reusability of passive haptic environments for\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 249\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/results/markdown/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300479/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300479", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/results/output_json/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,347],\"text\":\"VR by exploiting visual dominance. Here, the virtual space\\nis distorted and visual geometries are mapped to discrepant\\nphysical objects [35] . During interaction, the user's hand\\nis offset from the physical hand's location and users inter-\\nact in the distorted space. This can enable users to perceive\\nstraight edges and surfaces as being curved. A similar tech-\\nnique influences the perception of weight as the virtual hand\\nis offset while lifting objects [21] . In haptic retargeting tech-\\nniques [2, 4] , a user's perception is tricked such that a single\\nphysical proxy provides feedback for multiple differently\\nshaped virtual objects. Visual dominance plays an impor-\\ntant role in our investigation as we study how discrepant\\nvisual-tactile stimuli, i.e., physical hair structures overlaid\\nwith different visual textures, are perceived in VR.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,348,395,715],\"text\":\"Previous research on pseudo-haptics investigated the per-\\nception of stiffness of a virtual spring, and how different\\ndegrees of visual deformations of the object modify the per-\\nceived stiffness [16] . Moreover, research investigated the per-\\nception of textures in mixed reality (MR) environments using\\ntechniques that exploit the visual dominance effect [10, 26] .\\nFigure 1 illustrates superimposing virtual texture images\\non top of physical textures. Isekaki et al. [10] state that al-\\nthough tactual impressions can be intentionally changed\\nby providing appropriate visual stimulation, the coarseness\\nof the visual and tactile textures have to be close to each\\nother. In our study, we intentionally did not exclude cases\\nwith high discrepancies as we were also interested in the\\nsubjective impressions that would arise. Similarly, Hirano\\net al. [9] were interested in the psychophysical effects of\\ninfluencing hardness through MR visual stimulation. They\\nfound that users sensed different hardnesses by emphasizing\\nthe dent deformation of an overlaid virtual animation. Build-\\ning on this, Pumpongson et al. [20] influence the user's\\nperception of softness through visual cues when pressing\\na fixed object. Our work goes beyond the sensation of hard-\\nness by including roughness as a distinct feature for texture\\nperception and explores the space of representable materials.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,742,316,758],\"text\":\"Personal Fabrication for Tactile Textures\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,761,395,954],\"text\":\"Emerging from early research on rapid prototyping, the field\\nof fabrication has grown to be more accessible through better\\nand more affordable consumer electronics [3] . The promise\\nof personal fabrication aims to provide `the ability to design\\nand produce your own products, in your own home, with a\\nmachine that combines consumer electronics with industrial\\ntools' [6] . Although high-end devices still remain outside the\\nfinancial scope of the home environment, many affordable\\nsolutions for 3D printing exist. This enables the home user\\nto create increasingly more complex and detailed physical\\nobjects from digital representations. As these technologies\\nbecome more accurate and robust, the underlying digital to\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,332,746,363],\"text\":\"analog process can serve as an ideal opportunity to explore\\nhow fabrication can enrich VR experiences at home.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_007.png\",\"bbox\":[441,119,724,272],\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A close-up shows numerous fabric swatches arranged in a sample book, with visible numbers on the right edge of the page. The swatches on the left display a gradient of warm colors, from brown to various shades of orange and red. A smaller section of blue and greenish fabric swatches is visible on the far right.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[441,281,725,298],\"text\":\"Figure 2: A sample book to explore different fabrics.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,364,747,634],\"text\":\"Research on the fabrication of tactile textures investi-\\ngates the design of objects with a certain feel to them when\\ntouched. An intuitive approach is Haptic Print [29] , a special-\\nized tool which allows the user to apply a specified surface\\ntexture onto an object's surface such that the surface pro-\\nvides a predefined haptic feeling. Similarly, by increasing and\\ndecreasing the amount of material extruded during printing\\nwith a fused deposition modeling (FDM) printer, it is possible\\nto control output thickness, creating aesthetic pattern sheets\\nwith a desired haptic feeling [28] . More recently, Yasu [32]\\ndescribe a prototype to print magnetic patterns on the sur-\\nface of magnetic rubber sheets which when rubbed together\\nprovide haptic stimuli. Another approach explores how ob-\\njects can be augmented with fabricated 3D hair or bristles\\nfor both FDM [15] and stereolithography printers [19] . Our\\nwork builds upon the latter as our physical structures were\\ncreated in a similar fashion.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,646,695,677],\"text\":\"3 HAIR-LIKE STRUCTURES FOR TEXTURE\\nPERCEPTION\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,681,746,715],\"text\":\"The following section introduces our approach to enhance\\ntexture perception in VR using 3D-printed hair structures.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,726,484,742],\"text\":\"Use Cases\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,746,747,825],\"text\":\"Our aim was to investigate the perception in terms of rough-\\nness and hardness of combined visual and haptic sensations\\nusing fabricated structures. To test the appropriateness of\\npotential fabrication designs, we motivated two use cases in\\nwhich our approach could fit.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,826,747,954],\"text\":\"A customer looking to buy a couch uses a furniture store's\\nmobile application to browse through their collection. The\\nnovel augmented reality (AR) functionality makes it easier\\nto decide on size and color by visualizing the couch in the\\ncustomer's living room. As sitting in a couch stimulates\\nthe tactile senses, its feeling in terms of fabric and material\\nis extremely important. Similar to a fabric samples book\\navailable in stores (see Figure 2 ), the customer is able to\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 249\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/results/markdown/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300479/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300479", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/results/output_json/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[81,119,732,297],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays a diagram of vertical probes with a millimeter scale marked P0 to P100, along with five visual examples of surfaces (P0 to P100) showing increasing densities of fine structures. Below these, five squares are labeled with different material types: V_glass, V_concrete, V_metal, V_cloth, and V_plastic, each showing a distinct texture or color.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,305,745,338],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Overview of the five physical surfaces and five virtual textures used in our study. Note that the material used for\\nglass is highly transparent and would reflect the environment.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,370,394,417],\"text\":\"explore different types of upholstery at home using a limited\\nset of 3D-printed samples. Combined with visual information,\\neach sample is able to convey a much larger set of materials.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,417,395,594],\"text\":\"An interior designer working on cars goes through an\\nelaborate process to configure every small aspect according\\nto the needs and requirements of the company. Physical\\nprototypes give detailed visual and tactile impressions, but\\ncan become extremely expensive. Using VR, the designer\\nis able to experience both visual aspects of 3D designs and\\ntactile elements using passive haptic feedback. This approach\\nis supported by fabricating tactile structures as they reduce\\nthe cost of the proxy objects while ensuring reconfigurability.\\nAdditionally, a varying set of material impressions is offered\\nto potential customers at local car dealers.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,630,168,648],\"text\":\"3D-Printed Hair\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,650,395,955],\"text\":\"During our initial exploration, we aimed to find a uniform\\nstructure which allowed a maximum of haptic variance in\\nroughness and hardness, yet minimized the degrees of free-\\ndom in the print. After exploring a multitude of fabrication\\ntechniques and designs using different printers and materials,\\n3D-printed hair-like structures promised to be the most favor-\\nable haptic structures. While relatively easy to fabricate, we\\nnoticed changes in design directly influenced perceived tac-\\ntile properties. After printing a large set of samples varying\\nhair length, density and thickness, We found that decreasing\\nthe density or the thickness severely harmed the structural\\nintegrity of the design. An increase rapidly affected the flexi-\\nbility of the hairs causing hardness to reach a plateau. The\\nlength of hair was found to be a crucial parameter strongly\\naffecting tactile impressions. While short 3D printed hair\\nconveyed a very rough and hard feeling, with increasing hair\\nlength samples grew smoother and at the same time softer.\\nThus, we designed and printed a set of hair structures to\\nexperimentally investigate during VR interaction.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,370,747,641],\"text\":\"Our set of hair-like structures (see Figure 3 ) was printed\\nusing an Autodesk Emben $^1$ with an X-Y resolution of 50 μm\\nand a layer thickness of 25 μm. Our printing technique was\\nbased on the staircase approach described in [19] . The max-\\nimum length we could print reliably was 1 cm as longer\\ndesigns would not produce uniform structures. To keep the\\nexperiment feasible with regard to time and user fatigue,\\nwe limited our final set of prints to 5 different samples with\\nenough haptic variance. As an interesting extreme case, the\\nfirst sample was a flat surface without attached hairs, i.e., a\\nsample with hair length of 0 cm. Each subsequent structure\\nincreased the hair length by 2.5 mm. The structures were\\nprinted on a 800 px × 800 px (40 mm × 40 mm) base with a\\nheight of 2.0 mm. Each individual hair consisted of a 8 px ×\\n8 px base, converging to a 2 px × 2 px top. Depending on its\\nlength, each hair print resulted in a growing cone-like shape.\\nAll hairs were spaced apart by 8 px yielding a 50 × 50 grid.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,655,595,671],\"text\":\"Augmented Virtual Textures\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,674,747,915],\"text\":\"Based on the expected tactile feeling of the five tested hair\\nsamples, we chose five materials to be haptically augmented\\nby them in VR. For every sample, we chose a representa-\\ntive texture that matched the anticipated feeling of the hair\\nsample with regard to hardness and roughness. For the flat,\\nhard and smooth sample without hairs ( $P_0$ ), we chose glass\\nas a representative texture. For the short-haired samples ( $P_{25}$ ,\\n2.5 mm & $P_{50}$ , 5 mm), we chose concrete and brushed metal ,\\nrespectively. The decrease in hardness and roughness of the\\nlast two samples ( $P_{75}$ , 7.5 mm & $P_{100}$ , 10 mm), we associ-\\nated with a medium rough fabric, i.e., jeans, and the soft and\\nsmooth plastic of a balloon, i.e., latex. To improve recogniz-\\nability, every texture's color hinted at its intended material.\\nThe virtual textures, seen in Figure 3 , were purchased from\\nvarious sources and imported into the Unity environment.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,938,633,952],\"text\":\"1 Autodesk Ember - https://ember.autodesk.com/\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 249\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/results/markdown/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300479/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300479", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/results/output_json/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,124,136,140],\"text\":\"4   STUDY\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,144,394,209],\"text\":\"In this section, we describe the design of the user study where\\nwe presented participants with different physical samples\\noverlaid with different virtual textures in VR and recorded\\nthe perception of roughness and hardness.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,233,135,250],\"text\":\"Apparatus\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,254,394,397],\"text\":\"We performed the user study in our lab. The hair structures,\\nfabricated as described above, were attached in a clockwise\\nmanner on a circular wooden board. This board was raised\\nin order to allow the placement of a Vive controller used\\nfor registration and tracking. A Leap Motion controller used\\nfor hand tracking, was statically positioned above the table\\nfacing downwards. This setup, shown in Figure 4 , allowed\\nparticipants to precisely hit a required hair structure without\\ntouching a different surface.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,397,394,604],\"text\":\"The virtual environment consisted of a virtual apartment\\nmodel where the user was positioned in a small room in\\nfront of a virtual work desk. The construction carrying the\\nhair structures was represented by a 1-to-1 scale model of\\na wooden cylinder. The location of each sample was indi-\\ncated by a cuboid with a neutral gray texture. To prevent\\nparticipants from colliding with the physical Vive controller,\\nwe placed the upper half of a virtual sphere over its phys-\\nical location. By applying the active texture to the sphere,\\nthe reflected environmental lighting allowed participants to\\nbetter inspect the material's surface properties. Addition-\\nally, participants could reposition their head to receive better\\nimpressions of the visual details.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,604,394,685],\"text\":\"Rendering was done in Unity 5.6 using a HTC Vive headset\\nconnected to a desktop computer with an Intel i7 CPU, 16\\nGB RAM and an Nvidia GeForce GTX 980Ti graphics card.\\nThe experimenter recorded the participants' answers in a\\nspreadsheet on a second computer.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,710,145,727],\"text\":\"Participants\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,730,395,954],\"text\":\"A total of 10 participants (7 male, 22 – 29 years, avg. 26 years)\\nvolunteered for our study. All participants were right-handed\\nand 2 wore glasses or contact lenses. Participants rated on a\\nscale from 1 (= never) to 5 (= regularly) how often they played\\n3D video games ( $M = 3.00, SD = 1.49$ ) and how frequently\\nthey used VR technology ( $M = 2.00, SD = 1.25$ ). We asked\\nhow regularly the participants performed precise handcrafts\\non the same scale and received responses between 1 and 4\\n( $M = 2.90, SD = 1.20$ ). Sickness ratings on a scale from 1 (=\\nnever felt ill) to 5 (= I felt ill all the time) after completion\\nof the experiment verified the absence of cyber-sickness as\\nall participants responded with 1. The post-experiment SUS\\npresence [24] scores ( $M = 1.20, SD = 1.02$ ) suggested low\\nbut sufficient immersion of the virtual experience.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[417,117,747,385],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A multi-panel image illustrates a person wearing a VR headset interacting with a physical haptic device on a table. The top right panel shows a virtual hand pressing a button on a circular platform in a virtual environment, while the bottom right panel provides a close-up of a physical pin-array haptic actuator.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,391,746,466],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Experiment Setup. Left: A user touching a physi-\\ncal sample on the proxy plate with a Vive controller in the\\ncenter and a Leap Motion positioned above the user's hand.\\nRight Top: First person view of a user touching a virtual plas-\\ntic material. Right Bottom: A patch of 3D-printed hair.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,502,487,519],\"text\":\"Procedure\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,522,746,553],\"text\":\"Before starting the experiment, each participant signed a\\nconsent form and was briefed regarding the course of events.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,554,746,618],\"text\":\"During the initial phase, each participant performed two\\nseparate baseline assessments. Here, we collected visual and\\nhaptic baseline ratings of both roughness and hardness for\\neach virtual texture and each physical sample.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,619,746,762],\"text\":\"During the haptic baseline assessment, the view of the\\nvirtual environment in the HMD was blacked out. This was\\nto ensure no visual input would influence the participant's\\nhaptic sensation. The operator guided the participant's dom-\\ninant hand to each of the physical samples and asked them\\nto rate on a scale from 1 to 10 how rough the sample felt (1\\n= very smooth, 10 = very rough and how hard the sample\\nfelt (1 = very soft, 10 = very hard). These questions were\\nsimultaneously visible in the blacked out HMD.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,762,746,889],\"text\":\"During the visual baseline assessment, the participant was\\nshown the virtual environment where each visual texture\\nappeared one by one. For each visual texture, the participant\\nwas asked to rate on a scale from 1 to 10 how rough the tex-\\nture looked (1 = very smooth, 10 = very rough) and how hard\\nthe texture looked (1 = very soft, 10 = very hard). Touching\\nany object in the real world was not allowed to ensure no\\nhaptic input would influence the visual assessments.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,890,746,954],\"text\":\"Upon completion of both baseline phases, each combi-\\nnation of physical sample and virtual texture was shown 5\\ntimes per participant, resulting in 125 individual trials per\\nparticipant. For each trial, the virtual cuboid corresponding\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 249\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/results/markdown/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300479/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300479", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/results/output_json/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,237],\"text\":\"to the location of the active physical sample was assigned\\nthe active visual texture. Participants were instructed to both\\nlook at and touch the sample, see Figure 4 , while answering\\n6 questions, i.e 2 regarding haptic sensations, 2 regarding\\nvisual sensations, and 2 regarding the combined haptic and\\nvisual sensations. The questions depicted in the virtual envi-\\nronment on the wall in front of the participant, were:\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,242,396,451],\"text\":\"(1) On a scale from 1 to 10, how rough does this object feel?\\n(1 meaning very smooth, 10 meaning very rough)\\n(2) On a scale from 1 to 10, how hard does this object feel?\\n(1 meaning very soft, 10 meaning very hard)\\n(3) On a scale from 1 to 10, how rough does this object look?\\n(1 meaning very smooth, 10 meaning very rough)\\n(4) On a scale from 1 to 10, how hard does this object look?\\n(1 meaning very soft, 10 meaning very hard)\\n(5) On a scale from 1 to 10, how well do you think the visual\\nperception of the object matches the tactile perception?\\n(1 meaning no match, 10 meaning perfect match)\\n(6) What do you think the material of the object is?\\n(Open question)\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,456,395,567],\"text\":\"The observer noted the responses for each trial and acti-\\nvated the next sample upon completion of the 6 questions.\\nThe table containing the physical samples was rotated after\\neach set of 25 combinations to counterbalance any learning\\neffect associating positional knowledge to haptic properties.\\nDuring this, the rendering of the virtual object was disabled\\nto ensure participants were not able to see the manipulations.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,568,395,632],\"text\":\"After the experiment, participants completed two post-\\nstudy questionnaires. One inquired about their demograph-\\nics, and the SUS presence questionnaire [24] recorded the\\nexperienced presence in the virtual environment.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,646,114,663],\"text\":\"Design\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,665,395,778],\"text\":\"We used a within-subjects experimental design consisting of\\ntwo baseline phases, i.e., the tactile perception of the printed\\nstructures and the visual perception of the visual textures,\\nand a main phase in which we assessed all visual-haptic\\ncombinations. We distinguish 2 independent variables (the\\nhair length on the physical sample and the type of visual\\ntexture shown on top), each with 5 different instances.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,778,395,955],\"text\":\"In order to balance for first-order carry-over effects, we\\nconstructed experimental design tables according to the\\nWilliams design using Latin squares [31] . For an uneven num-\\nber of conditions such as our 25 visual-haptic combinations,\\neach table consists of two Latin squares, i.e., a 50 $\\\\times$ 25 exper-\\nimental design table. Here, the Latin square was completed\\nexactly once as each of the 10 participants achieved 125 trials\\nby assessing each of the 25 combinations 5 times. During\\nthe analysis, the results were averaged for each participant.\\nThe visual and haptic baseline stages were counterbalanced\\namongst the participants using a Latin square of $n=2$ and\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,156],\"text\":\"in both stages, the texture exposures were counterbalanced\\nusing a Latin square design of $n = 5$ .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,156,747,299],\"text\":\"We further distinguish 6 dependent variables: the ratings\\nof how rough a combination feels, how hard it feels, how\\nrough it looks, how hard it looks and how well tactile and\\nvisual perception match, each on a 1-to-10 Likert scale. The\\nsixth dependent measure was the open answer in which par-\\nticipants stated which material they thought to experience.\\nFor this open question, participants were not provided a list\\nof materials to choose from, but were free to provide any\\nanswer they saw fit.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,319,502,336],\"text\":\"5 RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,340,746,373],\"text\":\"In the following section, we describe the analysis and the\\nobtained results from our texture perception study.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,391,523,407],\"text\":\"Baseline Results\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,411,747,554],\"text\":\"Participants' assessments of both baselines allowed us to test\\nour initial assumptions about the perception of each physi-\\ncal sample and each virtual texture. We distinguish between\\nroughness and hardness for the haptic ratings of physical\\nsamples without visual information (see Figure 5a and 5c )\\nand the visual ratings of virtual textures without haptic infor-\\nmation (see Figure 5b and 5d ). For each case, we conducted a\\nFriedman test with post-hoc analysis using Wilcoxon signed-\\nranks tests and Bonferroni-Holm correction.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,570,747,746],\"text\":\"Haptic Baseline. The haptic ratings of roughness and hard-\\nness were found to significantly differ depending on the\\ntype of physical sample presented to the user (roughness,\\n$\\\\chi^2(4) = 28.908, p < .001$ ; hardness, $\\\\chi^2(4) = 38.184, p < .001$ ).\\nPair-wise analysis of roughness showed a significant increase\\nfrom the $P_0$ sample to all others ( $p < .05$ ), however, no differ-\\nences were found between $P_{25}$ , $P_{50}$ , $P_{75}$ and $P_{100}$ . Hardness\\nsignificantly decreased for each step of hair length for all\\nphysical sample combinations ( $p < .05$ ), excluding the in-\\ncrease from $P_{75}$ to $P_{100}$ . The brackets in Figure 5a and 5c\\nindicate significant differences.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,746,747,827],\"text\":\"These results reveal that the addition of hair to the sur-\\nface of a sample was clearly noticeable by users. While most\\nincreases in hair length were above the just-noticeable differ-\\nence (JND) threshold for the perception of hardness, there\\nwas no significant change in the feeling of roughness.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,840,747,954],\"text\":\"Visual Baseline. Depending on the virtual texture presented\\nto the user, visual roughness and hardness were found to\\nchange significantly (roughness, $\\\\chi^2(4) = 32.978$ , $p < .001$ ;\\nhardness, $\\\\chi^2(4) = 14.262$ , $p < .001$ ). For roughness, we found\\n$V_{cloth}$ and $V_{concrete}$ to be substantially rougher than $V_{glass}$ ,\\n$V_{plastic}$ and $V_{metal}$ . The virtual textures did not significantly\\nvary in terms of visual hardness.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 249\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/results/markdown/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300479/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300479", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/results/output_json/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[70,119,752,400],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This figure presents four box plots comparing perceived roughness and hardness, both haptically and visually. Subfigures (a) and (c) show distributions across five \\\"P\\\" conditions, while (b) and (d) display distributions across five \\\"V\\\" material types. Asterisks denote statistically significant differences between connected groups.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,412,746,460],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Boxplots depicting the baseline assessments. Haptic ratings of the physical samples without visual information\\nfor roughness (a) and hardness (c). Visual ratings of the virtual textures without haptic information for roughness (b) and\\nhardness (d). Brackets connect groups with statistically significant differences ( $p < .05$ ).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,480,394,686],\"text\":\"When asked what material was recognized for each visual\\ntexture, $V_{\\\\text{glass}}$ was identified the best as all participants in-\\ndicated glass. For $V_{\\\\text{metal}}$ 9 participants correctly appointed\\nmetal and one participant specified the material onyx , a\\nbanded variety of quartz mineral. While 7 participants as-\\nsigned plastic for $V_{\\\\text{plastic}}$ , 2 indicated it could be wood , leaving\\none participant with rubber . Stone-like materials in $V_{\\\\text{concrete}}$\\nwere viewed by 8 participants, with 4 participants indicat-\\ning stone , 3 indicating concrete and one indicating marble .\\n$V_{\\\\text{concrete}}$ was also designated once as polystyrene foam ( Sty-\\nrofoam ) and once as sponge . $V_{\\\\text{cloth}}$ demonstrated the widest\\nrange of possible materials, including stone (3), denim (2),\\nwood (2), soil (1), marble (1) and a shell (1).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,686,394,879],\"text\":\"These results show that our set of virtual textures were\\ndivided into 2 groups when considering how rough they\\nappeared. Where $V_{cloth}$ and $V_{concrete}$ were regarded medium-\\nhigh in roughness, $V_{glass}$ , $V_{plastic}$ and $V_{metal}$ were considered\\nto be very smooth. The resolution and quality of the image\\nprojected in the HMD seemingly had an effect on the details\\nand visual artifacts that hinted towards more a more diverse\\nroughness. All virtual textures were believed to be gener-\\nally high in hardness. While $V_{glass}$ and $V_{metal}$ were clearly\\nidentifiable, other textures left some confusion as to what\\nthey represented. Here, the static visual representation of\\nour textures might have caused a lack in visual hints.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,904,394,954],\"text\":\"Our Matching. Our set of virtual textures was compiled\\nbased on the expected tactile feeling of the 3D-printed hair\\nsamples. Even though we did not expect the visual ratings to\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,480,745,512],\"text\":\"perfectly match the haptic ratings, it is worthwhile to reflect\\non the appropriate matching of the visual and haptic choices.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,512,746,671],\"text\":\"As expected, $V_{glass}$ paired almost exactly as the physical\\nsample $P_{0,1}$ , i.e., very smooth and hard. Even though absolute\\naverage ratings clearly deviated, the textures $V_{concrete}$ , $V_{cloth}$\\nand $V_{plastic}$ showed a similar downwards trend in roughness\\nand hardness compared to their physical pairs $P_{25}$ , $P_{75}$ and\\n$P_{100}$ respectively. In contrast to our intended brushed metal\\ntexture, $V_{metal}$ was visually assessed as very smooth and very\\nhard. We believe that the visual quality of the HMD is in\\npart responsible for this, as fine reflections and bumps that\\nindicate the roughness were hard to identify.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,683,666,702],\"text\":\"Roughness and Hardness Augmentation\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,704,746,816],\"text\":\"For all visual-haptic combinations, we recorded users' visual\\nand haptic assessments of roughness and hardness. Similar\\nto the baseline, Friedman tests were used to detect overall sig-\\nnificant differences with post-hoc analysis using Wilcoxon\\nsigned-ranks tests and Bonferroni-Holm correction applied.\\nIn the analysis we considered 2 statistical variants, i.e., the\\ncross-modal influence and the multi-modal influence .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,825,746,954],\"text\":\"Cross-modal Influence. For the analysis of the cross-modal\\ninfluence, we assessed how consistently a modality is rated\\nwhile the other modality is changed. For each visual texture,\\nwe compared how users visually rated them while expe-\\nriencing different physical samples underneath. For each\\nphysical sample, we compared how users rated haptic prop-\\nerties while varying visual textures are visualized on top. In\\nthese 2 cases, the baseline assessments are considered an\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 249\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/results/markdown/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300479/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300479", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/results/output_json/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,122,745,152],\"text\":\"Table 1: Perception and Matching Rate Summary. $P$: Percentage each combination was identified as some material. $M$: Average\\nvisual-haptic match on a scale from 1 to 10. $A$: Percentage of used adjectives for positive perceptions.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[75,167,739,307],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\"></td><td colspan=\\\"3\\\">V_{glass}</td><td colspan=\\\"3\\\">V_{cloth}</td><td colspan=\\\"3\\\">V_{concrete}</td><td colspan=\\\"3\\\">V_{plastic}</td><td colspan=\\\"3\\\">V_{metal}</td></tr><tr><td>P (%)</td><td>M</td><td>A (%)</td><td>P (%)</td><td>M</td><td>A (%)</td><td>P (%)</td><td>M</td><td>A (%)</td><td>P (%)</td><td>M</td><td>A (%)</td><td>P (%)</td><td>M</td><td>A (%)</td></tr><tr><td>P_{0}</td><td>94%</td><td>8.70</td><td>30%</td><td>64%</td><td>4.86</td><td>60%</td><td>56%</td><td>5.74</td><td>64%</td><td>98%</td><td>9.10</td><td>16%</td><td>88%</td><td>8.46</td><td>36%</td></tr><tr><td>P_{25}</td><td>28%</td><td>4.02</td><td>100%</td><td>84%</td><td>7.02</td><td>48%</td><td>84%</td><td>8.06</td><td>36%</td><td>66%</td><td>5.34</td><td>61%</td><td>62%</td><td>5.60</td><td>68%</td></tr><tr><td>P_{50}</td><td>24%</td><td>3.16</td><td>92%</td><td>78%</td><td>7.08</td><td>41%</td><td>72%</td><td>6.70</td><td>28%</td><td>48%</td><td>4.82</td><td>42%</td><td>44%</td><td>4.64</td><td>55%</td></tr><tr><td>P_{75}</td><td>24%</td><td>2.70</td><td>67%</td><td>68%</td><td>6.40</td><td>24%</td><td>54%</td><td>4.90</td><td>19%</td><td>34%</td><td>4.04</td><td>53%</td><td>18%</td><td>2.80</td><td>22%</td></tr><tr><td>P_{100}</td><td>18%</td><td>2.60</td><td>56%</td><td>64%</td><td>5.78</td><td>34%</td><td>50%</td><td>4.24</td><td>32%</td><td>44%</td><td>4.28</td><td>32%</td><td>18%</td><td>2.50</td><td>45%</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a color-coded table, resembling a heatmap, presenting data across different materials (V_glass, V_cloth, V_concrete, V_plastic, V_metal). Rows are labeled P0, P25, P50, P75, and P100, while columns for each material category include P (%), M, and A (%). The cells contain numerical values and percentages, with varying shades of green indicating different magnitudes.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_7_tab_3.png\"},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,329,394,394],\"text\":\"extra group, i.e., visual ratings without haptic information\\nand haptic ratings without visual information respectively.\\nFor both analyses, we did not find any statistically significant\\ndifferences between groups.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,394,395,442],\"text\":\"While rating one modality, users consistently assess per-\\nceptual properties belonging to that modality. There was no\\napparent guidance of one modality onto the other.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,459,395,699],\"text\":\"Multi-modal Influence. In the analysis of the multi-modal in-\\nfluence, we investigated how a changing modality is rated in\\nthe presence of another fixed modality. Here, we firstly com-\\npared how the haptic perception between physical samples\\nchanges while a fixed visual texture is shown. We found that\\nregardless of the visual texture present, the haptic ratings\\nbetween physical samples significantly change ( $p<.001$ ).\\nMore specifically, the feeling of roughness significantly de-\\ncreases with increasing hair length for all cases ( $p<.05$ )\\nexcluding the increase in hair from $P_{32}$ to $P_{100}$ when $V_{glas}$ or\\n$V_{plastic}$ were visible. For all samples with hairs attached, the\\nrating for hardness significantly decreases with increasing\\nhair length regardless of the visual texture shown ( $p<.05$ ).\\nThe addition of hair from $P_{32}$ to $P_{100}$ did not cause a significant\\ndecrease in the perception of hardness.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,699,395,843],\"text\":\"Secondly, we compared how the visual assessments dif-\\nfer across visual textures while a fixed physical sample is\\npresent. Similar to the trend in the visual baseline, the rating\\nof visual roughness for $V_{\\\\text{tidh}}$ and $V_{\\\\text{concrete}}$ was significantly\\nhigher than $V_{\\\\text{glass}}, V_{\\\\text{plastic}}$ and $V_{\\\\text{metal}}$ regardless of the physi-\\ncal sample active ( $P_8$ & $P_{50}$ , $p < .05; P_{25}$ and $P_75$ & $P_{100}$ , $p = .05$ ).\\nIn the case of visual hardness, users rated $V_{\\\\text{tidh}}$ to be signifi-\\ncantly softer than $V_{\\\\text{metal}}$ ( $P_8$ & $P_{25}$ ; $< .05; P_{25}$ , $p < .01; P_{100}$ ,\\n$p = .05$ ) and $V_{\\\\text{glass}}$ ( $P_{50}$ , $p < .05; P_{100}$ , $p = .05$ ).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,843,395,955],\"text\":\"These results show that the perception of haptic rough-\\nness for varying hair lengths became clearly pronounced\\nfor most cases in the visual-haptic augmentation. While the\\ndifference in haptic hardness between $P_{75}$ and $P_{100}$ also be-\\ncame more apparent, the change from $P_0$ to $P_{25}$ fell below the\\nJND threshold. This indicates that haptic perception benefits\\nfrom the presence of visual information. Considering visual\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,329,747,489],\"text\":\"roughness, the same trend of 2 groups of virtual textures ap-\\npears compared to the visual baseline, however many of the\\nsignificances were borderline. While visually the textures did\\nnot seem to differ in hardness during the visual baseline, the\\npresence of most physical samples caused a difference to oc-\\ncur between $V_\\\\text{cloth}$ and $V_\\\\text{metal}$ and to a lesser degree between\\n$V_\\\\text{cloth}$ and $V_\\\\text{lass}$ during the visual-haptic augmentation. Vi-\\nsual perception of haptic properties can thus be enhanced\\nby haptic presence, however to a much lesser degree than\\nthe inverse due to the effect of visual dominance.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,502,607,520],\"text\":\"Perception and Matching Rate\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,523,747,651],\"text\":\"For each visual-haptic combination, we recorded the match-\\ning rate by asking participants how well the experienced\\nhaptic and visual perceptions agreed. Additionally, material\\nperceptions for all combinations were recorded by asking par-\\nticipants what they thought the material they experienced,\\nwas. If the participant was able to provide a meaningful ma-\\nterial or object assignment to a combination, that trial was\\nindicated as a positive perception.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,651,747,954],\"text\":\"The perception rate combined with each combination's\\nmatching rate provided insights into how specific combi-\\nnations were identified. As expected, certain combinations\\nshowed high perception percentages and were perceived\\nas a better match, which can be seen in Table 1 . The com-\\nbinations of $V_{\\\\rm glass}$ , $V_{\\\\rm metal}$ and $V_{\\\\rm plastic}$ with $P_0$ clearly had\\nvery high recognition rates. Here, the haptic feedback of\\na smooth and hard surface matched the expected feeling\\nimplied through the visuals. Both $V_{\\\\rm concrete}$ and $V_{\\\\rm cloth}$\\nrecognized most in combination with $P_{25}$ . As they showed\\noverall perception ratings $\\\\geq$ 50 % across all physical samples,\\nthese textures showed the highest perceptual flexibility. The\\nlook of $V_{\\\\rm plastic}$ left room for interpretation regarding the ex-\\npected roughness and hardness. Therefore $V_{\\\\rm plastic}$ showed\\nmoderate to high recognition rates $\\\\geq$ 34 % across all haptic\\nsamples. However, as $V_{\\\\rm glass}$ and $V_{\\\\rm metal}$ seemed to unarguably\\nconvey a distinct feeling of smoothness and hardness, percep-\\ntion rates decreased rapidly with increasing roughness and\\nsoftness. These results imply that, when facing textures that\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 249\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300479/results/markdown/3290605-3300479_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300480/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300480", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/results/output_json/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[228,117,585,149],\"text\":\"The Design of Social Drones\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[174,159,640,179],\"text\":\"A Review of Studies on Autonomous Flyers in Inhabited Environments\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[119,199,256,294],\"text\":\"Metihet Aydın Baytaş\\nKoç University\\nIstanbul, Turkey\\nQualisys AB\\nGothenburg, Sweden\\nmbaytas@ku.edu.tr\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[350,199,459,276],\"text\":\"Damla Çay\\n\\nKUAR\\n\\nKoç University\\nIstanbul, Turkey\\ndcay13@\\nkut.edu.tr\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[529,199,723,264],\"text\":\"Yuchong Zhang\\n\\nChalmers University of Technology\\nGothenburg, Sweden\\n\\nyuchong@chalmers.se\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[98,305,278,386],\"text\":\"Mohammad Obaid\\nUNSW Art & Design\\n\\nUniversity of New South Wales\\n\\nSydney, Australia\\nmohammad.obaid@unsw.edu.au\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[345,304,465,386],\"text\":\"Asım Evren Yantaç\\nKUAR\\nKoç University\\nIstanbul, Turkey\\neyantaç@ku.edu.tr\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[528,304,724,372],\"text\":\"Morten Fjeld\\n\\nChalmers University of Technology\\nGothenburg, Sweden\\n\\nfjeld@chalmers.se\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,396,142,413],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,417,395,738],\"text\":\"The design space of social drones, where autonomous flyers\\noperate in close proximity to human users or bystanders,\\nis distinct from use cases involving a remote human opera-\\ntor and/or an uninhabited environment, and warrants fore-\\ngrounding human-centered design concerns. Recently, re-\\nsearch on social drones has followed a trend of rapid growth.\\nThis paper consolidates the current state of the art in human-\\ncentered design knowledge about social drones through a\\nreview of relevant studies, scaffolded by a descriptive frame-\\nwork of design knowledge creation. Our analysis identified\\nthree high-level themes that sketch out knowledge clusters\\nin the literature, and twelve design concerns which unpack\\nhow various dimensions of drone aesthetics and behavior\\nrelate to pertinent human responses. These results have the\\npotential to inform and expedite future research and practice,\\nby supporting readers in defining and situating their future\\ncontributions. The materials and results of our analysis are\\nalso published in an open online repository that intends to\\nserve as a living hub for a community of researchers and\\ndesigners working with social drones.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,396,524,413],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[421,416,746,450],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Interaction design:\\nEmpirical studies in interaction design;\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,462,502,478],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,482,746,529],\"text\":\"Drones, social drones, drone design, empirical studies, user\\nstudies, design knowledge, human-drone interaction, au-\\ntonomous agents\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,533,555,548],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,549,747,651],\"text\":\"Mehmet Aydin Baytas, Damla Çay, Yuchong Zhang, Mohammad\\nObash, Asim Evren Yantaş, and Marten Fjeld. 2019. The Design\\nof Social Drones: A Review of Studies on Autonomous Flyers in\\nInhabited Environments. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in\\nComputing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow,\\nScotland, UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 13 pages. https://doi.org/\\n10.1145/3296605.3300480\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_019.png\",\"bbox\":[448,671,720,911],\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This circular diagram illustrates \\\"SOCIAL DRONE DESIGN\\\" at its center. On the left, \\\"DRONE DESIGN CONCERNS\\\" are shown with icons representing proximity, lights, sound, control method, flight, and form. On the right, \\\"HUMAN-CENTERED CONCERNS\\\" are displayed with icons for perceived social role, intuitive comprehension, appeal, tactility, intuitive control, and ergonomics.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,919,745,948],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Our analysis of the literature reveals high-level cat-\\negories that describe the design space for social drones.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,774,394,950],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\\n© 2018 May 4-9, 2018 Glasgow, Scotland, UK.\\n© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\\nACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300480\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 250\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/results/markdown/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300480/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300480", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/results/output_json/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,123,197,140],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,145,394,271],\"text\":\"Autonomous flying drones have the potential to be ubiqui-\\ntous in the future, possibly as a major HCI paradigm: “flying\\nuser interfaces” may soon be a common research agenda [23]\\nand design direction for commercial products [69] . Already,\\ndrones are deployed in research and applications across a\\ndiverse array of domains $^1$ ; while arguably, “human-drone\\ninteraction has become a special sub-field of human-robot\\ninteraction” [23] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,271,395,480],\"text\":\"In practice, most current drone applications are motivated\\nby maneuverability, with a remote human pilot using a drone\\nto inspect or manipulate subjects in an environment not eas-\\nily accessible to humans. Conversely, there is an emerging\\nclass of applications where fully autonomous drones operate\\nin spaces populated by human users or bystanders. We pro-\\npose the term social drones to describe these applications (see\\nFigure 2 ) since some form of social interaction is unavoidable\\nwhen two or more living agents occupy the same environ-\\nment, we submit that an autonomous embodied agent in\\nan inhabited space can be similarly described as social . As\\nsuch, the design of social drones and their behavior warrants\\nforegrounding social and human factors.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,480,395,863],\"text\":\"In recent years, enabled and motivated by the commodifi-\\ncation of drones, researchers have conducted many empirical\\nstudies to produce human-centered design knowledge on so-\\ncial drones. This knowledge, borne from a wide-ranging\\ncontinuum of engineering and design research, explores\\nnumerous factors such as acceptability [17, 35, 54, 76] , ac-\\nknowledgement [31] , anthropomorphism [13, 20, 35, 47] ,\\nattention [17, 41, 47, 54] , communication [17, 54, 63] , com-\\npanionship [35, 47] , control [13, 20, 47] , emotional expres-\\nsion [20, 35] , enjoyment [35, 41, 47, 54] , safety [13, 47] , and\\ntask performance [6, 17, 41, 63] ; which are linked to design\\ndecisions including those related to motion and proximity\\n[13, 17, 31, 35, 47, 63, 76] , form (including size, color, facial\\nfeatures, etc.) [35, 47] , projected graphics [41] , sound [6, 76] ,\\nand the cultural context where the application is deployed\\n[20, 76] . This body of knowledge builds upon a diverse vari-\\nety of commitments and approaches, which presents chal-\\nlenges for researchers, resulting, for example, in works that\\nmay partially repeat each other. Similarly, for designers, ex-\\ntracting congruent, concrete, and practical design knowledge\\nfrom this material may be difficult. The need for a resource\\nthat consolidates human-centered design knowledge on so-\\ncial drones is thereby motivated. Intending to address this\\nneed, this paper contributes a report on the state of the art in\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,487,745,520],\"text\":\"empirical design research on social drones, aiming to inform\\nand expedite future research and practice.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_1_figure_007.png\",\"bbox\":[447,132,720,365],\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This 2x2 matrix categorizes drone operations by environment and control method. The horizontal axis labels are \\\"Inhabited Environment\\\" and \\\"Uninhabited Environment,\\\" while the vertical axis labels are \\\"Tele-operated\\\" and \\\"Autonomous.\\\" Each quadrant depicts a drone, human figures (either operating or present), and a simple landscape, with the \\\"Autonomous\\\" and \\\"Inhabited Environment\\\" quadrant highlighted by a red border.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,397,746,458],\"text\":\"Figure 2: We use the term social drones to describe applica-\\ntions where an autonomous drone operates in an environ-\\nment inhabited by human users or bystanders, as depicted\\non the top right quadrant.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,520,746,774],\"text\":\"The rest of the paper is organized as follows: We first\\ndescribe the methodology we followed in reviewing and pre-\\nsenting the current state of the art on social drones, including\\na framework formulated to enable end-to-end, post-hoc char-\\nacterizations of empirical design studies. This preliminary\\nframework has the potential to be further developed and\\napplied in other domains, and thus emerges as a minor con-\\ntribution of this work. Based on this, we then present an\\noverview of research on social drones focusing on the ques-\\ntions and applications that have driven research, as well as\\nthe research methods employed. Subsequently we provide\\na consolidated account of design knowledge resulting from\\nthis research, highlighting collectively salient findings and\\nsuggesting directions for future work. We conclude after\\ndiscussing emergent issues related to both our methodology\\nand the subject matter.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,775,746,919],\"text\":\"In the process of producing this paper, we have also cre-\\nated an open online repository of design knowledge on social\\ndrones, comprising prospectuses that summarize a corpus\\nof research papers, as well as consolidated and compara-\\ntive representations of design knowledge on the topic $^2$ . This\\nrepository intends to serve as a living hub for a community\\nof researchers and designers working with social drones by\\nproviding affordances for input and discussion. We submit\\nthis repository as a distinct contribution to the community.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,896,394,951],\"text\":\"Examples include construction and structural inspection [30, 66, 71], mili-\\ntary and search-and-rescue operations [1, 34, 61], space exploration [22, 46],\\nlogistics [19, 72], accessibility [6], smart homes [35], sports and exercise\\n[47, 54], and tangible user interfaces [25, 39, 40].\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,936,599,952],\"text\":\"2 github.com/socialdrones/designreview/\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 250\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/results/markdown/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300480/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300480", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/results/output_json/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,124,151,140],\"text\":\"2 METHOD\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,144,395,287],\"text\":\"We began our effort in consolidating human-centered design\\nknowledge on social drones by constructing a corpus of\\nresearch papers, following an approach based on literature\\nreviews previously published at CHI [18, 33] . We first curated\\nrelevant papers from search results for the terms “social\\ndrones, human drone interaction, drone design” in the ACM\\nDigital Library 3 . The searches were done between August\\n6-17, 2018. Each paper from the results was examined and\\nadded to our corpus based on 2 criteria:\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[81,292,396,487],\"text\":\"(1) Does the paper relate to the case of an autonomous\\ndrone operating in an environment populated by hu-\\nmans? Based on this, for example, works dealing with\\npiloting—i.e. real-time low-level motion control—in\\nlieu of autonomous flight were excluded (e.g. [21, 29,\\n45, 53] ).\\n(2) Does the paper report on studies where information\\n(including opinions) was collected from human sub-\\njects? This led, for example, to the exclusion of tech-\\nnical research that does not cover human factors (e.g.\\n[11, 44, 62, 68] ), and design proposals without human-\\ncentered studies (e.g. [37, 42, 43, 73] ).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,492,395,603],\"text\":\"This resulted in a selection of 31 papers, and 7 more were\\ndiscovered through reference crawling, resulting in a cor-\\npus of 38 papers. Thereafter, we also performed searches\\nusing the same keywords in Google Scholar and the IEEE\\nXplore Digital Library, but did not come across additional rel-\\nevant results. The final corpus comprised papers published\\nbetween 2011 and 2018 in 17 different venues (see Figure 3 ).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,603,395,667],\"text\":\"Based on preliminary readings of these papers, we devel-\\noped a set of questions that would enable us to summarize\\nthe studies presented, in order to subsequently consolidate\\nand compare findings. These questions were:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[81,671,396,800],\"text\":\"(1) What are the core research questions investigated\\nthrough empirical studies?\\n(2) What are the study methods used?\\n(3) What kind of drone or other apparatus was used?\\n(4) What results have been obtained from the studies?\\n(5) How do the results inform design, i.e. what design\\nimplications, lessons, or guidelines have been derived\\nfrom the results?\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,805,396,887],\"text\":\"Each paper in the corpus was summarized in the form\\nof a “prospectus” with answers to the questions above. For\\nsome works of highly exploratory and qualitative nature,\\nquestions 4 and 5 were merged into one. These prospectuses\\nare available for viewing online in an open repository that\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,434,747,466],\"text\":\"also provide affordances for contributions in the form of\\nadditions, edits and discussion 4 .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[421,119,745,330],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A stacked area chart displays a total count from 0 to 10 on the y-axis across years 2011 to 2018 on the x-axis. Each colored section of the stacked area represents a different category, such as CHI, HRI, HAI, PerDis, ASSETS, and DIS, as detailed in the extensive legend below the chart. The overall stacked total generally increases from 2013 to 2018.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,341,747,399],\"text\":\"Figure 3: The research agenda of social drones has been on\\nthe rise in recent years: the chart depicts the numbers of pa-\\npers in our corpus for each year, and where they have been\\npublished.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,467,747,642],\"text\":\"Subsequently, to consolidate, compare, and present find-\\nings and implications from these empirical studies, we de-\\nvised a more structured approach. This was based on a frame-\\nwork that describes the process of knowledge creation for\\ndrone design through empirical studies as a sequence of 3\\nsteps, involving: (1) the identification of a driving theme,\\nquestion, or use case; (2) the selection of empirical methods,\\nto study the aforementioned; and (3) arrival at findings that\\nexpose how concerns related to certain human responses\\nand/or desiderate relate to particular concerns in product\\nand interaction design.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,642,748,913],\"text\":\"In using the term design knowledge , we refer to the final\\nstep of the above process; denoting associations between\\nwhat we labeled drone design concerns (DDCs) and human-\\ncentered concerns (HCCs). Thus, here we conceptualize de-\\nsign knowledge as associations between human responses\\nto, or desiderata for, particular design features. We note:\\nwe do not suggest that empirical design studies in reality\\ndo or should conform strictly to such a clearly structured,\\nsequential process; nor do we suggest that studies should\\nalways be driven by precise goals and operationalizations\\nof what concerns and associations are to be investigated.\\nRather, our framework means to be descriptive rather than\\nprescriptive, enabling post hoc characterizations of the goals,\\nmethods, and results of such studies. Indeed, many studies\\nin our corpus are highly exploratory in nature, and even for\\nhypothesis-driven experiments, emergent findings are often\\nsignificant.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,910,394,951],\"text\":\"*The ACM Digital Library has been previously used as the main or only\\nsource for HCP research literature in many peer-reviewed papers [18, 35,\\n52, 60, 75] .\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,935,709,951],\"text\":\"4 github.com/socialdrones/designreview/tree/master/prospectuses\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 250\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/results/markdown/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300480/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300480", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/results/output_json/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[138,118,673,345],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This block diagram illustrates a research framework for drone design, outlining a progression from Themes to Methods, and then to Learnings. \\\"Themes\\\" like \\\"Communication, Control, and Comfort\\\" lead to \\\"Methods\\\" such as \\\"Online Surveys\\\" and \\\"VR.\\\" These methods inform \\\"Learnings,\\\" which are categorized into \\\"Drone Design Concerns\\\" (e.g., Control Method, Flight) and interconnected \\\"Human-centered Concerns\\\" (e.g., Appeal, Ergonomics).\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,360,747,392],\"text\":\"Figure 4: A diagram of the process of design knowledge creation on social drones, including the categories for themes, methods,\\nand concerns that have emerged from our corpus.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,410,394,508],\"text\":\"The next two sections in this paper review our corpus\\nof empirical design studies on social drones through the\\nlens of this framework. Figure 4 presents a diagram of the\\nframework, which also includes themes, methods, and con-\\ncerns that emerged from our corpus. These concerns are also\\nillustrated on Figure 1 .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,528,383,560],\"text\":\"3 DESIGNING SOCIAL DRONES: METHODS AND\\nTHEMES\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,565,395,949],\"text\":\"The methods used in our corpus of papers to generate design\\nknowledge on social drones can be clustered into five cate-\\ngories, mainly based on how designs or topics under investi-\\ngation are presented to study participants. (1) Online surveys\\nhave been used to present videos, pictures, or descriptions\\nof drone behaviors to participants, and to collect responses\\nas multiple-choice answers and/or free text. Here, partici-\\npants do not encounter the researchers or a drone in person.\\n(2) Design workshops comprise a broad variety of formative\\ndesign studies, including ideation sessions, focus groups,\\nin-depth interviews, and expert critiques. Participants meet\\nresearchers in person, but do not encounter drones that im-\\nplement any designs under investigation. However, they may\\nbe presented with a generic drone that does not implement a\\nspecific design, as well as more abstract representations of de-\\nsign ideas. (3) Virtual reality (VR) studies present interaction\\ndesigns to participants in VR, without using embodied pro-\\ntotypes. (4) Wizard of Oz (WoZ) studies comprise in-the-wild\\nor lab presentation of designs via an embodied, co-located\\ndrone under real-time manual control of an operator, rather\\nthan algorithmic. Finally, (5) user studies with autonomous\\ndrones present higher-fidelity prototypes with drones flying\\nautonomously, under algorithmic control (barring the possi-\\nbility of a manual intervention in an emergency), where the\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,410,747,524],\"text\":\"algorithm may be receiving input from sensors, or executing\\npre-defined behaviors. Each work included in our corpus\\napplies one or more of these methods to study how elements\\nof designed drone aesthetics and/or behavior relate to el-\\nements of human experience with the design; where both\\ndrone- and human-related concerns under investigation may\\nbe intentionally selected or emergent.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,524,747,681],\"text\":\"It is noteworthy that while the studies covered almost\\nexclusively focus on autonomous drone design, the majority\\n(27 out of 38) have been done without an actual autonomous\\ndrone, and 8 papers report on design studies that do not\\ninvolve an embodied drone at all. Here we simultaneously\\nacknowledge the contributions of diverse approaches to de-\\nsign knowledge predicated on future technologies, and point\\nout a motivation for future work on prototyping and develop-\\nment tools for design researchers working with autonomous\\ndrone behavior.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,682,748,875],\"text\":\"One form of analysis we found relevant in consolidating\\nthe knowledge in our corpus is a high-level clustering based\\non the themes that characterize each paper, which mainly\\nrelate to the driving research questions and use cases. From\\nthis perspective, three overarching themes have emerged.\\nBelow, we unpack these themes, aiming to expedite future\\nwork by sketching out knowledge clusters which can assist\\nresearchers in defining and situating their contributions of\\ndesign knowledge for social drones. Almost every paper in\\nour corpus fits neatly in one of the three themes, as indi-\\ncated on Table 1 ; minor ambiguities were resolved through\\ndiscussions between authors, and indicated below.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 250\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/results/markdown/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300480/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300480", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/results/output_json/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[182,122,632,155],\"text\":\"Table 1: An overview of themes, methods, and findings identified in our\\ncorpus of empirical design research papers on social drones.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[183,170,630,732],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Reference</td><td>Themes</td><td>Methods</td><td>HCCs</td><td>DDCs</td></tr><tr><td>[48] Ng and Sharlin 2011</td><td>● - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A multi-column table categorizes research papers by reference, themes, methods, human-computer collaboration (HCCs), and drone-drone collaboration (DDCs). Each row represents a research paper, and the presence of filled circles, empty circles, or dashes in the columns indicates the characteristics of each study.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_4_tab_3.png\"},{\"label\":\"anno\",\"bbox\":[230,737,599,781],\"text\":\"~ not relevant, • relevant; v. relevant implicitly, partially, or in an emergent fashion.\\n\\nCCC. Communication, Control, and Comfort; NAC. Navigation, Assistance, and Companship;\\nFUI. Flying User Interfaces.\\nHCC. Human-centered Concern; DDC. Drone Design Concern.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,799,308,817],\"text\":\"Communication, Control, and Comfort\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,820,395,948],\"text\":\"This cluster of research deals with interaction and user ex-\\nperience on a comparatively generic level, focusing on ques-\\ntions around intuitive high-level input, i.e. issuing commands\\nto control drone behavior; intuitive output, i.e. drones com-\\nmunicating their intentions and internal state to humans; and\\non revealing design parameters that affect human comfort\\nand trust. Communication, control, and comfort is a major\\ntheme in our corpus, represented by 17 out of 38 papers.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,799,748,927],\"text\":\"About half of these works are concerned with the elici-\\ntation and/or evaluation of control schemes or command\\nrepertoires for issuing high-level commands to drones in\\nintuitive or natural fashions. Typical examples are studies\\non interaction designs for gesture- and voice-based drone\\ncontrol. [16, 48, 51] . An oft-cited study by Cauchard et al.\\n(2015) investigating \\\"natural\\\" user preferences in how to is-\\nsure various commands to a co-located drone [13]— as well\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 250\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/results/markdown/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300480/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300480", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/results/output_json/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,395,298],\"text\":\"as its later adaptations by E et al. (2017) to investigate cross-\\ncultural variations [20] and by Abtahi et al. (2017) to inves-\\ntigate tactile interactions [3]— fall in this category; as does\\nthe more comprehensive investigation of an end-to-end sys-\\ntem prototype for robot command in augmented reality by\\nWalker et al. (2018) [70] . Control methods emerge as a major\\ndesign element investigated in these studies; and analyses\\nconcentrate on human responses around the intuitiveness\\nof said control schemes, often quantified through agreement\\nscores between participants. The ergonomics and appeal of\\ninteraction designs are also common concerns.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,299,395,633],\"text\":\"Other works in this group have investigated how internal\\nstates or future actions (i.e. intent) of a drone may be commu-\\nnicated to users or bystanders intuitively through behaviors\\nand design features including flight trajectories and on-board\\nlights or displays. For example, Szafrit et al.'s 2014 studies\\nhave evaluated film- and animation-inspired motion manipu-\\nlations (easing, arcing, and circling in “ anticipation”) in terms\\nof how they could be used to modulate perceptions of prod-\\nuct appeal, naturalness, and safety [63] . This was followed up\\nby another work by the same authors [64] proposing various\\nanimated lighting designs on a drone as a medium to com-\\nmunicate intent regarding flight direction. Also belonging\\nto this cluster are studies on how “emotional states” can be\\nencoded in flight characteristics (speed, height, reaction time,\\nand special movements such as wobbles and flips) [14, 28] ;\\nand Jensen et al.'s (2018) work on designing flight behav-\\niors to communicate “acknowledgment” through a suite\\nof three empirical studies [31] . These studies prominently\\nrelate design choices around flight and proxemics , along with\\nlights and displays , to human responses pertinent to intuitive\\ncomprehension of drone behaviors.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,634,395,794],\"text\":\"In the majority of the aforementioned studies, in addi-\\ntion to the cognitive and physical ergonomics of various\\ndesigns for control and communication, feelings of safety\\nand comfort have received significant attention. As such,\\nthese concerns have been clustered into this one theme. In\\naddition, included here are Chang et al. ( 2017 ) and Uchidino\\net al.'s ( 2018 ) reports on a battery of innovative studies focus-\\ning on perceptions of privacy and security around co-located\\ndrones as a primary concern [ 15 , 67 ] ; and works dedicated\\nto exploring human-drome proxemics [ 27 , 76 ] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,803,305,839],\"text\":\"Use Cases: Navigation, Assistance, and\\nCompanionship\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,841,395,953],\"text\":\"This cluster, covering around 30 % of our corpus, investigates\\nuse cases where drones are to provide assistance or expe-\\nriential augmentation in an existing daily effort or context.\\nWhile there are works here that are significantly different\\nfrom each other in terms of subjects and approaches, they\\nexist on a continuum of use cases which would be difficult\\nto delineate otherwise.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,298],\"text\":\"Drones as navigational aids that replace or augment ex-\\nisting maps and signage is a use case occurring often in\\nthis cluster. A variety of concepts have been proposed and\\nevaluated for this purpose, including projecting maps [12]\\nand navigational cues [41] onto the walking environment\\nto support pedestrian navigation, and communicating direc-\\ntions via flight \\\"gestures\\\" executed in air [17] . In addition to\\ntargeting typical populations, much work on drone-assisted\\nnavigation proposes designs intended to assist the visually\\nimpaired in outdoor wayfinding, indoor mobility in crowded\\nenvironments, and object localization [4, 6, 7] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,299,747,554],\"text\":\"Sports and exercise are other prominent topics here. Drone-\\nbased prototypes have been proposed to augment experi-\\nences in jogging, for both the seeing [47] and the blind [4]-\\nracing, for both spectators and competitors [54] ; and box-\\ning [78] . Finally, included here are studies of primarily ex-\\nploratory nature that pertain to applications for drones as\\nprivate companions or fulfilling socially motivated roles in\\npublic spaces: Obaid et al. (2015) have investigated interac-\\ntion designs for drone encounters aiming to facilitate the\\nmaintenance of cleanliness in public space [50] ; while Kar-\\njalainen et al. (2017) have elicited and evaluated potential\\nroles for drones as domestic companions through a suite of\\nstudies including one in a VR environment [35] . Many of\\nthese studies are exploratory, aiming to unpack the appeal\\nof various design concepts (and other aspects of the user\\nexperience) through formative prototypes.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,566,624,584],\"text\":\"Use Cases: Flying User Interfaces\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,586,746,634],\"text\":\"This final cluster includes work on novel interaction concepts\\nbuilt upon free-flying autonomous drones as a core enabling\\ntechnology.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,635,746,826],\"text\":\"Many papers in this group report on concepts where\\ndrones are used to carry displays for text, images, and video.\\nMany of these concepts have been prototyped and evaluated\\nthrough WoZ methods with a human pilot, but the ultimate\\nvision almost always involves autonomous flight. Experi-\\nments have been done with a variety of display techniques in-\\ncluding rendering content on walls with drone-mounted pro-\\njectors [57] , directly mounting tablets onto drones [58, 59] ,\\nand having drones carry both projectors and target surfaces\\n[56] . These studies have produced knowledge on the ap-\\npeal and ergonomics (including legibility) of such interaction\\ndesigns across contexts and conditions.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,827,746,889],\"text\":\"Another prominent concept in this category is the use of\\ndrones as airborne tangibles that can be touched, grabbed and\\nmanipulated, or be otherwise utilized as haptic interfaces 9\\ntowards realizing direct manipulation interfaces involving\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,899,745,953],\"text\":\"$^{2}$Haptic affordances have also been the subject of studies related to control\\nand comfort (e.g. [3] ), but works falling in this final category are differ-\\nentiated by their focus of specific haptic interaction concepts, rather than\\ncomfort around tangible dromes on a more generic level.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 250\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/results/markdown/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300480/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300480", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/results/output_json/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,267],\"text\":\"drones [39] as well as enabling flexible haptic feedback in\\nVR [74] . The focus in these studies is mostly on qualitatively\\nunderstanding how these concepts can appeal to users, as\\nwell as validating whether or not people are able to perform\\ntasks with them as intended. We must also note a number of\\nresearch publications that were not included in our corpus,\\nwhere similar designs are proposed—these were excluded\\nsince they do not report on human-centered empirical studies\\n(e.g. [2, 10, 24, 25, 55] ).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,267,395,396],\"text\":\"Finally, experiments with rather unique interaction con-\\ncepts are clustered here. For example, Jones et al. ( 2016 ) have\\nprototyped a drone-based system to facilitate remote col-\\nlaboration between a person on the \\\"field\\\" and another one\\nheadquartered at a workstation [ 32 ] ; Khamis et al. ( 2018 )\\nhave proposed a drone-based system for unencumbered eye\\ntracking [ 36 ] ; and Kim et al. ( 2018 ) have reported on a dance\\nperformance involving human-drone interactions [ 38 ] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,416,156,433],\"text\":\"4 FINDINGS\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,436,395,598],\"text\":\"As detailed before, we have analyzed the results and implica-\\ntions from the studies in our corpus through unpacking how\\nthey address various concerns related to design elements and\\nthe human responses they evoke. From this literature, we\\nhave identified 6 drone design concerns (DDCs) and 6 human-\\ncentered concerns (HCCs), which allowed us to consolidate\\nand compare findings across studies. These were defined\\nso that a high degree of orthogonality was maintained be-\\ntween categories, along with inclusive coverage of the design\\nknowledge in the literature.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,598,395,949],\"text\":\"The below presentation of this analysis comes with two\\ncaveats. First, the knowledge to be covered is quite volumi-\\nnous. Second, we recognize that our present clustering is not\\nthe only one possible; particularly since the relevance and\\ndelineation of various concerns may change over time, with\\nthe evolution of related technologies and how they integrate\\ninto human lives. As such, to present this analysis compre-\\nhensively and enable its evolution with time and input from\\nresearch and design communities, we have created an open\\nonline repository of design knowledge for social drones. We\\ninvite readers to view the entire range of findings online;\\nand below, we present salient highlights in prose. Here, we\\nfocus on heuristics based on design knowledge where strong\\nassociations between HCCs and design concerns have been\\nfound, or agreements or disagreements have been identified\\nbetween multiple studies. For concision, the highlights be-\\nlow are clustered based on what HCCs they address, and\\neach cluster is prefaced with an unpacking of what exactly\\neach HCC is about, in the form of questions. Where relevant,\\nwe expose directions for future work. The converse of this\\nanalysis, i.e. knowledge on how each DDC influences human\\nfactors, is offered in the online repository; though here, prior\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,172],\"text\":\"to presenting said highlights, we must describe what mean-\\nings, intentions, questions, and design spaces are associated\\nwith each of our 6 DDCs in summary:\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[440,175,750,756],\"text\":\"• Investigations concerned with control methods assess\\ndesigns for issuing commands to drones. Since our\\nscope is delimited by autonomous, rather than tele-\\noperated drones, these methods often pertain to schemes\\nfor giving high-level commands (e.g. \\\"take off\\\" or \\\"fol-\\nlow me\\\") rather than piloting the drone in real time.\\nThis concern covers various formative, summative,\\nand comparative investigations of a variety of con-\\ntrol modalities including voice, gesture, and external\\ndevices; and may draw on various design stages and\\nlevels of fidelity, ranging from generic and exploratory\\nto performance with particular implementations.\\n• Flight refers to interaction designs that deal with a\\ndrone's movements and stance. Studies concerned with\\nflight often introduce designs for motion patterns or\\nstyles informed by theory to participants, and investi-\\ngate how they are perceived on various cognitive and\\nvisceral levels.\\n• Form comprises all aspects of the visual appearance of\\na drone, including size, shape, color, and appendages $^6$ .\\n• Drone-mounted light and displays across a continuum\\nof resolution characteristics have been studied as a\\ncommunication medium. Works looking at how these\\ncan efficiently serve as media communicating internal\\nsystem states or other messages, as well as the legibility\\nand ergonomics or reading them, are related to this\\nconcern.\\n• Proxemics is study of proximity as a channel of commu-\\nnication, interaction, and cultural elaboration $^7$ . From\\nthe literature, proxemics emerges as a concern that is\\ndistinct from flight, with some studies focusing exclu-\\nsively on its influence on human experience outcomes.\\n• Sound is related to sound designs (including voice) that\\nmay be reproduced on a drone with on-board speakers,\\nas well as the noises produced by a drone's spinning\\npropellers and flight motions.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,757,747,838],\"text\":\"The above DCCs represent a high-level clustering of vari- \\nous design decisions pertinent to social drones; while HCCs, \\nas explained below, relate to aspects of the human experi- \\nence with social drone designs that are modulated by these \\ndecisions.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,859,744,898],\"text\":\"$^{*}$In studies in our corpus have implemented moving drone appendages\\nas an option to start or stop the drone, and as abstract design\\nideas (as in [15] ), we cluster these into the DDC form.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,898,744,949],\"text\":\"7The term proxemics was defined by the cultural anthropologist Edward T\\nHall as \\\"the interrelated observations and theories of man's use of space as\\na specialized elaboration of culture\\\" in his 1966 book The Hidden Dimension\\n[26].\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 250\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/results/markdown/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300480/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300480", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/results/output_json/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,125,115,141],\"text\":\"Appeal\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,143,395,239],\"text\":\"Are people willing to accept, acquire, and/or use a drone or\\ndrones, as designed, for the purpose under investigation? Do\\npeople feel psychologically comfortable and safe in interacting\\nwith the drone(s) or simply cohabiting the same environment?\\nDo they have confidence that the drone will not inflict damage\\nor otherwise misbehave?\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,240,395,478],\"text\":\"Human acceptance of and comfort around drones, which\\nare often linked to perceptions of safety and stability, are\\nsignificant and delicate design considerations. Many of the\\ndrivers of comfort and acceptance around drones have their\\nroots in physiological and evolutionary mechanisms, and\\nexhibit significant variance between people and cultures\\n[4, 27, 31, 32, 50, 65] , which product designs must respect.\\nTo begin with, many studies indicate that when it comes to\\ndrones mean for close encounters with humans, the smaller\\nthe design, the better [13, 15, 76] . Further, research agrees\\nthat noise and airflow originating from propellers can very\\neasily become bothersome [13, 15, 17, 32, 39] . Even for use\\ncases requiring high visibility or carrying capacity, size and\\nnoise are important considerations, for the comfort of hy-\\nstanders.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,479,395,781],\"text\":\"The external appearance of a drone, naturally, contributes\\nto its appeal [35, 56] . More interestingly, studies have also\\nconsidered the effect of flight characteristics on psychologi-\\ncal ease, arriving at a rich multitude of heuristics and design\\nsuggestions. On a high level, it can be said that flight charac-\\nteristics of co-located drones correlate strongly with human\\ncomfort. Random, “ mechanical ” instabilities and a lack of\\ncompensation for wind perturbations are highly undesirable\\n[59] : while intentful design of drone motions can be lever-\\naged to easily invoke positive sentiment [37, 63] , as well\\nas perceptions of threat and aggression [31] . Specifically,\\nsmooth and stable motions (e.g. “ easing ” effects) correlate\\nwith positive sentiment, and abrupt motions with discom-\\nfort. While well-designed motion characteristics seem to be\\nvery effective in inspiring particular human reactions, we\\nnote from the literature as well as personal experience that\\ntheir implementation often requires engineering prowess,\\nand future work on higher-level programming and design\\ntools for drone motion is well-motivated.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,781,395,942],\"text\":\"Beyond notions of aesthetics and biologically-driven com-\\nfort, significant design issues with drones revolve around\\nsocial acceptance and privacy concerns. While many study\\nparticipants were able to comfortably interact with social\\ndrones as individuals, many concerns were noted over how\\ndrones can integrate in social and public settings across use\\ncases [7, 15, 32, 36, 50, 65] . Worries include the feeling of\\nbeing “watched” by a sensor-loaded drone; perturbations\\nto human socialization by drones in the environment; as\\nwell as ones around dignity and authority, e.g. people being\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,252],\"text\":\"uncomfortable about being \\\"told what to do by a drone\\\" in\\ncases where drones are intended to motivate certain behav-\\niors [50] . These works conclude with suggestions around\\nindicating the presence, internal state (e.g. recording, follow-\\ning, acknowledging), and likely behavior of drones through\\nsignage and cues on drones [15, 31, 32, 36, 65] and in envi-\\nronments [15, 50] ; which can be explored in detail via future\\nwork.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,264,497,279],\"text\":\"Ergonomics\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,282,754,315],\"text\":\"Are people physically comfortable in interacting with the drone(s)\\nusing the proposed interaction design(s)?\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,316,746,410],\"text\":\"Ergonomics in the context of interactive drones has been\\nmost relevant for gesture-based control schemes, drone-\\nbased tangibles, and in cases where users are supposed to\\ndirect their attention or whole body to follow a drone. The\\nliterature suggests various heuristics for each of these con-\\ntexts.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,411,747,586],\"text\":\"For gesture-based control schemes, it is suggested that\\nprops can easily become cumbersome and are to be avoided\\nif possible; and large gestures quickly lead to “ gorilla arm ” -\\ntype exhaustion [48] . Similarly, studies with compact flying\\ntangibles affording “ push ” and “ drag ” interactions also report\\nthat a modest interaction space, roughly 1 m in each direction,\\nand positioned between elbow and chest height, provides\\nfor favorable ergonomics. These studies have been executed\\nwith WoZ methods, and practical investigations of drone-\\nmounted gesture recognition capabilities may be of interest\\nfor future work.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,587,747,793],\"text\":\"For cases where a drone is meant to be followed with the\\ngaze, studies suggest caution against extensive movement,\\nespecially of the user. Experiments with drone-mounted dis-\\nplays have shown that legibility can be good when both the\\nobserver and the drone are static, and reasonable when the\\ndrone moves; but content can become illegible in cases where\\nthe user's movement exceeds a slow walking speed [58, 59] .\\nMaintaining interaction with a drone-mounted eye tracker\\nhas also been reported to become similarly challenging for a\\nmoving human [36] . Conversely, such issues have not been\\nreported with displays based on drone-mounted projection.\\nCollectively, these findings suggest that stability of the user\\nand the medium can both be critical for drone-based displays.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,794,747,952],\"text\":\"Some studies, particularly for assistive technologies for the\\nblind, have involved using propeller noise to localize a drone\\n[4, 6, 7] . The results here are mixed, with initial explorations\\nproducing promising results, while more rigorous studies\\nwith greater numbers of participants and more sophisticated\\nmethodology revealing drawbacks in terms of both users'\\nconfidence in the technology and its performance in noisy\\nenvironments. Intentional design of both mechanical and\\nspeaker-reproduced sounds for these applications has been\\nleft for future work.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 250\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300480/results/markdown/3290605-3300480_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300483/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300483", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/results/output_json/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,39,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[90,118,725,184],\"text\":\"Comparing Effectiveness and Engagement of Data\\nComics and Infographics\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[93,200,720,234],\"text\":\"Zezhong Wang$^{1}$ Shunming Wang$^{1,2}$ Matteo Farinella$^{3}$ Dave Murray-Rust$^{1}$ Nathalie Henry Riche$^{4}$\\nBenjamin Bach$^{1}$\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[84,233,730,280],\"text\":\"1 University of Edinburgh 2 Peking University 3 Columbia University 4 Microsoft Research\\nzezhong.wang@ed.ac.uk shunming.wang@pku.edu.cn {bbach, d.Murray-Rust}@inf.ed.ac.uk nath@microsoft.com\\nmf3094@columbia.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_006.png\",\"bbox\":[63,298,747,479],\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two infographics titled \\\"Hot spots - the carbon atlas,\\\" featuring bubble charts, maps, bar graphs, and illustrations, are displayed on easels outdoors. Two individuals are shown observing the infographics, with one person pointing at a section of the chart.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,484,746,529],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Two stories were presented in the wild in both Infographic and Comic form, for an empirical observation study\\nconducted with pedestrians, measuring reading time, interactions (i.e. pointing and talking) and opinions as evidence for\\nengagement and enjoyment.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,535,140,552],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,555,395,733],\"text\":\"This paper compares the effectiveness of data comics and\\ninfographics for data-driven storytelling. While infograph-\\nics are widely used, comics are increasingly popular for ex-\\nplaining complex and scientific concepts. However, empirical\\nevidence comparing the effectiveness and engagement of in-\\nfographics, comics and illustrated texts is still lacking. We\\nreport on the results of two complementary studies, one in a\\ncontrolled setting and one in the wild. Our results suggest\\nparticipants largely prefer data comics in terms of enjoyment,\\nfocus, and overall engagement and that comics improve un-\\nderstanding and recall of information in the stories. Our\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,535,747,585],\"text\":\"findings help to understand the respective roles of the inves-\\ntigated formats as well as inform the design of more effective\\ndata comics and infographics.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,597,502,613],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,617,693,634],\"text\":\"Visualization, Comics, Effectiveness, Engagement\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,650,540,664],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,666,746,760],\"text\":\"Zezhong Wang, Shuming Wang, MatteoFarinella, Dave Murray-Rust,\\nNathalie Henry Riche, Benjamin Bach. 2019. Comparing Effectiveness and\\nEngagement of Data Comics and Infographics. In CHI Conference on Hu-\\nman Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4-9, 2019,\\nGlasgow, Scotland, UK, ACM, New York, NY, USA, Paper 253, 12 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3296605.3300483\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,772,549,790],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,793,747,952],\"text\":\"Data-driven storytelling is concerned with effective commu-\\nnication around data through visualization [26, 38] . It covers\\na multitude of formats to match the diversity of audiences,\\nmessages, contexts, data, and communication media [44] .\\nmagazine style, annotated charts, partitioned posters, flow-\\nchart, comic strips, sideshows and videos. Many of these\\nformats can be seen as complementary, in that they support\\nspecific media, might be more attractive to specific audiences,\\nhave different ways of supporting a specific message, and\\ninvolve specific skills and tools for creation.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,774,395,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nalso be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. Copying, distributing,\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\\nCHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland Uk\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,896,392,921],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,923,268,950],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4033-5970-2/19-05 ...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300483\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 253\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/results/markdown/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300483/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300483", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/results/output_json/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,380],\"text\":\"In this paper, we are interested in data comics [3, 54] ,\\na relatively new and underexplored format. Data comics draw\\nfrom the tradition of comics, and combine techniques from\\ninfographics, data visualization, journalism, and other for-\\nmats of visual explanations. They are based on the notion\\nof a sequence of panels [32] with each panel being a combi-\\nnation of text and picture to illustrate a particular message\\nthe author wants to convey. For sequential explanations in\\ngeneral, many studies have shown benefits (e.g., [13, 36] ,\\nsummarized in [18] ). Generally the use of comics in class-\\nroom education and health-related communication appears\\nto improve the reader's comprehension and engagement.\\nWhile these results may encourage the use of data comics,\\ngeneralizing existing study results to data comics is challeng-\\ning due to varying content, visual representations, audiences,\\nand purposes.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,380,395,681],\"text\":\"As a step towards a better understanding, we provide the\\nfirst structured investigation into the effectiveness of data\\ncomics. We compare data comics with the two closest pop-\\nular alternatives: infographics and texts accompanied by\\nvisualizations (illustrated texts). While there are numerous\\ndifferences between these three formats, we focus our com-\\nparison on i) the degree to which an explicit reading order\\nis given , and ii) how close the integration of text and pic-\\nture is (Section 3 ). While data comics typically have a highly\\nstructured reading order and text closely integrated pictures,\\nillustrated texts and infographics exhibit a varying degree in\\neach of these dimensions. We compared these techniques in\\na controlled lab study, where 36 participants read the same 3\\nstories, each presented in a different format (Section 4 ). We\\ncollected empirical and subjective data on understandability,\\nrecall, preferences, and engagement. To complement this\\ncontrolled study, we observed 50 groups of visitors engag-\\ning with comics and infographics in an open public space\\n(Section 6 , Figure 1 ).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,681,395,939],\"text\":\"Based on a variety of collected data including question-\\nnaires, interviews, think-aloud protocols, explanations, me-\\nmory-recall, and visitor observation, we found that data\\ncomics are seen as more fun, help readers to stay focused,\\nand are overall more engaging. Quantitative results suggest\\nthat data comics improve understanding for most cases, and\\nwere generally rated high for enjoyment and engagement. In\\naddition, subjective feedback collected gives a richer picture\\nof the respective merits and drawbacks of each format. With\\nthese results, we aim to encourage professional communi-\\ncators to explore the use of data comics for explanation, as\\nwell as to better inform the design of future data comics and\\ncommunicative graphics. Study materials for the Lab study,\\nin the wild study, questions, some interview quotations and\\nexamples of reading sequence record, can be found online:\\nhttp://datacomics.net.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,124,541,140],\"text\":\"2 BACKGROUND\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,144,746,176],\"text\":\"This section overviews previous studies on illustrated texts,\\ninfographics and other related data storytelling media.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,192,533,208],\"text\":\"Texts and Pictures\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,213,747,532],\"text\":\"Textual descriptions (printed and spoken words) and graphi-\\ncal depictions (photography, drawings, paintings, maps and\\nvideos) are the basic forms of representation [43, 51] . In-\\nformation is remembered better when it is supported with\\npictures [28] , even more so when presented through both\\nchannels at the same time [6, 13, 36, 48] . Data visualizations\\nhave been found less memorable than natural scenes [11] ,\\nyet adding embellishments and unique presentations can\\nimprove memorability [7, 11] . Studies comparing comics and\\nother visual formats [27] with text-only material [1] and il-\\nlustrated texts [31] confirm these trends, and show increased\\nmemorability. For storytelling in general, the use of sequence\\nhas been found to increase recall, facilitated by information\\nbeing split into chunks [10] . Psychological studies have inves-\\ntigated the effectiveness of the panel layouts [14, 15] used in\\ntraditional comics through eye-tracking [19] . Other studies\\nhave found that in cases where text is unnecessary, closely\\nintegrating text and picture can distract the reader and hin-\\nder learning [12, 40] , while providing inappropriate graphics\\ncan impede understanding [29] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,547,566,565],\"text\":\"Comics for Explanation\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,569,747,791],\"text\":\"Comics are becoming increasingly popular for explaining\\ncomplicated processes [18, 49] . They offer a set of unique\\ncharacteristics for communication and optimal understand-\\ning, being highly accessible to a large audience, compatible\\nwith many different media, do not require a presenter and\\ncan be read at one's own pace [53] . Comics can blend expla-\\nnation (e.g. schemata, illustrations, data visualization) with\\nnarration, characters and dialogue. From a structural point\\nof view, a notion central to comics is the panel , which en-\\ncapsulates a specific message (or information) represented\\nas an integrated combination of text and picture [32] . The\\n(mostly) linear order of panels creates a sequence of view-\\npoints which together can build a deeper understanding in\\nthe readers' mind [46] .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,792,746,920],\"text\":\"Comics, and related formats such as juxtaposed annotated\\npictures, have consequently been used for explaining a range\\nof phenomena, blending schematic drawings and illustra-\\ntions with the narration and characters of traditional comics.\\nEmpirical evidence from using comics as classroom mate-\\nrial [21, 45, 47] as well as for health-related communication\\n[16, 17, 33, 50] suggests that comics may be more engaging\\nand easier to comprehend, especially for non-expert readers.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,920,746,951],\"text\":\"Recently, comics have also been applied to the communi-\\ncation of insights from data, resulting in a format called data\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 253\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/results/markdown/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300483/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300483", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/results/output_json/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,283],\"text\":\"comics [3, 4, 54] , where comic strip elements are combined\\nwith data visualization techniques. A growing number of\\ndata comics have been created for networks [2, 54] , geog-\\nraphy [8, 34] , personal data and scientific experiments [4] ,\\nsummarized online [5] . While research highlighted design\\npatterns [4] , authoring tool-support [25] , and workshop for-\\nmats [52] for creating data comics, several factors prevent a\\nwider distribution and exploration of data comics: the nov-\\nelty of the format as well as the lack of a better understanding\\nof the effectiveness of the format.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,283,394,587],\"text\":\"In fact, while most of the evidence from previous studies\\nsupports a strong motivation for the use of comics, the effects\\nwere observed in traditional or scientific comics and may\\nor may not generalize to data comics. In particular, graph-\\nics in data comics focus more on abstract data visualization\\n[3] , require visualization knowledge and largely deal with\\nconcepts requiring data literacy such as relations, temporal\\nchange, and quantities. For example, Qu and Hullman point\\nto the importance of consistency in creating sequences of\\nvisualizations [37] , a factor that very likely influences the\\nacceptability and usability of data comics. Given the popular-\\nity of infographics and traditional visualisation formats, as\\nwell as the body of expertise built up around their creation\\nand use, it would be wrong to simply assume there will be\\nenhanced understanding and engagement with data comics.\\nOur study aims to support the further investigation, applica-\\ntion and creation of data comics through empirical results\\non their effectiveness. As far as we are aware, ours is the\\nfirst study to address this gap.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,598,275,616],\"text\":\"Infographics and Illustrated Texts\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,619,394,792],\"text\":\"Two popular alternatives to data comics are infographics and\\nillustrated texts ( “ magazine style ” [44] ). Both are text-picture\\ncombinations, differing in how these elements are combined.\\nInfographics strongly emphasize the visual content, often\\nusing visual embellishments to stimulate attractiveness and\\nmemory [7] . They tend to be open-ended, inviting the reader\\nto explore the content without any specific direction. For\\nmore structured narrative content, e.g., in journalism and\\nscientific papers, texts illustrated with visualizations have\\nbecome the common option: a text for the main narration,\\nreferring to visualizations as needed.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,792,394,890],\"text\":\"All three formats (comics, infographics, and illustrated\\ntexts) are expressions of different combinations of reading\\norder and text-picture integration. Current studies are not\\nconclusive and say little about these three formats ability to\\nsupport understanding and memory as well as how engaging\\neach format appears to potential readers.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,900,233,917],\"text\":\"3   STUDY DESIGN SPACE\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,921,394,954],\"text\":\"Infographics, illustrated texts, and data comics vary in a\\nrange of characteristics and it is not easy to precisely define\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,156],\"text\":\"each format. Thus, to inform our baseline techniques for the\\nstudy, we focus on two characteristics across these formats:\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[421,160,747,385],\"text\":\"1 Text-Picture-Integration is the spatial distance between\\nthe verbal message and the visualization [3] . In their general\\nform, comics exhibit a high integration of text and picture;\\none piece of text is related exactly to one image, both\\nsupporting the same information within the panel. A low\\nintegration would mean that text and picture are presented\\nin parallel with occasional implicit or explicit references\\nsuch as found in scientific and news articles.\\n2 Reading Guidance is how strong the reader is guided while\\nreading the story [3, 4] . While exceptions exist [4] , comics\\nprovide a high guidance through an explicit order of panels.\\nLow guidance can be found in most infographics where\\ntext and pictures are usually not organized in a linear order\\nbut can be read in a non-linear way.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,390,569,583],\"text\":\"We use these dimen-\\nsions to map out a de-\\nsign space for visual sto-\\nrytelling formats for our\\nstudy (Figure 2 ). Comics\\nare located high on both\\ndimensions, with tight\\ntext-picture integration and\\nstrong reader guidance.\\nInfographics provide a less\\nstrong integration of tex-\\ntual and pictorial content\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,583,747,725],\"text\":\"because the same picture is usually annotated with several\\ntextual information and the specific scope of the text, with\\nrespect to the picture. Infographics provide low reading guid-\\nance as the content can usually be read in any order. Illus-\\ntrated Texts are by visualizations, sometimes referenced in\\nthe text. This format provides a low integration of text and\\npicture, a higher reading guidance than infographics, but\\nless than comic as it is up to the reader to switch between\\ntext and picture.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_013.png\",\"bbox\":[588,406,748,542],\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a 2D quadrant chart with \\\"Reading Guidance\\\" on the y-axis (non-linear to linear) and \\\"Text-picture-Integration\\\" on the x-axis (separated to integrated). The chart maps different communication forms: \\\"Illustrated text\\\" is in the top-left (linear, separated), \\\"Data Comics\\\" in the top-right (linear, integrated), and \\\"Infographics\\\" in the bottom-right (non-linear, integrated). Each category is highlighted with a distinct color gradient.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[604,548,730,565],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Design space\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,725,746,774],\"text\":\"To investigate the effectiveness and engagement of these\\nformats, we opted to perform two complementary studies:\\none in laboratory settings and one in the wild.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,787,518,803],\"text\":\"4  LAB STUDY\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,808,747,952],\"text\":\"Our first study aimed to compare comics, infographics, and\\nillustrated text in a controlled lab study. We were gener-\\nally interested in how each of the dimensions, laid out in\\nthe previous section, influences comprehension, recall, and\\nengagement with the formats. More specific questions con-\\ncerned how people read each format, which configurations\\nthey found helpful or confusing, how well they did they under-\\nstand the communicated stories, as well as how much of\\nthe content do participants remember after a while. To that\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 253\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/results/markdown/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300483/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300483", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/results/output_json/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[73,111,748,271],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This multi-panel visualization depicts shifting alliances and aggressions among named individuals over several years, overlaid on a map. Network graphs feature nodes representing individuals and various colored arrows indicating alliances (black) and aggressions (red), sometimes dashed for negative actions. The panels illustrate the evolution of these relationships, often highlighting different groups within colored regions, across specific timeframes from 786 to 813.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[104,281,710,299],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Samples of ALLIANCES in the lab study. ILLUSTRATEDText (left); INFOGRAPHIC (center); COMIC (right).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,300,394,428],\"text\":\"end, we invited participants to read a series of stories in\\neach of the formats, answer questions related to content un-\\nderstanding, and report their subjective impressions about\\neach format. Prior to the study, we carried out a pilot with\\nthree visualization-experienced participants to ensure the\\nsuitability of our material and techniques. The full material\\n(including all questions and results) is found in the supple-\\nmentary material.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,431,114,448],\"text\":\"Stories\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,452,395,645],\"text\":\"During the study, participants read three data stories, a num-\\nber we chose with respect to how long we expected partici-\\npants to remain attentive and remember story content. Our\\nmain criteria in finding appropriate stories for a controlled\\nlab study were (i) comfortably presentable on A3 paper and\\n(ii) requiring little previous knowledge. To extend the varia-\\ntion among the study examples, we selected different types of\\ncommon visualizations including multivariate data, dynamic\\nnetworks, and geological distribution. To ensure realistic\\nstories, we selected three existing infographics (see below).\\nFor two of the stories, the labels, text, and data were changed\\nto prevent users relying on prior knowledge.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[66,650,398,953],\"text\":\"• Energy: Renewables' Mix in Power Generation in Eu-\\nrope talks about the production and distribution of renew-\\nable energy among European countries. The visualization\\nwas found in the Energy Atlas [9] . Bars on each country\\nshowed production in 2011 and 2017 respectively. Texts\\ndescribe features of the distribution (Figure 4 -left).\\n• Alliances: Kings' Alliances and Aggressions in Dul-\\nlama (Figure 3 ) was based on a graph comic on dynamic\\nnetworks European Alliances before World War I [2] . Dates\\nwere changed and the story was transposed into a ficti-\\ntious medieval kingdom. Country names were replaced\\nby common names and the background map was altered.\\n• Economics: Global Interest Rate And Tax Burden was\\ntaken from Hans Rosling's TED talk [41] , featuring a dy-\\nnamic scatterplot of country indicators over time [20] (Figure\\n4 -right). We changed axes labels to Interest rate and tax\\nburden respectively, implying no specific meaning. The\\nnarration was guided by the changes to specific countries\\nover time.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[419,298,740,454],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A multi-panel infographic displays European energy generation and global financial data. The left panel features a map of Europe with stacked bar charts indicating renewable and non-renewable electricity percentages per country, alongside a stacked bar chart detailing electricity generation by fuel type. The right panel is a scatter plot showing the global interest rate and tax burden, with data points representing countries over time.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,462,745,479],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Infographics: ENERGY (left) and ECONOMICS (right).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,504,747,602],\"text\":\"While we tried to keep stories to an equal level of complex-\\nity (e.g. number of panels, number of messages per panel,\\nexpected commonness of visualizations and difficulty of un-\\nderstanding visualizations), all three participants in the pilot\\nstudy gave the same ordering in terms of increasing com-\\nplexity: ENERGY, ECONOMICS, and ALLIANCES .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,618,494,635],\"text\":\"Techniques\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,638,748,735],\"text\":\"The techniques in the lab study are the three techniques\\nmentioned in Section 3 . As boundaries between the formats\\nare blurred, we settled on the following criteria to create\\nthe material for our comparison. Fig. 3 shows the three for-\\nmats for ALLIances . The full material for the other stories is\\navailable in supplementary material.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[421,742,749,952],\"text\":\"● ILLUSTRATED TEXT: One or two narrative paragraphs\\nwere placed right below the title, followed by the legend\\nbelow or on the right. Text and pictures were visually\\nseparated, captions and essential names were added on\\nthe pictures referring to the text description.\\n● I NFOGRAPHIC : Besides a 1-2 sentence summarization un-\\nder the title, texts were shown in text boxes, placed close\\nto the visual information they referred to. Leader lines\\nsometimes connected text to visual elements. No explicit\\nvisual hint implied a specific reading sequence.\\n● C OMIC : All text and visuals were placed into 16-18 panels\\nin an unambiguous linear left-right, top-down order. Vi-\\nsuals were adapted to support the text, e.g., focusing on\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 253\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/results/markdown/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300483/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300483", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/results/output_json/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[81,124,394,173],\"text\":\"specific information, highlighting important and remov-\\ning unimportant information. We made no other changes\\nto visual encoding or text.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,176,395,433],\"text\":\"We ensured everything was readable comfortably from\\n40cm distance, printed on A3 paper format. Texts were kept\\nthe same across formats, except from minor adjustments to\\nthe format. For example, we added “ see figure x ” for I LLus -\\nTRATED T EXT and simplified few longer sentences to fit the\\npanels in C OMIC . We created all materials through several\\niterations to make sure they were readable and understand-\\nable and to lower confusion; at each stage we discussed in\\ndepth across the authors and asked for feedback from three\\nexternal comic artists as well as two external colleagues. The\\npilot study identified minor problems in understanding and\\ndesign and we consequently modified several ambiguous\\nexpressions in the stories and the questionnaires. To provide\\na high-resolution and minimize the operational distractions\\nsuch as panning and zooming, we printed each story on\\none-side A3 paper instead of showing them on a monitor.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,446,142,463],\"text\":\"Hypotheses\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,466,393,499],\"text\":\"We developed our hypotheses based on the existing literature,\\nand the two dimensions of our design space.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[70,502,397,777],\"text\":\"• H-Accuracy : We expect participants to have a more cor-\\nrect understanding of the messages after reading Comic than\\nInfographic , and least with IllustratedText . We believe\\nthat making a connection between visual and verbal for\\neach message improves understanding. Comics with mes-\\nsages embedded in individual panels will be more effective\\nthan combined information in Infographic and separated\\ntext and pictures.\\n• H-Engaging : we expect Comic and Infographic to be\\nrated as more engaging than IllustratedText . This means\\nthat people are more willing to spend time with Comic\\nand Infographic and believe they are more fun to read.\\n• H-Memorability : We expect Comic to increase reten-\\ntion of information compared to the other formats due to\\nthe separation of information into clear chunks, supported\\nthrough tightly integrated texts-and-pictures, presented\\nin a clear reading order [31] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,788,166,804],\"text\":\"Data Collection\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,807,395,954],\"text\":\"Seven types of data were collected during the lab study: (1)\\nerror rate from multiple-choice questions to measure under-\\nstanding of each story and format (including four answer\\npossibilities and \\\"I'm not sure\\\"); (2) story recall scores, coded\\nby the experimenter and explained in Section 5 ; (3) reading\\npaths drawn onto the material by the participants; (4) sub-\\njective scores, and (5) qualitative feedback from participants\\non all three formats for the same story (shown at the end\\nof the study) gathered through semi-structured interviews.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,124,747,267],\"text\":\"Questions included “ Compared to the other formats of same\\nstory, how would you judge these formats? ” and “ Do you have\\nany preference among these formats and why? ” . Subjective\\nratings were collected through a questionnaire after partici-\\npants saw the three formats of all stories. While engagement\\nis hard to define and measure [30] , we assessed aesthetic\\nfeeling, willingness of spending time to explore, enjoyment,\\nattention, engagement and preference using 7-point Likert\\nscales, inspired by existing frameworks [35, 42] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,278,498,295],\"text\":\"Participants\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,299,748,538],\"text\":\"We recruited 38 participants through mailing lists of a Western\\neuropean university. One subject was eventually denied par-\\nticipation due to missing English language proficiency and\\none subjects results were invalidated as she did not complete\\nphase 1. Of the remaining 36 participants, 19 were male, ages\\nranged between 18 and 35 years, 1 A-level, 9 undergraduates\\nand 20 graduates, 4 computer science doctoral students, 1\\nresearch associate in computer science and 1 lecturer of Lin-\\nguistics and English Language. Participants' backgrounds\\nincluded Design, Art, Computer Science, Engineering, Lin-\\nguistics, Philosophy and Psychology. We had 16 Europeans,\\n15 Asians, 3 North American and 2 African; 34 had lived in\\nan English speaking country for more than 1 year, the other\\n2 had scores in English language test equal to B2 level of\\nCommon European Framework of Reference for Languages.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,538,747,809],\"text\":\"To assess participants' level of reading ability, comic and\\nvisualization literacy, self rated questions were filled in be-\\nfore the study. For text reading ability, 13 read illustrated\\ntexts daily and 13 indicated weekly; 11 read scientific text-\\nonly articles daily and 12 read them weekly. For infographics,\\n20 read them weekly and 7 daily. Familiarity with data vi-\\nsualizations was rated differently ( 1 . . . 11 . . . 7 ). For comic\\nliteracy, 8 read comics daily, 7 weekly, 4 monthly, 9 few times\\nyear, 3 yearly and 5 of them have never read comics with\\n20 of them having first read comics aged between 6 and 12\\nyears old. 12 participants had experience in drawing comics,\\nbut mostly only a few times and for less than one year. Par-\\nticipants reported on their preferred learning method: verbal\\n(spoken or written) media (6), visual stimuli (8), combined\\nvisual and verbal media (17). Repetition was a popular strat-\\negy mentioned by 8 participants. Participants were paid a\\ncompensation of $ 7.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,821,487,838],\"text\":\"Procedure\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,841,747,954],\"text\":\"Our study employed a mixed design. For both stories and\\ntechniques we employed an within-design, i.e., every partic-\\nipant read all stories and all formats. However, as we could\\nnot provide the same story twice to the same participant, we\\nemployed an in-between design for story-format conditions,\\ni.e., every participant read each story using a different format.\\nWe used a Latin-square randomization to assign stories to\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 253\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/results/markdown/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300483/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300483", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/results/output_json/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[67,119,397,339],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This figure presents multiple horizontal bar charts displaying means and their 98% confidence intervals. The upper section compares outcomes for \\\"Comic,\\\" \\\"Text,\\\" and \\\"Infographic\\\" across \\\"Overall,\\\" \\\"Energy,\\\" \\\"Alliances,\\\" and \\\"Economics\\\" categories, with numerical values for means and confidence intervals listed on the right. The lower section shows the \\\"Overall differences\\\" between these categories.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,353,394,383],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Results for ( top ) understanding including means\\nand 98 % CIs and ( bottom ) overall effect sizes with 98 % CIs.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,408,394,440],\"text\":\"formats. With 36 participants each seeing 3 presentations,\\neach of the 9 story-format combinations\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,453,227,469],\"text\":\"5 LAB STUDY RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,473,395,570],\"text\":\"All 36 participants completed the study, with each session\\nlasting just below 1h. For each of the 9 story-format com-\\nbinations, we obtained true or false answers to 6 questions\\nfrom 12 participants. We collected all video materials and\\nannotated print outs from each participants, available in the\\nsupplementary material.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,582,162,599],\"text\":\"Understanding\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,603,395,808],\"text\":\"Understanding was measured as accuracy for the questions\\nfrom the questionnaire in step (4). Error per question was\\nbinary, i.e., participants selected the right or a wrong answer.\\nFor each participant we calculated the mean accuracy score\\nacross all the answers per story. Using D'Acostroino's K-\\nSQUARED TEST , we found accuracy scores for two stories to\\nbe not normally distributed. Below and in Figure 5 we report\\non mean values, confidence intervals (CIs), and effect sizes.\\nUsing Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, we\\nreport on 98 % CIs for our three comparisons ( $1-0.05/3$ ).\\nP-values are indicated for pair-wise comparisons yielding\\nsignificance at the respective 0.02 level or close, using a\\nMANN-WHITNEY-U test.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,808,395,953],\"text\":\"Across Stories we found Comic (mean=70) to be more\\naccurate than Inographic and IllustratedText (p<.006).\\nNo difference was found between IllustratedText and\\nIngo@ARIC with the same mean accuracy of .57. Effect sizes\\nbetween techniques are reported in Figure 5 -bottom. Our\\neffect sizes represent the overall improvement (or decrease)\\nin understanding averaged for each participant, i.e. for each\\nparticipant we calculated differences between formats and\\naveraged these values. Differences between Comic and the\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,747,172],\"text\":\"other techniques amounts to .13 points in understanding,\\nimplying that comics are on average 23% more accurate than\\nboth IllustratedText ITECT and InfoGraphInfoGRAPH .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,172,748,315],\"text\":\"For Energy we found Comic (mean=.79) more accurate\\nthan Infographic (mean=.68). However, leading to the same\\nmean accuracy than Infographic . Illustrated Text was\\nnot found different from the other two techniques and showed\\nmuch wider CIs. For one question, we could find a real dif-\\nference between techniques; the question asked for spatial\\ndistribution of countries. As this information was highlighted\\nexplicitly in one panel in the comic, we believe it was easier\\nfor participants to understand and remember.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,315,748,537],\"text\":\"For Alliances we could not find any clear differences,\\nwhile Comic (mean=52) was still the most accurate on aver-\\nage but with largely overlapping CLs. IntraGraphic and Illus-\\ntratedText had similar mean values (.42 and .43). Again,\\nwe found a difference for one question asking about the\\nmeaning of a specific visual encoding in the visualization\\n(\\\"What does the black dashed relation represent?\\\"): Comic was\\nsignificantly worse (mean=25) than the other two formats\\n(IllustratedText=66, Inographic=83). We believe par-\\nticipants overlooked this information in the comic as they\\nmight have paid less attention to this particular—not explic-\\nitly highlighted—detail. We attribute the good performance\\nof IntraGraphic to the fact that a respective text was placed\\nclose to these lines to explain their meaning.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,537,748,794],\"text\":\"For Economics we found similar results to Energy . Comic\\nshowed a slightly higher accuracy (mean=.79) while Info-\\ngraphic (mean=.61) (p<.036) and IllustratedText (mean=\\n.62) (p<.04) were similar. As with the other stories, we found\\na difference for a question on time ( “ What is the charac-\\nteristic of the countries in 1962? ” ). Here, Comic was more\\naccurate (mean=.91) (p<.015) then any of the other formats\\n(IllustratedText =.58, Infographic =.33). We conjecture\\nthat the bad performance of Infographic can be related,\\nagain, to the missing temporal visualization, while Comic\\nshowed that information in a single panel. While the expla-\\nnation should indicate a similar bad performance for Illus-\\ntratedText , the average here was slightly higher. However,\\nthis particular infographic has been described as very clut-\\ntered by participants, which may explain some of the poor\\nperformance.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,816,462,832],\"text\":\"Recall\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,836,748,949],\"text\":\"After reading the stories on the first day, participants were re-\\nquired to retell the story in their own words. We took notes of\\neach explicitly presented fact they mentioned (11 for Entropy,\\n14 for Economies, and 17 for Alliances). Self discovered\\nmessages, i.e., those not being mentioned in the texts, were\\nnot considered. On the second day, participants were asked\\nto again retell the story with their own words. Following\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 253\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/results/markdown/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300483/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300483", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/results/output_json/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,226],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A bar chart illustrates quantitative values for \\\"Comic,\\\" \\\"Text,\\\" and \\\"Infog.\\\" sub-categories across four main groups: \\\"Energy,\\\" \\\"Alliances,\\\" \\\"Economics,\\\" and \\\"All.\\\" Each bar displays a value within it and a percentage below, along with a maximum value indicated above the bar. The y-axis ranges from 0 to 0.8.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,236,394,309],\"text\":\"Figure 6: Mean results for understanding after one 1-4 weeks.\\nUpper numbers indicate original values (as shown in Fig 5 ),\\nlower numbers indicate correct results after 1-4 weeks with\\nchange in percent ( Comic - blue , IllustratedText - yellow ,\\nInfographic - red ).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[67,328,393,404],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A multi-panel figure illustrates visual scanpaths, depicted as red lines with arrows, over various types of content. The first two panels show gaze patterns between a text block and a network map, while the last two panels display complex, meandering gaze paths across multiple pages containing text and diagrams.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,417,394,492],\"text\":\"Figure 7: Examples of users' traces while reading the\\nsame story (Alliances LLANCES ) in different formats. Percentages\\nin brackets indicate fraction of users showing comparable\\ntraces. Left: IllustratedLLTEXT LLUSTRATEDTEXT (67 % ), center: Infographic NFOGRAPHIC\\n(75 % ), right: Comic OMIC (100 % ).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,504,394,663],\"text\":\"the methodology by Bateman et al. [7] , we coded the differ-\\nence between both versions as follows: 3 points for every\\ncorrect fact (e.g., correct values), 2 points for remembering\\ngeneral trends (e.g., increase, type of temporal change), 1\\npoint for vaguely remembering (e.g., mentioning type of in-\\nformation) and 0 points for not or wrongly recalling. Two of\\nthe authors independently coded all of the recordings, then\\ndiscussed until reaching consensus. We found Comic to yield\\nslightly more precise results on average (35 % ), compared to\\nIllustratedText (32 % ) and Infographic (30 % ).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,664,394,823],\"text\":\"After one to four weeks, we sent the questionnaire from\\nstep (4) again to all participants (Figure 6 ): Overall, Comic\\ncaused participants to remember most on average (55 % , down\\nfrom 75 % ), followed by Infographic (43 % , down from 57 % )\\nand IllustratedText (41 % , also down from 57 % ). Partici-\\npants lost around 1/3 of their performance. However, values\\nvaried across stories, with each format performing best for\\none story (see Figure). In two cases, mean understanding\\nrates did remain the same ( IllustratedText for Energy and\\nComic for Economics ).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,836,176,854],\"text\":\"Reading Strategy\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,857,394,953],\"text\":\"By asking for the reading sequence of the story, we simu-\\nlated an \\\"eye tracking\\\" phase (step 9) in our study. In the\\npilot study, we found participants walking us through their\\nreading order more accurate and informative for our pur-\\npose than actual eye-tracking. Figure 7 shows example traces,\\ndrawn by participants, while explaining their reading order.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[420,120,747,348],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a series of mean plots comparing three presentation formats (Comic, Text, Infographic) across five attributes (Aesthetics, Exploration, Fun, Focus, Engaging). For each attribute and format, a central dot marks the mean score on a 1-7 scale, with horizontal lines representing 98% confidence intervals, and corresponding numerical values are listed on the right.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,359,745,403],\"text\":\"Figure 8: Subjective measurement from the lab study in step\\n(2) of the 2nd session including means and 98 % CIs. Distri-\\nbutions of the answers are shown on the left.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,423,747,726],\"text\":\"With Comic, all participants followed the panel order, read-\\ning both text and looking at figures in each panel except 1\\nparticipant who read the Comic of ENERGY in a right-left or-\\nder from the second row. 16 participants (44.4%) jumped back\\nto previous panels to make comparisons. For INFORPHIC,\\nmost participants (83%) started with title and abstract, the\\nothers started with figures. We found no specific sequence\\nin which participants read text-boxes in INFORPHIC, i.e.,\\nno prevalence for left-right or top-down order. We found\\nreading sequence was guided by the layout of text boxes,\\ne.g., clock-wise or randomly in ECONOMICS and ALIANCE.\\nGenerally, participants were guided by text boxes and only\\nthen looked at the figure to obtain more information. All par-\\nticipants checked the legend in ALIANCE and ECONOMICS.\\nIn ILLUSTRATEDText, most participants (83%) started with\\nthe text, few (17%) started with pictures, 28% checked figures\\nin the end, while a majority (72%) checked the figures dur-\\ning reading (2-3 times), especially when they found specific\\nvalues in the text.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,739,549,756],\"text\":\"Subjective Feedback\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,761,747,952],\"text\":\"Subjective results from the preference questionnaire (step 7)\\nare summarized in Figure 8 , following the same conventions\\nand analysis as Figure 5 . We found Comic to be highest rated\\n(averages) on three measures ( fun , engaging , and allowing\\npeople to stay focused ) while scoring slightly less then In-\\nfographic for aesthetics and exploration . While, differences\\nbetween Comic and Infographic are minor and not sig-\\nnificant, Comic is generally ranked higher as shown in the\\nrespective distribution (small bar charts left side of Figure 8 ).\\nIllustratedText was rated generally least across all mea-\\nsures with huge differences to the two other techniques for\\nthe measures engaging and fun . Infographic was rated as\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 253\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/results/markdown/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300483/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300483", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/results/output_json/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,283],\"text\":\"aesthetically pleasing , with opinions being more equally dis-\\ntributed for Comic . Asked which format participants would\\nchose next time, we found similar results: Comic rated best by\\n47 % ( worst ... best ), Illustrated Text rated least by 64 %\\nworst ... best ) and Infographic NFOGRAPHIC in the middle ( worst ... .\\nbest ). In the following, we report on participants' feedback\\nduring the interview in step (8). Frequencies of issues raised\\nare reported by the numbers in brackets. Full material and\\nan overview table with the reported merits and drawbacks of\\neach technique can be found in the supplementary material.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,283,395,602],\"text\":\"Comic — Comics were appreciated for their clear reading\\norder (33 % ) and their ability to break down the complexity\\ninto pieces (28 % ). Reading order was found use support mem-\\nory (6 % ) “ [...] because the important information is repeated all\\nthe time, which helps [...] memorize ” , “ Comic makes a story in\\nyour head ” ) and were found to facilitate understanding: “ just\\nfollow the sequence. It is logic and well organized ” , especially\\nfor temporal content (39 % ) ( “ just because [ALLIANS] is so\\ncomplicated and chronological ” ). Breaking down complexity\\ninto individual pieces has been found useful for the same\\nreasons ( “ You have the option to see the information by steps,\\nyou can easily have your memory when it is happened (sic).\\nIt is like the same way we remember history when I was a\\nchild ” is quite easier to memorize ” . Additionally, participants\\nliked that comics could group higher-level messages into\\nrows and potentially pages. Participants also commented on\\nthe ability to quickly overview information and find/recall\\nthe information they wanted ( “ If I don't have time, I'll go for\\ndata comic ” ). In fact, during recall 4 participants used their\\nhands to air-point to where the respective panel was located.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,603,395,922],\"text\":\"On the downside of Comic, visual repetitions were dis-\\ntracting for 2 participants, indicating too much information\\nto process: “every time I see new pictures (panels) I expect\\nsomething new”. I need to compare to define what is new”.\\nThere is a tension here, as building a new message is on the\\nbasis of previous messages uses repeated visual elements,\\ncausing redundancy. For Energy , one participant mentioned\\n“I think it is unnecessary to have that kind of level to break\\ndown, because it is simple enough to understand the image by\\njust looking at the whole picture and explore it.”. This story\\nindeed featured a high degree of visual repetition (the map\\nof Europe) as it was hard to break down the content into\\nsimpler images. Again, other people explicitly preferred a\\nmore open format (“I can only read the comic step by step, it\\nis hard to find the part that I am interested in”) and found\\nthat an overview picture was missing. The same participant\\nwas found to jump between panels. Looking at the comic the\\nfirst time, one participant noted “This one can be confusing,\\nconsidering there are all types of graph. It seems a little much\\nat first glance”.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,922,394,955],\"text\":\"Infographic—Infographics were rated highly for explo-\\nration (33%) by providing overview and detail at the same\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,204],\"text\":\"time which helped making comparisons (6%). Some partici-\\npants (31%) liked the strong connection between text and\\npicture, (19%) participants found lycroararic easier for spa-\\ntial relations and (17%) mentioned understanding time was\\nharder, (28%) found a clear reading order lacking.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,204,747,333],\"text\":\"IllustratedText — Some participants liked the clean-\\nness and familiarity of IllustratedText (11 % ) and reported\\nthat they would use the text to understand the story, and\\ncould look up information on demand. However, the major-\\nity found jumping between text and picture negative (42 % ) as\\nthey had to create their own connections (14 % ), complaining\\nabout the high density of the text (31 % ) ( “ Along with the high\\ndensity of text, and hard time of bridging verbal and visual ” ).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,343,482,361],\"text\":\"Summary\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_conclusion\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,364,749,507],\"text\":\"Our lab study yielded consistent and conclusive results: comics\\nhelped understanding while there was no difference between\\nthe other two formats, thus partially confirming H-Accuracy .\\nDifferences across questions highlighted specific aspects of\\neach format. Eventually, all participants found comics more\\nengaging, thus mostly confirming H-Engaging . Subjective\\nfeedback revealed more precise information about the respec-\\ntive advantages and drawbacks of each format. We could not\\nfind evidence to fully support H-Memorability .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_conclusion\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,507,747,651],\"text\":\"While this evidence was collected in a controlled lab set-\\nting, the question remains of how comics and infographics\\ncompare in more ecologically valid settings, and how well\\neach format is able to keep readers engaged who are not\\npaid and asked to answer questions after reading. For ex-\\nample, our comics did not involve characters or elaborate\\nartistic styles, nor could they feature actual topics and infor-\\nmation. To complement our initial results, we thus designed\\na in-the-wild study.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_conclusion\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,661,576,677],\"text\":\"6  IN-THE-WILD STUDY\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,682,747,825],\"text\":\"The in-the-wild study was carried out during an interna-\\ntional art festival where visitors varied in age, interest, and\\ncultural origin, enabling us to study a more diverse set of\\nparticipants compared to using standard mailing list recrui-\\nting. The study focused on the attraction of each format, how\\npeople engaged with each format and for how long, and their\\npreferences for consuming information. To that end, we ob-\\nserved and coded people's behavior as well as conducting\\nsemi-structured interviews with some of the readers.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,826,747,954],\"text\":\"Techniques – We only used Infographic and Comic in\\nthis study. Two comics were created from existing infograph-\\nics, using the same process as the lab study. Presented topics\\nwere chosen for public interest, but unrelated to any of the\\nsurrounding exhibitions to mitigate potential confounds on\\nthe respective audience attracted by our visualization. To\\nincrease attractiveness of the material for the public space,\\nwe were more free with visual presentation. Comics were\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 253\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,744,1014],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300483/results/markdown/3290605-3300483_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300484/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300484", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/results/output_json/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,94,39,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[86,117,728,180],\"text\":\"Resilient Chatbots: Repair Strategy Preferences for\\nConversational Breakdowns\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[163,193,321,257],\"text\":\"Zahra Ashktorab\\n\\nIBM Research AI\\n\\nYorktown Heights, NY, USA\\nzahra.ashktorab1@ibm.com\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[165,270,321,334],\"text\":\"Q. Vera Liao\\n\\nIBM Research AI\\n\\nYorktown Heights, NY, USA\\n\\nvera.liao@ibm.com\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,345,140,361],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,366,395,637],\"text\":\"Text-based conversational systems, also referred to as chat-\\nbots , have grown widely popular. Current natural language\\nunderstanding technologies are not yet ready to tackle the\\ncomplexities in conversational interactions. Breakdowns are\\ncommon, leading to negative user experiences. Guided by\\ncommunication theories, we explore user preferences for\\neight repair strategies, including ones that are common in\\ncommercially-deployed chatbots (e.g., confirmation, provid-\\ning options), as well as novel strategies that explain charac-\\nteristics of the underlying machine learning algorithms. We\\nconducted a scenario-based study to compare repair strate-\\ngies with Mechanical Turk workers (N=203). We found that\\nproviding options and explanations were generally favored,\\nas they manifest initiative from the chatbot and are action-\\nable to recover from breakdowns. Through detailed analysis\\nof participants' responses, we provide a nuanced understand-\\ning on the strengths and weaknesses of each repair strategy.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,653,173,670],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,674,394,740],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → HCI design and eval-\\nuation methods; Natural language interfaces; Interac-\\ntive systems and tools; Empirical studies in interaction design;\\nUser studies; User interface design;\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[506,193,636,259],\"text\":\"Mohit Jain\\n\\nIBM Research\\n\\nBangalore, India\\nmohitjain@im.ibm.com\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[492,270,651,335],\"text\":\"Justin D. Weisz\\n\\nIBM Research AI\\n\\nYorktown Heights, NY, USA\\n\\njweisz@us.ibm.com\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,345,502,361],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,366,746,397],\"text\":\"Chatbots, conversational agents, conversational breakdown,\\nrepair, grounding\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,411,553,426],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,427,747,515],\"text\":\"Zahra Ashktorab, Mohit Jain, Q. Vera Liao, and Justin D. Weisz. 2019.\\nResilient Chatbots: Repair Strategy Preferences for Conversational\\nBreakdowns. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing\\nSystems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland,\\nUK . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/\\n3290605.3300484\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,546,550,564],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,569,747,824],\"text\":\"In 1966, Eliza simulated dialogue as a Rogerian psychothera-\\npist [47] . Fast forward to 2016, the MIT Technology Review\\nheralded chatbots as one of the year's breakthrough tech-\\nnologies [33] . Chatbots have made much headway since\\nEliza's introduction. However, it has become apparent that\\ncurrent conversational technologies are still inadequate at\\nhandling all of the complexities of natural language inter-\\nactions, as manifested by a number of high-profile chatbot\\nfailures [2, 34] . Breakdowns in understanding user input\\nhappen often, and they can have profound impact on how\\npeople perceive and interact with a chatbot. In the worst case,\\nthey may abandon the chatbot or the current task. Or, they\\nmay need to endure a haphazard trial-and-error process to\\nrecover from the breakdown. Both breakdowns and current\\nrecovery processes decrease people's satisfaction, trust, and\\nwillingness to continue using a chatbot [19, 20, 28] .\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,824,747,951],\"text\":\"A universal challenge faced by chatbot developers is how\\nto design appropriate strategies that mitigate the negative\\nimpact of breakdowns. Previous work [19, 24, 42, 48] studied\\nstrategies that aim to alleviate peoples' negative emotional\\nresponse from agent or robot breakdowns, such as show-\\ning politeness and apologetic behaviors. However, in task-\\noriented settings, such as a chatbot performing information\\nassistance, these strategies may be ineffective if the user still\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,787,395,892],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not\\nmade or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear\\nthis notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components\\nof this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with\\ncredit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to\\nredistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request\\npermissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,894,273,906],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,910,272,948],\"text\":\"© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery\\nhttp://doi.org/10.1145/3296630.3308184\\nhttp://doi.org/10.1145/3296630.3308184/\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 254\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/results/markdown/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300484/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300484", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/results/output_json/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,172],\"text\":\"fails to accomplish the task. In this paper, we focus on strate-\\ngies that support repair – recovering from the breakdown\\nand accomplishing the task goal.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,172,394,476],\"text\":\"Repair is a ubiquitous phenomenon in human communica-\\ntion. When a breakdown happens in a conversation, people\\ntake a variety of actions such as repeating, rephrasing, or\\nclarifying, to repair it. Although chatbot users should be\\nskillful in using similar actions as the speaker , the repair task\\nbecomes challenging as the listener is no longer a fellow\\nhuman. Two problems often impede the repair process with\\nchatbots: 1) there may be a lack of evidence that a breakdown\\nhas occurred, which may either be a limitation of the under-\\nlying technology (i.e., unable to recognize a breakdown) or a\\nfailure in design to communicate the breakdown; 2) the sys-\\ntem’s model is unfamiliar for the user to choose an effective\\nway to repair. When talking to another person, repairs are\\nalmost subconscious acts, which may include a combination\\nof speech, gesture, and facial expression [6] . Chatbots rely\\non machine learning algorithms to process a user’s input,\\nwhich are “black boxes” for the user. Though these interfaces\\nare deemed “conversational,” they may not be repaired in\\nthe same way as talking to another person [32] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,476,394,699],\"text\":\"In this work, we study repair strategies that a chatbot (lis-\\ntener) could adapt to tackle the above problems – providing\\nevidence for the breakdown and supporting repair towards a\\ndesirable direction for the system model. We note that many\\ncommercial chatbot products are already adopting repair\\ndesigns to serve these goals. One example is to ask for con-\\nfirmation when the system has low confidence, which gives\\na clear signal of a potential breakdown and allows the user\\nto initiate repair without the system mistakenly executing a\\ntask. Another example is to provide options of tasks that the\\nchatbot can handle based on their proximity to the user's\\ninput, which not only indicates that a breakdown occurred,\\nbut also drives the interaction to the scope of the system\\nmodel's capabilities.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,699,394,939],\"text\":\"This paper makes two contributions. First, we identify a\\nset of repair strategies, informed by communication theories\\nand prior work on conversational agents. In addition, we in-\\ntroduce a group of novel repair strategies that aim to expose\\nthe system model, as inspired by recent work in explainable\\nmachine learning [35, 41, 46] . These strategies explain why\\na breakdown occurred, such as showing which keywords\\nthe system was able/unable to understand, in order to as-\\nsist a user in effective self-repair . These strategies contrast\\nwith system-repair strategies such as directly providing op-\\ntions. Second, we conducted a scenario-based study with\\nMechanical Turk workers (N=203) to systematically under-\\nstand people's preferences for different repair strategies. Our\\nstudy focuses on text-based chatbots, which are widely used\\nand growing in popularity [21] , although some of the repair\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,745,156],\"text\":\"strategies we examined can be applied to voice-based agents\\nas well.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,167,683,184],\"text\":\"2 BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,189,746,252],\"text\":\"Our study is informed by communication theories relevant to\\nconversational breakdown and repair, prior work on repair\\nin human-agent interaction, as well as transparency and\\nexplanation of machine learning systems.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,264,692,279],\"text\":\"Breakdowns and Repairs in Communication\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,283,746,443],\"text\":\"Social scientists have long been interested in studying repairs\\nin human communications, defined as \\\"the replacement of\\nan error or mistake by what is correct\\\" [36] . Schegloff et al.\\nmade the distinction between self- and other-repair [36] ,\\nreferring to the correction made by the speaker or the listener,\\nrespectively. A distinction is also made between the initiation\\nand the outcome of a repair. The person who initiates a repair\\nis not necessarily the one who completes it. Empirically,\\nSchegloff et al. concluded a preference for self- over other-\\nrepair regardless of who initiates it.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,443,746,699],\"text\":\"Repair is also frequently studied under the framework of\\ngrounding in communication , proposed by Clark and Bren-\\nnan [10] . Grounding describes conversations as a form of col-\\nlective action to achieve common ground or mutual knowl-\\nedge. As a speaker presents an utterance, evidence of un-\\nderstanding, whether explicit or implicit (e.g., a correct re-\\nsponse), is expected. If there is a lack of evidence or presence\\nof negative evidence, the speaker may choose to initiate a\\nrepair. The theory uses the concept of cost to explain why\\na repair strategy is used, or if the breakdown is ignored\\nwithout repair. For example, formulation cost predicts that a\\nspeaker prefers simple ways of rephrasing (e.g., correcting a\\npartial sentence) over providing a complete new utterance.\\nIt also explains the preference for self- over other-repair\\nby minimizing turn-taking cost (number of potential repair\\nturns needed) and fault cost (i.e., being perceived at fault).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,699,746,859],\"text\":\"In a serial work to adapt the grounding framework for\\nhuman-computer interaction [5, 7] , Brennan highlighted that\\nthe understanding models are private to each party, and dia-\\nlog partners can only estimate how to converge them. When\\nthe dialog partner is a machine, its private understanding\\nmodel is significantly mismatched from the human speaker,\\nposing challenges for grounding or repair. Brennan derived a\\ntheory-driven model for a spoken dialog system to explicitly\\nindicate in which state the breakdown happens, such as the\\nattending, recognizing, interpreting, or acting stage.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,869,639,886],\"text\":\"Repair in Human-Agent Interaction\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,889,746,954],\"text\":\"Recently there has been a growing volume of research on\\nhuman-agent interaction. A common theme in work study-\\ning everyday use of conversational agents is users' strug-\\ngle with natural language interactions [26–29, 32] . Myers\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 254\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/results/markdown/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300484/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300484", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/results/output_json/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,380],\"text\":\"et al. studied chat logs of a voice based interface (VUI) to\\nidentify types of errors and users' coping tactics [29] . They\\nfound NLP errors – misunderstanding a user's utterance –\\nto be the most common type of error, and users engaged in\\na variety of tactics including hyper-articulation, simplifica-\\ntion, and providing more information in attempts to repair.\\nPorcheron et al. conducted a field study of user interactions\\nwith Amazon Alexa [32] at homes and found that a signifi-\\ncant amount of interactions were dedicated to repair. They\\nattributed the challenge of user repair to a lack of indication\\nof trouble in Alexa's error messages: “ [Alexa] provides no\\nmechanism for further interaction, and does not make avail-\\nable the state of the system, allying the VUI with notions of a\\n`black box' ” . This conclusion echoes a long-standing concern\\non the limitation of conversational agent interfaces – a lack\\nof transparency on system status and affordance [28, 39] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,380,395,665],\"text\":\"Besides these studies providing a descriptive account of\\nbreakdown, work that suggests design solutions to support\\nthe repair process has been limited. A distinction should\\nbe made between agent-initiative and user-initiative sys-\\ntems [17] . In the former case, systems with the dialogue\\ninitiative can restrict users' responses by asking close-ended\\nquestions. It is in the latter case where breakdowns are com-\\nmon, as users can ask free-form questions, and repairing\\nbreakdowns is challenging because users are uncertain about\\nthe system's status and capabilities. Popular commercial\\nagents, such as Apple's Siri and Amazon's Alexa, are mostly\\nuser-initiative. They are also considered goal-oriented be-\\ncause users have an information goal to achieve from the\\ninteraction. For non-goal-oriented chatbots (i.e., for chit-chat),\\nYu et al. [50] enumerated a list of strategies such as repeat-\\ning parts of the user utterance, switching topics, and telling\\njokes, but they aim to engage users for further interaction\\ninstead of supporting repair.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,666,395,953],\"text\":\"The related human-robot interaction (HRI) community\\nhas studied designs to mitigate the negative effects of ro-\\nbot breakdowns. With humanoid robots, the focus has been\\non social behaviors that make users more tolerant or will-\\ning to help. For example, multiple studies explored using\\npoliteness and apology strategies to request help when the\\nrobot malfunctions [14, 25, 40] . Most relevant to ours is the\\nwork by Lee et al. [24] . Using a scenario-based survey, they\\nstudied three strategies for a robot to recover from a break-\\ndown: apologies, compensation, and providing options. They\\nfound individual differences in repair preferences based on\\nservice orientation: those with a relational orientation pre-\\nferred apologies, while those with a utilitarian orientation\\n(interactions with the bot are purely transactional) preferred\\ncompensation [24] . In our study, we borrow the methodol-\\nogy of a scenario-based survey as it provides a means to\\ngather a large quantity of data for our set of repair strategies,\\nand it allows us to strictly control the interaction process\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,189],\"text\":\"and outcomes to evaluate the perception of different repair\\nstrategies. Different from Lee et al. [24] , we adopt a pairwise\\ncomparison design to elicit reasons for peoples' preferences\\nbetween different repair strategies.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,212,673,229],\"text\":\"Explanation of Machine Learning System\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,233,746,423],\"text\":\"Work reviewed above suggests exposing an agent's underly-\\ning model could effectively support repair in user-initiative,\\ngoal-oriented conversations. Notably, a recent study intro-\\nduced an interface that persistently displayed a chatbot's\\nstate of understanding to the user [18] , and enabled users\\nto edit directly when an error happened. Current chatbots\\noften work in a question-and-answer format relying on an\\nintent model [49] , which uses machine learning classifiers\\nto map a user utterance to one of many pre-defined intents\\n(e.g., “ hello ” and “ hi ” would be classified as the greeting in-\\ntent). However, little work has explored exposing the status\\nof these machine learning classifiers to a chatbot's users.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,423,747,679],\"text\":\"We draw inspiration from recent work on explanation of\\nmachine learning algorithms [15, 16, 46] . For text classifiers,\\nexplanations are generated from their features, such as the\\nwords used in the documents they classify. A common ap-\\nproach is to highlight keywords in a document that have the\\nhighest weights for the classifier's decision – \\\"this document\\nis classified as sports news because it contains the keyword\\nfootball\\\". Stumpf et al. [41] explored peoples' willingness\\nto provide feedback on machine learning systems when ex-\\nplanations for their predictions were provided, including\\nkeyword highlighting and rule-based explanations, and they\\nfound that people provided rich feedback for improving the\\nsystems. We note that keyword extraction can be achieved\\nthrough various methods for any kind of text classification\\nalgorithms [35] ; thus, our design of explanation-based repair\\nstrategies is agnostic to the actual underlying classifier.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,703,738,719],\"text\":\"3 REPAIR STRATEGIES & RESEARCH QUESTIONS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,724,747,915],\"text\":\"We used several concepts from communication theories on\\ngrounding [10] and repair [36] to drive the choices of re-\\npair strategies we studied. First, we considered the evidence\\nof misunderstanding or initiation of repair from the agent.\\nGiven users' unfamiliarity with the agent's private model, it\\nis necessary for the agent to indicate a potential misunder-\\nstanding. However, an HRI study found that users prefer the\\nagent to ignore the uncertainty and carry on an action until\\nthe user initiates a correction [14] . Explicitly acknowledging\\na mistake lowers the likability and perceived intelligence of\\nthe agent, and may add friction to the interaction as the user\\nis obliged to respond to the initiation.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,915,746,948],\"text\":\"Second, we distinguished between self-repair and system-\\nrepair . For a question-and-answer chatbot, users' self-repair\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 254\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/results/markdown/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300484/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300484", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/results/output_json/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,188],\"text\":\"is usually limited to rephrasing the original input. System-\\nrepair may diverge from other-repair in human-human con-\\nversations given the underlying machine learning model and\\nlimited capabilities.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,189,394,267],\"text\":\"Lastly, we attempted to reduce users' repair cost by ex-\\nposing details of system's understanding status, so users can\\nengage in assisted self-repair . We drew inspiration from work\\non explainable machine learning and introduce three novel\\ndesigns of agent explanation strategies.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,267,395,572],\"text\":\"In our study, we focused on the following eight repair\\nstrategies (Figure 1 ) that have different attributes with re-\\ngard to the three above factors. We opted out of a factorial\\ndesign because these factors were either dependent or or-\\nthogonal. To initiate system-repair or provide explanation,\\nthe agent must acknowledge the potential misunderstand-\\ning; engaging in system-repair precludes assisting in users'\\nself-repair. These strategies were also chosen because they\\ncan be broadly applied to chatbots that rely on the commonly\\nused intent-based model [49] – a chatbo relies on using a\\nmulti-classifier to classify a user utterance to one of many\\npre-defined intents, triggering a response linked to that in-\\ntent. Specifically, classification of each intent has a confidence\\nscore, and the intent with the highest confidence is consid-\\nered as the recognized intent. With an intent-based model,\\nit is common to define breakdown as when the confidence\\nlevels for all intents are below a certain threshold. Our repair\\nstrategies are concerned with the immediate action that a\\nchatbot would take after recognizing such a breakdown.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,583,176,600],\"text\":\"Repair Strategies\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,604,222,620],\"text\":\"No evidence of a breakdown.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,624,395,720],\"text\":\"• Top response. Similar to the \\\"ignore\\\" strategy studied by\\nEngelhardt et al. [14] , the chatbot gives no evidence of\\na potential breakdown, but outputs the response to the\\nintent with the highest confidence, even when it is below\\nthe threshold. In this scenario, the user would have to\\ninitiate a repair after seeing the wrong response.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,728,235,745],\"text\":\"With evidence of a breakdown.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,748,396,893],\"text\":\"• Repeat . The chatbot recognizes a potential breakdown\\nand explicitly indicates it, then repeats the initial prompt\\nto the user.\\n• Confirmation . The chatbot recognizes a potential break-\\ndown when the top intent falls below the confidence thresh-\\nold. It then explicitly confirms the top intent (e.g., “sounds\\nlike you want to... is that correct?”). This strategy is con-\\nsidered more natural, and similar to how a human listener\\ninitiates a repair [36] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,900,312,917],\"text\":\"With evidence of a breakdown, system-repair.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,920,394,954],\"text\":\"• Options. The chatbot not only indicates a potential break-\\ndown, but also provides options of potential intents in\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[421,125,749,239],\"text\":\"which it has the highest confidence. The system attempts\\nto repair by taking over the dialogue initiative to restrict\\ninteraction within its capabilities.\\n• Defer. It is a common strategy for a chatbot to transfer a\\nrequest it is unable to solve to a human agent. We consider\\ndeferring as a type of system-repair as it is a solution for\\nthe system to resolve breakdowns via human intervention.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,246,691,263],\"text\":\"With evidence of a breakdown, assisted self-repair.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[421,267,746,367],\"text\":\"• Keyword highlight explanation . Inspired by keyword-\\nbased explanations for text classifiers [41] , we introduce\\na strategy that reveals why an intent was mistakenly rec-\\nognized by highlighting keywords in the user's utterance\\nthat contribute to the classifier's decision. By exposing\\nthe chatbot's understanding mechanism, it is expected to\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[428,368,746,607],\"text\":\"help the user rephrase by avoiding the keywords that the\\nchatbot misunderstood or by using words that are closer\\nto the desired intent.\\n\\nKeyword confirmation explanation. This strategy is\\nsimilar to keyword highlighting, but instead of highlight-\\ning on the user's original utterance, the chatbot explicitly\\nexplains its understanding to the user in a confirmation\\nmessage. Although it is more natural in a conversational\\nform, it makes a trade-off in that it needs an additional\\nconversational turn.\\n\\nOut-of-vocabulary explanation. This strategy highlight\\nwords that the bot did not understand in order to help the\\nuser rephrase. This explanation can be realized by extract-\\ning words that are distant or missing from the chatbot's\\ntraining data or knowledge base.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,617,543,634],\"text\":\"Research Questions\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,638,752,669],\"text\":\"We addressed the following research questions in our scenario-\\nbased study.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,675,748,707],\"text\":\"• RQ1: Which repair strategies are preferred when a con-\\nversational breakdown with a chatbot occurs, and why?\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[433,708,746,772],\"text\":\"– RQ1a: Is it preferable to acknowledge breakdowns?\\n– RQ1b: Is it preferable to provide system-repair?\\n– RQ1c: Is it preferable to provide assisted self-repair by\\nexplaining system's understanding?\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,772,746,802],\"text\":\"• RQ2: How do different individual and task-related factors\\nimpact preferences for different repair strategies?\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,806,746,953],\"text\":\"For RQ2 , there were a number of individual factors we\\nconsidered, including social orientation with chatbots (i.e.,\\ndesire for human-like social interactions [26, 27] ), service\\norientation (i.e., viewing service interactions as either trans-\\nactions or social interactions [24] ), prior experience with\\nchatbots, and experience with technology. For task-related\\nfactors, we considered scenarios with different repair out-\\ncomes (successful or not) and different contexts (shopping,\\nbanking, and travel).\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 254\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/results/markdown/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300484/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300484", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/results/output_json/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,123,200,139],\"text\":\"4 METHODOLOGY\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,144,394,352],\"text\":\"To answer our research questions, we developed scenarios\\nin which a breakdown happens and then the chatbot adopts\\none of the eight repair strategies as discussed above (shown\\nin Figure 1 ). All scenarios started with the same breakdown\\nas shown in the \\\"Initial Prompt,\\\" where a wrong intent was\\nrecognized (\\\"add a credit card\\\" instead of \\\"add my daughter to\\nmy credit card\\\"). This wrong intent was exposed by the repair\\nstrategies except for Top, Repeat and Defer. For example, the\\nKeyword Highlight Explanation strategy highlighted the\\nkeywords \\\"add\\\" and \\\"card\\\". After seeing the system's repair\\naction, the user in all scenarios provided the same input\\n(expanded original queries by mentioning \\\"add as authorized\\nuser\\\"), and ended the conversation in success in Figure 1 .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,352,394,591],\"text\":\"To answer RQ2 , we examined different repair outcomes.\\nIn half of the scenarios, after the user's second attempt, the\\nchatbot provided the correct answer as shown in Figure 1 ;\\nin the other half, the user's second attempt led to another\\nbreakdown. In chatbot interactions, it is common that a user\\nhas to make multiple attempts to repair; thus, it was im-\\nportant to study whether repair strategy preferences dif-\\nfered when the repair interaction did not succeed. We also\\nintroduced three different task contexts (shopping, bank-\\ning, travel) to examine the generalizability of repair strategy\\npreferences. Figure 1 shows the banking scenarios. In the\\nshopping scenarios, the user inquires information about a\\nprevious order. In the travel scenarios, the user asks for di-\\nrections to a tourist attraction. In total, we developed 48\\nscenarios: 3 ( context ) $\\\\times$ 8 ( repair ) $\\\\times$ 2 ( outcome success).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,607,263,625],\"text\":\"Paired Comparison Experiment\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,628,394,739],\"text\":\"We adopted a pairwise comparison experiment to collect\\npeoples' preferences for repair strategies. Our experiment\\nconsisted of tasks in which we randomly showed participants\\ntwo of the eight repairs, but with the same context (shop-\\nping/banking/travel) and outcome (successful/unsuccessful).\\nWe asked participants to select which scenario appealed to\\nthem more and describe why they had made their selection.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,739,394,883],\"text\":\"Pairwise experiments are commonly used in various fields\\nof research to determine participant judgments [9, 22] . Pair-\\nwise comparisons could yield more realistic results than\\nLikert scales [1] because they take advantage of simple judg-\\nments and prioritize a small set of stimuli to learn people's\\npreferences [8, 12] . They also allow us to elicit qualitative\\nresponses on the desirable traits of one repair strategy over\\nanother. We performed rank analysis of our pairwise com-\\nparisons using the Bradley-Terry model [4] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,899,227,916],\"text\":\"Individual Factors Survey\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,919,394,951],\"text\":\"We are interested in how the following individual factors\\nimpact preferences for repair strategies: social orientation\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,746,205],\"text\":\"toward chatbots, service orientation, prior experience with\\nchatbots, and experience with technology in general. These\\nfactors have been shown to impact peoples' preferences and\\nbehaviors. All measures were self-reported using 5-point\\nLikert scales.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,205,747,381],\"text\":\"Social Orientation toward Chatbots: Introduced by Liao et\\nal. [26, 27] , this measure reflects a desire to engage in human-\\nlike social interactions with chatbots, which is associated\\nwith a mental model of an agent system as being a sociable\\nentity. They found that people with a high social orientation\\ndesire natural conversation and social designs from the agent\\nwhile these low in social orientation used chatbots like an\\ninformation search engine. We used the scale introduced\\nin [26] : `I like chatting casually with a chatbot' and `I think\\nsmall talk' with a chatbot is enjoyable. ' Cronbach's $\\\\alpha$ was\\n0.84 indicating high reliability.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,380,747,538],\"text\":\"Service Orientation: In Lee et al.'s work studying recovery\\nstrategies for robot breakdown [24] , they noted a preference\\ndifference between those with a utilitarian vs. a relational\\nservice orientation. We adapted two items from their work:\\n\\\"Efficient customer service is important to me\\\" and \\\"I found it\\nfrustrating when a customer service representative could not\\nimmediately give me the information I need.\\\" However, Cron-\\nbach's $\\\\alpha$ was 0.38 indicating poor reliability, so we include\\nthese items as two separate measures in our analysis: service\\nfrustration and service efficiency.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,538,746,603],\"text\":\"Experience with Chatbots: We assessed self-reported prior\\nexperience with chatbots: \\\"I am familiar with chatbot tech-\\nnologies\\\" and \\\"I use chatbots frequently.\\\" Cronbach's $\\\\alpha$ was\\n0.71 indicating good reliability.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,602,747,667],\"text\":\"Experience with Technology: We assessed self-reported\\ntech-savviness: \\\"I consider myself an advanced technology\\nuser\\\" and \\\"I am eager to try new technologies.\\\" Cronbach's α\\nwas 0.70 indicating good reliability.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,677,626,695],\"text\":\"Participants, Task, and Procedure\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,698,747,954],\"text\":\"Participants were recruited on Mechanical Turk with the\\nrequirement of being 18 years or older. In each task, partic-\\nipants performed 10 pairwise comparisons between repair\\nstrategies for a given scenario and outcome. Each scenario\\nwas presented turn-by-turn, with three-second typing indi-\\ncation pauses in between chat bubbles to simulate the inter-\\nactive experience of a chat. After reading the first scenario\\n(shown on the left half of the screen), participants clicked\\na button to show the second scenario (shown on the right\\nhalf of the screen). After both scenarios were presented, par-\\nticipants were asked to select which chatbot they preferred\\nand give an explanation as to why. Scenarios were selected\\nrandomly without replacement so the same participant did\\nnot see the same combination of factors twice, and two con-\\ntrol scenarios were included as attention checks. The first\\nrepeated a previous scenario to see whether the participant\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 254\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/results/markdown/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300484/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300484", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/results/output_json/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[71,124,742,643],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image presents a grid comparing various chatbot interaction strategies for processing a user's request to add an authorized user to a credit card. Each section demonstrates a different approach, such as initial prompts, clarification through repetition or keyword highlighting, confirmation, multiple options, and deferral to a human agent.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[79,644,733,660],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Eight repairs for the successful banking condition. At the top left, we show the initial prompt in all conditions.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,681,394,841],\"text\":\"gave it the same rating. The second provided a comparison\\nbetween a chatbot that had successfully repaired the break-\\ndown with one that did not, and participants were expected\\nto express a preference for the one that was able to success-\\nfully repair. After finishing all 10 comparisons, participants\\nfilled out a survey that collected demographic information\\nand measurements of individual factors as discussed above.\\nThe overall task took about 10 minutes to complete, and par-\\nticipants were compensated $1.50 USD for their participation\\n($9 USD/hr).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,841,394,938],\"text\":\"We deployed a total of 340 tasks on Mechanical Turk. We\\nfiltered out 137 participants (40 % ) who did not pass the at-\\ntention checks, yielding a final sample of 203 participants\\n(141 male, 69 % ) and 1,624 pairwise comparisons. Of these,\\n124 (61 % ) held a bachelor's degree, and 28 (14 % ) held a post-\\ngraduate degree. The average age of our participants was\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,681,746,732],\"text\":\"34 years (SD=9 years). Most of our participants spoke Eng-\\nlish as their native language (N=179, 88%), and other native\\nlanguages included Hindi (4%), Malay (3%), and Tamil (3%).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,748,502,764],\"text\":\"5 RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,768,746,865],\"text\":\"In this section, we describe participants' preferences for re-\\npair strategies and the underlying reasons (RQ1), where we\\npay attention to preferences with respect to the acknowl-\\nedgement of breakdowns (RQ1a), system-repair (RQ1b) and\\nassisted self-repair (RQ1c). We then explore how individual\\nand task-related factors impact these preferences (RQ2).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,881,657,898],\"text\":\"Preferences of Repair Strategies (RQ1)\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,902,746,951],\"text\":\"The Bradley-Terry model [4] is a mathematical model that\\nestimates a vector of \\\"ability scores\\\" for a set of paired object\\ncomparisons, which yields an ultimate ranking of all objects.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 254\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/results/markdown/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300484/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300484", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/results/output_json/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[70,126,391,520],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Preferred repair vs. Rejected repair</td><td>p-value</td></tr><tr><td>Options vs. Keyword Highlight</td><td>0.000**</td></tr><tr><td>Options vs. Confirmation</td><td>0.000**</td></tr><tr><td>Options vs. Repeat</td><td>0.000**</td></tr><tr><td>Options vs. Top</td><td>0.000**</td></tr><tr><td>Options vs. Defer</td><td>0.000**</td></tr><tr><td>Options vs. Keyword Confirmation</td><td>0.000**</td></tr><tr><td>Options vs. Out-of-Vocabulary</td><td>0.002**</td></tr><tr><td>Out-of-Vocabulary vs. Confirmation</td><td>0.000**</td></tr><tr><td>Out-of-Vocabulary vs. Top</td><td>0.000**</td></tr><tr><td>Out-of-Vocabulary vs. Repeat</td><td>0.000**</td></tr><tr><td>Out-of-Vocabulary vs. Keyword Highlight</td><td>0.000**</td></tr><tr><td>Out-of-Vocabulary vs. Defer</td><td>0.000**</td></tr><tr><td>Out-of-Vocabulary vs. Keyword Confirmation</td><td>0.041</td></tr><tr><td>Keyword Highlight vs. Top</td><td>0.036</td></tr><tr><td>Keyword Highlight vs. Confirmation</td><td>0.058</td></tr><tr><td>Keyword Highlight vs. Keyword Confirmation</td><td>0.576</td></tr><tr><td>Keyword Highlight vs. Repeat</td><td>0.270</td></tr><tr><td>Keyword Confirmation vs. Confirmation</td><td>0.014</td></tr><tr><td>Keyword Confirmation vs. Top</td><td>0.008*</td></tr><tr><td>Keyword Confirmation vs. Defer</td><td>0.061</td></tr><tr><td>Repeat vs. Keyword Highlight</td><td>0.855</td></tr><tr><td>Repeat vs. Keyword Confirmation</td><td>0.094</td></tr><tr><td>Defer vs. Keyword Highlight</td><td>0.199</td></tr><tr><td>Confirmation vs. Defer</td><td>0.546</td></tr><tr><td>Confirmation vs. Repeat</td><td>0.433</td></tr><tr><td>Top vs. Defer</td><td>0.413</td></tr><tr><td>Top vs. Repeat</td><td>0.315</td></tr><tr><td>Top vs. Confirmation</td><td>0.828</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table displays p-values for comparisons between different repair strategies, grouped under \\\"Preferred repair vs. Rejected repair.\\\" The left column lists pairs of strategies being compared, such as \\\"Options vs. Keyword Highlight\\\" or \\\"Out-of-Vocabulary vs. Confirmation.\\\" The right column provides the numerical p-value for each comparison, with some values marked by one or two asterisks.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_6_tab_2.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,523,394,573],\"text\":\"Table 1: Significant values, after Bonferroni adjust-\\nment (p <0.05/8), are noted with $^{*}$ . Marginally signifi-\\ncant values (p <0.1/8) are noted with $^*$ .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,599,395,805],\"text\":\"This model has been used in previous HCI studies that con-\\nducted pairwise comparison experiments (e.g. [3, 37] ). We\\nuse the BradleyTerry2 R package [44] to generate an overall\\nranking of repair strategies followed by pairwise comparison\\ntests for significance. For each repair, the model conducts a\\npairwise test that generates a p-value for each other repair to\\nwhich it is compared. We used a Bonferroni correction [45]\\nto account for the number of individual comparisons made\\n( $p < 0.05/8$ for significance, $p < 0.1/8$ for marginal signif-\\nicance [11] ). In Figure 2 , we show the overall rankings, as\\nwell as separate rankings for when the scenario was success-\\nfully or unsuccessfully repaired. In Table 1 , we present the\\np-values for pairwise comparisons.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,806,395,950],\"text\":\"As seen in Figure 2, the Options repair was unarguably\\nthe most favored strategy, preferred in pairwise compar-\\nisons over all other strategies (Table 1). Assisted self-repairs\\n– Keyword Highlight, Keyword Confirmation, and Out-of-\\nVocabulary Explanation – were generally favored, with Out-\\nof-Vocabulary Explanation as the most preferred among the\\nthree. For the rest – Defer, Confirmation, Repeat, and Top –\\npreferences were noisier. Part of the reason, as we observe\\nin Figure 2, is that they were ranked differently in scenarios\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,124,748,332],\"text\":\"with successful and unsuccessful repair outcomes. Most evi-\\ndently, Defer was outranked by all other repairs when the\\nrepair was successful, but ranked second when the repair was\\nunsuccessful. This difference implies that if a breakdown can\\nbe easily repaired, people prefer to resolve it with the chat-\\nbot, whereas if the repair fails after an initial attempt, they\\ndesire a human agent to be involved, even if the human agent\\nis unable to resolve it immediately (as in the scenario). We\\nalso observe that simple strategies – Top and Repeat – were\\nranked higher in successful than unsuccessful scenarios. This\\nfinding suggests that if the breakdown is straightforward\\nenough to repair with one attempt, chatbots that don't offer\\nevidence of breakdown or repair assistance are acceptable.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,344,608,361],\"text\":\"Reasons for Preferences (RQ1)\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,365,748,748],\"text\":\"Along with collecting preferences, we asked participants to\\ngive reasons why they selected one repair strategy over an-\\nother. The authors individually reviewed this data and used\\nopen coding [13] to extract themes in the open-ended an-\\nswers. Codes were harmonized after two iterations of review\\nand discussion, resulting in the final set of themes shown\\nin Table 2 . A few common themes were observed across re-\\npair strategies, reflecting general desires for repair design:\\n1) efficiency and efficacy were desired when recovering from\\nthe breakdown to accomplish the task goal, as demonstrated\\nby codes such as “ faster, ” “ concise ” (easy to read), “ help to\\nrephrase, ” and “ less typing required; ” 2) some strategies in-\\ncreased perceived intelligence and capability , especially when\\nthe agent demonstrated its understanding through confirma-\\ntion or explanations, or when it proactively assisted repair via\\nexplanation or directly providing options; 3) politeness was\\ndemonstrated in strategies that presented an understanding\\nbefore executing a response (e.g. confirmation, explanations);\\nand 4) naturalness , in which participants felt that interactions\\nfaithfully resembled human conversations, was not felt in\\nstrategies that highlighted keywords or provided options.\\nBased on the results shown in Table 2 , we focus on address-\\ning our research questions regarding breakdown evidence,\\nsystem-repair, and assisted self-repair.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,755,747,788],\"text\":\"Explicit Acknowledgement of Breakdown (RQ1a). Our rank-\\ning results suggest that participants preferred chatbots to\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[426,796,743,910],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image presents three vertical ranked lists of categories, titled \\\"All Data (n=1624)\\\", \\\"Successful (n=800)\\\", and \\\"Unsuccessful (n=824)\\\". Each list displays several text labels, such as \\\"Top,\\\" \\\"Confirmation,\\\" and \\\"Defer,\\\" within colored boxes that transition from red at the top to green at the bottom. The order of these categories varies across the three columns.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,925,747,986],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Bradley-Terry rankings of repair strategies. From\\nleft to right, rankings for: all data, successful conditions, un-\\nsuccessful conditions. From top to bottom: lowest ranked to\\nhighest ranked.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 254\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/results/markdown/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300484/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300484", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/results/output_json/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[81,124,733,408],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Repair</td><td>Strengths</td><td>Weaknesses</td></tr><tr><td>Top</td><td>concise with no extraneous questions; simple interaction</td><td>began an unwanted process without confirming; lacks resource to resolve breakdown; unfriendly and rude</td></tr><tr><td>Repeat</td><td>concise; natural, explicit about lack of understanding</td><td>appears less intelligent; did not show interest of understanding; lack of resources for user to repair</td></tr><tr><td>Confirmation</td><td>verify before take an action; show understanding capability; polite; natural</td><td>longer conversation to respond to confirmation; appear less competent by repetitively confirming</td></tr><tr><td>Options</td><td>provide choices to resolve the issue faster; narrow down to what it can do; show understanding capability and intelligence; less typing required by user</td><td>complicates with clutter; unnatural; more reading</td></tr><tr><td>Defer</td><td>interaction with human is faster; human more likely to solve the problem; prefer interacting with a human</td><td>wait time and interaction with human slower; human intervention is unnecessary</td></tr><tr><td>Keyword Highlight Explanation</td><td>show understanding capabilities; help users to rephrase; teach user how to interact with the chatbot; proactively making an effort; intuitive explanation; resolve issue faster with less turns</td><td>verbose; repetitive description; highlighting is visually unappealing; less natural</td></tr><tr><td>Keyword Confirmation Explanation</td><td>show understanding capabilities; help users to rephrase; teach user how to interact with chatbot; proactively making an effort; polite; correct</td><td>highlighting is visually unappealing; longer conversation to respond to confirmation; less information provided</td></tr><tr><td>Out-of-Vocabulary Explanation</td><td>show understanding capabilities; help users to rephrase; teach user how to interact with chatbot ; proactively making an effort; polite; correct; specific about why it fails to understand</td><td>appear less competent unable to understand simple words</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table presents an analysis of various chatbot repair strategies. It is organized into three columns: \\\"Repair\\\" listing the strategy names (e.g., Top, Repeat, Confirmation, Options, Defer, Keyword Highlight Explanation), \\\"Strengths\\\" detailing positive aspects, and \\\"Weaknesses\\\" outlining negative aspects for each strategy.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_7_tab_2.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[165,409,646,426],\"text\":\"Table 2: Strengths and weaknesses of repair strategies reported by participants.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,436,394,565],\"text\":\"explicitly acknowledge a potential breakdown, as Top was\\ngenerally less favored. Our qualitative data reveals that to\\nproceed with a wrong response is not only unhelpful for\\nresolving the breakdown, but is also perceived as rude, un-\\nfriendly, and putting in no effort. Although for scenarios in\\nwhich the breakdown was resolved in one attempt, partici-\\npants were more tolerant of the Top strategy, and some also\\nfavored its simplicity.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,565,394,692],\"text\":\"Two similar strategies that acknowledge potential break-\\ndowns – Repeat and Confirmation – had interesting trade-\\noffs. Participants perceived Confirmation to be more polite\\n(verifying before taking an action) and intelligent (showing\\nits understanding capability) than Repeat, but some found it\\nmore burdensome to have to read and respond to the con-\\nfirmation. Both strategies were considered natural as they\\nresemble ways that a human listener would initiate a repair.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,693,394,774],\"text\":\"Our results also suggest that while participants like chat-\\nbots to acknowledge potential breakdowns, they may be\\nturned away by messages that are redundant and repetitive,\\nsuch as the current design of Keyword Highlighting, where\\na prompt about the indication of highlighting was repeated.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,789,395,949],\"text\":\"System-Repair (RQ1b). We introduced two distinct strate-\\ngies for system-repair: Options and Defer. Participants fa-\\nvored Options because it was efficient and required less effort\\nfrom the user in formulating and typing. They also perceived\\nthe chatbot to be more intelligent by taking the dialogue ini-\\ntiative. We note that our scenario-based method may not\\nreflect the real-world success rate of different repair strate-\\ngies (e.g., Options may not always provide the correct sug-\\ngestion) However, Options strategy was favored even in the\\nunsuccessful scenarios, and one participant commented that\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,436,747,532],\"text\":\"it \\\"ends the conversation quicker when it doesn't understand\\ninstead of stringing me along\\\" (P76, Options vs. Top). Partic-\\nipants also liked to have the \\\"none of the above\\\" option to\\nexplicitly exit a conversation: \\\"It at least did provide a way\\nto say that it was on the wrong track: i.e. none of the above\\\"\\n(P17, Options vs. Out-of-Vocabulary Explanation).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,533,747,694],\"text\":\"As discussed earlier, the status of a breakdown (success-\\nful/unsuccessful) affected participants' preferences. When\\nthe repair failed, Defer was a preferred strategy as a human\\nagent is more likely to resolve a difficult issue. In contrast, if\\nsuccess can be achieved through a single repair, participants\\ngenerally found the intervention of a human agent to be\\nunnecessary. “I liked the fact that the bot continued to try\\nto work out what was being asked rather than immediately\\nreferring the user to a human agent, which defeats the purpose\\nof the bot.” (P77, KeyWord Confirmation vs. Defer).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,730,747,939],\"text\":\"Assisted Self-Repair (RQ1c). Repair strategies that aid with\\nself-repair, by exposing the chatbot's understanding model,\\nwere generally ranked highly compared to strategies that\\nprovided no evidence of misunderstanding (Top) or simple\\nacknowledgement (Confirmation). The qualitative results\\nrevealed several themes shared by these strategies. First,\\nthey provide actionable resources for the user to resolve the\\nbreakdown, either by avoiding undesirable words or using\\nwords more specific to the targeted intent when rephrasing:\\n\\\"I really like seeing the keywords highlighted since it gives me\\ninsight into the logic behind the bot's responses, which will\\nassist me if it does not provide the response I want.\\\" (P108,\\nKeyword Highlighting vs. Repeat).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 254\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300484/results/markdown/3290605-3300484_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300487/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300487", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/results/output_json/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,39,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[92,118,722,150],\"text\":\"Predicting Cognitive Load in Future Code Puzzles\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[147,168,339,234],\"text\":\"Caitlin Kelleher\\n\\nWashington University in St. Louis\\n\\nSt. Louis, Mo\\n\\nckelleher@csse.wustl.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[475,168,666,234],\"text\":\"Wint Hnin\\n\\nWashington University in St. Louis\\nSt. Louis, Mo\\nhnn@wustl.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,243,141,260],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,264,395,503],\"text\":\"Code puzzles are an increasingly popular way to introduce\\nyouth to programming. Yet our knowledge about how to\\nmaximize learning from puzzles is incomplete. We conducted\\na data collection study and trained a model that predicts\\ncognitive load, the mental effort necessary to complete a task,\\non a future puzzle. Controlling cognitive load can lead to\\nmore effective learning. Our model suggests that it is possible\\nto predict Cognitive Load on future problems; the model\\ncould correctly distinguish the more difficult puzzle within a\\npair 71 % -79 % of the time. Further, studying the model itself\\nprovides new insights into the sources of puzzle difficulty,\\nthe factors that contribute to Cognitive Load, and their inter-\\nrelationships. Finally, the ability to predict Cognitive Load\\non a future puzzle is an important step towards the creation\\nof adaptive code puzzle systems.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,517,172,533],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,538,403,588],\"text\":\"• Applied computing → Interactive learning environments;\\nLearning management systems; • Human-centered com-\\nputing → User models.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,603,150,620],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,625,382,642],\"text\":\"Adaptive Learning System, Code Puzzles, Cognitive Load\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,656,204,670],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,671,395,743],\"text\":\"Caitlin Kelleher and Wint Hnin. 2019. Predicting Cognitive Load\\nin Future Code Puzzles. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in\\nComputing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow,\\nScotland . UK: ACM, New York, NY, USA, 12 pages. https://doi.org/\\n10.1145/3290605.3300487\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,243,549,260],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,264,747,533],\"text\":\"A growing number of young people are introduced to pro-\\ngramming through online resources including interactive tu-\\ntorials, web references, MOOCs, educational games, and cre-\\native platforms [44] . Based on a curricular analysis, coding-\\nbased educational games provide some of the most promising\\neducational resources for young learners [44] . Many of these\\ngames are based around a series of code puzzles that learners\\ncomplete. We define a code puzzle as a set of code elements\\n(statements and constructs) that a learner must assemble into\\na program and execute to achieve a specific end-goal. For\\nexample, a code puzzle might challenge a learner to guide\\na sprite through a maze by assembling a program. Recent\\nresearch suggests that code puzzles are both more effective\\n[42, 50] and more motivating [40] than other common types\\nof learning support. Despite the promise of code puzzles, we\\nhave sparse direct evidence about the puzzle design factors\\nand learner behaviors that contribute to learning.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,534,746,695],\"text\":\"In this paper, we describe the creation of a predictive model\\nfor cognitive load, the amount of mental effort necessary to\\ncomplete a future code puzzle. Research has shown that\\ncontrolling cognitive load leads to more efficient learning\\n[55] . Our cognitive load model is valuable for two reasons:\\n1) studying what the model has learned can provide new\\ninsights into factors that contribute to cognitive load and,\\n2) the model can enable a new kind of adaptive code puzzle\\nsystem. Research in other educational domains suggests that\\nadaptive systems can improve learning efficiency [20, 25] .\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,695,746,757],\"text\":\"Specifically, this paper poses two questions: 1) Is it possible\\nto build a model that predicts cognitive load on a future\\nproblem? And, 2) What does the model reveal about the\\nfactors that contribute to cognitive load?\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,758,747,950],\"text\":\"We answered these questions by first running a data col-\\nlection study to gather performance and perceived cognitive\\nload data. Next, we trained developed a predictive model for\\ncognitive load. The model is an ensemble classifier comprised\\nof random forests trained on each distinct code structure (e.g.\\na nested Repeat loop) in our set of code puzzles. Our results\\nsuggest that: 1) It is possible to predict cognitive load on a\\nfuture problem: our model can correctly identify the more dif-\\nficult puzzle within a pair 71 % to 79 % of the time. And, 2) the\\nmost predictive feature group focuses on the mental effort\\nparticipants invested in understanding and solving puzzles,\\nspecifically how effectively they responded to feedback.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,778,394,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute, requires prior special\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\\nC 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,899,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,925,265,953],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19-03...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3206505.3300487\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,997,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 257\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,997,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/results/markdown/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300487/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300487", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/results/output_json/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,123,197,139],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,144,394,225],\"text\":\"We first review work in Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) to\\nground our work and provide a lens for our results. Next, we\\nreview research on learning from code puzzles. Finally, our\\nwork relates to research on student modeling and adaptive\\nlearning systems.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,264,212,280],\"text\":\"Cognitive Load Theory\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,283,394,347],\"text\":\"Research in CLT has found that working memory is a bottle-\\nneck in learning tasks [37]. Further, there are three types of\\nworking memory loads that can all impact learning intrinsic\\nload, extraneous load, and germane load [59, 75].\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,348,394,443],\"text\":\"The intrinsic load of a learning task is determined by the\\nnature of that task and the learner's expertise [75] and is\\ngenerally considered unalterable. Summing small integers,\\nfor example, is likely easy for an adult but may require more\\nmental effort from a young child who must translate digits\\ninto countable objects to obtain an answer.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,444,394,618],\"text\":\"Extraneous load comes from tasks unrelated to the spe-\\ncific learning goals [75] . This load can be imposed by tasks\\nsuch as unnecessary information searches [45] or a need to\\nintegrate different information sources [73, 75] . One body\\nof work focuses on worked examples, which reduce extra-\\nneous load by helping to focus learners' attention on valid\\nmoves within the solution space [75] . Learners who studied\\na worked example and then solved a paired practice problem\\n(one with the same underlying structure as the worked ex-\\nample) performed better on near-transfer tasks than learners\\nwho learned by completing practice problems [71] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,619,394,809],\"text\":\"Germany load represents extra effort to support learning.\\nActivities such as identifying and explaining a problem's sub-\\nsteps require additional cognitive resources, but can lead to\\nbetter learning outcomes [26, 64, 75] . However, the quality of\\nlearners' explanations can vary substantially [26, 63] . Related\\nsupport including identifying sub-goals [23] , selecting the\\nmotivating principle to justify each problem step [12] and\\nexplaining the reasons behind steps [11, 61] also improve\\nlearning outcomes. Taken together, these studies suggest that\\nlearners who attempt to understand the steps of a problem\\nsolution may have higher germane load but improved ability\\nto apply these elements in novel situations.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,809,394,954],\"text\":\"Research using CLT to improve learning has primarily ex-\\nplored ways to reduce extraneous load and increase germane\\nload, resulting in increased learning efficiency and transfer.\\nWithin computing education, Van Merrienboer and Kram-\\nmer compared high school students learning programming\\nthrough program generation and via completion problems\\nin which they were given partial solutions to programming\\nproblems to finish [74] . Students who learned via comple-\\ntion problems performed better on both near and far transfer\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,746,268],\"text\":\"tasks [74] . Like worked examples, completion problems re-\\nduce extraneous load by focusing learner attention on a\\nsubset of possible moves [55] . While they have not been ex-\\nplored through CLT, Parson's programming puzzles [59] and\\nthe Code Restructuring Tool (CORT) [36] provide a set of pro-\\ngramming statements learners can re-assemble to achieve\\na specified behavior, inherently limiting the set of moves\\nlearners must consider. In an early classroom study, students\\nfound them helpful, particularly for initial learning [59] .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,278,504,295],\"text\":\"Code Puzzles\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,299,746,411],\"text\":\"At their core, code puzzle systems provide users with specific\\nproblems to solve through writing programs [42] . Commonly,\\nthese problems involve navigating a sprite towards a target,\\nwhile achieving objectives such as refueling resources [1] ,\\nturning on lights [5] , or picking up and moving objects [49] .\\nMost code puzzle systems use blocks-based programming\\n[1, 4, 5, 7, 9] , but some use textual programming [2, 3, 49] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,411,746,619],\"text\":\"Despite the widespread use of code puzzles, there is still\\nmuch to learn about how to maximize their learning effec-\\ntiveness. Existing research suggests that code puzzles are a\\npromising approach to supporting beginning programmers\\n[42] . Recent studies have found learning gains when compar-\\ning learning through code puzzles to learning via tutorials\\n[42] or open ended creation of code [50] . Other studies have\\nfound no significant differences in learning outcomes when\\ncomparing puzzles to an online tutor [50] or writing and\\ndebugging equivalent code [34, 35] . However, all of these\\nstudies have found gains in learning efficiency when com-\\nparing learning via puzzles to the use of tutorials [42, 50] ,\\nand writing or debugging equivalent code [34, 35] .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,619,746,906],\"text\":\"CLT provides a potentially valuable and underexplored\\nframework for considering the effectiveness of learning via\\ncode puzzles. Like Van Merriënboer and Krammer's com-\\npletion problems, code puzzles may decrease extraneous\\ncognitive load by reducing the space of possible moves, po-\\ntentially explaining observed increases in learning efficiency\\n[34, 42] . However, studies that measure cognitive load do not\\nyet form a clear picture. One study comparing learning from\\npuzzles with and without incorrect statements, or distrac-\\ntors, found that distractors increased the reported cognitive\\nload but did not negatively impact learning [41] . Another\\ncomparing learning when solving the same programming\\nproblems by completing Parsons' problems, fixing broken\\ncode, and writing code from scratch found no significant\\ndifferences in reported cognitive load [35] , but increased\\nlearning efficiency with Parsons' problems [35] . We note\\nthat the Parsons' problems included distractor statements,\\nwhich may have increased participants' cognitive load.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,906,746,954],\"text\":\"Predictive models of cognitive load may contribute to\\nresearch on learning via code puzzles in two ways. First,\\nthe predictive models may, themselves, provide insight into\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 257\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/results/markdown/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300487/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300487", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/results/output_json/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,411],\"text\":\"how learner behaviors and problem attributes (e.g. distractor\\nstatements) influence learning. While we did not explore\\nthe impact of distractor statements, we did explore lock-\\ning the positions of statements and construct relative to\\nothers within the puzzle, further reducing the number of\\nmoves learners must consider. Second, nearly all of today's\\ncode puzzle systems present learners with an identical series\\nof puzzles to solve. However, adaptive puzzle systems can\\npotentially improve learning. Three recent efforts explore\\nadapting Parsons problems for individual learners: by reduc-\\ning the number of pieces to place in a current puzzle [32–34] ,\\nby changing the number of distractors in the next puzzle\\nbased on number of attempts needed to solve the previous\\npuzzle [34] , and by continuing to offer puzzles on a topic\\nuntil a learner solves it within a limited number of attempts\\n[48] . This paper takes the first steps towards a new kind\\nof adaptation: selecting puzzles for a particular learner by\\npredicting cognitive load on future puzzles.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,422,181,440],\"text\":\"Student Modeling\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,444,394,491],\"text\":\"Student modeling research creates models that predict educa-\\ntionally relevant information in order to 1) make educational\\ndecisions or 2) understand learning in different contexts.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,492,395,651],\"text\":\"Models that support educational decision making select\\nappropriate content for a given learner. Some systems do\\nthis by estimating learners' mastery of particular skills and\\nconcepts based on their actions [29] . Correct problem solving\\nsteps increase the system's estimate that the learner under-\\nstands the problem's underlying concept. Other models use\\nlearner behaviors to predict performance on future problems.\\nOne such system predicts whether a learner will solve a prob-\\nlem and in what period of time based on learner behavior,\\nproblem difficulty, and demographic information [14] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,652,395,778],\"text\":\"Researchers also use models to understand aspects of the\\nlearning process including the predictors of strong academic\\nperformance [10, 52, 58, 66] , behavioral differences between\\ndifferent groups of learners [46] , the predictors of engage-\\nment and disengagement [46, 77] , and the predictors of differ-\\nent affective states [13, 31] . Student models incorporate data\\nsuch as problem solving behavior [31] and interactions with\\nlearning support resources like discussion forums [46, 77] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,778,394,890],\"text\":\"Our predictive model of cognitive load can contribute both\\nto making educational decisions and to better understanding\\nthe learning process. Studying the ways in which our cogni-\\ntive load model uses different features to predict cognitive\\nload on future puzzles provides insights into sources of cog-\\nnitive load and their interactions over time. This information\\nmay inform new approaches to supporting student learning.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,901,237,918],\"text\":\"Adaptive Learning Systems\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,922,395,954],\"text\":\"Adaptive learning systems use information collected about\\nlearners in order to customize their educational experiences.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,745,157],\"text\":\"These systems fall into two major categories: 1) one-time\\nadaptation systems and 2) task-by-task adaptation systems.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,168,747,280],\"text\":\"One-time Adaptation Systems. One-time adaptation systems\\nask learners to provide initial information and then select\\neducational tasks based on that information. Systems select\\nmaterials using a variety of approaches including heuristics\\n(e.g. providing visual information for visual learners [39, 51] )\\nand clustering learners and generating suggestions using the\\nbehaviors of high performing clusters [47, 70] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,291,746,387],\"text\":\"Task by Task Adaptation Systems. Instead of a one-time infor-\\nmation collection process, task by task systems collect infor-\\nmation after each learning task and use it to guide content\\nselection. There are two core challenges for these systems: 1)\\n\\nmeasuring user performance and 2) selecting content based\\n\\non user performance.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,387,747,563],\"text\":\"Task by task adaptation systems use a variety of tech-\\nniques to collect performance information. Some systems\\nmeasure performance invisibly by looking at a learner's se-\\nlection of activities within a learning system [21, 43, 51, 65] .\\nOther systems select new material based on estimating a\\nlearner's knowledge [21] or identifying similar learners [65] .\\nStill others ask learners to report their mental effort for com-\\npleted problems [22, 55, 67] and use it to determine a learner's\\npace of progress through sequenced learning content. Pre-\\ndictive models of cognitive load may create the opportunity\\nto optimize learners' perceived challenge levels.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,578,616,595],\"text\":\"3   DATA COLLECTION STUDY\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,599,746,648],\"text\":\"To build our predictive model, we conducted a study to collect\\ndata on learner behavior, history, and perceived cognitive\\nload as learners progressed through a series of puzzles.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,661,575,678],\"text\":\"Data Collection Platform\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,682,747,906],\"text\":\"We conducted our study using Looking Glass [6] , a blocks-\\nbased programming environment for creating 3D animations\\nand games with existing support for code puzzles (see Figure\\n1 ). Looking Glass code puzzles present users with a bin of\\nstatements and constructs necessary to create a target ani-\\nmation. Users construct their solution by dragging program-\\nming elements from the statement bin to the code editor (see\\nFigure 1 -A). They can view their solution (\\\"play mine\\\") and\\nthe target animation (\\\"play correct\\\" in Figure 1 -B). When\\nusers play their program, they also receive basic correctness\\nfeedback that uses colored boxes to identify when the first er-\\nror has occurred, but not the incorrect statement. This vague\\nfeedback is intended to discourage brute force solutions [42] .\\nLearners can quit a puzzle at any time (see Figure 1 -C).\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,907,746,954],\"text\":\"We modified Looking Glass in three ways for this study:\\nFirst, inspired by prior research suggesting that learner choice\\nsupports both effective learning and motivation [27, 28] , we\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 257\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/results/markdown/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300487/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300487", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/results/output_json/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[67,114,397,297],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A programming interface for animation is shown, featuring a video player (B) depicting an animated hare, and a drag-and-drop code block area (A). Navigation buttons (C) for Undo, Redo, Reset, and Quit are visible at the top right. Below the interface is a Likert scale (D) for rating task difficulty, ranging from \\\"Extremely Easy\\\" to \\\"Extremely Difficult.\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[119,304,342,322],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Looking Glass Puzzle Interface.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,351,395,527],\"text\":\"modified Looking Glass to offer users a choice of three puz-\\neles each time they begin a new puzzle. Users can preview\\nthese animations and choose the puzzle they find most ap-\\npealing. The three puzzles are selected using a preliminary\\nadaptive model developed through an earlier, unpublished\\nstudy with 19 adult participants. We hoped the preliminary\\nmodel could focus our data more tightly around an appro-\\npriate level of difficulty. However, we found that the model\\nperforms no better than random, perhaps due to the small\\ndata set or differences in participants' backgrounds. Accord-\\ningly, we are omitting further discussion of this model.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,527,395,606],\"text\":\"Second, we modified Looking Glass to collect perceived\\ncognitive load for each completed puzzle [56, 57] . When\\nparticipants finish a puzzle, they rate their cognitive load\\nusing a 9-point Likert scale ranging from extremely easy to\\nextremely difficult (see Figure 1 -D).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,606,395,653],\"text\":\"Finally, we modified Looking Glass to log participants' ac-\\ntions as they work. This includes capturing the full program\\nstate each time a user edits their solution.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,667,130,684],\"text\":\"Materials\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,686,395,735],\"text\":\"We created five sets of code puzzles (i.e. \\\"pathways\\\") to be\\ncompleted in order and covering three programming con-\\nstructs and combinations of those constructs:\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[81,740,395,837],\"text\":\"(1) DoTogether: a construct that executes all statements\\ninside it in parallel,\\n(2) Repeat: a count loop, and\\n(3) DoInOrder: a construct that executes all statements\\nin sequence. A DoInOrder inside a DoTogether allows\\ninterleaving of parallel and sequential execution.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,841,395,954],\"text\":\"Pathway 1 (10 puzzles) focused on DoTogether and 2 (14\\npuzzles) focused on Repeat. Pathway 3 (14 puzzles) integrated\\nDoTogether and Repeat. Pathway 4 (20 puzzles) introduced\\nDofOrder inside DoTogether. And, finally, Pathway 5 (18\\npuzzles) integrated all three constructs. Each pathway in-\\ncluded both simple and more complex programs. All puzzles\\nhave a memorable, story based animation, following the best\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,747,267],\"text\":\"practices in code puzzle design [42] . In early pilots, we found\\nthat learners sometimes struggle when encountering nested\\nconstructs for the first time. This inspired us to design some\\npuzzles with locked elements to moderate difficulty. For ex-\\nample, some nested count loop puzzles locked one count\\nloop inside the other. Users could move the nested count\\nloop within the program and add programming statements\\nto either loop, but could not un-nest the inner loop. We ex-\\nplore the impact of locked elements in our discussion.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,286,515,303],\"text\":\"Study Methods\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,307,747,563],\"text\":\"We conducted the study via 5 day pseudo-camps. Partici-\\npants attended for 6 hours per day, but the research only\\noccupied 1.5 hours per day (two 45 minute sessions). Over\\nthe 5 days, participants completed 7.5 hours of code puz-\\nzles. The remainder of each day was spent on non-coding\\nactivities. At the beginning of the first research session, we\\nasked participants to complete a demographic and coding\\nbackground survey. Next, we demonstrated the user inter-\\nface for code puzzles. Participants spent the remainder of the\\nresearch sessions working through the code puzzle pathways\\nin order. Participants had to complete their current pathway\\nbefore starting the next. After completing each puzzle within\\na pathway, participants rated their cognitive load (CL) using\\na one-item Likert scale from 1 to 9 [72] . Research suggests\\nthat this scale is the most sensitive measure for assessing\\ncognitive load imposed by educational tasks [72]\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,564,747,834],\"text\":\"As participants worked, researchers circulated recording\\nobservations about problem solving approach, behaviors\\nsupporting that approach, participants' codenames, and puz-\\nzles, enabling us to link observations and log data later. We\\nprovided limited help modeled on hint progressions within\\nIntelligent Tutoring Systems [ 38 ] on request. Researchers\\nfirst asked participants to describe what is correct in their\\ncurrent solution and how they know. Subsequent questions\\nisolated the participants' struggle to perceiving differences\\nwith the correct, understanding the current behavior of their\\ncode, and identifying potential changes. Participants typi-\\ncally asked for help only when very frustrated. Accordingly,\\ntheir ratings of cognitive load for puzzles completed with\\nhelp were typically high, reflecting that frustration. This po-\\ntentially adds noise to our data set. However, we feel some\\nhelp was necessary to prevent disengagement and is consis-\\ntent with what would happen in a classroom setting.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,852,497,869],\"text\":\"Participants\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,873,747,955],\"text\":\"We recruited a total of 76 participants. One participant did not\\ncomplete the pre-study survey. We report the information for\\nthe remaining 75 participants. Four of the five camps were for\\ngirls only; we had 69 female and 6 male participants with an\\naverage age of 12.36 years ( $SD = 1.61$ ). 56 % had previously\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,125,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 257\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/results/markdown/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300487/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300487", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/results/output_json/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[71,123,400,155],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Rating</td><td>-4</td><td>-3</td><td>-2</td><td>-1</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>%</td><td>.14</td><td>.2</td><td>.18</td><td>.13</td><td>.09</td><td>.08</td><td>.03</td><td>.02</td><td>.01</td><td>.12</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table displays ratings from -4 to 5 in the top row. The bottom row shows corresponding percentages as decimal values, ranging from .01 to .2.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_4_tab_2.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[131,157,330,173],\"text\":\"Table 1: Cognitive Load Distribution\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,184,394,218],\"text\":\"written a computer program. Four had used Looking Glass,\\nbut none had experience with the code puzzles.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,230,325,247],\"text\":\"4 PREDICTIVE MODEL DEVELOPMENT\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,250,395,347],\"text\":\"We went through three stages to develop our predictive\\nmodel for cognitive load. First, we explored the data quality\\nand did some simple cleaning. Next, we developed features\\ninspired by CLT and informed by our observations and logs\\nof participants' problem solving processes. Finally, we con-\\nstructed the model using our cleaned data and features.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,361,234,380],\"text\":\"Data Quality and Cleaning\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,382,395,477],\"text\":\"We collected more than 5000 examples of puzzle solutions\\nand attempts at varying cognitive loads, ranging from 1\\n(Extremely Easy) to 9 (Extremely Difficult). We rescaled these\\nto -4 to 4 for analysis purposes. The distribution (see Table\\n1 ) is skewed towards puzzles perceived as easier, however\\nwe have representation across all ratings.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,477,395,573],\"text\":\"We labeled puzzles that participants quit after testing at\\nleast one solution with a difficulty of 5 and discarded all\\nother quit puzzles. Based on our observation notes, most par-\\nticipants quit attempted puzzles due to difficulty. However,\\nwe note that participants sometimes quit puzzles for other\\nreasons, most commonly due to the end of a session.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,589,123,603],\"text\":\"Features\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,607,395,719],\"text\":\"We created three groups of features that capture aspects of\\nintrinsic, extraneous, and germane load observable through\\neither puzzle characteristics or participants' behavior and\\none additional group that captures characteristics of individ-\\nual learners. We recorded each feature value for four different\\ntypes of history (exceptions are noted in each subcategory,\\nas appropriate):\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[81,724,394,804],\"text\":\"(1) The last puzzle completed or attempted.\\n(2) The last three puzzles completed or attempted.\\n(3) The last three puzzles where participants struggled (i.e.\\nreported a cognitive load greater than one).\\n(4) The last three puzzles completed without struggle.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,808,395,955],\"text\":\"We developed these features using a three-phase process.\\nDuring the studies, researchers recorded field notes describ-\\ning learner behaviors when struggling and not struggling.\\nNext, we built visualizations of puzzle completion showing\\nline by line correctness each time the puzzle was tested along\\nwith plays of the correct and participants' versions. We used\\nthese visualizations and our field notes to propose features\\nthat captured puzzle solving behavior by iteratively review-\\ning both to capture the range of learner behaviors we saw,\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,268],\"text\":\"Finally, we grouped the features into intrinsic, extraneous,\\nand germane loads, and learner characteristics. Note that we\\ncannot currently measure the different types of load directly.\\nThus, many studies define intrinsic, extraneous, and germane\\nload for their target problems by analyzing the educational\\ngoals, the knowledge learners need to manipulate, and the\\nactions they can take to promote their own understanding\\n[12, 24] . In the following sections, we outline the rationales\\nfor our feature classifications by cognitive load type.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,282,747,443],\"text\":\"Intrinsic Load Features. We defined the intrinsic load based\\non our top level learning goal: we wanted learners to be able\\nto combine differing code constructs to achieve a variety of\\nbehaviors. Since intrinsic load varies by learner according\\nto their current knowledge [75] , the intrinsic load features\\nfocus on the difficulty imposed by the code structures within\\nthe future puzzle and recently completed puzzles: 1) the\\nstructure of the code constructs represented (e.g. two loops\\nin sequence vs two nested loops) and 2) learners' experiences\\nwith construct sub-problems.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,443,747,731],\"text\":\"Structural Difficulty: This group includes two feature types:\\n1) features that capture the count of different structures in the\\ncurrent puzzle and recently completed puzzles and 2) modi-\\ncations to those structures via locking. The structural count\\nfeatures capture the raw difficulty of the concepts presented.\\nThe structural count features include the counts of each code\\nstructure present in the puzzle and the greatest nesting depth\\nof code constructs. Nested constructs require learners to un-\\nderstand both the behavior of the component constructs and\\nthe ways in which they interact. The locking features capture\\nchanges that remove some of the conceptually-based deci-\\nsions that learners need to make, reducing the raw difficulty\\nof puzzles. Features in this group include: the counts of each\\ncode structure present in the puzzle, the greatest nesting\\ndepth of code constructs, the locked constructs count (see\\nsection 3), and the number of constructs that a user needs\\nto place to solve the puzzle. We record these values both for\\npreviously completed puzzles and for the future puzzle.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,731,747,955],\"text\":\"Experience with Sub-problems: While the difficulty of a\\ngiven problem cannot be altered via instructional method,\\nmany problems can be broken into sub-problems that are\\ntaught individually [45] . Nesting of code structures can be\\nseen as an integration of the component code structures.\\nAccordingly, this group of features captures participants' ex-\\nposure to and perceived difficulty of different code structures\\nthat may serve as sub-problems. These features provide an\\nindication of learners' preparation to integrate sub-problems.\\nFor each structure (see Table 2 ), we tracked the number of\\nexposures a participant had to that structure, and their aver-\\nage cognitive load rating for that structure overall and on the\\nlast three puzzles attempted. If a participant has fewer than\\nthree puzzles for recent history or one puzzle for full history,\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,125,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 257\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/results/markdown/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300487/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300487", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/results/output_json/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,237],\"text\":\"we fill in ratings of 5 (i.e. a quiz) for any missing puzzles. Two\\nfinal features use knowledge of the code structures within\\nthe future, unseen puzzle: these features look at the number\\nof previously quit puzzles with the same code structures\\nas the future puzzle, in total and consecutively. These final\\ntwo features capture learners' experience with the necessary\\nintegration of sub-problems for the future puzzle.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,243,394,466],\"text\":\"Extraneous Load Features. Extraneous load is additional cog-\\nnitive load required to solve a problem that is unrelated to the\\nlearning goals. Our features are inspired by one well studied\\ntype of extraneous load known as the split-attention effect, in\\nwhich learners must split their cognitive attention between\\ntwo goals: one related to the intended learning goals and\\none not [24] . For example, one study explored the impact of\\ngeometry problems in which the angles were labeled within\\nthe diagram or explained through text below it [76] . Learn-\\ners who had to transfer the textual angle descriptions to the\\nfigure had higher ratings of cognitive load [76] . Because the\\nload associated with mapping the textual descriptions to the\\nfigures was unrelated to the target geometry concepts, it was\\nconsidered extraneous.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,467,394,755],\"text\":\"Similarly, our extraneous load features attempt to capture\\nsources of cognitive load that are independent of code struc-\\nture: those arising from API learning. This feature group\\nincludes the number of unique statements in the puzzle, the\\nnumber of unfamiliar statements, the number of locked state-\\nments (see section 3 ), and the number of statements users\\nmust place. These features attempt to capture the degree to\\nwhich learners may need to invest cognitive effort to under-\\nstand method behavior, which is unrelated to the learning\\ngoals. Additionally, we record the number of semantically\\nsimilar statements within the code. For example, if a puzzle\\ncontains five statements in which characters spin, correctly\\nplacing spin for one character can suggest the solution for\\nthe rest. Semantically similar statements both decrease the\\ncognitive effort associated with method understanding and\\nprovide cues about the placement of those statements within\\nthe code structure. We record these values for completed\\npuzzles and the future puzzle.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,762,394,954],\"text\":\"Germane Load Features. Tasks that are not required for learn-\\ning but help to support it impose germane load. Our features\\nare inspired by the self-explanation effect in which learners\\nwho attempt to explain to themselves the steps necessary to\\ncomplete a problem invest more cognitive load, but achieve\\ngreater learning gains [12] . Self-explaining a program's be-\\nhavior is not directly observable through log files. Instead,\\nwe leveraged our observations, which typically followed\\nlearners through solving entire puzzles. Using our notes, we\\nidentified behaviors that occurred when learners attempted\\nor did not attempt to understand their code, its' behavior,\\nand how it differed from correct behavior. Our germane load\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,172],\"text\":\"features included: how participants seek and respond to feed-\\nback, the persistence of structural problems, and behaviors\\nindicative of guessing.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,172,747,522],\"text\":\"Feedback Seeking: To achieve a correct solution, partici-\\npants must understand how their solution differs from the\\ncorrect one. An important precursor to understanding the\\nbehavior of your program is identifying how it differs from\\ncorrect program behavior. We observed that learners who\\nidentified a specific difference between their program and the\\ncorrect one often went on to reason through their code and\\nhypothesize a reason for this difference through attempts\\nat self-explanation. While this may sound like typical de-\\nbugging behavior, some learners never tried to identify a\\nconcrete difference. Based on our observations, learners who\\nprimarily played their own code tended to make arbitrary\\ncode changes. Accordingly, we track the ratio of participants\\nplaying their own animation and the correct one. Addition-\\nally, we count numbers of consecutive plays of the partici-\\npants’ solution, the correct solution, and either. Consecutive\\nplays can suggest that learners are attempting to identify\\na concrete difference. Finally, we record a count of puzzles\\nwhere the correct solution was never played. In this case,\\nlearners are effectively never identifying specific differences\\nbetween their program and the correct one. All would have\\nseen the correct animation before starting the puzzle.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,523,747,714],\"text\":\"Feedback Response: We observed that learners who at-\\ntempted to self-explain the behavior of their code and hy-\\npothesize reasons for any differences with the correct version\\nwere better at identifying relevant code changes to make. As\\nsuch, this feature group explores the degree to which learn-\\ners’ post-feedback code changes were productive. We track\\nthe average score change between consecutive play-edit cy-\\ncles (overall and within structures) and after a play correct.\\nAdditionally, we look at learners' responses to the first error:\\ncorrecting it, or adding blocks before or after it. Since many\\nlearners work beginning to end, edits that do not address\\nthe first error provide evidence against self-explanation.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,715,747,937],\"text\":\"Persistence of Structural Problems: We observed that par-\\nticipants who did not appear to self-explain were slow to\\nmodify the code structure. Accordingly, this feature group\\nlogs the persistence of incorrect code structures. We track a\\nvariety of situations: 1) testing solutions without any con-\\nstructs, 2) separating constructs that need to be nested, and 3)\\nreversing the positions of nested constructs. All of these can\\nindicate that a learner is not reasoning about the construct\\nbehaviors. Additionally, we also see learners place statements\\nincorrectly relative to constructs. Our observations suggest\\nthat the persistence of these mistakes also indicates a lack\\nof self-explanation. To track struggles with placing state-\\nments relative to constructs, we track the average number\\nof attempts with decreasing construct score.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 257\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/results/markdown/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300487/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300487", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/results/output_json/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,411],\"text\":\"Thrashing Behaviors: This final group of features records\\nbehaviors we see when users are making arbitrary rather\\nthan thoughtful changes, suggesting that self-explanation\\nis not occurring. We track the average number of attempts\\nwith less than two statements inside a Do Together and the\\nnumber of attempts in which participants switch the order of\\nstatements inside a parallel construct, which have no effect\\non program execution, as well as repeated movements of the\\nsame statement. These kinds of changes are unlikely to help\\nthe learner move towards a correct solution and, as such, are\\nsuggestive of unreasoned changes. Additionally, we observed\\nthat some participants made many unmotivated changes be-\\ntween plays. We tracked two related features: the number\\nof times that a participant had a correct but untested solu-\\ntion and the number of time participants revisited previous\\nincorrect code configurations. The existence of correct and\\nrepeated solutions are suggestive that the learner is using an\\narbitrary rather than a thoughtful solution process.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,422,395,791],\"text\":\"Learner Characteristics. CLT research suggests that cognitive\\nload is highly individual. For example, learners may differ\\nin working memory load and personality [55] . These factors\\ncan lead to differing perceptions of mental effort. We noticed\\nthat some learners had a higher tolerance for challenge than\\nothers and that this tended to be reflected in their cogni-\\ntive load ratings. While we did not measure characteristics\\nlike working memory capacity directly, we hypothesize that\\nlearners' perceptions of challenge reflect some of these in-\\ndividual characteristics. Accordingly, this group of features\\nfocuses on learners' perceptions of and tolerance for diffi-\\nculty in solving puzzles. We tracked each of the following\\nfor our four history types: participants' average cognitive\\nload ratings, the average number of attempts necessary to\\nsolve a puzzle, the average number of times they re-started\\npuzzles, and the average number of steps necessary to com-\\nplete puzzles. The average number of attempts, steps, and\\nrestarts provide insight into the degree of struggle complet-\\ning puzzles. Typically, participants restarted puzzles out of\\nfrustration. These, in combination with cognitive load rat-\\nings, provide insight into challenge tolerance. Additionally,\\nwe include a feature tracking average cognitive load over all\\ncompleted or attempted puzzles.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,804,193,822],\"text\":\"Model Construction\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,825,395,955],\"text\":\"We constructed Random Forest Classifiers [16] to predict cog-\\nnitive load on a future puzzle. We chose Random Forest Clas-\\nsifiers because the resulting models are human-interpretable.\\nWe initially tried to construct a single model for all code struc-\\ntures, but found that approach did not achieve acceptable\\nperformance. Instead, we trained an ensemble of Random\\nForests, one for each code structure, using the \\\"Random-\\nForestClassifier\\\" library [8] and all features. We omit the\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,346,747,523],\"text\":\"three structures in the final pathway due to lack of data;\\nmost learners did not reach this pathway. The Random For-\\nest for each remaining code structure contained 10 trees. To\\nminimize overfitting, we used a maximum depth of 10 and\\nrequired at least 20 samples per leaf. We enabled out-of-bag\\nscoring to estimate error on novel data [15] . Out-of-bag er-\\nror is the average error on each sample, using only random\\nforest trees that did not use that sample as training data. To\\ngenerate a prediction for a given puzzle, we averaged the\\nresults of the trees in the forest, producing a decimal value\\nbetween -4 (extremely easy) and 5 (quit puzzle).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[425,123,766,302],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\">Code Structure</td><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\"># Exa-mples</td><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">Baseline Error</td><td>Model Error</td><td>OBP Error</td><td>AUC/ROC (r=0.3)</td></tr><tr><td>Freq (r=1.31)</td><td>Avg (r=4.1)</td><td>(r=3.1)</td><td>(r=4.1)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T[{}]</td><td>1715</td><td>2.22</td><td>2.04</td><td>1.549</td><td>1.801</td><td>0.734</td></tr><tr><td>R[{}]</td><td>659</td><td>1.56</td><td>1.51</td><td>1.324</td><td>1.508</td><td>0.726</td></tr><tr><td>R[T[{}]]</td><td>455</td><td>4.57</td><td>2.57</td><td>2.08</td><td>2.439</td><td>0.758</td></tr><tr><td>R[T[{}]]</td><td>485</td><td>1.98</td><td>2.05</td><td>1.57</td><td>1.885</td><td>0.713</td></tr><tr><td>T[R[{}]]</td><td>702</td><td>2.46</td><td>2.29</td><td>1.884</td><td>2.345</td><td>0.71</td></tr><tr><td>T[O[{}]]</td><td>834</td><td>2.49</td><td>2.32</td><td>1.67</td><td>2.073</td><td>0.787</td></tr><tr><td>T[O[{}]]</td><td>325</td><td>4.91</td><td>2.79</td><td>2.185</td><td>2.71</td><td>0.735</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This table presents performance metrics for different code structures. It includes columns for Code Structure, number of examples, Baseline Error (Frequency and Average), Model Error, OOB Error, and AUC/ROC values, along with standard deviations for the error metrics. Each row details these metrics for a specific code structure like T{}, R{}, and nested variations.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_6_tab_7.png\"},{\"label\":\"anno\",\"bbox\":[427,303,650,318],\"text\":\"T - do together, O - do in order, R - repeat\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[443,318,721,335],\"text\":\"Table 2: Structures and Performance of the Models\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,538,502,553],\"text\":\"5 RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,558,649,575],\"text\":\"We have two primary research questions:\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[434,581,746,646],\"text\":\"(1) Is it possible to build a model that predicts cognitive\\nload on a future problem?\\n(2) What does the model reveal about the factors that\\ncontribute to cognitive load?\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,661,640,678],\"text\":\"Cognitive Load Model Performance\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,682,747,762],\"text\":\"We answered our first question in two ways: 1) by compar-\\ning our model with baseline models, and 2) by computing\\nthe area under the receiver operating characteristic curve\\n(AUC/ROC). We found a modest improvement in error com-\\npared to our baselines, and acceptable AUC/ROC values.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,762,747,955],\"text\":\"Our model outperforms two baseline models. The first,\\nmost frequent response, uses the most frequently chosen\\ncognitive load for each code structure. The second, average\\nresponse, averages the reported cognitive loads for each code\\nstructure and rounds to the nearest whole number. We then\\ncomputed the mean absolute error for the baseline models,\\nfor our model with all data, and for our model using only non-\\ntraining data (i.e. out-of-bag data). See Table 2 for the full\\nresults. Using all data, our model outperforms both baseline\\nmodels, reducing error by 15-55 % and 12-28 % for the most\\nfrequent and average baselines, respectively. When using\\nonly out-of-bag data to approximate test performance, our\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 257\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/results/markdown/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300487/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300487", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/results/output_json/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[67,123,395,317],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a stacked bar chart displaying \\\"Importance\\\" on the y-axis against \\\"Category\\\" on the x-axis. The categories are \\\"Intrinsic,\\\" \\\"Extraneous,\\\" \\\"Germane,\\\" and \\\"Participant's Characteristics,\\\" each broken down into various sub-components like \\\"Structural Difficulty,\\\" \\\"Feedback Seeking,\\\" and \\\"Thrashing Behaviors,\\\" represented by different shades of gray.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[122,331,338,347],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Feature Importance Summary\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,354,394,416],\"text\":\"models range from similar performance to the baseline to a\\n44 % improvement over the most frequent and 11 % over the\\naverage model. The average model is arguably a better fit\\nbecause we see often see a bimodal distribution.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,417,395,543],\"text\":\"Our computed AUC/ROC values range from .71 to .79 . This\\nis considered acceptable performance; random performance\\nwould yield .5. AUC/ROC is a widely used performance mea-\\nsure for binary classification [30] that, in our case, captures\\nthe probability that given two differently-rated puzzles with\\nthe same code structure, the more difficult one is correctly\\nidentified. By evaluating whether the more difficult model is\\nfound, we reduce our classification problem to binary.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,544,395,673],\"text\":\"Taken together, these results are a significant step towards\\npredicting the cognitive load on a future puzzle. Our model\\nmay enable an adaptive code puzzle system in which the\\nability to determine the harder of two puzzles can be used\\nto select puzzles easier or harder than the just-completed\\npuzzle, and gradually move towards an appropriate level of\\nchallenge for an individual learner. This is an exciting result\\nthat warrants exploration of the predictive features.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,684,294,702],\"text\":\"Features that Predict Cognitive Load\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,706,395,801],\"text\":\"All feature categories contribute to the model predictions\\n(see Figure 2 for feature importance by category and subcat-\\negory, measured using \\\"gini importance\\\" [17] ). We review\\nthe categories and subcategories in decreasing importance\\norder and summarize the three most important features in\\neach subcategory.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,808,395,955],\"text\":\"Germane Load Features. Our Germane load features were in-\\nspired by the self-explanation effect. They attempt to capture\\nbehaviors that we observed suggesting that learners were or\\nwere not expending additional mental effort to understand\\nthe behavior of their programs. This information may help\\nthe model in two ways: 1) past self-explanation behavior\\nmay predict self explanation behavior on future puzzles and\\n2) past self-explanation behavior may provide insight into\\nlearner's mastery of previous content. Overall, this feature\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,188],\"text\":\"group provided the most information to the model of our four\\nfeature groups. The most important feature category was\\nResponse to Feedback followed by Persistence of Structural\\nProblems, Use of Feedback, and Thrashing.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,189,746,348],\"text\":\"Feedback Response (Fig. 3 -GL-FR): The top two features\\nare the change in correctness after playing the correct ani-\\nmation in the last three struggle and non-struggle puzzles.\\nBased on our observations, the ability to make progress after\\nfeedback was related to the effort learners devoted to under-\\nstanding the reasons for differences between their program\\nand the correct one. The third important feature tracked\\nthe number of solution attempts where learners added a\\nstatement before the first error, indicating learners did not\\nidentify a specific error and, instead, introduced a new error.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,348,746,475],\"text\":\"Persistence of Structural Problems (Fig. 3 -GL-PoIP): The\\nmost important features track decreasing correctness inside\\ncode constructs in the last three puzzles and struggle puzzles,\\nand the last puzzle. While it is natural to focus on structural\\ncorrectness, the methods cause observable actions where\\nconstructs do not. Placing methods incorrectly relative to\\nthe construct structure is an indication that learners are not\\nattempting to predict and explain the behavior of their code.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,475,746,571],\"text\":\"Feedback Seeking (Fig. 3 -GL-FS): The top overall features\\nare all related to not playing the correct animation, when\\nstruggling, when not struggling and in the last puzzle at-\\ntempted. These features identify participants who are not\\nattempting to identify a specific difference between their\\nprogram and the correct one.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,571,746,652],\"text\":\"Thrashing Behaviors (Fig. 3 -GL-TB): The three features\\nwith highest overall importance were: moving the same state-\\nment consecutively in the last three puzzles and struggle\\npuzzles, and playing the same solution more than once in\\nthe last three puzzles. All suggest arbitrary code changes.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,665,746,841],\"text\":\"Intrinsic Load. Intrinsic load is a measure of how difficult an\\neducational task is for a given learner. While intrinsic load is\\nseen as unalterable, a given problem can often be broken into\\nindividually taught sub-problems. Our structural difficulty\\nfeatures attempt to capture the raw difficulty of the current\\npuzzle and recently completed puzzles. For puzzles with\\nnested structures, learners' experiences with constructs in\\nthose structures can be seen as sub-problems. Overall, the\\nintrinsic load features are the second most influential feature\\ngroup, with sub-problems having slightly more importance\\nin the model than structural difficulty.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,841,746,955],\"text\":\"Experience with Sub-problems (Fig. 3 -IL-ESW): The top\\nthree features in this category capture the average cogni-\\ntive load on the last three Do Together and nested Repeat\\npuzzles and the average cognitive load over all nested Re-\\npeat puzzles. These constructs appear to serve as broad pre-\\nrequisites to many code structures. We hypothesize that be-\\ncause Do Together and nested Repeat are the first structure\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 257\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300487/results/markdown/3290605-3300487_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300488/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300488", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/results/output_json/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[100,103,715,135],\"text\":\"Hey Google, Can I Ask You Something in Private?\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[77,141,736,160],\"text\":\"The Effects of Modality and Device in Sensitive Health Information Acquisition from Voice Assistants\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[278,180,536,258],\"text\":\"Eugene Cho\\n\\nDonald P. Bellisario College of Communications\\nPenn State University\\nUniversity Park, PA, USA\\nexc57@psu.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,285,140,302],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,306,394,641],\"text\":\"Modern day voice-activated virtual assistants allow users to\\nshare and ask for information that could be considered as\\npersonal through different input modalities and devices.\\nUsing Google Assistant, this study examined if the\\ndifferences in modality (i.e., voice vs. text) and device (i.e.,\\nsmartphone vs. smart home device) affect user perceptions\\nwhen users attempt to retrieve sensitive health information\\nfrom voice assistants. Major findings from this study\\nsuggest that voice (vs. text) interaction significantly\\nenhanced perceived social presence of the voice assistant,\\nbut only when the users solicited less sensitive health-\\nrelated information. Furthermore, when individuals\\nreported less privacy concerns, voice (vs. text) interaction\\nelicited positive attitudes toward the voice assistant via\\nincreased social presence, but only in the low (vs. high)\\ninformation sensitivity condition. Contrary to modality, the\\ndevice detection did not exert any significant impact on\\nthe attitudes toward the voice assistant regardless of the\\nsensitivity level of the health information being asked or\\nthe level of individuals' privacy concerns.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,653,170,669],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,671,392,701],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Interaction devices; Sound-\\nbased input / output\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,709,152,724],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS:\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,725,392,753],\"text\":\"Conversational agent(s); Information sensitivity; Modality; Privacy\\nconcerns; Social presence; Virtual assistant(s); Voice assistance(s)\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,766,185,780],\"text\":\"ACM Reference format:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,784,392,810],\"text\":\"Eugene Cho, 2019. Hey Google, Can I Ask You Something in Private? The\\nEffects of Modality and Device in Sensing Health Information Acquisition\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[420,277,744,333],\"text\":\"from Voice Assistants. In 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in\\nComputing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow,\\nScotland, UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA. Paper 258. 9 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145%2F966503.3300488\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,357,556,374],\"text\":\"1   INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,378,746,712],\"text\":\"The rising popularity of voice-initiated virtual assistants\\nsuch as Amazon's Alexa, Apple's Siri, and Google Assistant\\nis driving competition among technology giants. These\\nsystems differentiate themselves from other virtual agents\\nby mainly communicating via \\\"voice\\\" without specific non-\\nverbal cues (e.g., facial expression) that are embedded in\\nsome virtually embodied conversational agents. While they\\nare generally used for news, entertainment, and other\\npractical information updates (e.g., weather, traffic), the\\nincreasing prevalence of voice assistants in individual\\nhouseholds allows them to serve as a cost- and time-\\neffective source to obtain day-to-day health information. In\\naddition to being easily accessible at home, the capability of\\nvoice assistants to engage in conversations with users in a\\nprivate yet natural manner is increasing voice assistants'\\nvalue as healthcare assistants [33, 37] . Driven by such\\ndistinctive qualities of voice assistants, for example, Alexa is\\nseen as one of the forefront technologies that could be used\\nto promote personal health check-ups for rather sensitive\\nhealth matters such as breast cancer [30] .\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,719,746,936],\"text\":\"Yet, the value of the intuitive and seamless voice\\ninteractions between users and voice assistants in health\\ncommunication has not grasped much scholarly attention.\\nThus, this study aims to fill the gap by examining the\\nmodality effects of voice assistants in the context of health\\ninformation acquisition. In one exceptional study, Miner et\\nal. [17] have explored how different voice assistant systems\\n(i.e., Siri, Google Now, S Voice, and Cortana) respond to\\nhealth questions related to mental health, interpersonal\\nviolence, and physical health. Unfortunately, they arrived at\\na conclusion that the voice assistants in general were not\\nyet capable of offering consistent and complete answers.\\nHowever, not only are voice assistants getting smarter\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,827,396,908],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or\\nclassroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed\\nfor profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation\\non the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM\\nmust be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to\\npost on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a\\nfee. Request permissions from Permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,911,245,922],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,924,238,935],\"text\":\"© 2019 Association of Computing Machinery\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,937,238,948],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05 $15.00\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,948,238,960],\"text\":\"DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300488\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 258\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/results/markdown/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300488/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300488", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/results/output_json/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,102,395,167],\"text\":\"through algorithmic learning, more research on user\\nperceptions (beyond voice assistants' reactions) merits\\nattention to better design voice assistants for the purpose of\\nhealthcare.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,186,386,219],\"text\":\"2\\nVOICE AS A HUMAN-LIKE FEATURE IN VOICE\\nASSISTANT INTERACTIONS\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,224,395,392],\"text\":\"According to Sundar, Jia, Waddell, and Huang [34] ,\\nmodality is a powerful affordance that has significant\\nimpact on the interaction between users and digital media,\\nin turn affecting user perceptions associated with the\\ncontent as well as the media platform itself. Especially,\\nvoice could serve as a powerful modality affordance among\\naudio-activated assistants, considering that many systems\\n(e.g., Apple's Siri, Google Assistant, Microsoft's Cortana)\\nallow users to choose input modality (e.g., voice vs. text),\\nwhich generally corresponds to the output modality.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,398,395,684],\"text\":\"Earlier research in synthesized computer speech has\\ndocumented how imbuing certain interpersonal\\ncommunication attributes in human-computer interactions\\ncould enhance user evaluations toward computers and\\nvirtual agents based on the computers are social actors\\nparadigm (CASA) [24, 25] . The CASA framework suggests\\nthat when virtual beings reveal human-like qualities, people\\nwill respond to non-human agents as they do to human\\nactors [24, 25] , “ even when they know that machines do not\\npossess feelings, intentions, 'selves,' or human motivations ”\\n(p. 325) [18] . For instance, previous findings show that\\ncomputer agents are evaluated more positively by users\\nwhen the agents are emotionally-adaptive (vs. non-\\nadaptive) [15] , match [19, 23] or complement [13] the\\npersonality of the users (e.g., extroversion, dominant\\ncharacteristics), show reciprocity [18] , or simply deliver\\nfriendly facial expressions (e.g., smiling vs. neutral) [6, 26] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,691,395,943],\"text\":\"When it comes to audio cues signaled by virtual agents,\\nstudies tended to focus on particular variations in voice\\noutput (e.g., emotional tone of voice [21] , vocal pitch [6] ),\\nwith stronger interests in embodiment and non-verbal cues\\nbeyond voice (e.g., facial expression), to explore how\\nhuman-like virtual agents can be perceived by users [9] . On\\nthe other hand, the pure voice effects have gained less\\nattention. However, we should note that simply conversing\\nwith a virtual agent through voice itself (compared to other\\nmeans such as text messaging) could deliver a powerful\\nanthropomorphic impression of machines to users [7] .\\nSome may argue that such tendency would be too obvious\\nto be tested, since speech is one of the most unique human\\ncapabilities that can be incorporated in computer agents\\n[27] . Yet, we should not forget that texting (vs. traditional\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,102,746,236],\"text\":\"telephony) could also be considered as personal and\\nintimate means to interact with other counterparts among\\nmodern day users [14] . Also, it is a good time to directly\\ntest if audio (vs. textual) interaction indeed affords more\\nhuman-like experiences to users, considering that many of\\nthe recent voice assistant technologies offer various\\nmodality options (e.g., voice vs. text), albeit focused on\\nvoice exchanges by design.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,243,747,594],\"text\":\"Moreover, the highlight of modern-day voice assistants\\nis that they are capable of having natural conversations\\nwith users even “without” human-like non-verbal or\\nembodied cues. This necessitates the shift from putting\\nmore weight on embodiment or non-verbal behaviors of\\nvirtual agents to validating the simple but fundamental\\nvoice effects. While mostly tested in the context of human-\\nto-human communication, Walther [38] proposed that\\nindividuals could rely on verbal cues to compensate for\\nmissing nonverbal components in technology-mediated\\ninteractions, which may also apply to human-to-computer\\nconversations. In fact, Nass and Gong [22] found that\\npeople felt more comfortable sharing their personal\\ninformation when a human-recorded (more human-like)\\nvoice was projected from a voice assistant with no face (i.e.,\\ndisembodied), compared to when the human-like voice was\\nheard from a virtually embodied agent with synthetic facial\\nfeatures. As virtual voices resemble those of humans more\\nand more, speech from machines can serve as an impactful\\ncue that signals human-like qualities of virtual agents,\\nespecially when other nonverbal cues are absent.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,601,747,938],\"text\":\"Admittedly, there have been several attempts to\\ndisentangle the effects of audio (vs. textual) interactions\\nwith (virtually embodied) conversational agents. Berry,\\nButler, and de Rosis [4] compared how exposure to (a) text-\\nonly information, (b) voice from no-face agents, and (c)\\nvoice from agents with face could result in disparate\\npsychological consequences. The results indicated that text-\\nonly health information was easier to understand compared\\nto voice messages from agents with or without face.\\nHowever, in their study, the text message was shown to\\nparticipants in the form of a word document, which may\\nhave not been acknowledged as being sourced from a\\nvirtual agent. Another study on avatar-mediated\\ninteractions revealed that text chat is inferior to other real-\\ntime interaction modalities including audio, video, and\\navatar-mediated communication in increasing emotional\\ncloseness toward the interactant [3] . In this case, however,\\nparticipants were interacting with a person, not a computer\\nagent, which may signal different relational meanings. Qui\\nand Benfast [31] also found that when a web-based\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 258\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/results/markdown/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300488/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300488", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/results/output_json/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,100,394,182],\"text\":\"product recommendation agent spoke with a human voice\\n(vs. TTS voice, text), social presence of the agent increased.\\nOne limitation of this study would be that participants were\\nsimply exposed to a web-based output with different\\nmodalities without personally interacting with the agent.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,191,394,394],\"text\":\"To fill the above gaps in research, we expect to better\\ndisentangle the effects of audio vs. textual interactions with\\nvoice assistants by manipulating the modality of the\\n“ dialogue ” between the user and the virtual agent from the\\nsame virtual “ source ” . In particular, this study hypothesizes\\nthat voice (vs. text) interaction will heighten feelings of\\nanthropomorphic interactions in the form of elevated social\\npresence (i.e., “ the sense that other intelligent beings co-\\nexist and interact with you, even if those beings are non-\\nhuman and only seem intelligent, ” pp. 289-290 [12] ), which\\nin turn will elicit positive evaluations toward virtual beings\\n[13, 29] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,410,357,443],\"text\":\"3\\nMODERATING ROLES OF INFORMATION\\nSENSITIVITY AND PRIVACY CONCERNS\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,447,395,782],\"text\":\"When demanding information from smart devices through\\nvoice commands, the context of interaction as well as the\\ncharacteristics of information could also influence how\\nmodality alters user perceptions. This is due to the possible\\nintrusiveness associated with audio input/output, especially\\nin public settings. For example, previous research on\\nmodality and mobile devices revealed that users tend to\\nactively engage in voice interactions in private settings\\n(e.g., home), compared to public settings (e.g., park,\\nsubway) where they seem to adopt more gesture- and\\ntouch-based interactions [32] . Similarly, gesture-based\\ninteraction with a mobile device was found to be preferred\\nover voice-based interaction among users around strangers\\n[40] . Specifically focused on voice assistants, Moorthy and\\nVu [20] found that users felt the use of mobile applications\\nsuch as Siri more comfortable in private (vs. public) settings\\nand for non-private (vs. private) information inquiries\\ncompared to a keyboard-based search. Their findings reflect\\nhow voice-based interaction could be subject to individuals'\\nperception of privacy and sensitivity of the context.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,790,394,941],\"text\":\"Especially, for health information acquisition, privacy\\nmatters could become more crucial. Relevant to this point,\\nBansal, Zahedi, and Gefen [2] found that perceived\\nsensitivity of health information and privacy concerns\\nnegatively affected users' intention to disclose health\\ninformation on websites. When applied to voice assistants,\\nit is reasonable to postulate that voice (vs. text) interactions\\nmay not always result in better evaluations toward the\\nvoice assistants, especially when users are in a\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,99,746,400],\"text\":\"socially/publicly sensitive context. For example, if a person\\nis trying to acquire sensitive health information from a\\nvoice assistant out in public, s/he is likely to prefer\\ninteraction via text over voice. Certain personal traits, such\\nas holding high concerns over online privacy breach, can\\nalso drive users to avoid voice interactions. On the other\\nhand, text messaging can be further preferred among users\\nin retrieving health information from mobile devices due to\\nits convenience [1, 39] . In sum, while voice can heighten\\nsocial presence of, thus leading to positive evaluations\\ntoward, voice assistants, it may not always result in positive\\noutcomes especially when users solicit sensitive health\\ninformation, or report high privacy concerns. Thus, this\\nstudy attempts to test such possibilities by examining the\\nmoderating roles of the (a) sensitivity level of health\\ninformation being solicited, and (b) user's level of general\\nprivacy concerns, in the effects of modality on social\\npresence and user attitudes toward the voice assistant.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,407,747,709],\"text\":\"However, predicting the moderating effects of\\ninformation sensitivity and privacy concerns may not be so\\nsimple, since reluctance toward voice interactions in\\n\\\"highly sensitive\\\" contexts would not necessarily\\ncompromise perceived \\\"social presence\\\" of the voice\\nassistant. That is, even when users feel uncomfortable\\nspeaking to voice assistants regarding certain health\\nmatters, it may not make the voice assistant less human-\\nlike. In contrast, in \\\"low-sensitive\\\" settings, voice (vs. text)\\nis expected to enhance the social presence level, since users\\nare not inhibited by sensitivity of the information or\\nprivacy concerns. Thus, the following hypotheses are\\nproposed based on the prediction that voice will increase\\nsocial presence, and in turn induce positive attitudes toward\\nthe voice assistant, but only in \\\"low-sensitive\\\" contexts in\\nterms of (a) the (manipulated) sensitivity level of the\\nretrieved health information and (b) the (self-reported) level\\nof user's privacy concern as an individual difference.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,716,747,885],\"text\":\"H1: Voice (vs. text) interaction will increase perceived social\\npresence of the voice assistant, but only when the sensitivity of\\nthe requested information is low (vs. high).\\nH2: Voice (vs. text) interaction will increase perceived social\\npresence of the voice assistant, but only among users with low\\n(vs. high) privacy concerns.\\nH3: Voice (vs. text) interaction will indirectly increase positive\\nattitudes toward the voice assistant, mediated by the levels of\\nperceived social presence.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 258\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/results/markdown/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300488/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300488", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/results/output_json/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,102,342,133],\"text\":\"4   DEVICE EFFECTS IN VOICE ASSISTANT\\nINTERACTIONS\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,137,395,523],\"text\":\"In addition to modality options, some systems let users\\ninteract with voice assistants through multiple devices. For\\nexample, users can talk to Microsoft's Cortana via mobile\\nphones as well as laptops. Google Assistant also offers\\nservices through both smart home devices (e.g., Google\\nHome) and smartphones. Such device difference can also\\nhave impact on user perceptions. Especially, for smart home\\ndevices, users become solely reliant on vocal cues compared\\nto smartphones due to the absence of screen information. In\\nthe context of multimedia education, the cognitive load\\ntheory suggests that humans have limited amount of\\ncognitive space to process verbal and visual information\\nsimultaneously [36] , thus informing educators to recognize\\nthe cognitive load in multimedia learning environments\\n[16] . If that is the case, only receiving audio feedback may\\nenhance user experiences compared to obtaining identical\\nverbal information through two different modalities (e.g.,\\ntext + voice). Conversely, some may argue that the voice\\noutput accompanied by text information on the mobile\\nscreen may produce accumulative effects. This argument\\nresonates with the dual channeling theory which posits that\\nverbal information can be processed more effectively with\\ncomplementary visual aids [28] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,528,395,814],\"text\":\"However, studying the multi-modality effects with voice\\nassistants is not always clear for several reasons. First, the\\nsmartphone screen offers a complete replica of the vocal\\nresponse simply in a text version, rather than offering a\\nvisual/pictorial representation of information. Second,\\ndevice difference itself can elicit disparate psychological\\noutcomes that does not solely derive from the modality\\ncombinations (e.g., due to higher perceived attachment to\\nsmartphones). Third, it is unclear how the device difference\\nand the associated modality difference will affect users'\\nattitudes toward the voice assistant beyond recall or\\nlearning outcomes. For the aforementioned reasons, the\\nfollowing research questions (in lieu of directional\\nhypotheses) are proposed to explore the device effects on\\nsocial presence and attitudes toward the voice assistant as\\nwell as the moderating effects of information sensitivity\\nand privacy concerns:\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,822,394,855],\"text\":\"RQ1: Will the level of perceived social presence alter by device\\ndifference (i.e., smart home device vs. smartphone)?\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,862,395,930],\"text\":\"RQ2: Will the effects of device difference (i.e., smart home\\ndevice vs. smartphone) on perceived social presence of the\\nvoice assistant be moderated by (a) information sensitivity\\nand/or (b) privacy concerns?\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,101,747,168],\"text\":\"RQ3: Will the device difference (i.e., smart home device vs.\\nsmartphone) indirectly increase positive attitudes toward the\\nvoice assistant, mediated by the levels of perceived social\\npresence?\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,192,512,209],\"text\":\"5   METHOD\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,221,631,239],\"text\":\"5.1  Participants and Study Design\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,242,747,593],\"text\":\"Fifty-three undergraduate students from an undergraduate\\ncourse at a southeastern university were recruited for extra\\ncredit. The sample was slightly female-dominant (18 men,\\n35 women) with the age ranging from 19 to 23 ( M = 20.15,\\nSD = 0.93). A 3 modality/device (i.e., smart home device +\\nvoice, smartphone + voice, smartphone + text) X 2\\ninformation sensitivity (i.e., low vs. high) mixed factorial\\nexperimental design was employed. The modality and\\ndevice conditions were combined since smart home devices\\nare not capable of offering text output. In addition, while\\nthe modality/device assignment was conditioned as a\\nbetween-subjects factor, information sensitivity was\\nassigned to participants as a within-subjects factor. A\\nparticular voice assistant system developed by Google (i.e.,\\nGoogle Assistant) was adopted for this study. The rationale\\nbehind the decision was that not only did Google Assistant\\noffer services through mobile devices via both voice and\\ntext inputs/outputs, but also through smart home devices\\nwithout having a strong brand attachment to a certain\\ndevice at the time of study (e.g., Amazon's Alexa/Echo is\\nknown more for its service through smart home devices).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,605,596,622],\"text\":\"5.2 Manipulated Conditions\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,625,747,910],\"text\":\"After giving consent, each of the participants was randomly\\nassigned to one of the three device/modality conditions\\n(smart home device + voice: N = 18; smartphone + voice: N\\n= 18, smartphone + text: N = 17), and entered a room with a\\ntable that had the assigned device on top. In terms of the\\ndevice/modality manipulation, an Android mobile phone\\n(i.e., Motorola G5) was used for the smartphone condition,\\nand Google Home device for the smart home device\\ncondition. Participants were asked to use either audio input\\nfor the voice condition or textual input for the text\\ncondition. When users offered text input to the smartphone,\\ntext results appeared on the mobile screen (see Figure 1 ).\\nWhen users prompted Google Assistant using their voice\\nvia the smartphone, identical screen information was given\\nwith the voice assistant reading the textual content at the\\nsame time. For the smart home device condition, only audio\\noutput was provided.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 258\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/results/markdown/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300488/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300488", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/results/output_json/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,99,394,367],\"text\":\"Afterwards, participants were specifically instructed to\\nask two types of health questions (i.e., less vs. more\\nsensitive health questions) to Google Assistant in a\\nrandomized order. For the low sensitivity task, participants\\nreceived a paper that had a list of 7 questions related to\\nallergies, cold, and flu (e.g., “ Can headache medication\\ncause headaches?,” “ Could oatmeal baths help you with\\nitchy skin?,” “ How long do cold symptoms last? ” ). For the\\nhigh sensitivity information condition, participants were\\ngiven 7 health questions related to sexual health (e.g., “ Do\\nyou have to have sex to get an STD?,” “ What are the\\nbenefits of masturbation?,” “ Do condoms affect orgasms? ” ).\\nAfter they went through all of the 7 health questions for\\neach of the conditions, participants completed an online\\nquestionnaire containing the measured variables of interest\\nusing an iPad device.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_003.png\",\"bbox\":[68,372,400,660],\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two smartphone screens display Google Assistant interactions. The left screen shows a search query about oatmeal baths for itchy skin with a result from Verywell, while the right screen displays a query about the benefits of masturbation with a result from Planned Parenthood.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,666,392,698],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Smartphone screen output for low (left) and high\\n(right) information sensitivity conditions.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,708,218,724],\"text\":\"5.3 Measured Variables\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,729,394,879],\"text\":\"5.3.1 Manipulation Check for Information Sensitivity. Two\\nitems were created to test the effectiveness of the\\nmanipulation for information sensitivity: whether the set of\\nquestions asked and answers received from Google\\nAssistant was (a) \\\"too sensitive\\\" or (b) \\\"too private\\\" (1 =\\nstrongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree). The 2 items were\\ncombined since they showed high reliability for both low ( $r$\\n= .81, $p < .001$ ; $M = 1.92, SD = 1.10$ ) and high ( $r = .91, p <$\\n.001; $M = 2.83, SD = 1.58$ ) information sensitivity conditions.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,886,394,938],\"text\":\"5.3.2 Privacy Concerns. Four items from Dinev and Hart [5]\\nwere used to measure the individuals' reported level of\\nprivacy concerns (e.g., `I am concerned that the information\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,99,746,166],\"text\":\"I submit online could be misused,\\\" \\\"I am concerned about\\nsubmitting information online because it could be used in a\\nway I did not foresee\\\": $\\\\alpha = .91$, $M = 4.35$, $SD = 1.58$; $1 =$\\nstrongly disagree, $7 = strongly agree).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,174,746,324],\"text\":\"5.3.3 Perceived Social Presence. Nine items from previous\\nsocial presence scales [8, 12] were modified to fit the study\\ncontext (e.g., \\\"There was a sense of human warmth during\\nthe interaction,\\\" \\\"While I was using Google Assistant, I felt\\nas if she was talking to me,\\\" \\\"I paid a lot of attention to\\nwhat she said\\\"; 1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree).\\nThe scale was reliable for both low ( $\\\\alpha = .94$ , $M = .90$ , $SD =$\\n1.35) and high ( $\\\\alpha = .94$ , $M = 4.08$ , $SD = 1.31$ ) information\\nsensitivity conditions.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,333,746,467],\"text\":\"5.3.4 Attitudes toward the Voice Assistant. The attitudes\\nmeasure was based on 21 items that were constructed to\\nevaluate certain usability characteristics of online services\\n[11, 35] (e.g. Good, Useful, Cool, Interesting, Smart; 1 =\\ndescribes very poorly, 7 = describes very well), which also\\nshowed high reliability for both less ( $\\\\alpha = .97$ , $M = 5.47$ , $SD =$\\n1.13) and more sensitive ( $\\\\alpha = .97$ , $M = 5.47$ , $SD = 1.08$ ) health\\nquestions.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,474,746,608],\"text\":\"5.3.5 Control Variables. Gender and prior usage of voice\\nassistants were included as control variables. Previous\\nexperience with voice assistants was measured in two\\nlevels, for both Google Assistant ( M = 2.23, SD = 1.35), and\\nother systems such as Siri and Alexa ( M = 4.19, SD = 1.72) (1\\n= never heard of it; 2 = heard of it but have not used it; 3 =\\nbarely use it; 4 = have some experience with it; 5 = use it\\noccasionally; 6 = use it often; 7 = use it all the time).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,628,509,644],\"text\":\"6 RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,649,746,750],\"text\":\"Before testing the main hypotheses, the effectiveness of the\\ninformation sensitivity manipulation was confirmed. As\\nexpected, sexual health questions were perceived as more\\nsensitive compared to general health questions related to\\nallergies, cold, and flu (( $S2 = 4.33$ , $p < .001$ ; $M_{low} = 1.92$ ,\\n$SE_{low} = .15$ ; $M_{high} = 2.82$ , $SE_{high} = .22$ ).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,757,746,941],\"text\":\"After confirming that the manipulation of information\\nsensitivity was successful, the main analyses were run. In\\nparticular, to examine if voice would have stronger effects\\nthan text on perceived social presence of the voice assistant,\\nbut only when users inquired less sensitive information\\n( H1 ), and among those who reported low levels of privacy\\nconcerns ( H2 ), a 2 (modality: voice vs. text) X 2 (information\\nsensitivity: low vs. high) mixed model repeated measures\\nanalysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed. To do so, the\\nbetween-subjects effects of modality (i.e., voice vs. text),\\nprivacy concerns, and the interaction term (i.e., modality X\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 258\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/results/markdown/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300488/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300488", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/results/output_json/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,102,394,201],\"text\":\"privacy concerns) on social presence were tested under the\\nwithin-subjects contrast of information sensitivity (i.e., low\\nvs. high). In addition, gender, prior history of using voice\\nassistants, and the device condition (i.e., smart home device\\nvs. smartphone) were included as control variables in the\\nmodel.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,210,394,461],\"text\":\"As a result, a significant two-way interaction effect\\nemerged between modality and information sensitivity on\\nperceived social presence ( $R1.45 = 5.69$ , $p = .02$ , partial $\\\\eta^2 =$\\n$.11$ ). As expected by H1 , voice (vs. text) interactions\\nsignificantly enhanced perceived social presence toward the\\nvoice assistant, but only in the low information sensitivity\\ncondition ( $M_{\\\\text{ext}} = 5.90$ , $S_{\\\\text{ext}} = 37$ ; $M_{\\\\text{noise}} = 4.15$ , $S_{\\\\text{noise}} =$\\n$.24$ ) (see Figure 2 ). In the high information sensitivity\\ncondition, the voice assistant was perceived fairly socially\\npresent regardless of the modality ( $M_{\\\\text{ext}} = 4.10$ , $S_{\\\\text{ext}} = 37$ ;\\n$M_{\\\\text{noise}} = 4.11$ , $S_{\\\\text{noise}} = .24$ ). For the moderating effects of\\nprivacy concerns (H2 ), a marginally significant effect\\nappeared ( $R1.45 = 3.32$ , $p = .08$ , partial $\\\\eta^2 = .07$ ), which\\nwill be explained in more detail in the mediation analysis\\n(H3 ).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[71,468,388,719],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a line graph showing Perceived Social Presence on the y-axis against Modality (Text, Voice) on the x-axis. Two lines represent Information Sensitivity: High (blue line) and Low (red line). The blue line remains relatively flat, while the red line shows a steep increase from Text to Voice, crossing the blue line.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,725,393,756],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Interaction between modality and information\\nsensitivity on perceived social presence.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,762,394,930],\"text\":\"To test the mediating effects of perceived social presence\\non the relationship between modality and attitudes toward\\nthe voice assistant in its entirety ( H3 ), a moderated\\nmediation analysis was run through Process (Model 7) [10]\\nfor low and high information sensitivity conditions\\nrespectively, with privacy concerns serving as a moderator\\nbetween the independent variable and the mediator. Due to\\nthe insignificant effects of the control variables (i.e., gender,\\nprevious experience with Google Assistant and other voice\\nassistants) on perceived social presence ( $ps > .85$ ), the\\ncontrol variables were excluded from the moderated\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,102,745,133],\"text\":\"mediation analyses except for the device difference (i.e.,\\nsmart home device vs. smartphone).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,139,747,522],\"text\":\"First, for the low information sensitivity condition, the\\nentire moderated mediation model appeared to be\\nsignificant (index = -.35, 95 % biased-corrected 10.000\\nbootstrap CI[-0.6304, -0.1096]). Privacy concerns had a\\nsignificant moderation effect with modality on social\\npresence ( $b=-0.58$ , $t=-2.18$ , $p=.03$ ), which in turn positively\\naffected user attitudes ( $b=0.59$ , $t=6.90$ , $p<.001$ ) (see Figure\\n4 ). More important, the indirect effects of modality on user\\nattitudes via social presence appeared significant, but only\\namong users who reported low privacy concerns ( M=1SD ), $b=$\\n.94, 95 % biased-corrected 10.000 bootstrap CI[0.2123,\\n1.9195], lending support to both H2 and H3 . On the other\\nhand, no significant indirect effects of modality on attitudes\\nthrough social presence were seen for users with moderate\\n( M ), $b=39$ , 95 % CI[-0.1587, 1.0729], or high ( M-1SD ), $b=$\\n1.15, 95 % CI[-.7946, 6.923] levels of privacy concerns. When\\nthe moderating effect of privacy concerns was decomposed,\\nthe pattern suggested that voice (vs. text) interaction led\\nusers to perceive the voice assistant more human-like\\n(socially present), but only when they had little concerns\\nover privacy ( M=1SD ), $b=1.56$ , $t=2.55$ , $p=.014$ (see Figure\\n3 ). Again, for participants who reported medium ( M , $b=0.64$ ,\\n$t=1.43$ , $p=.16$ ) and high (M-1SD ), $b=-0.28$ , $t=-0.45$ , $p=.66$ )\\nlevels of privacy concerns, modality did not alter perceived\\nsocial presence.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[423,528,745,735],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A line graph shows Perceived Social Presence on the y-axis and Modality (Text, Voice) on the x-axis. Three distinct lines illustrate how Perceived Social Presence varies across modalities for Low, Moderate, and High Privacy Concerns, showing differing slopes. Statistical values (b, t, p) are provided for each line's slope.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,744,745,774],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Interaction between modality and privacy\\nconcerns on perceived social presence.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,781,747,951],\"text\":\"Second, for the high information sensitivity condition, the\\neffects of moderated mediation was not significant, index = -\\n26, 95 % biased-corrected 10.00 bootstrap CI [-0.5805, 0.0167]\\n(see Figure 5 ). That is, no significant mediating effects of\\nsocial presence emerged between modality and user\\nattitudes, regardless of users' level of privacy concerns. $b =$\\n.40, 95 % CI [-0.3232, 1.2195] for low, $b < .001$ , 95 % CI [-0.5854,\\n0.5602] for medium, $b = .40$ , 95 % CI [-0.1026, 0.3099] for high\\nlevels of privacy concerns. The interaction effect of modality\\nand privacy concerns on social presence was also non-\\nsignificant ( $b = -0.44$ , $t = -1.65$ , $p = .11$ ).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 258\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/results/markdown/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300488/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300488", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/results/output_json/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[93,115,719,390],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a path diagram illustrating a moderated mediation model. It shows Modality (Voice vs. Text) and Privacy Concerns influencing Perceived Social Presence, which then affects Attitudes toward the Voice Assistant, with associated path coefficients (b), t-values, and p-values. A direct path from Modality to Attitudes is also shown, and an index of moderated mediation is provided at the bottom.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[82,394,731,409],\"text\":\"Figure 4. Conditional indirect effects of modality on attitudes toward the VA in the low information sensitivity condition.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[97,425,717,697],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a path model diagram illustrating the relationships between several variables. It shows \\\"Modality (Voice vs. Text)\\\", \\\"Privacy Concerns\\\", \\\"Perceived Social Presence\\\", and \\\"Attitudes toward the Voice Assistant\\\" connected by arrows, each labeled with statistical values (b, t, p). A note at the bottom indicates an \\\"Index of moderated mediation\\\".\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[80,702,733,718],\"text\":\"Figure 5. Conditional indirect effects of modality on attitudes toward the VA in the high information sensitivity condition.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,730,395,931],\"text\":\"When the device effects were tested, using the smart\\nhome device (vs. smartphone) did not show a significant\\nmain effect on perceived social presence ( RQ1 ; R1, .45) =\\n0.001, p = .98, partial $\\\\eta^2$ < .001), even after controlling for\\nmodality and other control variables. Furthermore, the\\ndevice difference was not moderated by information\\nsensitivity ( RQ2a ; R1, .45) = 0.93, p = .34, partial $\\\\eta^2$ = .02) nor\\nprivacy concerns ( RQ2b ; R1, .45) = 0.25, p = .62, partial $\\\\eta^2$ =\\n.005) to alter social presence. In turn, the mediating effect of\\nsocial presence on the relationship between modality and\\nuser attitudes was not further tested due to the above non-\\nsignificant results ( RQ3).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,730,747,948],\"text\":\"In sum, the findings indicate that voice (vs. text)\\ninteractions increased social presence of the voice assistant,\\nbut only when the information sensitivity was low ( H1 ),\\nand the users reported less privacy concerns ( H2 ). In turn,\\nincreased social presence led to more positive attitudes\\ntoward the voice assistant ( H3 ), confirming all of the\\nproposed hypotheses. On the other hand, when the\\ninformation sensitivity and individual's privacy concerns\\nwere high, voice did not work better than text to alter social\\npresence. In fact, text was as impactful as voice to induce\\nhuman-like perceptions of the voice assistant in those cases.\\nIn addition, device difference did not show significant\\neffects on social presence ( RQ1-3 ).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 258\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/results/markdown/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300488/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300488", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/results/output_json/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,102,180,118],\"text\":\"7   DISCUSSION\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,122,394,289],\"text\":\"Due to the drastic enhancement in naturalness of synthetic\\nvoices, voice assistants are now able to resemble some\\naspects of human-to-human interactions in terms of their\\nspeech capabilities. The findings suggest that voice (vs. text)\\ninteractions elevated the feelings of having a social\\nconversation between the user and the voice assistant,\\nwhich further led to positive evaluation toward the agent.\\nHowever, those patterns occurred only when the\\ninformation being asked was less sensitive in nature, and\\nwhile individuals reported low levels of privacy concerns.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,293,395,746],\"text\":\"Notwithstanding the significant moderation effects\\nconsistent with the main hypotheses for the low\\ninformation sensitivity condition ( H1 ) among users less\\nconcerned over privacy ( H2 ), the specific interaction\\npatterns deserve attention. Instead of voice diminishing the\\nsocial perceptions of the voice assistant in highly sensitive\\ncontexts (both in terms of information sensitivity and\\nprivacy concerns), text showed strong effects on perceived\\nsocial presence as much as voice. It is likely that, in\\nsensitive settings, interactions with a voice assistant\\nbecome more engaging and stimulating to users to heighten\\nsocial presence of the assistant regardless of the modality.\\nIn contrast, in the condition where users asked less\\nsensitive questions, the effect of voice (vs. text) appeared\\nsignificant, especially among users with low privacy\\nconcerns. It turns out that modality effects become more\\nprominent in less (vs. more) sensitive settings, which offers\\nnoteworthy design implications. In particular, it seems that\\ndesigners could benefit from focusing on voice-associated\\nfeatures when delivering general (non-sensitive) health\\ninformation via voice assistants. Similarly, designers could\\nalso personalize modality options based on individuals'\\nlevel of privacy concerns to improve user experiences. For\\ninstance, encouraging audio interactions among people\\nwith low concerns over privacy could increase perceived\\nsocial presence of, in turn enhancing attitudes toward, the\\nvoice assistant.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,751,395,935],\"text\":\"On the other hand, the device difference did not exert\\npowerful psychological impact on users. It seems that when\\nvoice-based applications are used, smartphones (vs. smart\\nhome devices) do not elicit more or less attention to visual\\noutputs added to the audio responses. By the same token,\\nsmart home devices (vs. smartphones) did not encourage\\nusers to pay more attention to the solely offered audio cues\\nwithout screen information. Perhaps, difference in input\\nmodality (i.e., voice vs. text) matters more than the output\\nmodality in affecting user perception toward voice\\nassistants. Alternatively, it could be that for voice input in\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,102,747,453],\"text\":\"particular, there are no accumulative effects deriving from\\ncombination of modalities (i.e., text + voice) as long as the\\noutput modality has an audio component to it. Despite the\\nnon-significant effects of device difference on user\\nperception and attitudes, the findings still offer some design\\nimplications considering that many smart home devices\\nonly offer voice interaction options. It seems that building\\nsystems that only allow audio input (without the textual\\ninput option) could deliver stable user outcomes regardless\\nof the sensitivity level of the information being exchanged\\non individuals' privacy concerns, which reflects the\\nadvantages of using solely audio-interactive smart home\\ndevices. On the other hand, with the recent development of\\nnew smart home devices that incorporate screen features\\n(e.g., Amazon's Echo Show), again, designers should\\nconsider the disparate effects of modality as a function of\\ninformation sensitivity and privacy concerns. That is, while\\noffering both voice and text input options would not make\\na difference in highly sensitive settings, designers should be\\nmore careful with adopting text interactions in less\\nsensitive contexts.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,458,747,659],\"text\":\"Despite the possible theoretical and practical\\nimplications of the study, few limitations merit note. One\\nlimitation was associated with the nature of the experiment\\nconducted in a controlled lab setting which restricts the\\ngeneralizability of the findings. Furthermore, users' choice\\nto retrieve sensitive (vs. non-sensitive) information is\\ncontingent upon various social and spatial contexts (e.g.,\\npublic settings) in reality. Thus, studies comparing the\\nmodality effects among various contexts in natural\\nenvironments may aid future researchers to extend the\\nunderstandings of user psychology in interactions with\\nvoice-initiated conversational agents.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,672,568,689],\"text\":\"ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,692,746,725],\"text\":\"The author would like to thank the anonymous referees for\\ntheir valuable comments.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,737,507,753],\"text\":\"REFERENCES\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[421,756,747,805],\"text\":\"[1] Adrian Aguilera and Clara Berridge. 2014. Qualitative feedback from\\na text messaging intervention for depression: benefits, drawbacks,\\nand cultural differences. JMIR Mental Uhealth 2, 4: e46.\\nhttp://doi.acm.org/10.2196/mheh.3660\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[421,804,748,854],\"text\":\"[2] Gaurav Bansal, Fatemeh M. Zahedi, and David Gefen. 2010. The\\nimpact of personal dispositions on information sensitivity, privacy\\nconcern and trust in disclosing health information online. Decision\\nSupport System 49, 2: 138-150.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[421,854,747,902],\"text\":\"[3] Gary Bente, Sabine Rüggenberg, Nicole C. Krämer, and Felix\\nEischenburg. 2008. Avatar-mediated networking: Increasing social\\npresence and interpersonal trust in net-based collaborations. Human\\nCommunication Research 34, 2: 287-318.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[421,902,747,938],\"text\":\"[4] Diamne C. Berry, Laurie T. Butler, and Foirella de Rosis. 2005.\\nEvaluating a realized distributed knowledge-giving task. IT Journal of\\nHuman Factors, vol. 13, 3: 304-327.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 258\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300488/results/markdown/3290605-3300488_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300492/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300492", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/results/output_json/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,39,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[174,119,641,150],\"text\":\"Bringing Design to the Privacy Table\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[131,156,682,181],\"text\":\"Broadening \\\"Design\\\" in \\\"Privacy by Design\\\" Through the Lens of HCI\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[149,196,338,264],\"text\":\"Richmond Y. Wong\\n\\nUniversity of California, Berkeley\\nBerkeley, California\\n\\nrichmond@ischool.berkeley.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[477,196,666,264],\"text\":\"Deirdre K. Mulligan\\nUniversity of California, Berkeley\\nBerkeley, California\\ndkm@ischool.berkeley.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,272,141,289],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,293,395,566],\"text\":\"In calls for privacy by design (PBD), regulators and privacy\\nscholars have investigated the richness of the concept of\\n\\\"privacy.\\\" In contrast, \\\"design\\\" in HCI is comprised of rich\\nand complex concepts and practices, but has received much\\nless attention in the PBD context. Conducting a literature\\nreview of HCI publications discussing privacy and design,\\nthis paper articulates a set of dimensions along which design\\nrelates to privacy, including: the purpose of design, which\\nactors do design work in these settings, and the envisioned\\nbeneficiaries of design work. We suggest new roles for HCI\\nand design in PBD research and practice: utilizing values-\\nand critically-oriented design approaches to foreground so-\\ncial values and help define privacy problem spaces. We argue\\nsuch approaches, in addition to current \\\"design to solve pri-\\nvacy problems\\\" efforts, are essential to the full realization\\nof PBD, while noting the politics involved when choosing\\ndesign to address privacy.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,576,173,594],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,597,406,662],\"text\":\"• Security and privacy → Human and societal aspects\\nof security and privacy; • Social and professional top-\\nics → Computing/technology policy; • Human-centered\\ncomputing → HCI design and evaluation methods.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,673,149,691],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,695,365,713],\"text\":\"privacy by design, design approaches, design research\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,719,202,734],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,734,394,765],\"text\":\"Richmond Y. Wong and Deirdre K. Mulligan. 2019. Bringing Design\\nto the Privacy Table: Broadening 'Design' in 'Privacy' by Design\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,275,746,333],\"text\":\"Through the Lens of HCI, In CHI Conference on Human Factors in\\nComputing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow,\\nScotland, UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 17 pages. https://doi.org/\\n10.1145/3296065.3300492\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,359,549,377],\"text\":\"1 Introduction\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,380,747,747],\"text\":\"The concept of privacy by design (PBD)—embedding privacy\\nprotections into products during the initial design phase,\\nrather than retroactively—uses the word design to enlist\\ntechnical artifacts in implementing policy choices. Tradi-\\ntional legal and regulatory levers generally forbid or demand\\nbehaviors that invade or protect privacy, respectively, but\\nrely on after-the-fact penalties to enforce privacy protections.\\nPBD in contrast suggests a proactive approach, to make oc-\\ncurrences of privacy harms impractical in the first place. It\\ndemands that privacy be “built in” during the design process.\\nPBD is gaining traction in part due to its inclusion in the\\nE.U.'s General Data Protection Regulation, policy recommen-\\ndations by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, and guid-\\nance from privacy advisory and regulatory bodies around\\nthe globe. While championing PBD, these regulatory discus-\\nsions offer little in the way of concrete guidance of what\\n\\\"privacy by design\\\" means in technical and design practice.\\nWhile privacy and legal scholarship have developed a rich\\nset of conceptualizations and approaches for thinking about\\nprivacy (e.g., [83, 88, 107, 108] ), and engineering communi-\\nties have begun developing engineering privacy solutions\\n[12, 42, 44, 51, 109] , the term \\\"design\\\" and the roles it might\\nplay in protecting privacy remain under explored.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,747,747,954],\"text\":\"At the same time, the privacy community has identified\\nchallenges beyond privacy engineering that HCI design meth-\\nods and approaches are uniquely equipped to address. Pri-\\nvacy professionals have expressed a desire for tools and\\napproaches to help “ look around corners ” [6, 7] to anticipate\\npossible privacy concern with emerging systems and tech-\\nnologies, rather than assuming that current conceptualiza-\\ntions of privacy are the correct ones to design into technolog-\\nical systems. Engineering approaches that dominate PDP to-\\nday assume that privacy is pre-defined (often as control over\\npersonal data through notice and choice); it is exogenous\\nto the design process. In contrast, HCI design approaches\\nthat position the work of identifying relevant concepts of\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,778,394,885],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,886,273,898],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,900,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,925,265,954],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19-03...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3206065.3300492\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,997,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 262\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,997,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/results/markdown/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300492/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300492", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/results/output_json/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,221],\"text\":\"privacy and other values within design processes are largely\\nabsent from policy and implementation efforts around PBD.\\nTo map this space of design practices, we conduct a literature\\nreview of HCI publications that discuss privacy and design,\\ncurated to articulate the breadth of ways HCI researchers\\nhave positioned design in relation to privacy.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,220,396,620],\"text\":\"This paper makes two main contributions. First, we aim to\\nbroaden perspectives on the potential role for design within\\nthe HCI Privacy By Design research and practitioner commu-\\nnity: Privacy By Design should engage with the rich variety\\nof purposes for which design can be enrolled for privacy . To-\\nwards this end, we articulate a set of dimensions to describe\\ndesign as it relates to privacy: the purpose of design, which\\nactors do design work, and the beneficiaries of design work.\\nThese dimensions map out political and intellectual commit-\\nments that different design approaches make towards privacy.\\nThese dimensions are a tool for reflection, allowing the HCI\\nPBD community to critically assess the predominant ways in\\nwhich it has deployed design to address privacy. Second, we\\nargue that collaborations and research exchanges among the\\nHCI design and privacy research communities can broaden\\nthe understanding of design within the PBD community. In\\nparticular, we identify design approaches that foreground\\nsocial values and use design to explore and define a problem\\n(or solution) space, including values- and critically-oriented\\ndesign. We argue that these design approaches are a missing\\npiece of the PBD puzzle and are essential to the protection of\\na fuller range of privacy concepts and the full realization of\\nPBD. Bridging PBD with HCI's design and privacy research\\ncan help encourage more holistic discussions, drawing con-\\nnections among privacy's social, legal, and technical aspects.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,638,188,655],\"text\":\"2 BACKGROUND\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,658,395,801],\"text\":\"This paper aims to suggest how HCI's perspectives on design\\nin relation to privacy can contribute to ongoing discussions\\nof PBD. \\\"Design\\\" writ large has been discussed in many ways,\\nsuch as a set of practices [13, 71] , as discourses, or as qualities\\nand properties of objects [89] and has a lineage spanning\\nfields including graphic design, product design, architecture,\\nand planning. This paper focuses on design as process or\\npractice, and seeks to understand how this practice is used\\nfor privacy work within HCI.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,820,279,839],\"text\":\"Privacy by Design: A Brief History\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,841,396,955],\"text\":\"While attempting to decode the exact history and meaning\\nof \\\"privacy by design\\\" is beyond the paper's scope, a brief\\noverview helps situate the current conversation and suggests\\ngaps and opportunities for HCI perspectives to address. In\\nthe late 1990s and early 2000s, law and policy scholars began\\nto consider how technologies, not just legal mechanisms,\\ncould support or protect liberties and rights [19, 34, 73] . For\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,156],\"text\":\"instance, the Platform for Privacy Preferences was seen as a\\ntechnical way to address the policy problem of privacy [23] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,157,747,364],\"text\":\"In one of the earliest mentions of PBD, the 2000 Computers,\\nFreedom and Privacy Conference hosted a \\\"Workshop on\\nFreedom and Privacy by Design,\\\" calling for participation by\\nlawyers, social scientists, privacy & technology writers, and\\nparticipatory design & accessibility experts [20]. While not\\nexplicitly defining privacy by design, workshop chair Lenny\\nFoner described its goal as \\\"using technology to bring about\\nstrong protections of civil liberties that are guaranteed by\\nthe technology itself\\\" [34:153]. In the early 2000s, legal and\\ntechnical researchers utilized the term privacy by design to\\nexpress hopes that technical design choices could enforce\\nconceptions of privacy present in regulation and law, such\\nas avoiding intrusion or anonymity [19, 69].\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,364,747,650],\"text\":\"A prominent version of PBD is \\\"Privacy by Design\\\" as\\narticulated in the early 2010s by Ann Cavoukian, former\\nInformation and Privacy Commissioner for Ontario, Canada.\\nCavoukian provides a set of 7 principles, writing that privacy\\n\\\"must be approached from ...[a] design-thinking perspective.\\nPrivacy must be incorporated into networked data systems\\nand technologies, by default,\\\" describing design-thinking as\\n\\\"a way of viewing the world and overcoming constraints that\\nis at once holistic, interdisciplinary, integrative, innovative,\\nand inspiring\\\" [15] . Subsequently there has been a growth\\nin calls for forms of PBD. The E.U.'s General Data Protec-\\ntion Regulation enshrines this, stating that data controllers\\n\\\"shall implement appropriate technical and organizational\\nmeasures\\\" as part of \\\"data protection by design and default\\\"\\n[39] . The U.S. Federal Trade Commission has recommended\\ncompanies adopt \\\"Privacy by Design\\\" to \\\"promote consumer\\nprivacy throughout their organizations and at every stage of\\nthe development of their products and services\\\" [33] .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,650,747,874],\"text\":\"Despite these calls for PBD by regulators, there are still\\ngaps between PBD in principle and as implemented in prac-\\ntice, highlighted by a series of recent workshops [21, 22, 49] .\\nThese gaps may stem in part from PBD's focus on legal\\nand engineering practice and research. Prior work has doc-\\numented the growth of privacy engineering as both a sub-\\ndiscipline in computer science and a set of engineering prac-\\ntices [42, 44, 109] . Often privacy engineering approaches\\nattempt to translate high level principles into implementable\\nengineering requirements. The Fair Information Practices\\n(FIPs) are a common set of principles used to derive privacy\\nengineering requirements [38] . The FIPs conceptualize pri-\\nvacy as individuals having control over personal data—a\\ndefinition that may not apply in every situation.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,874,747,955],\"text\":\"For example, in 2008 the U.S. Department of Homeland\\nSecurity and Transportation Security Agency (TSA) used a\\nprivacy impact assessment (PIA) to analyze the potential pri-\\nvacy impact of airport security whole body imaging systems.\\nUsing the FIPs, the PIA conceptualized privacy as control\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 262\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/results/markdown/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300492/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300492", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/results/output_json/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,348],\"text\":\"over personal data. The assessment found that while the\\nsystem captured naked-like images of persons' bodies, it was\\ndesigned such that the images would be deleted and faces\\nwere blurred so that images were not personally identifiable\\n[113] . Nevertheless, many citizens, policymakers, and organi-\\nzations cited privacy concerns about increased visibility and\\nexposure to the TSA. Simply put, the privacy invasion arose\\nfrom TSA agents viewing images of naked bodies, not from\\nidentifying people in the images. The PLA's focus on privacy\\nrisks from data collection and identification did not match\\npeople's concerns of closed-mouth egling by TSA agents,\\nleading to expensive redesigns. The system was eventually\\nredesigned to show a generic outline of a person rather than\\nan image of the specific person being scanned.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,348,395,507],\"text\":\"Gürses et al. have critiqued privacy engineering's uses\\nof the FIPs and the UK's PIA approach to PBD as “ check-\\nlist ” approaches, arguing that “ it is not possible to reduce\\nthe privacy by design principles to a checklist that can be\\ncompleted without further ado, ” as these approaches do not\\ncapture the complexities of creating systems to address pri-\\nvacy, and could enshrine a concept of privacy that is not\\napplicable in all cases [44] . Building on this work, our paper\\ncharts a richer set of HCI design approaches to explore and\\naddress privacy in ways beyond checklists.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,518,282,534],\"text\":\"Design in Privacy Law Scholarship\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,538,395,873],\"text\":\"PBD's approach to design has largely been informed by legal\\nscholarship, which conceives of design as a tool for imple-\\nmenting objectives, or less frequently, a process to attend to\\npreset objectives. Privacy and legal scholarship have devel-\\noped a rich language to discuss privacy, including multiple\\nconceptions of privacy [83, 107] and privacy harms [108] , or\\nthe role of social context [88] . However, design has received\\nless attention. Design in much legal scholarship is discussed\\nas a set of properties of a completed system. Hartzog's book\\non design and privacy law focuses on whether a product's\\nend design allows or prohibits behaviors in a way that aligns\\nwith privacy values expressed in law [48] . In the U.S., the Fed-\\neral Trade Commission (FTC) can bring enforcement actions\\nonto companies if it determines that properties of a product's\\ndesign are \\\"deceptive\\\" or \\\"unfair\\\" with regard to privacy [53] .\\nHowever, the FTC's guidance on PBD also discusses the need\\nfor systematic business practices and procedures [33] , and as\\npart of past enforcement actions has demanded certain com-\\npanies put in place a \\\"comprehensive privacy program\\\" [32] ,\\nsuggesting that they view PBD as both about organizational\\nprocess and particular properties of products.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,873,394,955],\"text\":\"A few legal scholars engage with design as a process. Hilde-\\nbrandt writes that technologies are not neutral enforcement\\nmechanisms of laws, but promote values and articulate legal\\nnorms [50] . Rubinstein and Good encourage a user experi-\\nence design approach to PBD, although they discuss design\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,299],\"text\":\"as a deductive engineering process that starts with a set of\\nusability engineering principles from which to derive design\\nsolutions [100] . This description does not make use of ad-\\nditional inductive and open-ended aspects of design often\\ndiscussed in HCI. Mulligan and King move in that direction,\\ndiscussing privacy protection as a process that requires itera-\\ntive discovery and assessment of privacy risks and responses,\\npotentially aligning well with design processes in HCI [82] .\\nAs researchers who do privacy work in HCI, design, and\\nlegal communities, we situate this paper in HCI to see how\\ndesign research can align with and contribute to PBD.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,310,590,328],\"text\":\"Expansion of Design in HCI\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,332,748,826],\"text\":\"While there is a strong tradition of usability and user cen-\\ntered design in HCI privacy research, we also note a grow-\\ning range of design approaches within HCI that go beyond\\nuser centered design. HCI, an interdisciplinary field, traces\\nits lineage from computer engineering, computer science,\\nand psychology. Addressing human factors, usability, and\\nefficiency were often the focus of early HCI design with\\nthe goal of aligning a system's design with a user's mental\\nmodel [14, 89] , epitomized by user-centered design practices.\\nHCI's focus expanded in the late 1990s and early 2000s, some\\nusing the term \\\"third wave\\\" HCI, as computers expanded\\nfrom the workplace into other aspects of everyday life [47] .\\nNew questions about society, culture, and ethics were not\\nwell addressed by traditional experimental modes of HCI\\ninvestigation. Thus HCI began broadening to include people,\\nmethods, and epistemologies with roots in social science, hu-\\nmanities, and art. Zimmerman et al. chart out some of the re-\\nlationships among these varied actors, including interaction\\ndesigners, engineers, behavioral scientists, anthropologists,\\nand practitioners [128] . As such, the ways design practices\\nwere used in HCI expanded. Some new approaches included\\nresearch through design practices, which use the process of\\ndesign to ask questions about the social and political world\\n[37, 93, 128] . As we will show, current privacy research often\\ntakes approaches consistent with user centered design, but\\nless often adopts the more generative and exploratory uses\\nof design reflected in other areas of HCI. Bringing in the\\nbreadth of HCI design perspectives into PBD could advance\\nprivacy research by surfacing grounded understandings of\\nprivacy, and moving beyond the solutonism perspective that\\ndominates legal and engineering discussions of PBD.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,837,511,853],\"text\":\"3 METHODS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,858,747,955],\"text\":\"We conducted a literature review, curated to explore the\\nrichness of design and privacy work. We began by collecting\\nresearch publications from HCI-related conferences. Using\\nthe ACM Digital Library (ACM-DL) web interface in January\\n2018, we searched the Full-Text collection with the “ sponsor:\\nSIGCHI ” filter, sorted by the built-in relevance feature. As we\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 262\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/results/markdown/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300492/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300492", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/results/output_json/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,251],\"text\":\"were searching for breath and richness of design approaches,\\nwe included demos, posters, workshops, and colloquia in\\nour search results (as well as full papers), as design research\\ncontributions are often published in non-full paper tracks.\\nThe first author manually checked that each returned paper\\nused the word “design” in reference to a practice or process,\\nand used the word “privacy” at least once each. Papers that\\ndid both were included; those that did not were excluded.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,252,394,508],\"text\":\"We used the exact search term (\\\"privacy by design\\\"), re-\\nturning 11 results with 6 meeting our inclusion criteria. We\\nthen used the search terms (privacy by design) and (\\\"privacy\\ndesign\\\"), which each returned over 1000 results. Sorted by\\nrelevance, the first author skimmed the top 50 results from\\neach search to see if they met our inclusion criteria, resulting\\nin an additional 48 papers. Author 1 read and coded all the\\npapers in the corpus (n=54). Papers were openly coded for:\\nwhat is designed; when is design done; who does design; who\\nis design done for; how design relates to privacy; and how\\nprivacy is conceptualized. We thought that these categories\\nwould help highlight differences among design practices. The\\nfirst author used affinity diagrams on the open codes, which\\nboth authors discussed and refined into 3 categories, which\\nthe first author used to re-code the corpus. These categories\\nare briefly shown below and discussed more in Section 4:\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[88,522,394,604],\"text\":\"• Why design? To solve a privacy problem: To support\\nor inform privacy; To explore people and situations;\\nTo critique, speculate, or present critical alternatives.\\n• Design by who? Design authorities; stakeholders\\n• Design for whom? Design authorities; stakeholders\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,618,394,730],\"text\":\"After this initial analysis, while our corpus included some\\npapers on usable privacy, we decided to look at a subset of\\npapers from the Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security\\n(SOUPS) as a way to spot check our categories' breadth and\\nrichness, to see if there were additional categories we left out.\\nWe did not seek to capture an exhaustive or representative\\nsample of SOUPS papers.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,730,394,954],\"text\":\"In July 2018, we used the SOUPS USENIX proceedings web\\ninterface with the same search terms, [\\\"privacy by design\\\"],\\n[privacy by design], and [privacy design], resulting in 119\\nunique papers. There was no “relevance” sort feature, so we\\nused every fourth paper to generate a sample to examine. We\\napplied the same inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting\\nin 9 papers. The first author skimmed the titles of additional\\nSOUPS papers to see if they suggested additional design\\norientations, adding an additional paper on nudges (though\\nthis paper was eventually coded as “to support or inform\\nprivacy”). While this second search was not exhaustive, it\\nwas a tradeoff made given that our goal was to spot check\\nour initial set of categories, as well as time and resource\\nconstraints. The first author coded the SOUPS papers (n=10)\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,319,746,351],\"text\":\"using the 3 refined coding categories listed above. The SOUPS\\npapers all fit into existing coding categories.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[453,118,713,205],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A horizontal flow diagram displays four connected, left-to-right trapezoidal steps in shades of blue. Each step contains text: \\\"Solve a privacy problem\\\", \\\"Inform or support privacy\\\", \\\"Explore people and situations\\\", and \\\"Critique, speculate, present critical alternatives\\\".\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,215,746,274],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Design purposes that emerged from our corpus:\\nTo solve a privacy problem (56 % ); To inform or support pri-\\nvacy (52 % ); To explore people and situations (22 % ); and To\\ncritique, speculate, and present critical alternatives (11 % ).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,351,747,495],\"text\":\"The combined corpus (n=64) spans a range of HCI con-\\nferences, including CHI, Computer Supported Cooperative\\nWork, Participatory Design Conference, Designing Interac-\\ntive Systems, Computer-Human Interaction in Play, Ubiqui-\\ntous Computing, and SOUPS. The range in conferences helps\\nprovide greater variety and diversity to the corpus as each\\nconference focuses on different approaches to HCI. Some\\nfocus more on technical contributions, while others focus\\non design techniques and practices, or on social processes.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,495,747,639],\"text\":\"As with any map of a space, this analysis and corpus has\\nsome limitations. Most HCI research is published in confer-\\nence proceedings, however research from journals, books,\\nand HCI publications not published by ACM SIGCHI (except\\nSOUPS) are not captured in the corpus. However, this analy-\\nsis does not aim to provide a complete review of every paper\\nthat has discussed privacy and design. Rather it highlights\\nthe breadth and diversity of how design is considered in\\nrelation to privacy in HCI.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,655,734,671],\"text\":\"4 RESULTS: DIMENSIONS OF DESIGN PRACTICE\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,676,747,836],\"text\":\"We highlight three dimensions that emerged from the analy-\\nsis and coding: the purpose of design in relation to privacy;\\nwho does design work; and for whom is design done. While\\nthese are not the only way to think about design practices,\\nthey provide a useful framework to explore how design and\\nprivacy relate. We provide coding frequencies to describe\\nhow often these categories appeared in our corpus (each\\npaper was allowed to have more than one code); however\\nthese are not necessarily representative of all privacy and\\ndesign literature at large.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,852,699,870],\"text\":\"Purpose: How Privacy is Addressed by Design\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,873,747,954],\"text\":\"Towards what ends is design used in relation to privacy? This\\nsection discusses four purposes of design which emerged\\nfrom our coding process (Fig 1). In practice, these purposes\\noverlap and are not mutually exclusive, but nevertheless\\nhave different enough foci to be discussed separately.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 262\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/results/markdown/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300492/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300492", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/results/output_json/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,411],\"text\":\"To Solve a Privacy Problem. (56%: 32 ACM, 4 USENIX papers)\\nIn our corpus, design is most commonly referred to as a way\\nto solve a privacy problem. Some solutions take place at a\\nsystem architecture level, including pseudonymous-based\\nidentity management [69] , computational privacy agents to\\nhelp make privacy decisions for users [75] , limiting data re-\\nlention [123] , or encryption systems [5] . Others focus on\\nsolutions at the user interface and interaction level, such as\\nusing anti-spam tools to protect users from being intruded\\nupon [86] , or using wearable LEDs to design a private, inti-\\nmate communication system [57] . Some researchers design\\nnon-technical systems to solve privacy problems. Consider-\\ning personal drones, Yao et al. propose the design of a legal\\nregistration system as well as the technical design of the\\ndrone to provide privacy and enforcement [124] . In design to\\nsolve a privacy problem , privacy is a problem that has already\\nbeen well-defined outside of the design process. A solution\\nis then designed to address that defined problem.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,426,395,634],\"text\":\"To Inform or Support Privacy. (52% 24 ACM, 9 USENIX par-\\nsers) Second, design is seen used to inform or support actors\\nwho must make privacy-relevant choices, rather than solv-\\ning a privacy problem outright. A system's design can help\\ninform or support users' privacy-related actions during use.\\nA large body of work focuses on improving the design of\\nprivacy notices [41, 63, 64, 102] , ranging from their visual\\ndesign, to textual content, to when they get presented. Other\\nwork considers the design of user privacy controls, their\\nvisual and interaction design, and their choice architecture\\n[24, 59, 90, 101, 112] . The design of privacy nudges or cues\\n[16, 94, 97] similarly supports users' decision making by en-\\ncouraging users to engage in privacy-enhancing behaviors.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,635,394,873],\"text\":\"Design can also be deployed outside of a specific system\\nto inform publics about privacy risks or raise awareness\\nabout protecting privacy. This includes designing educa-\\ntional materials or games for audiences to learn about pri-\\nvacy [111, 116, 126] . Others create third-party systems to\\nsupport end user decision making, such as browser plugins\\nand apps to highlight websites' and mobile apps' data prac-\\ntices [18, 106] , or icons to help compare multiple websites'\\nprivacy behaviors. Visualizations of personal data [91] , au-\\ndiences of social media posts [78, 96] , or ambient privacy\\nand security warnings [25] attempt to create greater aware-\\nness of potential privacy risks. Some tools are designed to\\nsupport the work of other privacy designers and researchers\\n[61] , such as mathematical models to represent user mental\\nmodels [54] , or privacy risk assessment tools [52, 60] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,873,394,955],\"text\":\"In design to inform and support , the problem posed by\\nprivacy is conceptualized as an informational problem for\\nusers, or as a lack of the right tools for designers. Thus design\\nto inform and support privacy decision making focuses on\\nproviding information to users in ways that will encourage\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,747,221],\"text\":\"them to make privacy-enhancing decisions, or providing\\ntools and methods to designers so that they can more easily\\naddress privacy in their technical practices. This implicitly\\nassumes that if users receive the \\\"right\\\" types of information\\nto users, or designers have the \\\"right\\\" tools, then they will\\nchoose to act in more privacy-preserving ways.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,235,747,460],\"text\":\"To Explore People and Situations. (22%: 13 ACM, 1 USENIX\\npapers) Third, design is used to explore the relevance of pri-\\nvacy to people or situations. One approach to do this uses\\ndesign as the method of inquiry to understand people and\\nsituations. Design activities may be used to engage stake-\\nholders; designers, researchers, and stakeholders create or\\ndiscuss design concepts together to understand stakehold-\\ners’ experiences and concerns about privacy [67, 80, 121] .\\nRelatedly, technology probes or conceptual design artifacts\\ncan be shared with stakeholders to understand how privacy\\narises in the context of their daily activities [95, 114] . Design\\nsketches and conceptual designs can help researchers ana-\\nlyze empirical data, teasing out perceptions and concerns\\nabout privacy [68] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,460,747,682],\"text\":\"Another approach uses a range of qualitative and quan-\\ntitative methods—such as ethnography, interviews, or sur-\\nveys—to understand people, privacy beliefs, and behaviors.\\nThis includes studying: specific populations, such as older\\nadults [79] , children [98] , or medical practitioners [17] ; lo-\\ncations such as workplace organizations [84] ; or specific\\ntechnologies, such as social media and online communities\\n[95] . Here researchers generally do not conduct design work\\nthemselves, but frame design as something to make use of\\nempirical findings, often termed “implications for design.” For\\ninstance after studying disclosure practices of older adults,\\nMcNeill et al. write “[privacy] controls should be flexible\\nand sufficiently expressive and granular to deal with the\\nsubtleties and changing nature of relationships” [79:6433].\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,682,747,954],\"text\":\"In design to explore people and situations , privacy is concep-\\ntualized as situated in relation to varying social and cultural\\ncontexts and practices, in line with recent theorizations in\\nprivacy scholarship [83, 88] . In design to explore , design and\\nprivacy are related in two ways. In the first approach, design\\nmethods are utilized to empirically explore what concep-\\ntions of privacy are at play. In the second, other empirical\\nmethods are used to explore what conceptions of privacy\\nare at play, and design can then make use of those findings.\\nThere is some controversy about whether “ implications for\\ndesign ” should be how empirical work, particularly ethnog-\\nraphy, is discussed in relation to design [27] . We raise this\\nnot to present an argument for how design and empirical\\ninvestigation should epistemologically relate to one another,\\nbut rather to highlight how design is deeply intertwined\\nwith other practices and methods (such as ethnography, user\\nresearch, and evaluation).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 262\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/results/markdown/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300492/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300492", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/results/output_json/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,396,427],\"text\":\"To Critique, Speculate, or Present Critical Alternatives. (11%: 7\\nACM, 0 USENIX papers) Fourth, design can create spaces in\\nwhich people can discuss values, ethics, and morals. However,\\ndesign to critique, speculate, or present critical alternatives is\\nnot necessarily about exploring the world as it is, but focuses\\non how the world could be. This work is often discussed un-\\nder the broad rubric of critically oriented HCI. Rather than\\ncreate design solutions that are deployable at scale, critically\\noriented HCI creates conceptual designs and design artifacts\\nthat subvert expectations, provoke, or exaggerate existing\\ntrends in order to surface, critique, and discuss values issues,\\nand utilizes different evaluation criteria than performance,\\nefficiency, or usability [28, 65, 93] . From our corpus, this\\napproach has been used to probe privacy implications of\\nsystems by conceptually designing: a fictional drone regu-\\nlatory system [74] , a range of fictional human biosensing\\nproducts deployed in a variety of contexts [122] , and concep-\\ntual search engine technologies that embed alternate sets of\\nvalues [68] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,427,395,523],\"text\":\"Similar to design to explore , design to critique also con-\\nsiders privacy as situated in relation to varying social and\\ncultural contexts and practices. However, it serves to ask a\\ndifferent set of questions, such as \\\"what should be considered\\nas privacy?\\\", \\\"privacy for whom?\\\", and \\\"how does privacy\\nemerge from technical, social, and legal entanglements?\\\"\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,532,304,551],\"text\":\"Design Work By and Design Work For\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,554,396,955],\"text\":\"The second and third dimensions that arose from our anal-\\nysis consider who is involved in privacy design processes:\\nwho does the design work ( design work by ), and who the\\ndesign work is meant to benefit ( design work for ). We discuss\\ntwo meta-categories of actors involved: design authorities\\nand stakeholders. We use the term \\\"design authority\\\" to refer\\nto the subject position of designer: someone who inhabits a\\nsocial role where they have the social license and power to\\ncreate or design systems. This includes HCI researchers and\\npractitioners, interaction designers, engineers, anthropolo-\\ngists, behavioral scientists, and so on [128] . The dimension\\ndesign work by allows us to capture who does design work\\nin practice, whether or not they are a design authority. We\\nuse the term stakeholders as it is used in value sensitive de-\\nsign to include all those affected by systems, such as direct\\nusers, indirect users, or non-users [35] . The design author-\\nity and stakeholder categorization is simplifying, as there is\\nnot always a clear distinction between them [10] . Given the\\nblurriness of these categories, we view them as a continu-\\nous spectrum rather than binary qualities. Acknowledging\\nthese simplifications, we attempt to map the space of ac-\\ntors involved in design by varying design authorities and\\nstakeholders along two perpendicular axes: design work by\\nand design work for to gain a sense of how the relationships\\nbetween actors and the practice of design may differ (Fig 2 ).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_006.png\",\"bbox\":[486,121,682,320],\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a quadrant diagram, divided into four sections labeled (a) through (d). Each quadrant describes a scenario involving \\\"Design Authorities\\\" and \\\"Stakeholders,\\\" indicating who an action is \\\"By\\\" and who it is \\\"For.\\\" The quadrants are: (a) By Design Authorities; For Stakeholders, (b) By Stakeholders; For Stakeholders, (c) By Design Authorities; For Design Authorities, and (d) By Stakeholders; For Design Authorities.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,330,747,433],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Actors involved in design. The horizontal axis rep-\\nresents a spectrum of design work by. The vertical axis rep-\\nresents a spectrum of design work for. Combining those pro-\\nvides 4 categories: By design authorities, for stakeholders\\n(89 % ); By stakeholders, for stakeholders (13 % ); By design au-\\nthorities for design authorities (17 % ); and By stakeholders,\\nfor design authorities (3 % ).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,464,747,688],\"text\":\"(a) By design authorities, for stakeholders. (89 % : 47 ACM,\\n10 USENIX papers) Most often, design work is done by de-\\nsign authorities for stakeholders, generally users. In these\\ncases, the design authority might be a designer (visual, in-\\nteraction, UX, etc.), an engineer, or a researcher. There is\\nvariation in how stakeholders are conceptualized. Several pa-\\npers conceptualize stakeholders as specific populations (e.g.\\nusers in the Middle East [1] or medical workers [17]) with\\nspecific privacy practices and needs. Other papers discuss\\nheterogeneous groups of stakeholders, such as considering\\nparent-child relationships when designing [27] , thinking\\nabout families and their guests [24] , or designing for crowd-\\nsourcing collectives [18] . Other papers refer to designing for\\n“the user” in a general sense [64, 76] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,688,747,800],\"text\":\"The design of privacy design and engineering tools [40, 62]\\ncan also be considered design by design authorities, for stake-\\nholders, because designers and engineers are conceptualized\\nas users of the tool. For instance Hong et al. design a privacy\\nrisk modelling process for other design authorities to use\\nwhen building systems [52] . Other design authorities are\\nconceptualized as users of their modelling process.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,807,748,954],\"text\":\"(b) By stakeholders, for stakeholders. (33% 8 ACM, 0 USENIX\\npapers) In its purist form, this recognizes bottom-up forms\\nof design that emerge from users and stakeholders, often in\\nacts of re-appropriation or self-help. In a study that placed\\ncameras and screens in an organization's break rooms to\\nfacilitate non-collocated interactions, some users modified\\nthe system by putting up signs to block the cameras' view\\n[59] . In a more federated form, researchers may invite users\\nand stakeholders to take a larger part in the design process,\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 262\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/results/markdown/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300492/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300492", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/results/output_json/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,221],\"text\":\"though these are generally facilitated by a design authority.\\nFor example, a workshop inviting children to help design\\nlocation-sharing apps represents design work by stakehold-\\ners (and by design authorities) [80] . These approaches rec-\\nognize (or provide) agency that non-design authorities have\\nin (re)designing systems toward their own goals.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,227,396,420],\"text\":\"(c) By design authorities, for design authorities. (17 % 11 ACM,\\n0 USENIX papers) Design authorities can design for them-\\nselves through reflexive design practices, in which they use\\nconceptual designs as a way to explore the problem space of\\nprivacy, and create room to critically reflect on and discuss\\nthe social and ethical issues at the intersection of technology,\\nsociety, and privacy [68, 74, 122] . These designs might be\\ncreated and reflected on individually or with other design\\nauthorities. For example, Wong et al.'s design workbooks of\\nprivacy scenarios were created as a way for the authors them-\\nselves to reflect on the nature of emerging privacy concerns\\nrelated to sensing technologies [122] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,426,396,667],\"text\":\"(d) By stakeholders, for design authorities. (3 % : 2 ACM, 0\\nUSENIX papers) The corpus did not provide much evidence\\nfor or examples of this quadrant within HCI. Potentially\\nsome user feedback mechanisms could be considered here,\\nsuch as the PIPWatch browser toolbar which allows users\\nto see information about websites' privacy practices and\\ncontact websites' privacy officers [18] . However, feedback\\nmechanisms fall short of allowing stakeholders to practice\\ndesign. This speaks to structural differences between design\\nauthorities and stakeholders. Users might have choices to\\nconfigure settings or leave a service, but generally have little\\nopportunity to practice design work with the same latitude\\nthat design authorities have. Future privacy research might\\nexplore more ways for design to be practiced by stakeholders,\\nfor design authorities.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,677,379,694],\"text\":\"5 MAPPING DESIGN APPROACHES TO PRIVACY\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,699,396,873],\"text\":\"In the previous section, we identified three dimensions along\\nwhich the privacy and design papers varied: the purpose of\\ndesign; who does design work; and who design work is meant\\nto benefit. In this section, we map existing design orienta-\\ntions—collections of approaches and methods—that appeared\\nin papers in the corpus onto our dimensions, and suggest\\nhow they might support different ways of approaching pri-\\nvacy (summarized in Fig 3 ). While these design orientations\\nare also used in HCI to address issues beyond privacy, they\\nemerged in our corpus as common ways that design was\\npositioned in relation to privacy.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,874,395,955],\"text\":\"As researchers who do privacy work in HCI, design, and le-\\ngal communities, we argue that PBD should engage with the\\nrichness of ways of why and how design is used for privacy-\\nand that HCI researchers and practitioners are uniquely posi-\\ntioned to help PBD broaden and productively use alternative\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,252],\"text\":\"design approaches. We present this mapping in the spirit of\\nother meta-reviews of HCI work, such as [119] . However,\\nwe provide this specific synthesis and mapping to help build\\nbridges among the PBD, privacy, and design communities.\\nIf design is used to address privacy, the ability to articulate\\nand specify among these multiple relations of how and why\\nto use design, and who should do design work for whom,\\nwill become important for collaborating across disciplines.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,270,686,288],\"text\":\"Software and System Engineering & Design\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,291,748,659],\"text\":\"Software and system engineering is predominantly oriented\\ntoward solving a problem , although it might also be used\\nto design systems that inform or support . This includes de-\\nsigning a system's architecture or creating and applying\\nsoftware design patterns. This design work is generally done\\nby design authorities (engineers), for stakeholders to use. This\\norientation usually begins with a well-defined conception\\nof privacy, then derives system requirements to engineer.\\nSoftware engineering lends itself well to issues of data pri-\\nvacy. If privacy is conceptualized as maintaining control over\\npersonal data, then appropriate access control mechanisms\\ncan be designed; if privacy is conceptualized as data disclo-\\nsure, then sharing mechanisms can be designed, and so on.\\nSome work has taken the FIPs as a set of principles from\\nwhich to derive engineering requirements [60, 69] . Beyond\\nour corpus, privacy engineering has used engineering design\\npractices toward privacy, such as software design patterns\\napplied to privacy [45] . Others have looked to sector-specific\\nlaws or theories of privacy to derive formal privacy defi-\\nnitions and engineering requirements [8, 11] . The growth\\nof privacy-specific engineering techniques, methods, and\\ndegree programs [12, 42, 44, 109] suggests that privacy engi-\\nneering is developing as its own subfield.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,677,556,695],\"text\":\"User Centered Design\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,698,748,955],\"text\":\"User centered design approaches have been at the center\\nof HCI practices for several decades. User centered design's\\npurpose is primarily to solve a problem or create a system\\nto support and inform , but often secondarily includes meth-\\nods to explore people and situations . Design is conducted by\\ndesign authorities, for stakeholders , where stakeholders are\\nconceptualized as users. User centered design emerged from\\nhuman factors and cognitive science, originally focusing on\\naligning mental models between humans and machines to\\nimprove usability, efficiency, and reduce the cognitive burden\\nplaced on users, and has expanded to consider a broader set\\nof user needs. Privacy research with this design orientation\\nhas focused on improving the usability of privacy notices,\\nmaking them easier to comprehend, easier to compare across\\nservices and products, and timing their display to be more\\nuseful to users (e.g., [41, 64, 102] ). Systems are designed to\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 262\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/results/markdown/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300492/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300492", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/results/output_json/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[73,128,740,327],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Design Orientation</td><td>Purpose(s)</td><td>Design work by</td><td>Design work for</td><td>How does design relate to privacy?</td></tr><tr><td>Software Engineering</td><td>Solve a problem; Inform and support</td><td>Design authorities</td><td>Stakeholders</td><td>Conceptions and problem of privacy defined in advance. Lends itself well to data privacy</td></tr><tr><td>User-Centered Design</td><td>Solve a problem; Inform and support; Explore;</td><td>Design authorities</td><td>Stakeholders</td><td>Could have conception of privacy defined in advance, or might surface from users. Tends itself well to individual-based conceptions of privacy</td></tr><tr><td>Participatory Engagement &amp; Values Centered</td><td>Solve a problem; Inform and support; Explore;</td><td>Design authorities; Stakeholders</td><td>Stakeholders</td><td>Surface stakeholder conceptions of privacy, involve stakeholders in the design process</td></tr><tr><td>Resistance, Re-Design, Re-Appropriation</td><td>Solve a problem; Critique</td><td>Design authorities; Stakeholders</td><td>Stakeholders</td><td>Shows breakdown or contestation in current conceptions of privacy</td></tr><tr><td>Speculative and Critical Design</td><td>Explore; Critique</td><td>Design authorities</td><td>Design authorities; Stakeholders</td><td>Critique current conceptions of privacy, explores and shows potential ways privacy might emerge in new situations</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a five-column table comparing different design orientations. It lists five design orientations and for each, describes its purpose(s), who performs the design work, who the design work is for, and how the design relates to privacy.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[208,341,603,359],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Summary of design orientations mapped to design dimensions.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,379,395,410],\"text\":\"mate users' understandings and mental models of privacy\\n[78, 85, 116, 125, 127] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,410,395,651],\"text\":\"Implicitly, this work assumes that if privacy tools and\\nsettings are made more usable or better align with users'\\nexpectations of privacy, then people will make more privacy-\\npreserving decisions. Usable privacy often operationalizes\\nan individual control orientation to privacy, where privacy\\nis about an individual's ability to control or make choices\\nabout their data. This aligns well with the Fair Information\\nPractices which take a similar individual control orientation\\nto privacy, such that many usable privacy projects focus\\non improving forms of notice, choice, and control for users\\n[30, 41, 46, 63, 64, 94] . User centered design can also surface\\nother conceptualizations that users have about privacy but\\ngenerally it focuses on addressing individuals' current un-\\nderstandings, preferences, and behaviors related to privacy\\nthat affect their ability to control personal information.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,661,385,679],\"text\":\"Participatory Engagement & Value Centered Design\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,681,395,955],\"text\":\"While participatory and value centered design have different\\nhistories, we discuss them together, as they share proper-\\nties when seen through the lens of our privacy and design\\ndimensions. HCI adopted participatory design from its orig-\\ninal Scandinavian form to allow users and stakeholders to\\ntake more active roles in the design process (rather than\\nbeing merely end users or usability test subjects) [3] . Value\\ncentered design approaches originated from a set of perspec-\\ntives and techniques to consider social values beyond those\\nof efficiency and usability during design [35, 66, 87, 104] .\\nThe end purpose of these orientations is also to create a sys-\\ntem that solves a privacy problem or one that helps inform\\nor support privacy . But to arrive at this end goal, design is\\nused to explore people and situations. Design work is done\\nfor stakeholders both by design authorities and by stakehold-\\ners , by inviting stakeholders to participate in the design pro-\\ncess often through group activities or workshops to help\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,379,747,633],\"text\":\"elicit stakeholders' values and expertise (e.g., [79, 80] ). For\\nexample, Abokhodar proposes using a value sensitive de-\\nsign methodology to explore and learn about privacy and\\nsocial media use among Saudi Arabian youth by doing design\\nactivities with them, with the goal of developing culturally-\\nsensitive design principles to help solve a privacy problem\\nand support this population [1] . Müller et al. use a participa-\\ntory design process to involve young girls in designing and\\nevaluating sketches of several location-based mobile apps\\nfor youths [80] . These approaches highlight how privacy\\nsolutions can be sensitive to sociocultural differences and\\nspecificities by incorporating design work by stakeholders\\nor using design to explore people's and situations' values and\\ndesires. In participatory and value centered design, stake-\\nholders are often broader than users, including people such\\nas indirect users, administrators, and non-users.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,634,747,777],\"text\":\"Privacy in these orientations is seen as contextual and\\nsociocultural. Rather than starting with a pre-defined con-\\nception or definition of privacy, the privacy concept emerges\\nfrom a participatory or exploratory process. By understand-\\ning how privacy arises for a variety of stakeholders, systems\\ncan be better designed in ways that are sensitive to multi-\\nple communities and populations. Privacy is viewed as a\\nproperty of users, stakeholders, and the social, cultural, and\\ninstitutional contexts in which they are situated.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,789,697,805],\"text\":\"Re-Design, Re-Appropriation, and Resistance\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,808,747,954],\"text\":\"Design is not solely in the hands of design authorities; users\\nand stakeholders can change or use systems in unexpected\\nways. Usually this is done to try to solve a problem that the\\ncurrent system does not address; other times it might be to try\\nto critique or present critical alternatives . For instance, Martin\\net al.'s urban camouflage workshop created a space for peo-\\nple to design resistance and obfuscation strategies to urban\\nsurveillance systems, presenting alternative ways for people\\nto relate to surveillance systems [77] . This resistance and\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 262\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300492/results/markdown/3290605-3300492_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300493/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300493", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/results/output_json/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,39,134],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[75,117,738,182],\"text\":\"Practitioners Teaching Data Science in Industry and\\nAcademia: Expectations, Workflows, and Challenges\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[174,199,312,264],\"text\":\"Sean Kross\\n\\nUC San Diego\\nLa Jolla, California, USA\\nseankross@ucsd.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[501,197,640,267],\"text\":\"Philip J. Guo\\n\\nUC San Diego\\nLa Jolla, California, USA\\n\\npgo@csd.uc.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,274,141,291],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,296,394,601],\"text\":\"Data science has been growing in prominence across both\\nacademia and industry, but there is still little formal con-\\nsensus about how to teach it. Many people who currently\\nteach data science are practitioners such as computational\\nresearchers in academia or data scientists in industry. To un-\\nderstand how these practitioner-instructors pass their knowl-\\nedge onto novices and how that contrasts with teaching more\\ntraditional forms of programming, we interviewed 20 data\\nscientists who teach in settings ranging from small-group\\nworkshops to large online courses. We found that: 1) they\\nmust empathize with a diverse array of student backgrounds\\nand expectations, 2) they teach technical workflows that\\nintegrate authentic practices surrounding code, data, and\\ncommunication, 3) they face challenges involving authentic-\\nity versus abstraction in software setup, finding and curating\\npedagogically-relevant datasets, and acclimatting students\\nto live with uncertainty in data analysis. These findings can\\npoint the way toward better tools for data science education\\nand help bring data literacy to more people around the world.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,611,172,629],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[69,632,392,663],\"text\":\"• Social and professional topics → Computing educa-\\ntion.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,676,149,693],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,698,326,714],\"text\":\"data science education; teaching programming\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,721,202,735],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,736,392,765],\"text\":\"Sean Kross and Philip J. Guo. 2019. Practitioners Teaching Data\\nScience in Industry and Academic Expectations, Workflows, and\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,522,745,567],\"text\":\"Challenges. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Sys-\\ntems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, UK. ACM, New\\nYork, NY, USA, 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3296065.3300493\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_015.png\",\"bbox\":[423,275,742,409],\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A vertical stack of six rectangular blocks lists components of a computational environment. Each block provides a category, such as \\\"Data modeling & visualization libraries\\\" or \\\"Base programming language,\\\" along with illustrative examples like \\\"pandas, R tidyverse\\\" or \\\"Python, R.\\\" The stack outlines various layers, from high-level tools to underlying \\\"Reproducibility infrastructure (e.g., Docker, virtual machines)\\\" at the bottom.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,421,745,495],\"text\":\"Figure 1: An example technology stack that modern data sci-\\nentists must learn to do their job of writing code to obtain in-\\nsights from data in a robust and reproducible manner. They\\noften learn these skills from their fellow data scientists, not\\nfrom formal computing instructors.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,581,549,599],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,603,746,794],\"text\":\"People across a wide range of professions now write code\\nas part of their jobs, but the purpose of their code is often\\nto obtain insights from data rather than to build software\\nartifacts such as web or mobile apps. Although programmers\\nhave been analyzing data for decades, in recent years the\\npopular term data science has emerged to encapsulate this\\nkind of activity. Data scientists are now pervasive throughout\\nboth industry and academia: In industry, it is a fast-growing\\njob title across many sectors ranging from technology to\\nhealthcare to public policy [49] . In academia, data scientists\\nare often STEM graduate students, postdocs, and technical\\nstaff who write code to make research discoveries [32] .\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,794,746,954],\"text\":\"Despite its blossoming across many fields of practice, data\\nscience has only recently begun to formalize as an academic\\ndiscipline, so there is still little consensus on what should go\\ninto a data science curriculum [16, 21, 35, 37] . Many novice\\ndata scientists are currently learning their craft and associ-\\nated technology stacks (e.g., Figure 1 ) on the job from expert\\npractitioners rather than from full-time teachers. To under-\\nstand how these practitioner-instructors pass their knowledge\\nonto novices and what challenges they face, we conducted in-\\nterviews with 20 data scientists (five men and fifteen women)\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,778,393,897],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post servers or to redistribute, to post an article, to give an\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@am.org.\\nCHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, UK\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,900,393,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,925,266,954],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4603-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3209605.3300493\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 263\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/results/markdown/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300493/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300493", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/results/output_json/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,205],\"text\":\"who teach in both industry and academic settings ranging\\nfrom small-group workshops to large online courses. Our\\nparticipants come from backgrounds ranging from the life\\nsciences to the behavioral sciences to the humanities; none\\nhave formal degrees in computer science.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,205,394,315],\"text\":\"We chose to study practitioner-instructors because they\\nare the ones defining both the technical and cultural norms\\nof this emerging professional community. Their insights can\\ninform the design of new programming tools and curricula\\nto train this growing population of diverse professionals\\nwho are responsible for making advances across science,\\ntechnology, commerce, healthcare, journalism, and policy.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,316,394,380],\"text\":\"While prior work has studied what data science practition-\\ners do on the job [32, 41, 42, 44, 64, 65] , to our knowledge,\\nwe are the first to systematically investigate how they teach\\ntheir craft to junior colleagues and students.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,380,394,571],\"text\":\"Our study extends the rich lineage of HCI research on how\\npeople learn programming to pursue different career goals.\\nOn one end, there is a long history of studies on teaching\\ncomputer science and engineering skills to those who aspire\\nto become professional software engineers [33, 60, 68] ; on the\\nother end, there is a parallel literature on the learning needs\\nof end-user programmers [28, 47, 73] . Data scientists are a\\ndistinct and so-far understudied population in between those\\ntwo extremes: They share similarities with both software\\nengineers (they aspire to write reusable analysis code to\\nshare with their colleagues) and end-user programmers (they\\nview coding as a means to an end to gain insights from data).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,571,394,715],\"text\":\"We found that data science instructors must empathize\\nwith a diverse array of student backgrounds and expecta-\\ntions. Also, despite many of their students viewing coding as\\nmerely a means to an end, they still strive to teach disciplined\\nworkflows that integrate authentic practices surrounding\\ncode, data, and communication. Finally, they face challenges\\ninvolving authenticity versus abstraction in software setup,\\nfinding and curating pedagogically-relevant datasets, and ac-\\nclimating students to cope with uncertainty in data analysis.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,715,394,792],\"text\":\"These findings can point the way toward the design of spe-\\ncialized tools for data science education, such as block-based\\nprogramming environments, better ways to find and syn-\\nthesize datasets that are suitable for teaching, and fostering\\ndiscussions around data ethics and bias.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[83,792,332,809],\"text\":\"In sum, this paper's contributions to HCI are:\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[87,824,395,954],\"text\":\"• A synthesis of the technical workflows that data sci-\\nence practitioners teach to novices, along with chal-\\nlenges they face in teaching. These findings advance\\nour understanding of a growing yet understudied pop-\\nulation in between end-user programmers and profes-\\nsional software engineers.\\n• Design implications for specialized tools to facilitate\\ndata science education.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,123,549,139],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,144,746,209],\"text\":\"Our study was inspired by prior work in end-user program-\\nming, teaching data science, practitioners as instructors, and\\nbroadening computing education to learners who do not\\nself-identify as programmers.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,224,673,243],\"text\":\"Data Science and End-user Programming\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,245,746,341],\"text\":\"Data science is a broad term that encompasses a wide variety\\nof activities related to acquiring, cleaning, processing, model-\\ning, visualizing, and presenting data [35, 41] . Although data\\nvisualization is a highly active area of HCI research, what\\nis more relevant to our study is prior HCI research on pro-\\ngramming as performed by non-professional programmers.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,342,746,532],\"text\":\"Kandel et al. found great variation in levels of program-\\nming ability amongst data scientists [41] . Many of them\\nwrite code in languages such as Python and R [21, 25, 35, 37] ,\\nbut they are not professional software engineers; moreover,\\nmany do not even have formal training in computer science.\\nMuch of data scientists' coding activities can be considered\\nend-user programming [46] since they often write code for\\nthemselves as a means to gain insights from data rather than\\nintending to produce reusable software artifacts. Related\\nterms for this type of insight-driven coding activity include\\nexploratory programming (from Kery et al. [42, 43] ) and\\nresearch programming (from Guo's dissertation [32] ).\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,532,746,708],\"text\":\"However, as we discovered in our study, modern data sci-\\nentists are not merely writing ad-hoc prototype code. They\\nare now developing increasingly mature technology stacks\\nfor writing modular and reusable software (e.g., Figure 1 ). In\\nthe terminology of Ko et al., they are now engaging in end-\\nuser software engineering [46] with more of an emphasis on\\ncode quality and reuse; in Segal's related terminology, data\\nscientists are now becoming professional end-user develop-\\ners [65] . Along these lines, software engineering researchers\\nsuch as Kim et al. have studied the role of data scientists\\nwithin industry engineering teams [44] .\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,708,746,757],\"text\":\"In contrast to prior HCI work that focuses on what data\\nscience practitioners do on the job, our study instead focuses\\non how they pass on those skills to novices via teaching.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,772,559,791],\"text\":\"Teaching Data Science\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,793,746,921],\"text\":\"Data science is now a highly in-demand subject within both\\nacademia and industry. Many universities are launching new\\ndata science majors [69, 70] , research labs are organizing\\nhands-on workshops [75] , and MOOCs and coding boot-\\ncamps focused on data science are some of the most popular\\nofferings [1, 2] . But despite this growing interest over the\\npast few years, there is still little agreement on what a data\\nscience curriculum should contain [16, 21, 35, 37] .\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,921,746,955],\"text\":\"To our knowledge, there does not yet exist a systematic\\nresearch study on how data science is currently being taught.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 263\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/results/markdown/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300493/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300493", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/results/output_json/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,364],\"text\":\"The only publications on this topic are course design guides\\nand experience reports of how instructors have taught spe-\\ncific courses within their own fields. These papers fall into\\ntwo categories: descriptions of courses taught by computer\\nscience (CS) faculty, and those taught by faculty in other\\ndisciplines. CS faculty have written about their experiences\\nteaching data science both to enrich introductory comput-\\ning courses with data-oriented applications [16, 17, 25, 34]\\nand in courses intended to serve non-CS-majors [14, 20, 61] .\\nAnd faculty in fields ranging from bioinformatics [71] , busi-\\nness [21] , and statistics [55, 37] have written field guides on\\nteaching data science in their respective majors. In particular,\\ndata science within statistics curricula places more of an em-\\nphasis on computational workflows and tools rather than on\\ntheoretical aspects of the underlying mathematics [35, 37] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,364,393,491],\"text\":\"Outside the classroom, instructors have also documented\\ntheir experiences teaching in informal settings. For instance,\\nthe Software Carpentry [75] and Data Carpentry [4] orga-\\nnizations hold workshops to teach computing and data ana-\\nlysis to academic researchers; they also publish course de-\\nsign guides. Related groups have organized data-oriented\\nhackathons [15] , hack weeks [39] , and apprenticeships [67]\\nto train academic researchers in data science best practices.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,491,393,587],\"text\":\"In contrast to the aforementioned experience reports, to\\nour knowledge, ours is the first academic research study\\nthat attempts to provide a broad overview of how modern\\ndata science is taught by practitioner-instructors across both\\nindustry and academia—synthesizing findings in a way that\\ntranscends anecdotal experiences within individual courses.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,597,215,615],\"text\":\"Practitioner-instructors\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,618,394,858],\"text\":\"Most of our participants were practitioner-instructors: data\\nscience practitioners who also teach students. Practitioner-\\ninstructors are often found in settings such as medical schools\\n(clinical faculty) [50] , art schools, business schools, and law\\nschools, where they are sometimes known as professors of\\nthe practice [59] . Two noted benefits of learning from practi-\\ntioners are that they are likely up-to-date on the latest tools\\nin their field [53] and that they are more direct members of\\nthe community of practice [48] that their students aspire to\\njoin. However, they often lack formal pedagogical training:\\nWilson refers to them as end-user teachers [76] (as an ana-\\nlogue to end-user programmers) since they teach but are not\\nformally trained as professional teachers. To our knowledge,\\nresearchers have not yet studied practitioner-instructors in\\ncomputing-related settings such as data science.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,868,354,886],\"text\":\"Computing Education for Broader Populations\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,889,393,955],\"text\":\"Our study contributes to the growing body of HCI and com-\\nputing education work on teaching programming to broader\\nlearner populations. Specifically, it extends prior work that\\ntarget people who do not self-identify as programmers.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,444],\"text\":\"Although much of computing education research targets\\nlearners who aspire to become computer science majors or\\nprofessional programmers [60] , there is a growing body of\\nstudies on learners with other professional identities. For\\ninstance, Ni et al. studied the challenges faced by high school\\nteachers who are learning programming in order to become\\nCS teachers [54, 55] . Dorn et al. studied graphics and web\\ndesigners who identify more as artists [27, 29] . Chilana et\\nal. studied industry professionals in non-programming roles\\n(e.g., sales, marketing, product management) who try to learn\\nprogramming to communicate better with their engineering\\ncolleagues [23, 73] . Dasgupta and Malo Hill extended the\\nScratch blocks-based programming environment to enable\\nK-12 children to perform analysis on data generated by mem-\\nbers of the Scratch online community [26] ; although children\\ndo not yet have professional identities, they are able to use\\nScratch programming as a conduit to develop computational\\nand data-oriented thinking skills. What all of this work has\\nin common is that it focuses on teaching programming to\\nlearners who do not self-identify as programmers.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,444,746,604],\"text\":\"Along similar lines, the instructors we interviewed self-\\nidentified as data scientists, data analysts, researchers, or\\nmore generally, the umbrella term “ scientist ” ; since their stu-\\ndents are junior members of their peer groups, they would\\nalso likely identify as such. To our knowledge, we are the first\\nto characterize the challenges involved in teaching the topic\\nof data science in diverse professional settings. Some of our\\nfindings corroborate those of prior work on how program-\\nming is perceived as a means to an end rather than as some-\\nthing to be intrinsically enjoyed for its own sake [23, 29] .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,619,511,636],\"text\":\"3 METHODS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,640,746,721],\"text\":\"For this study we interviewed 20 data scientists who teach\\nin a diverse variety of settings across industry and academia.\\nWe recruited participants in-person at both corporate and\\nacademic conferences, online through social media posts and\\nemails, and via snowball sampling.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,720,746,849],\"text\":\"Each interview lasted 45 to 60 minutes and was conducted\\neither in-person or via video conferencing software. Partici-\\npants were not paid. Interviews were semi-structured and fo-\\ncused on what material is being taught in their courses, how\\nthey perceived student experiences, and what challenges\\nthey faced. We encouraged, but did not require, each partic-\\nipant to bring sample teaching materials to walk through\\ntogether at our interviews. Guiding questions included:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[440,856,746,955],\"text\":\"• Describe the overall setting(s) in which you teach.\\n• What are the core concepts you teach in your courses?\\n• Which programming languages and tools do you use to\\nteach? What technological challenges have you faced?\\n• Can you walk through the structure of a typical meet-\\ning of your course? [with optional course materials]\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 263\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/results/markdown/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300493/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300493", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/results/output_json/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[70,121,742,467],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>ID</td><td>Gender</td><td>Age</td><td>Degree</td><td>Field</td><td>Sector</td><td>Workplace</td><td>Teaching setting(s)</td><td>Students</td></tr><tr><td>P1</td><td>F</td><td>25-34</td><td>PhD</td><td>Biostatistics</td><td>Academia</td><td>R1 university</td><td>workshops, online</td><td>1000+</td></tr><tr><td>P2</td><td>M</td><td>25-34</td><td>PhD</td><td>Biostatistics</td><td>Academia</td><td>R1 university</td><td>workshops, online</td><td>1000+</td></tr><tr><td>P3</td><td>F</td><td>25-34</td><td>MS</td><td>Genomics</td><td>Industry</td><td>R&amp;D nonprofit</td><td>workshops, online</td><td>1000+</td></tr><tr><td>P4</td><td>F</td><td>25-34</td><td>PhD$^{1}$</td><td>Education</td><td>Industry</td><td>Startup company</td><td>online</td><td>350</td></tr><tr><td>P5</td><td>F</td><td>25-34</td><td>PhD</td><td>Genetics</td><td>Academia</td><td>R1 university</td><td>ugrad/grad courses</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>P6</td><td>F</td><td>25-34</td><td>MPH</td><td>Medical stats</td><td>Academia</td><td>Medical school</td><td>workshops</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>P7</td><td>F</td><td>35-44</td><td>PhD</td><td>Marine biology</td><td>Academia</td><td>Research institute</td><td>workshops</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>P8</td><td>M</td><td>25-34</td><td>PhD</td><td>Statistics</td><td>Academia</td><td>R1 university</td><td>grad course, workshops</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>P9</td><td>F</td><td>35-44</td><td>PhD</td><td>Neuro/genomics</td><td>Academia</td><td>R1 university</td><td>grad course, workshops</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>P10</td><td>M</td><td>25-34</td><td>PhD$^{2}$</td><td>Biostatistics</td><td>Academia</td><td>R1 university</td><td>grad course</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>P11</td><td>F</td><td>35-44</td><td>PhD</td><td>Psychology</td><td>Academia</td><td>Medical school</td><td>grad course, online</td><td>1000+</td></tr><tr><td>P12</td><td>F</td><td>45-54</td><td>MS</td><td>Psychology</td><td>Industry</td><td>Coding bootcamp</td><td>bootcamp</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>P13</td><td>F</td><td>35-44</td><td>BS</td><td>Sci/tech studies</td><td>Industry</td><td>Mid-sized company</td><td>workshops</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>P14</td><td>F</td><td>25-34</td><td>PhD</td><td>Statistics</td><td>Academia</td><td>Liberal arts college</td><td>ugrad course, workshops</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>P15</td><td>F</td><td>35-44</td><td>PhD</td><td>Statistics</td><td>Academia</td><td>R1 university</td><td>ugrad course, workshops</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>P16</td><td>M</td><td>25-34</td><td>PhD</td><td>Neuroscience</td><td>Industry</td><td>Pro sports franchise</td><td>online video livestreams</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>P17</td><td>M</td><td>25-34</td><td>BS</td><td>Math/business</td><td>Industry</td><td>Startup company</td><td>online</td><td>1000+</td></tr><tr><td>P18</td><td>F</td><td>25-34</td><td>MS</td><td>Library sci.</td><td>Academia</td><td>R1 university</td><td>ugrad/grad courses</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>P19</td><td>F</td><td>25-34</td><td>BS</td><td>English/stats</td><td>Industry</td><td>Mid-sized company</td><td>workshops</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>P20</td><td>F</td><td>45-54</td><td>MS</td><td>Management</td><td>Industry</td><td>Open-source nonprofit</td><td>workshops</td><td>25</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table presents data for 20 individuals (P1-P20) across 9 columns: ID, Gender, Age, Degree, Field, Sector, Workplace, Teaching setting(s), and Students. The rows contain various demographic, educational, professional, and teaching-related details for each individual.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_3_tab_2.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,469,745,502],\"text\":\"Table 1: The 20 data science practitioners-instructors we interviewed: F=female, M=male. For PhD $\\\\dagger$ : P4 left a PhD program, and\\nP10 is currently a PhD student. R1 means major research university. Students' is approximate number of students per class.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[88,535,396,586],\"text\":\"• What, if anything, is especially challenging about teach-\\ning this material? Where do you see students strug-\\ngling most?\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,595,394,660],\"text\":\"The lead author recorded notes and quotations during each\\ninterview. After all interviews were completed, the research\\nteam (two members) iteratively categorized them together\\ninto major themes using an inductive analysis approach [24] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,677,284,695],\"text\":\"Interview Participant Backgrounds\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,699,394,857],\"text\":\"Table 1 summarizes our 20 participants' demographic and\\nprofessional backgrounds. We strove for diversity across mul-\\ntiple dimensions, such as gender, age, field, and occupation.\\nParticipants' academic degrees include bachelors, masters,\\nand PhDs in fields ranging from the life sciences to the behav-\\nioral sciences to the humanities. Most notably, none of the\\nparticipants had formal degrees in computer science (CS) or\\nrelated fields. This sample is representative of our anecdotal\\nexperiences that most working data scientists today do not\\ncome from formal CS backgrounds.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,857,394,954],\"text\":\"Participants work at a wide range of institutions: 8 in\\nindustry, 12 in academia. Workplaces included startups, mid-\\nsized companies, nonprofit organizations, and universities.\\nMost notably, almost none of our participants ( even those\\nin academia) work as full-time data science instructors. In-\\nstead, they are scientific researchers, business analysts, or\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,536,746,680],\"text\":\"data scientists who teach part-time for supplemental income\\nor as volunteer outreach for their professional community.\\nP14 is the only exception; she was a visiting assistant pro-\\nfessor of data science. This distribution of occupations re-\\nflects our anecdotal observations that, at the moment, there\\nare relatively few people who teach data science as their\\nprimary job. (Faculty who teach in data science interdisci-\\nplinary programs also usually teach and do research in their\\nhome departments.)\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,680,746,791],\"text\":\"Related to this diversity of occupations is the diverse va-\\nriety of settings where these practitioner-instructors teach.\\nThese include standard university courses of varying sizes\\n(ugrad=undergrad, grad=graduate course in Table 1 ), day-\\nor week-long workshops such as Software/Data Carpen-\\ntry [4, 75] , months-long bootcamps, online courses with\\nthousands of students, and even livestreams (see P16 below).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,792,746,920],\"text\":\"To showcase examples of the range of instructor back-\\ngrounds, we highlight P7 and P16: P7 is a marine data scien-\\ntist at an oceanography research institute who travels around\\nthe world both to perform research fieldwork and to teach\\ndata science workshops to researchers. P16 is a neuroscience\\nPhD currently working as a sports data analyst for a U.S. pro-\\nfessional sports team; as a hobby, he offers free data science\\nlessons via video livestreams on Twitch.tv [ 38 ] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 263\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/results/markdown/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300493/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300493", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/results/output_json/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,125,226,141],\"text\":\"Study Design Limitations\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,144,394,302],\"text\":\"Although we strove to include instructors from a diverse\\narray of demographic and professional backgrounds, our\\npersonal participant recruitment and snowball sampling led\\nto some limitations: We found only two participants in the\\n45–54 age range, and nobody who was 55 or older. All of our\\nparticipants identified as cisgender. were underrepre-\\nsented minorities in STEM fields. Everyone except for P8\\n(Australia) and P9 (Canada) was based in the United States.\\nFollow-up studies that recruit from broader demographics\\nwould improve the external validity of our findings.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,303,394,447],\"text\":\"In terms of technology stacks, all participants taught using\\nopen-source languages and tools (e.g., Python, R), so we were\\nnot able to study data scientists who work in closed-source\\nproprietary ecosystems such as Matlab, Mathematica, or\\nStata. We could not reach data scientists within corporate or\\ngovernment settings that were restricted by nondisclosure\\nagreements or security clearances. This sampling bias means\\nthat our findings likely apply more to open-source and open-\\nscience cultures rather than to closed-source settings.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,448,394,511],\"text\":\"We studied only instructors who taught formal courses\\n(albeit in a wide variety of settings), so that means we did\\nnot cover informal learning via on-the-job apprenticeships\\nor getting on-demand help from colleagues.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,511,394,638],\"text\":\"We interviewed only data science instructors but did not\\ndirectly study their students. We chose to focus on instructors\\nbecause they are the ones defining both the technical and\\ncultural norms of this emerging professional community, and\\nthey must also try to understand and address the challenges\\nfaced by a wide range of students. However, without directly\\nstudying students, our insights about student struggles will\\nnecessarily be limited to their instructors' interpretations.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,639,394,736],\"text\":\"Finally, we did not interview computer science (CS) profes-\\nsors who teach programming to non-CS-majors, even though\\nsome of these courses would likely be useful for training as-\\npiring data scientists. Instead we focused exclusively on data\\nscience practitioners who teach their junior colleagues since\\nthis population has not yet been studied in prior work.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,751,352,784],\"text\":\"4 DIVERSE STUDENT BACKGROUNDS AND\\nEXPECTATIONS\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,788,394,869],\"text\":\"We present three main sets of findings from our interviews:\\nstudent backgrounds, technical workflows, and teaching chal-\\nlenges. First, many participants brought up the importance of\\nempathizing with diverse student backgrounds and varying\\nexpectations for what a data science course ought to offer.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,884,378,902],\"text\":\"Varying Backgrounds and Prior Coding Experience\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,905,394,954],\"text\":\"Students who enroll in data science courses tend to be of\\nvarying ages, at very different stages of their education, and\\nfrom a variety of academic backgrounds. For instance, a\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,747,251],\"text\":\"STEM postdoc may take a Software Carpentry workshop\\n(e.g., taught by P3, P9), or a mid-career business analyst may\\ntake an online course on the DataCamp [5] platform. 6 of our\\n20 participants [P2, P8, P9, P10, P16, P19] mentioned that they\\nregularly teach students who have never done any sort of\\nprogramming before, and that these students are sometimes\\nintermixed with others who have significant programming\\nexperience.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,252,747,523],\"text\":\"Due to such widely varying backgrounds, it is difficult\\nto establish a common ground from which instruction can\\nbegin. P9, a neuroscientist who teaches graduate courses and\\nworkshops, mentioned that: “ Student heterogeneity is higher\\nthan any of us could have anticipated. ” P3, an instructor from\\nindustry, faces a similar issue: “ It is always a challenge to\\nnot make assumptions about what people know or don't know.\\nThere is a huge diversity of learner backgrounds. ” This issue\\npersists even for P6, who teaches at a medical school, where\\na seemingly more narrow set of student demographics still\\nmanifests a wide array of backgrounds: “ The people in my\\nworkshop are all professionals: mostly professors, statisticians,\\nand clinical data coordinators. And there's still a big variety\\nof programming and math backgrounds. ” Thus, instructors\\nfaced the challenge of creating courses that could incorpo-\\nrate engaging problems for students with different kinds of\\nbackgrounds and prior knowledge.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,523,747,667],\"text\":\"Despite these instructional design challenges, since none\\nof our participants had formal computer science training,\\nthey sometimes felt better equipped to empathize with their\\nstudents, who also do not come from computer science back-\\ngrounds. For instance, P17, a data scientist at a startup who\\nteaches online courses, mentioned that: \\\"From a teaching per-\\nspective, I feel blessed that I didn't study computer science. I'm\\nself-taught, and I feel that makes it easier for me to empathize\\nwith my students and anticipate their problems.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,680,723,698],\"text\":\"Student Expectations and Motivations for Coding\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,702,714,746],\"text\":\"\\\"Students are grudgingly learning to program;\\nthey\\n'\\nre really interested in analyzing their data.\\n\\\"\\n-P3\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,754,713,787],\"text\":\"\\\"Most people I see have to learn to code in an\\nabsolute panic for their thesis.\\\" - P7\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,792,747,955],\"text\":\"Unlike many students in introductory computer science\\n(i.e., CS1) courses [60] , data science students are not enrolling\\nbecause they want to learn about programming or to become\\nfull-time programmers. Rather, they are motivated to learn to\\nsolve concrete problems in their own work via data analysis.\\nThe above quote from P3 comes from a part of our conver-\\nsation where she explained how grad students seek out her\\nworkshops at the moment when the amount of data or the\\nsophistication of required analyses outgrows the capabilities\\nof spreadsheet software (e.g., Excel) they have been using.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 263\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/results/markdown/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300493/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300493", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/results/output_json/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,315],\"text\":\"P7's quote recalled similar experiences, where the scien-\\ntists she teaches already formulated hypotheses and collected\\ndata before they realize they need to learn programming to\\nlook for appropriate insights in their data: \\\"Their entry point\\nto coding is when they're already deep into a scientific question.\\\"\\nWe also heard from others in academia that their students\\ndo not seem to seek out programming out of a general de-\\nsire to \\\"learn to code,\\\" but rather see it as a means to render\\ntheir data into meaningful scientific results. Therefore the\\nchallenge for instructors is providing just enough of an un-\\nderstanding of computing environments and programming\\nto demonstrate relevant data analysis methods.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,316,395,459],\"text\":\"Instructors in industry face similar challenges. P12 teaches\\nat a coding bootcamp for rural U.S. residents where the data\\nthat students learn to analyze is provided by potential em-\\nployers. Student motivations for joining the nine-month\\nbootcamp tended to be more directly career-oriented, and\\nthey also have widely varying levels of prior experience:\\n“ We have helped many folks retrain for new jobs. Some stu-\\ndents have never written code while others are experienced\\ndevelopers. ”\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,459,395,794],\"text\":\"Eight instructors reported some students being motivated\\nto join their course because they were excited to learn about\\none specific tool for data visualization, manipulation, or mod-\\neling [P1, P2, P4, P5, P6, P7, P13, P17] . For instance, P6 teaches\\nmedical researchers, who in this case had heard about the util-\\nity of R's ggplot2 [7] data visualization library: \\\"They're very\\nexcited about one specific thing: plotting, making dashboards,\\nbasically any immediately useful data product.\\\" Instructors\\nfound these concrete expectations as both a valuable avenue\\nfor motivating students and as a source of frustration. They\\nwere challenged by students who were not motivated to un-\\nderstand how a tool fits into the overall technology stack\\nsuch as Figure 1 . P6 continued: \\\"I have heard, `I don't care how\\nit thinks, I just want to make a cool graph.'\\\" This frustration\\nis exacerbated by hype around certain tools, which sets high\\nexpectations from their students' managers or supervisors\\nfor what that tool can do for their team. For instance, P1\\nteaches both graduate students and professionals who want\\nto demonstrate immediate value with a tool soon after taking\\na seminar: \\\"Students are under lots of pressure to take away\\nparticular skills [back to their team] .\\\"\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,820,362,837],\"text\":\"5 TEACHING DATA-ANALYTIC WORKFLOWS\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,841,395,954],\"text\":\"Although many students viewed coding as a means to an\\nend (see prior section), nonetheless instructors emphasized\\nteaching a more disciplined data-analytic workflow using a\\nmodern stack of open-source tools (e.g., Figure 1 ). In other\\nwords, they did not simply want students to create one-off\\nscripts but rather wanted to provide them with the skills to\\nwrite more robust and reproducible scientific code.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,746,236],\"text\":\"As instructors walked through the technical contents of\\nwhat they taught, we noted the most salient points they\\nraised that differed from what is typically taught in CS-\\noriented programming courses [22, 30, 68] . Most notably,\\nthese instructors emphasized workflows that centered on\\nthe integration of code, data, and communication rather than\\non the more algorithmic foundations of computing.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,247,653,264],\"text\":\"Teaching Data-Analytic Programming\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,266,746,395],\"text\":\"Although data can certainly be analyzed and visualized using\\nspreadsheets or other specialized GUI tools (e.g., Tableau),\\nour participants all opted to teach programming languages\\nsuch as Python (N=6) and R (N=14) so that: a) students could\\nconstruct more reproducible scripts to automate their work-\\nflows, and b) students could learn to access the vast ecosys-\\ntems of statistical and data analysis libraries in those lan-\\nguages, which is likely what they will be doing on the job.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,396,747,666],\"text\":\"Five instructors mentioned teaching how to create pro-\\ngrammatic workflows for shaping data and moving it through\\nan analytic process [P2, P3, P7, P11, P15] . For example, P11\\ndemonstrates a workflow where she uses several R libraries\\nto read data into her computing environment from sources\\non the web and from local files; she then combines these into\\none dataset using several other libraries, until she has one\\ncanonicalized tidy [74] data table (i.e., \\\"data frame\\\") where\\neach row is an observation from an experiment and each\\ncolumn represents a variable that was measured. She then\\ncomputes different statistics about groups in this table, cre-\\nates figures and statistical models using other libraries, and\\nfinally writes a resulting narrative using R Markdown [9] , a\\ncomputational notebook for R. P14 echoes P11's strategy of\\nsynthesizing multiple data inputs into one rectangular data\\nframe: \\\"It's rectangle-based teaching or pipeline-based pro-\\ngramming. Everything is based on modifying one data frame.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,666,747,921],\"text\":\"This sort of data-analytic programming [14, 32] differs\\nfrom the style of programming that is typically taught in\\nintroductory CS courses. Drawing from all of our interviews,\\nthe main data structure taught by these instructors is a tab-\\nular ( “ rectangular ” ) data frame; traditional CS1/CS2 data\\nstructures such as linked lists, binary trees, stacks, queues,\\nand hash tables were rarely mentioned. Canonical operations\\non these tabular data frames include filtering and rearrang-\\ning rows/columns, combining groups of rows and columns\\nto create derived datasets, and creating new columns based\\non combining or splitting other columns. These operations\\nare performed with calls to special vectorized functions that\\noperate across an entire data frame at once; thus, instructors\\ndo not need to teach students how to iterate through data\\nwith explicit control flow such as for-loops, while-loops, or\\nrecursive function calls.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,922,746,954],\"text\":\"Similarly, teaching students to create abstractions such as\\nfunctions, classes, and modules is common in CS-focused\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 263\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/results/markdown/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300493/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300493", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/results/output_json/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,315],\"text\":\"programming courses [22, 68] , but data science instructors\\noften do not emphasize their importance, since many data\\nscience tasks can be done without these abstractions. For\\ninstance, P14 mentioned that “ maybe ten percent of the people\\nI teach are going to need to write their own R function. ” Instead,\\ninstructors emphasized that programming for data science\\ninvolves connecting existing APIs together in order to shape\\nthem for the analytic tasks at hand. For example, a data\\nscientist may need a software library to import geospatial\\ndata, another library to shape that data, another library to\\ncalculate statistics or build models from that data, and then\\nyet another library to visualize the data or resulting models.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,316,394,492],\"text\":\"In addition to programming, instructors also emphasized\\ndata management skills. P7 mentioned: “ A ton of time is spent\\njust showing people how to manage folder architecture and\\norganization. ” Data science projects often involve gathering\\na collection of raw data files, metadata for each data file\\n(i.e., codebooks with column descriptions), several stages of\\nprocessed data files, and other data products that are cre-\\nated during the analysis such as rendered figures and reports.\\nThese files must all be carefully organized in a directory struc-\\nture so that analysts can track provenance and so that the\\ncorrect versions of files can be programmatically accessed.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,524,319,540],\"text\":\"Teaching Data-Oriented Communication\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,543,395,849],\"text\":\"In addition to teaching programming, statistics, and analyt-\\nical thinking, the instructors we interviewed also placed a\\nheavy emphasis on the importance of writing, public commu-\\nnication, and framing analysis results in a broader societal\\ncontext. P15 teaches both industry workshops and under-\\ngraduate courses, and mentioned that communication is the\\ncenterpiece in both settings: \\\"Communication about ideas is\\nmuch more important [than code] and arguably the goal of\\ndata science. I think this is not as much the case in computer\\nscience.\\\" She is familiar with the computer science under-\\ngraduate curriculum at her university, and by comparison\\nsays that her students do significantly more writing and\\npublic speaking. P12 is an instructor at a coding bootcamp\\nwho pushes her students to write detailed prose for their\\nanalyses and to present their findings in class: \\\"Students are\\nconstantly presenting and articulating their insights.\\\" Simi-\\nlarly, P18 teaches social science graduate students who often\\nwant to incorporate more quantitative methods into their\\nqualitative research:\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[101,873,363,955],\"text\":\"\\\"In my programming class I make them write es-\\nsays. It's important that I have them talking about\\ntheir project every single week. I take the commu-\\nnication component of the class as my primary\\nfocus.\\\" - P18\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,331],\"text\":\"Tools for communicating data science outputs are just as\\nemphasized as tools for programming or statistical model-\\ning. The majority of participants (14 out of 20) tightly inte-\\ngrated computational notebooks, including Jupyter [3] and\\nR Markdown [9] , into their curriculum to enable students to\\ninterleave runnable code and explanatory text. Both of these\\ntools allow students to easily write in a literate programming\\nstyle [45] , where code and prose coexist in the same docu-\\nment. These instructors also used notebook technologies for\\ndelivering their course materials. For example, P5 illustrates\\nstatistical concepts such as the law of large numbers in a\\nnotebook, which enables students to adapt her code in order\\nto play with this law's statistical properties.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,332,747,571],\"text\":\"Instructors also mentioned that they felt an important\\ndifference between data science courses and more CS-based\\nprogramming courses is that students are able to create pol-\\nished data artifacts that they can communicate to others even\\nwith relatively little training time. For instance, students can\\nlearn to visualize their own research data in just a one-day\\nworkshop by using the proper API calls. In contrast, it can\\ntake much longer in a CS course to go from “ Hello World ”\\nexamples to building compelling and useful real-world apps.\\nP15 uses example datasets to motivate students during the\\nfirst class meeting: \\\"By minute 10 of class they need to be able\\nto have made a data visualization.\\\" She often starts lessons by\\nshowing a data product that students will learn to produce\\nthat day: \\\"When making a cake you look at pictures of the end\\nresult cake. You don't look at pictures of eggs and milk!\\\"\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,583,599,600],\"text\":\"Teaching Authentic Practices\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,602,747,874],\"text\":\"Since our instructors were data science practitioners, they\\nemphasized teaching students authentic work practices with\\ntools that they actually used on the job. They taught exclu-\\nsively open-source technologies for data analysis and com-\\nmunication, made materials that they built for their courses\\npublicly available, and, most notably, distributed those ma-\\nterials using the same tools that they teach their students to\\nuse for sharing code, data, and analyses. 17 , a marine science\\nresearcher who teaches small-group workshops to her peers,\\nmentioned: “ I made all of my materials available on GitHub\\nbeforehand for reference. ” This way, her students can follow\\nalong with her during class, and they can refer back to her\\nmaterials after the course has finished. She also believes it is\\nimportant to guide students through the emotional tribula-\\ntions of understanding these tools, so she writes in a personal\\nstyle unlike that of traditional reference guides: “ I wrote my\\nown materials to share how I was feeling when I was learning. ”\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,874,746,954],\"text\":\"Instructors' uses of the GitHub platform are not limited to\\njust distributing their own course materials [77] . Although\\nGitHub is not thought of as a data science tool, our instruc-\\ntors showed students how to use it to connect to the broader\\ndata science community. P9 brought up the importance of\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 263\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/results/markdown/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300493/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300493", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/results/output_json/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,315],\"text\":\"structuring the data science masters degree program she\\nis helping launch so that students can build a public-facing\\nportfolio of data science projects: \\\"All of the courses are project\\nbased and all projects are done on GitHub. It helps them build\\na portfolio.\\\" Instructors see having an online portfolio as\\nan authentic work practice in several ways: Practitioners\\noften share their analyses as notebooks on GitHub so that\\nothers can expand upon and comment on them [64] . They\\nalso share code on GitHub to get feedback and contributions\\nfrom the community. Finally, employers often ask for the\\nGitHub profiles of data science job applicants, so instructors\\nare motivated to help students create shareable projects.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,315,394,460],\"text\":\"By showing students the same tools they use in their daily\\npractice, these data scientists are not merely serving as in-\\nstructors, but rather as exemplars of authentic expert be-\\nhavior that sets an example for junior members of their\\ncommunity of practice [48] . This contrasts with, say com-\\nputer science university professors or K-12 teachers, who are\\nnot in the community of practice of most of their students\\n(i.e., the majority of CS students do not aspire to become CS\\nteachers).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,471,367,488],\"text\":\"6 CHALLENGES IN TEACHING DATA SCIENCE\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,491,394,554],\"text\":\"The instructors we interviewed faced three widely-mentioned\\nsets of challenges in their teaching: authenticity versus ab-\\nstraction, finding and curating data sets, and acclimating\\nstudents to living with uncertainty in data analysis.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,565,373,583],\"text\":\"Authenticity versus Abstraction in Software Setup\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,586,394,889],\"text\":\"In addition to decisions surrounding instructional content\\n(i.e., what to cover in their course), instructors must also\\ndecide the extent to which they are going to teach students\\nabout managing the details underlying their computing en-\\nvironments. Although maintaining these environments re-\\nquires significant technical knowledge, these system config-\\nuration and administration logistics are usually unrelated to\\nthe data analytic skills taught in the rest of the course. While\\nlamenting already-limited class time, P17 rhetorically asked,\\n\\\"How much do we really want to teach about system admin-\\nistration and...bashr?\\\" We identified three approaches that\\ninstructors took: 1) Desktop: Ten instructors taught students\\nto configure their own personal computers at the start of\\nclass. 2) Server: Five instructors set up a pre-configured server\\ncomputing environment that can be accessed through a web\\ninterface. 3) Web application: Five used a specialized web app\\n(e.g., DataCamp [5] ) that emulates a scientific computing en-\\nvironment and guides students through lessons with videos\\nand coding exercises. Each approach has tradeoffs:\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,890,394,954],\"text\":\"1) Desktop setup : Most instructors taught students to\\nset up an authentic computing environment and toolchain\\non their own computers. P10 reported that companies who\\nhire their students often do not have standardized analysis\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,282],\"text\":\"tools in place, so \\\"employers expect students to bring their own\\ntools.\\\" P11 felt that her sense of self-sufficiency in setting\\nup her own environment informed her decision to teach\\nabout tooling: \\\"It's important to teach students how to work\\non their setup. I want them to be able to work the same way\\nthat I work.\\\" Teaching these system administration skills,\\nthough unrelated to data analysis or to any scientific domain,\\nprovides a more authentic experience so that students can\\nunderstand how the pieces of the stack (e.g., Figure 1 ) fit\\ntogether.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,283,746,537],\"text\":\"However, this desktop approach is challenging for instruc-\\ntors because of the wide array of versions of operating sys-\\ntems, programming languages, and libraries each student\\nmay require to be configured on their machine. P2 dealt with\\na bevy of issues in the workshops that he teaches, including\\ninsufficient user permissions on work computers, outdated\\noperating systems, and hieroglyphic configuration errors:\\n“ These students bring in a wide variety of computers each with\\ntheir own installation, permissions, and dependency issues. ”\\nHe spends the start of many workshop sessions battling\\nthese complications on student computers. This process is\\ndaunting for students as well: P4 mentioned that “ data sci-\\nence requires a level of intimacy with your computer that my\\nstudents are not used to. ” For many students, it is their first\\ntime installing and using software through a command-line\\ninterface.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[420,537,746,808],\"text\":\"2) Server setup : Instructors can avoid this perennial start-\\nof-class setup struggle by setting up a computing environ-\\nment on a web server. Server-based environments such as\\nJupyterHub [8] and RStudio Server [10] provide access to\\na virtual file system, command-line interface, Python and\\nR interpreters (respectively), and hosting for computational\\nnotebooks. These systems have the potential to enable a more\\nequitable computing experience to all students since they\\ncan be accessed from web browsers on low-cost or commu-\\nnal machines. For instance, P20 often gives seminars about\\nhow to use Jupyter. She emphasizes how these server-based\\nsystems put her students on the same playing field, instead\\nof certain students being disadvantaged because they cannot\\nafford to buy the latest hardware: “ Using shared resources\\nlike JupyterHub provides more equitable access to a computing\\nenvironment. I don't need to be the wealthy kid with a new\\ncomputer, in fact all I need is a [low-cost] Chromebook. ”\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,809,746,954],\"text\":\"A server-based configuration shifts much of the setup bur-\\nden onto instructors, thus letting students worry less about\\ntheir environment and focus more on learning data science.\\nHowever, students miss out on the authenticity of learning\\nhow to configure their own machines. Also, instructors (most\\nof whom are not full-time teachers) need to work with their\\nlocal institutions to maintain a cloud-based computing envi-\\nronment for as long as they continue to teach, and must also\\nfigure out how to procure sustainable funding to pay for it.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 263\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300493/results/markdown/3290605-3300493_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300495/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300495", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/results/output_json/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,134],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[104,118,710,182],\"text\":\"Everyday Experiences: Small Stories and Mental\\nIllness on Instagram\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[149,200,335,264],\"text\":\"Jessica L. Feuston\\n\\nNorthwestern University\\nEvanston, IL, USA\\n\\njes.feuston@u.northwestern.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[502,200,652,264],\"text\":\"Anne Marie Piper\\nNorthwestern University\\nEvanston, IL, USA\\nmippier@northwestern.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,274,141,291],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,295,395,583],\"text\":\"Despite historical precedence and modern prevalence, men-\\ntal illness and associated disorders are frequently aligned\\nwith notions of deviance and, by association, abnormality.\\nThe view that mental illness deviates from an implicit so-\\ncial norm permeates the CHI community, impacting how\\nscholars approach research in this space. In this paper, we\\nchallenge community and societal norms aligning mental ill-\\nness with deviance. We combine semi-structured interviews\\nwith digital ethnography of public Instagram accounts to ex-\\namine how Instagram users express mental illness. Drawing\\non small stories research, we find that individuals situate\\nmental illness within their everyday lives and negotiate their\\ntellsings of experience due to the influence of various social\\ncontrol structures. We discuss implications for incorporat-\\ning `the everyday' into the design of technological solutions\\nfor marginalized communities and the ways in which re-\\nsearchers and designers may inadvertently perpetuate and\\ninstantiate stigma related to mental illness.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,601,173,619],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,622,394,656],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Human computer in-\\nteraction (HCI)\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,673,149,691],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,695,394,728],\"text\":\"Mental illness, small stories research, social media, Instagram,\\nsocial control\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,276,555,291],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,291,747,366],\"text\":\"Jessica L. Feuston and Anne Marie Piper. 2019. Everyday Experi-\\nences: Small Stories and Mental Illness on Instagram. In CHI Con-\\nference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI\\n2019) , May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland Uk. ACM, New York, NY,\\nUSA, 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300495\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,391,549,407],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,411,747,698],\"text\":\"Over the past decade, research on the online expression of\\nmental illness has increased exponentially. Digital spaces\\nprovide opportunities for researchers to examine communi-\\nties and practices previously inaccessible or difficult to reach.\\nSocial media and online health communities provide traces\\nof subjective experience, archiving aspects of life with a men-\\ntal illness through posts, comments, and accounts that are\\noften available for public consumption. With respect to these\\nonline spaces, researchers in HCI have attended to sensitive\\ndisclosures [6, 7] , audience support and engagement [17, 38] ,\\nand classification4 the quality of mental illness and associated behavioral\\ntraces [25, 27, 34, 35] . In the context of this prior work, re-\\nsearchers frequently extract posts related to mental illness\\nwith surgical precision, severing them from other aspects\\nof life and experience that may provide additional, invadi-\\nable insight. Missing from the current literature is a nuanced\\nunderstanding of how mental illness relates to surrounding\\ncontent and interactions, both online and off.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,699,747,889],\"text\":\"Through a holistic approach to analysis, we extend prior\\nwork by contributing a perspective in which mental illness\\nis part of everyday experience. We use small stories [43] as\\nan analytic framework to understand how people express\\nmental illness within the context of their lived experience\\nand negotiate tellings of mental illness on Instagram that are\\nshaped by elements of social control. Small stories research\\nfocuses on understanding non-linear events, world-making\\n(i.e., “ordinary, everyday events” [43] ), story recontextualiza-\\ntion, and story co-construction. In this paper, we argue that\\nsmall stories is a useful analytic frame for understanding\\nexpressions of mental illness on social media.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,890,747,954],\"text\":\"We draw on interviews with 18 people who self-reported\\nhaving, or having had, a mental illness, as well as public\\naccounts of Instagram users who, in some capacity (e.g., liv-\\ning or coping with illness, recovery, relapse), posted about\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,778,394,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute, requires prior special\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\\nC 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,899,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,926,264,952],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19-03...$15.00\\nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3296055.3300495\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 265\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/results/markdown/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300495/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300495", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/results/output_json/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,331],\"text\":\"mental illness. Using small stories research as an analytic\\nframework, we demonstrate how mental illness is contextu-\\nalized within everyday experience, which has implications\\nfor understanding timescales, disruption, and the ways indi-\\nviduals must negotiate audience and platform social control\\nstructures. We argue that the pervasive view of mental ill-\\nness as deviant sensationalizes and decontextualizes certain\\nfacets of experience. This can inadvertently contribute to\\npublic stigma associated with mental illness, as well as the\\ncontinued marginalization of individuals with mental illness.\\nWe discuss how social interactions between individuals with\\nmental illness, audience members, and Instagram create new\\ninstantiations of traditional social control structures.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,331,394,715],\"text\":\"We make three primary contributions. First, we extend\\nprior work by centering our analysis on individual experi-\\nence through semi-structured interviews and digital ethnog-\\nraphy of public user accounts. Though growing in frequency,\\nfirst-person accounts of mental illness in conjunction with\\nsocial media analysis are still uncommon. Second, our work\\nsituates mental illness as part of everyday and ordinary, al-\\nbeit not insignificant, experience. This position stands in\\ncontrast to prior work in which deviance and disorder frame\\nanalysis or are otherwise conceptually linked. We argue that\\nan alternative view of mental illness can expand the design\\nspace aimed at supporting individuals living with mental\\nillness and change current research practices that inadver-\\ntently contribute to harmful stereotypes. Finally, we discuss\\nthe ethical implications of research and design with respect\\nto social media and mental illness. Specifically, certain In-\\nstagram features, such as content moderation and helpline\\nresources, reinforce power dynamics that marginalize and\\nunjustly disadvantage certain user populations. By attending\\nto the ways individuals express life with illness in conjunc-\\ntion with other daily routines and activities, we contribute\\na new understanding of mental illness in the everyday, in-\\ncluding how users are subjected to social control through\\naudience member interactions and Instagram as a platform.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,732,197,750],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,754,394,801],\"text\":\"We bring together work on narratives, mental illness, and\\nmarginalized communities online to inform our analysis of\\nexpressions of mental illness on Instagram.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,820,290,838],\"text\":\"Health and Illness Narratives in HCI\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,841,394,955],\"text\":\"Interpersonal, everyday stories provide ways to share with\\nothers, construct identity, and understand experience [45, 59,\\n73, 76] . In studying illness, scholars often use narrative as a\\nmeans of understanding the subjective experience of being ill.\\nSeko and Lewis's study of self-injury narratives on Tumblr\\n[79] , as well as Holmes's analysis of anorexia narratives on\\nYouTube [51] , are two recent examples demonstrating how\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,380],\"text\":\"scholars leverage components of narrative research to exam-\\nine mental illness and the online construction of narrator\\nidentity. Few researchers within HCI and CSCW have drawn\\non narrative research or analysis to examine lived experience\\nwith illness. A recent exception includes Eschler et al.'s ex-\\namination of how cancer survivors strategically use tattoos\\nto recover from trauma associated with cancer diagnosis and\\nthe subsequent treatment process [39] . Similarly, Michie et\\nal.'s research on reproductive rights [61] , though examin-\\ning a highly stigmatized health decision rather than illness,\\ndraws on certain pro-life narratives (e.g., trauma, regret) and\\nthe ways that pro-choice stakeholders come to challenge\\nthem. Recent studies examining mental illness online within\\nCSCW [7, 89] , though not calling upon narrative research\\nexplicitly, incorporate notions of storytelling to describe how\\nindividuals share their experiences with others.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,380,747,762],\"text\":\"To date, scholars studying illness online have predomi-\\nnantly focused on the content of personal illness narratives.\\nWe extend this research by using small stories as an analytic\\nframework for exploring how narrative activity is accom-\\nplished through interaction [43, 71] on Instagram. Developed\\nin opposition to the `big stories' (i.e., stories often narrated\\nin the retrospective, in which individuals describe prominent\\nlife events or their life stories for the purpose of connect-\\ning particular components into a descriptive whole [10, 71] )\\ntypical of narrative research, small stories prioritize inter-\\nactional aspects of the everyday. Specifically, small stories\\n\\\"refer to stories told during interaction, generally within ev-\\neryday settings, about very mundane things and everyday\\noccurrences\\\" [71] . Small stories research provides an oppor-\\ntunity to examine commonplace, interactional exchanges,\\nsuch as those shared via social media, ongoing events or\\nstories that may unfold across the span of multiple tellings\\nwithout a particular beginning or end, and co-constructed\\nexperiences and identities that demonstrate the influence of\\nsocial and power dynamics. Here, we also view narratives\\nas \\\"located in particular times and places\\\" [76] with regard\\nto how storytelling is not only influenced by individual and\\ncollective experience, but also “ cultural evaluation of what\\ncan be narrated and how that can be narrated ” [9] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,772,695,805],\"text\":\"Mental Illness on Social Media and In Online\\nCommunities\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,808,747,955],\"text\":\"There is a rich history of mental illness online with respect\\nto traditional definitions of online communities [25, 56, 89] ,\\nas well as contemporary notions of support networks [69] .\\nScholars studying mental illness online address a broad range\\nof topics, including self-disclosure [7, 31] , content moder-\\nation [26, 28] , audience engagement and support [38, 64] ,\\ncontent detection and behavioral prediction [24, 25, 27, 35] ,\\nand community norms [23] . In this work we observe sev-\\neral practices regarding how researchers conceptually link\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 265\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/results/markdown/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300495/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300495", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/results/output_json/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,427],\"text\":\"mental illness and deviance. For example, in some work,\\nthese concepts are explicitly linked [24, 28] . In other work,\\nhowever, the connection is implicit through association with\\nmedical disciplines. For example, Pater and Mynatt [68] call\\nupon psychiatric definitions of mental illness to promote\\ninterdisciplinary dialogue with medical practitioners and\\nadvocate for contextualized understanding of mental illness\\nonline. Though we extend this work to examine the everyday\\nexperience of living with and posting about mental illness,\\nwe do not align our work with clinical paradigms [25, 68, 69] .\\nUnderlying these perspectives are implications for the ways\\nin which mental illness may be viewed as deviant or dis-\\nordered [24, 28] . Specifically, clinical definitions of mental\\nillness have conceptual links to deviance and disorder, as\\nwell as associated illness narratives [42, 54] , such as suffer-\\ning. While deviation from cultural norms is not inherently\\nnegative [53] , the motivations researchers use to support\\ntheir work [24, 25, 81] suggest that deviance, in this context,\\nis often a problem.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,428,394,762],\"text\":\"In trying to address this `problem' researchers may extract\\ncontent related to mental illness from other aspects of com-\\nmunity and individual life [23, 24, 58, 69] . This separation\\nneglects a holistic examination of the ways in which context\\n[7] plays a role in understanding illness and the subjective\\nexperience of being ill. As other researchers note, mental\\nillness does not exist in a vacuum [68] . While we do not\\ncontest that aspects of illness may be inherently harmful or\\ndestructive, we do question the appropriateness of techno-\\nlogical solutions addressing the `problem' of mental illness\\nonline and potential contagion [18, 89] . Many solutions (e.g.,\\ncontent moderation, health interventions) limit the personal\\nagency of individuals with mental illness, who are often sub-\\nject to policies put in place to `help' them, but that are not\\ninformed by them (cf. [67, 70] ). Researchers have begun to\\nexamine the ethical and social ramifications of technology in\\nthis domain (e.g., censorship [69] on marginalized communi-\\nties). In this paper, we aim to advance a new perspective by\\nforegrounding the subjective and idiosyncratic experience\\nof illness rather than traditional societal perceptions (e.g.,\\ndeviance, treatment).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,774,282,791],\"text\":\"Marginalized Communities Online\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,793,394,954],\"text\":\"Prior work examines how members of marginalized groups\\nfind and form communities online [47, 74] . The view of indi-\\nviduals with mental illness as marginalized [64, 69] , however,\\nhas not been widely adopted by researchers studying men-\\ntal illness online. We extend this perspective by joining our\\nunderstanding of mental illness with that of previous work\\nexamining the ethics of studying marginalized communities\\nonline [14, 48] . Others have argued that scholars should be\\nmindful of the ways in which researcher norms, as well as so-\\ncial ones, differ from those of the `subculture' being studied\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,332],\"text\":\"[21, 48] . Similarly, prior work has asserted that researchers\\nshould aim to address digital divides [72, 83] . While internet\\naccess has improved over the past decade, some of the most\\nmarginalized communities, including politically disenfran-\\nchised religious and ethnic groups, are the most excluded\\n[60, 84] . Though social media and online communities have\\nthe potential for empowerment and activism [3, 5, 16] , recent\\nwork suggests that marginalized communities face additional\\noppression online [87] . Through our analysis of mental ill-\\nness expressions on Instagram, we address the ways that\\nresearchers and designers contribute to oppression and dis-\\ncuss how we can mitigate harm inadvertently caused by the\\ntechnologies we create.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,351,504,368],\"text\":\"3 METHOD\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,371,745,516],\"text\":\"To examine the subjective experience of life with mental\\nillness, we combined semi-structured interviews with digital\\nethnography of public Instagram accounts. Interview partic-\\nipants, as well as accounts included in our Instagram corpus,\\nshared content related to various facets of mental illness,\\nincluding living or coping with mental illness, recovery, and\\nrelapse. Our analysis draws on small stories research [43]\\nand multimodal discourse analysis [32, 55] to understand\\nhow individuals express mental illness on Instagram.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,533,489,549],\"text\":\"Interviews\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,553,746,954],\"text\":\"We conducted semi-structured interviews with 18 adults\\n(ages 18 – 36; M = 29 years; 14 female) who post about men-\\ntal illness on Instagram. For this study, we were interested\\nin understanding experiences with mental illness. However,\\ndue to the colloquial equation of mental health with mental\\nillness, participants frequently used these terms interchange-\\nably. Therefore, our interpretation of mental illness derives\\nfrom participant references to low mood, named disorders\\n(e.g., anxiety, depression), and aspects of recovery, such as\\nclinical treatment (e.g., medication, therapy) and self-care.\\nThough all of our participants self-reported experiences with\\nanxiety, depression, and eating disorders, only several indi-\\ncated receiving a diagnosis. Per our human subjects proto-\\ncol, we did not interview individuals who self-reported cur-\\nrently practicing self-harm or experiencing suicidal ideation.\\nHowever, we did analyze public user accounts with posts re-\\nlated to these topics. In the instance that any participant had\\nself-reported current experiences with self-harm or suicidal\\nideation, the interview would have immediately ended and\\nour study's mental health consultant would have reached\\nout in accordance with our IRB protocol and her own set of\\npractices. Our study's mental health consultant (i.e., an art\\ntherapist and licensed counselor by training) was an impor-\\ntant member of our team who was available as a participant\\nresource. This team member's information was included in\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 265\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/results/markdown/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300495/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300495", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/results/output_json/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,188],\"text\":\"our study's consent documentation. We also informed par-\\nticipants that they could contact her at any time. Per our\\nIRB, we emailed a document of mental health resources (e.g.,\\nhotlines, practitioner locators) prior to the interview.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,189,395,460],\"text\":\"Participant recruitment occurred through websites, such\\nas Instagram and Craigslist, and word of mouth. We reached\\nout to Instagram users who posted publicly about mental\\nillness; however, none of these individuals responded to our\\nrecruitment email. We only interviewed individuals living in\\nthe United States, though our Instagram account corpus in-\\ncludes users from other countries. We conducted 30-minute\\nsemi-structured interviews through phone calls and text-\\nbased mediums, including email and Skype. Text-based in-\\nterviews typically lasted longer than 30 minutes due to the\\nasynchronous back and forth nature of question and answer.\\nThese interviews allowed us to speak with individuals who\\nwere otherwise off-put by verbal discussion related to mental\\nillness. To mitigate potential confusion between a research\\ninterview and talk therapy, we clarified our roles as human-\\ncomputer interaction researchers, rather than mental health\\npractitioners, prior to the start of the interview.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,460,395,779],\"text\":\"Our interview protocol was specific to Instagram. We\\nasked participants about posts, including images, captions,\\nhashtags, and comments, as well as Stories, a feature on\\nInstagram that allows users to share content for up to 24\\nhours. Though we focused on Instagram posts that included\\nsome element of mental illness, we asked participants to de-\\nscribe the type of content they typically and recently shared.\\nPrior to the interview, and when possible, participants shared\\ntheir Instagram accounts with the study team. Some partici-\\npants did not feel comfortable sharing their accounts, even\\nwhen public, and opted to share screenshots of particular\\nposts or describe them during the interview process. Given\\nthat our interview process was grounded in particular In-\\nstagram posts, many of which included pictures, we used\\nphoto elicitation [50] . We reviewed three to seven posts per\\nparticipant and asked questions pertaining to how and why\\nthey posted about experiences with mental illness, as well as\\nthe ways others responded to this content. Interviews were\\naudio recorded and transcribed for data analysis. Participants\\nreceived a $20 Amazon gift card for their participation.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,789,235,805],\"text\":\"Instagram Account Corpus\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,808,395,954],\"text\":\"Data collection practices influence researcher interpretation,\\nand vice versa. By conducting digital ethnography on public\\nuser accounts, rather than on a random amalgam of posts, we\\nare able to examine the temporal, and often non-sequential,\\nordering of events as presented on Instagram. This provides\\na different perspective of online expressions of mental ill-\\nness. We identified content and user accounts through data\\ncollection in November 2017, March 2018, and June 2018,\\nwhere we used hashtags as search terms (e.g., #depression,\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,253],\"text\":\"#ednos, #secretsociety123, #bipolar, #anorexia [7, 26, 28]) to\\nmanually (i.e., without a web crawler) took 6,223 unique\\nmental illness-related posts by 2,188 users. This post corpus\\nprovided an initial area of inquiry. We also conducted digi-\\ntal ethnography to include user accounts and posts initially\\nexcluded (i.e., those using different hashtags or no hashtags\\nat all) and analyzed 15 public user accounts in detail. These\\naccounts were selected through purposive sampling [66] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,270,508,288],\"text\":\"Data Analysis\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,291,747,529],\"text\":\"We used small stories research [43] as a guiding framework\\nduring our analytic process. This enabled our focus to remain\\non interactional and everyday, mundane events, which were\\nof paramount importance to the development of our themes.\\nWe developed themes through iterative coding, memo writ-\\ning, and constant comparison of data to developed concepts\\n[29] . Themes were first identified through simultaneous anal-\\nysis of interview data and Instagram posts. Though we used\\npersonal narratives with respect to mental illness (e.g., big\\nstories explaining personal mental illness trajectories and\\nattitudes) to support our understanding of an individual's\\noverall subjective experience, we attended primarily to post\\ncomposition and audience reaction as a way of grounding\\nourselves in everyday expression and interactional story-\\ntelling.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,529,747,866],\"text\":\"To call attention to a minute-yet-significant detail, we con-\\nducted research with small story narratives rather than on\\nthem [11] . Specifically, we used small stories and interview\\nretrospectives regarding certain Instagram posts to under-\\nstand the experiences of individuals living with or posting\\nabout mental illness (i.e., in contrast to generating various\\nsmall story typologies). Though small stories are not neces-\\nsarily grounded in the oral or textual practices of traditional\\nnarrative research, we want to clearly state our commit-\\nment to examining the ways in which multiple modalities\\ninfluence how mental illness is expressed on Instagram. As\\ndefinitions of narrative shift and expand to accommodate\\nnew media forms [57, 82] it becomes increasingly necessary\\nto incorporate a variety of modalities, such as images and\\nvideos, into narrative analysis. In this paper, we included cap-\\ntions, comments, usernames, liking a post, hashtags, profiles,\\nprivate messages, offline discussion, and images in our anal-\\nysis. By joining our analysis of participant interviews with\\nInstagram user accounts, we are able to call on several modes\\nof expression [55] to understand the inherent complexity of\\nmental illness and how it is expressed and shared.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,884,577,902],\"text\":\"Ethics and Responsibility\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,905,747,954],\"text\":\"Every study decision involves ethics [40] . In this work, we\\ncollected Instagram posts manually, in line with platform\\nterms of service, recruited individuals with mental illness\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 265\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/results/markdown/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300495/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300495", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/results/output_json/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,348],\"text\":\"to share first-person accounts of their experience, and in-\\ncluded a mental health consultant as a participant resource\\nrather than an analyst (e.g., such as for post validation [58] ).\\nThough the accounts incorporated in our analysis were all\\npublic, users did not explicitly consent to participate in this\\nresearch. All of the captions, comments, usernames, and\\nhashtags (i.e., textual artifacts) mentioned in the following\\nsections are paraphrased or modified to preserve user iden-\\ntity while maintaining the integrity of the shared content\\nand experience. This paper does not include visual artifacts\\n(e.g., images). Instead, we present this content through tex-\\ntual description. We do so to avoid sensationalizing images\\nof illness, potentially capitalizing off of novel or 'shocking'\\nvisual content and rousing emotional distress in readers.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,359,156,376],\"text\":\"4 FINDINGS\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,380,395,651],\"text\":\"Through the use of specific hashtags as the primary means of\\ndata collection and filtering, researchers often extract mental\\nillness from other content on Instagram and analyze this ex-\\npression absent the sociotechnical context in which it exists\\nand was created [44] . In this paper, our goal is to examine\\nonline expressions more holistically – in conjunction with\\nan individual's experience and, in part, what Andalibi et al.\\nrefer to as `contextual expression' [7] . By examining how\\nmental illness arises in the context of other circumstances,\\nor is itself featured, we prioritize the experience of living\\nwith or having lived with a mental illness rather than the\\nrecontextualization of mental illness within a narrow win-\\ndow of expression. Treating mental illness as inseparable\\nfrom surrounding context, we describe how Instagram users\\nwith or posting about mental illness share their experiences\\nonline and navigate aspects of narration subject to social\\ncontrol from audience members and Instagram as a platform.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,662,259,679],\"text\":\"Mental Illness in Everyday Life\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,682,395,954],\"text\":\"We find several ways that experiences shared on Instagram\\nreference or feature mental illness, often bringing it along-\\nside everyday activities or posting routines. In posting on\\nInstagram, users share aspects of their everyday experiences\\nin which mental illness may be part [7] , post with respect\\nto individual timescales, and reframe traditional narration\\naround disruption. We developed the notion of `mental ill-\\nness as part of everyday life' from a new way of looking\\nat mental illness experience and expressions. Mental illness\\nbecomes ordinary through the ways individuals select to\\nexpress it online. Our incorporation of small stories as an\\nanalytic lens supports development of themes grounded in\\ninteractional and ongoing tellings of mental illness explicitly,\\nas well as telling that bring mental illness alongside. Exam-\\nining how people entangle mental illness and other elements\\nof life supports understanding experiential aspects that may\\notherwise be overlooked or backgrounded. In the context\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,174],\"text\":\"of this analysis, mental illness is rendered ordinary due to\\nhow deeply ingrained it is within the fabric of daily life and\\nInstagram posting habits.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,188,747,299],\"text\":\"Mental Illness Expressed Alongside Daily Routines. Studies of\\nmental illness related content on social media often analyze\\ndata absent daily experiences and activities. Here, we extend\\nresearch on contextual expression [7] by attending to how\\nmental illness arises within Instagram posts concerning other\\ntopics, such as school and hobbies, and becomes part of a\\ntypical posting routine.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,299,747,841],\"text\":\"Members of our interview cohort, as well as users within\\nour Instagram account corpus, shared posts about school,\\npets, food, exercise, artwork, and vacation that included ex-\\nplicit and implicit references to mental illness. Through the\\ncontextualization of mental illness with other life circum-\\nstances, we call attention to how mental illness is a com-\\nponent of everyday experience. One user in our Instagram\\naccount corpus posted content related to school and enter-\\ntainment that periodically referenced their experience with\\nmental illness. In a post about school (i.e., “ back to school\\nafter break, got a 65 on my test...yayy ” ), part of a series of\\ncaptions concerning a test, the user also wrote, “ zero days\\nclean. ” This reference to self-injury is not decontextualized\\nfrom the remainder of life nor is it prominently featured.\\nKeeping these topics together during analysis supports un-\\nderstanding mental illness as contextualized in life rather\\nthan as diagnostic symptomology (i.e., self-injury). While\\nmany posts in this user's account reference mental illness\\nand low mood alongside other topics (e.g., “ hi, feeling bad,\\nso i'm gonna watch harry potter, i hope ur all fine ” ), many do\\nnot; dealing with, instead, the documentation of the day to\\nday (e.g., LGBTQ+ pride, music). Still yet, other posts in this\\nuser's account feature, rather than reference, mental illness.\\nFor example, this user calls upon black and white imagery,\\noften accompanied by a text overlay (e.g., “ warring against\\nmyself. ” , “ angry, depressed, and ugly in & out ” ) and captions\\nmentioning depression. Like others within our study, this\\nuser pairs daily concerns and events with common expres-\\nsive elements of mental illness, such as desaturated images,\\nvisual allusions to loneliness, and text (e.g., captions and\\nhashtags) [58] to document everyday experience, of which\\nmental illness is part. Attending to illness in context facil-\\nitates understanding idiosyncrasies in how mental illness\\npervades and impacts everyday life.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,841,746,955],\"text\":\"Users within our Instagram corpus and interview cohort\\nrelied on multiple modalities, including images, videos, cap-\\ntions, and hashtags to express daily experiences with illness.\\nFor example, in one post, a user shared a picture of a bright\\npuzzle laid on a wooden surface. Yellow, blue, red, and green\\npigment punctuates the image, drawing together a kaleido-\\nscope of spheres interrupted only by several missing pieces.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 265\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/results/markdown/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300495/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300495", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/results/output_json/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,475],\"text\":\"The caption of this post references the puzzle on the table\\n(i.e., “Missing a few bits”) and a long workday. The hashtags,\\nhowever, include general social media tags (e.g., #instadoll,\\n#follow4follow) as well as those explicit to mental illness\\n(e.g., #edrecovery, #depression). This user carried forward\\nsimilar hashtags to a variety of posts, including those about\\ninpatient hospitalization, recovery-related eating practices,\\nand studying. In one school-related post, in which a laptop,\\nnotebook, and pen take the visual center stage, the caption\\nreads, “Ate so much, but my brain isn’t letting me study. Why\\nis my mind so foggy?” Elements related to everyday circum-\\nstances co-exist with content associated with mental illness\\n(e.g., eating disorder and depression-related hashtags), which\\nitself is expressed as everyday and routine, rather than de-\\nviant, by association. While analysis of single posts may be\\nused to extract mental illness from other content, we demon-\\nstrate how single posts can provide a broad picture of life\\nwith mental illness. Moreover, the ways in which expres-\\nsions of mental illness are contextualized by and woven in\\nalongside other expressions of daily lived experience demon-\\nstrates how mental illness is an ordinary part of everyday\\nlife for some, instead of abnormal or even extraordinary.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,475,395,923],\"text\":\"Within the past several years, scholars in HCI have in-\\ncorporated cultural practices in analyses of mental illness\\n[56, 89] . Oftentimes, however, this research emphasizes de-\\nviant or “othered” aspects of specific conditions rather than\\nexamining how the appropriation of cultural or community\\npractices might embed mental illness within ordinary prac-\\ntices and liken it to the behavior of non-deviant others. By\\nappropriating popular forms of expression, such as memes\\nand selfies, individuals assimilate experiences with mental ill-\\nness into mainstream ideologies [1] . Several members of our\\ninterview cohort, including P1 and P4, discussed reposted\\nmemes during photo elicitation as a way to express their\\nexperiences with mental illness through culturally relevant\\nand common artifacts (e.g., Kermit the Frog [2] ) that are\\ncommunicative and relatable. Similarly, individuals regu-\\nlarly contextualized mental illness with selfies [7] . Accounts\\nwithin our Instagram corpus frequently did so in conjunction\\nwith hashtags (e.g., #eatingdisorder, #skinny, #depression,\\n#edrecovery); however, members of our interview cohort\\noften did not include any overt signals to mental illness [4] .\\nP7, for example, posted a selfie without any hashtags, though\\nshe did caption it, “Not feeling great. Doubt has crept in and\\nmy eyes feel heavy with sadness. Thanks for listening. Feeling\\nbetter already knowing I can put this out there and acknowl-\\nedge my hurt and heartache.” Appropriation of community\\npractices and cultural artifacts demonstrates how individuals\\ncombine elements of mainstream digital culture to express\\npersonal experiences with mental illness.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,746,332],\"text\":\"Individual Timesales of Mental Illness Expression. Under-\\nstanding how mental illness is integrated with everyday\\nexperiences involves attending to archival aspects of Insta-\\ngram as a platform for ongoing narration. Here, we build\\nupon work featuring time as an integral component of under-\\nstanding mental illness phases or trajectories [27, 36] with\\nthe caveat that time is relative to an individual or account.\\nFurther, though Instagram is archival, the goal is to under-\\nstand timescales without implying linearity in content due\\nto practices involving `throwback images', account mainte-\\nnance (e.g., individuals selecting to removing content), and\\nInstagram reporting features (i.e., in which posts are forcibly\\nmoved by the platform).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,332,746,587],\"text\":\"While certainly permissible to post once with respect to\\nmental illness and never again, our sample comprises of ac-\\ncounts and participants who shared about mental illness\\nrepetitively. Though many of these accounts did not feature\\nor reference mental illness in every post, we observed ac-\\ncounts where mental illness was a steady constant. Some\\nindividuals, such as P16, shared content that included com-\\nponents related to mental illness every day, whereas others,\\nsuch as P3 and P18, incorporated mental illness into their\\nposts only every few months. With respect to periodically\\nincluding mental illness in posts, P15 shared how ` over time,\\nmy posts will vary with how disordered and negative they are.\\nRight now, everything's pretty peachy...well, it's not as bad,\\nso I'm not going to be posting about that stuff as much. ' It\\nwas common for the frequency of content containing mental\\nillness to change over time.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,587,746,889],\"text\":\"During our digital ethnography, we observed accounts\\nthat contained long breaks or pauses in content related to\\nmental illness. By examining these `gaps' in posting at a\\nlonger timescale, we can attend to the ways that mental\\nillness ebbs and flows across narration of lived experience.\\nFurthermore, we can attend to times that individuals may\\nstop posting entirely. Gaps in posting were related to a va-\\nriety of events, including those specific to mental illness\\n(i.e., “ I'm going to try recovering ” ) and those related to other\\naspects of life (e.g., vacation, school). Occasionally, individ-\\nuals addressed their absence; however, much of what we\\nobserved was users stepping back from accounts without\\nexplanation, sometimes surfacing months later or not at all.\\nActivity timescales and periodicity for generating new posts\\nvary for each individual and, while sometimes consistent\\nwithin a relative window of observation, are likely to change.\\nUnderstanding this context is vital to examining how indi-\\nvidual lives and posting habits change, as well as the ways\\nin which mental illness is, at times, more salient.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,890,746,955],\"text\":\"Just as we observe changes in posting activity, we also see\\nchanges in content. For example, one user observed during\\nour digital ethnography only began to incorporate #edrecov-\\nery in posts within the past six months, despite an account\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 265\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/results/markdown/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300495/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300495", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/results/output_json/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,412],\"text\":\"history that dates to early 2017 and account content, consist-\\ning of recipes, that has remained constant. With respect to\\ncontent related to mental illness across time, another user,\\ndocumenting their eating disorder, previously shared pic-\\ntures of their body, face blurred or otherwise obscured, with\\ncaptions including, “Huge. Super fat. Gross #ednos #ana,” and\\n“Lost weight but still fucking disgusting #500caloriesday.” At\\nthe time of analysis, these selfies have become nonexistent;\\ntheir prevalence subsumed by screenshots depicting caloric\\nintake. Similar to practices of decreased posting, individ-\\nuals sometimes announced transitions through mental ill-\\nness (e.g., maintenance, recovery, relapse) with content and,\\nspecifically, captions, including, “Recovery again. But I’ll prob-\\nably relapse...my weight is terrifying.” By attending to content\\nvariation across individual timescales, we begin to under-\\nstand the different ways in which mental illness can both\\nremain consistent and fade in and out of online expression\\nof lived experience as narrated through Instagram.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,426,395,809],\"text\":\"Reframing Disruption within Individual Experiences . For indi-\\nviduals living with or posting about mental illness, mental\\nillness may be an entirely common part of their everyday\\nlife. On Instagram, individuals express their experiences with\\nillness as ordinary through entanglement with other com-\\nponents of daily life and posting practices. This perspective\\ndemonstrates the importance of context and challenges so-\\ncialist perceptions of mental illness as inherently deviant.\\nHowever, it does not suggest that mental illness is not dis-\\nruptive. For example, one user account observed during our\\ndigital ethnography recently shared content related to an\\neating disorder relapse and subsequent hospitalization. In\\none particular post the user wrote, “My eating disorder wants\\nme to restrict and to continue losing even more weight. This is\\nridiculous. I didn’t come [to the hospital] to keep losing weight.\\nIt’d be really dumb to waste this treatment opportunity.” This\\ncaption suggests that elements of mental illness (e.g., restric-\\ntive behaviors) are disruptive within certain phases of illness\\nand everyday life, such as attempts to gain weight. These\\nfindings corroborate traditionally held views with respect to\\nmental illness as a disruptive force [68] . However, examin-\\ning mental illness as an ordinary part of an individual’s life,\\nrather than a sensationalized extreme, calls into question\\nhow we think of disruption.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,809,395,954],\"text\":\"In narrative research, illness is frequently framed as a\\ndisruptive event [75] . Individuals who are ill are relegated\\nto suffering or to `overcoming' their illness [42, 54] , senti-\\nments we see carried through work in HCI and CSCW. Bias\\ntoward diagnosis and treatment neglects that certain indi-\\nviduals may not want to recover, that mental illness may\\nitself be a form of neurodiversity, and that recovery, though\\noften aligned with `good', may be disruptive to daily routines\\nestablished while living with a mental illness. We observe\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,700],\"text\":\"that what constitutes disruption is based on the narration\\nof experience. Many posts within our dataset suggest that\\nindividuals are reframing what it means for illness to be\\n`disruptive'. When people live with mental illness, disrup-\\ntive events are sometimes the antithesis of this everyday\\nexperience. Specifically, changes to daily life and routine,\\nsuch as being forced into treatment or attempting various\\npractices linked with recovery (e.g., eating certain foods, not\\nself-harming), become disruptive. One user from our digital\\nethnography often posts from inpatient treatment facilities,\\nwhere they express the disruption of recovery to their life.\\nIn one post, complete with a mirror selfie from a treatment\\nrestroom and hashtags including # picofriday , # psychward ,\\nand # eatingdisorders , the user writes, \\\"Why can't I go home?\\nI promise I'll eat. I promise. No one understands. They're not\\nsupportive, they only hinder my progress.\\\" In another post\\n- a black and white image with overlaid text (i.e., \\\"I hate\\nmyself so much\\\") - the caption reads, \\\"I have gained a lot\\nof weight. I fucking hate myself, all I want to do is eat. I am\\nso fucking depressed. This place has ruined me.\\\" While a de-\\nsirable clinical outcome of recovery may involve placing\\nmental illness \\\"under the person's control or [to where it] is\\nat least no longer intrusive or disruptive\\\" [33] , we find that\\nrecovery itself can be a disruptive process. Just as contex-\\ntualization demonstrates the ordinary ways individuals live\\nwith mental illness, so can it depict how certain aspects of ill-\\nness, including recovery, can be disruptive. Individuals must\\nbe foregrounded over illness so that their experiences are\\ncontextualized within their own life and not the lives, or ran-\\ndomized posts, of others. By challenging traditional notions\\nof mental illness as an inherently disruptive event and other\\nactivities, such as recovery, as non-disruptive (or desirable)\\nevents, we confront the appropriateness of contemporary\\ntechnological `solutions' employed by many social media\\nsites. Instagram included, to address the `problem' of some\\nmental illness expressions.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,726,650,744],\"text\":\"Negotiating the Telling of Experience\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,745,746,954],\"text\":\"In line with prior work, many participants in our interview\\nstudy described how social components of Instagram con-\\ntributed to their motivations for participation, such as shar-\\ning experiences (without the necessity of reaching out per-\\nsonally or in person), receiving support and validation, con-\\nnecting with specific communities (e.g., eating disorder com-\\nmunities), and providing support for others [17, 23, 31, 89] .\\nGiven the social nature of Instagram, we find that expressing\\nmental illness within everyday life is not straightforward\\nor only personal [42] . Individuals must navigate the social\\nand technical structures that shape personal narration of ev-\\neryday experiences, including those related to mental illness.\\nThrough the use of Instagram, individuals implicitly and,\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 265\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/results/markdown/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300495/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300495", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/results/output_json/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,156],\"text\":\"sometimes, explicitly invite collaborative storytelling and\\nreinterpretation of experience by others (i.e., an audience).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,156,395,524],\"text\":\"While audience members may provide a range of reac-\\ntions [7, 20, 38, 89] to disclosures of mental illness, many of\\nwhich are positive, researchers, with few exceptions (e.g.,\\nPater et al. [69] ), have yet to thoroughly engage with how\\nthese interactions, compounded with features of social me-\\ndia platforms, influence the content individuals share and\\nhow they select to share it. We turn to social control the-\\nory [13] as a way of understanding how other people and\\nthe Instagram platform participate in narration of mental\\nillness. Social control involves the \\\"ways in which a society\\ntries to prevent and sanction behaviors that violates norms\\\"\\n[13] . Audience reactions, positive (e.g., approval, reward) and\\nnegative (e.g., disapproval, punishment) [88] , have implica-\\ntions for the ways in which social control is enacted online\\nand how individuals must negotiate the telling of their ex-\\nperience. Though some forms of social control may occur\\nthrough subtle means of interaction, such as brief praise or\\na 'like' on Instagram, others are more overt. Historically,\\nindividuals with mental illness have been subject to these\\ndirect forms of social control [52, 65, 78] . We find this to be\\nthe contemporary case, as well. Individuals must navigate\\nform of expression, even those narrated as their everyday,\\nliable to be rewritten, reported, and removed.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,537,395,954],\"text\":\"For Alignment and Validation of Experience. For some\\nof our interview participants co-constructed storytelling and\\ninterpretation of experience by audience members did not\\nraise an issue. P1, for example, mentioned that followers of\\nhis private account were free to “ derive whatever meaning\\nthey wanted to from ” his posts. P2, similarly, explained how\\n“ people can get their own interpretation. You can read the same\\nthing. Everybody can read the same thing and get a different\\nmeaning. ” Oftentimes, reinterpretation by audience mem-\\nbers was a benign or positive activity, particularly when it\\naligned with the expression shared by the account owner.\\nFor example, in one post shared by a public account within\\nour Instagram corpus, a user discusses how their bipolar dis-\\norder contributes to “ what's wrong with me. ” Coming from a\\nplace of support, another user wrote in the comments, “ I've\\nseen these comments that say nothing's wrong, but we know\\nthat's not true. I'm bipolar too and there's something wrong.\\nDo what's best for you and ignore the ignorant... ” Validation of\\nexperience, a form of peer support [63, 64] , plays an impor-\\ntant role in motivating some individuals to share about their\\neveryday life with mental illness. P5, for example, described\\nhow her desire to share “ came from a place of validation.\\nAnd I think that's a lot of what Instagram is grounded on. ”\\nValidation of experience extends beyond social support. It is\\nconfirmation of the way – and worldview – through which\\nsomeone experiences being ill.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,411],\"text\":\"In addition to providing validating reinterpretations of\\nmental illness, audience members may react positively to\\nposts through textual praise (e.g., comments, direct messages)\\nand `liking'. For example, a post by P7 alluding to her expe-\\nriences with depression received audience responses such\\nas \\\"Thank you\\\" and \\\"respect you for sharing.\\\" In addition to\\ncomments of appreciation gently rewarding this particular\\nact of sharing P7's post received 30 likes. Another member of\\nour interview cohort, P17, discussed how positive reactions\\nmotivated him to post about his life with mental illness: \\\"It's\\nlike a positive assurance. Positive words. It's nice to have people\\nwho kind of give you advice, give you support. It's kind of, like,\\nmotivational. I would say\\\" While many positive reactions are\\nonline and public (provided the account is public), others\\nare not. Audiences may engage with individuals through di-\\nrect messages and, when possible, offline means, suggesting\\nthat mechanisms of social control flow through a variety of\\nchannels, not all of which are explicitly observable online.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,426,747,825],\"text\":\"Narrative Conflict and Erasure of Experience. Not all narra-\\ntions of mental illness are acceptable. At times, members\\nof the audience reinterpreted expressions of daily life with\\nmental illness in ways that conflicted with, and often erased,\\nthe original telling (i.e., Instagram post). We find this type\\nof reinterpretation particularly salient in relation to socially\\nunacceptable expressions of mental illness, including posts\\nabout self-harm and self-critique (e.g., an individual with\\nanorexia captioning a selfie with “luck. What a whale” ). At\\ntimes, audience reinterpretation, though conflicting, was\\nmeant to offer support. For example, on a post P15 shared\\nafter feeling “hella bad about drinking” a Sprite, a friend\\ncommented, “Bitch shut up your body is perfect.” Publicly,\\nP15 “liked” this reaction. However, during the interview she\\ndescribed how “someone telling me that my body is perfect\\ndoesn't mean that my body is perfect. Because it's not. No one's\\nbody is perfect and — it's like, even as nice as it feels that\\nsomeone cared to comment like that, it's just annoying because\\nit's obviously not true. It's obviously just meant to make me\\nfeel better and not actually a real thing.” Support is frequently\\ntied to positive audience reactions and mechanisms of social\\ncontrol that reward certain posting practices. However, as\\ndemonstrated here, social support may have a negative, in-\\nvalidating effect when it conflicts with certain experiential\\naspects of living with mental illness.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,826,746,954],\"text\":\"Audiences may also respond with conflicting reinterpreta-\\ntions of experience that shame or harass the original poster,\\npotentially to push the original poster toward a more socially\\nacceptable posting norm. For example, an audience member,\\nperpetuating a harmful stereotype, referred to one user in our\\nInstagram dataset as an “ attention whore ” for uploading con-\\ntent depicting self-harm. Similarly, on a suicide hotline post\\nshared by another user in our digital ethnography, another\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 265\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300495/results/markdown/3290605-3300495_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300498/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300498", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/results/output_json/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[154,119,660,180],\"text\":\"Who’s In Control?:\\nInteractions In Multi-User Smart Homes\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[244,194,563,262],\"text\":\"Christine Geeng and Franziska Roesner\\n\\nPaul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering\\n\\nUniversity of Washington\\ncgeeng@cs.washington.edu, franzisi@cswashington.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,270,141,286],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,291,395,578],\"text\":\"Adoption of commercial smart home devices is rapidly in-\\ncreasing, allowing in-situ research in people's homes. As\\nthese technologies are deployed in shared spaces, we seek to\\nunderstand interactions among multiple people and devices\\nin a smart home. We conducted a mixed-methods study with\\n18 participants (primarily people who drive smart device\\nadoption in their homes) living in multi-user smart homes,\\ncombining semi-structured interviews and experience sam-\\npling. Our findings surface tensions and cooperation among\\nusers in several phases of smart device use: device selection\\nand installation, ordinary use, when the smart home does not\\nwork as expected, and over longer term use. We observe an\\noutsized role of the person who installs devices in terms of\\nselecting, controlling, and fixing them: negotiations between\\nparents and children, and minimally voiced privacy concerns\\namong co-occupants, possibly due to participant sampling.\\nWe make design recommendations for supporting long-term\\nsmart homes and non-expert household members.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,594,173,612],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,616,394,665],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Empirical studies in\\nHCI; Empirical studies in ubiquitous and mobile com-\\nputing.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,680,149,697],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,703,394,735],\"text\":\"smart home; privacy; multi-user; user experience; qualitative\\nstudy; experience sampling\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,271,549,285],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[422,287,747,360],\"text\":\"Christine Geeng and Franziska Roesner. 2019. Who's In Control?:\\nInteractions In Multi-User Smart Homes. In CHI Conference on\\nHuman Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May\\n4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 13 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300498\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,375,549,392],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,396,746,522],\"text\":\"Smart home devices and platforms—including the Amazon\\nEcho, Google Home, Samsung SmartThings, Philips Hue\\nlights, Nest thermostats and cameras, and more—are becom-\\ning increasingly ubiquitous in the homes of end users. Unlike\\nthe popular personal technologies of recent decades, like lap-\\ntops and smartphones, smart home devices, when placed in\\na shared environment, become shared devices used by and\\naffecting multiple people.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,523,746,665],\"text\":\"However, today's commercial smart home platforms often\\nprovide only limited multi-user support. For instance, in\\nthe case of SmartThings, end users can provision multiple\\naccounts but cannot currently give them different levels of\\naccess to information [1] . Prior research has surfaced the\\nneed to study multi-user issues in smart homes in more depth\\n(e.g., [37, 59] ): taking advantage of the fact that smart homes\\nare now deployed beyond early adopters, we study multi-\\nuser device sharing in situ among a variety of households.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,666,746,857],\"text\":\"In this work, we systematically study the interactions\\nbetween multiple people in contemporary, deployed smart\\nhomes, asking: What tensions and challenges arise between\\nmultiple people? How do existing smart device and plat-\\nform designs exacerbate and mitigate these issues? And how\\nshould smart device and platform designers best take into\\naccount these complex relationships and interactions? We\\ninvestigate these questions using a mixed methods approach,\\ncombining qualitative interviews with experience sampling\\nover a three week period with people living in smart homes.\\nThese participants were largely \\\"smart home drivers\\\", who\\nmake key decisions about device installation and use.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,858,746,953],\"text\":\"Our findings (Section 4 ) reveal tensions that arise among\\na variety of stakeholders—including parents and children,\\nroommates, partners, and non-occupants—and across several\\nphases of smart device selection, installation, and use. For ex-\\nample, we often observe a concentration of expertise, access,\\nand control with the person who selects and installs smart\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,778,394,884],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,886,273,898],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,900,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,926,265,936],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,942,244,952],\"text\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300498\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,997,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 268\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,997,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/results/markdown/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300498/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300498", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/results/output_json/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_1_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[66,139,395,188],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A flowchart outlines a device usage process beginning with Device Selection, then Device Installation, and Regular Device Use. A bidirectional arrow connects Regular Device Use with \\\"Things Go Wrong,\\\" suggesting a troubleshooting loop, before ultimately progressing to Long-Term Device Use.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,201,395,245],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Smart Home Usage Timeline: Our study reveals\\nmulti-user tensions and interactions at several points dur-\\ning device installation and use.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,262,395,373],\"text\":\"devices in a home, which extends and reinforces prior work\\n(e.g., [37, 59] ). At the same time, we were surprised to find\\nlimited reports of concern about privacy between people in\\nthe home. This limited concern may be due to selection bias:\\nour participants, mostly smart home drivers, may have been\\nunaware of other or more serious concerns held by more\\npassive users.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,374,395,470],\"text\":\"Our interviews also surfaced challenges that arise dur-\\ning the long-term use of smart devices, for example, what\\nhappens—or what should happen—when children grow up\\nor house occupants change? From these and other findings,\\nwe distill lessons and recommendations for smart home de-\\nsigners, as well as identify opportunities for future research.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,483,330,499],\"text\":\"2 BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,504,395,599],\"text\":\"We use the term \\\"smart home\\\" to refer to a home that con-\\ntains computing devices that assist with automation, remote\\nusage, and/or sensing for domestic use. This term can and\\noften does overlap with the Internet of Things (IoT), which\\nbroadly refers to Internet-connected devices (though some\\nsmart home devices can function on a local network).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,600,395,805],\"text\":\"A variety of smart home technologies are becoming com-\\nmercially available and are on the cusp of widespread deploy-\\nment [45] . Common smart devices in today's homes include\\nthermostats (e.g., Nest [41] ), light bulbs (e.g., Philips Hue [30] ),\\noutlets, door locks, motion sensors, TV streaming devices,\\nsmart assistants, and indoor/outdoor security cameras. Smart\\nassistants such as Google Home [24] and Amazon Echo [2]\\ninclude functionalities such as music playing, web search, re-\\nminders and timers, and voice command controls for devices\\nconnected to it, such as lights. Also commercially available\\nare smart home hubs, such as Samsung SmartThings [48] ,\\nwhich provide centralized control for devices that may come\\nfrom different manufacturers.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,821,212,837],\"text\":\"Living in Smart Homes\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,841,395,954],\"text\":\"Early “in the wild” user studies with smart home devices\\nfocused on understanding technical barriers to adoption\\n(e.g., [8] ). With improvements to smart home technology,\\nuser studies have moved towards exploring and evaluating\\nhow device designs do or could fit into domestic routines\\nand home life, e.g., [31, 32, 37–39, 56–58] , as well as other\\nshared physical environments [49] .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,747,315],\"text\":\"A particular recurring issue in prior work, reinforced and\\nexpanded by our study, is the different levels of access and\\nability among different people in the home [11] . For exam-\\nple, Bell et al. (2007) called for the study of how ubiquitous\\ncomputing could reproduce existing power concentrations in\\nrelationships [5] . Specific to smart homes, both Mennicker\\net al. (2012) [37] and Zeng et al. (2017) [59] recognized the\\nneed to support household members who did not initiate\\nsmart home installation and do not have the same expertise\\nand agency as installers. Our work aims to explore and study\\nthese and other tensions that arise in multi-user smart homes\\nin situ and in more depth.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,327,547,344],\"text\":\"Privacy in the Home\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,348,746,410],\"text\":\"User privacy, defined as maintaining \\\"control over personal\\ninformation\\\" [50] , is often a concern in the design of ubiqui-\\ntous computing environments more generally [6, 28, 29, 43] ,\\nas well for smart homes in particular.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,411,747,553],\"text\":\"Prior work has explored in-home privacy from third par-\\nties such as device manufacturers, advertisers, and the gov-\\nernment [4, 12, 59, 60] , as well as the effects of home surveil-\\nlance by researchers [42] . Choe et al. (2011) surveyed what\\nmoments in a home that people would not want recorded [17] ,\\nbut did not make explicit who might have access to record-\\nings. In our work, we explicitly study interpersonal privacy\\nbetween household members in a smart home, rather than\\nfrom external parties.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,553,747,761],\"text\":\"Personal data monitoring within households raised con-\\ncerns even before contemporary smart home devices [16] .\\nChoe et al. (2012) studied when and why people would want\\nmotion, electrical, and video sensing in the home, and sur-\\nfaced tensions between couples, between parents and chil-\\ndren, and between households and visitors [18] ; they found\\nthat couples were concerned about recordings in case of di-\\nvice, and that parents had internal conflicts over telling\\ntheir children about recording and wanting to be able to\\nwatch them. This study used functionless probes and dates\\nto when smart home devices were not yet mainstream; our\\nwork updates our understanding of contemporary smart\\ndevices deployed organically (i.e., not for research purposes).\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,762,747,954],\"text\":\"Privacy concerns beget access control questions: how\\nshould data and device access be controlled among house-\\nhold members? Earlier work on personal data sharing and\\naccess control in homes studied digital devices meant not for\\ncontrolling physical space, but for file storage (such as com-\\nputers, mobile phones, and music players) [35, 36] , whereas\\nmore recent work has considered access control for users\\nof smart home devices (e.g. [54] ). He et al. (2018) found that\\nmulti-user smart home consumers would prefer control at\\nfunction-level granularity rather than per-device access con-\\ntrol [25] . Smart home devices differ significantly from earlier\\ndigital devices shared among household members: they sense\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 268\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/results/markdown/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300498/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300498", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/results/output_json/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,189],\"text\":\"and control physical space but often lack screens, making\\nit difficult to rely on traditional interactions for indicating\\nprivacy [33] or to use visualizations for supporting aware-\\nness [32] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,189,394,365],\"text\":\"The tension of parents wanting to monitor their children\\nwhile also respecting their privacy appears in parenting tech-\\nnology research more generally (e.g., [21, 55] ); prior work\\nhas also studied the privacy and other concerns around home\\ntechnologies for older adults (e.g., [23, 53] ). Smart home de-\\nvices in shared physical spaces will further press on these\\nissues for both populations. Finally, Hayle et al. (2014) also\\nconsidered privacy for incidental users who pass through\\na device's physical space, rather than device owners, in the\\ncontext of life-logging cameras [29] ; similar issues may arise\\nfor people in smart homes.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,382,159,398],\"text\":\"3 METHODS\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,402,394,546],\"text\":\"Our study consisted of three components. First, we con-\\nducted a semi-structured interview that lasted between 15\\nand 60 minutes (varying based on how many devices the\\nparticipant owned); second, if participants chose to continue\\nthe study, we collected three weeks of experience sampling\\ndata; third, we conducted a semi-structured exit interview.\\nInterviews were conducted in-person on our university cam-\\npus or by video call. The study protocol was approved by\\nour institution's human subjects review board (IRB).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,565,140,582],\"text\":\"Procedures\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,586,394,731],\"text\":\"During the initial semi-structured interview, we asked ques-\\ntions about which smart devices our participants had, how\\nthey used them, who installed the devices, and whether any\\ntensions had arisen between them and other people who\\nlived or came into the home. We also asked if participants had\\never learned anything surprising about their co-occupants\\nthrough the smart devices or vice versa. To avoid priming\\nparticipants, we avoided using the word \\\"privacy\\\" explicitly\\nunless a participant brought it up first.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,731,394,922],\"text\":\"We then collected three weeks of experience sampling data\\nvia a smartphone application that we developed for Android\\nand iOS based on an open source template [52] . We asked\\nparticipants to use the app to log any experiences that they\\nconsidered a “ tension ” in their house with another person\\nrelated to a smart device. These incident logs were submitted\\nto the research team. The app reminded participants about\\nthe study every three days. We used experience sampling,\\nrather than asking participants only to recall past incidents\\nduring the interviews, in the hopes that participants would\\nprovide more logs and more accurate details logging the\\nevents as they occurred [19] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,922,394,955],\"text\":\"At the end of the three-week experience sampling pe-\\nriod, we conducted an exit interview with participants to ask\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,746,252],\"text\":\"follow-up questions about incidents that were logged. Partic-\\nipants were initially paid $20 for the initial interview, $7 per\\nweek of logging (regardless of the number of logs submit-\\nted), and $20 for the exit interview. After calibrating during\\nthe first several participants based on how much time the\\ninterviews and logging activities actually took, we adjusted\\ncompensation to $20, $3 per week, and $10 respectively for\\neach study component, in consultation with our IRB.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,263,500,278],\"text\":\"Recruitment\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,283,746,411],\"text\":\"We recruited subjects by sending recruitment flyers electroni-\\ncally through online communities interested in smart homes,\\nthrough personal networks on social media, and through\\nlocal high schools. We also posted physical flyers around a\\nuniversity. Interested participants were directed to fill out an\\nonline survey, which we used to collect information about\\nwhich smart home devices they use or want to use, as well\\nas their comfort level with technology.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,422,498,440],\"text\":\"Participants\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,443,747,699],\"text\":\"Table 1 summarizes our 18 participants (4 female, 14 male),\\nwho range in age from 17-44 and all live in a home with\\nsmart devices and share the home with at least one other\\nperson. P15 lives in Australia; everyone else lives in the\\nUnited States from various states. All participants come from\\ndifferent households. All 18 participants completed the initial\\ninterview, 14 participants completed the experience sampling\\nsection (Table 1 lists how many logs each person submitted),\\nand 11 participants completed all three sections. In our re-\\nsults, we will use the term \\\"smart home driver\\\" to refer to\\nparticipants who instigate using smart home technology (pri-\\nmarily through installation) and the term \\\"passive user\\\" to\\nrefer to people less involved in smart home decision mak-\\ning. These terms are adapted from the smart home roles\\nintroduced in previous studies; they are not meant as value\\njudgments, but as a categorical convenience [37, 44] .\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,699,747,889],\"text\":\"Our participants represent a variety of co-habiting sit-\\nuations (with a partner or spouse, with roommates, with\\nchildren, with parents). Specifically, three participants were\\ncollege students who lived with roommates; 14 participants\\nlived with their partner and/or other family members; one\\nparticipant is an adolescent. We aimed for variety in house-\\nhold relationships, but found it difficult to recruit a larger\\nnumber of households with adolescents or roommates. We\\nalso found it difficult to recruit more passive users (perhaps\\nin part due to recruiting from smart home enthusiast forums).\\nWe were unsuccessful at recruiting other (passive) household\\nmembers of our smart home driver participants.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,901,508,918],\"text\":\"Data Analysis\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,922,746,954],\"text\":\"From the 14 participants who completed the three weeks of\\nexperience sampling, we received 46 logs, at an average of 3.3\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 268\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/results/markdown/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300498/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300498", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/results/output_json/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[106,123,704,435],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td></td><td>Gender</td><td>Age</td><td>House Members</td><td># of Logs</td><td>Smart Home Role</td><td># Device Types</td></tr><tr><td>P1</td><td>Male</td><td>26</td><td>Girlfriend</td><td>3</td><td>Driver</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>P2</td><td>Male</td><td>37</td><td>Mother</td><td>2</td><td>Driver</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>P3</td><td>Female</td><td>24</td><td>Boyfriend</td><td>0</td><td>Driver</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>P4</td><td>Male</td><td>34</td><td>Girlfriend</td><td>9</td><td>Driver</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>P5</td><td>Male</td><td>23</td><td>3 Roommates</td><td>3</td><td>Passive User</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>P6</td><td>Male</td><td>38</td><td>Wife, daughter, son</td><td>9</td><td>Driver</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>P7</td><td>Female</td><td>38</td><td>Husband, 2 daughters</td><td>1</td><td>Driver</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>P8</td><td>Male</td><td>29</td><td>Wife, daughter</td><td>N/A</td><td>Driver</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>P9</td><td>Male</td><td>33</td><td>Wife, daughter</td><td>3</td><td>Driver</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>P10</td><td>Male</td><td>17</td><td>Mother, father, sister</td><td>N/A</td><td>Driver</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>P11</td><td>Female</td><td>24</td><td>2 Roommates</td><td>N/A</td><td>Driver</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>P12</td><td>Male</td><td>43</td><td>Wife, son, daughter</td><td>3</td><td>Driver</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>P13</td><td>Female</td><td>20</td><td>7 Roommates</td><td>1</td><td>Passive User</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>P14</td><td>Male</td><td>30</td><td>Wife</td><td>1</td><td>Driver</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>P15</td><td>Male</td><td>44</td><td>Girlfriend stays over part-time</td><td>4</td><td>Driver</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>P16</td><td>Male</td><td>34</td><td>Wife, 2 children</td><td>3</td><td>Driver</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>P17</td><td>Male</td><td>37</td><td>Wife, daughter</td><td>4</td><td>Driver</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>P18</td><td>Male</td><td>29</td><td>Wife</td><td>N/A</td><td>Driver</td><td>8</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table displays data for 18 participants (P1-P18) across six columns: Gender, Age, House Members, # of Logs, Smart Home Role, and # Device Types. Each row corresponds to a participant, detailing their demographic information, household composition, log count, smart home role (e.g., Driver, Passive User), and the number of device types they use, with some log counts marked as N/A.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_3_tab_2.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,446,746,491],\"text\":\"Table 1: Study Participants: We detail participant demographics, how many experience logs they submitted during our study,\\ntheir role in the smart home, how many types of devices they reported having. “ Type ” here refers to the kind and brand of\\ndevice, not an individual unit (e.g., owning two same-brand smart bulbs is classified as “ one type ” ).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,518,395,614],\"text\":\"logs per person. The number of logs per person ranged from\\n0 to 9. Most logs pertained to issues that arose involving a\\ndevice and more than one person, and we used these entries\\nas discussion points during exit interviews. Some logs de-\\nscribed technical issues that only affected the logger. People\\nwho owned more smart devices tended to submit more logs.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,614,395,805],\"text\":\"We transcribed the audio recordings of the interviews,\\nand we took an inductive approach to coding the transcripts\\nand logs. Two researchers read several interviews, developed\\ncodes, compared them, and then iterated again with more\\ninterviews until we had developed a consistent codebook.\\nThe final codebook consisted of 35 codes in total. Then each\\nresearcher coded half of the interviews, frequently checking\\nin with each other whether any codes needed to be added\\nor changed. After all interviews had been coded, both re-\\nsearchers spot-checked the others' coded transcripts and did\\nnot note any inconsistencies. Finally, we further organized\\nand taxonomized our codes into higher-level categories.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,820,150,837],\"text\":\"4 RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,841,395,954],\"text\":\"From our interview and experience sampling data, we iden-\\ntified several chronological points during smart home im-\\nplementation and usage when significant multi-user inter-\\nactions or tensions arose (Figure 1 ): (1) device selection and\\ninstallation, (2) regular device usage, (3) when things go\\nwrong, and (4) over the long-term, as changes occur in the\\nhome. We organize our results according to this timeline.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,518,623,533],\"text\":\"Device Selection and Installation\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,537,747,619],\"text\":\"We begin by considering how participants and their co-\\noccupants select and install new smart devices in their homes.\\n15 of the 18 participants had personally installed at least one\\ndevice in the home. 14 of these participants were the only\\noccupants in the home who had installed these devices.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,634,747,730],\"text\":\"Device Installation Decisions. Some smart home driver par-\\nticipants explicitly consulted with their co-occupants over\\nwhich smart devices to get: P8, P18 and P7 all consulted with\\ntheir partners, reporting that their partners were also inter-\\nested in the devices. P7 qualified this, reporting that the main\\nreason to consult each other was if the device was expensive.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,730,747,857],\"text\":\"Other participants selected devices independently but an-\\nticipated co-occupant’s concerns. For example, P16 lives with\\nhis wife and children, and he is aware of his wife’s concerns.\\nInitially, “I didn’t really ask, I started installing them, but\\nthen my wife [said] some of them are kind of ugly and un-\\nsightly so you have to find different ways to place them.”\\nAfter learning about her preferences for aesthetics as well as\\nfunctionality, he was better able to decide what to purchase.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,857,747,954],\"text\":\"Finally, many participants explicitly did not consult with\\nco-occupants about the decision to install smart devices.\\nParticipants who did not consult their co-occupants often\\ndiscussed the other person's disinterest or passivity with\\nrespect to smart devices. For example, P1, P6, P9, P14, and P17\\nall said they were interested in devices while their partners\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 268\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/results/markdown/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300498/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300498", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/results/output_json/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,188],\"text\":\"were not, P1, when asked about whether he would be the\\nonly person making changes or additions to the smart home,\\nsaid, “[My partner is] a passive person, she doesn't care that\\nmuch about it, it's definitely me all the way.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,189,394,347],\"text\":\"Sometimes the passivity of co-occupants changed after\\nthe first devices were installed. For example, when P6 was\\nasked if there were disagreements with his partner upon\\ninstallation he said, “No. She...wasn’t too interested. Now\\nthat she’s seen usefulness, she likes it better.” P9’s partner\\nhad a different experience: “My wife] was sort of indifferent\\nto [the smart home] when it first started, and then I started\\nexpanding it...I think she doesn’t necessarily like having all\\nthese gadgets...[but] I don’t think it’s that big of a deal to her.”\\nP9’s wife does not whole-heartedly like the smart home.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,348,394,493],\"text\":\"In other cases, smart home drivers did not consult co-\\noccupants because they did not consider them equal decision-\\nmakers in the home. P2, whose mother lives with him, said\\nhe did not consult her because it is his house, and if he shared\\nthe house with an equal partner, he would consult them first\\n(though his mother eventually grew accustomed to the smart\\ndevices). P15's partner spends several nights a week at his\\nplace but does not live there, and P15 did not consult her\\nabout installing Hue lights with a timer and motion sensors.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,506,394,682],\"text\":\"Account Management. The process of installing smart home\\ndevices or platforms often involves creating new accounts,\\nor linking devices to existing accounts. Several participants\\ncreated separate accounts for people in their home because\\nthe service in question made it easy to do. P9, who owns a\\nGoogle Home and Nest products, set up separate accounts\\nfor himself, his wife, and his daughter, as they are all using\\nGoogle accounts. Once the separate accounts were set up,\\nP9 appreciated the privacy it provided: \\\"I like to just have\\nthe stuff separate. So, [my wife] can sign out of it and have\\nsort of her own privacy with it.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,682,394,778],\"text\":\"In other cases, service providers did not make it easy to\\ncreate multiple accounts. P12 mentioned that Ecobee (ther-\\nmostat) did not have an option to allow his wife to set up her\\nown account. By contrast, he was able to do so with Ring\\n(doorbell): \\\"It was a lot easier for her to set up an account\\n[with Ring], so I prefer to do it that way.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,778,394,921],\"text\":\"Frequently, the use of a single account reflected the dis-\\nproportionate control or interest of the device's installer. For\\nexample, P17's wife uses his account for their Apple Home,\\nand his wife \\\"thinks it's cool and all that, but she's not as\\nmotivated to do it.\\\" For P5, P11, and P13 who live with room-\\nmates, the account for the device was solely the account of\\nthe person who bought the device. For most other partici-\\npants, they had installed the device and so they had their\\nco-occupants share their account.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,921,394,954],\"text\":\"Some participants shared accounts for other reasons. For\\ninstance, P3 described a relationship dynamic in which many\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,221],\"text\":\"things are shared: \\\"My boyfriend and I have each other on\\nGoogle Maps so we track each other anyway. You can do lo-\\ncation sharing permanently. We share everything, [including\\nan] Amazon Prime account. So it makes sense to share the\\nAlexa. Our fingerprints open up each other phones. We're\\npretty transparent.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,231,556,248],\"text\":\"Regular Device Usage\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,251,746,299],\"text\":\"After devices are selected and installed, they are integrated\\ninto home life. Our data revealed a number of multi-user\\nissues that arise during ordinary use of installed devices.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,306,747,483],\"text\":\"Agency of Installer. First, we observed the smart home driver\\nhaving outsized control over smart device data and func-\\ntionality, as compared to other home occupants. This situa-\\nction often arose by default, as an extension of the installer's\\nagency around device selection and installation in the first\\nplace (described above). Other occupants sometimes have\\nless interest in the devices, limited technical ability to control\\nthem, or both. For example, P4 says about his girlfriend, who\\nmoved in after he started setting up his smart home: \\\"She\\nsays 'I don't know what I'm doing [with smart devices],\\nand I try to teach her, but I don't think she wants to know.'\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,483,747,578],\"text\":\"When only the device installer has access to the device's\\naccount, functionality is limited to this user by default. For\\nexample, P10, who lives with his parents and sister, owns\\na Microsoft Invoke, which is connected to his Microsoft ac-\\ncount. Only he has access to the history of voice command\\nsearches made with the device.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,579,747,674],\"text\":\"In other instances, the device installer purposely limited\\naccess to certain functions. For example, P6 added his 8-year-\\nold daughter as a secondary user in the Apple Home app,\\nwhich centralized control of smart devices. By adding her as a\\nsecondary user, P6 prevented her from taking administrative\\nactions like deleting a device.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,682,747,857],\"text\":\"Information Sharing and Privacy. Unlike traditional homes,\\nsmart homes collect significant amounts of data about their\\noccupants, including voice recordings, browsing history,\\ndoor opening, and other usage data [20, 26, 51] , as well as\\naccess to potentially sensitive data such as emails [20] . This\\ndata is often surfaced to the users of the smart devices, for\\nexample, devices like the Amazon Echo allow users to see a\\nhistory of commands and replay the voice recordings. Going\\ninto our study, we asked: Are people who regularly use these\\ndevices aware that this data is collected and accessible to\\nco-occupants? Are they concerned or bothered by this?\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,858,747,954],\"text\":\"We found that several installers, including P9, P12, and\\nP16, were aware of the information that their smart devices\\ncollected from the whole house. P9 was neither surprised\\nnor particularly concerned: \\\"I can track everything that the\\nGoogle Home hears through their app.. The only thing I do\\n[think] that is a little weird is that the Google Home will,\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 268\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/results/markdown/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300498/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300498", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/results/output_json/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,188],\"text\":\"every now and then, just turn on 'cause I think it thinks \\nthat somebody's saying the hot word....but it doesn't really \\ntell anybody any of my information that I'm worried about \\ngetting out.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,189,394,459],\"text\":\"P12 was also not surprised, but his wife “ was surprised\\nat how much ...[Google Home] actually kept. And that you\\ncould go back and see...what you requested... ” Despite this,\\nhis wife was not concerned: “ You know, now she's just aware\\nthat...because she's the parent she has access to the kids'\\n[record, which she likes], but unless you know she has access\\nto another person's account, you know she won't be able\\nto see it. It's private between you and Google. ” His wife\\ntrusts him and, by transitivity of his trust, trusts Google with\\nthe information collected by the device, and appreciates the\\naccess it provides to her children's information. P17 also\\nliked the increase in available information afforded by the\\ninstalled devices. He said, “ The weird thing now is we know\\nwhenever somebody comes or leaves, because you get a\\ndoor open notification... I sort of like it. [My partner] hasn't\\ncommented on it, but usually it's just the two of us, so it's\\njust nice to know the other person is home. ”\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,460,394,553],\"text\":\"By contrast, P5 was surprised when his roommate, who\\nowns the Google Home, replayed the history of voice com-\\nmands to all of their roommates. Afterwards P5 stated that\\n“we got to know that [device owner] records our voices.” In\\nthis instance, P5 was also ultimately not concerned: “It’s\\nsuper hilarious. We wanted to hear our voices being played.”\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,555,394,729],\"text\":\"One exception to lack of concern came from P6, who antici- \\npated the concerns of another family member, his now 8-year-\\nold daughter. When asked when he removed the internet-\\nconnected baby camera, P6 said they “stopped using it by\\ndefault..., when she was two. But not because, we would have\\nused it longer, but because of [moving to a different city and\\nmoving it to our son’s room]. She deserves some privacy too.\\nSo we probably would have stopped maybe around [age \\nfish?” His child’s personal privacy was a concern for him, \\nalthough it was not the explicit reason why he removed the \\ncamera in this case.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,731,394,858],\"text\":\"Instead of concerns about interpersonal privacy, we heard\\nmore concerns about privacy with respect to the companies\\ncollecting the data. P14 and P15 both run their smart devices\\non a local server so that their data doesn't go to a third-party\\nserver owned by the device company. P16 stated, \\\"I think for\\na while we turned Alexa off, because it was just listening all\\nthe time and so if we're not getting enough value from home\\nautomation, we'll probably turn her off.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,873,394,954],\"text\":\"Preferences for Analog Devices. Even after smart home inte-\\ngration, we found that people often used or set up analog\\ncontrols of devices as a backup. For example, P4 mentioned\\nthat his girlfriend \\\"likes light switches. The way [the smart\\nhome is] set up, you have to leave the light switches off,\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,188],\"text\":\"So I taped over the light switches. Infuriated her.\\\" P4 stated\\nthat his girlfriend adjusted to it after about a year, after she\\nlearned she could control the fan as well as the lights using\\nvoice commands.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,189,746,332],\"text\":\"P9 and P15 both installed analog controls as an alternate\\ncontrol system in addition to motion sensor lights and voice\\ncommand lights. P9 states, \\\"My wife's a little old school,\\nwhich is why I installed the light switches and not the bulbs,\\nbecause she's still very manual, and so she just likes to turn\\nthe lights on and off.\\\" Analog controls worked except in the\\ncase of P6's 3 year old son: he is too short to reach the lights\\nswitches, but he also doesn't know the correct wake word\\nto get the Amazon Echo to change the lights.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,340,746,594],\"text\":\"Playful Behavior. Our data contains a number of cases where\\nsmart device use was a source for fun, joking, or accidental\\nlaughs among co-occupants. For example, P2 logged that\\nhe \\\"laughed when my mom gave her command before I\\ndid,\\\" when they were both trying to get his Amazon Echo\\nto do something. The two of them have had several light-\\nhearted standoffs attempting to gain control of the Echo,\\nwhich were resolved by whoever stayed in the room the\\nlongest ultimately gaining control. In addition, one of P5's\\nroommates has a Philips Hue Light Strip installed in his\\nroom, which is connected to the Google Home. P5 reported\\nthat he and his other roommates would sometimes turn off\\nthat roommate's lights for fun. In response, \\\"he either comes\\ndown, or doesn't care.\\\" As a final example, P12's 10-year old\\ndaughter will, if he's not at home, \\\"ring the [smart doorbell\\nand try to get me to answer it [remotely on my phone].\\\".\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,595,746,770],\"text\":\"A few additional instances were still heartlighted but be-\\ngen to hint at sources of possible conflict. When P14 had\\nguests over, they tried to use Amazon Echo voice commands\\nto place orders from Amazon. P14 was annoyed about that,\\nbut had the ordering functionality disabled. And when P15's\\ninstallation of proximity-sensing lights didn't work for his\\ngirlfriend's phone, he said she reacted, “Haha told you it\\nwouldn't work. It's a little bit annoying but nothing serious.”\\nTrust likely plays a factor in the ability of people sharing\\ndevices to playfully interact, in this case his girlfriend trusts\\nhim to get the device to work eventually.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,770,746,817],\"text\":\"Though these instances of playful behavior were just that-\\nplayful-they suggest potential ways in which co-occupants\\ncan come into conflict over smart devices.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,829,571,846],\"text\":\"When Things Go Wrong\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,850,746,914],\"text\":\"We now turn to what happens when \\\"things go wrong\\\"--\\nwhen conflicts or tensions arise between people in a smart\\nhome, or how people interact when devices do not work as\\nexpected or intended.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,921,745,953],\"text\":\"Tensions and Conflicts Between People. We begin by consid-\\nering conflicts and tensions that occur when devices work\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 268\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/results/markdown/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300498/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300498", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/results/output_json/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,172],\"text\":\"correctly (i.e., as intended by the manufacturer, designer,\\nand/or device installer) but come up against mismatches in\\nexpectations or desires between different people in the home.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,179,394,402],\"text\":\"Partners. An example of tension between partners oc-\\ncurred when P4 and his girlfriend had disagreements about\\ntheir cleaning lady's access to the house. P4 stated, \\\"I didn't\\nwant to give out our [door lock] code... One of the times she\\ngave the cleaning person her code. I said I really don't like\\nthat because I've kind of set up these codes so that we have\\naccess to it, but we can take it away. This is like having a key,\\nthe way you get your key back is just delete the code. We\\nhad a discussion about in the future don't give out the code...\\n'Cause this is my whole grand idea of the smart house.\\\" Part\\nof the source of this tension may have been the fact that P4\\nis also the only one in the house with the knowledge for\\nadjusting the smart devices, so his girlfriend may not have\\nbeen able to create a new access code without his help.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,404,394,530],\"text\":\"P1 is also the sole smart home driver in his home with\\ndevice knowledge, leading to tension with his partner who\\ncannot change device controls. P1 logged that his girlfriend\\nwas annoyed she could not use the voice command \\\"turn off\\nTV\\\" to turn off the TV, since P1 has Apple, Chromecast, and\\nFire TV, each requiring a specific command, e.g., \\\"turn off\\nFire TV.\\\" In response, P1 set the general command to default\\nto controlling Chromecast.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,537,394,619],\"text\":\"Roommates. We also observed tensions between room-\\nmates, who have a different type of relationship. Between\\nroommates, there is often one person to whom the device\\nbelongs, and there is less of an assumption of shared access\\nand control rights as there may be between partners.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,619,394,857],\"text\":\"For example, P11, a college student, has a Nest Thermostat\\ninstalled by her landlord in her apartment, where she lives\\nwith another student and a young professional. P11 took\\nover use of the thermostat from the previous tenants and is\\nthe only one in the house who has the Nest app on her phone.\\nP11 prefers a warmer temperature, while her roommate does\\nnot like when the air gets too dry. P11 says, \\\"So sometimes\\n[my roommate] will turn off the thermostat before she goes\\nto bed and then I will pull up [the Nest app on] my phone\\n[and] turn it back on. She knows that though.\\\" As to why her\\nroommate does not also get the Nest app, P11 posits that the\\nthermostat is physically close to her roommate's room and\\nshe can just change it manually. \\\"We're not like super strict\\nabout how the temperature should be, so we never fight or\\nfeel uncomfortable with this temperature thing.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,857,394,954],\"text\":\"P13 is another college student who lives with roommates.\\nOne of her roommates owns an Amazon Dot, which the\\nroommates use to play music, ask questions, and other func-\\ntions. While P13 would say that everyone has equal access\\nto the Dot, `we also know that this device belongs to one\\nperson, so if for some reason she's using it, obviously she\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,188],\"text\":\"has priority over everyone else [using it] because she's the \\none that paid for it.\\\" These roommates resolve conflicts by \\ndeferring to the default control and agency of the device's \\ninstaller or owner, a recurring theme in our findings.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,189,746,348],\"text\":\"P10, a teenager living with his parents and 13-year-old\\nsister, has also experienced tension: his sister sometimes uses\\nphysical control of a smart device as leverage in a conflict.\\nFor example, P10 reports: “ I was like five minutes late to\\npick her up from school or something, and she gets a little\\nbit mad about that. Then, she'll try to take away the smart\\ndevice so it's hers. ” However, she cannot use it because P10\\nwill remotely lock the device, since it is connected to his\\naccount. “ She gives it back, of course. ” In this case, control\\nof the device requires more than just physical control.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,355,746,578],\"text\":\"Parents and Children. As conflicts naturally arise in parent-\\nchild relationships, conflicts also arise around the use of\\nsmart devices in the home. For example, we heard about\\nparents and children competing for control over the Amazon\\nEcho. In addition to the playful competition between P2\\nand his mother (discussed above), P16 has also vied with\\nhis 5-year-old and 3-year-old child for control of the music\\nselection via the Echo at the dinner table. “ Their favorite\\nsongs now are like the Pokemon theme song and 'What\\nDid The Fox Say?'; so they'll just yell at Alexa and he like,\\nturn it up to volume ten and let's go for it.... sometimes we\\nwould turn it back... I guess if we got really frustrated we\\nactually mute Alexa, so she wouldn't take any more\\ncommands during dinner. ”\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,579,747,834],\"text\":\"Some parents explicitly used smart devices as parenting\\ntools for setting limits or managing schedules, a recurring\\ntheme in smart home literature [57] . P10's father uses the\\nMicrosoft Invoke to add chores to P10's calendar, which\\nthe Invoke will verbally remind him to do. “ He just sets\\nreminders for us, which is kind of annoying, but what are\\nyou going to do? ” Also, P9 installed an LED smart light and a\\nGoogle Home Mini in his 4-year-old daughter's room because\\nshe didn't like her room too dark, and P9 automated it to\\ngradually turn off to signal to her daughter when it is time for\\nbed. However, this scared her because: \\\" she feels she has no\\ncontrol over how it behaves... She doesn't like it in her room.\\nShe won't talk to it ever.\\\" This incident led his daughter to\\nbe uncomfortable with smart devices, as she is afraid of their\\nbehavior she cannot predict: she refused to keep a Google\\nMini in her room because of its blinking lights.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,841,747,954],\"text\":\"Guests and Non-Occupants. Participants reported a num-\\nber of cases in which guests or other people entered their\\nhomes and interacted with the smart devices, sometimes\\nleading to conflicts or tensions. For example, P5's roommate\\nowns the house's Google Home. This roommate was annoyed\\nwhen P5's sister stayed over and used the Spotify account he\\nhad connected to his Google Home to play music that he did\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 268\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/results/markdown/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300498/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300498", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/results/output_json/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,172],\"text\":\"not like, since it changed future Spotify recommendations for \\nhim. In this case, guests having equal access to functionality \\nled to consequences for the device owner.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,188,395,315],\"text\":\"When Devices Malfunction. Conflicts or tensions also arose\\nwhen devices malfunctioned, either through a technical fail-\\nure or by not working as the installer intended (e.g., because\\na smart home automation was improperly programmed). For\\nexample, a timer for a heater wouldn't go off, or a smart lock\\nwouldn't register that someone's phone was in the vicinity.\\nIn this section, we consider how co-occupants interact in\\nthese cases.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,316,395,554],\"text\":\"First, we often observed that other home occupants were\\nreliant on the smart home driver to fix the issue (in the mean-\\ntime manually controlling the device by analog means, if\\npossible). For example, P15 tried to set his heater to turn on\\nautomatically when he or his girlfriend were at his home.\\nWhen it did not work, it fell on P15 to fix the issue, while they\\nused manual controls in the meantime. Since smart devices\\nmay represent critical home infrastructure — including lights,\\ntemperature, locks, heaters, and other appliances that use\\nelectricity — relying on the smart home driver to fix these\\ndevices when there are no backup analog controls may put\\nother home occupants in adverse situations. This is partic-\\nularly the case with DIY smart homes, which may be less\\nreliable than traditional homes where the critical infrastruc-\\nture is set up and wired by external experts (e.g., electricians).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,554,395,731],\"text\":\"We also heard frequent complaints about smart device\\nvoice commands not working as intended, particularly for\\nless experienced or savvy users. For example, P6's 8-year-\\nold daughter \\\"asked Alexa to turn on 'bedroom' light. Being\\nthat there are multiple 'bedrooms' set up in my home au-\\ntomation system, if there is a general request as in 'turn on\\nbedroom light', Alexa should ask for clarification as to what\\nbedroom the user is referring to.\\\" P6's suggestion hints at a\\nway that smart devices could be redesigned to help guide less\\nexperienced people to use them more independently without\\nrelying on intervention from the smart home driver.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,731,395,955],\"text\":\"In other cases, even the smart home driver could not fix a\\nfundamental issue. For example, P6's smart light setup relies\\non the smart home knowing someone is home. Because P6's\\nchildren didn't have their own phone at the time, the house\\nfailed to recognize they were around: \\\"My wife and I were\\nout...[our phones] outside the geofence, but my kids and the\\nbabysitter were still at home. So [the lights] thought we were\\naway... And for whatever reason, the motion didn't pick up\\nthat they were there.\\\" Asked when he would get his children\\ntheir own smart phones, P6 said: \\\"Probably around maybe 14\\nto 15, somewhere around there.\\\" Until then, the smart home\\nmay not be fully functional for P6's children, putting the\\nintended functionality of the smart home at odds with P6's\\nparenting choices around smart phone ownership.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,124,653,141],\"text\":\"Long-Term Use: Changes in the Home\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,144,746,176],\"text\":\"Finally, our results surface how relationships between people\\nand with smart devices may change over time.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,188,747,364],\"text\":\"Children Grow Up. Several participants mentioned changing\\ntheir smart device interactions as their children grow older.\\nFor example, P6 has a Ring doorbell which sends a notifi-\\ncation to his and to his wife's phone when someone is at\\nthe door. When his children are older, he plans to buy an\\nadditional smart door lock so he can give his child a unique\\naccess code which will open the door and also notify P6 who\\nopened the door. Recall also P6, discussed above, who noted\\nthat while his daughter's baby monitor camera was removed\\nwhen they moved, he would have still removed it \\\"maybe\\naround [age] 5ish\\\" because \\\"she deserves some privacy too.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,374,747,516],\"text\":\"Occupants Change. Occupants of a home may change over\\ntime, though the smart devices installed in that physical\\nspace may stay behind. What does this mean for the config-\\nurations of these devices, as well as the potentially private\\ndata they store and make accessible? For example, when P11\\nmoved into her apartment, she noticed that the landlord had\\ninstalled a Nest Thermostat, and the previous tenant had not\\ndeleted their old account from the device; P11 deleted the\\naccount to connect the Thermostat to her own account.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,517,747,629],\"text\":\"In another case, a participant discussed theoretically what\\nhe would do if he moved out of his home in the future: he\\nplanned to leave his smart devices behind, viewing them\\nas intentionally integrated with the specific physical space\\nrather than personal devices he would take with him: “ [all\\nthese devices] I'd think I'd leave, `cause hopefully they'd be\\nuseful to other people. ”\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,643,525,660],\"text\":\"5 DISCUSSION\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,662,746,712],\"text\":\"We now step back to consider the broader issues raised by\\nour findings for multi-user smart homes, and we make rec-\\nommendations for smart home designs and future research.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,726,680,744],\"text\":\"Differing Agency For Smart Device Access\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,746,747,955],\"text\":\"A major theme throughout our results are the differences in\\npower, agency, technical skill, and technical interest among\\ndifferent people living in a smart home. There is often a smart\\nhome driver who takes initiative to learn about and use de-\\nvices, and passive users who adapt to devices and/or rely on\\nsmart home drivers to make changes. Practically speaking,\\nthis means smart home drivers often have access to vastly\\nmore functionality (including the ability to set permissions\\nfor functions co-occupants can use) and more information\\n(such as knowing when someone opens and closes a smart-\\nlocked door) than passive users. Our findings reinforce and\\nexpand upon those from prior work [8, 37, 59] , and we ob-\\nserve that this dynamic is becoming increasingly concerning\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 268\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300498/results/markdown/3290605-3300498_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300500/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300500", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/results/output_json/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[108,117,706,151],\"text\":\"Managing Messes in Computational Notebooks\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[114,168,264,217],\"text\":\"Andrew Head\\nUC Berkeley\\n\\nandrewhead@berkeley.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[319,168,496,218],\"text\":\"Fred Hohman\\n\\nGeorgia Institute of Technology\\n\\nfredhohman@gatech.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[551,168,700,217],\"text\":\"Titus Barik\\n\\nMicrosoft\\n\\ntitus.barik@microsoft.com\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[227,229,368,276],\"text\":\"Steven M. Drucker\\n\\nMicrosoft Research\\n\\nsdrucker@microsoft.com\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[443,229,589,276],\"text\":\"Robert DeLine\\n\\nMicrosoft Research\\n\\nrob.deline@microsoft.com\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,287,141,304],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,308,394,596],\"text\":\"Data analysts use computational notebooks to write code\\nfor analyzing and visualizing data. Notebooks help analysts\\niteratively write analysis code by letting them interleave\\ncode with output, and selectively execute cells. However, as\\nanalysis progresses, analysts leave behind old code and out-\\nputs, and overwrite important code, producing cluttered and\\ninconsistent notebooks. This paper introduces code gather-\\ning tools, extensions to computational notebooks that help\\nanalysts find, clean, recover, and compare versions of code\\nin cluttered, inconsistent notebooks. The tools archive all\\nversions of code outputs, allowing analysts to review these\\nversions and recover the subsets of code that produced them.\\nThese subsets can serve as succinct summaries of analysis\\nactivity or starting points for new analyses. In a qualitative\\nusability study, 12 professional analysts found the tools use-\\nful for cleaning notebooks and writing analysis code, and\\ndiscovered new ways to use them, like generating personal\\ndocumentation and lightweight versioning.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,609,172,628],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,631,393,679],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Interactive systems\\nand tools; · Software and its engineering → Develop-\\nment frameworks and environments.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,694,149,711],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,715,394,748],\"text\":\"Computational notebooks; messes; clutter; inconsistency;\\nexploratory programming; code history; program slicing\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_015.png\",\"bbox\":[426,286,747,575],\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This diagram illustrates a process of extracting and organizing code from a \\\"messy notebook.\\\" It shows a notebook with text and charts, including crossed-out sections, mapping to an \\\"execution log\\\" that tracks the order of executed cells over \\\"execution time.\\\" This log then maps to a final column of \\\"ordered, minimal, complete slices,\\\" where specific outputs like a line graph are presented cleanly with cell numbers.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,593,747,681],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Code gathering tools help analysts manage pro-\\ngramming messes in computational notebooks . The tools\\nmap selected results (e.g., outputs, charts, tables) in a notebook to\\nthe ordered, minimum subsets or \\\"slices\\\" of code that produced them.\\nWith these slices, the tools help analysts clean their notebooks,\\nbrowse versions of results, and discover provenance of results.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,706,555,721],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[421,721,747,807],\"text\":\"Andrew Head, Fred Hohman, Titus Barik, Steven M. Drucker, and\\nRobert DeLine. 2019. Managing Messes in Computational Note-\\nbooks. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Sys-\\ntems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK .\\nACM, New York, NY, USA, 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.\\n3300500\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,820,549,837],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,842,747,954],\"text\":\"Data analysts often engage in \\\"exploratory programming\\\"\\nas they write and refine code to understand unfamiliar data,\\ntest hypotheses, and build models [19] . For this activity, they\\nfrequently use computational notebooks, which supplement\\nthe rapid iteration of an interpreted programming language\\nwith the ability to edit code in place, and see computational\\nresults interleaved with the code. A notebook's flexibility\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,778,394,897],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting of the cover is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@em.org.\\nCH 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,900,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,926,265,938],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,942,245,953],\"text\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300500\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,997,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 270\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,997,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":26,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/results/markdown/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300500/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300500", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/results/output_json/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,205],\"text\":\"is also a downside, leading to messy code: in recent stud-\\nies, analysts have called their code “ad hoc,” “experimental,”\\nand “throw-away” [16] , and described their notebooks as\\n“messy” [21, 33] , containing “ugly code” and “dirty tricks” in\\nneed of “cleaning” and “polishing” [33] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,205,394,476],\"text\":\"In essence, a notebook's user interface is a collection of\\ncode editors, called \\\"cells.\\\" At any time, the user can submit\\ncode from any cell to a hidden interpreter session. This design\\nleads to three types of messes common to notebooks: disor-\\nder, where the interpreter runs code in a different order than\\nit is presented in the cells; deletion, where the user deletes or\\noverwrites the contents of a cell, but the interpreter retains\\nthe effect of the cell's code; and dispersal, where the code\\nthat generates a result is spread across many distant cells.\\nFor the millions of users of notebooks [17] , such messes are\\nquite common: for instance, nearly half of public notebooks\\non GitHub include cells that were executed in a different\\norder than they are listed [30] . Messes make it difficult for\\nan analyst to navigate and understand their code, and to re-\\ncall how results (e.g., charts, tables) were produced. Messes\\nalso make analysts reluctant to share their analyses with\\nstakeholders and collaborators [21, 33] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,476,394,699],\"text\":\"In this paper, we aim to improve the state of the art in tools\\nfor managing messes in notebooks. We introduce a suite of\\ninteractive tools, code gathering tools , as an extension to com-\\nputational notebooks. The tools afford analysts the ability\\nto find, clean, and compare versions of code in messy note-\\nbooks. They build on a static program analysis technique\\ncalled program slicing [38] , which answers queries about the\\ndependencies among a program's variables. With code gath-\\nering tools, an analyst first selects a set of analysis results,\\nwhich can be any cell output (e.g., charts, tables, console\\noutput) or variable definition (e.g., data tables, models). Then\\nthe tool searches the execution log — an ordered history of all\\ncells executed — to find an ordered, minimal subset or “ slice ”\\nof code needed to compute the selected results (Figure 1 ).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,699,394,922],\"text\":\"This paper makes two contributions. The first contribu-\\ntion is the design and implementation of code gathering\\ntools. Specifically, the tools highlight dependencies used to\\ncompute results, to help analysts find code they wish to un-\\nderstand, reuse, and rewrite in cluttered notebooks. They\\nprovide ordered, minimal code slices that can serve as suc-\\ncinct summaries of analysis activity or starting points for\\nbranching analyses. Additionally, they archive past versions\\nof results and allow analysts to explore these versions, and\\nthe code slices that produced them. Code gathering tools are\\nimplemented as an extension to Jupyter Notebook [15] , a\\npopular notebook with millions of users [17] . The extension\\nis available for use as a design artifact and as a practical tool\\nfor exploratory data analysis in notebooks.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,922,394,955],\"text\":\"The most important idea behind the interaction design\\nof code gathering tools is post-hoc mess management — that\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,266],\"text\":\"tools should allow analysts to easily find, clean, and com-\\npare versions of code in notebooks, regardless of whether\\nthey have followed a disciplined strategy to organize and\\nversion their code. Past tools for cleaning code often require\\neffort: annotating cells with dependency information [37] ,\\nfolding and unfolding cells [31] , and marking and tagging\\nlightweight versions of snippets [18] . With code gathering\\ntools, history is stored silently, and tailored slices of code are\\nrecalled on-demand with two or fewer clicks.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,267,747,507],\"text\":\"Our second contribution is a qualitative usability study\\nproviding insight into the uses and usability of code gath-\\nering tools for managing messes in notebooks. 12 profes-\\nsional data analysts used the tools in an in-lab study to clean\\nnotebooks and perform exploratory data analysis. We found\\nthat affordances for gathering code to a notebook were both\\nvalued and versatile, enabling analysts to clean notebooks\\nfor multiple audiences, generate personal reference mate-\\nrial, and perform lightweight branching. We also refined our\\nunderstanding of the meaning of \\\"cleaning,\\\" and how code\\ngathering tools support an important yet still incomplete set\\nof tasks analysts consider to be part of code cleaning. This\\nstudy confirmed that analysts thirst for tools that help them\\nmanage exploratory messes, and that code gathering tools\\nprovide a useful means to manage these messes. $^1$\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,520,683,536],\"text\":\"2 BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,540,641,556],\"text\":\"Messes in computational notebooks\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,560,747,735],\"text\":\"Lackluster code quality appears to be intrinsic to exploratory\\nprogramming. Analysts regularly prioritize the efficient dis-\\ncovery of solutions over writing high-quality code [19] . They\\nclutter their programs by saving old versions of their code\\nin comments [18, 39] . In notebooks in particular, poor code\\nquality takes on a spatial dimension. Messes accrue and dis-\\nappear in an iterative process of expansion and reduction of\\ncode: analysts write code in many small cells to try out dif-\\nferent approaches to solve a problem, view output from their\\ncode, and debug their code; and then combine and eliminate\\ncells as their analyses reach completion [21] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,736,747,847],\"text\":\"Eventually, messes get in the way of data analysis. It be-\\ncomes difficult to understand analyses split across many cells\\nof a notebook, and long notebooks become time-consuming\\nto navigate [21] . Important results accidentally get overwrit-\\nten or deleted [33] . While analysts often wish to share their\\nfindings with others [16, 21, 33] , they are often reluctant to\\ndo so until they have cleaned their code [31, 33] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,848,747,911],\"text\":\"To manage these messes, analysts have diverse strategies\\nto clean their code. Many delete cells they no longer need,\\nconsolidate smaller cells into larger cells, and delete full\\nanalyses that did not turn out helpful. Long notebooks are\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,924,746,953],\"text\":\"5 See the project web page, https://microsoft.github.io/gather/, for installa-\\ntion instructions for the extension, and study materials.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 270\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/results/markdown/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300500/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300500", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/results/output_json/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,236],\"text\":\"abandoned for \\\"fresh\\\" ones with only a subset of successful\\nparts from the long ones. Analysts organize code as they\\nbuild it, some coding from top to bottom, some adding cells\\nwhere they extend old analyses, some placing functions at\\nthe top, and some placing them at the bottom [21] . They add\\ntables of contents, assign numbers to sections, limit the size\\nof cells, and split long notebooks into shorter ones [33] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,237,394,365],\"text\":\"Because of the challenges and tedium of managing messes,\\ndata analysts have clearly indicated they need better tools to\\nsupport the management of messes. In prior studies, analysts\\nhave asked for tools that let them collect scripts that can\\nreproduce specific results, compare outcomes from different\\nversions of an analysis, recover copies of notebooks that\\nproduce a version of a result [21] , and to recall the history\\nof how data was created, used, and modified [31] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,375,253,392],\"text\":\"Tools for cleaning messy code\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,396,394,619],\"text\":\"Messiness is pervasive problem in code written with any\\nlanguage or tool. As such, researchers have designed tools to\\nhelp programmers clean bloated code. Recent mixed-initiative\\ntools have been designed to help programmers extract mini-\\nmal, executable code examples [9] and self-contained soft-\\nware components [13, 25] from existing code projects. Such\\ntools, like ours, use program slicing [38] to find code that\\nshould be preserved and removed as code is cleaned. Code\\ngathering tools help analysts clean notebook code by slicing\\na history of executed cell code. Verdant , like our tools, helps\\nanalysts collect \\\"recipes\\\" of notebook code that reproduce\\nselected results using program slicing [20] . Uniquely, our\\npaper describes affordances for cleaning, navigating, and\\nbrowsing code versions in notebooks using such slices.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,619,394,777],\"text\":\"Automated refactoring tools are a common type of code\\ncleaning tool available in popular programming IDEs [26] .\\nRefactoring tools help programmers improve the readability\\nand maintainability of their code by assisting with behavior-\\npreserving code transformations, like renaming variables and\\nextracting code into functions. Code gathering tools provide\\na type of refactoring for notebooks, letting analysts rearrange\\ncode so it reproduces selected outputs. We draw inspiration\\nfrom direct interactions in recent refactoring tools developed\\nby human-computer interaction researchers [10, 23] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,778,394,890],\"text\":\"Another task in cleaning code is annotating it so others can\\nunderstand, run, extend, and maintain it. Tools can help pro-\\ngrammers create walkthroughs of points of interest in code\\nprojects [27, 36] and, in the context of notebooks, help pro-\\ngrammers fold cells and annotate them with descriptive head-\\ners [31] . Tools such as these complement the code-centric\\ncleaning utilities that code gathering tools provide.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,901,306,918],\"text\":\"Locating the causes of program output\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,922,394,954],\"text\":\"As their code bases get larger and analysts throw away old\\ncode, analysts can find it difficult if not impossible to recall\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,236],\"text\":\"the code they used to produce important results. To help\\nanalysts recover the provenance of important results, re-\\nsearchers have proposed tools that capture histories of an\\nanalyst's activity, from their programming languages [29] ,\\nexploratory data analysis applications [4] , and operating\\nsystem logs [7] . These tools then let programmers recall a\\nresult's provenance by reviewing the captured logs.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,237,746,396],\"text\":\"The software development tools community has designed\\na number of tools to help programmers find code that pro-\\nduces many types of observed output. These tools highlight\\nlines of code as a program executes them [1, 2, 28] , or filters\\nthe code for a program to only the lines that were executed in\\na recent execution [3, 6, 11, 12] . They also help programmers\\ntrace through code backward from static outputs like console\\noutput and error logs [22] . Like these prior systems, code\\ngathering tools help programmers locate code of interest, in\\nthis case within computational notebooks.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,414,661,431],\"text\":\"Managing and reviewing code versions\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,435,746,594],\"text\":\"Programmers often consult code histories to understand,\\ndebug, and extend their code [5] . They search for code to\\nreuse by inspecting prior versions' outputs, changelogs, and\\nsource code [35] . Prior tools have helped programmers make\\nuse of history to selectively undo code changes [40] , review\\nthe evolution of selected snippets [34] , and auto-complete\\ncode using legacy names [24] . To help data analysts manage\\ncode versions, researchers have designed tools to help them\\nsave and navigate versions of code fragments [8, 18, 20] ,\\nnotebook cells [20, 30] , and entire notebooks [20] .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,595,746,770],\"text\":\"In dialogue with this work, code gathering tools support\\npost-hoc mess management, by helping analysts find, clean,\\nand compare versions of code even if they spent no up-front\\neffort on managing code versions or organizing their code.\\nThis approach was inspired by Janus' automatic versioning\\nof code cells upon execution [20] , and Variolite's archiving\\nof runtime configurations [18] . Our approach to versioning\\ncode differs slightly from prior tools. With Janus, versions\\nare per cell, whereas versions in our tools are per \\\"slice\\\"\\nwith Variolite, versions of code snippets are created with\\nforethought, but in hindsight with code gathering tools.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,789,588,805],\"text\":\"3 DESIGN MOTIVATIONS\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,809,746,953],\"text\":\"We conducted formative interviews with eight data analysts\\nand builders of tools for data analysis at a large, data-driven\\nsoftware company. During the interviews, we proposed sev-\\neral extensions to the notebook interaction model. Analysts\\nexpressed the most enthusiasm for tools to help them clean\\ntheir results, and explore past variants of their code. These\\nconversations and a review of the related literature yielded\\nseveral key ideas that guided our design of notebook cleaning\\ntools. We refer to the analysis as D1 – 8 below.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 270\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/results/markdown/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300500/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300500", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/results/output_json/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,411],\"text\":\"Post-hoc management of messes. Analysts have diverse\\npersonal preferences of whether and how to organize and\\nmanage versions of code. The analysts we spoke to each\\nhad their own workrounds, like keeping cells ordered so\\nthey always reproduce the visible results (D7, D8), copying\\nuseful snippets to external files (D4), and assigning dataset\\nvariables new names every time they transform them to\\navoid overwriting the original data (D6). Some code organi-\\nzation strategies conflict with others: some analysts clean\\ntheir notebooks as they write it, while others preserve a\\nrecord of everything they have tried [21]— though you can-\\nnot do both in current notebooks. One analyst noted that\\nyou don't always know if you are creating versions of code\\nuntil you already have (D7). We decided code gathering tools\\nshould assist analysts regardless of whether they think to\\norganize their code, and whether they prefer to overwrite or\\nsave copies of old code. The tools silently collect history, and\\nprovide access to the code that produced any visible result.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,419,394,530],\"text\":\"Portability of gathered code. Analysts reuse a notebook's\\ncode in that notebook, other notebooks, and scripts [21] . The\\nanalysts we spoke to wanted tools to help them reuse code\\nin new notebooks (D7), to apply old notebooks' analyses to\\nnew data (D8), and to export code to other files (D4, D5). We\\ndesigned our tools to make it equally easy to gather code to\\nnew notebooks, cells, and lines of text.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,539,394,637],\"text\":\"Prior code via direct selection of analysis results. Prior re-\\nsearch shows that programmers frequently look to program\\noutput when searching for code to reuse [55] . In notebooks,\\nvisual results break up walls of monospace text, providing\\nbeacons. We anticipated that selections of results would pro-\\nvide the most direct method for accessing relevant history.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,649,337,665],\"text\":\"4 A DEMO OF CODE GATHERING TOOLS\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,669,394,782],\"text\":\"To convey the experience of using the code gathering tools\\nin Jupyter Notebook, we describe a short scenario. $^2$ Consider\\nan analyst, Dana, who is performing exploratory data analy-\\nsis to understand variation and determiners of quality of a\\npopular consumer good — chocolate. This section shows how\\ncode gathering tools could help her find, clean, and compare\\nversions of code during data analysis.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,793,270,810],\"text\":\"Prologue: A proliferation of cells\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,814,394,925],\"text\":\"Dana starts her analysis by loading a dataset, importing\\ndependencies, and filtering and transforming the data. She\\nwrites code to display tables so she can preview the data.\\nTo better understand key features of the data, she builds a\\nmodel to predict chocolate quality from the other features.\\nThrough experimentation, she tailors the model parameters\\nto learn more about the features. Throughout the analysis,\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,491,746,553],\"text\":\"she makes messes, overwriting old code, deleting code that\\nappears irrelevant, running cells out-of-order, and accumu-\\nlating dozens of cells full of code and results. Dana starts to\\nhave trouble finding what she needs in the notebook.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[420,125,731,357],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A screenshot of a Jupyter notebook displays Python code cells with black arrows illustrating the flow of operations from data preparation to model training and prediction. A hand cursor points to the final code cell, `In [221]`, which shows a prediction being made using a trained decision tree model.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[422,365,747,467],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Finding relevant code with code gathering tools.\\nWith code gathering tools, an analyst can click on any result, and the\\nnotebook highlights in light purple just those lines that were used\\nto compute the result or variable. The highlights appear throughout\\nthe notebook (which is condensed in the figure). Black arrows have\\nbeen added in the figure to indicate the data dependencies that\\ncause each line to be included in the highlighted set.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,566,661,583],\"text\":\"Finding the code that produces a result\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,587,746,680],\"text\":\"After several hours building and testing models, Dana is\\nsatisfied with a version of the model, but then realizes there\\nmay be a problem with the model. One of the numeric fields\\ncontains erroneous values. Although Dana wrote code to fix\\nthese values, she cannot remember if she ran this code on\\nthe dataset that was used to trained the model.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,681,747,888],\"text\":\"Because she has installed code gathering tools, Dana sees\\nall variable definitions (data frames, models, etc.) highlighted\\nin blue and all visual outputs (console output, tables, figures,\\netc.) outlined in blue. She clicks on the results of classifica-\\ntion (a variable named predictions ) and then all lines that\\nwere used to compute the variable's value are highlighted in\\nlight purple (Figure 2 ). Dana scrolls through the sprawling\\nnotebook to browse the highlighted lines, skipping over long\\nsections of irrelevant code and results. She finds the code\\nthat transforms the percentage data, namely, a cell defin-\\ning the function normalizeIt and the cell after it. Because\\nthese lines are highlighted, Dana knows that she cleaned the\\ncolumn of unclean values before classification.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,902,688,919],\"text\":\"Removing old and distracting analysis code\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,922,746,953],\"text\":\"Dana now has a notebook with a model that she likes—and\\nmuch more code she no longer needs (Figure 3.1). Now that\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,939,222,953],\"text\":\"$^{2}$See also this paper's video figure.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 270\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/results/markdown/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300500/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300500", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/results/output_json/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[70,121,744,309],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays a four-panel sequence demonstrating how to gather data insights into a notebook. It begins with a long scrollable document containing various charts and code, highlighting a histogram and a code snippet. The highlighted items are then shown being collected by clicking a \\\"Notebook\\\" option in a \\\"Gather to\\\" menu. The final panel shows the histogram and associated code integrated into a notebook environment.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,321,746,366],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Cleaning a notebook with code gathering tools. Over the course of a long analysis, a notebook will become cluttered and\\ninconsistent (1). With code gathering tools, an analyst can select results (e.g., charts, tables, variable definitions, and any other code output)\\n(2) and click “Gather to Notebook” (3) to obtain a minimal, complete, ordered slice that replicates the selected results (4).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,388,394,467],\"text\":\"Dana knows what her data looks like and has a working set\\nof data filtering, data transformation, and model training\\ncode, the code to visualize the data and debug the APIs will\\njust get in the way. Dana decides to clean her notebook to a\\nstate where it only has the useful model-building code.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,468,395,802],\"text\":\"To clean the notebook, Dana clicks on a few results she\\nwants to still be computed in the cleaned notebook, namely,\\nthe classification results in the predictions variable and\\na histogram showing the range of chocolate qualities used\\nto build the classifier (Figure 3.2 ). Dana gets a sense of the\\nsize of the final cleaned notebook by looking at which lines\\nin the notebook are highlighted as she selects each result.\\nThen, Dana clicks the “ Gather to Notebook ” button (Fig-\\nure 3.3 ), which opens a new notebook with the definition\\nof predictions , the bar chart of chocolate quality, and the\\nother code needed to produce these two results. The new,\\ncleaned notebook has 16 cells, instead of the 47 in her origi-\\nnal notebook. It contains the bar chart and omits 28 other\\nvisual results in the original. This reduces the overall size\\nof the notebook from 13,044 to 1,248 vertical pixels in her\\nbrowser, which is much easier to scroll through when editing\\nthe code (Figure 3.4 ). This cleaned notebook is guaranteed to\\nreplicate the results, as the tool reorders cells and resurrects\\ndeleted cells as necessary to produce the selected results.\\nDana verifies that running this notebook start-to-finish in-\\ndeed replicates the chosen predictions and bar chart.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,820,357,854],\"text\":\"Reviewing versions of a result and the ordered,\\nminimal code slides that produced them\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,858,395,954],\"text\":\"To build a better predictor, Dana has been experimenting\\nwith different parameters to a decision tree classifier, like its\\nmaximum allowable depth and the minimum samples per\\nbranch. Dana remembers that she had previously created a\\nsimple, shallow decision tree with promising performance,\\nbut has not yet found a model with better performance.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,388,747,563],\"text\":\"With code gathering tools, Dana can summon all past\\nversions of her classifier's results and compare the code\\nshe used to produce these results. To do this, she clicks on\\na result—namely, a confusion matrix which visualizes the\\naccuracy of the decision tree for each class—and then on\\nthe \\\"Gather to Revisions\\\" button. This brings up a version\\nbrowser (Figure 4 ). Here, Dana sees all the versions of the\\nresult, arranged from left to right, starting with the current\\nversion and ending with the oldest version. Each version\\nincludes the relative time the result was computed, the code\\nslice that produced that version and the result itself.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,564,747,707],\"text\":\"Scrolling horizontally to access older versions, Dana finds\\nseveral examples of decision trees with comparatively good\\naccuracy. Differences from the current version of the code\\nare shown with bold text and a colored background. Dana\\nfinds the model she is looking for—a shallow tree with good\\nperformance. The code that produced this version can be\\ncopied as cells or text to the clipboard, or opened as a new\\nnotebook that replicates that version. Dana opens a notebook\\nwith this version so she can refer back to it later.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,722,615,740],\"text\":\"Cleaning finished analysis code\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,743,747,886],\"text\":\"Dana finished her data analysis and wants to share the results\\nwith an analyst on her team who can check her results and\\nsuggest improvements. However, the notebook is once again\\ncluttered with code that would distract her colleague. While\\nDana wants to save her long and verbose notebook for her\\npersonal use later, she also wants a clean and succinct version\\nof the notebook for her colleague. She chooses the prediction\\nresults of her model, clicks \\\"Gather to Notebook,\\\" and saves\\nthe generated notebook to a folder shared with her colleague.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,901,701,919],\"text\":\"Exporting analysis code to a standalone script\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,923,747,954],\"text\":\"After refining her analysis with her colleague, Dana wants\\nto export a script that can be packaged with an article she\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 270\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/results/markdown/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300500/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300500", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/results/output_json/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[70,122,747,345],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image displays three vertical panels, each showing a version of Python code and its corresponding heatmap visualization, labeled \\\"Current version,\\\" \\\"4 minutes ago,\\\" and \\\"17 minutes ago.\\\" The code snippets involve `sklearn` imports, `DecisionTreeClassifier` usage, and confusion matrix generation, which is then visualized as a heatmap. Annotations explain that past versions of code are highlighted with grey italics for current code and bold for differences, and that the heatmaps represent past results.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,355,747,414],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Comparing versions of a result with code gathering tools. When an analysts executes a cell multiple times, code gathering\\ntools archive each version of the cell. When the analyst chooses the cell's output—say, the confusion matrix shown above—and clicks \\\"Gather\\nto Revisions,\\\" a version browser appears that lets them see all versions of that output, compare the code slices that produced each version,\\nand load any of these slices into a new notebook, where the version's results can be replicated.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,436,394,530],\"text\":\"is writing, so that others can replicate her results in their\\npreferred Python environments. To do this, Dana selects\\nthe code that produces the results she wants her script to\\nreplicate, clicks \\\"Gather to Clipboard,\\\" and then pastes the\\ngathered code into a blank text file. This script replicates the\\nresults Dana produced in her notebook.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,542,212,559],\"text\":\"5 IMPLEMENTATION\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,570,394,715],\"text\":\"A computational notebook uses an underlying language in-\\nterpreter (like Python). At any time, an analyst can submit\\nany cell's code to the interpreter, in any order. The results\\nthat the interpreter produces and that the notebook displays\\ndepend on the order in which the analyst submits cell code.\\nHence, in the notebook context, a notebook's \\\"program\\\" is\\nnot the content of the notebook's cells, but the content of the\\ncells that the analyst runs, in the order in which the analyst\\nruns them. We call this the execution log .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,715,394,954],\"text\":\"We define code gathering as the application of program\\nslicing to an execution log to collect ordered, minimal subsets\\nof code that produced a given result. Program slicing is a\\nstatic analysis technique wherein, given a target statement\\n(called the slicing criterion), program slicing computes the\\nsubset of program statements (called the slice) that affect\\nthe value of the variables at the target statement [38] . In\\nthe notebook context, the variables/outputs that an analyst\\nselects are the slicing criteria, and the gathered code is the\\nslice. We implemented code gathering as a Jupyter Notebook\\nextension with roughly 5,000 lines of TypeScript code. Our\\nimplementation supports notebooks written in Python 3. The\\ndetails in this section could serve as a conceptual template for\\ntool builders seeking to support code gathering for notebooks\\nin other Python-like languages like Julia and R.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,435,658,453],\"text\":\"Collecting and slicing an execution log\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,456,747,599],\"text\":\"To find the code that produces a result, the tools first need\\na complete and ordered record of the code executed in the\\nnotebook. We build such a record, the \\\"execution log,\\\" by\\nsaving a summary of each cell as it is executed. A cell sum-\\nmary contains two parts: first, the cell's code, which will be\\njoined with the code of other cells into a temporary program\\nused to find code dependencies; second, the cell's results,\\nwhich can be used as slicing criteria, and shown in a version\\nbrowser as the output of running that cell.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,599,747,823],\"text\":\"The code for some cells, if included in the execution log,\\nwill cause errors during program slicing. Namely, if the code\\ncontains syntax errors, the temporary program used during\\ndependency analysis will fail to parse, if it raises runtime\\nerrors, a slice containing that cell might raise the same er-\\nror. Therefore, cells with syntax errors and runtime errors\\nare omitted from the log. Ignoring cells with parse errors\\nis consistent with Jupyter's semantics: if an executed cell\\ncontains any parse errors, all of its code is ignored by the\\ninterpreter. Ignoring cells with run-time errors is inconsis-\\ntent with Jupyter's semantics, in that the interpreter will run\\nthe statements up to the point where the error occurs. This\\nlimitation does not cause problems in practice, since analysts\\ntypically correct such errors and re-run the cells.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,823,747,918],\"text\":\"Next, we slice the execution log to produce code slices\\nthat replicate results. When an analyst selects results in a\\nnotebook, they specify slicing criteria. When they select a\\nvariable definition, they add the statement containing the\\nvariable definition as a slicing criterion. When they select a\\ncell's output, they add all statements from that cell.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,918,746,951],\"text\":\"To slice the execution log, there must first be a \\\"program\\\"\\nto slice. We build such a program by filtering the log to\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 270\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/results/markdown/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300500/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300500", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/results/output_json/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[70,122,745,308],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A five-step process diagram illustrates the transformation of a user's selection in a notebook. First, a user selects a result, splitting a log into sections. These sections are then concatenated into a single ordered sequence. Next, specific cells related to the selected result are sliced from this sequence, which are then combined with the original selected result. Finally, a cleaned, ordered, minimal notebook and multiple versions of the result are displayed.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,320,746,380],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Implementation of code gathering . When an analyst wants to gather the code that produced a result, the code gathering\\nbackend splits the log of executed cells at the last cell where the analyst clicked a result, and discards the other cells (1), concatenates the text\\nfrom the remaining cells into a program (2), slices the program using the analyst's selections as a slicing criterion (3), combines the sliced\\ncells with the selected results if they are code outputs (4), and displays these cells in a notebook or a version browser (5).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,401,394,512],\"text\":\"exclude the cells that were executed after the cells containing\\nslicing criteria: these cells won't be included in the slice, and\\nwould unnecessarily slow down the slicing algorithm. Then,\\nthe program is built by joining the text of the remaining cells,\\nin the order they were executed (Figure 5.1–2 ). This program\\nmay include the code of a single cell more than once, e.g., if\\nthe cell was executed twice to compute the chosen result.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,512,395,736],\"text\":\"Finally, we slice the program (Figure 5.3 ). We implemented\\na standard program slicing workflow — parsing the program\\nwith a Jison-generated parser [14] ; searching the parse tree\\nfor variable uses, definitions, and control blocks; computing\\ncontrol dependencies (e.g., dependencies from statements to\\nsurrounding if-conditions and for-loops) and data dependen-\\ncies (e.g., dependencies from statements using a variable to\\nstatements that define or modify that variable); and slicing by\\ntracing back from the slicing criteria to all the statements\\nthey depend on. When computing data dependencies, we\\ndetermine if methods modify their arguments by looking up\\nthis information in a custom, extensible configuration file\\ncontaining data dependencies for functions from common\\ndata analysis libraries (e.g., pandas, matplotlib).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,736,395,848],\"text\":\"Our current implementation supports interactive compu-\\ntation times by splitting slicing into small, reusable parts:\\nwhen a cell is executed, its code is immediately parsed, and\\nits variable definitions and uses detected. With these precom-\\nputed pieces of analysis, gathering takes place at interactive\\nspeeds, as the most costly analyses have been performed\\nbefore the analyst gathers any code.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,868,257,886],\"text\":\"6 IN-LAB USABILITY STUDY\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,890,395,954],\"text\":\"We designed a two-hour, in-lab usability study to understand\\nthe support that code gathering tools can provide to data\\nanalysts as they write code in computational notebooks. We\\nwere fairly confident of the ability of code gathering tools to\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,401,747,513],\"text\":\"eliminate clerical work—like the removal of irrelevant code,\\nor recovery of dead code—given the design of the tool and\\nevidence from several prior pilot studies. Therefore, the ques-\\ntions we sought to answer focused on the match between\\nthe control analysts desired over messy notebooks, and the\\nsupport code gathering tools currently provide. We therefore\\ndesigned our study to answer these research questions:\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,521,747,570],\"text\":\"RQ1. What does it mean to \\\"clean\\\"? When we ask analysts\\nto clean a notebook, what do they do? Could code gathering\\ntools support the work they are doing?\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,577,747,659],\"text\":\"RQ2: How do analysts use code gathering tools during ex-\\nploratory data analysis? In our design of the tools, we hy-\\npothesized that analysts would use the tools for highlight-\\ning code, gathering to notebooks, and version browsing\\nto find, clean, and compare versions of code. Do they?\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,672,747,850],\"text\":\"We invited 200 randomly selected data analysts at a large,\\ndata-driven software company. The invitation stated the re-\\nquirement of experience with Jupyter notebooks and Python.\\nWe recruited 12 participants altogether (aged 25–40 years,\\nmedian age = 29.5 years, 3 female). Participants reported the\\nfollowing median years of experience on an ordinal scale:\\n6–10 years programming; 3–5 years programming in Python;\\nand 1–2 years using Jupyter Notebooks. Five participants\\nreported using Jupyter Notebooks daily; three, weekly; one,\\nmonthly; and three, less than monthly. We compensated\\nparticipants with a US $ 50 Amazon gift card.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,857,747,954],\"text\":\"Tasks. To start, each participant signed a consent form\\nand filled out a background questionnaire. The session then\\nconsisted of two cleaning tasks and an exploratory data anal-\\nysis task. For the two cleaning tasks, we gave participants\\ntwo existing notebooks from the UCSD Jupyter Notebook\\narchive [32] , one about Titanic passengers, and one about\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 270\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/results/markdown/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300500/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300500", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/results/output_json/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,204],\"text\":\"the World Happiness Index. We chose these notebooks be-\\ncause they are in Python, execute without errors, use popular\\nanalysis and visualization libraries, involve non-technical\\ndomains, and are long enough to be worthy of cleaning. We\\ncounterbalanced use of the two notebooks between subjects.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,205,394,522],\"text\":\"For the first cleaning task, we asked the participant to scan\\nthe notebook for an interesting result and to clean the note-\\nbook with the goal of sharing that result with a colleague (10\\nminutes). After a brief tutorial about code gathering, we then\\nasked the participant to repeat the cleaning task on a differ-\\nent notebook, this time using the code gathering features (10\\nminutes). Finally, for the exploratory task, we gave partic-\\nipants a dataset about Hollywood movies and asked them\\nto create their own movie rankings, ready for sharing (up to\\n30 minutes). We chose this dataset as we thought it would\\nbe understandable and interesting to analysts from a wide\\nvariety of backgrounds. During all tasks, participants could\\nuse a web browser to search the web for programming refer-\\nence material. After each of the three tasks, the participant\\nfilled out a questionnaire: the first about how they currently\\nclean notebooks; the second about the usefulness of code\\ngathering tools for notebook cleaning; and the third about\\nthe usefulness of code gathering tools for data exploration.\\nThroughout the tasks, we encouraged participants to think\\naloud, and we transcribed their remarks.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,523,394,602],\"text\":\"Each participant used an eight-core, 64-bit PC with 32\\nGB of RAM, running Windows 10, with two side-by-side\\nmonitors with 1920 × 1200 pixels. One monitor displayed\\nJupyter Notebooks; the other displayed our tutorial and a\\nbrowser opened to a search engine.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,613,149,630],\"text\":\"7 Results\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,635,394,666],\"text\":\"In the section below, we refer to the 12 analysts from the\\nstudy with the pseudonyms P1 – 12.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,677,233,695],\"text\":\"The meaning of “cleaning”\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,698,394,905],\"text\":\"Before giving analysts the tutorial about code gathering tools,\\nwe first asked them to describe their cleaning practice and to\\nclean a notebook in their usual way. This allowed us to under-\\nstand their own interpretation of \\\"cleaning\\\" before biasing\\nthem with our tool's capabilities. Many analysts explained\\n\\\"cleaning\\\" in a way that is compatible with code gathering,\\nnamely keeping a desired subset of results while discarding\\nthe rest (P8, P10–12). Indeed, one analysts' description of\\ncleaning is surprisingly close to the code gathering algorithm:\\n\\\"So I picked a plot that looked interesting and that's maybe\\nsomething I would want to share with someone and then, if\\nyou think of a dependency tree of cells, sort of walked back-\\nwards, removed everything that wasn't necessary\\\" (P10).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,906,394,954],\"text\":\"In their everyday work, some analysts clean by deleting\\nunwanted cells, but most copy/paste desired cells to a fresh\\nnotebook. (One analysts who cleans by deletion initially\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,188],\"text\":\"found the non-destructive nature of code gathering to be\\nunintuitive, but adjusted after practice (P4.) Many described\\nthe process as error-prone and frequently re-execute the\\ncleaned notebook to check that nothing is broken.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,189,746,428],\"text\":\"Every analyst reported that choosing a subset of cells is\\npart of the cleaning process. However, for several analysts,\\n“ cleaning ” includes additional activities. Several analysts re-\\nported that cleaning involves a shift in audience from oneself\\nto other stakeholders, like peers and managers (P1, P5-7,\\nP11). Hence, cleaning involves adding documentation (com-\\nments or markdown) (P1, P5, P7, P10, P11) and polishing\\nvisualizations (e.g., adding titles and legends) (P1, P6). Some\\nanalysts reported that cleanup includes improving both note-\\nbook quality (e.g., merging related cells (P11) and eliminating\\nunwanted outputs (P3, P6)) and code quality (e.g., eliminating\\n(P3, P6) or refactoring (P3, P4, P12) repeated code). Finally,\\nfor some, cleaning involves integrating the code into a team\\nengineering process—for example, by checking the code into\\na repository or turning it into a reusable script (P7).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,443,722,476],\"text\":\"How analysts use code gathering tools to support\\nexploratory data analysis\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,479,747,669],\"text\":\"After both the second notebook cleaning task and the ex-\\nploratory analysis task, we asked analysts to provide sub-\\njective assessments of code gathering, broken down into\\nseven features (Figure 6 ). Gathering code to a new notebook\\nwas the clear favorite, with nearly every analyst rating it as\\n\\\"very useful\\\" for both tasks. The dependency highlights were\\nalso popular. Many analysts did not find opportunities to try\\nthe version browser during the two tasks, likely due to the\\nshort duration of the lab session. Similarly, many analysts did\\nnot experience the recovery of deleted code, either because\\nno relevant code was deleted or because the user interface\\nrecovers deleted code silently.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,681,746,857],\"text\":\"Valued and versatile feature of gathering code to new note-\\nbooks. Nine analysts gathered code to a new notebook at\\nleast once during the exploratory task. Analysts gathered\\ncode to a notebook a median of 1.5 times ( $\\\\sigma = 3.7$ ) during this\\ntask, with one analyst even gathering notebooks 12 times\\n(P3). Analysts most often gathered code to a notebook for its\\nintended purpose of cleaning up their code as a \\\"finishing\\nmove\\\" after exploration (P6). Analysts clearly valued this\\naspect of the tool, calling it \\\"amazing\\\" and \\\"beautiful\\\" (P10),\\nthat they \\\"loved it\\\" (P5), it \\\"hits the nail on the head\\\" (P9),\\nand will save them \\\"a lot of time\\\" (P11).\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,858,746,954],\"text\":\"Analysts saw additional value in gathering code to note-\\nbooks beyond our original design intentions. During the\\nexploratory task, one analyst used gathering to a new note-\\nbook as a lightweight branching scheme. As he explored\\nalternatives, he would gather his preferred alternative to a\\nnew notebook to create a clean slate for further exploration\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 270\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300500/results/markdown/3290605-3300500_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300508/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300508", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/results/output_json/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,37,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[273,101,542,159],\"text\":\"“Beautiful Seams”:\\nStrategic Revelations and Concealments\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[165,181,329,272],\"text\":\"Sarah Inman\\n\\nHuman Centered Design and\\nEngineering\\n\\nUniversity of Washington\\nSeattle, WA, USA\\nsinman1@uw.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[449,179,612,273],\"text\":\"David Ribes\\n\\nHuman Centered Design and\\nEngineering\\nUniversity of Washington\\nSeattle, WA, USA\\n\\ndrbies@uw.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,302,149,321],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,325,392,609],\"text\":\"This paper tracks a debate that occurred, first, within the\\nfield of Ubiquitous Computing but quickly spread to CHI\\nand beyond, in which design scholars argued that\\nseamlessness had long been an implicit and privileged\\ndesign virtue, often at the expense of seamlessness.\\nSeamless design emphasizes clarity, simplicity, ease of\\nuse, and consistency to facilitate technological interaction.\\nSeamful design emphasizes configurability, user\\nappropriation, and revelation of complexity, ambiguity or\\ninconsistency. Here we review these literatures together\\nand argue that, rather than rival approaches, seamless and\\nseamless design are complements, each emphasizing\\ndifferent aspects of downstream user agency. Ultimately,\\nwe situate this debate within the larger, perennial\\ndiscussion about the strategic revelation and concealment\\nof human and technological operations and therein the\\nrole of design.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,616,172,634],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[69,638,392,668],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → HCI theory, concepts and\\nmodels.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,675,150,693],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,697,394,729],\"text\":\"Seamful and seamless design; infrastructure; ubiquitous\\ncomputing; temporality.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,742,186,756],\"text\":\"ACM Reference format:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,756,394,822],\"text\":\"Inman, Sarah & Ribes, David. 2019. \\\"Beautiful Seas\\\". Strategic\\nRevelations and Conclusions. In 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors\\nin Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow,\\nScotland. http://doi.org/10.1145/3296605.3318710\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,311,560,329],\"text\":\"1   INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,336,747,382],\"text\":\"If something has been taken over for me, is there a presentation of\\nwhat has been taken over that I can bring to the fore whenever I like,\\nincluding retroactively? - Mark Weiser [50]\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,389,746,789],\"text\":\"A longstanding issue for technology design, particularly\\ninformation technology, is how much of its internal\\noperations to reveal or conceal from its users. Often,\\nsystems are described as usable or transparent, valuing\\ntheir tidy or simple arrangement, but at other times we\\nvalue their configurability and seek deeper understandings\\nof the detail and complexity of the system. Some studies\\ncast the issue negatively, such as the `black boxing' of\\nmachine learning or algorithms [21] . Others laud what\\nseems the very same thing, such as `infrastructure', which\\npresents a generally positive valence for getting potable\\nwater from faucets without having to encounter the process\\nof purification, or conducting high-performance computing\\nwithout the hassle of setting up a complex architecture [37,\\n38] . The \\\"cloud\\\" is a particularly vivid divergent case\\ntoday, as some [2] point to a novel arrangement enabling\\neasy storage, representation, and computing, while others\\ncall for remembering the forgotten materiality of\\ncomputing [18] and its increasingly distanced\\nenvironmental consequences [36] . Taken as a whole,\\nneither the revelation or concealment of technological\\naction can be approached as a simple virtue or vice; rather,\\nit is a central topic we wrestle with in the abstract but must\\nultimately resolve in design practice.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,790,746,940],\"text\":\"The matter is particularly pressing today, as, for example,\\nthe revelation and concealment of the operations of\\ntechnology are relevant to everyday lives (e.g., what is or is\\nnot captured in activity on social media [17] ), national and\\nglobal politics (e.g. what nation is influencing this or that\\nelectorate), and to science and engineering (e.g. what data\\ntransformations have occurred to make evidentiary claims\\n[37] ). In 1996, Susan Leigh Star [45] observed the dual\\nmeaning of transparency; in technical circles, transparency\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[70,827,191,873],\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,874,372,895],\"text\":\"This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial\\nInternational 4.0 License.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,899,259,931],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright is held by the owner/author(s).\\nISBN 978-3-030-56770-6/55900000 $90.00 + .00\\nwww.cognizanticomm.com 978-3-030-56770-6/55900000 $30.00\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 278\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/results/markdown/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300508/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300508", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/results/output_json/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,100,393,182],\"text\":\"acted as roughly the equivalent to ease of use or usability,\\nwhile in political circles it took an opposite meaning,\\nroughly referring to open and accountable processes. Thus,\\nthe matters we address in this paper are both timely, and\\nperhaps, timeless.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,183,394,549],\"text\":\"Here we will address the matter through a review of\\nwhat has become a particularly fruitful approach: seamless\\nand seamless design. Roughly, seamless design emphasizes\\nclarity, simplicity, ease of use, and consistency to facilitate\\ntechnological interaction. In contrast, seamless design\\nemphasizes configurability, user appropriation, and\\nrevelation of complexity, ambiguity, or inconsistency.\\nHowever, these two design approaches have not had an\\nequal standing: until recently, seamlessness has tended to\\nbe valued over usefulness. Seamlessness has a long\\nhistory preceding its use in information technology, but it is\\nfirst within Ubiquitous Computing that seamless gained its\\ntheoretical complement: seamless. Mark Weiser is perhaps\\nmost recognized in his call for seamlessness in Ubiquitous\\nComputing writing that, \\\"a good tool is an invisible tool. By\\ninvisible, I mean that the tool does not intrude on your\\nconsciousness; you focus on the task, not the tool\\\" [51] .\\nHowever, only shortly after Weiser prefigured the critique\\nof seamlessness when he advocated for \\\"seamful systems\\\"\\nor those with \\\"beautiful seams\\\" [49, 53] , calling for well-\\ndesigned configurability and strategic revelation of\\ncomplexity, error, or backgrounded tasks.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,550,394,817],\"text\":\"For the first half of this paper we will focus on the debate\\nabout seamfulness and seamlessness as it was articulated\\nwithin, firstly, the field of UbiComp, but then quickly\\nadopted within CHI and CSCW. Here, researchers sought to\\nidentify what they asserted was previously an implicit\\ndesign virtue – seamlessness – and sought to articulate the\\nalternate position of seamfulness by questioning “ the\\nassumption that seamless integration of computer system\\ncomponents is necessarily a design requirement ” [15] .\\nWhile we agree with the assertion that seamlessness has\\nbeen an implicit design virtue, we have found that\\nseamfulness too has long been a design virtue. Our\\nargument, then, is that the critique of seamlessness by\\nadvocates of seamfulness has led to a stronger, clearer\\narticulation of both concepts and their design\\nconsequences.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,818,394,934],\"text\":\"A central recurrent concept in the seamless/less literature\\nhas been “ agency ” , particularly the agency of the user, but\\nat times the agency of the designer or system. For example,\\nChalmers [10] writes that “ any design makes manifest\\ndesigners' implicit and explicit assumptions with regard to\\nhow to reduce, formalize, or objectify context and activity\\ni.e. the choice for the system designer is not whether to\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,100,746,317],\"text\":\"reduce, objectify, or constrain users' context, but how . ” A\\nparsimonious, tidy, clean, or self-explanatory interface\\ngrants agency to users by lowering technical barriers of\\nentry, by facilitating quick access to common operations, or\\noffering familiar interactions rather than a cacophony of\\ninterface languages. Seamlessness can be enabling. But a\\nhighly configurable technology, adaptable to unforeseen\\ncircumstances and novel uses, revealing of its complex\\ninternal computations, transformations, limits and\\nboundaries, too is enabling at times and for some . In short,\\ncontrary to what some authors have asserted, increased or\\ndecreased agency is not the bailiwick of either seamless nor\\nseamless design.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,317,746,484],\"text\":\"Throughout this paper, we illustrate these concepts with\\nthe cases of design and analysis that have sought to\\nexemplify them. We draw extensively from examples in the\\nliterature, but we do not limit ourselves to cases drawn\\nfrom professional design. It is often specific user groups\\nthat modify, build on top of, or hack existing tools to suit\\ntheir particular needs by adding additional seams. We draw\\non such cases in ecological science to show how specialized\\nusers, such as scientists, create their own, occasioned seams\\n[26] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,485,746,751],\"text\":\"In the second half of the paper, we trace this discussion\\npast its initial formulations to those who have adopted\\nthese concepts beyond UbiComp, CHI, and CSCW. The\\nlineage we follow begins with design but eventually\\noverflows it, becoming a debate about world views: is the\\nextant or ideal world seamless, or, is it fundamentally\\nseamful, perhaps desirably so? Ultimately, the language of\\nseamful/less engages a deeper issue: the revelations and\\nconcealments of human and technological operations and\\ntheir relationship to agency. Fields such as Infrastructure\\nStudies and Science and Technology Studies (STS) have\\nlong wrestled with such topics as well, and recently have\\nfound some value in seamless/less literature. These\\ndiscussions thus offer an opening to longstanding questions\\nof technological revelation, concealment, along with those\\nof user, designer, and system agency.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,752,745,834],\"text\":\"The discussion section assembles conceptual and design\\ntechniques developed to inquire upon and enact seamful\\nand seamless design. We conclude with a synthetic view on\\nthe seamless/less debate, casting it as a mutual conceptual\\narticulation.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,850,703,867],\"text\":\"2 METHODS AND ANALYTIC APPROACH\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,874,745,907],\"text\":\"In our review, we were particularly concerned with the\\nfollowing questions:\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[445,913,745,945],\"text\":\"• How have seamlessness and seamfulness acted as\\nimplicit design virtues?\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 278\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/results/markdown/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300508/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300508", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/results/output_json/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[92,103,394,163],\"text\":\"• How have critiques of seamlessness led to a\\nstronger articulation of the concept, along with\\nopening the possibility of seamlessness as a design\\nvirtue?\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,169,385,188],\"text\":\"As the paper proceeds, the second half is concerned with:\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[92,193,394,288],\"text\":\"• How has the concept of seamlessness been taken\\nup in fields outside of design?\\n• How do seamlessness and seamlessness speak to\\nbroader issues of technological and human\\nrevelation and concealment, and of user,\\ndesigner, and system agency?\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,292,369,309],\"text\":\"Our discussion and conclusion return to design to ask:\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[92,316,393,349],\"text\":\"• What are the different techniques or 'tricks of the\\ntrade' for doing seamless and meanful design?\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,353,394,621],\"text\":\"Our review is based on articles found on two database\\nplatforms available online: ProQuest and Google Scholar.\\nWe conducted our search during August 2017-August\\n2018 using the following keywords: \\\"seamless design\\\"\\n\\\"seamless,\\\" \\\"seamful\\\" \\\"seamfulness\\\" and \\\"seamful design\\\".\\nIn our initial search, we only included the first 150 papers\\nthat mentioned \\\"seamful\\\", only peer-reviewed articles,\\nand only those studies published in English. Although\\nseamfulness comes from Ubiquitous Computing, we did\\nnot restrict the search to design or ubiquitous computing\\nfields. Additionally, for some highly cited papers, we\\nsampled the first 30 papers from those that cited the paper\\nto understand how researchers and practitioners have\\nused the term. Finally, we reviewed all papers that\\nmentioned seamful in the abstract within ACM's CHI\\ndigital library.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,621,394,771],\"text\":\"Limitations of this review include the inability to probe\\nother discussions on similar themes if they are not using\\nthe term `seamless' or `seamful'. In this way, the work is\\nspecifically focused on the language of seams and how it\\nhas evolved amidst shifting technological and societal\\nchanges. While issues of temporality, invisibility, and\\nuncertainty are not solely in the domain of seamful/less\\nliterature, we see these overlaps as speaking to the\\nbroader impacts of this literature review.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,772,394,922],\"text\":\"Both seamless and seamless design are often concerned\\nwith what users can or cannot do, and to a lesser extent\\nwhat designers or systems can (or should) do. Agency is\\noften addressed directly in the seamless literature, while\\nmore tacitly in discussions of seamlessness. For example,\\nSengers and Gaver [42] argue that seamless designs\\n“ explicitly represent the limitations and uncertainties in\\ndata, allowing users to make up their own minds about\\nhow to interpret it. ”\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,102,746,385],\"text\":\"In this paper we will not offer a definitive definition or\\ntheoretical stance on `agency', instead, as is appropriate\\nfor a literature review, we will closely attend to how\\nvarious formulations of agency have been deployed by the\\nauthors we review. The advocates of seamless have\\ndrawn attention to certain enabling and disabling\\nproperties of design, while the advocates of usefulness\\nhave emphasized others. Here we present them together,\\nwithout offering a resolution as such, but instead seeking\\nto sustain the tension between them. We believe the\\ntension is not resolvable in the abstract; once again, it is a\\nmatter of strategic revelation and concealment in situated\\ndesign decision-making. Thus, we seek to render available\\nfor consideration what is at stake in decisions for and\\nagainst seamless and scanful design, as well as provide\\ntechniques for considering the downstream consequences\\nthat follow from such design decisions.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,386,746,603],\"text\":\"Occasionally, in the literatures we review here, authors\\nhave approached seamfulness and seamless as\\nopposites, even taking stances against one or the other.\\nHowever, as in their original formulations, here we will\\napproach these concepts together as complements. Taken\\ntogether these concepts suggest that decisions about\\nrevelation or concealment, simplicity or configurability,\\nshould be strategic, recognizing that both can be enabling\\neven while each exacts a cost. We hope the term\\n\\\"strategic\\\" evokes a situated designer making\\nconsequential decisions that, even when following the\\nbest available process, ultimately, faces uncertain\\ndownstream trajectories of use.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,618,673,636],\"text\":\"3    SEAMFUL AND SEAMLESS DESIGN\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,642,747,943],\"text\":\"It is more challenging to find explicit definitions of\\nseamlessness than its counterpart, particularly at the\\nmoment we pick up this debate in the early 2000s. Early\\npapers that sought to articulate seamfulness argued that\\nseamlessness was a longstanding, implicit design virtue\\nfor computing, interfaces, and systems. From our literature\\nreview, they are largely correct. As a taken-for-granted\\nvirtue, most uses of the term seamless are not\\naccompanied by a definition, explicit argumentation about\\nthe value of seamlessness, nor empirical investigation of\\nits practical instantiation. There is a vast literature on how\\nbest to achieve seamlessness in its many forms, but very\\nlittle on whether seamlessness should be a priority. As\\nsuch, assembling a definition for seamless design from the\\nliterature involves inferring from heterogenous uses,\\ninconsistent definitions, and sometimes contradictory\\njustifications. Below we first seek to assemble an\\nunderstanding of seamlessness from its advocates, but\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 278\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/results/markdown/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300508/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300508", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/results/output_json/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,99,394,200],\"text\":\"ultimately, the most cogent definitions come from those\\nespousing seamfulness, as they set themselves to the task\\nof articulating what had thus far proceeded as a tacit\\ndesign virtue. Following this, we trace uses of seamful\\ndesign in UbiComp, and then more broadly in CHI and\\nCSCW.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,211,191,227],\"text\":\"3.1    Seamlessness\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,232,395,398],\"text\":\"Mark Weiser was first to explicitly articulate\\nseamfulness for the Ubiquitous Computing research\\ncommunity. His writings are historically situated in an era\\nin which the move to push personal computers \\\"into the\\nbackground\\\" [51] promised to take users into more\\ncollaborative environments. In The computer for the 21 st\\ncentury [51] , Weiser introduced a vision for Ubiquitous\\nComputing that highlighted the seamless integration of\\ncomputers into a world where screens would largely be\\nbackgrounded, relinquishing demands on our attention.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,399,394,633],\"text\":\"This set up Weiser's proposal for calm or ambient\\ntechnology, which he developed with John Seely Brown.\\nThe justification for calm technology is that it engages\\n“ both the center and the periphery of our attention ” and\\n“ moves back and forth between the two. ” They defined\\nperiphery as “ what we are attuned to without attending to\\nexplicitly. ” They drew on an example of driving and how\\nattention is not focused on the engine until an unusual\\nnoise occurs. Regardless of the name (e.g. “ calm ” ,\\n“ ambient ” , “ invisible ” ), the sentiment is the same that\\nthe ideal in an era that increasingly values seamless\\ninteraction is that a computer should become so\\nembedded, “ so fitting, so natural, that we use it without\\neven thinking about it ” [54] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,634,395,919],\"text\":\"However, as early advocates of seamlessness argued,\\nseamlessness preceded these explicit formulations of its\\nmeaning, long serving as a tacit design virtue. Early\\nvisions of seamlessness operated in a space that valued\\ntechnology as invisible or backgrounded to the user.\\nWriting for the CSCW community, Ishii [6] noted that\\n\\\"existing individual workspaces must be integrated so that\\nusers can shuttle smoothly between their individual\\nworkspaces and the virtual shared workspace.\\\" In this\\nvision, seams were problematized as something that\\nneeded to be overcome. In later work by Ishii, the\\nseamless solution to reconciling the disjuncture between\\nphysical and digital space was to encode physical objects\\nwith digital information. In this way, the act of coupling\\nthe digital and physical seamlessly extended the digital\\nrealm by taking advantage of \\\"natural physical\\naffordances to achieve a heightened legibility and\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,99,745,132],\"text\":\"seamlessness of interaction between people and\\ninformation [28] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,132,746,450],\"text\":\"Following this, initial CHI research that drew on the\\nword \\\"seams\\\" treated them as undesirable, something to\\nbe designed out or overcome, again taking seamlessness\\nas an implicit virtue. In this vision of seamless users\\nneeded not to think or be confronted with any cognitive\\ndiscontinuity, lest they reject the tools [23] . Furthermore,\\nseamlessness was presented as a novel design challenge,\\nan opportunity to investigate how to overcome these\\ndiscontinuities between the virtual environment (or user\\ninterface) and the actual desktop (or hardware). For\\nexample, using Gruzin [23] as their point of departure,\\nMackinlay and Heer [33] argued for \\\"mitigating\\\" seams by\\ncreating seam-aware applications. Rather than dealing\\nwith issues of disruption between physical and virtual\\nworlds, they were concerned with seams that interrupt a\\nholistic view. One example they used is a graph that does\\nnot fit on a single monitor. As such, the image must be\\nstitched together across multiple screens requiring a\\n\\\"seam-aware\\\" system.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,451,746,683],\"text\":\"Taken as a tacit ideal, we can observe how many\\npopularizations and simplified design heuristics drawn\\nfrom HCI findings take seamlessness to be an implicit\\nvirtue. For instance, almost all of Neilsen's classic\\nheuristics [34] for good user interface design can be read\\nas instantiations of seamlessness, e.g., \\\"Users should not\\nhave to wonder whether different words, situations, or\\nactions mean the same thing\\\" or by valuing \\\"design which\\nprevents a problem from occurring in the first place.\\\"\\nMore broadly, almost all handbooks of HCI design\\nencourage smoothing distinctions between the virtual\\nworld and the “ real world\\\", contextualize errors and\\nuncertainties, and call for ease of use, simplicity, and\\nstandardized design.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,683,740,933],\"text\":\"However, the matter is not so simple. Accompanying\\nsuch embedded valuing of seamlessness in popular\\ndesign accounts are themes that begin to approach\\nseamfulness. For example, Neilsen's heuristic continued,\\n“ either eliminate error-prone conditions or check for\\nthem and present users with a confirmation option\\nbefore they commit to the action. ” The latter suggestion\\ncould be read as the suggestion to create “ a beautiful\\nseam ” [48] , easily revealing an error or presenting the\\nuser with a choice. In other words, it may be the case\\nthat seamfulness itself has a long history as a tacit design\\nvirtue alongside seamlessness; though it certainly\\nappears that seamlessness was cast as a higher ideal,\\nwith seamfulness positioned as a pragmatic, second-\\nchoice alternative.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 278\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/results/markdown/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300508/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300508", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/results/output_json/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,101,205,119],\"text\":\"3.2    Seamful Design\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,121,394,456],\"text\":\"Initial authors on seamfulness [4, 14, 15, 32] took\\nseamlessness as their foil. They sought to characterize\\nseamlessness as a long standing but unacknowledged\\ndesign virtue, and as such, they offered various explicit\\ndefinitions of seamlessness, along with their own\\nreparative concept, seamfulness. Chalmers as well as\\nMacColl, Galani, and Bell did much of the synthetic work\\nin the early 2000s as they highlighted Weiser's initial\\nintroductions to seamfulness in his invited talks to UIST\\nin 1994 [49] and USENIX in 1995 [53] . It is in these\\npublications and talks that Weiser suggested that seamful\\nsystems may too be a goal rather than pure seamlessness.\\nThe initial literature on seamfulness can thus be read as\\nchallenging the implicit hierarchy that placed\\nseamlessness as an ideal solution, seeking to debunk the\\n\\\"the assumption that seamless integration of computer\\nsystem components is necessarily a design requirement\\\"\\n[13] . Below, we present some of the major themes from\\nour review, which we will cover again in the discussion\\nsection.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_3\",\"bbox\":[69,468,270,486],\"text\":\"3.2.1 Visibility and Invisibility\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,489,394,907],\"text\":\"Much of the initial work in seamful design was focused\\non managing the distribution of infrastructural resources\\n(e.g. network connectivity) across space. While equating\\nseamful with visibility and openness, Chalmers et al. [8]\\nequated seamless with invisible and closed—casting them\\nas opposites. In his early writings on seamfulness,\\nChalmers [13] wrote that a central feature of the work is\\nmaking seams “into explicit resources for interaction.”\\nThe project they used to illustrate the usefulness of seams\\nwas a ”seamful map” designed to allow users to “take\\nadvantage of the spatial variation of [wifi] network\\ncoverage” by visualizing the areas of varying levels of\\nsignal strength around the researchers’ university – see\\nfigure 1 . In the grids colored green, the signal strength is\\nstrong; whereas, in areas in red, the connection is absent.\\nThey noted that the presentation and visibility of this\\ninformation could allow users to exploit, rather than be\\nunaware of, uneven network coverage: users could\\n“change an aspect of their non-digital context – [physical]\\nposition – in order to change digital aspects of their\\ncontext such as database accessibility and social aspects\\nsuch as being reachable by one’s boss” [12] . Thus, this\\nseamful design, Chalmers et al. [13] argued, is enabling by\\nallowing users to act with uneven network coverage,\\nrather than finding it to be solely an opaque hindrance.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_006.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_006.png\",\"bbox\":[419,98,742,297],\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"An aerial grayscale city view displays buildings, roads, and trees. A grid of colored squares (green, yellow, orange, and red) is overlaid on a diagonal strip through the city, with green concentrated in central areas and red/orange towards the periphery.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,308,746,371],\"text\":\"Figure 1: From [13], \\\"seamful\\\" map illustrating the\\ndistribution of network connectivity on campus. Image\\nreproduced by permission of the Institution of\\nEngineering and Technology.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,387,739,770],\"text\":\"Another early example of seatful design in CHI was\\nFeeding Yoshi [4] , a game played across three different\\ncities. The study centered around uncertainty about\\nnetwork connectivity in the player's environment.\\nInstead of viewing breakdown of connectivity as a\\nproblem, they looked at other potential constraints (e.g.\\nfinancial) around losing connectivity. They noted that\\nsystem design should not assume that network\\nconnectivity is \\\"uniformly and unproblematically\\navailable\\\" as users \\\"may have to handle breakdowns and\\nexceptions to this assumption.\\\" Bell et al. [4] went on to\\ncharacterize strategies for dealing with breakdown and\\nexplored the \\\"impact of variation or uncertainty with\\nregard to location and network connectivity.\\\" Their\\nstrategies included removing variation, hiding variation\\nin the system design, managing user activity, revealing\\nvariation, or exploiting variation or uncertainty as a\\ndesign resource. Exploiting variation and revealing is a\\nparticularly seatful approach in that it takes disjuncture\\nto be a resource. As we will see later in our review, such\\nconcerns with invisible infrastructure and its potentially\\ndeleterious effects dovetail with the core concerns for\\nthe field of infrastructure studies.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,771,739,923],\"text\":\"Chalmers and Galani [14] also refer to \\\"breakdown\\\" or\\n\\\"when the affordances of even the most familiar tool\\nmay significantly differ from those of everyday ready-to-\\nhand use\\\". In their paper, they alluded to findings from\\ninfrastructure studies, design theorists, and political\\nphilosophy when asking how a tool can become invisible\\n[48] . Infrastructural provisions such as network\\nconnectivity or electricity are examples of resources that\\nare often metaphorically and physically out of sight. In\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 278\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/results/markdown/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300508/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300508", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/results/output_json/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,99,389,132],\"text\":\"an infrastructural sense, breakdown is a method for\\nelucidating what is happening behind the scenes.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_3\",\"bbox\":[69,143,309,161],\"text\":\"3.2.2 Uncertainty and Appropriation\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,164,389,549],\"text\":\"Designing for appropriation is a common theme in\\nthe seamful literature. MacColl et al. [32] emphasized\\ntwo examples of seams in Ubiquitous Computing:\\nuncertainty and appropriation. Chalmers et al. [13] cited\\nBenford as offering four presentation policies for using\\nand presenting seams (specifically with respect to\\nbreakdowns in connection to WiFi): pessimistic; showing\\nonly information that is known to be correct; optimistic;\\nshowing all information as if it was correct; cautious;\\nexplicitly presenting uncertainty; opportunistic;\\nexploiting uncertainty [20] . Gaver et al.'s [20] use of\\nopportunistic presentations has become the standard\\nview of seamfulness: that inaccuracies, uncertainties, and\\nboundaries in a system can be exploited as a resource. In\\nother words, that seams or gaps can be seen “ as a\\nfeature, not a bug. ” This form of presentation has been\\npopular in user experience design circles as a way of\\nunderstanding how users behave and what types of\\ndesign encourage emergent activity. Arguing that\\nambiguity (or uncertainty) can be a resource for design,\\nGaver et al. [20] showed that while ambiguity may\\nappear to be antithetical to usability, ambiguity and\\nuncertainty are in fact part of achieving usability.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,550,394,817],\"text\":\"Around the time that designing around uncertainty was\\ncast as a novel approach, designing applications for game\\ninterfaces was a growing interest for researchers as it\\noffered opportunities to merge virtual and physical worlds\\nin ways that more traditional work around bridging the\\ngap between the interface and the physical desktop\\nhardware could not satisfy. Many of these interfaces were\\nwithin location-based gaming applications that explored\\nhow seams between services like network distribution ( [4,\\n5, 8, 14] ), dynamic cell-coverage [8] , GPS resolution [25] ,\\nand sensor accuracy [13] could be seen as features, not\\nlimitations. These were not just seams between virtual\\nand real, but opportunities to explore user behavior [30] .\\nMost of the projects of this kind were based on the\\nchallenge of bridging the gap between simulation and the\\n“ real-world ” .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_3\",\"bbox\":[69,829,305,845],\"text\":\"3.2.3 Time and Interaction Histories\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,849,394,934],\"text\":\"Closely related to prior discussion of visibility is the\\nrole of the past in understanding or predicting present\\nactions. While Chalmers and Galani [3] highlighted the\\nimportance of heterogeneity—spatial, temporal, and\\ntechnological—it has largely been spatial and\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,99,746,232],\"text\":\"technological heterogeneity that is emphasized in\\napplications of seamless design. Much of the work in the\\nearly 2000s involved designing location-based applications\\nand games for revealing the seams of network\\nconnectivity or providing users an opportunity to\\nappropriate the seams they know exist [4, 10, 13, 14] . A\\nmajor gap in much of the literature to date are examples\\nof seamless design as it relates to temporality.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,233,747,516],\"text\":\"Chalmers [9] explored the role of interaction history in\\nshaping present activity highlighting the tensions between\\nrevealing and concealing: “ presumably we cannot reveal\\nevery detail of the entire system all the time, and so we will\\nhave to be selective and, to some extent, reductive with\\nregard to the features and processes we open up. ” To\\nresolve the issues of how to couple and connect systems,\\nhe proposed “ tracking and logging user activity and\\nmaking it a resource for users and developers. ” In this\\nwork, he and others in his lab built a tool to “ combine logs\\nfrom PDAs and the server in the seamless game, and\\noverlaying the street map with data on game events and\\nsystem log data so as to visualize or `replay' the game. ”\\nWhile there are many examples of how a history of\\ninteractions can be useful for design, they are largely\\ndesigned for spatial context. Rather than positioning the\\nuser in time, the user is always positioned spatially.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,517,746,700],\"text\":\"Although still focused on issues of merging physical\\nand digital environments, Crabtree and Rodden [16]\\npushed forward the work on seams by looking not just at\\nbreakdown, but traceability of users, highlighting the\\nways that seams can serve as mechanisms of interaction.\\nIn a study on network use and indoor localization, Savic\\n[39] followed the logs for “usage of data, cell towers,\\nSMSs, and location estimation based on WiFi fingerprints ”\\nand used triangulation to localize mobile devices. Again,\\nthe focus remained on aggregating and visualizing\\nspatially-relevant observations.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,701,747,934],\"text\":\"Drawing on the slow technology movement [24] , Sia n ˜\\nLindley [31] noted how “ unlike concepts such as `space'\\nand `place', which have been the subject of careful enquiry\\nand definition, time is considered sporadically and in\\nrather heterogeneous ways. ” Similarly, in her research in\\nthe Change Islands, Sengers [41] highlighted some of\\nthese facets finding that in an increasingly automated and\\ntechnified world, time has become a commodity rather\\nthan a contextually important facet for design. As\\nUbiComp considered space as an opportunity to deploy\\nmore and more sensors, connecting the physical space\\nwith the virtual, time has been delegated in less\\nconspicuous ways. The increase in GPS accuracy may be\\nclosely attended to with respect to where it breaks down;\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 278\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/results/markdown/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300508/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300508", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/results/output_json/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,101,394,134],\"text\":\"however, less consideration has focused on the\\ndisappearance, concealing, or standardization of time.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,146,302,163],\"text\":\"3.3    Cognitivism and interactionism\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,166,395,502],\"text\":\"The discussion of seamless and seamful design has\\nplayed out larger debates about cognitivism and\\ninteractionism, respectively. In his earlier essays, Weiser\\n[51] characterized invisibility as \\\"a fundamental\\nconsequence not of technology, but of human psychology,\\\"\\nand drew on formulations from cognitive science and\\nphenomenology, such as Polanyi's \\\"tact dimension\\\",\\nGadamer's \\\"horizon\\\", Heidegger's \\\"ready to hand\\\" vs\\n\\\"present at hand\\\" distinctions, and Herb Simon's\\n\\\"compiling\\\". Thus, in its earliest formulations,\\nseamlessness was cast as a virtue through a conceptual\\ncoupling with lowered cognitive load, and thus freedom:\\n\\\"only when things disappear in this way are we freed to\\nuse them without thinking and so to focus beyond them\\non new goals\\\" [51] . Such formulations are \\\"cognitivist\\\" in\\nthat they took as their exemplar users with discrete mental\\ncapacities focused on a well-bounded task, seeking to\\nminimize intrusions, breakdowns, or distractions. The user\\nwas cast as having limited attention; shifting focus came\\nat a cognitive cost; intrusions were distractions.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,502,395,618],\"text\":\"Later, perhaps, Weiser reconsidered these ideas and\\noffered a more expansive non-cognitive definition:\\n\\\"Invisibility is a property of people, technology, and\\nthe situation in which we find ourselves\\\" [55] thus,\\npresaging criticisms by advocates of seamfulness that\\nrooted technological invisibility not in (human) nature but\\norganizational and design decision-making.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,618,395,936],\"text\":\"We use the term \\\"interactionist\\\" in the sense imparted\\nby sociological perspectives such as\\nsymbolic interactionism or ethnomethodology,\\nemphasizing collective situated action [6, 46] . The\\nexemplar in interactionist formulations is not of a\\ncogitating user in front of a computer, but rather multiple\\nhumans situated in one or more organizational settings,\\nengaging each other, artifacts, and a series of complex and\\ncompeting tasks that unfold over time. In such\\nformulations, users are inherently encountering distinct\\ncircumstances rather than the “ well-bounded problems ”\\nemphasized by cognitivist researchers, and are\\ncontinuously and simultaneously engaged in creative\\nproblem-solving and organizational accountability, doing\\nso by drawing on resources at hand. In some sense,\\ncognitivism and interactionism represent distinct world-\\nviews; in the next section we outline how seamful\\ndesigners drew on interactionist formulations. Whether\\nseamlessness is necessarily cognitivist, and seamlessness\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,101,745,134],\"text\":\"necessarily interactionist remains to be seen, and has not\\nyet received empirical, design, or theoretical exposition.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,146,719,163],\"text\":\"3.4 From Seamful Design to a Seamful World?\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,166,746,282],\"text\":\"Ultimately, seamless and seamfulness speak to \\nlongstanding discussions about the revelation and \\nconcealment of human and technological operations. As \\nsuch, this section returns to discussions in UbiComp but \\nthen circles outwards to STS and infrastructure studies, \\nconcluding by connecting seamless and seamless design to \\nlonger historical arcs of design and social theory.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,283,746,434],\"text\":\"Bell and Dourish [3] cast a wider critique of Ubiquitous\\nComputing, noting that UbiComp not only took\\nseamlessness to be a design virtue, but often assumed it to\\nbe a universal ideal, and even at times a description of the\\nextant world: \\\"the seamlessly interconnected world of\\n[UbiComps'] future scenarios is at best a misleading\\nvision and at worst a dangerous one. Homogeneity and an\\nerasure of differentiation is a common feature of\\n[UbiComps] envisioned future environment.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,435,746,869],\"text\":\"Dourish and Bell [3] reversed this assumption of a\\nseamless world, and instead took it to be messy and\\ncomplex, and that furthermore such seamfulness should\\nbe seen as a potential resource rather than as a problem to\\novercome: \\\"The rhetoric of seamlessness is often opposed\\nto the inherently fragmented nature of social and cultural\\nencounters with spaces; we need to be able to understand\\nhow UbiComp might support rather than erase these\\ndistinctions.\\\" They programmatically called for design\\nthat finds opportunities within, rather than resolutions for\\nsuch seams, highlighting and sustaining the “messiness of\\neveryday life\\\" as a central component. For Dourish and\\nBell [3], it was less about becoming invisible and instead\\nabout becoming mundane, describing ubiquitous\\ncomputing devices as \\\"highly present, visible, and\\nbranded, but perhaps still unremarkable.\\\" Drawing on Star\\nand Bowker's [7] investigations of infrastructure and\\nclassification work, Bell and Dourish [3] noted that while\\na common ideal for infrastructure is ease and invisibility,\\nin practice infrastructures are often visible through\\nbreakdown, through efforts to modify and adapt them, or\\nthrough local solutions to interconnect them. As Star\\nwrote, 'For the person in the wheelchair, the stairs and\\ndoor jamb in front of a building are not seamless\\nsubtenders of use, but barriers. One person's\\ninfrastructure is another's difficulty' [44].\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,869,746,936],\"text\":\"In a similar vein, Vertesi [47] brought the concept of\\nseamfulness to STS and infrastructure studies. Less\\nfocused on design, and more akin to Dourish and Bell's\\nformulation of a seamless world, Vertesi's conception of\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 278\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/results/markdown/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300508/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300508", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/results/output_json/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,99,394,484],\"text\":\"infrastructures was of a seamless space . She illustrated the\\nconcept with an exemplary case drawn from her fieldwork\\nat a NASA facility in Spain: Hidden behind desks and\\nfiling cabinets, she found the tangled wires of a power\\nconverter, transforming the American standard electric\\ngrid into a Spanish one. The NASA facility itself operated\\non the American standard, converting the power it drew\\nfrom the Spanish grid for the scientific instrumentation\\nthat inhibited the NASA facility designed for the US. But\\nlocal Spaniards working at the facility had, in turn, sought\\nto convert that power back to the Spanish standard that\\npowered their phones and computers. In this multi-layered\\nand nested infrastructure what is seamless and what is\\nseamless? Through great effort, a Spanish power source\\nhad been converted to an American one for an entire\\nfacility. Once completed, this work faded into the\\nbackground as a stable American standard power\\ninfrastructure; but not for those who had sought to make\\ntheir own local Spanish devices work once again. Much\\nlike Star [44] asserted for infrastructure more generally,\\nseamfulness and seamlessness are a relational property:\\nwhat is easy for one is a challenge for someone else and,\\nin turn, the everyday work of another.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,484,394,666],\"text\":\"It is, in part, through Vertesi's work that the concept of\\nseamlessness has reached a broader audience than\\nCHI/CSWC/UbiComp, with influences in communication\\nand human geography. In turn, Vertesi's formulations\\nquickly returned to CHI, for example with Dailey and\\nStarbird [17] characterizing “ social media seamsters ” who\\nassemble heterogeneous, on-the-fly communication\\nnetworks to manage local disasters. Employing the\\nconcept as it had been interpreted by Vertesi for the STS\\ncommunity, Dailey and Star returned it to the CHI\\ncommunity in this new formulation.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,666,394,817],\"text\":\"The specific language of seamfulness is relatively new\\nfor infrastructure studies and STS, but the gist of the\\nmatter — the revelations and concealments of human and\\ntechnological action, and their relationship to agency —\\nare longstanding themes for these fields. We have already\\ndiscussed concepts such as infrastructure, but similar\\nthemes are addressed through terms such as ‘black\\nboxing’, ‘interpretive flexibility’, ‘technological closure’,\\nand ‘invisible work’.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,818,394,935],\"text\":\"In their classic studies of urban infrastructure, Graham\\nand Marvin [22] painted a long historical picture, crafting\\ntwo periodizations of “ infrastructural modernism ”\\n(roughly 1800-1960) followed by “ infrastructural\\nsplintering ” . Infrastructural modernism bears striking\\nsimilarities to seamlessness, which Graham and Marvin\\n[22] characterized as “ rationally planned, systematically\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,99,746,415],\"text\":\"rolled out through the urban fabric\\\" and integrated into a\\n\\\"relatively standardized functioning whole.\\\" Iconic\\nprojects developed under such views include the razing of\\ndowntown Paris in vast plans for the \\\"regularisation of\\nthe city through standardised, integrated networked\\ninfrastructures linked seamlessly\\\", or the wholesale\\ninvention of the new capital of Brasil, Brasilia, as a \\\"clean\\ntablecloth [...] designed from the ground up, according to\\nan elaborate and unified plan\\\", or the homogenous grid\\npattern of city development exemplified by Manhattan's\\nnumbered streets and avenues. Such street systems are\\nseamlessly extensible in the face of growth, and by\\nproceeding in a predictable arrangement can be easily\\nnavigated by driver and pedestrian alike. Both Graham\\nand Marvin [22] , as well as Scott [40] , argue that such\\ngoals for seamless urban infrastructure worked its way\\ninto the ranks of urban planning, adopted as an ideal in\\ntheory and practice for both developed and developing\\nnations.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,416,746,666],\"text\":\"Much like the advocates of seamlessness,\\ninfrastructural modernists were not villainous (for the\\nmost part). Rather, they drew on a vision of a public good\\nthat sought to democratize access to infrastructure (roads,\\nwater, communication) by developing it through a\\ncommon vision of a shared humanity. Undoubtedly, some\\npart of this vision has proven successful -for instance, the\\npositive effects of infrastructural modernism in public\\nhealth are apparent, even if uneven. But critics have\\ndrawn attention to the systematic troubles of the\\nmodernist ideal: the reconstructed downtown Paris, once a\\nworking-class neighborhood, become an enclave of\\nwealth; the gleaming city of Brasília made no room for the\\nvery workers who had built it; the extensible streets of\\nManhattan are, today, clogged with traffic.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,666,746,935],\"text\":\"In Graham and Marvin's tale, infrastructural\\nmodernism has been followed by splintering\\ninfrastructure, where “infrastructure networks are being\\nreproblematised and (unevenly) brought back into view as\\nmajor foci of debate, renegotiation and reconstruction\\nwithin contemporary cities.” In part, the forces driving\\nsuch splintering are felicitous, such as women's\\nmovements and disability rights groups that sought to\\ndisassemble 'one size fits all' models of the public good.\\nSuch benefits parallel those that advocates of seamfulness\\nhave tended to highlight. But, in part, such splintering has\\nalso proven unfortunate. For example, recent decades\\nhave witnessed the disassembly and privatization of what\\nwere once public infrastructures of communication,\\ntransportation, and even neighborhoods (i.e. gated\\ncommunities), creating what Graham and Marvin call\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 278\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300508/results/markdown/3290605-3300508_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300509/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300509", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/results/output_json/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[98,118,714,182],\"text\":\"Understanding the Effect of Accuracy on Trust in\\nMachine Learning Models\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[134,200,249,249],\"text\":\"Ming Yin\\n\\nPurdue University\\n\\nmingyin@purdue.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[319,200,493,249],\"text\":\"Jennifer Wortman Vaughan\\n\\nMicrosoft Research\\n\\njenn@microsoft.com\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[564,200,681,248],\"text\":\"Hanna Wallach\\n\\nMicrosoft Research\\n\\nhanna@dirichlet.net\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,260,142,275],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,280,395,551],\"text\":\"We address a relatively under-explored aspect of human-\\ncomputer interaction: people's abilities to understand the\\nrelationship between a machine learning model's stated per-\\nformance on held-out data and its expected performance post\\ndeployment. We conduct large-scale, randomized human-\\nsubject experiments to examine whether laypeople's trust in\\na model, measured in terms of both the frequency with which\\nthey revise their predictions to match those of the model and\\ntheir self-reported levels of trust in the model, varies depend-\\ning on the model's stated accuracy on held-out data and on its\\nobserved accuracy in practice. We find that people's trust in a\\nmodel is affected by both its stated accuracy and its observed\\naccuracy, and that the effect of stated accuracy can change\\ndepending on the observed accuracy. Our work relates to re-\\ncent research on interpretable machine learning, but moves\\nbeyond the typical focus on model internals, exploring a\\ndifferent component of the machine learning pipeline.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,563,172,580],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[67,584,395,633],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Empirical studies in\\nHCI, • Computing methodologies $\\\\rightarrow$ Machine learn-\\ning\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,644,150,660],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,665,356,681],\"text\":\"Machine learning, trust, human-subject experiments\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,688,202,704],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,705,394,765],\"text\":\"Ming Yin, Jennifer Wortman Vaughan, and Hanna Wallach. 2019.\\nUnderstanding the Effect of Accracy on Trust in Machine Learn-\\ning Models. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing\\nSystems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,260,745,289],\"text\":\"UK, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/\\n3290605.3300509\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,295,549,312],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,316,746,475],\"text\":\"Machine learning (ML) is becoming increasingly ubiquitous\\nas a tool to aid human decision-making in diverse domains\\nranging from medicine to public policy and law. For exam-\\nple, researchers have trained deep neural networks to help\\ndermatologists identify skin cancer [8] , while political strate-\\ngists regularly use ML-based forecasts to determine their\\nnext move [21] . Police departments have used ML systems\\nto predict the location of human trafficking hotspots [28] ,\\nwhile child welfare workers have used predictive modeling\\nto strategically target services to the children most at risk [3] .\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,476,747,779],\"text\":\"This widespread applicability of ML has led to a move-\\nment to “ democratize machine learning ” [12] by developing\\noff-the-shelf models and toolkits that make it possible for\\nanyone to incorporate ML into their own system or decision-\\nmaking pipeline, without the need for any formal training.\\nWhile this movement opens up endless possibilities for ML\\nto have real-world impact, it also creates new challenges.\\nDecision-makers may not be used to reasoning about the\\nexplicit forms of uncertainty that are baked into ML pre-\\ndictions [27] , or, because they do not need to understand\\nthe inner workings of an ML model in order to use it, they\\nmay misunderstand or mistrust its predictions [6, 16, 25] .\\nPrompted by these challenges, as well as growing concerns\\nthat ML systems may inadvertently reinforce or amplify so-\\ncialist biases [1, 2] , researchers have turned their attention to\\nthe ways that humans interact with ML, typically focusing\\non people's abilities and willingness to use, understand, and\\ntrust ML systems. This body of work often falls under the\\nbroad umbrella of interpretable machine learning [6, 16, 25] .\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,779,746,954],\"text\":\"To date, most work on interpretability has focused explic-\\nitly on ML models, asking questions about people's abilities\\nto understand model internals or the ways that particular\\nmodels map inputs to outputs [20, 24] , as well as questions\\nabout the relationship between these abilities and people's\\nwillingness to trust a model. However, the model is just one\\ncomponent of the ML pipeline, which spans data collection,\\nmodel selection, training algorithms and procedures, model\\nevaluation, and ultimately, deployment. It is therefore im-\\nportant to study people's interactions with each of these\\ncomponents—not just those that relate to model internals.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,778,394,884],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,886,273,898],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,900,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,925,266,953],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/03...$150.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3206005.3305009\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,997,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 279\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,997,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/results/markdown/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300509/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300509", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/results/output_json/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,124,395,348],\"text\":\"One particularly under-explored aspect of the evaluation\\nand deployment components of the pipeline is the inter-\\npretability of performance metrics, such as accuracy, preci-\\nsion, or recall. The democratization of ML means that it is\\nincreasingly common for a decision-maker to be presented\\nwith a “ black-box ” model along with some measure of its\\nperformance — most often accuracy — on held-out data. How-\\never, a model's stated performance may not accurately reflect\\nits performance post deployment because the data on which\\nthe model was trained and evaluated may look very differ-\\nent from real-world use cases [15] . In deciding how much to\\ntrust the model, the decision-maker has little to go on besides\\nthis stated performance, her own limited observations of the\\nmodel's predictions in practice, and her domain knowledge.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,349,395,522],\"text\":\"This scenario raises a number of questions. To what extent\\ndo laypeople — who are increasingly often the end users of\\nsystems built using ML models — understand the relationship\\nbetween a model's stated performance on held-out data and\\nits expected performance post deployment? How does their\\nunderstanding influence their willingness to trust the model?\\nFor example, do people trust a model more if they are told\\nthat its accuracy on held-out data is 90 % as compared with\\n70 % ? If so, will the model's stated accuracy continue to influ-\\nence their trust in the model even after they are given the op-\\nportunity to observe and interact with the model in practice?\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,523,395,602],\"text\":\"In this paper, we describe the results of a sequence of\\nlarge-scale, randomized, pre-registered human-subject exper-\\niments 1 designed to investigate whether an ML model's accu-\\nracy affects laypeople's willingness to trust the model. Specif-\\nically, we focus on the following three main questions:\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[76,606,395,703],\"text\":\"• Does a model's stated accuracy on held-out data affect\\npeople's trust in the model?\\n\\n• If so, does it continue to do so after people have observed\\nthe model's accuracy in practice?\\n\\n• How does a model's observed accuracy in practice affect\\npeople's trust in the model?\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,707,395,833],\"text\":\"In each of our experiments, subjects recruited on Amazon\\nMechanical Turk were asked to make predictions about the\\noutcomes of speed dating events with the help of an ML\\nmodel. Subjects were first shown information about a speed\\ndating participant and his or her date, and then asked to\\npredict whether or not the participant would want to see his\\nor her date again. Finally, they were shown the model's pre-\\ndiction and given the option of revising their own prediction.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,834,395,929],\"text\":\"In our first experiment, we focus on the first two questions\\nabove, investigating whether a model's stated accuracy on\\nheld-out data affects laypeople's trust in the model and, if so,\\nwhether it continues to do so after they have observed the\\nmodel's accuracy in practice. Subjects were randomized into\\none of ten treatments, which differed along two dimensions:\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,746,364],\"text\":\"stated accuracy on held-out data and amount at stake. Some\\nsubjects were given no information about the model's accu-\\nracy on held-out data, while others were told that its accuracy\\nwas 60 % , 70 % , 90 % , or 95 % . Halfway through the experiment,\\neach subject was given feedback on both their own accuracy\\nand the model's accuracy on the first half of the prediction\\ntasks, which was 80 % regardless of the treatment. Subjects in\\nall treatments saw exactly the same speed dating events and\\nexactly the same model predictions. This experimental de-\\nsign allows us isolate the effect of stated accuracy on people's\\ntrust, both before and after they observe the model's accuracy\\nin practice. As a robustness check, some subjects received a\\nmonetary bonus for each correct prediction, while others did\\nnot, allowing us to test whether the effect of stated accuracy\\non trust varies when people have more \\\"skin in the game.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,364,746,475],\"text\":\"We find that stated accuracy does have a significant effect\\non people's trust in a model, measured in terms of both the\\nfrequency with which subjects adjust their predictions to\\nmatch those of the model and their self-reported levels of\\ntrust in the model. We also find that the effect size is smaller\\nafter people observe the model's accuracy in practice. We do\\nnot find that the amount at stake has a significant effect.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,476,746,634],\"text\":\"In our second experiment, we test whether these results\\nare robust to different levels of observed accuracy by running\\ntwo additional variations of our first experiment: one in\\nwhich the observed accuracy of the model was low and one\\nin which the observed accuracy of the model was high. We\\nfind that a model's stated accuracy still has a significant effect\\non people's trust even after observing a high accuracy (100 % )\\nin practice. However, if a model's observed accuracy is low\\n(55 % ), then after observing this accuracy, the stated accuracy\\nhas at most a very small effect on people's trust in the model.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,635,746,825],\"text\":\"In our third experiment, we investigate the final question\\nabove—i.e., how does a model's observed accuracy in prac-\\ntice affect people's trust in the model? The experimental\\ndesign used in our first two experiments does not enable us\\nto directly compare people's trust between treatments with\\ndifferent levels of observed accuracy because the prediction\\ntasks (i.e., speed dating events) and the model predictions\\ndiffered between these treatments. Our third experiment was\\ntherefore carefully designed to enable us to make such com-\\nparisons. We find that after observing a model's accuracy in\\npractice, people's trust in the model is significantly affected\\nby its observed accuracy regardless of its stated accuracy.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,826,746,954],\"text\":\"Finally, via an exploratory analysis, we dig more deeply\\ninto the question of how people update their trust after re-\\nceiving feedback on their own accuracy and the model's\\naccuracy in practice. We analyze differences in individual\\nsubjects' trust in the model before and after receiving such\\nfeedback. Our experimental data support the conjecture that\\npeople compare their own accuracy to the model's observed\\naccuracy, increasing their trust in the model if the model's\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,938,349,953],\"text\":\"$^{1}$ All experiments were approved by the Microsoft Research IRB.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 279\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/results/markdown/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300509/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300509", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/results/output_json/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,172],\"text\":\"observed accuracy is higher than their own accuracy—except\\nin the case where the model's observed accuracy is substan-\\ntially lower than its stated accuracy on held-out data.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,172,395,412],\"text\":\"Taken together, our results show that laypeople's trust\\nin an ML model is affected by both the model's stated accu-\\nracy on held-out data and its observed accuracy in practice.\\nThese results highlight the need for designers of ML systems\\nto clearly and responsibly communicate their expectations\\nabout model performance, as this information shapes the\\nextent to which people trust a model, both before and after\\nthey are able to observe and interact with it in practice. Our\\nresults also reveal the importance of properly communicat-\\ning the uncertainty that is baked into every ML prediction.\\nOf course, proper caution should be used when generalizing\\nour results to other settings. For example, although we do\\nnot find that the amount at stake has a significant effect, it\\nis possible that there would be an effect when stakes are suf-\\nficiently high (e.g., doctors making life-or-death decisions).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,439,155,456],\"text\":\"Related Work\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,459,395,793],\"text\":\"Our research contributes to a growing body of experimental\\nwork on trust in algorithmic systems. As a few examples,\\nDzindole et al. [7] and Dietvorst et al. [4] found that people\\nstop trusting an algorithm after witnessing it make a mistake,\\neven when the algorithm outperforms human predictions –\\na phenomenon known as algorithm aversion. Dietvorst et\\nal. [5] found that people are more willing to rely on an algo-\\nrithm’s predictions when they are given the ability to make\\nminor adjustments to the predictions rather than accepting\\nthem as is. Yeomans et al. [30] found that people distrust\\nautomated recommender systems compared with human rec-\\nommendations in the context of predicting which jokes peo-\\nple will find funny – a highly subjective domain – even when\\nthe recommender system outperforms human predictions. In\\ncontrast, Logg et al. [17] found that people trust predictions\\nmore when they believe that the predictions come from an\\nalgorithm as opposed to a human expert when predicting mu-\\nsic popularity, romantic matches, and other outcomes. This\\neffect is diluted when people are given the choice between us-\\ning an algorithm's prediction and using their own prediction\\n(as opposed to a prediction from another human expert).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,794,395,953],\"text\":\"The relationship between interpretability and trust has\\nbeen discussed in several recent papers [16, 22, 25] . Most\\nrelated to our work, and an inspiration for our experimental\\ndesign, Poursabzi-Sangdeh et al. [24] ran a sequence of ran-\\ndomized human-subject experiments and found no evidence\\nthat either the number of features used in an ML model\\nnor the model's level of transparency (clear or black box)\\nhave a significant impact on people's willingness to trust the\\nmodel's predictions, although these factors do affect people's\\nabilities to detect when the model has made a mistake.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,331],\"text\":\"Kennedy et al. [14] touched on the relationship between\\nstated accuracy and trust in the context of criminal recidi-\\nvism prediction. They ran a conjoint experiment in which\\nthey presented subjects with randomly generated pairs of\\nmodels and asked each subject which model they preferred.\\nThe models varied in terms of their stated accuracy, the size\\nof the (fictitious) training data set, the number of features,\\nand several other properties. The authors estimated the ef-\\nfect of each property by fitting a hierarchical linear model\\nand found that people generally focus most on the size of the\\ntraining data set, the source of the algorithm, and the stated\\naccuracy, while less often taking into account the model's\\nlevel of transparency or the relevance of the training data.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,331,747,683],\"text\":\"Finally, a few studies from the human–computer interac-\\ntion community have examined the relationship between sys-\\ntem performance and users' trust in automated systems [31,\\n32] , ubiquitous computing systems [13] , recommender sys-\\ntems [23] , and robots [26] . For example, in a simulated ex-\\nperimental environment in which users interacted with an\\nautomated quality monitoring system to identify faulty items\\nin a fictional factory production line, Yu et al. [31, 32] ex-\\nplored how users' trust in the system varies with its accuracy.\\nUnlike in our work, system accuracy was not explicitly com-\\nmunicated to users. Instead, users \\\"perceived\\\" the accuracy\\nby receiving feedback after interacting with the system. Yu et\\nal. found that users are able to correctly perceive the accuracy\\nand stabilize their trust to a level correlated with the accu-\\nracy [31] , though system failures have a stronger impact on\\ntrust than system successes [32] . In addition, Kay et al. [13]\\ndeveloped a survey tool through which they revealed that, for\\nclassifiers used in four hypothetical applications (e.g., elec-\\ntricity monitoring and location tracking), users tend to put\\nmore weight on the classifiers' recall rather than their pre-\\ncision when deciding whether the classifiers' performance\\nis acceptable, with the weight varying across applications.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,697,711,730],\"text\":\"2 EXPERIMENT 1: DOES A MODEL'S STATED\\nACCURACY AFFECT LAYPEOPLE'S TRUST?\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,734,747,910],\"text\":\"Our first experiment was designed to answer our first two\\nmain questions — i.e., does a model's stated accuracy on held-\\nout data affect laypeople's trust in the model, and if so, does\\nit continue to do so after they have observed the model's ac-\\ncuracy in practice? In our experiment, each subject observed\\nthe model's accuracy in practice via a feedback screen that\\nwas presented halfway through the experiment with infor-\\nmation about the subject's own accuracy and the model's\\naccuracy thus far, as described below. Before running the ex-\\nperiment, we posited and pre-registered two hypotheses de-\\nrived from our questions, which we state informally here: $^2$\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,938,729,953],\"text\":\"$^{2}$The pre-registration document is at https://aspredicted.org/uq3hi.pdf\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 279\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/results/markdown/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300509/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300509", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/results/output_json/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[76,123,394,221],\"text\":\"• [H1] The stated accuracy of a model has a significant\\neffect on people's trust in the model before seeing the\\nfeedback screen.\\n• [H2] The stated accuracy of a model has a significant\\neffect on people's trust in the model after seeing the\\nfeedback screen.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,223,394,303],\"text\":\"As a robustness check to guard against the potential criti-\\ncism that any null results might be due to a lack of perfor-\\nmance incentives, we randomly selected some subjects to\\nreceive a monetary bonus for each correct prediction. We also\\nposited and pre-registered two additional hypotheses:\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[76,305,394,373],\"text\":\"• [H3] The amount at stake has a significant effect on peo-\\nple’s trust in a model before seeing the feedback screen.\\n• [H4] The amount at stake has a significant effect on\\npeople’s trust in a model after seeing the feedback screen.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,396,172,413],\"text\":\"Prediction Tasks\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,416,394,593],\"text\":\"We asked subjects to make predictions about the outcomes of\\nforty speed dating events. The data came from real speed dat-\\ning participants and their dates via the experimental study\\nof Fisman et al. [9] . Each speed dating participant indicated\\nwhether or not he or she wanted to see his or her date again,\\nthereby giving us ground truth from which to compute accu-\\nracy. We chose this application for two reasons: First, predict-\\ning romantic interest does not require specialized domain\\nexpertise. Second, this setting is plausibly one in which ML\\nmight be used given that many dating websites already rely\\non ML models to predict potential romantic partners [18, 29] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,594,394,642],\"text\":\"For each prediction task (i.e., speed dating event), each\\nsubject was first shown a screen of information about the\\nspeed dating participant and his or her date, including:\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[76,640,395,888],\"text\":\"• The participant's basic information : the gender, age, field\\nof study, race, etc. of the participant.\\n• The date's basic information : the gender, age, and race of\\nthe participant's date.\\n• The participant's preferences : the participant's reported\\ndistribution of 100 points among six attributes (attrac-\\ntiveness, sincerity, intelligence, fun, ambition, and shared\\ninterests), indicating how much he or she values each\\nattribute in a romantic partner.\\n• The participant's impression of the date : the participant's\\nrating of his or her date on the same six attributes us-\\ning a scale of one to ten, as well as scores (also using a\\nscale of one to ten) indicating how happy the participant\\nexpected to be with his or her date and how much the\\nparticipant liked his or her date.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,889,394,955],\"text\":\"The subject was then asked to follow a three step procedure:\\nFirst, they were asked to carefully review the information\\nabout the participant and his or her date and predict whether\\nor not the participant would want to see his or her date\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,602,746,650],\"text\":\"again. Next, they were shown the model's (binary) prediction.\\nFinally, they were given the option of revising their own\\nprediction. A screenshot of the interface is shown in Figure 1 .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_011.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[429,128,733,574],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a prediction task form titled \\\"Prediction Task 2/40,\\\" featuring a participant's profile and date information across four sections. It includes textual data, a pie chart displaying the participant's partner preferences, and a horizontal bar chart showing the participant's ratings of their date on six attributes. The form concludes with sections for human and machine learning predictions on whether the participant would want to see the date again.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[443,579,723,595],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Screenshot of the prediction task interface\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,661,578,679],\"text\":\"Experimental Treatments\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,682,746,730],\"text\":\"We randomized subjects into one of ten treatments arranged\\nin a $5 \\\\times 2$ design. The treatments differed along two dimen-\\nsions: stated accuracy on held-out data and amount at stake.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,731,747,922],\"text\":\"Subjects were randomly assigned to one of five accuracy\\nlevels: none (the baseline), 60 % , 70 % , 90 % , or 95 % . Subjects\\nassigned to an accuracy level of none were initially given\\nno information about the model's accuracy on held-out data.\\nSubjects assigned to one of the other accuracy levels saw\\nthe following sentence in the instructions: “ We previously\\nevaluated this model on a large data set of speed dating\\nparticipants and its accuracy was x % , i.e., the model's predic-\\ntions were correct on x % of the speed dating participants in\\nthis data set. ” Throughout the experiment, we also reminded\\nthese subjects of the model's stated accuracy on held-out data\\neach time they were shown one of the model's predictions.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,923,746,955],\"text\":\"We note that our sentence about accuracy was not a decep-\\ntion. We developed four ML models (a rule-based classifier,\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 279\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/results/markdown/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300509/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300509", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/results/output_json/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,221],\"text\":\"a support vector machine, a three-hidden-layer neural net-\\nwork, and a random forest) and evaluated them on a held-out\\ndata set of 500 speed dating participants, obtaining accuracies\\nof 60%, 70%, 90%, and 95%. To keep the treatments as similar\\nas possible, the models made exactly the same predictions for\\nthe forty speed dating events that were shown to subjects.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,221,394,299],\"text\":\"Subjects were randomly assigned to either low or high\\nstakes. Subjects assigned to low stakes were paid a flat rate\\nof $1.50 for completing the experiment. Subjects assigned to\\nhigh stakes also received a monetary bonus of $0.10 for each\\ncorrect (final) prediction\\\" in addition to the flat rate of $1.50.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,316,200,333],\"text\":\"Experimental Design\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,337,394,399],\"text\":\"We posted our experiment as a human intelligence task (HIT)\\non Amazon Mechanical Turk. The experiment was only open\\nto workers in the U.S., and each worker could participate\\nonly once. In total, 1,994 subjects completed the experiment.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,399,394,654],\"text\":\"Upon accepting the HIT, each subject was randomized\\ninto one of the ten treatments described above. Each HIT\\nconsisted of exactly the same forty prediction tasks, grouped\\ninto two sets A and B of twenty tasks each. As described\\nabove, subjects in all ten treatments saw exactly the same\\nmodel prediction for each task. The experiment was divided\\ninto two phases. To minimize differences between the phases,\\nsubjects were randomly assigned to see either the tasks in\\nset A during Phase 1 and the tasks in set B during Phase 2, or\\nvice versa; the order of the tasks was randomized within each\\nphase. We chose the tasks in sets A and B so that the observed\\naccuracy on the first twenty tasks would be 80 % regardless of\\nthe ordering of sets A and B. This experimental design mini-\\nmizes differences between treatments and allows us to draw\\ncausal conclusions about the effect of stated accuracy on\\npeople's trust without worrying about confounding factors.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,655,394,783],\"text\":\"Each subject was asked to make initial and final predic-\\ntions for each task, following the three-step procedure de-\\nscribed above. The subjects were given no feedback on their\\nown prediction or the model's prediction for any individual\\ntask; however, after Phase 1, each subject was shown a feed-\\nback screen with information about their own accuracy and\\nthe model's accuracy (80 % by design) on the tasks in Phase\\n1. A screenshot of the feedback screen is shown in Figure 2 .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,783,394,895],\"text\":\"At the end of the HIT, each subject completed an exit sur-\\nvey in which they were asked to report their level of trust in\\nthe model during each phase using a scale of one (\\\"I didn't\\ntrust it at all\\\") to ten (\\\"I fully trust it\\\"). Specifically, we asked\\nsubjects the following question: \\\"How much did you trust\\nour machine learning algorithm's predictions on the first\\n[last] twenty speed dating participants? (that is, before [after]\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,306,746,353],\"text\":\"you saw any feedback on your performance and the algo-\\nrithm’s performance?” We also collected basic demographic\\ninformation (such as age and gender) about each subject.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_010.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[418,119,749,251],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A web page displays feedback after completing prediction tasks, titled \\\"Great Job!\\\". Text indicates the user completed 20 tasks, with their predictions being 55% correct and a machine learning algorithm's predictions being 80% correct on those tasks. The page also notes the algorithm's overall accuracy was 60%, and an orange \\\"Continue\\\" button is at the bottom.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,258,745,289],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Screenshot of the feedback screen shown between\\nPhase 1 and Phase 2 (i.e., after the first twenty tasks).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,354,746,401],\"text\":\"To quantify a subject's trust in a model, we defined two\\nmetrics, calculated separately for each phase, that capture\\nhow often the subject \\\"followed\\\" the model's predictions:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[428,403,747,549],\"text\":\"• Agreement fraction: the number of tasks for which the\\nsubject's final prediction agreed with the model's predic-\\ntion, divided by the total number of tasks.\\n• Switch fraction: the number of tasks for which the sub-\\nject’s initial prediction disagreed with the model’s pre-\\ndiction and the subject’s final prediction agreed with the\\nmodel’s prediction, divided by the total number of tasks\\nfor which the subject’s initial prediction disagreed with\\nthe model’s prediction.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,551,746,600],\"text\":\"We used these two metrics when formally stating all of our\\npre-registered hypotheses, while additionally pre-registering\\nour intent to analyze subjects' self-reported trust levels.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,614,665,632],\"text\":\"Analysis of Trust in Phase 1 (H1 and H3)\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,635,747,953],\"text\":\"We start by analyzing data from Phase 1 to see if subjects'\\ntrust in a model is affected by the model's stated accuracy\\nand the amount at stake before they see the feedback screen.\\nFigures 3a and 3b show subjects' average agreement fraction\\nand average switch fraction, respectively, in Phase 1, by treat-\\nment. Visually, stated accuracy appears to have a substantial\\neffect on how often subjects follow the model's predictions.\\nSubjects' final predictions agree with the model's predictions\\nmore often when the model has a high stated accuracy. How-\\never, the effect of the amount at stake is less apparent. To\\nformally compare the treatments, we conduct a two-way\\nANOVA on subjects' agreement fractions and, respectively,\\nswitch fractions in Phase 1. The results suggest a statistically\\nsignificant main effect of stated accuracy on how often sub-\\njects follow the model's predictions (effect size $\\\\eta^2 = 0.036$ ,\\n$p = 4.72 \\\\times 10^{-18}$ for agreement fraction, and $\\\\eta^2 = 0.061$ ,\\n$p = 5.62 \\\\times 10^{-26}$ for switch fraction) while the main effect of\\nthe amount at stake is insignificant ( $p = 0.30$ and $p = 0.11$\\nfor agreement fraction and switch fraction, respectively).\\nWe do not detect a significant interaction between the two\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,924,394,952],\"text\":\"'The highest possible bonus was $40 ×$0.10 =$4-1e, substantially more\\nthan the flat rate of $1.50, thereby making the bonus salient [11].\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 279\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/results/markdown/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300509/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300509", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/results/output_json/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[67,115,737,243],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Four line graphs illustrate Agreement Fraction and Switch Fraction across two phases, plotted against different levels of Stated Accuracy. Each graph presents two lines, one for low stakes (solid blue) and one for high stakes (dashed orange), with error bars at each data point. The x-axis indicates stated accuracies from 'None' to '95%', while the y-axis ranges from 0.73 to 0.89 for Agreement Fraction and 0.2 to 0.6 for Switch Fraction.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,249,747,279],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Comparing how often subjects in different experimental treatments follow an ML model's predictions (average agree-\\nment fraction and average switch fraction) during each phase of our first experiment. Error bars represent standard errors.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,286,394,335],\"text\":\"factors ($p = 0.77$ and $p = 0.62$ for agreement fraction and\\nswitch fraction, respectively). In other words, hypothesis H1\\nis supported by our experimental data, while H3 is not.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,336,394,413],\"text\":\"An analysis of subjects' self-reported levels of trust reveals\\na similar pattern. We detect a statistically significant main\\neffect of stated accuracy on subjects' self-reported levels of\\ntrust during Phase 1 ( $\\\\eta^2 = 0.049$ , $p = 1.61 \\\\times 10^{-20}$ ), while the\\nmain effect of the amount at stake is insignificant ( $p = 0.92$ ).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,414,394,624],\"text\":\"We also conduct a post-hoc Tukey's HSD test to identify\\npairs of treatments in which subjects exhibit distinct dif-\\nferences in how often they follow the model's predictions.\\nWe find that treatments can be clustered into two groups —\\ntreatments with an accuracy level of none, 60 % or 70 % , and\\ntreatments with an accuracy level of 90 % or 95 %— such that\\nalmost all statistically significant results are found for across-\\ngroup treatment pairs. $^1$ These results confirm our visual\\nintuition from Figures 3a and 3b : when subjects have not yet\\nobserved the model's accuracy in practice, they tend to follow\\nthe predictions of models with a high stated accuracy more\\noften than those of models with a low (or no) stated accuracy,\\neven though the models make exactly the same predictions.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,635,314,652],\"text\":\"Analysis of Trust in Phase 2 (H2 and H4)\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,656,395,911],\"text\":\"We next analyze data from Phase 2 to examine whether\\nsubjects' trust in a model is affected by the model's stated\\naccuracy and the amount at stake after they see the feedback\\nscreen. The feedback screen included information about the\\nsubject's own accuracy and the model's accuracy (80 % by\\ndesign) on the tasks in Phase 1, as described above. Figures 3c\\nand 3d show subjects' average agreement fraction and aver-\\nage switch fraction, respectively, in Phase 2, by treatment.\\nThrough a two-way ANOVA, we again find a statistically sig-\\nnificant main effect of stated accuracy on how often subjects\\nfollow the model's predictions during Phase 2 ( $\\\\rho = 0.009$ for\\nagreement fraction and $\\\\rho = 1.13 \\\\times 10^{-5}$ for switch fraction),\\nbut the effect sizes are smaller than those for Phase 1 ( $\\\\eta^2 =$\\n0.007 for agreement fraction and $\\\\eta^2 = 0.014$ for switch frac-\\ntion). Again, neither the main effect of the amount at stake\\nnor the interaction between the two factors are statistically\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,287,747,367],\"text\":\"significant. That is, after receiving feedback on the model's\\naccuracy in practice, stated accuracy still has a substantial\\neffect on how often subjects follow the model's predictions,\\nwhile the amount at stake does not. In other words, hypothe-\\nsis H2 is supported by our experimental data, while H4 is not.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,367,747,447],\"text\":\"As before, an analysis of subjects' self-reported levels of\\ntrust tells a similar story. We detect a statistically significant\\nmain effect of stated accuracy on subjects' self-reported lev-\\nels of trust during Phase 2 ($\\\\eta^2 = 0.008, p = 0.005$), while the\\nmain effect of the amount at stake is insignificant ( $p = 0.88$ ).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,448,747,717],\"text\":\"Interestingly, when conducting a post-hoc Tukey's HSD\\ntest to identify pairs of treatments in which subjects exhibit\\ndistinct differences in how often they follow the model's\\npredictions, we find fewer statistically significant results\\nthan we did for Phase 1. For agreement fraction, none of the\\ndifferences across treatment pairs are statistically significant.\\nFor switch fraction, we find only five pairs of treatments with\\nstatistically significant differences; four of these are between\\ntreatments with an accuracy level of 60 % and treatments\\nwith an accuracy level of 90 % or 95 % . Unlike in Phase 1,\\nhow often subjects follow the predictions of a model with a\\nstated accuracy of 70 % is not significantly different from how\\noften subjects follow the predictions of a model with a stated\\naccuracy of 90 % or 95 % . In other words, in Phase 2, a larger\\ndifference between two models' stated accuracies is needed\\nto detect a statistically significant effect of stated accuracy\\non trust, as compared with the difference needed in Phase 1.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,718,747,813],\"text\":\"Together, the results from our first experiment suggest\\nthat a model's stated accuracy affects laypeople's trust in the\\nmodel; however, this effect is diluted once they have observed\\nthe model's accuracy in practice. In contrast, the amount at\\nstake does not have an effect on laypeople's trust in a model,\\nat least for the limited range of stakes used in our experiment.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,837,742,869],\"text\":\"3 EXPERIMENT 2: DOES THIS EFFECT CHANGE IF\\nTHE OBSERVED ACCURACY IS LOW/HIGH?\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,874,747,954],\"text\":\"In our first experiment, we found that a model's stated accu-\\nracy on held-out data has a significant effect on laypeople's\\ntrust in the model. However, in order to make valid compar-\\nisons across treatments, we had to design the experiment\\nsuch that the models made exactly the same predictions for\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,924,393,953],\"text\":\"$^{a}$Among thirty-nine statistically significant results, there are two exceptions:\\nswitch fraction Low-60% vs. Low-70% and Low-90% vs High-95%.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 279\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/results/markdown/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300509/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300509", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/results/output_json/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[70,122,744,242],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Four bar charts are presented in a grid, comparing \\\"Stated = 60%\\\" and \\\"Stated = 90%\\\" conditions across \\\"Phase 1\\\" and \\\"Phase 2\\\". The left two charts show \\\"Agreement Fraction\\\" on the y-axis, while the right two charts display \\\"Switch Fraction\\\" on the y-axis. In all four charts, the \\\"Stated = 90%\\\" condition consistently shows higher values than the \\\"Stated = 60%\\\" condition, with error bars indicating variability.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,247,745,314],\"text\":\"(a) Agreement fraction with (b) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 55% served accuracy of 55%\\n(c) Agreement fraction with (d) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 50% served accuracy of 100%\\n(e) Agreement fraction with (f) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(g) Agreement fraction with (h) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(h) Agreement fraction with (i) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(iii) Agreement fraction with (iv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(v) Agreement fraction with (vi) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(vii) Agreement fraction with (viii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(ix) Agreement fraction with (x) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xi) Agreement fraction with (xii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xiii) Agreement fraction with (xiv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xv) Agreement fraction with (xvi) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xvii) Agreement fraction with (xviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xviii) Agreement fraction with (xix) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixii) Agreement fraction with (xixiii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixiv) Agreement fraction with (xixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixvi) Agreement fraction with (xixvii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixix) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixii) Agreement fraction with (xixixiii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixiv) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvi) Agreement fraction with (xixixvii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement fraction with (xixixv) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixvii) Agreement fraction with (xixixviii) Switch fraction with an ob-\\nserved accuracy of 100% served accuracy of 100%\\n(xixixviii) Agreement\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,328,394,408],\"text\":\"the forty speed dating events that were shown to subjects.\\nWe therefore fixed the observed accuracy to be a single arbi-\\ntrary value—specifically 80%—for all models. It is natural to\\nask whether we would obtain the same results if a model's ob-\\nserved accuracy were substantially lower or higher than 80%.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,408,394,569],\"text\":\"Our second experiment consists of two sub-experiments\\ndesigned to test whether our results are robust to different\\nlevels of observed accuracy. In one, the observed accuracy\\nwas fixed to a low value (55 % ), while in the other it was\\nfixed to a high value (100 % ). Each sub-experiment was a\\nminiature variation of our first experiment with only two\\ntreatments: stated accuracy of 60 % and stated accuracy of\\n90 % . We developed two ML models, with accuracies of 60 %\\nand 90 % on held-out data. Before running the experiment, we\\npre-registered two hypotheses, analogous to H1 and H2: $^5$\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[75,570,395,667],\"text\":\"• [H5] The stated accuracy of a model has a significant\\neffect on people's trust in the model before seeing the\\nfeedback screen, regardless of its observed accuracy.\\n• [H6] The stated accuracy of a model has a significant\\neffect on people's trust in the model after seeing the\\nfeedback screen, regardless of its observed accuracy.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,669,394,735],\"text\":\"Because our first experiment revealed that the amount at\\nstake does not affect people's trust in a model, we did not\\nselect any subjects to receive monetary bonuses, nor did we\\npre-register any hypotheses about the amount at stake.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,746,199,763],\"text\":\"Experimental Design\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,766,394,831],\"text\":\"We posted our experiment on Amazon Mechanical Turk, with\\na flat rate of $1.50 for completing the experiment. Workers\\nwho participated in our first experiment were prohibited\\nfrom participating. We obtained data from 757 subjects.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,831,394,926],\"text\":\"Each subject was first randomized into one of the two\\nsub-experiments and then into one of the two treatments\\ndescribed above. Each sub-experiment was completely anal-\\nogous to our first experiment. Again, each HIT consisted\\nof forty prediction tasks, grouped into two sets A and B of\\ntwenty tasks each. Subjects were randomly assigned to see\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,328,747,585],\"text\":\"either the tasks in set A during Phase 1 and the tasks in set\\nB during Phase 2, or vice versa; the order of the tasks was\\nrandomized within each phase. For each sub-experiment, we\\nchose the tasks in sets A and B so that subjects in both treat-\\nments would see exactly the same model prediction for each\\ntask and so that the observed accuracy on the first twenty\\ntasks would be 55 % (for the first sub-experiment) or 100 %\\n(for the second sub-experiment) regardless of the ordering of\\nsets A and B. This experimental design minimizes differences\\nbetween treatments within each sub-experiment and allows\\nus to draw causal conclusions about the effect of stated ac-\\ncuracy on people's trust when the observed accuracy is low\\n(alternatively, high) by comparing treatments within the first\\n(alternatively, second) sub-experiment. However, because the\\ntwo sub-experiments consisted of different tasks, we are not\\nable to compare treatments from different sub-experiments.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,597,553,615],\"text\":\"Experimental Results\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,618,747,906],\"text\":\"We analyze data from Phase 1 of each sub-experiment sep-\\narately to see if subjects' trust in a model is affected by the\\nmodel's stated accuracy before they see the feedback screen,\\nregardless of its observed accuracy. The left two bars in Fig-\\nures 4a and 4b show subjects' average agreement fraction\\nand average switch fraction, respectively, in Phase 1 when\\nthe observed accuracy was 55 % , by treatment. Using two-\\nsample t-tests to compare different treatments, we find a\\nstatistically significant effect of stated accuracy on how of-\\nten subjects follow the model's predictions ( $p = 0.033$ for\\nagreement fraction, and $p = 6.33 \\\\times 10^{-4}$ for switch fraction).\\nSimilar, and stronger, results can be seen from the left two\\nbars in Figures 4c and 4d , which correspond to the second sub-\\nexperiment. Again, we find a statistically significant effect\\nof stated accuracy on how often subjects follow the model's\\npredictions ( $p = 4.74 \\\\times 10^{-5}$ for agreement fraction, and $p =$\\n$1.71 \\\\times 10^{-7}$ for switch fraction). Together, these results show\\nthat hypothesis H5 is supported by our experimental data.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,906,747,955],\"text\":\"We next analyze data from Phase 2 of each sub-experiment\\nseparately to see whether subjects' trust in a model is affected\\nby the model's stated accuracy after they see the feedback\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,938,381,953],\"text\":\"$^{5}$The pre-registration document is at https://aspredicted.org/w9t8g-pdf.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 279\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/results/markdown/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300509/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300509", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/results/output_json/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,396],\"text\":\"screen, regardless of its observed accuracy. The right two\\nbars in Figures 4a–4d show subjects' average agreement\\nfraction and average switch fraction in Phase 2 for both sub-\\nperiments. When the observed accuracy is high (100 % ),\\nconsistent with the results from our first experiment, we find\\na statistically significant effect of stated accuracy on how\\noften subjects follow the model's predictions after receiving\\nfeedback on the model's accuracy in practice ( $p = 4.33 \\\\times 10^{-4}$\\nfor agreement fraction, and $p = 1.61 \\\\times 10^{-6}$ for switch frac-\\ntion). However, this is not the case when the observed accu-\\nracy is low (55 % ). Specifically, the right two bars in Figures 4a\\nand 4b indicate that, after receiving feedback on the model's\\naccuracy in practice, the effect of stated accuracy on how of-\\nten subjects follow the model's predictions is not significant\\n( $p = 0.506$ for agreement fraction, and $p = 0.515$ for switch\\nfraction) when the observed accuracy is low (55 % ). Therefore,\\nhypothesis H6 is not supported by our experimental data.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,396,395,491],\"text\":\"As before, an analysis of subjects' self-reported levels of\\ntrust tells a similar story. We detect statistically significant\\ndifferences in self-reported levels of trust in Phase 1 between\\nbetween treatments within each sub-experiment, while in\\nPhase 2, we only detect statistically significant difference be-\\ntween treatments when the observed accuracy is high (100 % ).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,491,395,794],\"text\":\"One possible explanation for the lack of support for hy-\\npothesis H6 is that the difference between the models' stated\\naccuracies (60 % and 90 % ) is simply not large enough to detect\\na statistically significant effect of stated accuracy on trust in\\nPhase 2 when the models' observed accuracies are low, at\\nleast with our experiment's sample size. Indeed, as we show\\nin our third experiment in the next section, if we keep the\\nhigher accuracy level at 90 % but decrease the lower accu-\\nracy level from 60 % to 50 % , then we again find a statistically\\nsignificant effect, even when the observed accuracy is low\\n(55 % ). Combining these results with the results from our first\\nexperiment – i.e., when the observed accuracy is 80 % , increas-\\ning the stated accuracy from 60 % to 90 % has a statistically\\nsignificant effect on subjects' trust during both phases – we\\nconjecture that the effect of stated accuracy on people's trust\\nbefore they observe the model's accuracy in practice is not\\ntoo dependent on observed accuracy, but the effect of stated\\naccuracy on people's trust after they observe the model's\\naccuracy in practice is dependent on observed accuracy.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,819,379,853],\"text\":\"4 EXPERIMENT 3: DOES A MODEL'S OBSERVED\\nACCURACY AFFECT LAYPEOPLE'S TRUST?\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,857,395,954],\"text\":\"In our first and second experiments, we found that a model's\\nstated accuracy on held-out data has a significant effect on\\nlaypeople's trust in the model, though this effect is diluted\\nonce they have observed the model's accuracy in practice and\\ncan even disappear if the observed accuracy is sufficiently\\nlow. Our third and final experiment was designed to answer\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,156],\"text\":\"our third main question—i.e., how does a model’s observed\\naccuracy in practice affect laypeople’s trust in the model?\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,157,747,316],\"text\":\"Answering this question required us to modify our ex-\\nperimental design because the design used in our first two\\nexperiments does not enable us to directly compare people's\\ntrust between treatments with different levels of observed\\naccuracy. In our third experiment, we therefore randomized\\nsubjects into one of six treatments arranged in a 2 $\\\\times$ 3 design.\\nThe treatments varied along two dimensions: stated accuracy\\non held-out data (50 % or 90 % ) and observed accuracy on the\\ntasks in Phase 1 only (55 % , 80 % , or 100 % ). Before running the\\nexperiment, we pre-registered the following hypothesis: $^6$\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[427,318,746,367],\"text\":\"• [H7] After seeing the feedback screen, the observed ac-\\ncuracy of a model has a significant effect on people's\\ntrust in the model, regardless of its stated accuracy .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,379,551,396],\"text\":\"Experimental Design\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,398,746,478],\"text\":\"As with our first two experiments, we posted the experiment\\non Amazon Mechanical Turk with a flat rate of $1.50 for\\ncompleting the experiment. The experiment was only open\\nto U.S. workers who had not participated in our previous\\nexperiments. In total, we obtained data from 1,042 subjects.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,479,746,655],\"text\":\"Each subject was randomized into one of the six treat-\\nments described above. Each HIT consisted of exactly the\\nsame forty prediction tasks. However, models with different\\nobserved accuracies made different predictions for the tasks\\nin Phase 1. To allow us to compare treatments with differ-\\nent observed accuracies, subjects in all six treatments saw\\nexactly the same model prediction for each task in Phase 2,\\ncorresponding to an observed accuracy of 80 % . Because the\\nmodels' observed accuracies could differ between the phases,\\nwe did not randomize the set of tasks used in each phase, but\\ndid randomize the order of the tasks within each phase.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,666,552,683],\"text\":\"Experimental Results\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,686,746,766],\"text\":\"Figures 5a and 5b show subjects' average agreement fraction\\nand average switch fraction, respectively, in Phase 2, by\\ntreatment. Visually, observed accuracy appears to have a\\nsubstantial effect on how often subjects follow a model's\\npredictions, regardless of the stated accuracy of the model.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,767,746,926],\"text\":\"To formally compare the treatments, we conduct one-way\\nANOVA on subjects' agreement fractions and switch frac-\\ntions in Phase 2 across treatments with the same stated ac-\\ncuracy but different observed accuracies. When the stated\\naccuracy is 50 % , we find that there is a statistically signifi-\\ncant effect of observed accuracy on how often subjects follow\\nthe model's predictions ( $p = 0.032$ for agreement fraction,\\nand $p = 3.4 \\\\times 10^{-3}$ for switch fraction). We similarly find a\\nstatistically significant effect of observed accuracy on trust\\n( $p = 0.005$ for agreement fraction, and $p = 3.7 \\\\times 10^{-10}$ for\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,939,729,953],\"text\":\"$^{6}$The pre-registration document is at https://aspredicted.org/7ylf66.pdf.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 279\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300509/results/markdown/3290605-3300509_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300511/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300511", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/results/output_json/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,39,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[105,102,708,135],\"text\":\"Exploring Virtual Agents for Augmented Reality\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[109,151,224,229],\"text\":\"Isaac Wang\\nDepartment of CISE\\nUniversity of Florida\\nGainesville, FL, USA\\nwangi@ufl.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[349,149,466,226],\"text\":\"Jesse Smith\\nDepartment of CISE\\nUniversity of Florida\\nGainesville, FL, USA\\njd.smith@ufl.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[589,149,705,225],\"text\":\"Jaime Ruiz\\nDepartment of CISE\\nUniversity of Florida\\nGainesville, FL, USA\\njaime.ruiz@ufl.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,255,141,270],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,275,394,576],\"text\":\"Prior work has shown that embodiment can benefit virtual\\nagents, such as increasing rapport and conveying non-\\nverbal information. However, it is unclear if users prefer\\nan embodied to a speech-only agent for augmented reality\\n(AR) headsets that are designed to assist users in\\ncompleting real-world tasks. We conducted a study to\\nexamine users' perceptions and behaviors when\\ninteracting with virtual agents in AR. We asked 24 adults\\nto wear the Microsoft HoldLens and find objects in a\\nhidden object game while interacting with an agent that\\nwould offer assistance. We presented participants with\\nfour different agents: voice-only, non-human, full-size\\nembodied, and a miniature embodied agent. Overall, users\\npreferred the miniature embodied agent due to the\\nnovelty of his size and reduced uncanniness as opposed to\\nthe larger agent. From our results, we draw conclusions\\nabout how agent representation matters and derive\\nguidelines on designing agents for AR headsets.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,590,171,606],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,610,393,640],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Human computer interaction\\n(HCI) $\\\\rightarrow$ Empirical studies in HCI\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,653,150,667],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,671,328,686],\"text\":\"Augmented reality; embodied conversational agents\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[70,702,187,715],\"text\":\"ACM Reference format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[70,719,393,786],\"text\":\"Isaac Wang, Jesse Smith, and Jaime Ruiz. 2019. Exploring Virtual Agents\\nfor Augmented Reality. 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in\\nComputing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow,\\nScotland, USA. IEEE, Paper 281, 10 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300511\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_015.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_015.png\",\"bbox\":[439,245,724,394],\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A person wearing a dark mixed reality headset looks towards a central monitor displaying colorful building blocks, with hands open and slightly raised. To the right of the monitor, a semi-transparent holographic avatar of a person sits at a desk, looking towards the user.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,405,743,449],\"text\":\"Figure 1. Example of a user wearing an augmented reality\\nheadset and interacting with a virtual agent projected onto\\nthe real world through the headset.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,468,547,484],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,488,746,740],\"text\":\"Augmented reality (AR) headsets are gaining popularity\\nand beginning to enter the consumer market with the\\nrelease of the Microsoft HoloLens [43] , Meta 2 [42] , and\\nMagic Leap [36] . These headsets allow a user to see virtual\\nobjects or holograms projected onto a view of the real\\nworld. Unlike phone-based AR, which superimposes\\nvirtual images onto a camera feed, AR headsets are\\ndesigned to operate entirely hands-free through an\\nalways-present, immersive view of virtual content, while\\nkeeping users situated in reality (Figure 1 ). This allows\\nusers to perform tasks in the real world without having to\\nshift context in order to interact with a device. With these\\nadvantages, AR headsets have been touted as the\\ntechnology that will eventually replace our smartphones\\n[12,22] .\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,748,746,948],\"text\":\"One of the primary benefits of AR is the ability to\\nprovide a hands-free interface. Such interfaces are\\ntypically controlled through gesture and speech. For\\ninstance, the HoloLens AR headset uses gaze and tap\\ngestures for interaction and also comes equipped with a\\nversion of Cortana, Microsoft's own speech-based\\nassistant, specifically ported to AR [44] . These personal\\nassistants or virtual agents, like those commonly found on\\nsmartphones (e.g., Siri [6] , Google Assistant [26] ), are a\\ngood fit for AR headsets with their ability to provide\\nhands-free assistance. However, one common trait among\\ncurrent assistants is that, although they are becoming\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,817,388,908],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are\\nnot made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies\\n bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, or\\ncomponents of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored.\\n\\nAbstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post\\non servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,912,261,957],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\\n\\nc 2019 Association for Computing Machinery\\n\\nACM ISBN 978-1-4303-5970-2/19-05 .$15.00\\n\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300511\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,997,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 281\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,997,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/results/markdown/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300511/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300511", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/results/output_json/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,95,394,130],\"text\":\"more humanlike in terms of speech interaction\\ncapabilities, they lack a face and body.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,135,395,338],\"text\":\"Prior work has shown that an embodiment can be\\nuseful for a virtual agent [4,13,16,18,39] , whether in the\\nform of a humanoid avatar or some other kind of physical\\n(or pseudo-physical) presence. Embodied Conversational\\nAgents (ECAs) [17] have risen as a natural extension of\\ndialogue systems, enriching the experience through a\\nvirtual avatar and adding a social aspect to the interaction\\n[49,54] . Despite this, Cortona on the HoloLens does not\\nhave a body, instead remaining fully speech-driven. We\\nsee the potential for virtual agents in AR to take full\\nadvantage of embodiment, as the technology is already\\ndesigned to display virtual objects in the real world.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,345,395,545],\"text\":\"We would expect the benefits of embodiment to carry\\nover in the transition to AR, but would users prefer to\\nwork with an embodied or more traditional speech-only\\nagent? We focus our research on understanding what\\nvisual representation (if any) users would prefer for\\nagents in AR and how it affects their perceptions and\\nbehavior. In this paper, we present a study exploring\\nusers' interactions when engaging with four different\\nagents in AR (voice-only, non-human, full-size embodied,\\nand a miniature embodied agent) while completing a\\nhidden object game. Our work provides the following\\ncontributions:\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,553,395,678],\"text\":\"(1) Quantitative results showing how an agent's visual\\nrepresentation affects users' gaze interaction\\nbehavior.\\n(2) Qualitative results showing how visual representation\\naffects users' perceptions of an agent.\\n(3) Insights and implications for the design of virtual\\nagents in augmented reality.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,700,196,718],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,722,394,806],\"text\":\"We focus our review of prior work on three categories:\\nhighlighting how ECAs are useful, emphasizing how\\nhaving a physical form is preferred in human-robot\\ninteraction, and describing the current state of work on\\nvirtual agents for AR.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,818,301,835],\"text\":\"2.1 Embodied Conversational Agents\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,838,395,955],\"text\":\"Embodied Conversational Agents [17] , or ECAs, are\\ndialogue systems that not only utilize a natural speech\\ninterface but also feature an embodiment, giving the agent\\na human (or occasionally non-human) appearance. The\\nsimple act of giving a system an embodiment can\\ninfluence the way users view and use a system [52] . For\\ninstance, it allows a system to take on a more social role\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,95,745,130],\"text\":\"[49,54] , influencing users' perceptions and interactions as\\nthey treat the system more as another person [32,54] .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,135,746,438],\"text\":\"With an embodiment, an agent can also leverage a full\\nrange of non-verbal communication to better engage with\\nusers. ECAs have been developed that leverage non-verbal\\ncommunication to express emotion/affect [13,21] and to\\nperform conversational functions [16,18,55] . For instance,\\nBecker et al. [13] developed an ECA named Max, an agent\\nwith a full human body who would respond to and\\nportray emotion. They found that including emotional\\ncapabilities helped increase perceptions of likeability and\\nrealism. Cassell and Thorisson [18] maintain that non-\\nverbal behaviors for managing conversations [16] (e.g.,\\nsignaling that the other person can speak) are more\\nvaluable than other behaviors used to convey emotion.\\nAndrist et al. [4] showed how an agent's gaze can\\ncommunicate information and help users with spatially\\noriented tasks. These studies show how there are\\nadvantages to embodiment other than simply providing a\\nmore likeable or engaging interface.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,444,746,662],\"text\":\"Certain behaviors and attributes of ECAs have also\\nbeen shown to affect users' perceptions of those agents.\\nFor example, Kramer et al. [33] that natural behaviors\\nsuch as eyebrow raising positively improved user\\nevaluations. Mayer and DaPa [39] found that people\\nperformed better at learning and recalling information\\ntaught by an agent when it acted more humanlike in\\nspeech and gesture, and how social cues can impact\\nlearning outcomes. Similarly, Antos et al. [5] saw that\\nusers trusted agents that expressed emotion, but only if\\nthe emotions correctly matched what the agent was\\nsaying or doing. Overall, ECAs have the potential to\\nchange users' perceptions and behaviors.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,669,746,788],\"text\":\"Our work primarily explores ECAs in AR and looks at\\nwhat forms they should take—from prior work, we know\\nthat ECAs affect how users respond due to the fact that\\nthey have an embodiment and can perform non-verbal\\nfunctions. We may see this impact users' perceptions and\\ninteractions as they treat the agent more as another\\nperson.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,800,608,816],\"text\":\"2.2 Human-Robot Interaction\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,821,746,955],\"text\":\"Research on embodiment from the field of human-robot\\ninteraction has also studied how having an embodiment\\nor physical presence is beneficial. One key example is a\\nstudy by Leyzberg et al. [34] in which users solved\\nnonogram logic puzzles while interacting with a robot\\ntutor. The tutor took on the form of either a disembodied\\nvoice, an onscreen agent, or a physically present robot.\\nThey found that having a physical form significantly\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 281\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/results/markdown/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300511/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300511", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/results/output_json/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,95,394,229],\"text\":\"affected users' improvement in puzzle-solving times,\\nwhich was attributed to the perceived authority afforded\\nby a physical presence. This effect may also relate to\\nperceived trust and social presence, as proposed by\\nBainbridge et al. [9] . If users perceive agents with a visual\\nrepresentation as more authoritative, trustworthy, or\\nrelatable, then an agent could influence users to better\\ncomplete tasks.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,237,394,455],\"text\":\"Kiesler et al. [30] compared interaction with a physical\\nrobot against a virtual agent on a screen. The robot had an\\nanthropomorphic design and could produce a range of\\nfacial expressions. Users found the robot more engaging\\ndue to its physicality. Similarly, Wainer et al. [59] studied\\nhaving a physical robot as opposed to a telepresent robot\\nand also found that the physical robot resulted in higher\\nperceptions of the robot's watchfulness and that users\\nrated their interaction with the robot as more enjoyable.\\nThese studies show promise for embodied agents in AR; as\\nAR headsets are designed to display realistic holograms of\\nvirtual objects, we may see more of this physicality effect\\nas opposed to just having an agent displayed on a screen.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,468,322,483],\"text\":\"2.3 Virtual Agents in Augmented Reality\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,488,394,721],\"text\":\"Prior work has also looked into designing and developing\\nagents for virtual and augmented reality systems. For\\ninstance, Barakonyi et al. [11] implemented an animation\\nframework for handheld (e.g., smartphone-based) AR\\nagents, making them fully animated and context-aware.\\nBalcisoy et al. [10] detailed the creation of virtual humans\\nin AR that both perceived and interacted with objects in\\nthe real world, for instance, to play checkers or place\\nobjects in the world. Likewise, Anabuki et al. [3]\\ndeveloped an agent that was designed to interact with\\nboth real and virtual worlds, actively responding to\\nchanges in both environments. These papers focused more\\non the design and implementation of agents in AR and\\nless on understanding users' reactions to these agents.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,729,394,929],\"text\":\"Other researchers have focused on studying how users\\ninteract and respond to agents in AR. Miyake and Ito [47]\\ninvestigated how users interacted with miniature agents\\nthat control specific objects, like a TV remote. In their\\nstudy, users reported that it was easier to talk to agents\\nthat had a visual representation. Furthermore, Kim and\\nWelch [31] laid out implications for agents' behaviors in\\nAR. They described how the way an agent is situated in\\nand interacts with the world can affect a user's experience\\nin AR; for instance, an agent that is not well integrated\\nwith its environment may decrease a user's sense of\\npresence.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_007.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_007.png\",\"bbox\":[439,92,726,226],\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Three translucent, holographic-like figures are shown: a cylinder labeled \\\"Zee,\\\" a male avatar in a blue suit and sunglasses labeled \\\"Jake,\\\" and another male avatar in a blue jacket, orange pants, and glasses labeled \\\"Mikey.\\\" Jake is seated at a table, while Mikey is standing.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[426,238,739,280],\"text\":\"Figure 2. The three agents with visual representations, as\\nviewed in context from the Hololens. The fourth agent,\\nAva (not pictured), was a voice-only agent.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,281,745,383],\"text\":\"These exemplify how users can be influenced how\\nagents act and behave in AR. We focus specifically on the\\nvisual representation an agent may assume, and\\ninvestigate how an agent's representation changes users'\\nperceptions and behaviors, and which agents do they\\nprefer to work with in an AR setting.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,406,642,423],\"text\":\"3 AUGMENTED REALITY AGENTS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,427,746,511],\"text\":\"This section describes the different virtual agents that\\nusers would interact with while completing the hidden\\nobject game. We detail the agents' design, the hidden\\nobject game, supported user dialogue, and agent\\nimplementation.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,523,494,539],\"text\":\"3.1 Agents\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,543,746,627],\"text\":\"We had four different agents for our users to interact with\\nusing the HoloLens while engaging in a hidden object\\ngame. Each agent had a different appearance (or lack-\\nthereof) and were designed to provide a range of visual\\nrepresentations for users to experience.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_3\",\"bbox\":[421,635,529,652],\"text\":\"Ava (Voice-Only)\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,654,746,802],\"text\":\"Ava was designed to primarily simulate the personal\\nassistants of today (e.g., Siri). This agent responds to a\\nrange of speech commands (see following section),\\nsupporting the user as they complete the game on the\\ncomputer. She does not have a physical appearance;\\nrather, users would hear a disembodied female voice\\nthrough the AR headset. Thus, our goal is that she would\\nbe able to assist users without distracting them away from\\nthe task.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_3\",\"bbox\":[421,810,631,827],\"text\":\"Zee (Non-Human Representation)\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,830,746,948],\"text\":\"This agent has a non-humanoid physical appearance. Zee\\nwas designed to mirror the appearance of a \\\"smart home\\\"\\ndevice (e.g., Amazon Echo/Alexa), displaying as a\\ncylindrical speaker that represents the agent in AR (Figure\\n2 ). The speaker sits to the lower-right next to a computer\\nand is around 6 inches (15.2 cm) tall, the height of the\\nAmazon Echo [2] . Zee behaves the same as Ava, the only\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 281\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/results/markdown/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300511/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300511", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/results/output_json/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,96,394,178],\"text\":\"difference being the addition of a visual representation.\\nOur goal is that this would provide a higher degree of\\nrealism and presence to the user, as Zee would have an\\nactual appearance in the world as opposed to the voice-\\nonly Ava.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,188,268,205],\"text\":\"Jake (Full-Size Embodied Agent)\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,205,394,355],\"text\":\"Jake is the first of our two humanlike embodied AR\\nagents, designed to contrast with the prior two agents\\nwhich mimic existing systems. This agent takes on the\\nform of a full-sized human, visually represented as\\nsomeone seated across from the user at the same desk\\n(Figure 2 ). The use of an AR headset allows us to display\\nJake in full scale, calibrated to be at a size comparable to a\\nphysically present human (3.75 feet/1.14 meters tall from\\nthe floor, in a seated position).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,364,394,497],\"text\":\"As an embodied agent, Jake also exhibits a few non-\\nverbal behaviors when interacting with the user. He\\ndisplays non-verbal talking and waving gestures (for\\ngreetings, etc.) and also looks at the user when the user\\ngazes at him, establishing mutual gaze [60,61] . Our goal is\\nthat these behaviors would allow Jake to be considered\\nmore realistic and relatable, possibly increasing users'\\nperception of helpfulness and trust.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,505,288,523],\"text\":\"Mikey (Miniature Embodied Agent)\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,524,394,707],\"text\":\"Our last agent, Mikey, is in all respects identical to Jake\\nwith the exception that he is a miniature version of Jake,\\nthe same height as the non-human agent Zee (Figure 2 ),\\nand that he has a slightly higher-pitched voice than Jake\\nto account for his smaller size. Mikey exhibits the same\\nnon-verbal behaviors as Jake, gesturing and gazing at the\\nuser when talking. Like Zee, Mikey's size makes him more\\nsuited to fit on a desk. Our goal is that Mikey would have\\nthe same benefits of embodiment as Jake, but in a smaller\\nform that better fits the environment for desktop\\ninteractions, as he can stand on a desk next to a PC.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,720,227,737],\"text\":\"3.2 Hidden Object Game\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,739,394,939],\"text\":\"We used hidden object puzzles as the task for users to\\ncomplete while interacting with the agents. This was\\ninspired from a study by Geven et al. [25] in which they\\nasked people to find objects in a room while engaging\\nwith an agent for hints and other information. Our task\\nsimulates a visual search task and has the added benefit of\\nnot requiring the agent's help once the user knows what\\nto look for. Thus, the agent would serve the role of an\\nassistant, only providing help when asked. Additionally,\\nsuch a task also explores the case where a user is visually\\nfocused and thus an agent with a visual representation\\ncould be a distraction.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,96,745,229],\"text\":\"For the individual hidden object tasks, we adapted\\npuzzles from the I-Spy children's book series [37,38] . Each\\npuzzle consisted of an image of a scene with multiple\\nobjects strewn about it. The goal for each puzzle was to\\nfind one object hidden in the scene, for example, the rabbit\\nin Figure 3 . Users interacted with the puzzles on a\\ntouchscreen PC, tapping the object once they found it in\\nthe image.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,241,572,258],\"text\":\"3.3 Supported Dialogue\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,261,745,362],\"text\":\"Each agent accompanied the user as they worked to solve\\nthe hidden object puzzles. The agents would help the user\\nfind the object and provide hints when asked. For\\nexample, if the user asked, \\\"What color is it,\\\" the agent\\nwould respond, \\\"The rabbit is white.\\\" Agents supported\\nthe following speech intents for hints:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[420,371,746,487],\"text\":\"• object: States the object that the user must find.\\n• color: Describes the primary color(s) of the object.\\n• shape: Describes the object's specific shape or form.\\n• context: Describes objects that are near/around the goal\\nobject or other contextual clues.\\n\\n• location: Describes the part of the image in which to\\nlook, such as a quadrant or half of the image.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,491,746,657],\"text\":\"Users did not know the possible hints or dialogue options\\nbut could interact naturally with the agents to find out.\\nThe agents would also list out hints if asked. Hints could\\neither be requested by name ( “ I would like a color hint ” )\\nor asked as a question ( “ what is near it? ” or “ is it blue? ” ),\\nwhich added a degree of flexibility to the input prompts.\\nOther intents were also included to support social\\ndialogue such as “ hello ” and “ thank you. ” All agents\\nshared the same supported dialogue/hints, differing only\\nin embodiment.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,669,548,685],\"text\":\"3.4 Implementation\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,690,746,756],\"text\":\"We used the Unity game engine [57] and Microsoft's\\nMixed Reality Toolkit [45] to develop the agents for the\\nHoloLens. Adobe Fuse [1] was used to generate the\\ncharacter models and animations for the two humanlike\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_017.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_017.png\",\"bbox\":[442,766,720,904],\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A wooden block structure displays an assortment of small toys. Highlighted by a red circle, a translucent white rabbit figure sits atop a blue sphere, adjacent to a black cat figure. Other visible items include a blue train car, a small person figurine, and colorful alphabet blocks.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,916,743,960],\"text\":\"Figure 3. An excerpt from one of the hidden object puzzles.\\nIn this image, participants would need to find the rabbit\\n(highlighted with a red circle).\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 281\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/results/markdown/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300511/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300511", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/results/output_json/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,95,394,179],\"text\":\"agents. The Unity application functioned only as a client\\nto display the agents and deliver the agents' speech to the\\nuser and did not contain any of the agent's intelligence,\\nwhich was instead handled by the dialogue manager that\\nran on a separate PC as a server application.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,186,394,388],\"text\":\"The dialogue manager relied on Google's Dialogflow\\nservice [27] , which provided automatic speech recognition\\nand semantic intent extraction. User speech was sent to\\nthe service, which returned the speech intent (as described\\nin the previous section). The application then generated an\\nappropriate response or hint based on the currently active\\npuzzle. The hidden object game was implemented in C#\\nusing the Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF)\\nframework [46] and interfaced with the dialogue manager\\nin order for the agent to know which puzzle the user was\\non and the hints available for the puzzle. The game ran on\\nthe same PC as the dialogue manager.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,412,170,429],\"text\":\"4 USER STUDY\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,432,394,484],\"text\":\"We conducted a within-subjects study exploring how\\nindividuals interact with each of our four virtual agents\\nwhile searching for objects in a hidden object game.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,495,172,513],\"text\":\"4.1 Participants\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,516,394,733],\"text\":\"We recruited 24 participants from introductory computer\\nscience classes at a local university. Participants were\\nadults between the ages of 18 and 28 (mean = 20.9, SD =\\n2.8), and 7 participants were female. Out of the 24\\nparticipants, 15 had prior experience with VR systems\\n(e.g., Oculus Rift, HTC Vive), and only two specifically had\\nexperience with AR headsets (e.g., Microsoft HoloLens).\\nAll but one participant had experience with voice assistant\\ntechnology due to the near ubiquity of assistants on\\nsmartphones. Participants received their choice of extra\\ncredit in a course or a $10 Amazon gift card as\\ncompensation. Our study was approved by our\\nInstitutional Review Board.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,745,162,763],\"text\":\"4.2 Apparatus\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,766,394,883],\"text\":\"Participants were seated in front of an HP Sprout [29]\\nworkstation (a 23-inch/58-cm touchscreen PC) and wore a\\nMicrosoft HoloLens headset (Figure 4 ). The hidden object\\ngame was displayed on the Sprout, and participants used\\nthe Sprout's touchscreen to interact with the game. The\\nvirtual agents were displayed on the HoloLens and\\npositioned to the right of the workstation.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,895,161,911],\"text\":\"4.3 Procedure\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,915,394,950],\"text\":\"At the start of the study, the researcher described the\\nstudy and familiarized the participant with the HoloLens.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,297,747,599],\"text\":\"The participant was then seated in front of the Sprout\\ncomputer and put on the headset. The researcher then\\ngave a brief summary of the hidden object game and\\nintroduced the participant to the first agent. The\\nparticipant was then asked to complete a set of five hidden\\nobject puzzles, interacting naturally with the agent. The\\nparticipant was asked to tap the object on the screen once\\nthey found it. After completing the set of puzzles, the\\nparticipant filled out a short questionnaire describing their\\nexperience with the agent (see following section). This\\nprocedure was repeated for the other three agents; a\\ndifferent set of puzzles was used for each agent. Each\\nparticipant interacted with all four agents, and order of\\nexposure to the agents was counterbalanced using a\\nbalanced Latin square. At the end of the study, the\\nparticipant was asked to describe which agent they\\npreferred the most and which one they preferred the least\\nbefore completing a few demographic questions.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_013.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_013.png\",\"bbox\":[449,89,719,240],\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A user wearing a Microsoft HoloLens sits at a desk, facing an HP Sprout Touchscreen PC and gesturing towards its screen. On the desk next to the PC is a cylindrical object labeled \\\"Virtual Agent,\\\" which is seen through the HoloLens.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[429,249,735,292],\"text\":\"Figure 4. The experiment setup. Participants wore a\\nMicrosoft HoloLens and interacted with a hidden object\\ngame running on an HP Sprout PC.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,606,746,724],\"text\":\"We compiled four sets of puzzles, one set for each\\nagent, with five puzzles in each set (20 total). Each set\\ntook on average eight minutes to solve as determined by a\\npilot test with four people (two male and two female; ages\\n21-23; mean = 21.5). The sets were initially randomized,\\nand we kept the order of the puzzles the same for each\\nparticipant, varying only the order agents appeared.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,735,624,752],\"text\":\"4.4 Virtual Agent Questionnaire\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,756,746,957],\"text\":\"For the per-agent questionnaire, we asked participants to\\nrate their experience with the agent along six visual\\nanalogue scales [23] rating different qualities of the agent:\\nhelpfulness , presence , relatability , trust , distraction , and\\nrealism . For example, “ How would you rate the\\nhelpfulness of the agent? ” These questions were adapted\\nfrom prior work on embodied agents [8,14,28] . We also\\nasked participants to rate how likely they would\\nrecommend the agent to a friend ( recommendation ) and\\nhow willing they would be to interact with the agent\\nagain ( continued use ) to get a general sense of user\\nacceptance/satisfaction. We also asked participants to\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 281\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/results/markdown/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300511/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300511", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/results/output_json/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,744,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[73,90,739,275],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays four box plots labeled (a) through (d), comparing data across different agents. Panels (a) and (b) show \\\"Utterances per Trial\\\" and \\\"Words per Utterance\\\" for agents Ava, Zee, Jake, and Mikey. Panels (c) and (d) present \\\"Gazes per Trial\\\" and \\\"Gaze Duration (s)\\\" for agents Zee, Jake, and Mikey, with statistical significance indicated above some comparisons.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[165,285,648,317],\"text\":\"Figure 5. Boxplots comparing (a) number of utterances per trial, (b) words per utterance,\\n(c) number of gaze events per trial, and (d) gaze duration across agents.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,325,393,376],\"text\":\"describe what they liked most and least about each agent,\\nallowing us to capture detailed insights into their thoughts\\nabout the agents.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,399,146,416],\"text\":\"5 RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,421,393,472],\"text\":\"We report results from our study in two parts: the agent\\ninteraction data collected for each trial and the\\nquestionnaire responses collected for each agent.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,484,212,501],\"text\":\"5.1 Agent Interactions\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,505,394,671],\"text\":\"For analysis, we logged data from each of the trials,\\nincluding user utterances, utterance start/end times, agent\\nutterances, times the user gazed at the agent, and\\nincorrect taps on the puzzle (Figure 5 ). We omitted three\\ntrials (individual tasks, one from participant P8 with\\nMikey, P9 with Zee, and P20 with Jake) from analysis due\\nto participants not being able to find an object and giving\\nup, which forced the researcher to proceed to the next\\npuzzle. This resulted in data from 24 participants * 20 trials\\nper participant - 3 trials omitted = 477 total trials.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_3\",\"bbox\":[69,678,210,695],\"text\":\"Task Completion Time\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,698,393,731],\"text\":\"We analyze the average time it took to complete a puzzle\\nto see if participants completed tasks faster with a given\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,325,746,526],\"text\":\"agent, since prior work [9,34,59] showed that users\\nperformed better with an embodied or physically-present\\nagent/robot. The task completion time was measured from\\nthe time a user first saw a new puzzle to the time they\\nfound and tapped on the correct object. On average,\\nparticipants took 67 seconds to complete a single puzzle.\\nTable 1 lists the average task completion time for each\\nagent. A within-subject repeated measures ANOVA (RM-\\nANOVA) revealed no significant effect of agent on puzzle\\ncompletion time (F $_{3,60}$ = 2.11, ns). Thus, overall, the visual\\nrepresentation of an agent did not have an impact on how\\nfast participants completed a puzzle task.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[69,744,392,890],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td></td><td>Ava (Voice)</td><td>Zee (Non-Human)</td><td>Jake (Full-Size)</td><td>Mikey (Mini)</td></tr><tr><td>Task Time (s)</td><td>73.8 (36.6)</td><td>61.1 (20.8)</td><td>70.0 (25.6)</td><td>64.1 (23.4)</td></tr><tr><td>Utterances per trial</td><td>4.5 (1.7)</td><td>4.3 (1.3)</td><td>4.4 (1.5)</td><td>4.5 (2.0)</td></tr><tr><td>Words per utterance</td><td>4.0 (1.3)</td><td>4.2 (1.1)</td><td>4.3 (1.3)</td><td>4.1 (1.3)</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a table displaying performance metrics for four different entities: Ava (Voice), Zee (Non-Human), Jake (Full-Size), and Mikey (Mini). The rows represent Task Time (s), Utterances per trial, and Words per utterance, with each cell containing a mean value and a standard deviation in parentheses.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_5_tab_12.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[84,904,380,948],\"text\":\"Table 1. Comparison of task time and utterance stats\\nacross the four agents. Standard deviations are in\\nparentheses. No significant differences were observed.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_3\",\"bbox\":[420,533,537,550],\"text\":\"Speech Interaction\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,552,746,753],\"text\":\"We also looked at if participants spoke more to certain\\nagents than to others. We wanted to see if people would\\nengage or interact more with an agent based on their\\nphysical appearance. We recorded the total number of\\nuser utterances during each puzzle (Figure 5 b) as well as\\nthe length of each utterance (Figure 5 c). The average\\nnumber of utterances and utterance lengths are reported\\nin Table 1 . RM-ANOVA revealed no significant effect of\\nagent on the number of utterances ( $F_{3,60} = 0.33$ , ns) or on\\nutterance length ( $F_{3,60} = 1.24$ , ns), showing that\\nparticipants did not speak significantly more or more\\noften to any given agent.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_3\",\"bbox\":[420,761,525,777],\"text\":\"Gaze Interaction\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,779,746,946],\"text\":\"One of our goals was to see if having a human appearance\\nwould result in differences in users' non-verbal behavior,\\nspecifically users' gaze. For the three agents that had a\\nvisual representation, we looked at the number of times\\nparticipants gazed at the agent (Figure 5 d), as well as the\\nduration of each gaze (Figure 5 e). Gaze was estimated\\nusing head orientation based on the Hololens headset,\\nsimilar to in VR systems [7] . We determined gaze by\\nseeing if the agent or agent's face was visible on screen. A\\nsingle gaze event was counted as the user looking at the\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 281\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/results/markdown/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300511/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300511", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/results/output_json/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[67,100,391,302],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This bar chart displays ratings from 0 to 100 across eight categories, including Helpfulness, Presence, Relatability, Trust, Distraction, Realism, Recommendation, and Continued Use. For each category, there are four colored bars representing Ava, Zee, Jake, and Mikey, with error bars and significance annotations visible above some bars.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,309,388,354],\"text\":\"Figure 6. Graph of the average subjective ratings from the\\nquestionnaire. Each agent was rated against the eight\\nscales. Error bars represent the standard deviation.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,379,394,480],\"text\":\"agent and then looking away. On average, Mikey had the\\nlargest number of gazes per trial (mean = 5.7 gazes, SD =\\n4.2), followed by Jake (mean = 4.8, SD = 2.6), and Zee\\n(mean = 2.6, SD = 2.4). Jake had the longest average gaze\\nduration (mean = 1.7 sec, SD = 1.1), followed by Mikey\\n(mean = 1.2, SD = 1.3), and Zee (mean = 0.4, SD = 0.4).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,486,394,640],\"text\":\"RM-ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of agent\\non the number of gazes per trial ( $F_{2,40}=9.66$ , p < 0.001) as\\nwell as on gaze duration ( $F_{2,40}=15.69$ , p < 0.001). We did\\nnot observe any ordering or interaction effects. Post-hoc\\npairwise t-tests with Bonferroni correction showed that\\nZee (the non-human agent) had significantly fewer gazes\\nthan the other two humanlike agents Jake (p < 0.01) and\\nMikey (p < 0.01) and shorter gaze durations than both Jake\\n(p < 0.001) and Mikey (p < 0.05).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,646,394,764],\"text\":\"We took a closer look at participants' gaze events to\\nunderstand why users were gazing at an agent; was it in\\nresponse to an agent speaking, was it when the user spoke\\nto an agent, or was it simply to just look at the agent?\\nUsing the start/end times of each gaze event and\\nutterance, we were able to determine the proportion of\\ngazes that overlapped with utterances.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,770,394,939],\"text\":\"RM-ANOVA revealed an effect of agent on the\\nproportion of gaze events that overlapped with both user\\nand agent speech (F $_{2,40}$ = 18.28, p < 0.001). For example, a\\nuser would gaze at an agent, speak, and then wait for its\\nresponse before looking away. Post-hoc tests using\\nBonferroni correction revealed a significant difference\\nbetween the three agents (p < 0.05 in all cases). Jake had\\nthe highest proportion of overlapped gaze events (0.25),\\nMikey with second-highest (0.13), and Zee with the lowest\\n(0.05).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_008.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[426,89,743,260],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A bar chart displays 'Likes', 'Dislikes', and 'Net Score' for four individuals: Ava, Zee, Jake, and Mikey. For each person, three vertical bars show positive scores for 'Likes' (green) and 'Dislikes' (red), and a 'Net Score' (blue) which can be positive or negative. The Y-axis represents Score, ranging from -6 to 10.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[427,269,734,300],\"text\":\"Figure 7. Participant ratings for most-liked and most-\\ndisliked agent. Net score (likes – dislikes) is also shown.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,316,604,333],\"text\":\"5.2 Questionnaire Responses\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,337,745,370],\"text\":\"We analyzed participant's responses to understand their\\nsubjective perceptions and preferences for each agent.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_3\",\"bbox\":[421,377,536,394],\"text\":\"Agent Perceptions\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,396,746,497],\"text\":\"For analysis, we first quantified the responses on the eight\\nvisual analogue scales to a number from 0 to 100. We ran\\na repeated measures ANOVA on each of the eight scales\\nindividually in order to find differences between the four\\nagents. Graphs comparing agent ratings for each of the\\nscales are depicted in Figure 6 .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,503,746,737],\"text\":\"We found a significant effect of agent representation\\non the presence (F $_{1,60}$ = 4.1, p < 0.01), reliability (F $_{1,60}$ =\\n5.3, p < 0.01), and realism (F $_{1,60}$ = 13.5, p < 0.001) ratings.\\nFor the presence ratings, Mikey was rated as having\\nsignificantly more presence than Zee (p < 0.01). For the\\nreliability ratings, Mikey was rated as having\\nsignificantly higher reliability than both Zee (p < 0.05)\\nand Ava (p < 0.01). For the realism ratings, Jake and Mikey\\nwere both rated significantly higher than Zee (p < 0.001\\nfor both). However, for all these ratings, we did not see a\\nsignificant difference between Jake and Mikey. We did not\\nfind any significant effect of agent on any of the other\\nscales (helpfulness, trust, distraction, recommendation,\\nand continued use).\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_3\",\"bbox\":[421,745,521,761],\"text\":\"User Preference\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,764,746,848],\"text\":\"To understand user preference for the four agents, we\\ntallied up the participant votes for the agent they liked the\\nmost and liked the least. Some participants could not\\ndecide on a single agent, so their votes were divided into\\nfractional votes. These results are highlighted in Figure 7 .\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,855,746,939],\"text\":\"Overall, Mikey (the miniature humanlike agent) had\\nthe greatest number of likes overall with 9.83 votes (out of\\n24 participants), with Ava (the voice-only agent) coming\\nin second. Third was Jake, and last was Zee. In terms of\\nmost disliked agent, Jake was most disliked, followed\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 281\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/results/markdown/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300511/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300511", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/results/output_json/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,95,393,129],\"text\":\"closely by Ava, and then Zee. Mikey had only one person\\nwho disliked him the most out of all four agents.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,136,393,286],\"text\":\"We also computed a net score for each agent by taking\\nthe number of likes and subtracting the number of dislikes\\n(the third, blue bar in Figure 7 ). This allowed us to see\\nwhich agents were liked universally and which had\\npolarizing results based on individual user preference. Our\\nresults show that Mikey, the miniature human agent, was\\nthe most liked and the least disliked. On the other hand,\\nAva was almost equally liked and disliked, and Jake and\\nZee both had over twice as many dislikes than likes.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,295,178,311],\"text\":\"Agent Comments\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,314,394,412],\"text\":\"To gain a fuller understanding of why certain agents were\\npreferred over others, we looked at the comments from\\nthe open response questions. We analyzed the data using\\nan affinity diagram to extract major themes. We note the\\nmain positive/negative themes for each individual agent\\nbelow:\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,420,394,606],\"text\":\"Ava (Voice-Only). Participants who liked Ava\\nmentioned how she helped them focus on the task. For\\ninstance, one participant noted: “ [Ava] was convenient\\nbecause I never had anywhere to look away from and could\\nstrictly focus on the puzzle. ” (P5) Ava's voice-only nature\\nalso made it feel “ like she was communicating from another\\nroom. ” (P23) However, participants who disliked Ava the\\nmost said that they found her to be too similar to existing\\ndigital assistants: “ it just seemed like a regular virtual agent\\nsimilar to Siri. ” (P7) Some disliked her voice-only nature:\\n“ the lack of a physical presence was odd ” (P3).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,613,394,797],\"text\":\"Zee (Non-Human). Zee was liked for being more\\npractical compared to the humanlike agents, as a simple\\nrepresentation without a full-on human appearance.\\nParticipants thought she gave helpful hints and liked how\\nit was familiar to a real system (the Amazon Echo): “ I\\nthink a lot more people would be comfortable with this agent\\nsimply because of how used to it we are. ” (P14) The major\\ndownside to Zee was that she was considered the least\\nhumanlike and most robotic out of all the agents based on\\nreported comments. “ I felt like I was talking to a machine\\nmore than a helper/person. ” (P2)\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,803,394,957],\"text\":\"Jake (Full-Size). Participants who liked Jake\\nemphasized his full-size figure as helping make him seem\\nmore humanlike. Additionally, participants liked his\\nmovements/behaviors and one specifically mentioned how\\nthose factors helped make him feel more “ socially\\ncompetent and more like a real person ” (P2). Participants\\nalso liked that Jake had more presence than the other\\nagents and how his appearance and location “ made it feel\\nmore like I was having a conversation with someone rather\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,95,746,195],\"text\":\"than looking down or demanding them\\\" (P22). However,\\nothers strongly disliked Jake's appearance, primarily\\ndisliking how large he was. His size made him feel “off-\\nputting” (P14) and \\\"uncanny\\\" (P13). One participant (P10)\\nbest described this as “having a huge animated guy right\\nnext to you was a bit much.”\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,203,747,438],\"text\":\"Mikey (Miniature). Mikey was liked most for feeling\\nnatural when interacting with him and he was also\\nconsidered very humanlike. Participants noted how his\\nsmall size made him feel more approachable and relatable:\\n“ it was almost cute and like a friend due to size but\\nreliability [sic] ” (P13). Mikey was also commonly liked\\ndue to the novelty factor of having a small person as a\\npersonal assistant, with some calling him entertaining and\\namusing: “ he felt like a little helper that was in the room\\nwith me, wasn't too distracting, and was amusing because\\nhe was so small. ” (P15) A few noted how Mikey could still\\nbe more lifelike: “ While he was more lifelike than other\\nvirtual agents I've seen, he was still relatively\\nwooden/seemingly emotionless. ” (P15)\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,463,522,480],\"text\":\"6 DISCUSSION\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,483,746,601],\"text\":\"In this section, we discuss the results of our study, relating\\nit to prior work and specifically focusing on how our\\nresults can be best applied to designing virtual agents for\\nAR systems. We start by discussing user preference for\\nthe miniature embodied agent Mikey, before analyzing\\nhow our users perceived the other agents and what\\nimplications it has for agents in AR.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,613,600,630],\"text\":\"6.1 Embodied Agents for AR\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,633,746,799],\"text\":\"We found that the two humanlike embodied agents,\\nMikey and Jake, resulted in higher numbers of gazes than\\nthe non-human agent Zee. Participants also rated the\\nminiature Mikey as the most-liked agent overall, primarily\\nbecause they found him more novel, but also rated him as\\nhaving higher presence and relatability when compared\\nwith the voice-only Ava. Results were mainly the same for\\nJake in terms of interaction and comments; the main\\ndifference came down to participants reporting that the\\nsmall form made Mikey more relatable and humanlike.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,806,746,959],\"text\":\"These results align with prior work on embodied\\nagents outside of AR. A study by Wagner et al. [58] found\\nthat their embodied agents were rated as more likeable\\nand engaging than those without embodiments. They also\\nreported a novelty effect: their embodied agents were\\nrated as more enjoyable and fun than a disembodied voice.\\nSimilarly, Wainer et al. [59] also saw a novelty effect, but\\nacross all their embodiments. In contrast, we saw that\\nMikey had participants mention how he was amusing and\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 281\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300511/results/markdown/3290605-3300511_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300514/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300514", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/results/output_json/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,39,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[77,117,736,184],\"text\":\"TutoriVR: A Video-Based Tutorial System for Design\\nApplications in Virtual Reality\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[89,201,234,264],\"text\":\"Balasaranavan Thoravi\\nKumaravel\\n\\nUC Berkeley, California\\n\\ntkbalaja@berkeley.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[254,201,395,264],\"text\":\"Cuong Nguyen\\n\\nAdobe Research\\n\\nSan Francisco, California\\n\\ncunguyen@adobe.com\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[420,201,559,264],\"text\":\"Stephen DiVerdi\\n\\nAdobe Research\\n\\nSan Francisco, California\\n\\ndivendi@adobe.com\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[583,201,724,249],\"text\":\"Björn Hartmann\\n\\nUC Berkeley, California\\n\\nbjoern@eecs.berkeley.edu\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,274,141,292],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,295,395,568],\"text\":\"Virtual Reality painting is a form of 3D-painting done in\\na Virtual Reality (VR) space. Being a relatively new kind\\nof art form, there is a growing interest within the creative\\npractices community to learn it. Currently, most users learn\\nusing community posted 2D-videos on the internet, which\\nare a screencast recording of the painting process by an in-\\nstructor. While such an approach may suffice for teaching\\n2D-software tools, these videos by themselves fail in deliver-\\ning crucial details that required by the user to understand\\nactions in a VR space. We conduct a formative study to iden-\\ntify challenges faced by users in learning to VR-paint using\\nsuch video-based tutorials. Informed by results of this study,\\nwe develop a VR-embedded tutorial system that supplements\\nvideo tutorials with 3D and contextual aids directly in the\\nuser's VR environment. An exploratory evaluation showed\\nusers were positive about the system and were able to use\\nthe proposed system to recreate painting tasks in VR.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,578,172,596],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[69,599,360,617],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Virtual reality.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,629,149,645],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,649,368,666],\"text\":\"Virtual Reality; Software tutorials; Design applications\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,672,202,688],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,689,394,777],\"text\":\"Balasaranavan Thori Kumaravel, Cuong Nguyen, Stephen Di-\\nVerri, and Björn Hartmann. 2019. TutoriVR: A Video-Based Tutorial\\nSystem for Design Applications in Virtual Reality. In CHI Confer-\\nence on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019) .\\nMay 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA,\\n12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3296605.3300514\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_016.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_016.png\",\"bbox\":[417,271,749,589],\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A person wearing a VR headset and holding controllers interacts with a virtual mannequin adorned with a textured blue dress and large purple feathered wings. Floating virtual user interface panels with various controls and icons are visible on the left and below the mannequin, all within a dark, mountainous virtual environment.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,598,746,686],\"text\":\"Figure 1: An overview of our VR-embedded tutorial system.\\nOur video widgets (on the left and below the user) can be\\nrendered directly inside the user's active VR painting appli-\\ncation (TiltBrush in this example). The user can access use-\\nful tutorial content while painting and can interact with the\\nvideo widgets to explore and learn at their own pace.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,709,549,726],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,730,746,889],\"text\":\"Painting, sketching, and sculpting in Virtual Reality (VR),\\nhenceforth referred to as “VR design”, are emerging forms of\\nartistic expression. The key characteristic of VR design is the\\nability to move a hand in mid-air to directly manipulate and\\ncreate 3D shapes. This WYSIWYG paradigm was foreseen by\\nearly research [13] and yet has only become widely available\\nrecently thanks to advancements in VR optics and spatial\\ntracking technologies. The freedom of expression in VR is\\nperhaps one of the main reasons VR design has received\\nsignificant interest from creative communities [11] .\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,890,746,954],\"text\":\"VR design is a creative process and requires mastery of\\nskills. Through initial conversations with two professional\\nVR artists and observations of online user groups, we found\\ntwo apparent requirements for designing in VR: VR UI skills\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,790,395,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not\\nmade or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear\\nthis notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components\\nof this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with\\ncredit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to\\nredistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request\\npermissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,900,273,952],\"text\":\"CIR 1919, May 4-9, 1919, Glasgow, Scotland UK\\n\\n© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery,\\nACM ISBN 978-1-4003-3970-2/19/05...$15.00\\n\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3296095.3303104\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 284\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/results/markdown/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300514/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300514", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/results/output_json/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,299],\"text\":\"(e.g., how to use interface elements such as 3D menus/tools)\\nand VR artistic skills (e.g., what are the creative techniques\\navailable). Currently, learning VR design happens mainly\\nthrough trial and error. Support for VR design tutorials has\\nbeen limited. Most VR applications only provide onboarding\\nexperiences that focus on basic functions. More importantly,\\nusers, while in VR, do not have a convenient way to browse\\nand consume tutorials that were created by other users. This\\nis in stark contrast to the ongoing focus of the HCI com-\\nmunity on supporting tutorials for desktop-based design\\nsoftware [15] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,299,394,554],\"text\":\"The lack of learning aids for VR design motivates our main\\nresearch question: \\\"How do we design a tutorial system for\\ndesign tasks in VR?\\\" . In this paper, we focus our investigation\\non the feasibility of using user-generated screencast videos\\nof a VR workflow, as tutorials in VR. Video is prevalent in\\nonline VR user communities and on VR applications' learn-\\ning pages [2] . Its apparent benefit is the low overhead cost\\nof authoring: a user only needs to hit the \\\"record\\\" button\\nonce to capture. Other users can then view this capture and\\nlearn about the author's design process in VR. This type\\nof learning is self-paced, holistic, and may encourage meta-\\ncognitive processes [31] . Additionally, screencast video is\\nalso application-agnostic—the user does not need to rely on\\nthe VR application to provide dedicated APIs for recording.\\nThis means that any user can create and share tutorials for\\nany VR applications, techniques, and features.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,554,394,761],\"text\":\"However, there are inherent limitations to using 2D videos\\nas tutorials in VR. First, traditional video players are not well-\\nintegrated into VR design applications. To view video in VR,\\na user needs to pause the current painting process to switch\\nto another application. Or worse, they may have to take off\\nthe Head-Mounted Device (HMD) to view the video on the\\ndesktop computer. Second, it is not clear to what extent users\\ncan interpret the spatial nature of 3D VR tasks from a 2D\\nvideo. Compared to standard desktop software, carrying out\\ntasks in VR spaces involves interaction in a much richer 3D\\ninput space and with dramatically novel interface concepts\\nand interaction designs (e.g., teleportation, 3D color picking,\\nand so on $^1$ ).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,761,394,922],\"text\":\"To address these challenges, we develop VR-embedded wid-\\ngets . These widgets can show video content and interfaces\\ndirectly in the user's VR painting environment, so that a user\\ncan simultaneously access the tutorial and the painting. To\\ndo this, our widgets inject the VR application's rendering\\nand event system, so that they can be rendered on top of the\\napplication in VR and can be programmed to respond to a\\nuser's input in VR. Using these widgets as building blocks,\\nwe develop a basic timeline-based video player and examine\\nwhether users can learn from a screencast tutorial video,\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,235],\"text\":\"while painting in VR. We find that the presence of a video\\ntutorial system in VR is valuable to users. However, improve-\\nments to the interface are needed to increase the utility of\\nscreencast video as a VR tutorial. We distill our findings into\\na set of design implications focusing on 1) UI accessibility\\n2) Spatio-temporal exploration 3) Depth perception and 4)\\nInstruction awareness.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,236,746,586],\"text\":\"Based on these findings, we introduce a new tutorial sys-\\ntem for VR painting called TutoriVR. Our system takes as\\ninput a screencast video captured from both eyes of the in-\\nstructor and a data log consisting of activity traces of the\\ninstructor's VR device such as controller poses, HMD poses\\nand button presses. Both of these are trivially accessible in\\nmost VR systems. Using these materials, TutoriVR delivers a\\nmore optimal learning experience. First, we enhance the tuto-\\nrial user's depth perception through rendering the screencast\\nvideo stereoscopically, and supplementing it with 3D render-\\ning of controllers and active painting strokes. Then, we allow\\nfor increased perspective perception by enabling the users to\\nview the stroke creation process from different perspectives.\\nNext, we enable the users to better understand controller\\ninteractions through highlighting them for an extended du-\\nration allowing for enough time for users to understand\\nany quick actions. Finally, we allow for an increased instruc-\\ntional awareness of users through a widget that follows the\\nuser's field of view. We conducted a preliminary evaluation\\nto assess TutoriVR and we found that, users found these im-\\nprovements useful and were able to complete more critical\\nsteps in a tutorial than when using the baseline system.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[436,586,727,602],\"text\":\"In summary, the main contributions of this paper are:\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[441,603,746,715],\"text\":\"• Exploring challenges associated with learning VR de-\\nsign through 2D video-based tutorials\\n• A VR-embedded widget system that supplements and\\nenhances the understanding of video-based tutorials\\n• Preliminary evaluations of the developed system indi-\\ncating that users were able to use the proposed tutorial\\nsystem to replicate 3D painting tasks in VR\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,753,549,770],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,773,610,791],\"text\":\"Designing and sketching in VR\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,792,746,954],\"text\":\"Early research in VR explores the potential of immersive dis-\\nplays in 3D design tasks such as modeling [35] and sketching\\n[39] . More recent work focuses on examining the mechan-\\nics of sketching in mid-air, focusing on understanding the\\nquality of the stroke [6, 41] or improving it via correction\\ntechniques [8] and advanced workflow [5] . Providing effec-\\ntive learning materials is also important to help develop\\nartistic skills. Our work complements this research by char-\\nacterizing users' needs in learning design applications in VR\\nand introducing a tutorial system for VR painting.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,938,171,953],\"text\":\"1 http://www.xr.design/\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,997,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 284\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,997,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/results/markdown/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300514/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300514", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/results/output_json/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,125,307,141],\"text\":\"Tutorial system for design applications\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,144,394,303],\"text\":\"Providing effective instructions for digital content creation\\nhas been an active research area within HCI. Previous work\\nfocuses on tutorials for desktop applications such as design\\nsoftware [10, 17, 19, 32] , sketching [15] , and 3D modeling\\n[14] . A major theme in these works is to generate high-\\nquality tutorials based on the raw recordings of a user wor-\\nflow. This approach can reduce the authoring overhead of the\\ntutorial creator and encourage more sharing of community-\\ngenerated tutorials. Our work is the first to extend this con-\\ncept to design applications in VR.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,303,394,541],\"text\":\"An important question asked in these works is, at what\\nlevel of the application should the system record the work-\\nflow. The recording can either be application-specific (e.g.,\\nBlender edit operations [14] , Photoshop commands [10, 17] ,\\nPaint.NET document edits and UI events [20] ) or application-\\nagnostic (e.g., mouse and keyboard inputs [7, 27, 29] , OS-\\nlevel activity tracing [26] ). Our work focuses on the latter\\ntype of recording. We provide a minimal capturing tool that\\ncaptures screencast video of a VR workflow together with\\ntime-stamped VR system traces. These traces capture button-\\npress events as well as 6DOF interaction data from the HMD\\nand the controllers. They are trivially accessible in most VR\\nsystems such as Oculus or HTC Vive. We leverage these data\\nto develop widgets that provide supplemental visualizations\\nto increase the utility of a 2D video in VR.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,542,394,751],\"text\":\"Alternatively, a VR application may provide APIs for users\\nto capture all the geometric information and the application\\nstates of a VR design workflow [1] . A 3D reconstruction of\\nthis capture can help users freely explore the workflow from\\ndifferent perspectives. Ponto et al. [33] use tracked HMD\\ndata to produce stable videos while preserving the recorder's\\noriginal intent. Greenhalgh et al.'s [18] , work discusses differ-\\nent spatio-temporal mechanisms that allow recording and\\nplayback of multi-user VR sessions. Both assume access\\nto the entire VR application in order to facilitate playback.\\nThese approaches all depend heavily on the host application\\nto provide proprietary recording and playback mechanisms\\nwhich are not within the scope of our work.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,773,232,790],\"text\":\"Tutorial system for VR/AR\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,792,394,905],\"text\":\"Tutorial systems designed for VR and AR environments pri-\\nmarily focus on harnessing spatial tracking and feedback to\\nhelp users learn motor tasks [3, 24, 36, 40, 42] . Motor skill is\\nonly a subset of a VR painting workflow. Our system uses\\nworkflow video recording which can convey the full scope\\nof a tutorial including tool usage, task demonstration, and\\ncontent progression [15] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,905,394,954],\"text\":\"Video is a lightweight format for capturing workflows.\\nSeveral AR systems use video to deliver physical assembly\\ninstructions [12, 16, 30] . In contrast, our focus is on helping\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,299],\"text\":\"users create virtual content in VR. Commercial VR design\\napplications like Gravity Sketch, Medium, and Quill provide\\ndedicated 2D video tutorials online and also in VR using stan-\\ndard video widgets such as play, pause, and seek. Our tutorial\\nsystem also includes a video player, but it is more tightly\\ncoupled and is responsive to the user's painting workflow. It\\ncan display video interfaces and enable interactive tutorial\\nfeatures directly inside the user's painting environment in\\nan application-agnostic manner. Our system does this by\\ninjecting both the rendering and the event system of the\\nhost VR application.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,310,569,327],\"text\":\"3 FORMATIVE STUDY\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,331,745,379],\"text\":\"We carried out a formative study to observe and identify\\nchallenges faced by users who learn VR painting using video-\\nbased tutorials.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,380,746,571],\"text\":\"A fair amount of prior work [10, 17, 19, 32] deals with\\nstudying how users follow video tutorials to learn to use de-\\nsign software in conventional desktop computing. However,\\nnone of these works deal with the usage of video-tutorials\\nto learn the operation of design tools specific to VR. More\\nbroadly, none of them deal with the usage of a VR environ-\\nment embedded video player to learn to do actions within a\\nVR space. Carrying out tasks in VR spaces involves interac-\\ntion in a richer 3D input space as opposed to the 2D input\\nspace of conventional desktops. Hence, learning to paint in\\nVR using 2D video-based tutorials pose additional challenges\\ncompared to learning conventional desktop software.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,582,498,599],\"text\":\"Participants\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,602,746,682],\"text\":\"We recruited six participants (5 males and 1 female) through\\nonline forums and mailing lists having community of users\\nwith a prior experience in VR painting. Each study lasted for\\na maximum of 90 minutes and the users were compensated\\nwith a $50 gift card.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,694,602,711],\"text\":\"Baseline tutorial video player\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,714,746,826],\"text\":\"Currently, there exists only limited solutions for users to\\naccess a video tutorial directly in VR. The most common\\nway is to switch between VR and watching the video on a\\ndesktop computer. A user can also open a video application in\\nVR, but that would require pausing the current VR painting\\napplication. Both of these approach disrupt the user's flow\\nof learning and painting.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,826,746,954],\"text\":\"In order to facilitate an integrated experience of watching\\nand interacting with videos within the same VR painting\\nenvironment, we built a custom video player that can work\\nin an embedded manner within the environment of any VR\\napplication. The video player was built using the Unity en-\\ngine and SteamVR library, which supports its deployment in\\na variety of standard VR platforms. Our system was devel-\\noped for the Oculus Rift device. A preview of this embedded\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 284\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/results/markdown/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300514/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300514", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/results/output_json/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[147,120,314,293],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A video player interface displays a cartoon-style landscape featuring a winding path, purple ground, and stylized blue cacti under a dark sky. The player shows a progress bar at 21:42 of a 27:30 duration, along with a play button and a closed captions icon.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[88,302,371,319],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Basic video player used in formative study\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,329,395,475],\"text\":\"video player can be seen in Figure. 2 . A user can interact with\\nour system using a standard VR laser pointing technique.\\nWe included basic video features such as timeline seeking\\nand play/pause. Additionally, to avoid blocking the user's\\npainting in VR, we enabled users to change the UI position.\\nIn pilot testing, we found users frequently needed to check\\nthe tutorial by triggering the play/pause button on the UI.\\nThis may lead lead to muscle fatigue [9] . Thus, we also added\\na play/pause shortcut button on the user's controller.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,485,106,502],\"text\":\"Tasks\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,505,395,696],\"text\":\"The study had three tasks focused on different aspects of\\nlearning VR painting. The first task aimed at understanding\\ntool usage in VR. The second task dealt with choosing dif-\\nferent tools and creating an object from scratch. The third\\ntask required users to follow intricate hand movements and\\ntechniques to create a bird-shaped knot for a jewelry art. A\\nshort video (2-3 minutes) was used for each task. The videos\\nwere screencast video recordings of an expert VR artist's\\nworkflow with voice-over. The participants were asked to\\nfollow the instructions in the video and create their own ver-\\nsion of the painting, while following a think-aloud protocol.\\nEach task had a maximum time limit of 15 minutes.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,708,155,725],\"text\":\"Measurement\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,729,395,888],\"text\":\"After each task the users had to fill out a questionnaire about\\nthe task which asked the user to rate their ability to under-\\nstand the instructions in the video. They were also asked to\\nrate how easy it was for them to navigate and follow these\\ninstructions using the video player. Finally, they were asked\\nto rate whether the video player eased the process of learn-\\ning compared to how they usually learn VR painting. Then\\nthere was a 5-10 minute semi-structured interview about the\\nuser's experience of doing the task. Participants' feedback\\nwere collected after the study.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,901,240,919],\"text\":\"Findings of formative study\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,921,395,954],\"text\":\"Embedded video player. Our embedded video player received\\nmostly positive responses in the formative study. Five out\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,555],\"text\":\"of the six users rated that our embedded video player eased\\nthe process of learning compared to how they usually learn\\nto VR paint. One of the users preferred learning through\\ntrial and error of the software and did not prefer using any\\nform of tutorial to learn. The users felt that the embedded\\nplayer offered an integrated experience for them to learn VR\\npainting using video tutorials while they continue to remain\\nin the creative workflow of their painting process. They ap-\\npreciated that the video player allowed them make instant\\nvisual comparisons of their work with the tutorial and make\\nquick modifications. Users liked the ability to position the\\nvideo player as per their convenience and that the video\\nplayer is rendered on top of anything else in the VR environ-\\nment. Although, in theory, rendering the player on top of\\nVR graphics may introduce depth conflict [28] , none of our\\nusers reported or showed signs of it. A possible explanation\\nis that the mobility of the video player allowed users to move\\nit around to avoid blocking their content, thereby preventing\\ndepth conflicts. However, depth conflict issues could occur\\nin larger and more cluttered VR spaces, in which case the\\nadjustment solutions proposed by Nguyen et. al [28] could\\nbe applied. Though it was possible for users to move the\\nvideo player in z-direction to change its size, they preferred\\nto have a more explicit control. A major request from users\\nwas to have a clearer step structure on the timeline to help\\nwith navigation; this is a well-known issue in previous video\\ntutorial research [32] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,602,747,954],\"text\":\"One interactions. One of the recurring problems that\\nthe users faced was understanding the interactions of the\\nVR controllers in the video. Similar to the mouse cursor, the\\nVR controller is the primary input device in most VR appli-\\ncations. Whenever a user gets stuck on trying to perform\\nthe low-level actions, it was observed that the user actively\\nlooks for the VR controller in the video to figure out what\\naction was done with it. This approach however is not al-\\nways feasible due to various reasons. Controllers may not\\nbe in the field of view of the instructor, in which case the\\ncontrollers are absent in the video. Button presses on the con-\\ntrollers can be too quick to notice, even when it is presented\\nin the video. This would require users to precisely navigate\\nto the frame the button was pressed in order to identify it.\\nUsers also found it difficult to follow actions that required a\\ncoordinated combination of consecutive button presses and\\nhand gestures. For instance, in the first task, one needs to\\nmove a selected object by touching the object, hold down a\\nbutton on the controller and then move their hands in order\\nto move the selected object. This multi-step action was not\\nunderstood by many users through watching videos because\\nit was easy to miss the timing of at least one of those actions.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 284\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/results/markdown/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300514/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300514", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/results/output_json/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,126,394,172],\"text\":\"In summary, we identify three primary sources that lead to\\nthe occurrence of these interaction problems while following\\nvideo-tutorials to learn VR design tools:\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[89,172,395,444],\"text\":\"• Unfamiliar button mapping - Learning to perform ac-\\ntions in VR environment requires users to learn an\\nunfamiliar button-action mapping. Since interactions\\nin VR are not standardized, there is no preconceived\\nand established notion of what all buttons mean, how\\nthey work and what purpose they serve. This is in con-\\ntrast to controllers like mice where clicking/dragging\\ntype interactions are standardized.\\n• Visibility problem - There is a lack of ability to visually\\nsee the controller interactions followed by an instruc-\\ntor to achieve a particular output.\\n• Richer input space - We have two dDoF tracked con-\\ntrollers for interacting with a 3D space. This opens up a\\nricher input space with multiple interactions that need\\nto occur in tandem with button presses, which may\\nnot be conveyed effectively in the video depending on\\nthe viewpoint of the instructor.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,475,394,681],\"text\":\"Understanding 3D information. Throughout the tasks, users\\nwere unable to figure out relative depth between the con-\\ntrollers and the different elements of the VR painting en-\\nvironment. This prevents users from being able to reason\\nand answer questions like \\\"How far away from the object\\nshould I draw something?\\\". Is the controller touching an\\nartifact or not?\\\", \\\"Is the drawn stroke an ellipse or a circle?\\\".\\nIn a particular selection task, where the instructor selects\\nan artifact of the painting by a combination of touching the\\nartifact and pressing a button on the controller, none of the\\nusers realized from the video that the controller needed to\\nbe in contact with the artifact. All users reported that as a\\nmain hurdle in understanding and completion of that task.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,682,394,954],\"text\":\"In addition to this, all users faced problems in understand-\\ning the 3D motion of the instructors' hand gestures. When\\npresented with an action involving the creation of a complex\\nstroke, users felt that they had no way of replicating the\\nstroke by seeing the video alone, and hence chose to create\\ntheir own version that looked visually similar to that seen\\nfrom the viewpoint of the instructor. However, there was\\nno means the compare their stroke with that drawn in the\\nvideo and analyze it from different perspectives. In addition\\nto the problem of viewpoint, the creation of such strokes\\ncan be very fast as well as be occluded by itself or other\\nelements in the VR painting environment. This prevents an\\nawareness about the complexity of the stroke which leads\\nusers to misunderstand the stroke structure and draw them\\nin an incorrect manner. At least one of these problems were\\nobserved in all the users when they attempted our third task\\nwhich involved tying a bird shaped knot for a jewelery art.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,745,252],\"text\":\"The above problems can be traced back to the fact that\\nthe videos are inherently 2D, where information relating\\nto the depth and perspective may not be apparent without\\nexplicit instructor elicitation or cues like lighting, shadows\\nand occlusion [34] . But in many paintings as well as painting\\napplications some of these cues could be entirely missing, and\\nexplicit elicitation by instructors are generally absent due to\\nthe activity focused, screencast nature of these recordings.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,279,746,343],\"text\":\"Missing out on instructions. Sometimes users missed impor-\\ntant changes in the video such as a tool selection or mode\\nchanges. From user interviews, it was realized that this hap-\\npened because of at least one of the three reasons.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[440,344,747,535],\"text\":\"• It was very common for users in the VR environment\\nto look away from the video player while carrying out\\ntheir actions, thereby missing important instructions\\nif the instructor did not explicitly voice out of any\\nimportant step.\\n• Painting being a creative practice, often gets users\\nimmersed with their own painting process that they\\nmissed hearing an important step while the video is\\nconstantly played in the background.\\n• Due to the lack of a good tutorial navigation mecha-\\nnism, the user skipped an important step while navi-\\ngating the video.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,566,592,582],\"text\":\"4 DESIGN IMPLICATIONS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,586,745,634],\"text\":\"Based on these observations from the formative study, we\\nderive a generic set of design implications for screencast\\nvideo-based tutorial system for Virtual Reality painting.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,635,746,792],\"text\":\"Accessibility of the video player: The tutorial video\\nplayer should be accessible within the VR painting environ-\\nment of the user. This would enable users to have a quick\\nvisual reference for the tutorial steps, allow for easy verifica-\\ntion of their work and would help retain the user's workflow\\nduring the painting process. In addition to this, the player\\nmust also address the typical problems faced by any video-\\nbased tutorial system such as video navigation by explicitly\\nmarking important events and enabling quick access to those\\nsections.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,792,746,954],\"text\":\"Spatio-temporal exploration: The system should offer\\nthe ability for users to explore VR-specific spatial actions\\nincluding controller poses, button interactions, trajectories\\nas well as the stroke creation process from different perspec-\\ntives. The system should then retain this information for an\\nextended period of time, so that even if actions are ephemeral,\\nusers can still observe and interpret them. This would give\\nusers both the spatial as well as temporal freedom to explore,\\nanalyze and understand the various complex actions in the\\nVR space.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 284\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/results/markdown/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300514/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300514", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/results/output_json/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,331],\"text\":\"Relative Depth Perception: User should be aware and\\ninstantly be able to perceive the relative depth of an instruc-\\ntor’s action. Though the perspective exploration supports\\nunderstanding the absolute shape and trajectory of actions\\ncarried out by the instructor with their controllers, it may\\nnot quite convey the awareness as well as information re-\\ngarding the spatial occurrence of those actions especially\\nin terms of depth, relative to the other elements present in\\nthe VR environment. For instance, questions like \\\"Is the con-\\ntroller touching a object or not?\\\", \\\"Did the controller move\\nin z-direction? If yes, by how much?\\\", may be hard to answer\\nby just using 2D videos without additional information on\\nrelative depth.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,331,394,460],\"text\":\"User awareness of the tutorial instructions: As with\\nmost 3D spatial tasks, user's workspace in VR is much larger\\nthan their field of view. This makes it easy for user to be\\nengaged in a task, looking away from the video player. In this\\ncase, users can possibly miss the critical steps of a tutorial.\\nThe tutorial system must provide awareness aids to the user\\nregarding important events and help user keep track of the\\ntutorial while being minimally disruptive to the user activity.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,470,335,487],\"text\":\"5 IMPROVED VIDEO TUTORIAL SYSTEM\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,491,394,586],\"text\":\"Using the design implications that were developed in the\\nprevious section, Our TutoriVR system seeks to address the\\nproblems that were uncovered in our formative studies. Tu-\\ntoriVR achieves this in an application-agnostic as well as\\nplatform-agnostic manner through leveraging on data that\\nare available in all the commonly used VR systems.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,587,394,635],\"text\":\"To generate the necessary metadata for TutoriVR, we\\nprovide minimal interfaces that runs in background and\\nrecords the instructor's VR painting workflow.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[87,636,396,889],\"text\":\"• Screencast video + VR system traces. An active VR\\napplication usually mirrors what the user sees to a\\ndesktop window. We developed an executable script\\nthat one can use to record a screencast video together\\nwith a time-stamped log of the VR system traces. This\\nlog includes the HMD and controller 3D positions,\\norientations, and the controller button presses events.\\nThis logging mechanism is supported in both of the\\ntwo standard VR development framework (e.g., Oculus\\nSDK and OpenVR).\\n• Author annotations. The tutorial author can also op-\\ntionally provide annotations in an XML file to indicate\\nimportant events or emphasize certain segments in the\\nrecording. The important events are of three types -\\n1) Critical events that users should pay attention to\\n2) Tool/mode changes 3) Step transitions.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,890,394,954],\"text\":\"TutorVR packages these metadata into an embedded tu-\\ntorial system in the user's VR application environment (Fig-\\nure 3 ). It has four main components - Improved video player,\\nStereo mode, Perspective thumbnail, Awareness widget.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_009.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[450,118,717,574],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A user interface displays a \\\"Video Player\\\" section at the top, showing a 3D animation of a green spiral and blue objects with playback controls and a timeline. Below it, a \\\"Perspective thumbnail widget\\\" shows a different 3D scene with a yellow spiral, accompanied by controls for view manipulation like reset, rotate, and zoom. Labels are provided for various interactive elements in both sections, including section navigation, widget sizing, and stereo viewing.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,582,747,657],\"text\":\"Figure 3: The main panel of the TutoriVR system. Up (V):\\nThe improved video interface; Down (P): The Perspective\\nthumbnail view which simulates the actions and interac-\\ntions of the instructor's controller to help users better un-\\nderstand the video content\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[489,664,675,797],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Event</td><td>Icon</td><td>Marker</td></tr><tr><td>Tool change</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Critical event</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Step change</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a legend table displaying three types of events with their corresponding icons and markers. \\\"Tool change\\\" is associated with a blue wrench icon and a blue circle, \\\"Critical event\\\" with a red exclamation mark icon and a red circle, and \\\"Step change\\\" with a yellow document icon and a yellow circle.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_5_tab_11.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,804,745,836],\"text\":\"Table 1: Tutorial author's annotations, their corresponding\\nicons and timeline markers\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,853,561,870],\"text\":\"Improved video player\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,874,748,954],\"text\":\"Based on user feedback from the formative study, we imple-\\nmented several improvements to the base video player to\\nmake it more accessible in VR. First, the size of the video\\nplayer needs to be adjustable. A large UI provides more de-\\ntails but may block the user's FOV in VR. A small UI is\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 284\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/results/markdown/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300514/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300514", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/results/output_json/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,331],\"text\":\"less obtrusive but is less visible. We let users resize the video\\nplayer by adjusting a vertical slider (Figure 3 V.2). Second, im-\\nportant events and temporal structure of the tutorial should\\nbe made more explicit. We explicitly visualize author's anno-\\ntations on the timeline (Figure 3 ). A detailed explanations of\\nthese icons are provided in Table 1 . These icons not only pro-\\nvide navigation cues, but also allows for users to be aware of\\nthe important events emphasized by the author [32] . Finally,\\nwe added various timeline navigation aids. Seeking a video\\ntimeline in VR using the touch controller might be slow and\\ntiring because of hand jitters [9, 25] . We added the -5s/+5s\\nseeking buttons and the section navigation buttons (Figure\\n3 V.1) to aid in video navigation\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,343,148,360],\"text\":\"Stereo mode\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,364,395,602],\"text\":\"As observed in the formative study, a 2D stereecast video\\ndoes not capture the relative depth between the artist's con-\\ntroller and the virtual objects in the scene. To enhance depth\\nperception of the tutorial content in VR, we provide the\\n\\\"Stereo mode\\\" button (Figure 3 V.4). When activated, our\\nsystem displays a stereo-captured version of the video. Stere-\\noscopy has been found to be the most effective depth cue\\nin VR manipulation tasks [22] . To enable this feature, our\\nrecording script captures both the left and right views of\\nthe VR system. Then, we use a graphics shader to separate\\nthe left and right views from the video image and render\\nthem to the viewer's left and right lens, respectively. As a\\nresult, the viewer can perceive stereo depth from watching\\nthe tutorial video; the effect is similar to viewing a 3DTV in\\na living room.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,603,394,699],\"text\":\"However, this approach may incur perceptual problems\\nthat are well-known for stereoscopy such as eye straining or\\nwindow violation [38] . We implemented the standard ”black-\\ntape” technique to reduce window violation [4] . We also turn\\nthis mode off by default and expect that the user would only\\nuse it when necessary.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,710,254,728],\"text\":\"Perspective thumbnail widget\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,731,394,777],\"text\":\"The Perspective Thumbnail Widget is a major part of our\\nsystem with the intent of allowing users to better understand\\nstroke structure and controller interactions.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,779,395,954],\"text\":\"Using the logs generated with our capture-time system, we\\nsimulate the movements and interactions of the controller in\\nthe video in a separate window below the main video player\\n(Figure 3 P). Here, we render motion trails to the virtual\\ncontrollers whenever a stroke is drawn and highlights button\\npress events in blue (Figure 4 right). The thumbnail view\\nmirrors the viewpoint and rotation of the tutorial author in\\nthe video, but the user can manually change rotation and\\nzoom for further inspection (Figure 3 P.2 and P.3). In this way,\\nthis widget offers two advantages in better understanding\\ntwo key aspects of the painting process:\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[441,124,748,364],\"text\":\"● Understanding Stroke structure : The widget allows\\nusers to view and explore the stroke creation process\\nfrom different perspectives, free of occlusion by other\\nelements. The user can switch to different perspectives\\nusing the zoom/rotate sliders present in the widget as\\nwell as snap back to the instructor's viewpoint.\\n● Controller interactions : The virtual controller mir-\\nrors motions and actions of the instructor's controllers.\\nWhenever a controller button is pressed by the instruc-\\ntor in the tutorial video, the corresponding buttons\\nare highlighted in the virtual controllers. Being able\\nto see what is being pressed and motion of the con-\\ntroller in an separate and isolated space can help users\\nbetter understand the spatio-temporal relationship of\\ncomplex controller interactions.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,364,747,571],\"text\":\"We render the Perspective Thumbnail window in stereo\\nto convey stronger depth perception. To achieve this, we\\napplied the same rendering approach used in Stereo Mode.\\nWe render the controller simulation scene using a custom\\nstereo camera rig and output the left/right textures to the\\ncorresponding rendering eye target in the VR system. The\\nwalls and grid lines in the thumbnail window provides addi-\\ntional pictorial and perspective depth cues [34] . It can help\\nusers more quickly interpret the motion of the virtual con-\\ntrollers. Additionally, we increase the field-of-view of the\\nstereo camera rig to increase the visibility of the controllers.\\nThus, the user can observe the controller actions as if they\\nare looking over the shoulder of a tutorial author.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_011.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[421,600,744,731],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two images depict virtual reality controllers drawing lines in a virtual environment. The left shows a blue, thick line forming a rough square, while the right displays a yellow, thinner line creating a complex 3D shape against a grid-patterned floor and wall.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,742,746,819],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Demonstration of the Perspective Thumbnail Wid-\\nget. Left: Ambiguous cube-like strokes when viewed on a\\nvideo; Right: The cube strokes become more interpretable\\nwhen viewed from a different perspective in the Perspective\\nThumbnail Widget.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,857,747,954],\"text\":\"To increase the effectiveness in delivery of these visual-\\nizations, we gradually fade the highlights of button presses\\nand the stroke trail, allowing enough time for users to be\\naware of and understand ephemeral controller actions. This\\nprevents the need to perform a frame-by-frame search of the\\nuser to figure out a crucial information required for a task.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 284\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/results/markdown/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300514/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300514", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/results/output_json/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,125,182,140],\"text\":\"Awareness widget\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,144,395,431],\"text\":\"The environment in VR is much larger compared to conven-\\ntional desktops, it is very easy for users to loose the main\\nvideo player from their Field of View (FOV) and miss impor-\\ntant instructions in a tutorial, especially when they are not\\nexplicitly voiced out. For example, when a user is too focused\\non the painting, they might fail to notice an important action\\nmade by the instructor. The user can also choose to place\\nthe video player close to the painting, but it may obstruct\\ntheir workflow. To address this problem, TutorVR provides\\na mechanism to non-intrusively provide users with visual\\ninformation on the progress and key events of the tutorial\\nvideo (Figure 5 ). Our Awareness widget is an extension of\\nthe main video player. Instead of being positioned in the\\nworld coordinate, it is rendered view-fixed—attached to the\\nuser's view direction, and becomes visible when they are not\\nviewing the main video player. The widget is transparent for\\nmost parts and the user can customize its vertical position\\nso that it does not obstruct their active field of view.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_004.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[67,444,395,535],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A dark-themed \\\"Awareness widget\\\" displays a horizontal timeline ranging from -30s to +30s, centered on \\\"Now\\\" at 04:50, with several icons such as a blue wrench, a red exclamation mark, and yellow rectangular shapes marking points on the timeline. Top controls include list and play icons, and two circular arrow icons, all set against a swirling green and blue abstract background.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,545,394,591],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Awareness Widget. This widget is view-fixed in VR.\\nIt provides a minimal set of important tutorial content to\\nhelp users be more aware of the tutorial progress.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,601,394,714],\"text\":\"We render a minimal set of tutorial content on the Aware-\\nness widget including a video thumbnail, current video time\\nand event icons representing events within a +30s/-30s time\\nwindow of the video play (Figure 5 ). The icon size increases\\ntemporarily as the event approaches the current video time\\nto aid in attracting user attention. User can also quickly nav-\\nigate to the event by clicking on these icons in this widget.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,726,274,743],\"text\":\"6 EXPLORATORY USER STUDY\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,746,394,825],\"text\":\"We evaluated our TutoriVR system using an exploratory user\\nstudy. We wanted to gain initial feedback from users about\\nthe improvements we added after the formative study. We\\nalso wanted to observe whether users could use these new\\nfeatures in tutorial task in VR.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,826,395,954],\"text\":\"We compared TutoriVR with the improved baseline video\\nplayer system from the formative study. Both our baseline\\nand TutoriVR conditions included these improvements (i.e.,\\nfeatures V1, V2, and V3 in Fig. 3 ). We chose a within-subjects\\nstudy design. We designed two tutorial tasks in VR. These\\ntasks are inspired by the intense task condition in a previous\\ntutorial research [23] . Specifically, participants were asked to\\nwatch a tutorial video in VR and were required to replicate\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,155],\"text\":\"the final results in the video as quickly and as accurately as\\npossible.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,156,746,267],\"text\":\"Task 1 (2.5 minutes video) gives users an introduction\\nto basic features of a VR painting application. Task 2 (4.25\\nminutes video) demonstrates a painting workflow, which\\ninvolves executing a set of complex strokes and embellish-\\nments to create an animated painting. To reduce learning\\neffect, we generated two videos with similar difficulty and\\nlength for each task.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,294,487,310],\"text\":\"Procedure\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,315,747,506],\"text\":\"We recruited 10 participants (2 male, 8 female, age range 19-\\n25) using university and company mailing lists. Participants\\nwere compensated with a $50 gift card. 4 participants had\\nregular experience with VR, while all had basic/occasional fa-\\nmiliarity. On a scale of 1-5, all but two participants self-rated\\ntheir art experience as 3 or above and only 2 participants\\nrated their 3D design software experience at 3 or above. The\\nstudy's total duration was 90 minutes, and required partic-\\nipants to use the TiltBrush application in the Oculus Rift\\nVR system. We selected participants with zero or minimal\\nexperience with Tilt Brush. We also selected participants\\nthat are right-handed and can perceive stereo vision.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,507,746,587],\"text\":\"Before the study, participants received a 20-minute train-\\ning on using the VR system and an introduction of the Tilt-\\nBrush application. The participants then performed Task 1\\nand Task 2 in order. The order of the systems assigned to a\\nparticipant were counter-balanced.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,613,508,629],\"text\":\"Measurement\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,634,746,761],\"text\":\"At the end of each task, the participants completed a cus-\\ntom questionnaire and a NASA-TLX questionnaire [21] . The\\ncustom questionnaire asked the participants to rate their\\nperception of the tutorial system and their task performance.\\nThe ratings were based on a 7-point Likert scale, with a\\nhigher number indicating easier or more useful. Addition-\\nally, they completed an open-ended feedback questionnaire\\nafter each task, and after the entire study.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,762,747,954],\"text\":\"In addition to these ratings, we also independently mea-\\nsured the completion rate of each participant in each task.\\nFor each task, we created a list of critical steps that a par-\\nticipant must perform. The critical steps in the tasks were\\nselected ahead of time and have at least one of the three\\nattributes: presence of intricate 3D strokes, component of\\nrelative 3D depth and complex 6DOF controller interactions.\\nSome examples of critical steps in different tasks are shown\\nin Figure 6 . The completion rate is computed by dividing the\\nnumber of critical steps completed (counted through obser-\\nvation of the participant's performance) by the total number\\nof critical steps.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 284\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300514/results/markdown/3290605-3300514_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300516/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300516", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/results/output_json/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[185,101,629,162],\"text\":\"Infrastructuring the Imaginary\\n\\nHow Sea-Level Rise Comes to Matter in the San Francisco Bay Area\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[141,169,315,247],\"text\":\"Robert Soden\\nComputer Science\\nUniversity of Colorado Boulder\\nBoulder, Colorado, USA\\nrobert.soden@colorado.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[450,173,725,251],\"text\":\"Nate Kauffman\\n\\nLandscape Architecture & Environmental Planning\\nUniversity of California Berkeley\\nBerkeley, California, USA\\nnatekauffman@berkeley.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,267,144,284],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,290,394,530],\"text\":\"Information infrastructures have become integral components of\\npolicy debates related to climate change and sustainability. To\\nbetter understand this relationship, we studied the tools used to\\nforecast and respond to sea-level rise in the San Francisco Bay\\nArea, where active debates on how to best prepare for this issues\\nare underway and will have important consequences for the future\\nof the region. Drawing on 18 months of qualitative research we\\nargue that competing visions of the problem are intimately\\nintwined with different elements of information infrastructure\\nand beliefs about the role of data in policymaking. Current\\ninfrastructure in the region, far from being a neutral actor in these\\ndebates, exhibits an infrastructural bias, privileging some\\napproaches over others. We identify some of the tactics that\\ncommunity organizations deploy to subvert the claims of sea-level\\nrise experts and advance their own perspective, which prioritizes\\nconsiderations of justice over technical expertise.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,543,175,560],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,565,393,595],\"text\":\"Human computer interaction (HCI) $\\\\rightarrow$ HCI theory, concepts and\\nmodels\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,609,152,625],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,630,393,660],\"text\":\"Climate Change, Crisis Informatics; Environment; Infrastructure;\\nCivil Technology; Science and Technology Studies\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[70,672,178,686],\"text\":\"ACM Reference format:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[70,690,393,760],\"text\":\"Robert Soden and Nate Kaufmann. 2019. Infrastructuring the Imaginary:\\nHow Sea-Level Rise Comes to Matter in the San Francisco Bay Area. In\\nAdvances in Physical Geography: Theory, Practice, and System, Proceedings\\n(CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, USA. New York,\\nN.A. Paper 286, 11 pages. https://10.1145/3290605.3300516\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,267,520,284],\"text\":\"1 Introduction\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,290,746,545],\"text\":\"In 2012 a local artist and technologist released a series of short\\nblog posts describing everyday life and politics of San Francisco in\\nthe year 2072, after the occurrence of 200 feet of sea-level rise. The\\nseries, entitled \\\"San Francisco Archipelago,\\\" includes fictional\\nfuture news stories discussing rapid population growth of the city,\\nlegal battles over tech industry's unwillingness to pay local taxes,\\nunreliable public transportation, and a proposed bond measure to\\nbuild an expensive floating sports stadium just off the island of\\nAlcatraz. The anchor of the work is a set of realistic maps of San\\nFrancisco, much of which is depicted as underwater or as a\\nconstellation of small islands--an archipelago--as the result of sea-\\nlevel rise. Through an intensification of select contemporary\\npolitical issues and the portrayal of a balkanized landscape upon\\nwhich these struggles play out, San Francisco Archipelago delivers\\na compelling portrayal of one possible future of the region. It\\ndoing so, it acts as a critique of present-day life and politics in the\\nregion and an attendant call for change.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_016.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_016.png\",\"bbox\":[423,559,744,856],\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A topographical map displays a large, irregularly shaped island with detailed elevation changes, indicated by a color gradient from green/yellow (low) to orange/red/purple (high). The island is surrounded by dark blue water, featuring numerous smaller islands, bays, capes, and other named geographical locations.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[422,871,641,887],\"text\":\"Figure 1: The San Francisco Archipelago [9]\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,901,745,946],\"text\":\"Other depictions of the future of the Bay Area have been less self-\\nconsciously dystopian, though no less political. In 1949 John Reber,\\nin a fit of post-World War II industrial optimism, proposed a\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,795,389,871],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or\\nclassroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed\\nfor profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full\\ncitation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others\\nthan ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise,\\n Abstracting with credit requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions at\\npermission.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,871,246,917],\"text\":\"CIR 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\\n© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery,\\nACM ISBN 978-1-605-59372-0/19/05. $10.5\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3296005.3300516\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,997,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 286\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,997,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/results/markdown/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300516/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300516", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/results/output_json/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,99,395,400],\"text\":\"radical reshaping of the region's ecological and infrastructural\\nlandscapes. His plan included damming the major rivers that flow\\ninto the Bay, constructing massive caesaways that would separate\\nthe north and south reaches of the Bay from the Pacific Ocean, the\\ninfill of over 80 square kilometers of the bay's shallow marshes\\nand mudflats, and a major expansion of development and\\nindustrial and military installments focused on the central Bay. To\\nassess the impacts of the 'Reber Plan', the US Army Corps of\\nEngineers constructed an enormous 320 by 400 foot working\\nhydrologic model of 1600 square miles of the San Francisco Bay\\nand surrounding deltas. The model draws 135,000 gallons of water\\nper day through its channels, canals, and rivers, simulating the\\ninterplay between hydrology, the physical landscape, and the built\\nenvironment of the region. It helped show that Reber's ideas were\\nunfeasible, and although the Plan was scrapped by the early\\n1960's, the Bay Model is still functional and open to tourists and\\nschool trips. A small exhibit on geographic information systems\\n(GIS) reminds visitors that engineers and scientists now develop\\nthese kinds of models every day on laptop computers with greater\\nease and precision.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_1_figure_003.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_1_figure_003.png\",\"bbox\":[68,412,395,690],\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A vast indoor exhibit showcases a large-scale topographic model, predominantly blue with grid patterns and raised sections, under a high ceiling with exposed wooden and metal beams. The extensive model fills much of the room's floor space.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,699,289,716],\"text\":\"Figure 2: The Bay Model (photo by authors)\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,729,395,939],\"text\":\"Human settlements have long been entangled with the wetlands\\nringing the shallow estuary that is the San Francisco Bay. Over the\\npast two centuries, this relationship has included the effort to\\ncreate more land to accommodate increasing population and high\\ndemand. In the 100 years leading up the Reber plan, over 400\\nsquare miles of land was produced through infill and drainage,\\nreducing the size of the Bay by one third of its total area. Today, as\\na result of sea-level rise driven by anthropogenic climate change,\\nthe Bay is expanding again. There are great uncertainties involved\\nin forecasting the rate at which this could happen, but some\\nmodels anticipate as much as 24\\\" before 2050 and 60\\\" before 2100,\\nwhich could put at least 270,000 people at risk of flooding during\\nstorm events and threatened billions of dollars of property and\\ninfrastructure [6] . There are a number of efforts underway\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,99,746,189],\"text\":\"involving local and regional government, universities, engineering \\nand architecture firms, and civil society organizations to plan for \\nand develop responses to protect low-lying areas against rising \\nwaters. Such efforts, and the technologies that inform them, are \\nbound up with the region's complex history and ongoing struggles \\nover it's future.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,205,746,476],\"text\":\"The maps, models, software, and databases that experts use to\\nunderstand and represent the environment are formidable salvos\\nin struggles over what human geographers have called \\\"the\\nenvironmental imaginary.\\\" In post-structural terms, environmental\\nimaginaries are discourses - specific configurations of knowledge,\\nideology, and practice - that shape the ways in which human\\nsocieties interact with the environment [42] . In a similar fashion,\\nscience and technology studies (STS) scholars have developed the\\nconcept of \\\"socio-technical imaginaries\\\" to describe the\\ncontentious processes by which technology and technical practice\\ncontinually reshape the landscape of possible action and delimit\\npotential futures [28] . The concept of imaginary is thus a powerful\\ntool for describing the interconnections between socio-technical\\nsystems, values and politics, and the environment. In this paper we\\nexamine the relationship between competing imaginaries of sea-\\nlevel rise and the information infrastructures that experts, policy-\\nmakers, and the public depend upon to respond to this challenge\\nin the San Francisco Bay Area.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,490,747,805],\"text\":\"Our research identified three distinct imaginaries that are\\ncompeting to influence sea-level rise planning in the region. First,\\npractices of coastal management have historically centered largely\\non construction of so-called grey infrastructure , including man-\\nmade levees and sea walls for flood protection. In contrast, the\\nsecond imaginary, green infrastructure , prioritizes stewardship of\\ncoastal ecosystems such as wetlands to mitigate flood impacts. The\\nthird, environmental justice , foregrounds the social and political\\ncontexts in which debates over questions of coastal risk and\\nprotection take place. Based on 18 months of qualitative research,\\nthis paper argues that these competing imaginaries are intimately\\nconnected to the information infrastructures they use to\\nunderstand sea-level rise as a problem and evaluate various\\nsolutions. Second, existing information infrastructure in the Bay\\nexhibits an infrastructural bias. That is, it privileges some\\nimaginaries at the expense of others. Finally, community-based\\norganizations have a complex relationship with the data and\\ninformation produced by engineers and other technical experts,\\nseeking both to appropriate it to their own ends, and to resist the\\nde-politicization that frequently accompanies expert framing of\\ncontentious issues.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,819,527,836],\"text\":\"2 Related Work\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,840,746,947],\"text\":\"Climate change, disasters, and other environmental issues, like\\nsea-level rise, are political, and these politics are intertwined with\\nthe technologies used to understand, prepare for, and respond to\\nthem [22][47] . Decisions about what data to collect, the methods\\nand standards used to collect it, and the algorithms, models, and\\ntechniques used to render it each meaningful inescapably encodes\\nparticular values and worldviews. In an off-repeated phrase that\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 286\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/results/markdown/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300516/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300516", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/results/output_json/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,99,394,264],\"text\":\"captures this idea, \\\"there is no such thing as raw data\\\" [11][23] .\\nThis paper draws together research from human-computer\\ninteraction (HCI) and science and technology studies (STS) to\\nconsider the relationship between the politics of societal responses\\nto environmental challenges and the technologies that are\\nincreasingly important to how we come to understand them. The\\nprotracted, slow-onset nature of sea-level rise provides an\\nopportunity to examine this in detail, and especially yields insight\\ninto how different kinds of imaginaries and the information\\ninfrastructures that support them can emerge around ostensibly\\nthe same \\\"issue\\\".\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,272,219,288],\"text\":\"2.1 Infrastructuring Politics\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,289,395,560],\"text\":\"Scholars in HCI and STS have worked for several decades to\\narticulate the relationships between information infrastructures,\\nknowledge practices, technical work, and, to a lesser degree,\\npolitics. This line of research, crucially, collapses the fixed\\ndistinctions between social and technical components of such\\ninfrastructures, highlighting instead the various ways in which\\nhuman capacities, social networks, organizations and institutions\\nare as constitutive of infrastructure as the networks of cables and\\nwires we might traditionally associate with the term. Other key\\ninsights from this work are the relational and processual nature of\\ninformation infrastructure. Infrastructures may appear very\\ndifferently to its different users, and, in important ways, are\\ncontinuously in a state of becoming through interactions between\\ntheir human and technical elements. The concept of\\ninfrastructuring thus describes how users of information\\ninfrastructure, such as the sea-level rise models and community\\nactivists in this study, appropriate available resources to their own\\nends in sometimes unexpected or surprising ways [27][44] [46] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,575,395,863],\"text\":\"HCI research in civic technology has explored the relationship\\nbetween knowledge politics and the work of infrastructuring\\npublic life. This work has largely drawn on philosopher John\\nDewey's notion of publics [15] . For Dewey, publics emerge in the\\nevent of externalities, or issues for which the current political\\nsystem is not well equipped to address. Such externalities are\\noverflows[18] [50] , which for various reasons go beyond the\\ncapacity of everyday governance institutions to manage and\\ntherefore emerge as problems, controversies, or contradictions that\\ndemand closer attention and broader participation from interested\\ngroups. Publics are thus groups of citizens with shared concern, or\\nattachments, for these issues and, in Dewey's optimistic liberalism,\\nare able to come together in a deliberative fashion to develop\\nsolutions. Civic technology has thus taken up questions of how\\ntechnology design intersects with public formation and activity\\n[31] . In this context, information infrastructures have a central\\nrole in constructing sea-level rise as a problem around which\\nvarious publics can form, and as a result are vital components of\\nthe politics of sea-level rise planning in the Bay Area.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,876,394,936],\"text\":\"Here we seek to emphasize that the ways in which issues are\\narticulated by information infrastructures shapes the sorts of\\nassociations that may arise, and the opportunities that are\\navailable to mobilize political action around them [38][48] . The\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,99,746,310],\"text\":\"intense uncertainties involved in sea-level rise create many\\nsurfaces upon which different sorts of attachments might be\\nformed, and different kinds of publics may emerge. In addition,\\nHCI research in participatory design and civic technology has\\nconsidered the fraught and sometimes contentious relationship\\nbetween communities and well-meaning technical experts from\\nthe outside. Relevant here is a recent argument by Le Dantec et al\\nthat `we need to interrogate how data-driven public processes may\\novershadow alternate narratives of how we engage in democratic\\nsociety and collective action' [33] . As we will show, different\\nvisions of the relationship between environmental data and policy-\\nmaking is central to debates over sea-level rise planning between\\ncommunity activists and civil engineering or coastal management\\nexperts in the Bay Area.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,318,534,334],\"text\":\"2.2 Imagining Water\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,334,747,680],\"text\":\"Humanity's relationship to water is complex: water comprises a\\nsignificant percentage of our bodies; we need to drink clean water\\nfrequently and regularly in order to survive; it is a necessary\\ncomponent of agricultural systems, and a key input to many\\nindustrial processes [20] . Water's role in supporting sanitation is\\nalso a core element in the promotion of public health in the\\nmodern era [20] . This complexity unsettles fixed understandings\\nof the relationships and boundaries between nature, society and\\ntechnology that are associated with Modernity [25][30] . Though\\nwe cannot exist without it, too much water in the wrong places\\nis called “flooding”, and societies everywhere take measures to\\nprotect lives and property in flood events [18] . Coastal\\ncommunities have created defenses from simple barricades and\\nwalls, to complex locks, levies, and pumping systems for\\nthousands of years. These infrastructures were shaped by, and in\\nturn co-produced, local mechanisms of governance and politics\\n[20] . For most of modern pre-industrial human history, these\\napproaches were aided by the fact that sea levels have remained\\nrelatively constant [24] , creating the illusion that coastlines were\\nstable, even permanent, geographic features. Globally, sea levels\\nbegan rising in the last century due largely to the effects of\\nanthropogenic climate change. This shift will raise new challenges,\\nand necessitate new kinds of politics.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,696,747,936],\"text\":\"The politics of sea-level rise will be shaped by the \\\"imaginaries\\\"\\nthat animate our understanding of it as a problem, in turn\\ndelimiting the kinds of solutions that may be considered.\\nImaginaries matter because they help to structure politics; they\\ncreate some possible futures while foreclosing others. Jasanoff and\\nKim define socio-technical imaginaries as \\\"collectively held,\\ninstitutionally stabilized, and publicly performed visions of\\ndesirable futures, animated by shared understandings of forms of\\nsocial life and social order attainable through, and supportive of\\nadvances in science and technology\\\" [28] . Imaginaries are always\\nuneven, partial, and contested. They each have issues on which\\nthey go into great details and other concerns on which they are\\nsilent. Further, they are dynamic, changing over time in response\\nto socio-manual conditions or other, competing, imaginaries. Far\\nfrom being intangible, or existing solely in the heads of\\nindividuals, imaginaries, as Jasanoff and Kim discuss, are situated\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 286\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/results/markdown/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300516/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300516", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/results/output_json/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,99,394,145],\"text\":\"and collectively enacted, reinforced by custom, law, and as we\\ndiscuss here, the information infrastructures that we use to\\nunderstand the world and our place within it.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,157,270,175],\"text\":\"3. Sea-level Rise in the Bay Area\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,181,175,197],\"text\":\"3.1 Site Description\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,198,394,484],\"text\":\"Sea-level rise will be one of the most significant environmental\\nchallenges of the 21 st century. Hundreds of millions of people\\naround the world live within a few feet of the coast [24], and are\\nthus vulnerable to rising seas. In the Bay Area, as in so many other\\nplaces, sea-level rise will intersect with numerous other factors\\nshaping the region. Earthquake, wildfire, and flooding are also\\nmajor concerns. As rising waters are shrinking the amount of land\\nin the San Francisco Bay Area available to human activity, the\\nregion is facing the nation's most severe housing crisis, driven by\\nthe tech boom, land speculation, population rise and other factors.\\nThe region plays host to some of the most ethnically diverse cities\\nin the nation, has served as a critical industrial and shipping hub\\nfor the US West Coast since World War II, been home to radical\\npolitical organizations such as the Black Panther Party and the\\nFree Speech Movement, and germinated an explosive nexus of\\ntechnological expertise and finance capital in Silicon Valley.\\nDebates over shoreline conservation and development are thus\\nintervenues with a host of other concerns and bound up in the\\nregion's complex history.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,499,395,770],\"text\":\"The Bay Area, perhaps more than many parts of the United States,\\nhas significant technical expertise to respond to climate change, in\\naddition to a public and political culture that acknowledges the\\nrole of climate change in driving the risks associated with sea-level\\nrise. The region is home to multiple world-class universities,\\narchitecture and design firms, and non-profit organizations that\\nseek to address the topic. This expertise is being cultivated and\\ncalled upon by several high profile public initiatives aimed at\\nachieving \\\"resilience\\\" to natural hazards and the impacts of\\nclimate change in the region. For example, the Rockefeller\\nFoundation provided funding for several Bay Area cities to\\ndevelop citywide resilience strategies. In 2017 and 2018, the region\\nlaunched a competition, called Resilient by Design, which\\nassembled teams of architects, urban planners, and engineers to\\ndevelop infrastructural approaches to coping with sea-level rise.\\nThese regional efforts exist alongside multiple local projects in the\\nover 60 cities, counties, and other jurisdictions along the bay to\\nmodel the potential impacts of sea-level rise and design responses.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,785,394,935],\"text\":\"To model the impacts of sea-level rise, practitioners use statistical\\nand cartographic software to represent hydrological flows, the\\nphysical landscape of the Bay and low-lying coastal areas, and\\ninformation about the communities exposed to rising waters. By\\nbringing together diverse datasets including landcover, geology,\\nphysical infrastructure, economic activity, human population,\\nwave, tidal and global climate projections, modelers attempt to\\nestimate the consequences of sea-level rise under various climate\\nfutures and weigh the impacts of various approaches to coastal\\nprotection. Their work is dependent upon complex information\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,99,746,252],\"text\":\"infrastructures to which they themselves contribute but also\\nincludes physical sensors mounted on satellites or tide gauges,\\ninternet sites that catalog and make relevant data available,\\ninformation standards that guide how data is collected and\\ndistributed, and professional associations and communities of\\npractice that develop and share new methods and circulate best\\npractices. The characteristics of these infrastructures shape our\\nunderstanding of the impacts of sea-level rise, with important\\nconsequences for what parts of the San Francisco Bay shoreline\\nwill be protected and in what fashion.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,265,747,580],\"text\":\"Despite the many institutional advantages the region possesses,\\nefforts to prepare for sea-level rise are beset by significant\\nuncertainties. First, when considered on the long time scales of\\nthis slow-onset crisis, uncertainties stemming from various\\ngreenhouse gas emissions scenarios, rates of polar ice melt, and\\nvariations in local landscape [48] all make it very difficult to\\npredict how much water to expect and where it will go. A recently\\nreleased report on land subsidence showed that many parts of the\\nregion will have to prepare for rising waters while also taking into\\naccount gradual sinking of the region's shoreline developments\\nbuilt on soils characterized by soft bay mud [45] , a factor not\\naccounted for in most projections. Second, there are considerable\\ninteraction effects at play in efforts to mitigate sea-level rise. For\\nexample, if one municipality chooses to build a hardened shoreline\\nbarrier, flood effects may be exacerbated in adjacent areas. The\\nlack of a central authority amongst the over one hundred city,\\ncounty, and regional government entities in the Bay Area will\\ncomplicate attempts to evaluate such interactions or respond to\\nthem in a coordinated manner [37] . These uncertainties create\\nsignificant space for alternative and competing imaginaries of the\\nissue to emerge.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,588,541,604],\"text\":\"3.2 Research Methods\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,606,747,893],\"text\":\"This paper is based on 18 months of qualitative research in the Bay\\nArea and had two phases. The first 12-month phase consisted of\\nobservation of numerous public and invitation-only meetings,\\nevents, and workshops where sea-level rise and climate change\\nadaptation were being discussed. These included presentations by\\nexperts, community meetings in at-risk areas, and workshops that\\nbrought experts together around various relevant topics. In total,\\nwe estimate that we conducted about 60 hours of observation\\nduring this period. Our field notes from these events related\\nprimarily to how different actors relied upon information products\\nsuch as maps, impact forecasts, and other data in the discussions.\\nDuring this period we also focused on the differences between\\nexpert discourse on sea-level rise and the ways in which\\ncommunity activists and environmental justice groups framed the\\nproblem. Our observations were complemented by numerous\\ninformal conversations and review of technical reports, scientific\\nstudies, and software packages related to predicting the impacts of\\nsea-level rise in the region and weighing various policy and\\nplanning responses.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,906,746,935],\"text\":\"In the second phase of the research, the authors conducted 19\\nsemi-structured interviews with individuals working on different\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 286\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/results/markdown/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300516/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300516", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/results/output_json/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,99,394,356],\"text\":\"aspects of sea-level rise information or planning. Interview\\nparticipants were identified based on personal and professional\\nnetworks developed during the first phase of the study and\\nselected to represent a diversity of perspectives, areas of expertise,\\nand organizational affiliations. We developed two different\\ninterview schedules based upon the results of the first research\\nphase. The first was for use with technical experts – scientists,\\nengineers, spatial data analysts – and focused on the details of\\ntheir work practices. With this group, we sought to understand\\nhow they produced their models, what information sources they\\nrelied on, and the challenges they encountered. We used the\\nsecond interview schedule during interviews with staff of\\ncommunity-based organizations. These interviews focused on how\\nthese organizations engaged with data and information about sea-\\nlevel rise, how they deployed it in their planning and advocacy\\nefforts, and their views of its contributions and limitations. All\\ninterviews were recorded and transcribed.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,370,394,597],\"text\":\"To analyze interview and field-note data, the first and second\\nauthor collaborated on developing an axial coding schema based\\non our observations and research questions. This schema was\\ndesigned to assess how each of the three imaginaries at work in\\nour field site constructed the problem of sea-level rise differently,\\nhow they related to one another, and the role of information\\ninfrastructures in these construction. After collaboratively coding\\nour data, we produced a series of thematic memos that would\\nbecome the major elements of the arguments presented in the\\nfollowing sections of this paper. While these findings are drawn\\ndirectly from our observations of the San Francisco Bay Area, we\\nexpect that they will be relevant to sea-level rise and disaster\\nplanning in other areas as well as to HCI research on the\\nrelationship between data, communities, and the environment\\nmore broadly.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,609,230,627],\"text\":\"4. Competing Imaginaries\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,630,394,947],\"text\":\"Our research into the various approaches to understanding sea-\\nlevel rise in the Bay Area identified, broadly speaking, three\\ndistinct imaginaries. These perspectives aren't internally\\nhomogenous nor entirely exclusive. They exist both in tension and\\ndialogue with one another. So while we are careful to avoid\\nattributing a wholeness or coherence to these perspectives that\\nthey do not possess, there are enough narratives [46] across them\\nto provide evidence of a strong discourse, or imaginary, that\\npublics mobilize around in their efforts to shape the future of the\\nregion. To begin, we discuss two historically disparate technical\\ndisciplines, civil engineering and coastal resource management,\\nthat the issue of sea-level rise has brought into conversation in\\nregion. We then explore how advocates of a third imaginary,\\nenvironmental justice, contest the terms of this discussion by\\nreassertion of the essentially political character of sea-level rise\\nplanning. For each of the three imaginaries we describe its scope\\nand major features, and show the ways in which they, despite\\nin some cases having roots that go back centuries, are today\\nintimately intertwined with and dependent upon the\\ncharacteristics of the information infrastructures used to\\nunderstand and plan for sea-level rise.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,99,676,115],\"text\":\"4.1 Grey Infrastructure: Command and Control\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,117,746,416],\"text\":\"Coastal engineering approaches evolved prominently in the\\nMediterranean Sea during the Bronze Age for the protection of\\nharbors and ports to facilitate maritime trade [26] . Practices reliant\\nupon hard structures like sea walls, jetties and breakwaters (often\\nconstructed by deploying large stones in linear arrangements)\\nemerged as regionally-specific applications for rocky coastlines\\nand deep water. While initially conceived as tactics for protecting\\ndiscrete and spatially-constrained trade operations, these\\napproaches have been deployed extensively to protect developed\\nglobal shorelines, in particular made famous by the efforts of\\nDutch engineers to protect the low lying Netherlands from coastal\\ninundation. In the modern era, concrete structures have often\\nreplaced stone as the common building material. Strategies reliant\\nupon these structures are thus often characterized as \\\"grey\\\"\\ninfrastructure. Because of their durability, relative ease of\\nconstruction and use of inexpensive materials, and the large body\\nof knowledge about their design and performance under various\\ncircumstances as a function of their widespread use over long time\\nperiods, grey approaches for coastal engineering are widely\\nevident in developed shorelines.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,430,746,719],\"text\":\"At present, less than 20 % of the original coastline of the San\\nFrancisco Bay remains either undisturbed wetland or otherwise in\\na natural condition such as beach or bluff. [16] . Grey\\ninfrastructure projects are an important element of coastal\\nmanagement in the region, the most prominent example of which\\nis undoubtedly the San Francisco seawall. Constructed between\\n1899 and 1917, the seawall establishes San Francisco's iconic\\nbayshore stretches for four miles and serves to stabilize the\\nartificial fill and poor soils underlying the city and protect against\\ncoastal flooding. Behind it are ten's of billions of dollars in\\nproperty, the $S$ downwind and financial district, and some of the\\nmost expensive commercial and residential real estate in the\\nWestern Hemisphere. Due to sea-level rise, the wall is regularly\\novertopped during high-tides, leading to minor, flooding, in the\\narea. The Port of San Francisco is currently planning to retrofit\\nand update the now 100-year old sea wall. The retrofit is intended\\nboth to improve the seismic stability of the wall as well as increase\\nits height to protect against sea-level rise, making it one of the\\nmost prominent coastal defense projects in the US.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,733,746,945],\"text\":\"From an information infrastructure perspective, one of the most\\nimportant questions that engineers working on the seawall retrofit\\nare trying to define is what level of protection – the height of the\\nseawall – that the city should invest in. To do this, they rely\\nprimarily on cost-benefit analysis (CBA). CBA has been a central\\ncomponent of national flood management strategy in the United\\nStates since the Flood Control Act of 1936, which gave the federal\\ngovernment significant responsibility to invest in flood control\\nmeasures, provided that the economic benefits of such measures\\nexceeded the costs of their construction [41] . 100's of miles of\\nleaves, walls, and other defenses have been built under its auspices\\n[41] . Central to the application of CBA in the case of the sea-wall\\nare the data used for estimating the value of assets that will be\\nprotected - the benefit side of the equation. As is common for CBA\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 286\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/results/markdown/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300516/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300516", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/results/output_json/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,99,394,159],\"text\":\"approaches, \\\"value\\\" is considered in economic terms, and in the\\ncase of the sea wall, studies we examined considered only the real\\nestate value of the land being protected, relying on publicly\\navailable government data.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,175,395,461],\"text\":\"The sea-wall modeling project is characteristic of other grey\\ninfrastructure studies conducted in the region. The spatial scale\\ntypically considered is that of the proposed intervention, and\\ninteraction effects with other parts of the Bay are often ignored.\\nThese models also take a long view of coastal management,\\ntypically using 50 or 100-year periods as the relevant planning\\nhorizon, estimating both the rate of SLR and the benefits of\\nprotection over that time period. Despite the complex phenomena\\nunder consideration, these models, at root, are seeking to answer a\\nrelatively straightforward set of questions around the likely impact\\nof various sea-level rise scenarios and the efficacy of various\\nprotective measures. The structure of the models, and the form of\\ntheir results have been shaped by decades of interaction with the\\nlegal and bureaucratic structures governing coastal management.\\nTo accomplish their work, the practitioners who develop these\\nmodels are able to draw upon a wide range of resources, including\\nexisting data, well-established and documented methodologies,\\nand an extensive community of practice spanning the civil\\nengineering and planning disciplines.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,475,395,762],\"text\":\"As an imaginary, grey infrastructure approaches are often rooted\\nin what has been described as a \\\"command and control\\\" ethos [39] .\\nWater is treated as a threat; something to be kept at bay or\\ndisciplined through channels or pumping systems. For a variety of\\nreasons, this orientation is being reexamined by planners and\\npolicy-makers. Extensive literature has documented the ecological\\nshortfalls of these approaches, which often accelerate erosion and\\nother detrimental geophysical processes, disrupt or degrade\\nhabitat for native species and negatively impact biodiversity in\\ngeneral. Grey approaches, through their tendency to increase\\nerosion and shunt floodwaters, may \\\"teleglyph\\\" flooding to\\nadjacent reaches of a given shoreline, raising important ethical and\\nequity questions. And because grey approaches are generally static\\nin nature, they may behave as brittle components on a coastal\\nengineering scheme, occasionally falling catastrophically. As such,\\nthey are costly to repair or replace, and, because of their static\\nnature, are often cumbersome, expensive and limited in terms of\\nadapting their design for changing environmental conditions or\\nperformance required by the uncertain future sea level conditions.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,770,306,784],\"text\":\"4.2 Green Infrastructure: Living With Water\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,787,394,936],\"text\":\"As an alternative to grey infrastructure, modern coastal planners\\nare increasingly beginning to experiment with a set of practices\\nknown collectively as green infrastructure . Planning and resource\\nmanagement practitioners have relied upon natural processes to\\npromote environmental sustainability and quality of life in coastal\\ncities for centuries. Prominent examples of embracing natural\\nfeatures (like topography or hydrology) ecosystem services (such\\nas air and water quality improvements), and approaches that\\nstressed development schemes intended to “ build with nature ” are\\nevident in many coastal metropolitan areas. In the SF Bay Area,\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,99,746,236],\"text\":\"the green approach to shoreline protection has manifested in\\nconnection with decades-long, large-scale ecological restoration\\nefforts of thousands of acres of tidal marsh plains that were filled\\nas part of development schemes over the past century and half. As\\na result, green approaches are emerging as a novel challenge to the\\ndominant grey imaginary, which is often framed by critics as\\nbeing both imported and out of date. In the words of one\\npractitioner, “We’re not the Netherlands, and this isn’t the 19th\\ncentury”.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,251,746,535],\"text\":\"The South Bay Salt Ponds (SBSP) in the southern SF Bay is the\\nfocus of the largest tidal wetland restoration project on the West\\nCoast of the United States and a representative example of the\\ngreen imaginary as it is enacted in the Bay Area. The project was\\nlaunched in the late 1990's, when thousands of acres of previously\\ndiked and disconnected salt evaporation ponds run by Cargill\\ncorporation were acquired by state government Today, they are\\nbeing reconnected to the tidal rhythms of the Bay as part of efforts\\nto restore ecological functionality and create a large flood\\nprotection infrastructure for adjacent communities. The SBSPs is\\nan ambitious example of the green imaginary's approach, as it\\nrelies on ecological processes to deliver multiple benefits including\\nshoreline protection also providing open space for public\\nrecreation and . The project is designed and implemented\\naccording to principles of adaptive management, whereby\\nplanning cycles are short – often in the range of three to five years\\n– and new data about local conditions is continuously gathered in\\norder to judge the results of prior interventions and experiment\\nwith alternative approaches as needed.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,550,746,883],\"text\":\"Though in principle the data, models, and performance standards\\nused for designing and evaluating green infrastructure projects are\\nmeant to answer similar questions as the grey models – the\\nlocation, frequency, and impacts of coastal flooding due to sea-\\nlevel rise, in practice they are quite distinct. SBSP serves as a large-\\nscale, continuously evolving experiment that generates data for\\nanalysis and adaptive management and planning: the iterative\\nprocess of evaluation and decision-making that governs that\\nproject. As discussed above, this means more frequent data\\ncollection and shorter future horizons are considered by green\\nmodels. In addition, practitioners of the green imaginary, in an\\nattempt to fit into the planning discourse established by the grey\\nimaginary, have adopted the logics of cost-benefit analysis. Yet,\\nunlike they grey imaginary that understands “benefit” to mean the\\neconomic value of protected real estate, green approaches pursue\\nmulti-benefit valuation strategies that include protection of other\\ngoods including recreational use by neighboring communities or\\nthe provision of habitat for endangered species. This means that\\nengaging a much wider suite of domain expertise, data inputs and\\nmodeling techniques is required for understanding how rising seas\\nwill interact with planning processes drawing upon the green\\nimaginary.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,897,746,942],\"text\":\"If the grey imaginary can be described as a command and control\\norientation to coastal management, then the green imaginary is\\nabout \\\"living with water\\\" [20] . Instead of treating water as a threat\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 286\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/results/markdown/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300516/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300516", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/results/output_json/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,99,394,356],\"text\":\"to be excluded from human settlements, advocates understand it\\nas a resource, and design systems that include and accommodate\\nits processes in spatial terms. This allowance seems to respond to\\nmany of the weaknesses of the command and control imaginary,\\nbut raises its own challenges. Apart from the different modeling\\nand information requirements of these techniques, 'green'\\nshoreline schemes often hinge upon the utilization of large areas\\nto accomplish flood mitigation goals, since wetlands act as\\nfloodplain buffers – gradually sapping energy from storm-driven\\nwaters. In practice, this may mean that some coastal\\nneighborhoods would not be protected under green approaches.\\nAdditionally, adaptive management implicitly entails flexible\\nphasing/master-planning efforts, and regularly responds to\\nupdating projections and data regarding sea-level rise and the\\nSIBSP performance over time, and taking into account as-yet\\nunknown economic and political changes in the region that could\\nlead to alternate planning priorities.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,364,209,379],\"text\":\"4.3 Environmental Justice\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,380,394,727],\"text\":\"In addition to the futures envisioned by proponents of grey and\\ngreen imaginaries, a heterogeneous collection of activists,\\ncommunity organizers, and non-profit organizations in the Bay\\nArea have been working to articulate the threat posed by sea-level\\nrise from the perspective of environmental justice. In the United\\nStates, the environmental justice movement arose in the early\\n1980s in response to activist concerns over unequal impacts of\\npollution on minority communities [13] . In the Bay Area,\\nenvironmental justice advocacy has historically focused on the\\ndisproportionate burden faced by predominantly minority\\nneighborhoods of air pollution, soil contamination, and unsafe\\ndrinking water [14] . Only in recent years have questions of\\n`climate justice', including sea-level rise, been taken up as a\\nserious concern. However in many parts of the region, it is these\\nsame neighborhoods where environmental justice advocates have\\nfocused that are most exposed to sea-level rise impacts. Many\\nneighborhoods in the Bay Area, were destinations for Africa\\nAmericans during the `Great Migration' out of Southern States in\\nthe mid-20 $^th$ century [29] . For example, due to proximity to job\\nopportunities and discriminatory housing policies, many new\\narrivals attracted by the shipping boom at the Port of Oakland\\nduring and after World War II moved to the very low-lying areas\\nthat are now vulnerable to sea-level rise [4] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,744,394,941],\"text\":\"Environmental justice advocates interacted with information\\ninfrastructures related to sea-level rise quite differently than the\\nother imaginaries we studied. Public presentations given by staff\\nor volunteers from environmental justice organizations often\\ndidn't include any of the usual statistics of forecasted impacts,\\nmaps of inundated areas, or graphs projecting the rate of sea-level\\nrise that dominated presentations of the issue developed by either\\nthe grey or the green approaches. In addition, their public\\nmaterials often included topics such as gentrification and\\ndeplacement, community relations with law enforcement, or\\nfunding for public schools that were, on the surface, unrelated to\\nsea-level rise. Yet, as some HCI research has argued, the inclusion\\nof the wide range concerns faced by disadvantaged communities is\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,99,746,221],\"text\":\"in fact central to approaches that center justice as a core value\\n[17]. As one advocate we interviewed explained, “We talk about\\nadaptation and resilience from a very holistic perspective. We are\\nbeing hit with so many things right now.” This broadened and\\nmore contextualized perspective on the impact of sea-level rise led\\ncommunity groups to engage with information about the topic in\\ndifferent ways than participants in either the grey or green\\nimaginaries.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,235,746,550],\"text\":\"A key fault-line in the debate between environmental justice\\n advocates and proponents of other imaginaries is the role of\\ntechnical expertise in public decision-making. Indeed, almost all\\nthe groups we interviewed raised the difficulty of challenging the\\nrecommendations of scientists and engineers, and described\\nfeeling disempowered by public discussion oriented around the\\ncomplex, technical models deployed by civil engineers or coastal\\nresource managers. They related, in many cases, being unable to\\nparticipate on an equal footing with technical experts (see also\\n[7] ). However, at the same time, where strategic, they used the\\ndata produced by experts as a means to inform and mobilize their\\ncommunities. HCI research in participatory design and civic\\ntechnology has sought to transcend this difference, arguing that\\npartnerships between technical experts and community organizers\\ncan be productive and mutually beneficial if significant\\ninvestments in relationship building and developing shared\\nunderstanding are made [32] . In the Bay Area, we found that while\\nseveral attempts at this work are underway, a significant divide\\nremains between environmental justice organizations and sea-\\nlevel rise experts. These dynamics are described further in Section\\n5.2 of the paper, below.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,565,746,882],\"text\":\"Imaginaries, as with all discourses about the future, always take \\nflight from a particular location. They are situated in a particular \\ncontext and relationship to the present. One way to understand \\nthe logics and political valence of various imaginaries, then, is to \\nexamine what they hold constant, as compared to what they \\nenvision is malleable or open to change in the future. The grey \\nand green imaginaries guided by scientific and technical expertise, \\nreinforce contemporary social and political arrangements by \\nessentially leaving them unchanged while envisioning different \\nways of living with water in the region. By comparison, \\nenvironmental justice advocates challenge the status quo on a \\nmuch wider range of issues. By not addressing questions of \\ngentrification or unequal distribution of the harmful effects of \\nclimate change in their imaginaries, both grey and green \\napproaches in effect serve to normalize these issues, treating them \\nas either unproblematic or immutable. By raising questions of \\ninequality and racism into policy debates dominated by a more \\nnarrow technical discourse, environmental justice organizations \\nare raising the possibility of an alternative imaginary, prioritizing \\nvalues of justice and equity over narrowly focused technical \\nexpertise.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,895,506,912],\"text\":\"5. Discussion\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,916,745,947],\"text\":\"Imaginaries aren't static. Nor are they complete, as they are\\ncontinually being enacted and re-articulated by their proponents.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 286\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/results/markdown/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300516/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300516", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/results/output_json/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,99,395,371],\"text\":\"In the course of ongoing debates over politics and policy, they can\\ninteract in surprising and unexpected ways. Indeed, most of the\\ntechnical experts that we encountered accepted that some mix of\\n\\\"green\\\" and \\\"grey\\\" infrastructure was desirable for coastline\\nprotection, and conceded that the perspective of environmental\\njustice drew important attention to important blind spots or\\nsilences in the models and maps they put forward. To help\\narticulate some of the ways in which these imaginaries compete\\nand interact and the role of information infrastructures in these\\nprocesses, we offer two arguments in the closing section of this\\npaper. The first is that the information infrastructure that enables\\nunderstanding of sea-level rise, as currently constituted in the Bay\\nArea has a bias toward the grey imaginary, supporting a\\ncommand-and-control relationship with the coastline. Second, we\\nidentify four tactics used by environmental justice advocates use\\nto resist the technical framing of the green and grey imaginaries\\nand reassert the fundamentally political character of sea-level rise\\ninformation.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[70,379,198,393],\"text\":\"5.1. Infrastructural Bias\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,395,394,636],\"text\":\"The networks of human, social, and technological resources that\\nare used by experts, policy-makers, and the public to understand\\nand plan for sea-level rise currently provide greater support to the\\ndevelopment of models and analyses that align with the grey\\nimaginary. This allows proponents of this imaginary to more\\neasily and effectively present their vision for coping with the\\nchallenge of sea-level rise. These advantages are not surprising.\\nThe suite of tools and approaches that comprise the grey\\ninfrastructure approach to coastal protection have a long history\\nin research and practice and are closely linked to the bureaucratic\\nand legal mechanisms that have developed around the governance\\nof coastal protection. In contrast, many of the practitioners and\\nexperts we interviewed characterized the green approach as being\\n\\\"in the information wilderness\\\" as one practitioner illustratively\\ndescribed, or least emergent and untested. Here we consider the\\nrole of information infrastructures in sustaining this situation.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,654,395,942],\"text\":\"From a technical perspective, the information infrastructure that\\nthe grey imaginary utilizes is robust and well-developed. The civil\\nengineers we interviewed that work in this area were able to rely\\nfor the most part on existing data and software to carry out their\\nanalysis, allowing them to work faster, at less expense, and with\\ngreater confidence in their results. Conversely, practitioners\\nworking within the green imaginary are frequently forced to\\ncollect their own data or devise new means of gathering\\ninformation. One example of this challenge relates to temporality\\nof the data required to inform sea-level rise models. Models\\nproduced in the context of the grey imaginary require data about\\nthe condition of the coast and the property value exposed to\\ncoastal flooding once, at the start of the project, in order to\\ndetermine the level of protection to design for timespans of 50 to\\n100 years. The adaptive management techniques deployed as part\\nof the green imaginary, on the other hand, requires the periodic\\nmonitoring of results. New data is collected frequently in order to\\nevaluate the results of previous interventions and iterate\\naccordingly. In discussing this difficulty, one of our interviewees\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,99,746,159],\"text\":\"told us that they were investigating the use of drones, partnerships\\nwith community groups to conduct citizen science monitoring of\\nthe coast, and automated classification of satellite imagery in order\\nto try to keep up with the rapidly changing coastline. They said,\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[457,178,746,241],\"text\":\"It takes a lot of work to produce and maintain these maps\\nand datasets. We need to find new ways to keep up, to\\nincorporate these interventions, new green infrastructures.\\nRight not we don't have a way account for all this stuff.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,258,746,499],\"text\":\"Further, the green imaginary's expansive definition of 'value'\\nmeans that, unlike grey models which typically rely data on\\nproperty values from public records or other existing sources,\\ngreen imaginaries seek to account for non-market values like\\nhabitat for endangered species or public use and recreation. The\\nchallenges of bringing such values into commensurability with the\\nexchange value of commodity, like property, is well documented\\nwithin the environmental economics literatures [12] and was\\nhighlighted by many of our interviewees. One team working on\\nthe design of a green infrastructure project in the southern part of\\nthe Bay was forced to develop and maintain a new database on\\nfish population in order to understand the impact of their work in\\nthe area on biodiversity and track change over time. Another\\nrelied on complex calculations in an attempt to assign monetary\\nfigures to the value of public parks to residents for recreation\\npurposes.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,517,746,729],\"text\":\"In addition to its technical components, most formulations of\\ninformation infrastructure now also take into account the social\\nelements of its construction [34][43][46] . This includes individuals\\nand their relationships as well as communities of practice,\\ntechnical standards, and legal and economic institutions of various\\ntypes. In the Bay Area we found that these aspects also exhibit\\nbias in favor of the grey imaginary. For example, the lack of social\\nand professional consensus surrounding the modeling approaches\\nbeing developed by coastal restoration experts within the wider\\ncommunity that engages with coast planning translates into lack\\nof professional support for practitioners and heightened\\nuncertainty about how to interpret or evaluate the results of their\\nmodels. One coastal ecologist told us, that in compared to\\nproponents of the grey imaginary:\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[457,747,741,823],\"text\":\"We're weaker on turning data and models into decisions.\\nThere's not an agreed upon methodology for incorporating\\nsocial values, historic preservation, and the other kinds of\\nthings that don't fit neatly into the models used by engineers\\nand planners.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,841,746,946],\"text\":\"The resulting uncertainty around the information and modeling\\npractices deployed in green imaginary projects is also reflected in\\nthe risk tolerances and performance standards developed by\\nengineers and encoded into policy and regulation. The ecologist\\nquoted above went onto complain that the standards of evidence\\nrequired for permitting protective interventions were outmoded,\\nprivileging the construction of permanent barriers, grey\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 286\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300516/results/markdown/3290605-3300516_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300517/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300517", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/results/output_json/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,744,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[157,97,654,131],\"text\":\"The Right to the Sustainable Smart City\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[88,139,276,217],\"text\":\"Sara Heitlinger\\n\\nDepartment of Computer Science\\n\\nCity, University of London\\nLondon, United Kingdom\\nsara.heitlinger@city.ac.uk\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[308,138,503,217],\"text\":\"Nick Bryan-Kinns\\n\\nMedia & Arts Technology CDT\\nQueen Mary University of London\\nLondon, United Kingdom\\nn.bryan-kinns@gmail.ac.uk\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[525,139,738,231],\"text\":\"Rob Comber\\n\\nDepartment of Media Technology and\\nInteraction Design\\nKTH Royal Institute of Technology\\nStockholm, Sweden\\nrcomber@kth.se\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,245,142,261],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,262,396,506],\"text\":\"Environmental concerns have driven an interest in\\nsustainable smart cities, through the monitoring and\\noptimisation of networked infrastructures. At the same\\ntime, there are concerns about who these interventions and\\nservices are for, and who benefits. HCI researchers and\\ndesigners interested in civic life have started to call for the\\ndemocratisation of urban space through resistance and\\npolitical action to challenge state and corporate claims. This\\npaper contributes to an emerging body of work that seeks\\nto involve citizens in the design of sustainable smart cities,\\nparticularly in the context of marginalised and culturally\\ndiverse urban communities. We present a study involving\\nco-designing Internet of Things with urban agricultural\\ncommunities and discuss three ways in which design can\\nparticipate in the right to the sustainable smart city through\\ndesigning for the commons, care, and biocultural diversity.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,512,168,527],\"text\":\"Author Keywords\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,527,395,573],\"text\":\"Smart cities; Internet of Things; sustainable HCI; right to\\nthe city; urban agriculture; hybrid cities; spatial\\nautogestion; civic IoT; Anthropocene\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,587,187,600],\"text\":\"ACM Reference format:\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[70,600,395,665],\"text\":\"Sara Heitlinger, Nick Bryan-Knies & Ron Comber. 2019. The Right to the\\nSustainable Smart City. In 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in\\nComputing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow,\\nScotland. IEEE, pp. 573–582. https://doi.org/10.1145%2F9665330.9905137\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145%2F9665330.9905137\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,672,178,689],\"text\":\"INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,689,396,813],\"text\":\"As cities become fertile grounds for embedded IoT\\ntechnologies and services, many in HCI have become\\nincreasingly interested in the projects, visions and\\nnarratives of their integration in what has become known\\nas the smart city. In particular, environmental concerns\\nhave driven an interest in sustainable smart cities, through\\nthe optimisation of urban processes and resources, services\\nand infrastructures, making them more efficient and\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,245,745,429],\"text\":\"therefore, the argument goes, more sustainable [25] . The\\nbuilding of eco-cities is now at the \\\"forefront of national\\nand global agendas\\\" [60] . Typical examples involve the use\\nof networked sensing and tracking technologies, and\\nmobile and cloud computing, for low-carbon infrastructure,\\nincluding smart energy metering, reducing waste and\\nemissions [44] , water recycling, and automated collection\\nsystems [60] and increasing efficiency in food supply chains\\n[27] . However, these visions are increasingly being\\ncritiqued, both for the ways in which they attempt to tackle\\nthe problem of urban sustainability, and also for their\\nclaimed benefits to the inhabitants of cities [23,25,41,60] .\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,435,745,666],\"text\":\"Critics argue that, like other modernist, top-down,\\nefficiency-based, techno-solutions to the problem of\\nenvironmental sustainability that have already been\\ncritiqued within HCI [8,71] , eco-cities are subject to\\nparticular types of breakdown, because they are unable to\\ndeal with the complexities of real, messy cities [60] , and\\nsustainability gets performed in specific ways that leave\\nlittle room for political participation or citizen agency\\n[20,25,60] . There are also critiques over “ green growth ”\\napproaches that merge economic growth with green\\nobjectives [46] that are inherent in smart cities narratives\\n[25] , with critics arguing that economic growth is the cause\\nof environmental degradation [59] , and that “ prosperous\\ndescent ” [1] or degrowth is the alternative we should be\\nstriving for.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,671,746,932],\"text\":\"At the same time, HCI researchers and designers\\ninterested in civic life have started to question whose `right\\nto the smart city' recalling French philosopher Henri\\nLefebvre's call for the democratisation of urban space\\nthrough resistance and political action, amid growing\\nconcerns about who these interventions and networked\\ninfrastructures are for and who benefits [6,23] . Critics have\\nvoiced concerns over: who owns, controls, and has access\\nto `proprietary smart city infrastructure' [2,23,25,53] ;\\nprivacy, surveillance and censorship [2,17] ; inequalities in\\nterms of representation, participation, and access [2,74] ;\\nand the encroachment of algorithmic culture into\\ngovernment, civics and public life [17,25] . More and more\\ncommentators these days critique the established\\nhegemony of the engineering and technology-centric\\nepistemology embedded in any one proprietary smart city\\nvision\\\" [23] .\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,823,390,932],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or\\nclassroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or\\ndistributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and\\nthe full citation on the first page. Reproduction must also be permitted by\\nothers than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted.\\nTo copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists,\\nrequires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions\\nfrom:\\n\\n09 May 4-9, 2016 Glasgow, Scotland UK\\n\\n© 2019 Copyright is held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[71,932,373,953],\"text\":\"ACM. ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19-05...$15.00\\n\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3296605.3300517\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[71,941,225,951],\"text\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300517\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 287\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/results/markdown/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300517/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300517", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/results/output_json/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,96,396,416],\"text\":\"We situate our work within citizen-centred smart cities,\\ncivic IoT, and sustainable HCI to make the following\\ncontributions: We begin by drawing on Lefebvre's 'right to\\nthe city' formulation, and introduce his term of spatial\\nautogestion [49] to provide a critical lens through which to\\nexamine the smart city. We introduce perspectives from the\\nAnthropocene literature as a way to broaden thinking about\\nsustainable cities beyond efficiency. We then present a case\\nstudy in this design space that involved co-designing\\nnetworked environmental sensors, data visualisation, and\\nan interactive seed library to support sustainable food\\npractices with urban agricultural communities in London,\\nUK. Finally, we reflect on this study in terms of the struggle\\nfor the right to the sustainable smart city through an\\narticulation of: Designing for Biocultural Diversity ;\\nDesigning for Care ; and Designing for the Commons . We\\noffer these conceptual repositionings of smart cities for\\ndiversity, care and commons as contributions to design\\nresearch within sustainable HCI in order to begin to\\nimagine, as Carl DiSalvo has asked us to do, what else a\\nsustainable smart city might be [15] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,421,205,439],\"text\":\"RIGHT TO THE CITY\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,439,396,714],\"text\":\"The 'right to the city' formulation that French philosopher\\nHenri Lefebvre coined in 1968 [48] , is a declaration of a\\ncollective intention to struggle against homogenising\\nplanetary urbanization. It is a commitment to become active\\nand move towards the democratization of urban space, to\\nreappropriate the production of space from the dominant\\nhegemonic regimes, which in contemporary cities, is\\nneoliberal capitalism. For Lefebvre, (according to Mark\\nPurcell [65] ), space is not just the objective material space\\nof the city, it is also the mental constructions of space, the\\nlived experience of space in everyday life, and it is a\\nconstituent element of social life, entailing \\\"all aspects of\\nurban life\\\" [65] . Within neoliberalism, space is valued\\npredominantly for its exchange value, and private property\\nand profit is prioritised over all other rights and claims\\n[34,47,66] . The 'right to the city' maintains that the use\\nvalue aspect of urban space must take priority in decisions\\nabout how urban space is produced.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,720,396,950],\"text\":\"For Lefebvre, rights are not codified protections\\nguaranteed by the state, achievements that come at the end\\nof a struggle like the US Civil Rights Act of 1964 [66] . Rather,\\nthey come at the beginning and are political declarations of\\nan intention to struggle. Historically rooted in revolution\\nand in Marxism, “ Rights are people voicing their\\ncommitment to become active and to move together in a\\nparticular direction, towards a particular horizon ” [66] . The\\nhorizon here is a society in which people manage all aspects\\nof life for themselves without the intervention of the state\\nor capital. Lefebvre uses the term autogestion which in\\nFrench means self-management, and traditionally refers to\\nfactory workers taking over the means of production for\\nthemselves. For Lefebvre, autogestion is not limited to\\neconomic relations, but also to relations of governance,\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,96,747,174],\"text\":\"such as between the state and citizens. \\\"Each time a social\\ngroup refuses to accept passively its conditions of\\nexistence, of life, or of survival\\\", he says, \\\"each time such a\\ngroup forces itself not only to understand but to master its\\nown conditions of existence, autogestation is occurring\\\" [49] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,179,747,547],\"text\":\"Within the dominant existing neoliberal capitalist system,\\nthe production of space in cities is alienated, or made\\nstrange, from the users – citadins, or urban dwellers –\\nbecause it is not produced by them, but by others for them\\n[65] . Citadins are also alienated from others who share the\\nspace. One of the ways that the right to the city can be\\narticulated is in terms of the right to spatial autogestion , [49]\\nwhich refers to the radical project of people self-managing\\nthe production of space for themselves and refusing to\\npassively accept the existing system of spatial production\\n[66] , one of property rights on which the capitalist economy\\nexists. Top-down decision-making processes turn urban\\nlocations into abstract spaces, where people are also\\nalienated from each other. The practices of spatial\\nautogestion return those spaces back into specific places.\\n“ Spatial autogestion reverses the separation and\\nsegregation of inhabitants: it draws them together into\\ncommon spaces where they would encounter each other\\nand engage in meaningful discussions about the city and its\\nfuture ” [66] . In this way, the applied practices of spatial\\nautogestion are a way of realising the right to the city by\\nreworking control over urban space, resisting the current\\nhegemony of property rights and stressing the primacy of\\nthe use-rights of inhabitants ” [65] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,551,747,813],\"text\":\"The acts of spatial autogestion are happening\\ncontinuously in our cities: there are examples of individuals\\nand social movements everywhere engaged in active\\nstruggle to reshape the city and overcome isolations,\\nresisting the efforts of developers and the state to create\\nhomogenising urban space for capitalist and state benefit\\n[34] . Purcell provides the example of the cultivation of\\nurban land as a concrete example to the abstract ideas of the\\nright to the city. Viewing the struggles of urban agriculture\\nthrough the lens of the right to the city helps us to\\nunderstand their \\\"radical political and ecological potential\\\"\\n[66] . According to Purcell [66] if we want to participate in\\nthe right to the city, then we must identify the sites of\\nstruggle, learn to see them, narrate them, and help them\\nproliferate. Rather than focus on the structures of power, he\\nargues, it is more productive to spend our energy\\ncultivating the world we want to live in.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,819,564,835],\"text\":\"Right to the Smart City\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,835,747,958],\"text\":\"With the proliferation of networked sensing and digital\\ninfrastructures in to urban life, the right to the smart city has\\nbecome a subject of focus [2,6,17,23] . It speaks to the original\\ndeclaration of a collective intention to struggle against\\nhomogenising planetary urbanization that turns us into\\npassive consumers for the benefit of the few. There are\\nconcerns that the algorithms that drive these technologies,\\nand the data produced will be steered towards increasing\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 287\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/results/markdown/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300517/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300517", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/results/output_json/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,96,396,373],\"text\":\"profits of huge companies, rather than towards increasing\\ncivic participation. “Unlike the physical urban space that it\\noverlays, this new and rapidly emerging ’virtual’ space has\\npractically no capacity constraints. However, it is subject to\\ninequalities in terms of access, representation, participation,\\nand ownership” [2] . It is becoming increasingly clear that\\nthe control of global digital social interactions by large\\ncorporations such as Google, Facebook and Twitter, and “the\\ncomplete lack of ownership and control of these platforms on\\nthe users’ behalf poses significant threats related to privacy,\\nsurveillance, censorship, and manipulation, which should not\\nbe underestimated” [2] . There are concerns over urban\\ncitizenship “reduced to a series of actions focused on\\nmonitoring and managing data, when that data is managed\\nby corporate and state actors” [25] , as well as the creep of\\n‘algorithmic culture into government, civics, and our public\\nlives” [17] . As Lodato and DiSalvo argue, “smart cities have\\nintensified the effects and reach of neoliberalisation” [53] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,378,396,668],\"text\":\"While for some, concerns about the right to the smart city\\nremain firmly focused on digital networks, infrastructures,\\nand services, and the data they produce. Antoniadis et al. [2]\\nargue that the issue of citizens' rights to the smart city must\\naddress the ways in which the digital and physical are\\nenmeshed, producing the right to the hybrid city. \\\"There is\\na gap today between those that fight for our rights to the city\\nwith those that fight for our rights to ICTs, despite the fact\\nthat in the times of the smart city, these two objectives are\\nmore and more interwoven\\\" (ibid). This interweaving is\\nexemplified in Apple's \\\"town squares\\\", where communities\\nare encouraged to form around Apple's products in hybrid\\nphysical and digital urban space [10] . In these new pseudo-\\npublic spaces [69] , what would previously have been open\\ndemocratic sites for people to encounter diversity and engage\\nin meaningful discussions about the city [65] become\\nhomogenous spaces of consumption, where difference is\\nviewed with suspicion [58] and the reach of corporate control\\nis intensified through the digital layer.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,673,396,951],\"text\":\"As hybrid digital-physical space becomes increasingly\\nimportant for the lives of city dwellers, their data, networks,\\nlocation-based services, sensors and other devices have\\nbecome increasingly valuable resources. Neoliberal smart\\ncities seek to enclose such resources for the benefit of capital\\nand the state. HCI designers have been actively working to\\nreappropriate the production and management of these\\nresources and bring them into the digital urban commons\\n[2,6,24,68] , where the commons refers to commonly held\\nproperty, use, stewardship and management of the available\\nand produced resources [4,61] by a community; and\\ncommoning refers to the social process that creates and\\nreproduces the commons [ibid]. For example, Balestriini et al.\\n[6] explored how citizens from disadvantaged backgrounds\\ncan \\\"participate in the collection, sharing and use of data to\\ntackle issues of their own concern\\\", where those concerns are\\nem meshed in the physical manifestations of urban planning\\nand their resultant inequalities, for example through\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,96,747,416],\"text\":\"participant sensing of pollution or damp [6,26] . Internet of\\nthings technologies are used for civic media and as a way to\\naddress “ matters of concern and care ” [17] . Wolff et al. [74]\\nare helping citizens gain data literacy, thereby overcoming\\nbarriers of access and participation. And Calzada and Cobo\\n[9] are working towards resisting technocratic determinism\\nof the smart city through bottom-up, community-driven,\\nlow-cost, and local innovative efforts to “ increase\\ntransparency, accountability, participation, and\\ncollaboration ” [tbd.] . By contributing to the creation and\\nongoing maintenance of an urban digital commons,\\ndesigners are helping to empower citizens to claim their\\nrights to privacy, freedom of expression, diversity, and self-\\ndetermination [2] . These works participate in the right to the\\nsmart city by amplifying the acts of spatial autogestion in\\nwhich citizens appropriate the means of production of the\\nsmart city for themselves. Rather than passively accepting or\\nconsuming the existing system of spatial production in the\\nsmart city, by creating a digital urban commons people are\\ntaking up the challenge of understanding and mastering the\\nmeans of production of hybrid space for themselves.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,421,649,440],\"text\":\"Right to the City in the Anthropocene\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,439,747,867],\"text\":\"Sustainable HCI has started to move beyond efficiency by\\ndrawing on discussions within Science and Technology\\nStudies (STS), feminist technoscience, and the environmental\\nhumanities about the Anthropocene [50,52,70] – a term used\\nto refer to a new geological era in which human activity is\\ntransforming earth systems [42] , accelerating climate change\\nand causing mass extinctions [59] . The Anthropocene is used\\nas a way to rethink human exceptionalism and privilege in\\nwhich the human is perceived as a separate, autonomous\\nindividual, superior to the non-human, living in a sovereign\\nbody whose actions do not have ecological consequences\\n[62] . Exceptionalist thinking stems from traditions within\\nWestern knowledge to think in hyper-separated categories,\\nor dualisms, such as human/non-human, nature/culture, and\\nmind/body. Preferring the term Capitalocene to\\nacknowledge the role of capital in the current age of\\nenvironmental destruction, Jason Moore argues that\\nexceptionalist thinking obscures “ our vistas of power,\\nproduction and profit... It prevents us from seeing the\\naccumulation of capital as a powerful web of interspecies\\ndependencies; it prevents us from seeing how those\\ninterdependencies are not only shaped by capital, but also\\nshape it. ” Within the Capitalocene, the same system that\\ncauses social injustice results in environmental destruction,\\nbecause people and natural resources are exploited for\\ncapital, made possible by exceptionalist thinking in which\\n“ Human relations are not only distinct from nature, but are\\neffectively independent of the web of life ” [59] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,872,747,951],\"text\":\"Neoliberal sustainable smart cities visions are based on\\nexceptionalist and privileged ways of thinking, in which\\nurban space is separate from nature, planned and built for\\n(some) human inhabitants alone. As Houston et al. have\\nargued, cities may have been built out of natural materials\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 287\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/results/markdown/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300517/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300517", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/results/output_json/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,96,396,204],\"text\":\"but they are now \\\"elevated to places of progressive human\\nand technological mastery\\\" [42] where nature is seen as a\\nresource to be exploited, or as a nuisance to be eliminated,\\nfor the higher human needs. Within cities, human\\nexceptionalism has resulted in \\\"asymmetric 'negotiations'\\nbetween human planners and nonhuman others\\\", which\\nhave contributed to environmental destruction [42] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,210,396,668],\"text\":\"HCI has started to pay attention to the entanglements of\\nhumans and non-humans in thinking about the production\\nof hybrid space, with implications for the right to the smart\\ncity in terms of the complex biophysical urban worlds that\\nwe inhabit [14,52,70] and as a way to avoid ecocide [41] .\\nMethods that merge speculative and participatory design\\nhave been identified as fruitful ways forward to conceive of\\nhumans and other species in a relational perspective, and to\\novercome problematic narratives of human privilege and\\nexceptionalism [21,52,70,73] . Nonanthropocentric design\\n[19,21,55] has the potential to \\\"radically shift our\\nexperience of the world ... and prototype alternative\\npossible futures\\\" [21] in which humans and other species\\ncohabit and coproduce urban worlds [70] . Theoretical\\nperspectives from feminist technoscience, such as an ethics\\nof care [63,64] have been used to rethink the role of\\ntechnology in sustainable design [17,50] beyond designing\\nfor efficiency. Through a \\\"speculative commitment to\\nneglected things\\\" [63] an ethics of care addresses power\\nasymmetries and can help democratise our matters of\\nconcern, and therefore has a role to play in the right to the\\nsmart city. A perspective in which we understand the\\nimbricated nature of humans and nature, humans and non-\\nhumans, and cities and nature, can have important\\nimplications for how we think about the right to the\\nsustainable smart city. After all, \\\"city dwellers are deeply\\nentangled with natural elements, including plant life,\\nanimals, dirt, water\\\" [70] , and, as Houston et. al. have\\nargued, \\\"any presumed exclusive human `right' to the city\\\"\\nand the biosphere is increasingly untenable\\\" [42] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,673,396,934],\"text\":\"Our work sits within this turn towards citizen\\nparticipation and the Anthropocene, by involving urban\\nagricultural communities in the design processes of Internet\\nof Things technologies as a way to incorporate more voices\\ninto the debate about what sustainability means and how\\nsuch alternative understandings can influence the design\\nspace of sustainable smart cities beyond efficiency. By\\nsituating this work within the discourse of the right to the\\nsmart city we aim to highlight how our case study of\\nparticipatory design with urban agricultural communities\\nsurfaces new visions for what more socially just and\\nenvironmentally sustainable smart cities could be [15]\\nwhen we employ more democratic ways of doing design.\\nWe aim to demonstrate how design more generally can\\ncontribute to spatial autogestion in hybrid space and\\nthereby stake a claim in the revolutionary struggle to regain\\ncontrol of the sustainable smart city.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[419,95,693,126],\"text\":\"CONTEXT: URBAN AGRICULTURE IN EAST\\nLONDON\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,126,746,326],\"text\":\"Our project took place with urban agricultural sites in east\\nLondon. Our project partner was Spitalfields City Farm\\nwhich, like many other community gardens in the UK and\\nelsewhere, started in the 1970s by a group of local people\\nwho occupied vacant land to grow fresh food. Food is grown\\nall-year round in rotation, with seeds being planted to\\nreplace the food that will soon be finished. The farm has a\\ndiverse base of volunteers and visitors in terms of age,\\nability, socio-economic and cultural background. Through\\nits community gardens, volunteer opportunities, its various\\neducational programmes and fresh produce sales, the farm\\nencourages local communities to grow and consume\\nhealthy fresh food.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,331,746,501],\"text\":\"As discussed in [37,39,40] , Spitalfields Farm places a high\\nvalue on inclusivity, education, and health and well-being\\nof people and the Earth. The farm supports Somalian,\\nZimbabwean, Bengali and Turkish community gardening\\ngroups, as well as school groups, people suffering from\\npost- traumatic stress and mental health service users. Its\\nenvironmental work includes food-growing and healthy\\neating activities, an integrative approach to the\\nmanagement of food production and waste cycles, and\\ncapacity building within nearby communities by\\nstrengthening knowledge and skills.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,507,747,797],\"text\":\"The farm is located in the inner east London borough of\\nTower Hamlets, which is one of the most economically\\ndeprived boroughs in the UK. It is characterised by high\\npopulation density, large-scale immigration, ethnic\\ndiversity, poverty and huge divides between rich and poor.\\nTower Hamlets contains Canary Wharf, one of London's\\ntwo main financial centres and home to some of the world's\\nlargest banks. It has proportionally more people earning\\nabove £90,000 and more earning below £15,000 than the\\nLondon average, and the gap between the two extremes is\\ngrowing [77]. There are high levels of racial segregation\\nwith around 50 % of secondary schools being entirely non-\\nwhite. It has the highest rate of child poverty across the UK\\n[78] and suffers from a range of food-related illnesses,\\nincluding high rates of diabetes and childhood obesity.\\nHealth inequalities are further compounded due to the\\navailability of unhealthy eating options: 76 % of households\\nare within a 10-minute walk of a supermarket, while 97 %\\nare within a 10-minute walk of a fast food outlet [11].\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,802,746,926],\"text\":\"As discussed in [38] , it is against this background of ethnic\\ndiversity, economic disparity and deprivation, ill-health and\\nmarginalisation that we recognised an opportunity to\\nleverage local understandings of sustainability, in order to\\nstrengthen existing practices of spatial autogestion through\\nnetworked and digital technologies and begin to explore\\nwhat sustainable smart cities could be when we employ\\nmore democratic and inclusive ways of doing design.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 287\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/results/markdown/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300517/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300517", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/results/output_json/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,95,384,112],\"text\":\"CASE STUDY: CONNECTED SEEDS AND SENSORS\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,112,396,341],\"text\":\"Connected Seeds and Sensors was an 18-month\\nparticipatory design research project that took place\\nbetween October 2015 and March 2017. The project was\\ndeveloped collaboratively with Spitalfields City Farm and\\nresearchers at Queen Mary University of London. Through\\nprior work [35] we identified opportunities for IoTs to\\nsupport the practices of food-growing and seed-saving in\\neast London. The project explored these opportunities\\nthrough four design strategies described in this section: i)\\nparticipatory workshops; ii) engagement with the\\ncommunity of practice; iii) technology driven design\\nexploration through the design, development, and\\ndeployment of networked environmental sensors and\\nvisualizations of their data; and iv) the co-creation of a\\ndigitally-augmented interactive seed library.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,347,396,592],\"text\":\"We were interested in seeds as a vehicle to explore the\\nrole of IoT in sustainable cities in particular regarding the\\ncomplexities of seed-sovereignty (the control of seed\\nproduction and supply), biodiversity, community-based\\nagriculture and the city. At the time of co-developing the\\nfunding proposal with the farm these concerns were\\npressing because proposed changes to EU law were going\\nto make the registration of seed (at substantial cost)\\nmandatory. Campaigners claimed this would be disastrous\\nto biodiversity, farmers' rights, and play into the hands of\\nbig business such as Bayer-Monsanto [75] . A series of\\nexternally-run seed-saving training workshops took place\\nat the farm before our project began, which focused on food\\nnot typically grown in the UK. These workshops served as\\ninspiration and impetus for the co-created funding\\nproposal.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,597,183,614],\"text\":\"Initial Workshops\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,614,396,950],\"text\":\"The project started with a series of four workshops aimed\\nat better understanding the needs, practices and values of\\nurban growers and seed-savers. For example, we wanted to\\nknow what kinds of information would be useful and\\nmeaningful to include on seed packets (beyond the standard\\ninformation that commercial seed companies provide),\\nincluding exploring what data we usefully could collect\\nfrom IoT sensors. Workshop activities included\\nparticipatory mapping, a cultural probe pack [29] , seed-\\nsaving trainings, and creative activities that explored the\\ncultural, social, environmental, and political entanglements\\nof saving seeds and growing food in the city. For example,\\nparticipants were asked to choose a seed and tell its story\\nas a way of foregrounding the role of seeds in community\\nand culture which is typically lost when viewed from an\\nindustrial and commercial perspective. The probe pack\\ncontained a single-use 35mm film camera, a notebook and\\na series of open-ended instructions aimed at eliciting\\nresponses about growers' values and practices. The\\nmaterials produced were used to collaboratively form what\\nwe called \\\"data categories\\\", which related to the\\ninformation our growers would find interesting or useful to\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,96,746,158],\"text\":\"know about seeds. These discussions highlighted the\\npractical, and also the personal, cultural, social, economic\\nand political aspects of growing food and saving seeds, and\\nwould inform our designs.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,164,570,180],\"text\":\"Engaging seed guardians\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,179,747,547],\"text\":\"From February-December 2016 we recruited and engaged\\n15 seed guardians who committed to grow 1 to 2 crops for\\nseed, and to donate some of those seeds to the library at the\\nend of the season. Seed guardians were culturally diverse,\\nwith origins from Bangladesh, Trinidad, Egypt, Turkey,\\nZimbabwe, France, Belgium, Britain, Australia, Taiwan, and\\nIreland. They had differing levels of gardening and seed-\\nsaving experience ranging from those who knew nothing of\\ngrowing food or saving seeds, to those who had\\nhorticultural qualifications and kept their seeds every year.\\nFour guardians grew their crops at the farm, while others\\ngrew in community gardens, plots on common land in\\nhousing estates, and private gardens. Many of the crops\\ngrown for seed were “exotic”, that is not typically grown in\\nthe UK, and included: kodu, lablab beans, Zimbabwean\\nmaize, calaloo, orach, summer purslane, chickpeas, pak\\nchoi, Thai basil, achocha, and black mustard. Seed\\nguardians also took photos of their gardens, plants, harvests\\nand meals cooked. We recorded audio interviews with them\\nat the start of the season, and again at the end, structured\\naround the different data categories that we had elicited\\nin the workshop phase. These materials captured the\\nconsiderable knowledge and skill required to grow such\\ncrops successfully in a UK climate.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,552,747,796],\"text\":\"We organised community events throughout the growing\\nseason including seed-swaps, garden visits and design\\nsessions. We hired a growing expert to provide two\\ntechnical workshops on seed-saving. The aim of these\\nactivities was to support a community of practice,\\nencourage peer-to-peer knowledge and skill-sharing\\nthrough structured activities and discussions, maintain\\nmotivation, and involve participants in design activities\\n(e.g. requirements, iteration, and informal evaluation).\\nAdditional engagement was through a documentary film\\n[51] , a book [36] , an exhibition [79] , and a final celebration\\n[76] . The project built on existing interests in the local\\ncommunities but extended these through activities that\\nbrought diverse people together, many of whom had never\\nbeen to the farm before, and creating a new network of\\ncommitted seed savers.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[419,803,607,820],\"text\":\"Sensors and Data Visualisation\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,820,747,958],\"text\":\"Networked environmental sensors are increasingly being\\nused in precision agriculture to increase efficiency and\\nproductivity in mass crop production through resource\\nmanagement, pest control, and waste reduction [3,28] . In\\ncontrast, our project aimed to explore how IoTs could be\\nused in the context of small-scale urban agriculture to\\nsupport sustainable food practices, knowledge-sharing and\\ncommunity building. As there was no WiFi available in the\\ngardens, we designed and custom-built IoT devices from\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 287\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/results/markdown/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300517/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300517", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/results/output_json/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,96,396,341],\"text\":\"open-source systems and deployed them in eight of the seed\\nguardians' gardens to explore both the kinds of data that\\ncould be collected and to act as a prompt to allow us to\\nexplore how people might respond to such devices. The\\nsensors collected information about air temperature, air\\nhumidity, air pressure, soil moisture, soil temperature, and\\nambient light. A reading was taken from the sensors every\\nhour, and, in order to save on battery life, sent once a day\\nto a web server over a 3G network. We collected data for 2\\nmonths and overcame many technical and pragmatic\\nhurdles in the deployment of our IoT sensors such as\\ndealing with unreliable networks and theft of sensor units.\\nDespite our original plans, due to technical obstacles, we\\nwere unable to test users' responses to live data (relying\\ninstead on historical data at the end of the season). This is\\nsomething we would like to test in future work.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_003.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_003.png\",\"bbox\":[71,352,394,519],\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This multimedia dashboard displays several sketch-style illustrations of people in garden plots, a central photograph of green pods, and a multi-line graph tracking various environmental sensor data. The graph shows trends for light, air temperature, air humidity, soil temperature, soil humidity, and air pressure over several days in July 2019.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[116,518,346,533],\"text\":\"Figure 1. Screen grab of data visualization\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,533,395,656],\"text\":\"At the end of the growing season we hired a data\\nvisualisation company to present the data in an interactive\\nwebpage. In addition to the data produced from the sensors\\n– represented by a graphical animation across a timeline –\\nphotographic images pop up and audio clips from the Seed\\nGuardians begin to play as the timeline progresses [80] .\\nViewers can compare the data from different sensors and in\\ndifferent gardens.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,660,248,678],\"text\":\"The Connected Seeds Library\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,684,396,962],\"text\":\"The Connected Seeds Library concept was collaboratively\\nenvisaged as a way to collect and share the knowledge from\\nguardians, connect people to their heritage through food,\\nand to make available locally-grown seeds. Such seeds are\\nhighly valued as they have adapted to local climates and\\nmay be of unusual or heritage varieties not available in\\ncommercial catalogues. The library contains seeds that\\nguardians donated, as well as their associated digital\\nrecords (audio and photographs). Visitors to the library can\\nselect a jar of seeds and place it on a designated pad in order\\nto start a slideshow of images from the gardens. They can\\nturn a wheel to play 1-minute-long audio tracks of the\\nguardian talking about their experiences of growing. There\\nare ten different categories on the wheel to select, based on\\nthe data categories from the initial workshops: five relate to\\nthe grower (Who I am; Why I grow my own food; Why I\\nsave my own seeds; Connections to my heritage; How I feel\\nwhen I'm working in the garden) and five relate to the\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,96,746,128],\"text\":\"particular seed (Where these seeds came from; How I grow\\nthem; Tips and tricks; Recipes; How to save the seeds).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_009.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[420,129,749,280],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"An open, four-panel wooden display case features a small screen and storage on the left panel. The central two panels contain numerous small glass jars, some filled with seeds, within a grid of square compartments. The rightmost panel is inscribed with text about seeds and a seed-like design.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[488,277,676,293],\"text\":\"Figure 2. Connected Seeds Library\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[437,307,727,324],\"text\":\"Figure 3. Engaging with the Connected Seeds Library\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_012.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_012.png\",\"bbox\":[445,325,715,502],\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two children are engaging with a multi-paneled, light-colored wooden educational or play structure outdoors. The structure features multiple small compartments holding various items, a screen-like opening, and a circular rotating platform. One child in a red jacket reaches for a container on the rotating platform, while the other child, wearing a pink head covering, also interacts with the structure.\"},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,504,747,658],\"text\":\"The interactive elements are built from a Raspberry Pi and\\nscreen, an RFID reader, a battery, and a speaker. The seed\\njars are tagged with RFID tags that link to their digital\\nrecords. Visitors can join the library for free, take seeds\\nhome, and bring some back at the end of the season to\\nmaintain the living stock. The seeds also come in packets\\nwith QR codes that link to webpages with the digital\\ncontent. The Connected Seeds Library is a new addition for\\nthe community from the project and continues to be used\\nas a local resource at its permanent home at the farm.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[419,662,504,679],\"text\":\"DISCUSSION\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,679,747,939],\"text\":\"In this section we discuss the ways in which our study\\nsurfaces possibilities for design to participate in the right to\\nthe sustainable smart city by contributing to the practices\\nof spatial autogestion in hybrid space. We reflect with\\nillustrations and perspectives from participants how the\\nstudy works to conceptually reposition sustainable smart\\ncities beyond the neoliberal focus of efficiency through an\\narticulation of Designing for Biocultural Diversity , Designing\\nfor Care , and Designing for the Commons . We discuss how\\nthe right to the sustainable smart city is coproduced among\\nthe assemblage of human, non-human and technological\\nactors, as a resistance to the hegemonic narratives of\\nhomogeneity and temporally bound efficiencies in hybrid\\ndigital-physical space. These themes encompass the various\\nways in which the study's artefacts, processes and\\nparticipants enact the right to the sustainable city. The data\\nwe draw on includes materials produced in workshops, and\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 287\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/results/markdown/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300517/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300517", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/results/output_json/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,97,395,128],\"text\":\"transcripts from audio interviews with seed guardians and\\nothers who interacted with the seed library.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,133,285,149],\"text\":\"Designing for Biocultural Diversity\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,149,396,365],\"text\":\"The visions of neoliberal smart cities are alienated from\\nnature, from the production of food, and from difference. If\\nthere are any people at all, they are typically “Resource\\nMen”: white, middle-class technofetishists, “cast in the\\nimage of the male-dominated industries of engineering and\\neconomics that permeate energy management” [71] and\\nwho dream them into being. Such visions of homogeneity\\nand abstraction are based on exceptionalist thinking and\\nproduce asymmetric relations between the planners of\\nsmart cities and human and non-human others. Thinking\\nabout the right to the smart city through the lens of the\\nAnthropocene requires that we dismantle exceptionalist\\nnarratives and begin to consider the ways in which diverse\\nbings coproduce hybrid space.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,370,396,601],\"text\":\"Our study demonstrates how designing with and for\\ndiversity is one way to resist homogenising planetary\\nurbanization, expand the design space of sustainable smart\\ncities beyond efficiency and participate in spatial\\nautogestation in hybrid space. Rather than creating\\nhomogenous urban space where people are alienated from\\neach other and other species, urban community gardens\\nsuch as those involved in our study are “ sites of encounter ”\\n[66] with other people and other species. By supporting\\nthese encounters and drawing attention to growers'\\nentanglements with diverse others, our co-design process\\nsuggests ways for design to participate in the right to the\\nsmart city by breaking down privileged and exceptionalist\\nways of producing hybrid space and appropriating it for\\nbiocultural diversity [56] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,606,397,958],\"text\":\"The practices of community gardening foreground the\\ninterrelations and encounters within diverse multispecies\\nworlds. As one seed guardian said, “I keep the seeds and I\\nkeep plants living their whole life for the animal biodiversity\\nso there's insects coming in and the birds eat the seeds. So,\\nthere's enough for everyone” (Kate, seed guardian). Likewise,\\nour participants spoke of encounters with diverse people,\\nhelping to break down social barriers and overcome racism,\\nand contribute to social cohesion. “We really love to come\\nhere and meet other people from our home. And other people\\nfrom other places. We introduce them to our crops and we see\\ntheir crops here” (Basilia, seed guardian). The seed library,\\naugmented with smart city technologies of IoT, networked\\nsensing and data, recounts these stories of encounter. By\\namplifying and supporting the community gardening, it\\nstrengthens the practices of spatial autogestion in hybrid\\nspace and helps them to proliferate. By reversing the\\nseparation and segregation of human and non-human\\ninhabitants [66] designing for biocultural diversity works\\ntowards restructuring power relations, providing the\\nresources needed to bring diverse people and species\\ntogether to support cohabitation [70] , and in this way\\nsupports the practices of spatial autogestion.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,97,746,310],\"text\":\"Communities of colour, such as those in multi-ethnic\\nneighbourhoods where our project took place, are often\\nmarginalised from the neoliberal visions of smart cities, so\\nwe would argue that the right to the sustainable smart city\\nis enmeshed in the struggles against biocultural\\nmarginalisation [66] . As one seed guardian reflected on the\\nproject as a whole: “I think one of the real strengths of this\\nproject is how it brought together lots of different people from\\ndifferent backgrounds and harnesses that expertise of the\\nmigrant communities” (Richard, seed guardian). If we design\\nfor biocultural diversity then those who are usually\\nmarginalised from smart cities visions, in this case\\nmigrants, become experts. In this way design can help\\nrestructure power relations.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,317,747,837],\"text\":\"Designing for urban biocultural diversity requires\\nconsideration, and negotiation, of competing needs that\\narise from difference – which for some is a matter of life\\nand death [32] . At the farm different groups negotiate the\\nuse of different plots for their growing activities. Non-\\nhuman inhabitants in the form of weeds, slugs and snails\\nare done away with, as are other “ awkward creatures ” [30] .\\nLadybirds are encouraged because they control aphids; bees\\nand hoverflies are encouraged because they support\\npollination. The design artefacts including seed library and\\nwebsite acknowledge and narrate this complex negotiation\\nwhich includes killing [7] : \\\"The biggest thing that's going to\\nimpact on the slugs and snails is things like the blackbirds and\\nthe thrushes, so make sure you've got lots of shrubbery, and\\nkeep a pond for frogs. It's not like an immediate cure, but it's\\na sustainable long-term cure, and it makes life a lot easier to\\ncorrect that imbalance in the biodiversity, rather than\\nintervening too much\\\" (Richard, seed guardian). Rather than\\nreverting to visions of technofixes embodied in top-down\\nsustainable smart cities narratives (in which conflict and\\nnegotiation is erased), or succumbing to fatalism [32] ,\\ncommunity gardening and by extension the seed library;\\nteaches us to `stay with the trouble' as Donna Haraway\\nurges us. As one seed guardian said: \\\"Gardening is... a\\nprocess. It's about life. It's about growth and death and decay,\\nwhich is all together\\\" (Ahmet, seed guardian). \\\"Staying with\\nthe trouble requires making oddin, that is, we require each\\nother in unexpected collaborations and combinations, in\\nhot compost piles. We become-with each other or not at all\\\"\\n[32] . If we want to take seriously the idea of the right to the\\nsmart city within multispecies worlds, as the Anthropocene\\nasks of us, then we will need to consider designs that have\\nlittle or no benefit to humans, or even adversely affect\\nhumans [e.g. 14] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,842,746,950],\"text\":\"In our study the deployment of networked environmental\\nsensors worked as a type of speculative participatory design\\n[12] probe, prompting one seed guardian to envisage an\\nalternative sustainable smart city future in which a city-\\nwide pollen-sensing network would allow growers to\\ncoordinate their plantings to ensure sufficient food for\\nurban pollinating insects: `If there's a particular month when\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 287\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/results/markdown/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300517/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300517", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/results/output_json/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,96,396,280],\"text\":\"there's really low pollen, we'd need to think about things that\\nflower at that time and try and fill in the gaps, for bees and\\nother pollinators ” (Nat. seed guardian). This idea could build\\non previous work in HCI on pollen sensing [18] but expand\\nthe focus beyond human benefit. Such more-than-human\\nfutures [12] of smart cities counter efficiency-based\\nunderstandings of sustainability by taking into account our\\nrelationships with other species, suggesting opportunities\\nfor the more-than-human sustainable smart city [41] . As\\nHouston et. al. have argued, “ any presumed exclusive\\nhuman 'right to the city' and the biosphere is increasingly\\nuntenable ” [42] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,286,187,301],\"text\":\"Designing for Care\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,301,396,546],\"text\":\"In the modernist neoliberal sustainable smart city data\\nflows seamlessly through infallible IoTs, networks and\\nother services, creating abstract spaces of homogeneity.\\nCitizens are alienated from each other and reduced to\\nobedient and passive responsive nodes within a cybernetic\\ncity [25] . The entanglements of labour and people required\\nfor the maintenance and care of hybrid physical-digital\\nsystems are invisible or erased from these visions. In reality\\nwe know that technologies break down, and cities are often\\nmessy, chaotic and agonistic places where the best\\nintentions of planners are undermined by their inhabitants.\\nAnalysing our study through a feminist technoscience lens\\nof care surfaces ways for design to help democratise smart\\ncities, support practices of autogestion in hybrid space,\\nand approach environmental concerns in line with\\nAnthropocenic thinking.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,552,396,843],\"text\":\"STS scholar María Puig de la Bellacasa describes care as\\n“an everyday labour of maintenance that is also an ethical\\nobligation: we must take care of things in order to remain\\nresponsible for their becomings” [63] . A feminist notion of\\ncare asks “who will do the work of care, as well as how to\\ndo it and for whom” [ibid]. Focusing on care asks us to\\nconsider what practices, people and concerns have been\\nexcluded, taken for granted, marginalised, neglected, erased\\nor devalued in our matters of concern. Care is an “ethically\\nand politically charged practice, one that has been at the\\nforefront of feminist concern with devalued labour” [ibid].\\nIf our matter of concern is sustainable smart cities then\\ndesigning for care participates in the right to the city by\\nrestructuring power relations through a speculative\\ncommitment to neglected things” [ibid]. Bringing\\nmarginalised things to the fore generates “possibilities for\\nother ways of relating and living” [ibid] in hybrid urban\\nspace beyond those dictated by the hegemonic powers of\\nstate and capital.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,850,396,959],\"text\":\"Urban agricultural communities are neglected sites within\\nneoliberal cities but are sites in which groups of people\\nshow great care. Throughout our engagement process\\nparticipants spoke of the slow practices of caring for soil,\\nfor other species, other people, and for the Earth, in time\\nwith the seasons and the weather, and with an awareness\\nof a changing climate. These practices of care reveal\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,96,747,431],\"text\":\"marginalised timescales, or \\\"care-time\\\" [64] , and counter\\nthe efficiency-led timescales of both neoliberal sustainable\\nsmart cities and the global industrial food systems which,\\nthrough technoscientific innovations, have intensified the\\nrhythms of agricultural production, resulting in degraded\\nsoils, polluted waterways, and loss of biodiversity,\\nultimately threatening food security [57] . As one seed\\nguardian said: Modern agriculture came in and slightly\\ndevastated all traditional farming methods. The concept of\\nsaving seed went out the window. I've gone back to more\\norganic production and traditional farming and gardening\\nmethods\\\" (Kate, seed guardian). The care-full gardening\\npracticed by our participants are acts of spatial autogestion\\nbecause they prioritise the lived experiences of space in\\neveryday life, and by demonstrating a commitment to the\\nland and an ability to manage and care for it effectively [66]\\nthey appropriate space for its use value over its exchange\\nvalue. The seed library, the IoT sensors and their data\\nfunction as a proposition to challenge the 'predominant\\ntimescales of technoscientific futurity and their reductive\\nnotion of innovation\\\" [64] inherent in neoliberal\\nsustainable smart city visions.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,438,747,790],\"text\":\"The visions of the global food industry are typically\\nabstracted and alienated from the lives on which our food\\ndepends – typically a devalued migrant labour force, and\\nother species – as well as the soil in which it is grown, and\\nthe contingencies of climate. Designing for care asks us to\\npay attention to marginalised labour practices and the\\nbodies that perform them. For example, the seed library\\nmakes available the seeds of the kodu plant along with the\\nexpert knowledge required to grow it successfully in\\nLondon (see Figure 4 ). Lutfin, a seed guardian, tells you\\nhow, in Bangladesh, the flower is pollinated by a moth at\\nnight. In London, the kodu plant must be hand-pollinated\\nin the evening when the male flower is open. Without this\\nknowledge or work the kodu won't produce any gourds nor\\nseeds, so the presence of seeds in the library signifies that\\nthis labour has been performed successfully. By sharing the\\nseeds along with the `expertise of the migrant community'\\n(Richard, seed guardian) to ensure the proliferation of\\ncommunity growing practices, the seed library participates\\nin spatial autogeneration by restructuring power relations,\\nand making evident the embodied, specific and situated\\npractices of care and labour that are required for\\nmultispecies flourishing in hybrid digital-physical space.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_009.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[419,793,745,920],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A two-panel image displays a plant's growth stages. The left panel shows a white, star-shaped flower and a developing bud with green leaves. The right panel features a long, green, cylindrical gourd hanging among foliage in what appears to be a greenhouse, with another gourd visible behind it.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[424,923,740,955],\"text\":\"Figure 4. The seed library provides the seeds, images, and\\nadvice on how to hand pollinate the kodu flower at night.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 287\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300517/results/markdown/3290605-3300517_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300519/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300519", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/results/output_json/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,39,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[88,119,720,185],\"text\":\"“Think secure from the beginning”: A Survey with\\nSoftware Developers\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[164,205,321,280],\"text\":\"Hala Assal\\n\\nSchool of Computer Science\\nCarleton University\\nOttawa, ON, Canada\\nHalaAssal@scs.carleton.ca\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[494,205,647,280],\"text\":\"Sonia Chiasson\\nSchool of Computer Science\\nCarleton University\\nOttawa, ON, Canada\\nchiasson@scs.carleton.ca\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,291,141,308],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,314,394,456],\"text\":\"Vulnerabilities persist despite existing software security ini-\\ntiatives and best practices. This paper focuses on the human\\nfactors of software security, including human behaviour and\\nmotivation. We conducted an online survey to explore the in-\\nterplay between developers and software security processes,\\ne.g., we looked into how developers influence and are in-\\nfluenced by these processes. Our data included responses\\nfrom 123 software developers currently employed in North\\nAmerica who work on various types of software applications.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,456,395,601],\"text\":\"Whereas developers are often held responsible for secu-\\nrity vulnerabilities, our analysis shows that the real issues\\nfrequently stem from a lack of organizational or process sup-\\nport to handle security throughout development tasks. Our\\nparticipants are self-motivated towards software security,\\nand the majority did not dismiss it but identified obstacles to\\nachieuing secure code. Our work highlights the need to look\\nbeyond the individual, and take a holistic approach to inves-\\ntigate organizational issues influencing software security.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,615,172,633],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[69,637,394,685],\"text\":\"• Security and privacy → Software and application se-\\ncurity: Human and societal aspects of security and pri-\\nvacy.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,702,149,719],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,723,394,740],\"text\":\"Security, Survey, HCI for development, Secure programming\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,294,554,307],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,309,747,383],\"text\":\"Hala Assal and Sonia Chiasson. 2019. \\\"Think secure from the be-\\nginning\\\": A Survey with Software Developers. In CHI Conference\\non Human Factors in Computing Systems, Proceedings (CHI 2019),\\nMay 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland Uk . ACM, New York, NY, USA,\\n13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300519\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,422,549,440],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,444,746,570],\"text\":\"Software security focuses on the resistance of applications to\\nvulnerabilities exercised through malicious exploitations or\\nunintentional triggers [2] . Best practices and initiatives have\\nbeen proposed to promote the inclusion of security through-\\nout the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC) (e.g., [19, 41,\\n48, 55] ) in part to address such vulnerabilities. However, vul-\\nnerabilities persist, impact millions of users [22] , and extend\\nbeyond traditional computing systems [31, 50, 51] .\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,571,746,666],\"text\":\"Developers are often blamed for vulnerabilities [6] and\\nare sometimes viewed as the \\\"weakest link\\\" who just need\\nto do more [28] . However, recent user-centric research has\\nfocused on software developers as users who critically need\\nsupport when dealing with the implementation of software\\nthat adequately addresses security [6, 28, 49] .\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,666,747,953],\"text\":\"In this paper, we take a human-centric approach to address\\nan under-investigated research area — the interplay between\\nthe developer and the process of managing software secu-\\nrity. We focus on understanding how the human actors ( e.g.,\\ndevelopers) deal with, and influence, this process. Although\\nwe do not focus on technologies to support secure software\\ndevelopment, this work can help inform the design of these\\ntechnologies. We note that security vulnerabilities could be\\nunintentional or could be introduced to a system out of mal-\\nice. In this paper, we focus on supporting developers avoid\\nunintentional vulnerabilities: malicious developers are thus\\nout of the scope of this work. In particular, this paper ad-\\ndresses the following three research questions. RQ1: How\\ndoes security fit in the development lifecycle in real life? RQ2:\\nWhat are the current motivators and deterrents to develop-\\ners paying attention to security? RQ3: Does the development\\nmethodology, company size, or adopting Test-Driven Develop-\\nment (TDD) influence software security?\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,778,394,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute, requires prior special\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\\nC 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,899,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,925,265,953],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4603-5970-2/19-05...$15.00\\nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1145/660366.7300519\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 289\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/results/markdown/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300519/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300519", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/results/output_json/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,251],\"text\":\"To answer these questions, we conducted an online survey\\nstudy with a representative sample of 123 software develop-\\ners from North America. The survey focuses on how devel-\\nopers and their teams direct their efforts towards software\\nsecurity, as well as strategies developers employ to deal with\\nsecurity. We also explore developers' work motivation styles,\\ntheir motivation towards software security, as well as factors\\nthat may deter developers from addressing security.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,252,394,347],\"text\":\"Our study shows that efforts towards software security\\nvary; in extreme cases, security is consistently disregarded\\nthroughout the SDLC but most participants reported at least\\nsome attention to it. Development methodology had no sig-\\nnificant effects on our results. The use of TDD was most\\ninfluential, while company size had moderate influence.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,348,394,492],\"text\":\"In general, our results are promising for software security\\nand suggest that developers do not intentionally disregard it.\\nOur participants have a good understanding of software se-\\ncurity and generally oppose statements that imply ignoring\\nor deferring security, even though it is typically not their pri-\\nmary objective [14, 28, 47] . However, our analysis identified\\nsystemic barriers to achieving secure code, e.g., the lack of\\na security plan. This highlights the need to investigate and\\naddress organizational issues that lead to insecure practices.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,518,197,533],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,537,394,714],\"text\":\"In their overview of the usable security field, Garfinkel and\\nLipford [25] highlight the shortage of human factors secu-\\nrity research that focuses on software developers. Naai-\\nshina et al. [42] cautioned that researchers do not have the\\nsame expertise in studies with developers as with typical end-\\nusers, and they discussed how different study designs can\\nhelp investigate different research questions. Pieczul et al. [49]\\ndiscussed challenges facing usable security research for de-\\nvelopers and highlighted the need for deeper understanding\\nof the continuously evolving field of software development.\\nWe now discuss recent research on this subject.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,714,394,841],\"text\":\"Developers' Abilities and Expertise. Developers and\\ntheir lack of security education are frequently cited as the\\nreason for vulnerabilities [47] . The assumption is that if\\ndevelopers learned about security, they could avoid vulner-\\nabilities [11, 69] . Some argue the reason might be because\\nsecurity guidelines do not exist or are not mandated by the\\ncompanies [67, 70, 73] , or that developers might lack the abil-\\nity [47] or proper expertise [13] to identify vulnerabilities.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,841,394,953],\"text\":\"Baca et al. [13] found that developers' general software\\ndevelopment experience did not have the expected posi-\\ntive impact on the correctness of identifying vulnerabili-\\nties. Oliveira et al. [47] argued that developers and security\\neducation are not the root causes of security vulnerabili-\\nties. They explained that throughout their tasks, developers\\nare consumed with solving problems that assume common\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,745,156],\"text\":\"cases, whereas vulnerabilities are usually unexpected corner\\ncases [47] that are cognitively-demanding to identify [56] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,156,746,251],\"text\":\"Security Tools and Methodologies. Approaches for\\nimproved code security include advocating for the use of\\nStatic-code Analysis Tools (SATs) [17, 33, 35] , reducing their\\nfalse positives [45, 63] , and using innovative methods to\\nassist in vulnerability discovery [29, 63, 74] . However, despite\\nSATs' benefits [10, 20] , they are not widely used [10, 34] .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,251,746,347],\"text\":\"Security tool adoption: The company's policies and its\\noverall security culture are among the main factors for en-\\ncouraging developers to adopt new security tools [70, 73] .\\nDevelopers' positive perception of the usefulness of secu-\\nrity to their applications also encourages security tool adop-\\ntion [68] , whereas tools' complexity discourages it [67, 70] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,347,746,476],\"text\":\"Improving tools' usability: Smith et al. [56] proposed an\\napproach for building tools that support developers' informa-\\ntion needs while analyzing vulnerabilities. They identified\\n17 categories of information that developers seek during the\\nanalysis of SAT warnings [56, 57] . These included questions\\nregarding understanding vulnerabilities, attacks that might\\nexploit these vulnerabilities, alternative fixes, and whether a\\nvulnerability is worth fixing [56, 57] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,476,746,665],\"text\":\"In-context security: Xie et al. [71] proposed a tool to remind\\nweb developers of secure programming practices in their In-\\ntegrated Development Environment (IDE). The tool statically\\nanalyzes the code and alerts developers of potential issues on-\\nthe-spot. Although it does not cover all vulnerability types,\\nusability evaluations ( e.g., [40, 59, 60, 72] ) showed promis-\\ning results in encouraging developers' attentiveness to se-\\ncurity. Focusing on mobile applications, Nguyen et al. [44]\\ndeveloped an IDE plugin to support Android app developers\\nadhere to and learn about security best practices. Studies\\nsuggest that the plugin significantly improves code security\\nregardless of the developer's experience [44] .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,665,747,922],\"text\":\"APIs and documentation: The use of Application Program-\\nming Interfaces (APIs) is recommended to improve code\\nsecurity [69] . However, further research is needed for im-\\nproving the design of APIs to reduce vulnerability-causing\\nmistakes [64] and account for security implications that may\\nbe missed by developers [46] . For example, Acar et al. [3]\\nfound usability issues in several cryptographic APIs that can\\nresult in compromised code security. In addition, many soft-\\nware security guidance resources available to developers lack\\nhelpful concrete examples, fail to address important topics,\\nand some include obsolete advice [7] . This is an unfortunate\\nfinding, given that developers often rely on resources that\\nare not necessarily ideal for security [4, 5, 24] . To partially\\naddress this, Gorski et al. [26] integrated context-sensitive\\nsecurity advice in a cryptographic API, which significantly\\nimproved the security of code using this API.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,125,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 289\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/results/markdown/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300519/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300519", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/results/output_json/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,397,237],\"text\":\"Overall, researchers have argued for more developer-centric\\nsecurity experiences, e.g., by providing developers with prac-\\ntical security experience in using code analysis tools [13] , fa-\\ncilitating security education in-context of developers' IDEs [47] ,\\nfocusing security training on addressing weaknesses in devel-\\nopers’ security knowledge [61] , and facilitating interaction\\nbetween developers and security experts [61, 66] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,237,394,396],\"text\":\"Existing research focuses on helping developers improve\\ntheir code security by reducing their cognitive load. How-\\never, several research gaps remain in addressing the human\\naspects of software security, such as factors that motivate de-\\nvelopers to value and address security. In this paper, we take\\na human-centric approach to explore developers' software\\nsecurity strategies and motivation. In addition, we inves-\\ntigate different characteristics that may influence security\\nprocesses, such as the development methodology, company\\nsize, and whether the development team employs TDD.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,405,200,422],\"text\":\"3 METHODOLOGY\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,426,394,460],\"text\":\"We conducted an IRB-approved anonymous online survey\\nwith professional software developers using Qualtrics [1] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,460,395,826],\"text\":\"Survey Design. The survey included different types of\\nquestions, e.g., multiple choice, Likert-scale, and short an-\\nswer questions. The survey had two main sections, grouping\\nquestions by topic to minimize the cognitive load on partici-\\npants and allow them to consider the topic more deeply [39] .\\nThe first section covered demographic information and in-\\nvestigated participants' general work motivation through\\nthe established 18-item Work Extrinsic and Intrinsic Moti-\\nvation Scale (WEIMS) [62] . The second section focused on\\nsoftware security, specifically participants' efforts towards\\nsecurity, their strategies for handling security, and their opin-\\nions about their teams and experiences with security issues,\\nas well as software security motivations and deterrents. In\\naddition, we asked participants to describe what it means\\nto them \\\"to include security into the development process\\\"\\nto capture their original understanding of software secu-\\nrity. However, to ensure that participants have a baseline\\nunderstanding of software security, we then provided a brief\\nexplanation of software security and how it differs from se-\\ncurity functions. Survey questions were informed by our\\nprevious qualitative research [8, 9, 30] . More details about\\nthe questions and format are available in Section 5 , along\\nwith the corresponding results.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,826,394,954],\"text\":\"Testing the Survey Tool. We followed Dillman's recom-\\nmended three-stage process [21] to pre-test the survey. First,\\nthe survey was reviewed by colleagues and experts in the\\nfield to uncover potential misunderstandings or unexpected\\noutcomes. Next, we discussed the survey's clarity and moti-\\nvation with developers. Finally, we performed pilot-testing\\nwith 11 developers to identify any flaws in the survey and\\nto determine whether it is of appropriate length.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,267],\"text\":\"Participant Recruitment. Recruiting developers is one\\nof the challenges of this type of research [6, 49] . To reach a\\nwide range of developers, we recruited through two methods.\\n(1) Through Qualtrics' [1] paid service, we paid Qualtrics\\n$ 32 USD per participant for recruitment and data collection.\\nParticipants received the equivalent of $ 6.40 in gifts (e.g.,\\nSkyMiles, gift cards). (2) Through announcing the survey to\\nour professional and industry contacts, participants received\\na $ 10 Amazon gift card as compensation.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,267,747,411],\"text\":\"Data Quality. We took multiple precautions to ensure\\ndata quality. We provided participants with a description\\nof software security to avoid confusion and differences in\\ninterpretation. Participants were prevented from progressing\\nwith the survey until they showed understanding of our\\ndescription of software security. We discarded responses\\nwith less than seven minutes for survey completion time,\\nand responses with invalid data, e.g., gibberish in the open-\\nended question or conflicting responses.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,411,747,603],\"text\":\"Participant Demographics. Through the different chan-\\nnels, we recruited a total of 140 participants, and discarded\\n17 for quality issues. The data reported herein is from the\\nremaining 123 valid responses. Average survey completion\\ntime was 24 minutes ( M d = 17). Participant demographics\\nare available in Table 1 . Participants are currently working in\\ndevelopment in Canada ( n = 63, 51 % ) or the US ( n = 60, 49 % ).\\nThey employ different development methodologies and de-\\nvelop a wide range of applications. The average company\\nage where participants work is 41.3 years ( M d = 20). Our\\ndataset includes a good range of established companies: 25 $^{th}$\\nand 75 $^{th}$ percentile is 15 and 50 years, respectively.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,622,563,638],\"text\":\"4  SURVEY ANALYSIS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,643,747,770],\"text\":\"All the results presented in this paper represent participants'\\nself-reported behaviours and attitudes. Data analysis for the\\nopen-ended question followed an inductive approach. The\\nfirst author performed open coding, and both authors reg-\\nularly discussed emerging themes and common patterns in\\nthe data. Quantitative data analysis used SPSS Statistics. All\\nstatistical tests assumed $p < .05$ as a significant level, unless\\nBonferroni-correction was applied.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,770,746,835],\"text\":\"All survey questions were optional, thus missing values\\nmay exist. These are ignored from the analysis, in which\\ncases we indicate the actual number of data points (partici-\\npants) when reporting the results.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,852,517,870],\"text\":\"Factor Analysis\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,873,747,955],\"text\":\"We used factor analysis to analyze participants' security\\nstrategies, motivators, and deterrents. Principal axis factor\\nanalysis enabled us to group closely related information,\\nthus, reducing the set of variables into a smaller set (factors) ,\\nwhile retaining the majority of the original information [23] .\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 289\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/results/markdown/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300519/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300519", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/results/output_json/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[102,122,359,138],\"text\":\"Table 1: Summary of participant demographics\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[73,150,380,560],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td colspan=\\\"3\\\">Country and Gender</td></tr><tr><td>Canada</td><td>63 (51%)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>USA</td><td>60 (49%)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Male</td><td>93 (76%)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Female</td><td>28 (23%)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other or not specified</td><td>2 (2%)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"3\\\">Professional Experience</td></tr><tr><td>Time spent in company</td><td>$\\\\mu = 8$ years ($Md = 5$)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Time spent in team</td><td>$\\\\mu = 4.6$ years ($Md = 2.5$)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Overall development experience</td><td>$\\\\mu = 16.4$ years ($Md = 15$)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"3\\\">Organization Information</td></tr><tr><td>Company Age</td><td>$\\\\mu = 41.3$ years ($Md = 20$)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"3\\\">Size</td><td>1-249</td><td>34 (28%)</td></tr><tr><td>250-999</td><td>29 (24%)</td></tr><tr><td>1,000 or more</td><td>60 (49%)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"3\\\">Team Information</td></tr><tr><td>Size</td><td>$\\\\mu = 13.3$ members ($Md = 8$)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"3\\\">TDD</td><td>Yes</td><td>32 (26%)</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>82 (67%)</td></tr><tr><td>Don&#x27;t know</td><td>9 (7%)</td></tr><tr><td>&#x27;Dev</td><td>Waterfall development</td><td>27 (22%)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"4\\\">Method</td><td>Iterative (not truly agile)</td><td>26 (21%)</td></tr><tr><td>Rational Unified Process</td><td>1 (1%)</td></tr><tr><td>Agile development</td><td>58 (47%)</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>10 (8%)</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a multi-section table summarizing demographic, professional experience, organization, and team information. It presents data using counts, percentages, means (μ), and medians (Md) for various categories like country, gender, years of experience, company size, team size, TDD adoption, and development methods.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_3_tab_3.png\"},{\"label\":\"anno\",\"bbox\":[74,560,310,573],\"text\":\"*One participant did not indicate a development methodology.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,596,394,628],\"text\":\"Within and between subjects statistical tests on strategies,\\nmotivations, and deterrents all used the resultant factors.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,628,395,693],\"text\":\"As recommended, we retained variables with absolute fac-\\ntor loadings greater than 0.4 [23, 58] . For all factor analyses,\\nwe used the Kaiser Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure [36, 37] to\\nverify the sampling adequacy.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,704,149,721],\"text\":\"5 RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,725,251,742],\"text\":\"Developers' Work Motivation\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,745,395,872],\"text\":\"To explore participants general work motivation, we gener-\\nated the Work Self-Determination Index (W-SDI) [62] from\\nthe WEIMS. A positive W-SDI indicates a self-determined\\nmotivation profile, whereas a negative score indicates non-\\nself determination [62] . Results indicate that our participants\\ndo not lack motivation with respect to performing their job:\\nthe vast majority (89 % ) exhibited self-determined motivation\\nprofiles (W-SDI > 0).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,884,363,902],\"text\":\"Developers' Mental Models of Software Security\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,904,394,954],\"text\":\"65% of participants had a reasonable understanding of soft-\\nware security. Most participants discussed that software secu-\\nrity aims to minimize vulnerabilities, minimize the negative\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,307,747,675],\"text\":\"consequences of malicious attacks, and prevent unauthorized\\naccess or use of their software or the data it handles. Partici-\\npants also explained that security should be considered from\\nthe earliest stages and throughout the development process.\\nFor example, one participant described software security as,\\n“ To think about security from the earliest planning phases as\\npossible [...] and continue to focus on security implications\\nthroughout the remainder of the development process. ” In ad-\\ndition, some participants indicated that security defences\\nshould be proactive, and that developers should “ think secure\\nfrom the beginning ” and adopt an attacker mindset. For exam-\\nple, a participant said, “ rather than asking how will we achieve\\nthis , you ask how will someone exploit this . ” [...] when your\\nprocesses are done in a proper, security conscious way, as much\\nof the potential harm as possible should be mitigated. ” Partic-\\nipants also discussed various methods to ensure software\\nsecurity, such as internal and external audits, security test-\\ning, automated checks, code analysis and reviews, thinking\\nabout security when writing code, and incorporating security\\nin design. Some participants also discussed the importance\\nof following best practices, using tools and programming\\nlanguages approved by their organizations, and receiving\\nsupport from security experts in their organizations.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_013.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_013.png\",\"bbox\":[425,122,738,245],\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A horizontal stacked bar chart displays participant responses for three statements: \\\"sw isn't interesting target\\\", \\\"we have security procedures\\\", and \\\"security is important\\\". The x-axis represents the percentage of participants, while the colored segments indicate \\\"strongly disagree\\\" (red), \\\"disagree\\\" (orange), \\\"agree\\\" (light green), and \\\"strongly agree\\\" (dark blue). The bar for \\\"security is important\\\" is mostly light green and dark blue, whereas the bar for \\\"sw isn't interesting target\\\" shows prominent red and orange segments.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[458,258,707,274],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Participants' opinion of their teams.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,689,578,707],\"text\":\"Behaviours and Attitudes\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,710,747,871],\"text\":\"Participants indicated on a 4-point Likert scale (1 strongly\\ndisagree to 4: strongly agree) their agreement with state-\\nments about their teams. As shown in Figure 1 , participants\\ngenerally indicated that their teams believe in the importance\\nof software security and that they have specific procedures\\nin place to address it, even though they mostly do not think\\nthat their applications are interesting targets for attackers.\\nAll participants, except one, who reported security is not\\nimportant for their teams also indicated that their software\\nis not an interesting target for attackers.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,885,596,903],\"text\":\"Experiencing Security Issues\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,905,746,953],\"text\":\"On 5-point Likert scales, participants indicated their satisfac-\\ntion with their teams' security processes and the likelihood\\nthat their software has vulnerabilities. Figure 2 shows that\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,125,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 289\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/results/markdown/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300519/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300519", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/results/output_json/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[70,121,387,217],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a horizontal stacked bar chart showing participant satisfaction with procedures. The x-axis represents the percentage of participants, from 0 to 100, while the y-axis indicates the sentiment \\\"satisfied with procedures\\\". The bar is segmented by five categories: strongly disagree (red), disagree (orange), neither agree nor disagree (yellow), agree (light green), and strongly agree (blue).\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[107,232,353,248],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Satisfaction with teams' procedures\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_004.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[70,264,395,359],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A horizontal stacked bar chart displays the perceived \\\"likelihood of vulnerabilities\\\" among participants. The bar is segmented by five categories: extremely unlikely (red), unlikely (orange), neither likely nor unlikely (yellow), likely (light green), and extremely likely (blue), showing their respective percentages of participants along the x-axis.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[86,372,374,388],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Likelihood of vulnerabilities in team's code\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_006.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_006.png\",\"bbox\":[74,405,383,565],\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A bar chart displays the percentage of participants' responses (\\\"less,\\\" \\\"no change,\\\" \\\"more,\\\" \\\"don't know/no answer\\\") across five categories of people: personally, other team developers, team leaders, management, and users. The \\\"more\\\" response consistently shows the highest percentage for the first four categories, while \\\"no change\\\" and \\\"more\\\" are more balanced for \\\"users.\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,579,394,611],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Longterm change in awareness and concern for se-\\ncurity following experiences of security issues ( $n=43$ ).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,635,395,699],\"text\":\"in general, participants are satisfied with their team's han-\\ndling of software security. However, despite their satisfaction,\\nparticipants believed that software developed by their team\\nlikely contains security issues (Figure 3 ).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,699,395,858],\"text\":\"Participants were asked to report whether their software\\nhas ever experienced a security issue. More than a third of\\nparticipants reported at least one security issue. Vulnerable\\nshipped code was most frequently reported (24 % ) out of the\\nthree potential security issues in the survey. Fourteen percent\\nof participants indicated that vulnerabilities were discovered\\nbefore their software was shipped, and 11 % reported their\\nsoftware experienced a security breach. We note that these\\nnumbers are not mutually exclusive; some participants (11 % )\\nreported multiple security issues.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,858,395,955],\"text\":\"For participants who reported security issues ( n = 43), we\\nexplored the long-term reaction to experiencing such issues\\nby the different stakeholders. Although it may be expected\\nthat awareness and attitude towards security improves right\\nafter experiencing an issue, our data suggests that this ef-\\nfect is longstanding. Figure 4 shows that 79 % of participants\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,236],\"text\":\"indicated that experiencing a security issue increased their\\nawareness and concern for security over the long-term. Par-\\nticipants also reported the same effect on other developers\\nin their teams (77 % ), team leaders (88 % ), upper management\\n(74 % ), and users (49 % ). This implies that experiencing a real\\nthreat can help avoid the optimism bias 52 , 65 and can\\nlead to improved attitudes and behaviours towards security.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,236,746,348],\"text\":\"Forty-four percent of participants indicated that company\\nsecurity issue(s) did not change their users' awareness and\\nconcern for security. \\\"Users\\\" had the highest percentage of\\n\\\"no change\\\" across the different stakeholders, as shown in\\nFigure 4 . This is reasonable given that users are not typically\\naware of such software security issues unless, e.g., a security\\nbreach is publicized or users directly experience the effects.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,348,746,444],\"text\":\"We will now discuss our results arranged by research ques-\\ntion. In reporting Likert-scale questions, we group \\\"strongly\\nagree\\\" and \\\"agree\\\" responses within the text, and likewise\\ngroup \\\"strongly disagree\\\" and \\\"disagree\\\" responses. We use\\n$S_i$ , $M_i$ , and $D_i$ as labels for statement relating to strategies,\\nmotivations, and deterrents in the survey.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,461,693,479],\"text\":\"RQ1: how software security fits in the SDLC.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,482,746,513],\"text\":\"The survey had several questions exploring development\\nteams' efforts and strategies towards software security.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,514,746,625],\"text\":\"Efforts Towards Security. Participants reported the\\npercentage of effort directed towards security out of\\nthe overall development lifecycle effort. They also reported the\\npercentage of effort out of all security efforts as a percent-\\nage for different development stages (design, implementa-\\ntion, developer testing, code analysis, code review, and post-\\ndevelopment testing). The total for all stages equaled 100 % .\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,625,746,704],\"text\":\"As shown in Figure 5 , participants indicated that, on av-\\nerage, 19 % ( M $d$ = 10 % ) of their teams' overall effort in the\\ndevelopment lifecycle relates specifically to security tasks.\\nSix participants (5 % ) indicated that their teams do not spend\\nany effort on security.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,704,746,896],\"text\":\"We used Friedman's ANOVA to determine whether the\\ndistribution of security efforts significantly differs across the\\ndifferent SDLC stages. As Figure 5 shows, security effort in\\nthe implementation stage was significantly higher than in\\nthe code analysis, developer testing, code review, and post-\\ndevelopment testing stages. Security effort in the design stage\\nwas also significantly higher than in the code analysis and\\ncode review stages. It is unclear why participants focused\\ntheir efforts at these two stages; it could be because they try\\nto get it right from the beginning, thus reducing the effort\\nneeded during later stages, or it could be because later stages\\nare mainly functionality-oriented.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,939,738,953],\"text\":\"$^{1}$ Optimism bias is the belief that \\\"misfortune will not strike me\\\" [52, 65].\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 289\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/results/markdown/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300519/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300519", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/results/output_json/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[89,119,379,346],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This box plot illustrates the distribution of percentage of effort across different software development phases, displayed on the y-axis. Categories on the x-axis include \\\"Overall\\\" effort and specific phases such as Design, Implementation, Dev Testing, Code Analysis, Code Review, and Post-dev Testing. Horizontal lines with r-values and asterisks are overlaid above several of the box plots.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,364,393,410],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Software security efforts in the SDLC. (Figure 2\\nshows stages that significantly differ in efforts towards se-\\ncurity. ** $x_{p}^{A}(5) = 78.9, n = 123$. **: $p < .05$, **: $p < .01$ )\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_004.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[74,429,399,703],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This horizontal stacked bar chart displays the percentage of participants' agreement levels for various statements, which are listed on the y-axis, such as \\\"postponing sec.\\\" and \\\"relying on colleagues.\\\" Each bar is segmented into five colors representing \\\"strongly disagree,\\\" \\\"disagree,\\\" \\\"neither agree nor disagree,\\\" \\\"agree,\\\" and \\\"strongly agree,\\\" as indicated by the legend. The x-axis ranges from 0 to 100 percent of participants.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[72,720,389,737],\"text\":\"Figure 6: Strategies for handling software security (n = 82)\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,762,393,809],\"text\":\"Strategies to Address Software Security. Participants\\nrated their agreement with relying on 16 potential software\\nsecurity strategies on a 5-point Likert scale.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,810,394,922],\"text\":\"As shown in Figure 6 , most participants indicated that\\nwhen fixing a security issue, they rely on support from col-\\nleagues who faced similar issues. For security advice, the\\nmajority of participants reported relying on those with more\\nexperience. More than half also indicated relying on their\\nown personally-deviced security checklists to handle secu-\\nrity, or on company-wide strategies, e.g., automated checks.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,922,394,955],\"text\":\"We performed factor analysis to integrate these 16 strat-\\negies to a smaller set and found that 12 strategies could be\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,777,747,954],\"text\":\"grouped into two factors: four strategies did not conform to\\nany factor (results in Table 2 ). We named the first resultant\\nfactor: company-wide engagement , as it describes how devel-\\nopers rely on their companies' strategies and support, e.g . ,\\nrelying on the more experienced team members (conform-\\ning with previous research [14, 38] ), or using custom tools\\nthat handle software security. This factor encompassed nine\\nstrategies. The second factor incorporated three strategies\\nand is named: personal strategies , where developers devised\\ntheir own software security strategies, e.g . , having their own\\nmental checklist of issues to consider.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[457,123,709,138],\"text\":\"Table 2: Factor analysis for security strategies.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[422,154,751,728],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Variables (Strategies as presented in the survey)</td><td>factor loading</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">Company-wide Engagement ($\\\\alpha = 0.9$)</td></tr><tr><td>S13: Software security best practices are incorporated in tools we use</td><td>0.9</td></tr><tr><td>S12: Software security best practices are incorporated in automated checks we run</td><td>0.8</td></tr><tr><td>S2: Our company/team has baseline security standards with which 3rd party code should comply</td><td>0.8</td></tr><tr><td>S11: I can rely on the more experienced members of my company/team for help and security advice</td><td>0.8</td></tr><tr><td>S9: When working on a software security issue, I can get help from others who worked on similar issues</td><td>0.5</td></tr><tr><td>S3: We built our own in-house frameworks to help guarantee software security</td><td>0.5</td></tr><tr><td>S15: I receive specific instructions on how to solve security issues found in my code</td><td>0.5</td></tr><tr><td>S14: We have a document/checklist of items that we need to consider for our application to be secure</td><td>0.5</td></tr><tr><td>S16: In code reviews, reviewers explain security issues and fixes to me rather than referring me to resources/books</td><td>0.4</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">Personal Strategies ($\\\\alpha = 0.6$)</td></tr><tr><td>S6: I have my own mental checklist of software security issues that I need to consider in my code</td><td>0.9</td></tr><tr><td>S7: I have come up with my own software security best practices</td><td>0.7</td></tr><tr><td>S5: When a deadline approaches, I try to reduce my workload to focus on securing my software</td><td>0.5</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">Strategies not belonging to any factor</td></tr><tr><td>S1: We rely on libraries and frameworks (including APIs) to help guarantee software security</td><td>0.5</td></tr><tr><td>S4: I can get deadline extensions to handle software security</td><td>0.5</td></tr><tr><td>S8: If I didn’t have time to address software security, I’d ship the product after adding a work around that allows me to remotely disable the software feature suffering a security breach</td><td>0.5</td></tr><tr><td>S10: I prefer to ask for software security advice informally (e.g., by casually asking a colleague, or through discussions over lunch)</td><td>0.5</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This table presents survey strategies grouped into categories with their corresponding factor loadings. It lists \\\"Company-wide Engagement\\\" and \\\"Personal Strategies\\\" as factors, each with an alpha reliability score, along with \\\"Strategies not belonging to any factor.\\\" Each strategy, labeled S1 through S16, is described with its respective factor loading value.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_5_tab_11.png\"},{\"label\":\"anno\",\"bbox\":[424,733,481,743],\"text\":\"$KMO=0.8$\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 289\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/results/markdown/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300519/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300519", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/results/output_json/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[83,119,384,214],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a horizontal box plot comparing \\\"personal strategies\\\" and \\\"company-wide engagement\\\" based on mean Likert-scale response scores from 1 to 5. Each category has a box plot displaying its median, interquartile range, and whiskers, with outliers marked as circles. A bracket with double asterisks on the right side indicates a significant difference between the two distributions.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,230,394,274],\"text\":\"Figure 7: Use of strategies for handling software security af-\\nter factor analysis (n = 87). (1 strongly disagree - 5 strongly\\nagree. Significant difference is shown, ** p < .01)\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,308,395,469],\"text\":\"For further analyses, we created a variable for each factor\\nby averaging participants' response to all strategies belong-\\ning to the factor. Figure 7 shows that participants ( $n=87$ )\\nrely more on company-wide engagement than on their own\\npersonal strategies to handle software security. A Wilcoxon\\nsigned $T=814, p<.01, r=-0.3$ rank test confirmed this observation ( ). This affirms the importance of companies' role\\nin ensuring a secure foundation for their software and pro-\\nmoting software security, e.g., by building a security culture,\\nand facilitating security learning opportunities.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,484,318,501],\"text\":\"RQ2: Security Motivators and Deterrents\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,505,394,583],\"text\":\"To explore what motivates developers to address software\\nsecurity, we presented participants with a list of 21 potential\\nmotivators, as well as 29 statements that could explain rea-\\nsons for deferring security. Participants ranked their agree-\\nment with each statement on a 5-point Likert scale.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,584,394,662],\"text\":\"Software Security Motivators. We asked participants\\n\\\"I care about security because...\\\" and presented potential moti-\\nvations for software security. In addition to the Likert scale,\\nthis question had a \\\"not applicable\\\" option in case a motiva-\\ntion did not apply to a participant's workplace.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,663,394,743],\"text\":\"As shown in Figure 8 , the top six reasons to care about\\nsoftware security are self-driven motivations [53] . Partici-\\npants are motivated by the challenge or by their own values\\n(e.g., to protect their users). Receiving financial rewards (an\\nexternal motivation) was reportedly least motivating.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,744,395,887],\"text\":\"We used factor analysis to combine the 21 motivators into\\na smaller set (Table 3 ). Our factor analysis grouped 15 of them\\ninto four factors; six motivators did not conform to any par-\\nticular factor. We named the factors: workplace environment,\\nidentifying with security importance, rewards, and perceived\\nnegative consequences . Out of the four factors, rewards is the\\nonly one representing external motivations [53] . For further\\nanalyses, we created a variable for each factor by averaging\\nparticipants' responses to all motivators belonging to the\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,526,746,557],\"text\":\"factor. Figure 9 shows participants' $(n=76)^{3}$ motivations for\\nsoftware security.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_011.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[426,121,773,469],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This horizontal stacked bar chart displays the percentage of participants' agreement levels across 21 different factors, such as \\\"financial rewards\\\" and \\\"understanding implications.\\\" Each bar is segmented by color to represent \\\"strongly disagree,\\\" \\\"disagree,\\\" \\\"neither agree nor disagree,\\\" \\\"agree,\\\" and \\\"strongly agree\\\" responses. The chart shows the distribution of opinions for each factor, with percentages ranging from 0% to 100% along the bottom axis.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[457,481,709,498],\"text\":\"Figure 8: Software security motivators (n = 63)\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,558,746,766],\"text\":\"We found statistically significant differences between the\\nfour software security motivators ( $\\\\chi^2_p(3)=85.75$ , $p<.01$ ).\\nPairwise comparisons using Wilcoxon tests with Bonferroni\\ncorrection were used to follow up this finding. We found\\nthat rewards was the least significant motivator compared\\nto workplace environment ( $T=1.13$ , $p<.01$ , $r=-0.44$ ),\\nidentifying $T=-0.95$ with security importance ( $T=1.78$ , $p<.01$ , $r=-0.69$ ), and perceived negative consequences ( , $r=-0.37$ ). In addition, it appears that identifying with\\nsecurity importance is the most motivating factor; it can mo-\\ntivate developers more than perceived negative consequences\\n( $T=-0.65$ , $p<.05$ , $r=-0.25$ ).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,767,746,813],\"text\":\"Participants' software security motivation appears to match\\ntheir general work motivation pattern. Their top security\\nmotivators are all intrinsic and internal motivations [53] .\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,814,746,910],\"text\":\"Deterrents to Software Security. Participants generally\\nopposed statements that imply deferring or ignoring security,\\nas suggested by the overwhelmingly red and orange chart\\nin Figure 10 . The biggest deterrent to software security was\\nthe lack of a formal plan or process, followed by participants\\nbeing unaware of security code-analysis tools.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,911,394,953],\"text\":\"$^{2}$ According to Boone and Boone [18], this approach is appropriate with\\nordinal data because we are interested in the \\\"composite score\\\" representing\\nthe factors.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,924,746,953],\"text\":\"3We could only include data from participants who answered all questions\\nin each factor.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 289\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/results/markdown/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300519/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300519", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/results/output_json/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[124,122,336,137],\"text\":\"Table 3: Factor analysis for motivation\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[69,154,397,735],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Variables (Motivators as presented in the survey)</td><td>factor loading</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">Workplace Environment ($\\\\alpha = 0.9$)</td></tr><tr><td>M13: Software security is in my company&#x27;s culture</td><td>0.7</td></tr><tr><td>M7: My company mandates security practices &amp; I have to follow them</td><td>0.7</td></tr><tr><td>M10: My colleagues care about software security</td><td>0.6</td></tr><tr><td>M8: I see the benefit in security practices mandated by my company</td><td>0.6</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">Identifying with Security Importance ($\\\\alpha = 0.8$)</td></tr><tr><td>M14: Software security is a shared responsibility by all those involved in the development lifecycle</td><td>0.8</td></tr><tr><td>M12: I care about my users&#x27; security and privacy</td><td>0.7</td></tr><tr><td>M9: I understand that my code can have sec implications</td><td>0.6</td></tr><tr><td>M16: I feel good when I learn about software security</td><td>0.6</td></tr><tr><td>M15: I see software security as my responsibility</td><td>0.6</td></tr><tr><td>M11: I care about my company&#x27;s reputation</td><td>0.4</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">Rewards ($\\\\alpha = 0.8$)</td></tr><tr><td>M6: My efforts towards sw sec are financially rewarding</td><td>0.8</td></tr><tr><td>M4: My efforts towards software security are recognized</td><td>0.8</td></tr><tr><td>M5: My efforts towards software security help me grow in the company</td><td>0.7</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">Perceived Negative Consequences ($\\\\alpha = 0.6$)</td></tr><tr><td>M21: I realized securing my code is important after reading about security breaches in the news</td><td>0.7</td></tr><tr><td>M1: My company is audited for sw sec by an external entity</td><td>0.6</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">Motivations not belonging to any factor</td></tr><tr><td>M2: My company would lose customers in case of a sw sec breach</td><td>0.7</td></tr><tr><td>M3: My company could fail in case of a software security breach</td><td>0.7</td></tr><tr><td>M17: I feel good when I address potential sec issues in my code</td><td>0.7</td></tr><tr><td>M18: I like to challenge myself to write secure code</td><td>0.6</td></tr><tr><td>M19: Similar software to that on which I work suffered a security breach and management now cares about securing our applications</td><td>0.6</td></tr><tr><td>M20: Similar software to that on which I work suffered a security breach and it was an eye-opener for me</td><td>0.6</td></tr><tr><td>KMO = 0.9</td><td></td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a table presenting the results of a factor analysis for motivators related to software security. It lists various motivator statements categorized under four factors (Workplace Environment, Identifying with Security Importance, Rewards, Perceived Negative Consequences) along with their factor loadings and Cronbach's alpha values, as well as a section for motivators not belonging to any factor and an overall KMO value.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_7_tab_3.png\"},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,792,395,954],\"text\":\"Our factor analysis combined 18 of the 29 software de-\\nterrents into four factors; 11 deterrents did not correspond\\nto any particular factor (Table 4 ). Our first two factors are\\nsecurity is irrelevant and competing priorities & no plan . These\\ndescribe how a lack of security can stem from systemic causes\\nwithin the company or team, such as whether there are conse-\\nquences for the lack of security, whether security is a priority,\\nand if specific security plans exist. The other two factors,\\nunequipped for security and disillusioned , describe security\\ndeterrents on a more personal level, e.g., a lack of support,\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,857,747,905],\"text\":\"knowledge, and awareness can deter developers from ad-\\ndressing security, as well as being in a workplace environ-\\nment that thwarts, rather than nurtures, security efforts.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_006.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_006.png\",\"bbox\":[434,118,740,270],\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a horizontal box plot displaying the distribution of mean Likert-scale response scores for four categories: perceived negative consequences, rewards, identifying with security importance, and workplace environment. The x-axis ranges from 1 to 5, and the plot includes statistical significance indicators with brackets and asterisks on the right.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,286,747,331],\"text\":\"Figure 9: Motivations for software security after factor anal-\\nysis ( $n=76$ ). (1strongly disagree - 5strongly agree. Signifi-\\ncant difference is shown as : * p < .05, ** p < .01)\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_008.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[421,349,752,798],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A horizontal stacked bar chart displays participant responses to a list of statements, categorized by agreement level. The y-axis lists 30 different statements, while the x-axis shows the percentage of participants from 0 to 100. Each bar is divided into five color-coded segments representing \\\"strongly disagree,\\\" \\\"disagree,\\\" \\\"neither agree nor disagree,\\\" \\\"agree,\\\" and \\\"strongly agree.\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[469,815,696,831],\"text\":\"Figure 10: Deterrents to software security\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,906,748,955],\"text\":\"Considering the four factors, as Figure 11 shows, the two\\nmost frequent deterrents to software security were (1) being\\nunequipped for security because of a perceived lack of security\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 289\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300519/results/markdown/3290605-3300519_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300520/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300520", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/results/output_json/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,39,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[106,119,706,182],\"text\":\"“Wait, Do I Know This Person?”: Understanding\\nMisdirected Email\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[137,196,349,262],\"text\":\"Emilee Rader\\n\\nDepartment of Media and Information\\n\\nMichigan State University\\n\\nemilee@msu.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[433,197,711,262],\"text\":\"Anjali Munasinghe\\n\\nDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering\\n\\nMichigan State University\\nmunasin2@msu.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,270,141,287],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,291,395,627],\"text\":\"Email is an essential tool for communication and social inter-\\naction. It also functions as a broadcast medium connecting\\nbusinesses with their customers, as an authentication mech-\\nanism, and as a vector for scams and security threats. These\\nuses are enabled by the fact that the only barrier to reaching\\nsomeone by email is knowing his or her email address. This\\nfeature has given rise to the spam email industry but also has\\nanother side-effect that is becoming increasingly common:\\nmisdirected email, or legitimate emails that are intended for\\nsomebody else but are sent to the wrong recipient. In this pa-\\nper we present findings from an interview study and survey\\nfocusing on characteristics of misdirected email messages,\\npossible reasons why they happen, and how people manage\\nthese messages when they receive them. Misdirected email\\narises as a result of signifiers (usernames) which were se-\\nlected by people for social and self-representation purposes,\\nthat are also used by machines for addressing. Because there\\nis no mechanism for dealing with misdirected emails in a\\nsystematic way, individual recipients must choose whether\\nto take action and how much effort to put forth to prevent\\npotential negative consequences for themselves and others.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,635,172,653],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,657,394,690],\"text\":\"Human-centered computing Empirical studies in\\ncollaborative and social computing\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,700,150,717],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,721,394,738],\"text\":\"misdirected email, authentication, usernames, mixed-method\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,748,196,764],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,768,394,800],\"text\":\"Despite the popularity of social media and messaging apps,\\nemail remains a tool and an infrastructure that is used widely\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,271,747,542],\"text\":\"and for a variety of purposes. Email is used to communicate\\nwith others and receive information from organizations [2] ;\\nit functions as a personal archive and a to-do list [1] ; and\\nit is used as a personal identifier and authentication mech-\\nanism [9] . These uses are enabled by the fact that the only\\nbarrier to sending an email message to someone is knowing\\nhis or her email address. This feature has given rise to the\\nspam email industry but also has another side-effect that\\nis becoming increasingly common. Imagine opening your\\nemail to find multiple password reset notifications for an\\naccount that you do not remember creating, messages from\\nan online dating service you do not remember signing up\\nfor, billing reminders for a credit card you did not open, or\\nphotographs of other people's children that you do not recog-\\nnize. These are all examples of misdirected email: legitimate\\nemail messages that were intended for someone else, but\\nwere sent to you instead.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,542,747,765],\"text\":\"Misdirected email happens when the sender, whether it\\nis an individual or a system, sends an email message to an\\nemail address that does not belong to the intended recipient,\\nbut in fact belongs to a totally different person. This creates\\na problem for all parties involved, but in different ways. The\\nsender of the misdirected email is unable to reach the correct\\nrecipient and might not even know that this has happened;\\nthe correct recipient does not receive the email; and, the\\nperson who actually receives the email has access to infor-\\nmation and communications not intended for them. This\\ncan expose the sender and intended recipient to unwanted\\ndisclosure and misuse of private information, and creates\\nan additional burden on the actual recipient of figuring out\\nwhat, if anything, to do about the email.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,766,747,941],\"text\":\"Email addresses perform three different kinds of functions.\\nThe first is a social function: email addresses, and usernames\\nin particular, are a representation of a person's social identity\\nonline that is used for communicating with other people\\nand organizations, at least in cases where the email user is\\nallowed some discretion in choosing his or her username [13] .\\nThe second function is a technical addressing function, that\\nallows messages to be routed and delivered to the correct\\nmailbox [20] . And the third is an authentication function [24] :\\npeople use email addresses as usernames for other online\\naccounts, and access to a valid email account is frequently\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[70,822,206,873],\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,880,336,907],\"text\":\"This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution\\nInternational 4.0 License.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,913,274,952],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copying held by the owner/author(s).\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3296063.3308520\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 290\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/results/markdown/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300520/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300520", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/results/output_json/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,188],\"text\":\"used as an authentication factor (\\\"something you have [11]).\\nMisdirected email presents a unique opportunity to explore\\nand describe unintended consequences that occur at the\\nboundaries between the social and the technical.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,189,394,396],\"text\":\"We contribute to the literature on sociotechnical systems\\nan investigation focusing on recipients of misdirected email.\\nUsing data collected via a semi-structured interview study,\\na survey, and a single-user corpus of misdirected email, we\\ndefine and characterize misdirected email from the point of\\nview of people who receive it. We also describe their reac-\\ntions to it—how they feel about it, what they do about it, and\\nthe problems it causes them, as well as the opportunities it\\nprovides to help and feel connected to others. We conclude\\nby discussing our participants' speculations about why mis-\\ndirected email happens, and connecting these observations\\nback to broader issues that arise at the interaction between\\ntechnology and people in sociotechnical systems.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,405,197,422],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,426,395,665],\"text\":\"There are few published papers about misdirected email.\\nMost of this literature focuses on the likelihood and conse-\\nquences of the threat of unwanted disclosure due to an email\\nmessage being sent to the wrong person by mistake, and\\nhow to prevent this from happening. Misdirected email has\\nconsequences for both senders and recipients, and McLaugh-\\nlin [19] , writing in a law journal, described the risk that mis-\\ndirected email could cause a professional ethics problem for\\nboth parties if it violates attorney-client privilege. Senders\\nare therefore obligated to remedy the mistake as quickly\\nas possible; recipients are obligated to notify the sender if\\nthey received information by email that was not intended for\\nthem. McLaughlin focuses on the potential consequences of\\nthese kind of unwanted disclosures, and on how both senders\\nand recipients should handle these consequences.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,666,395,954],\"text\":\"Poole et al. [23] conducted a semi-structured interview\\nstudy in which participants were asked about unintended\\ndisclosures, or \\\"misclosures,\\\" they recalled committing. The\\nmost common type of misconduct their participants reported\\nwas sending misdirected email, and the participants attrib-\\nuted their mistakes to not paying enough attention to the\\nrecipient field in the email message. Sender carelessness\\nwhen composing an email message was also the focus of\\nseveral papers proposing automated ways to help senders be\\nmore accurate in specifying the recipients of email messages\\nthey were composing [3, 16, 26] . These projects took the\\napproach that misdirected email can be detected before it\\nhappens assuming that unintended recipients are outliers\\nwhen compared with the people one typically communicates\\nwith by email about certain topics. By developing a model\\nof the content and contacts of each user of an email sys-\\ntem, these papers argue it would be possible to notify the\\nuser about outlier recipients before sending an email. Most\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,236],\"text\":\"of these papers are theoretical; however, one described the\\nimplementation of this type of solution as an extension for\\nMozilla's Thunderbird email client. Based on a 4-week user\\nstudy, the researchers concluded that system had been in-\\nstrumental in helping four different participants (out of 26 in\\nthe study) identify misdirected email messages before they\\nwere sent [4] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,236,746,410],\"text\":\"A user interface focused intervention related to misdi-\\nrected email was developed by Lieberman and Miller [15]\\nwho created the system \\\"Facemail\\\" to display recipient pho-\\ntos along with email addresses near the \\\"to\\\" field of a mes-\\nsage. This was intended to provide visual cues to the user\\nabout who the people are that the message will be sent to.\\nIn a lab experiment, they determined that this system would\\nbe helpful especially for situations in which the sender did\\nnot intend to \\\"Reply-to-All\\\", and that displaying faces helped\\nparticipants notice potential misdirected emails before they\\nwere sent.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,411,746,684],\"text\":\"These papers treat misdirected email as a potential threat\\nthat should be mitigated by preventing senders from com-\\nmitting addressing mistakes that lead to unwanted disclo-\\nsures. However, they do not provide any information about\\nwhat the everyday experience of receiving misdirected email\\n(rather than sending) might be like for people, or discuss\\nhow prevalent misdirected email currently is. As we will\\nshow in this paper, this problem is bigger and more compli-\\ncated than just helping people pay more attention to avoid-\\ning typos when specifying recipients. The increase in email\\nvolume [8] , and the shift of personal communication to plat-\\nforms other than email (e.g., texting, messaging apps, and\\nsocial media) [2] , suggests that misdirected email may be\\nchanging in similar ways, becoming more common and less\\npersonal. Therefore, we conducted this research to describe\\nthe experience of receiving misdirected email, and better\\nunderstand why it happens and how recipients manage it.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,693,503,710],\"text\":\"3 METHOD\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,714,747,954],\"text\":\"The findings of this paper are based on three datasets: in-\\nterviews, a survey, and a single-user corpus of misdirected\\nemail messages collected over more than a decade by one\\nof the authors of this paper. The findings present descrip-\\ntive evidence from all three datasets, although most of the\\nFindings section focuses on the interviews. The interview\\nstudy enabled us to collect detailed examples of misdirected\\nemail participants had received, but the small sample size\\nand sampling frame focused on recipients did not allow us\\nto draw conclusions about prevalence. We conducted the\\nsurvey to learn more about how common misdirected email\\nis over a broader sample. The corpus of misdirected emails\\nis a single-unit case study [10] , useful for this exploratory\\nresearch primarily to describe a longitudinal perspective on\\nmisdirected email that the interview and survey methods\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 290\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/results/markdown/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300520/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300520", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/results/output_json/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,205],\"text\":\"could not provide [7] . However, it should be emphasized\\nthat the corpus represents misdirected email messages re-\\nceived by only one person. A supplementary file is available\\nwith this paper and provides more information about the\\ninterviews and survey.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,231,137,247],\"text\":\"Interviews\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,251,394,443],\"text\":\"We conducted 22 semi-structured interviews during October\\n2017. Participants were recruited in two ways. Twelve par-\\nticipants (7 women and 5 men) were recruited via snowball\\nsampling starting from a study advertisement on Facebook.\\nTen (5 women and 5 men) came from a paid subject pool\\nconsisting of members of the community surrounding a large\\npublic university located in the Midwest region of the USA.\\nParticipants worked in a variety of professions including\\nphotographer, night auditor, clergy and programmer. Three\\nlocal participants were affiliated with the university as a staff\\nmember, an instructor, and a graduate research assistant. The\\naverage age of participants was 36.8 years (Range: 23–63).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,443,394,746],\"text\":\"Eligible participants used email regularly, and were over 18\\nyears old. Friends, family members, and colleagues of mem-\\nbers of the research team as well as undergraduate students\\nwere not eligible to participate. In addition, the screening\\nquestionnaire asked about 5 different types of experiences\\nrelated to misdirected email: \\\"I have received an email mes-\\nsage that seems like it was intended for someone else; I have\\nsent an email message to the wrong person by mistake; I\\nhave been asked in an email to confirm an account that I\\ndon't remember creating; I have given out a 'throwaway'\\nemail address that was fake or did not belong to me to a\\nwebsite; and I have used a 'throwaway' email address that\\nwas fake or did not belong to me to sign up for an online\\naccount. We were seeking participants who had received\\nmisdirected email, as well as those who may have caused\\nmisdirected emails to be sent to others, because we did not\\nknow how common receiving misdirected email messages\\nwould be. Therefore, any response except \\\"None of the above\\nwas considered eligible.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,746,394,954],\"text\":\"The interviews ranged from about 14 to 49 minutes ( M = 28\\nmin), excluding the consent process and demographic post-\\nquestionnaire, and took place over the phone so that we\\ncould recruit a more geographically diverse sample. Ques-\\ntions focused on email use in general, how participants define\\nand recognize spam email, and experiences with misdirected\\nemail. (The recruiting message, screening questionnaire, and\\ninterview protocol all described misdirected email as “ an\\nemail message that seems like it was intended for [or meant\\nfor] someone else.) Most of the interview focused on what\\nparticipants recalled about specific misdirected email mes-\\nsages they had received, and what happened next. Interview\\nlength varied based on how many examples of misdirected\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,332],\"text\":\"email participants mentioned. Many participants had sev-\\neral examples readily available and were eager to talk about\\nthem, because they receive misdirected email frequently.\\nFor the participants who did not, we began by providing a\\nhigh-level description of misdirected email, similar to how\\nit was described in our recruiting message, and proceeded\\nwith a sequence of 2-3 specific prompts until participants\\nrecalled an example they felt was relevant. Participants who\\nneeded more prompting typically provided an example of\\na misdirected email they had sent, or a spam message they\\nhad received that they thought could be a misdirected email.\\nEach participant received a $15 Amazon.com gift card for\\nparticipating.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,332,746,443],\"text\":\"Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed, and iden-\\ntifying information was removed. This meant that we needed\\nto remove specific references to participants' email user-\\nnames, which were frequently discussed during the inter-\\nviews. In the remainder of this paper, any [text in brackets]\\nis something the participant said that has been altered or\\nreducted to protect their identity.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,443,747,793],\"text\":\"We used an iterative, inductive coding approach in which\\nall members of the project team conducted initial structural\\nand thematic coding on the same two interviews. The anal-\\nysis took place over 5-6 months during which the research\\nteam met at least weekly to discuss the coding in progress.\\nThe process we followed was based on MacQueen et al. [17] .\\nWe first did structural coding for broad topics. We then de-\\nveloped an initial list of codes inductively in the first round\\nof analysis where all three members of the research team\\ncoded the same two interviews. This produced an initial set\\nof codes. These were then refined by two members of the\\nresearch team as they coded the same additional five inter-\\nviews, during which time the entire team met several times\\nto iterate on the set of themes we were coding for. After this,\\nthe set of themes had stabilized and was well understood by\\nboth coders, and they subsequently divided up the remain-\\ning fifteen interviews and each analyzed half of them. The\\nthemes focused on things like participants' approaches and\\nstrategies for dealing with misdirected email messages, their\\nfeelings and justifications for how they dealt with them, and\\ntheir speculations about why they received the misdirected\\nemails they discussed.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,804,467,822],\"text\":\"Survey\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,825,747,954],\"text\":\"Survey data collection took place from March 20 to April 2,\\n2018. Respondents were recruited by Qualtrics.com using\\ntheir panel service, with quotas for gender (50% men and\\n50% women) and age (18-29: 25%, 30-49: 38%, 50-64: 21%,\\n65+: 15%), in order to recruit a sample that resembles the\\npopulation of US adults who use the internet on those two\\ncharacteristics. The age quota was based on information from\\nthe Pew Research Center's Internet/Broadband Fact Sheet\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 290\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/results/markdown/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300520/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300520", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/results/output_json/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,315],\"text\":\"from Feb. 5, 2018 about the age distribution of US adults\\nwho use the internet [22] , and data from the US Census\\nBureau's 2016 American Community Survey about the age\\ndistribution of the United States population [25] . Eligible\\nrespondents were at least 18 years old and indicated that\\nthey had at least one email account on a popular free email\\nservice. Respondents who completed the survey received\\npoints from the online panel service worth approximately\\nUS $ 1-$ 2 that could be combined with the incentives from\\nother surveys and redeemed for items like gift cards, frequent\\nflyer miles, credit for online games, etc. The specific incentive\\namount was determined by the Qualtrics panel service.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,316,394,493],\"text\":\"The final dataset for analysis includes 380 respondents.\\nTheir average age was 45 (SD=17, Range=18-85). There were\\n196 women and 181 men in the final dataset; 3 reported\\n\\\"Other.\\\" 81% of respondents reported \\\"white\\\" as one of the\\nethnicity categories that described them, and 80% reported\\nthat their income was less than $75,000 per year. The survey\\nasked questions that were based on patterns we were seeing\\nin the interview analysis, including reasons for creating new\\nemail accounts, how people choose usernames, and experi-\\nences with misdirected email. The median survey completion\\ntime was 10 min (M=13), including consent and screening.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_3\",\"bbox\":[68,502,229,520],\"text\":\"Single-Case Email Corpus\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,522,394,746],\"text\":\"We analyzed a corpus of misdirected email that had been\\ncollected for over a decade by the first author of this paper.\\nThe emails were received at the primary Gmail address of\\nthe author, who was an early adopter of Gmail and whose\\naddress is of the form firstname@gmail.com. As the messages\\nwere received, they were tagged with a label, and saved.\\nThe main criterion for an email to be collected was that it\\nseemed like a real or legitimate email message, but was from\\na sender or organization that the account holder did not\\nhave an existing business or personal relationship with, or\\notherwise seemed to be directed at an intended recipient\\nother than the account holder. The earliest message in the\\ncorpus is from September 9, 2005, and the latest from July\\n21, 2018.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,746,394,874],\"text\":\"We used Google Takeout 1 , the interface for downloading\\nan archive of one's data from Google products, to download\\nan MBOX file 2 containing all messages from the email ac-\\ncount that had been tagged as misdirected email. We then\\nparsed and cleaned the MBOX file to identify each \\\"To:\\\" and\\n\\\"From:\\\" address associated with each email, and iterated the\\ndataset so that only the first message in each thread — the ini-\\ntial misdirected email, excluding any replies — was retained\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,221],\"text\":\"for analysis. The final dataset includes 2932 initial missi-\\nrected email messages from 1788 distinct senders that were\\nreceived between Jan. 1, 2007 and Dec. 31, 2017. There were\\nonly three messages received before this time window, and\\nemails from 2018 were excluded to make year-over-year\\ncomparisons more clear.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,237,494,254],\"text\":\"Limitations\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,257,747,641],\"text\":\"These methods and datasets have several limitations. The\\ninterview study uses a convenience sample, and this means\\nthat no generalizations should be made about the amount\\nand type of misdirected email our interview participants re-\\nceived. The survey sampling frame was focused on age and\\ngender quotas to ensure diversity on those aspects, not rep-\\nresentativeness for additional demographic categories. All\\nof the data collected using both interview and survey meth-\\nods is self-report, and as such represents the perceptions,\\nattitudes and beliefs of the people who participated. Social\\ndesirability bias may have affected their willingness to self-\\nreport some behaviors, such as whether they had used pass-\\nword reset links to take over the accounts others had created\\nusing their email address. The survey asked for respondents'\\nfirst and last names and an email username on a free email\\nservice (one of the eligibility criteria) but not the full email\\naddress. They were informed that this information would\\nbe deleted once it had been used to compare the username\\nwith the name, but this may have caused some people to\\nstop participating at that point in the survey. Finally, the\\nmisdirected email corpus, while containing messages similar\\nto those described by interview participants, is a single-user\\ncase study and therefore not representative of all recipients\\nof misdirected email.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,658,508,674],\"text\":\"4 FINDINGS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,677,619,695],\"text\":\"Is it Spam or Misdirected Email?\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,698,747,955],\"text\":\"Definitions in the research literature describe spam email\\nas unwanted or unsolicited messages sent in large numbers\\nintended to sell a product or service [5, 12, 18] . Misdirected\\nemail could be considered a form of spam in that it is unso-\\nilicited; therefore, in our interviews we discussed with partic-\\nipants both how they define spam, and how they recognize\\nwhen an email message they receive is misdirected. Contrary\\nto typical definitions of spam, 18 of our 22 interview partici-\\npants described spam email as messages having malicious or\\nharmful intent, such as phishing, spreading viruses, or solic-\\niting victims for a money-related or other type of scam. P06\\ndescribed spam email messages this way: “ ...they're either\\nlike a phishing scam, or they're being used to kind of try to\\npretend to peddle something when in fact they're trying to\\nget my personal information. So for most of our participants,\\nspam emails were messages that made them feel suspicious\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[89,912,216,925],\"text\":\"1 https://takeout.google.com/\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,925,382,952],\"text\":\"2https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000383.\\nshtml\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 290\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/results/markdown/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300520/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300520", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/results/output_json/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,156],\"text\":\"or uncomfortable, and that they felt they needed to protect\\nthemselves from.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,156,394,283],\"text\":\"Misdirected email messages, while also unwanted, were\\ndescribed very differently from spam. Fifteen out of 22 in-\\nterview participants (68%) said something about how mis-\\ndirected email messages seemed like they were meant for\\nsomeone else. For example, P14 said, \\\"I don't know what's\\nhappening [to cause this] but it's just, I know they don't\\nmean to write this to me.\\\" P03 described how he differenti-\\nates misdirected email from spam:\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_004.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[435,122,728,287],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A bar chart titled \\\"Misdirected emails per year in the single-case corpus\\\" displays the number of misdirected emails from 2007 to 2017. The number of misdirected emails generally increases over the years, starting low in 2007 (10 emails) and rising significantly to 873 emails in 2017, with values labeled above each bar.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,299,747,361],\"text\":\"Figure 1: The number of misdirected emails in our single-\\ncase corpus per year. Note that this corpus contains misdi-\\nrected emails received by a single user over 10 years, 2007-\\n2017.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,288,363,399],\"text\":\"\\\"So I can't tell you a sort of a hard and fast rule.\\n[Misdirected emails] are usually not too hard to\\nspot because they're not asking me for anything,\\nusually. Or they just feel like... a thing a person\\nwould really write as opposed to a thing that a\\nperson trying to get past the spam filter would\\nwrite.\\\" (P03)\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,404,395,660],\"text\":\"To figure out whether a misdirected email was intended\\nfor them or not, participants described focusing on the sender\\nof the message, and the content of the message itself. For\\nexample, P01 described thinking, “Wait, do I know this per-\\nson?” about the sender of one of the misdirected emails she\\nreceived. P05 talked about receiving a message “that just\\nfelt very out of context, and I didn’t really know what they\\nwere talking about”—the out-of-context aspect of it signaled\\nto her it was a misdirected email. P02 said he had received\\n“PDFs of contracts and all sorts of weird stuff that he said\\nwas ‘obviously was not mine’, but he also said that it some-\\ntimes takes him a minute after he starts reading a message\\nto realize, “Oh, this... no, this isn’t for me. As P16 described,\\n“I just read them as if they were sent to me and then by the\\ntime I finish reading them I can tell they are not sent to me\\nbecause I have no idea what they’re talking about.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,677,328,695],\"text\":\"Misdirected Email Content and Frequency\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,698,395,954],\"text\":\"Eight of our interview participants described some of the\\nmisdirected email messages they had received as including\\npersonal correspondence from complete strangers, such as\\nan email scheduling a job interview, a reminder to show up\\nin court for a deposition, and email threads about someone\\nelse's family reunion or birthday party. Some of these mes-\\nsages contained sensitive personal information that could\\nbe used to steal someone's identity or otherwise cause them\\nproblems, such as mortgage loan documents, credit card info,\\nairline tickets, contracts, mobile phone bills, bank statements,\\nand actual PayPal payments. A few said that they had been\\nasked in an email for parental permission for someone else's\\nchild to create an account on a gaming website, and one had\\nreceived a report card for someone else's child. Several also\\nsaid they had been signed up for a university recruiting email\\nlist, political candidate email list, or neighborhood-related\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,395,746,427],\"text\":\"email list, none of which these participants remembered\\nhaving any relationship with.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,427,747,650],\"text\":\"While not all of these eight participants mentioned how\\nfrequently they received misdirected emails, those who did\\nprovided estimates ranging from a few per month, to eleven\\nmisdirected email messages in the two days before the in-\\nterview took place (P14). These participants' estimates are\\nsimilar to the frequency of misdirected emails in our single-\\nuser email corpus, which most closely resembles the high\\nend of participants' statements about frequency. In 2017, for\\nexample, the fewest misdirected emails in the misdirected\\nemail corpus in a given week is 5, and the most is 33. During\\n27 of the weeks in 2017, the corpus contains between 10\\nand 20 new misdirected emails each week. In addition, the\\nquantity of misdirected emails in the corpus increased over\\ntime; Figure 1 illustrates this.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,651,747,825],\"text\":\"Eight other interview participants had only received a\\nsmall number of misdirected email messages exclusively\\nfrom someone who works for the same employer as they do,\\nand very infrequently. These participants said that it was\\nusually easy for them to recognize these mails as intended\\nfor someone else. For example, P07 worked at the same orga-\\nnization as a relative who had a very similar name. She said\\nshe could differentiate the occasional email intended for her\\nrelative, because the senders \\\"were not normally people that\\nI talked to before, and they were asking for information that\\nI don't handle.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,826,747,954],\"text\":\"The remaining 6 interview participants each could recall\\nonly one or two examples of occurrences related to misdi-\\nrected email, such as receiving a password reset notification\\nfor an account they did not remember or creating, or sending\\na misdirected email message. None of them spoke about\\nreceiving email containing a stranger's sensitive personal\\ninformation or personal correspondence, or receiving a work-\\nrelated misdirected email message.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 290\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/results/markdown/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300520/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300520", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/results/output_json/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,348],\"text\":\"This wide range of experiences across the interview par-\\nticipants was surprising, and made it difficult to estimate\\nwhether receiving misdirected email is broadly common\\nor not. To find out about how prevalent misdirected email\\nmight be from a larger, more diverse sample of people, we\\nasked our survey respondents about whether they had ever\\nexperienced it. The survey included a 'choose all that ap-\\nply' question that started by asking \\\"Which of the following\\nstatements describe you?\\\" and then listed the same set of\\nstatements that were used as screening questions for the\\ninterview study. 164 survey respondents (43 % ) said they had\\nexperienced either receiving an email message that seemed\\nlike it was meant for someone else, or had been asked to\\nconfirm an account that they did not remember creating.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,388,356,404],\"text\":\"Sympathy for Senders and Intended Recipients\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,407,394,519],\"text\":\"Receiving misdirected email was sometimes an annoying\\nand bewildering experience for our interview participants.\\nP03 described, in an exaggerated tone, how he had received\\n172 misdirected emails from the same woman starting in\\n2007 and ending in 2015. He had replied to these emails to\\nask the sender to stop, but felt like that didn't turn out to be\\neffective. He said,\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,523,362,699],\"text\":\"\\\"So here's [an example misdirected email].\\\" Hey,\\n[P03's name] , I just finished taping a lesson of\\n[redirected] but I need to convert the DVD to a\\nDVD. Yikes. Can you help me this weekend to\\nconvert it? So what's weird about that was...\\nThis is a person who is interacting with her. And\\nI just kept thinking that at some point they're\\ngonna talk about how he never responds to her\\nemails, and at some point she's gonna realize\\nthat he's not getting them. And it just never\\nhappened\\\" (P03)\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,704,394,753],\"text\":\"P13 also recounted how she repeatedly received misdi-\\nrected email messages from “a grandmother or a grandfather\\ntype”. She said that these emails were amusing.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,757,361,884],\"text\":\"\\\"...because they kept emailing to invite me to\\nfamily dinners and stuff. And so I would reply,\\nand say, 'This is the wrong email address. I'm\\nsure you would have a great time at Thanksgiv-\\ning dinner but you're emailing the wrong per-\\nson. And they clearly didn't really know how\\nemail worked, and so they would respond a lot.\\\"\\n(P13)\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,888,394,954],\"text\":\"Others talked about the misdirected emails they received\\nas something that made them feel like they were part of\\nsomething bigger than themselves. For example, P01, who\\nreceived an email that someone else's child who had the\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,746,282],\"text\":\"same name as she did had received a prize in an art com- \\npetition, said, “And I was like, these parents have to find \\nout, their kid is a winner! So I emailed them back and let \\nthem know that they have the wrong address... there was a \\nsense of camaraderie. And even P03 talked about receiving \\nmisdirected email as if he were making the best of a situa- \\ntion that he wouldn't seek out—“If I had the ability to turn \\nthese off entirely I probably would”—but felt like “It’s a good \\nopportunity to just interact with people I otherwise would \\nnever encounter.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,283,746,459],\"text\":\"Many participants reported feeling sympathy for both the\\nsenders and intended recipients of the misdirected email\\nmessages they'd received, and a desire in at least some in-\\nstances to help them by responding to let them know about\\ntheir mistake. They were also motivated to do this by the\\nhope that the sender would not do this again in the future.\\nFifteen out of 22 participants talked about responding to a\\nmisdirected email message. Messages that seemed more like\\npersonal correspondence were more likely to be replied to\\nby participants, as well as emails containing someone else's\\nsensitive personal information.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,459,746,746],\"text\":\"For example, P05 described realizing, “Oh, these are real\\npeople. They're actually trying to find a person. They're try-\\ning to talk to another individual. They've mistaken me for\\nsomebody else. She said she wanted to help them connect\\nwith the person that they were actually looking for. And\\nP15 replied to a misdirected email from the director of a\\nchild's band camp concerning payment for their services,\\nto let them know they had reached the wrong person. She\\ndescribed her motivation to do this: ...he had followed up\\na couple of times and finally I was like, oh, this is a real hu-\\nman who's expecting someone to pay her elementary school\\nkid's band bill. Nearly all of the work-related misdirected\\nemail messages our interview participants talked about also\\ninvolved some kind of follow-up from the participant. For\\nexample, when P10 received a work-related email meant for\\nsomeone with her same name, she responded to it because\\n“since it was work related, I knew that it needed to be passed\\non to the correct person 'cause it was important.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,746,746,954],\"text\":\"About 20 % of our interview participants talked about actu-\\nally tracking down or communicating with the intended re-\\ncipient of a misdirected email message, instead of the sender.\\nP13 talked about how after she received a cell phone bill\\nthat contained personal information including the intended\\nrecipient's phone number, she \\\"texted them a screenshot of\\nthe email\\\" to let them know someone was receiving their\\npersonal information and to encourage them to change the\\nemail address on the account. And P22 received a work email\\nfrom a manager meant for a different employee. He said that\\nhe \\\"looked to see who was handling that project, and then\\nI sent the email to the individual I believed it was intended\\nfor, and CC'd the manager who had sent it. So in this case\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 290\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/results/markdown/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300520/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300520", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/results/output_json/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,156],\"text\":\"he was able to track down the intended recipient because he\\nhad access to directory information through his employer.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,157,395,426],\"text\":\"Participants also talked about being careful with the per-\\nsonal information they had unwittingly received. P02 de-\\nscribed receiving bank statements, transaction information,\\nand account codes from a bank in Brazil that were intended\\nfor someone else. He said, “so I wound up talking to the\\nbank. It was like, this is not the right email address, you guys\\nneed to not send out this stuff. P14 talked at some length\\nabout how it was “creepy” to receive photos of other people’s\\nchildren: And then sometimes I feel creepy about getting\\nphotos of children, so I will email them to tell them that,\\nyou have the wrong person, please stop emailing me. P14\\nmentioned that she feels badly about having access to this\\ninformation. She said this is because if they were her chil-\\ndren, she wouldn’t want strangers looking at photos of them.\\nShe felt like she was invading the privacy of the children and\\nparents by receiving them, even though this was out of her\\ncontrol. She said,\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,430,363,512],\"text\":\"\\\"Like, if I had a child I wouldn't really want pho-\\ntos of my children floating around to unknown\\npeople, so there's that too. But some of it is more\\nlike, can you please be better about your privacy\\nwith your own children's photos.\\\" (P14)\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,532,316,550],\"text\":\"Auto-Complete and Sender Carelessness\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,553,395,731],\"text\":\"Interview participants placed the blame for misdirected email\\nmessages mostly on the senders of the emails. This was\\npartially because the participants themselves were guilty\\nof having sent an occasional misdirected email, and they\\nreflected on this when speculating about why they might\\nhave received the misdirected email messages they talked\\nabout during the interview. In fact, 18 out of 22 interview\\nparticipants said they sent a misdirected email, and 89 out\\nof 380 survey respondents (25 % ) also said that they'd done\\nthis. (These survey respondents checked the statement, \\\"I\\nhave sent an email message to the wrong person by mistake.\\\")\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,731,395,955],\"text\":\"When interview participants described sending misdi-\\nrected email themselves, they nearly all said that they just\\nhadn't noticed that the auto-complete had chosen the email\\naddress of someone else that started with the same com-\\nbination of letters as the intended recipient's address. P19\\ndescribed it like this: \\\"That's where I start typing in a name\\nand it auto fills, and it auto fills with the wrong person, same\\nfirst name, wrong last name, but I don't notice and it gets\\nsent. Participants reported that sending a misdirected email\\nmessage was a rare occurrence for them. They also univer-\\nsally believed that sender mistakes like this are unavoidable,\\nand just part of using email. As P04 said, \\\"I don't think you\\ncan change human behavior with software. You're gonna\\nhave to say to people, be a little bit more careful... But of\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,156],\"text\":\"course, people aren't interested in that. they're in a hurry, \\nright?\\\"\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,174,676,191],\"text\":\"Name Similarity and Username Collisions\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,195,747,370],\"text\":\"Auto-complete would not cause as much misdirected email\\nif people had usernames that were sufficiently distinct from\\none another. Participants recognized this, and speculated\\nthat similarity between their own names and usernames and\\nwhat they presumed the intended recipients' to be is part\\nof why they end up receiving misdirected email. Most had\\nspecific and sometimes numerous examples that informed\\nthis hypothesis. For example, P13 talked about becoming\\nfamiliar with specific intended recipients with whom she\\nshared a name through all of the misdirected email she had\\nreceived that was intended for them. She said,\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[452,374,715,598],\"text\":\"\\\"The email address I use is my first name with\\nthe date of my birthday, so they're just like,\\nthey've mistyped one letter or something like\\nthat, so they're all people with my same name.\\nSo I know that there's one that lives in Florida\\nand there's one that lives in Texas and there's\\none that lives in Vermont and there's one that\\nlives in the UK, and so I know if I get someone,\\nthe email from Florida, I know that. 'Oh, that's\\nso-and-so who lives in Florida, and I know that if\\nI get an email confirming an order from The Gap\\nand it's going to Texas, I know it's, 'Oh, that's\\n[P13's first name] in Texas. So yeah, I definitely\\nknow that there's specific people.\\\" (P13)\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,603,747,955],\"text\":\"Several other participants believed they had a common\\nname, and that this combined with the username they had\\nchosen for their email address—based on their name—was\\nwhy they received so many misdirected email messages. For\\nexample, P03 said his name was \\\"the most popular for ba-\\nbies born in [P03's birth year]\\\" and that he has the \\\"canoni-\\ncal Gmail address\\\" (firstname.lastname@gmail.com) for his\\nname. He continued, \\\"And so as a result, every week to two\\nweeks I get an email that's for a different person with my\\nname. And P20, whose email address is also of the so-called\\ncanonical form, kept returning throughout the interview to\\nthe idea that before he started receiving misdirected email,\\nhe thought his name was uncommon. He said, \\\"I've received\\nenormous amounts of email meant for what is quite to my\\nsurprise, a rather large group of [people with the same first\\nand last name as P20] around the world. P14 talked about\\nhow she has an Apple Me.com email account where the\\nusername is her first name, and she believes she receives\\nmisdirected email messages at that account because of other\\npeople with the same first name: ...it's like every other [P14\\nfirst name] in the world that has a Me.com account forgets to\\nput in the numbers.\\\" Additionally, the username of the Gmail\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 290\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/results/markdown/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300520/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300520", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/results/output_json/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,172],\"text\":\"account our single-user misdirected email corpus was col- \\nlected from is a first name that was one of the most popular \\nnames for babies born in the USA in the 1990s and 2000s.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,172,394,348],\"text\":\"Even if one's name is not common, username collisions\\ncan still occur. Many of the work-related misdirected email\\nexamples were a result of a name mixup. For example, P04\\nonly received work-related misdirected email, but talked\\nabout at least two other people with similar names to hers\\nthat she used to get email for — one with a different first name\\nand similar last name, and another with the same last name.\\nP10 gave a similar example of a work-related misdirected\\nemail: \\\"I think in the very specific case, both of our first\\nnames and then our last names kind of look similar, hers\\nends with [redacted] as well...\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,360,263,376],\"text\":\"How People Choose Usernames\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,379,394,554],\"text\":\"Username collisions were identified by participants as a\\nsource of misdirected email, based on the messages they\\nhad received. To explore whether broader patterns in user-\\nname choice might be partially responsible for this, we asked\\nsurvey respondents about what characteristics are important\\nto them when choosing usernames. If people prefer to have\\nusernames that resemble their real names and don't prior-\\nitize uniqueness when creating them, it is more likely that\\nmultiple people—and in some cases many, many people—\\nwould share very similar usernames, making misdirected\\nemail more likely for those people than others.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,554,394,808],\"text\":\"To help us describe preferences for username choice, we\\nasked survey respondents to list up to five email accounts\\nthat they used regularly. For each email account they listed,\\nthey were asked: \\\"When you created the email account [ac-\\ncount listed by respondent], how did you choose the user-\\nname for that account? (The username is the part of the email\\naddress before the @ sign.)\\\" The response options were: \\\"I\\ncreated the exact username I wanted; A username was as-\\nsigned to me, and I kept it; A username was assigned to me,\\nbut I changed it later; The system suggested a username to\\nme when I created the account, and I accepted it; Most of the\\nusernamees I tried to create were already taken, so I ended\\nup with this one; I don't remember; and None of the above.\\nSeventy-four percent (280 out of 380) respondents reported\\nthat they had chosen their username for the first account\\nthey listed, and 71 % did so for the second account.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,809,394,955],\"text\":\"Then respondents were asked, \\\"Please imagine that you\\nare creating a new email account on a brand new email\\nservice that currently has very few users, and you can have\\nany email username that you want. What username would\\nyou choose?\\\" The next question followed up with, \\\"Please\\nexplain why you would choose the username [username\\nthey entered]\\\" (These usernames were discarded; we were\\nonly interested in the explanations.) The first author made\\nan initial pass through the responses and developed a set\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,395,746,459],\"text\":\"of categories of reasons why a particular username would\\nbe chosen. These categories reflected concerns respondents\\nhad, expectations about future uses of their email account,\\nand characteristics they wanted their usernames to have.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_009.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[435,123,731,287],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A bar chart titled \\\"Username characteristics important to survey respondents\\\" displays the number of survey respondents for various username attributes. The characteristics are grouped into \\\"Future Uses,\\\" \\\"Life Characteristics,\\\" \\\"Name and Birthdate,\\\" and \\\"Personal Meaning,\\\" with labels like Memorable, Own Name, Meaningful, and Unique shown on the x-axis, and the y-axis representing the number of survey respondents. Each bar indicates a count, such as 198 for Memorable and 112 for Meaningful.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,299,747,375],\"text\":\"Figure 2: The number of survey respondents who said these\\nusername characteristics were important to them. “ Profes-\\nsional ” : wanted a more professional-sounding username;\\n“ Proper Noun ” : the name of a team, band, etc.; “ Location ” :\\na place, zip code, or phone number.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,459,747,730],\"text\":\"Then, two members of the research team coded the re-\\nsponses. The graph in Figure 2 shows counts for each of the\\ncodes which had Fleiss’ inter-rater reliability above 0.5, and\\non which either one of the coders said that code was present.\\nThe most commonly mentioned characteristic was that re-\\nspondents wanted their usernames to be memorable (52 % ,\\nto have personal meaning (30 % ), and to contain their own\\nname (30 % ). 307 out of 380 survey respondents said one of\\nthese three things (81 % ). Only 65 respondents (17 % ) said they\\nwanted their username to be unique or uncommon when\\ncompared with others. This indicates that most respondents\\nwanted their usernames to be personally meaningful and\\nto contain their own name, but rarely considered whether\\ntheir preferred username would be different from others’\\nusernames. This means that avoiding username collisions\\ndoes not seem to be a priority for people when choosing\\nusernames.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,742,732,759],\"text\":\"When Misdirected Email (Maybe) Isn't an Accident\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,762,747,955],\"text\":\"Another observation that 9 out of 22 interview participants\\nmade about some of the misdirected emails they had received\\nwas that someone else might be giving out the participant's\\nemail address intentionally, even though it did not belong to\\nthem. P13, who lives in the Midwest region of the USA, gave\\nan example of an email she received from \\\"a clothing store\\nthat exists only in the United Kingdom\\\" that she had never\\nbeen to. She said, \\\"it was like, Welcome to X store, and, thanks\\nfor signing up for emails from the store. P13 suspected that\\nsomeone must be giving out an email address—hers—that\\nthey know isn't theirs because \\\"they're trying to evade, they\\nare trying to tell the person at the store that they're signing\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 290\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300520/results/markdown/3290605-3300520_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300522/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300522", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/results/output_json/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,39,134],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[81,118,733,180],\"text\":\"Crowdsourcing Multi-label Audio Annotation Tasks\\nwith Citizen Scientists\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[112,194,264,260],\"text\":\"Mark Cartwright\\nNew York University\\nNew York, USA\\nmark.cartwright@nyu.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[343,195,472,260],\"text\":\"Graham Dove\\n\\nNew York University\\nNew York, USA\\n\\ngrahamdove@nyu.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[545,195,707,260],\"text\":\"Ana Elisa Méndez Méndez\\nNew York University\\nNew York, USA\\nanaelisamendez@nyu.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[239,270,357,337],\"text\":\"Juan P. Bello\\nNew York University\\nNew York, USA\\njpbello@nyu.edu\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[457,270,575,336],\"text\":\"Oded Nov\\n\\nNew York University\\nNew York, USA\\nonov@nyu.edu\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,345,141,362],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,367,395,668],\"text\":\"Annotating rich audio data is an essential aspect of train-\\ning and evaluating machine listening systems. We approach\\nthis task in the context of temporally-complex urban sound-\\nscapes, which require multiple labels to identify overlapping\\nsound sources. Typically, this work is crowdsourced, and\\nprevious studies have shown that workers can quickly label\\naudio with binary annotation for single classes. However,\\nthis approach can be difficult to scale when multiple passes\\nwith different focus classes are required to annotate data\\nwith multiple labels. In citizen science, where tasks are of-\\nten image-based, annotation efforts typically label multiple\\nclasses simultaneously in a single pass. This paper describes\\nour data collection on the Zooniverse citizen science plat-\\nform, comparing the efficiencies of different audio annotation\\nstrategies. We compared multiple-pass binary annotation,\\nsingle-pass multi-label annotation, and a hybrid approach:\\nhierarchical multi-pass multi-label annotation. We discuss\\nour findings, which support using multi-label annotation,\\nwith reference to volunteer citizen scientists' motivations.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,681,172,699],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,704,394,754],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Computer supported\\ncooperative work: Empirical studies in collaborative\\nand social computing; • Information systems $\\\\rightarrow$ Speech\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,346,746,379],\"text\":\"/ audio search: • Applied computing → Sound and music\\ncomputing,\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,391,502,407],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,411,692,427],\"text\":\"Audio annotation, citizen science, crowdsourcing\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,432,555,448],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,450,747,536],\"text\":\"Mark Cartwright, Graham Dove, Ana Elisa Méndez Méndez, Juan\\nP. Bello, and Oded Nov. 2019. Crowdsourcing Multi-label Audio\\nAnnotation Tasks with Citizen Scientists. In CHI Conference on\\nHuman Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May\\n4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 11 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300522\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,549,550,567],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,571,747,954],\"text\":\"Annotating rich audio data is an essential aspect of training\\nand evaluating machine listening models, which have the\\npotential to enable powerful applications in diverse domains\\nsuch as bioacoustic monitoring, urban noise monitoring, elec-\\ntric vehicle sensing, assistive technologies, and more. This is\\na difficult and time consuming task, due in part to audio's\\ntemporal dimension. We approach this problem from the con-\\ntext of a New York City-based project that is working closely\\nwith city agencies such as the Department of Environmental\\nProtection; and which aims to monitor, analyze, and mitigate\\nurban noise pollution using a smart sensor network powered\\nby machine listening models that detect noise sources [5] .\\nNoise pollution is a major concern to many urban residents\\nand has many negative effects, e.g. on citizens' health [4, 21]\\nand students' learning [4] . Because of these societal concerns,\\nwe are exploring citizen science-based inquiry, including our\\napproach to training machine listening models, and a key\\ntask is to establish how best to design tasks to acquire multi-\\nlabel audio annotations with volunteers. Since our aim is for\\nhigh ecological validity, this study was not conducted as a\\ncontrolled experiment, but rather we undertake an analysis\\nof a real-world data collection solving a real-world audio\\nannotation problem. This activity took place on Zooniverse,\\nthe most widely used citizen science platform, and as such,\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,778,393,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@sceng.\\ncrg. July 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,899,393,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[71,925,266,954],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-5053-5970/2-019-... $15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290665.3300522\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,997,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 292\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,997,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/results/markdown/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300522/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300522", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/results/output_json/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,236],\"text\":\"our focus is on the authentic behaviors of volunteering citi-\\nzen scientists, which may differ from those of paid workers\\non commercial platforms. Best practice for crowdsourced\\naudio annotation remains understudied, with prior research\\ntypically focusing on paid crowdworkers rather than vol-\\nunteer citizen scientists. In this paper we make some initial\\nsteps towards addressing this area of concern.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,236,395,634],\"text\":\"Previous research recommends breaking complex tasks\\ninto small units of work for paid crowdsourcing [31] . In\\nlarge-scale audio annotation efforts, this has resulted in paid\\ncrowdworkers performing single-class binary-labeling tasks\\n[20, 22] . But citizen scientists and crowdworkers have differ-\\nent motivations, and in online citizen science projects, where\\naudio annotation is rare, image annotation typically adopts a\\nmulti-labeling approach [34, 51] . However, like video annota-\\ntion, annotating audio is more complex than annotating im-\\nages due to the addition of a temporal dimension; and while\\nfull multi-label annotations for N classes can be constructed\\nfrom N binary class annotations, this does not scale well.\\nShould researchers follow the norms of citizen science image\\nannotation (multi-label) when collecting multi-label audio\\nannotations with volunteers? Or those of crowdsourced au-\\ndio annotation with paid crowdworkers (multiple binary-\\nlabel)? What are the effects on annotation throughput and\\nquality of adopting these contrasting approaches? Two pre-\\nvious studies point in contrasting directions. In [22] , a pilot\\nstudy indicated that crowdworkers found a multi-label audio\\nannotation task difficult, were unhappy, and had low annota-\\ntor agreement. However, in [56] , a study on video annotation\\nwith crowdworkers found that multi-label annotation tasks\\nresulted in higher quality annotations than those from binary\\nannotation tasks.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,634,395,842],\"text\":\"This paper contributes to the literature on best practices\\nfor crowdsourced audio annotation, and seeks to answer\\nthese questions, by comparing different annotation task types\\non the Zooniverse online citizen science platform [1] . We\\ncompare multiple-pass binary annotation, single-pass multi-\\nlabel annotation, and a hybrid approach; hierarchical multi-\\npass multi-label annotation, in work from the early stages of\\nour urban soundscape annotation campaign. We present an\\nanalysis of the throughput of the three different annotation\\ntask types and a sensitivity analysis on the effect of aggre-\\ngation variables on annotation quality. Our results suggest\\nthat practices developed for crowdsourced populations may\\nnot translate to volunteer-based populations.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,852,197,869],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,874,395,955],\"text\":\"In the past decade, there have been several large-scale, multi-\\nlabel and multi-class paid-crowdsourcing efforts to anno-\\ntate media for training machine learning models, e.g. Ima-\\ngeNet (14M images, 20k classes) [15] , COCO (328k images, 91\\nclasses) [33] , Places (10M images, 434 classes) [56] , AudioSet\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,347],\"text\":\"(1.8M audio recordings, 636 classes) [20], and OpenMIC-2018\\n(20k audio recordings, 20 classes) [22]. While each has taken\\na slightly different approach to suit their media, they all use\\nweak search engines [15, 20, 33, 56] or classifiers [22] to gen-\\nerate candidate sets which are then verified by humans with\\nbinary [15, 20, 22, 56], limited multi-label [20], or hierarch-\\nical multi-label [33] annotation. Of these efforts, AudioSet\\n[20] and OpenMIC-2018 [22] are the only audio annotation\\nefforts. It is also worth noting that AudioSet annotators were\\nexposed to both audio and accompanying video during an-\\nnotation because they found it too difficult with audio alone.\\nCOCO [33] is the only dataset with full multi-label anno-\\ntations, and required 70k worker hours to complete image\\nsegmentation and labeling.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,348,747,665],\"text\":\"Because of the immense human effort required, researchers\\nhave sought to optimize multi-class and multi-label crowd-\\nsourced image annotation [7, 12, 13, 16, 32] , often with ap-\\nproaches that break larger multi-label tasks into small sub-\\ntasks. In audio annotation, studies have typically focused\\non the effects of sound visualizations rather than trade-offs\\nbetween binary and multi-label annotation when investigat-\\ning rapid methods [53] and best practices [10] . However, a\\nsmall-scale study using data labeled by experts rather than\\nthrough crowdsourcing indicates that sound event detec-\\ntion accuracy is higher when using a single model trained\\non full multi-label data rather than aggregating multiple\\nsingle-class models trained on binary data [8] . For video\\nannotation, which like audio has the additional complex-\\nity of a temporal dimension, research has indicated both\\nthat breaking annotation into smaller subtasks is wasteful\\n[50] , and also conversely that performance and annotator\\nsatisfaction increase when annotating one object rather than\\nmultiple objects, (although error accumulated in sequences\\nof micro-tasks largely negated this finding) [54] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,666,747,857],\"text\":\"All of the above annotation efforts and studies were per-\\nformed with paid crowdworkers. While intrinsic motivations\\ncan affect the quantity [11] and quality [46] of paid crowd-\\nwork, the primary motivation of paid crowdworkers is still\\npayment and therefore extrinsic [30] . It's therefore unclear if\\nthe findings of studies using paid crowdsourced annotation\\nwill translate to annotation with citizen scientists, who are\\nnot motivated by payment. Viewing the problem from the\\nopposite direction, [36] show that while paid crowdwork-\\ners can complete labeling tasks with comparable quality to\\nvolunteer citizen scientists, they are also highly sensitive to\\nchanges in payment method.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,857,747,955],\"text\":\"Zooniverse [1] , the largest online citizen science platform,\\nhas hosted several large image annotation projects, most\\nnotably Galaxy Zoo (900k images, 6 classes) [34] and Snap-\\nshot Serengeti (1.2M image sets, 48 animal presence classes)\\n[51] , but audio annotation projects on the platform are rarer\\nand smaller in size [35, 48] . On the Zooniverse platform,\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 292\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/results/markdown/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300522/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300522", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/results/output_json/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,189],\"text\":\"image-based projects typically use full multi-label annota-\\ntion. Although the initial Galaxy Zoo project was limited\\nto six classes, there are now several projects inspired by\\nSnapshot Serengeti that have on the order of 50 classes [1] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,189,395,491],\"text\":\"Unlike paid crowdsourcing, citizen science relies on vol-\\nuntary efforts of contributors. Volunteers typically express\\nmultiple motivations [42–44] , which change dynamically\\nthrough a project's temporal shifts [47] . Typically, online citi-\\nzen science projects have skewed participation patterns, with\\na small number of highly motivated volunteers contributing\\nthe majority of work [19] . The quantity of online volunteer\\ncontributions correlates with collective-, norm-oriented-,\\nreputation-, and intrinsic- motivation; while contribution\\nquality responds positively to collective- and reputation-\\nmotives [40] . Volunteers' individual contributions may be in-\\ncreased through highlighting instances of novelty [25] . The\\nimportance of intrinsic motivations highlights a need for\\nengaging participation mechanisms, and association with a\\nproject's aims helps motivate new volunteers [39] . Where\\nvolunteers are drawn from a particular community, motiva-\\ntions for engagement in citizen science closely reflect moti-\\nvations for community membership of that community and\\nits core activities [55] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,491,395,842],\"text\":\"The desire to learn about a particular topic is an important\\nmotivator in both online [42, 43] and in-real-life [18] citizen\\nscience, as is the desire to contribute to “ authentic ” scientific\\nresearch [38] . In addition to knowledge acquisition, sharing\\nnew knowledge can motivate and sustain engagement [26] .\\nOther methods of motivating sustained engagement include\\ncompetition amongst volunteers and gamification of citizen\\nscience activities [6, 24, 41] . Such regular engagement with\\na project builds community membership, and leads to task\\nattitude and familiarity; while task difficulty and boredom,\\nand competing priorities are barriers to contribution [28] .\\nOther factors that impact on volunteers' engagement, both\\npositively and negatively, include a project's coordination\\npractices and the volunteer's previous domain experience\\n[17] . In addition, scientists' concerns about data quality and\\ninterpretation, and wider ethical concerns about visibility,\\nauthorship and attribution [14, 45] , can lead to tension be-\\ntween the motivations and epistemic contributions of citizen\\nscience participants as individuals and their status within\\na collective distributed effort [29] . We build on this litera-\\nture by investigating best practices for crowdsourced audio\\nannotation with volunteer citizen scientists.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,864,217,881],\"text\":\"3   DATA COLLECTION\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,885,126,901],\"text\":\"Platform\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,905,395,954],\"text\":\"Zooniverse is the largest platform for online citizen science\\nprojects [1] , offering a ready-made community of motivated\\nvolunteers from which to recruit. While this facilitates our\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,460],\"text\":\"aim of studying the authentic behaviors of volunteering\\ncitizen scientists, the Zooniverse platform is designed for\\nreal-world data collection and not for controlled experiments,\\nand researchers therefore have limited facility for control-\\nling variations over the presentation of their tasks. Also,\\nduring the design stage of this research, we were in close\\ncontact with expert Zooniverse moderators who provided\\ninformed advice, suggesting practical compromises between\\nensuring that primary data were collected and enriching\\nthese primary annotation data with user-focused data. For\\nexample, this expert advice included removing links to exter-\\nnal questionnaires in order to “ lower the barrier to entry as\\nmuch as possible. ” However as an alternative, the Zooniverse\\nplatform does enable researchers to view more qualitative\\nparticipant responses through its “ Talk ” boards. Suggestions\\nsuch as these highlight tensions between eliciting real-world\\nannotation with citizen science volunteers and gathering\\nrich participant data. Because of factors such as this, our\\ncomparison of multiple annotation task types in the early\\nstages of our data collection should be considered more akin\\nto A/B testing than strictly controlled experimentation.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,472,490,488],\"text\":\"Audio data\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,491,747,843],\"text\":\"Our audio data consist of 10 second clips from two distinct\\nsources, and represent 22 classes of sound sources. The first\\ndataset consists of audio taken from selected YouTube video\\nclips, where the sound source was identified, and additionally\\nconfirmed by members of our research team. These provided\\nground truth for our analysis. The second were recordings\\nselected from amongst the 30 years' worth of audio data\\ncollected by 50+ sensors installed in busy locations around\\nNew York City [ 5 ] . The 22 classes of sound sources that make\\nup our labeling taxonomy are derived from requirements\\nrequested by the city's department of environmental protec-\\ntion, and based on its legally enforceable noise code. They\\ninclude examples of engines of different sizes, construction\\nmachinery and tools, human and animal vocalizations, music,\\nand vehicle alert signals and sirens. We selected 2 examples\\nfor each class from the YouTube dataset, and 3 examples from\\nthe dataset of sensor recordings, creating a total of 110 10\\nsecond audio clips. The 3 examples selected from the sensor\\ndata were curated by members of our research team from\\nan initial sample of 50 examples automatically selected for\\neach class using “ VGGish ” embedding-derived audio features\\n[ 27 ] .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,853,458,869],\"text\":\"Tasks\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,873,746,954],\"text\":\"Volunteers were randomly presented with 1 of 3 task types: 1)\\nbinary-labeling , 2) one-stage multi-labeling , and 3) two-stage\\nhierarchical multi-labeling . All volunteers were presented\\nwith the same tutorial and field guide to familiarize them-\\nselves with examples of each sound-source class. In all three\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 292\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/results/markdown/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300522/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300522", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/results/output_json/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[93,129,371,535],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays three components related to sound annotation: a spectrogram visualization in a video player interface, a binary classification task asking about the presence of a siren, and a multi-label classification task showing a list of sound categories and corresponding tutorials.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,549,394,594],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Screenshots of the binary and multi-label annota-\\ntion tasks on Zooniverse along with the spectrogram sound\\nvisualization shown to annotators.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,619,394,651],\"text\":\"task types, the audio was presented both aurally and visually\\n(using a spectrogram representation; see Figure 1a).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,651,394,714],\"text\":\"In the binary labeling task (see Figure 1b ), volunteers were\\nasked to decide whether a single suggested sound-source\\nclass was present or not in the recording. This task type\\nprovided both positive and negative labels explicitly.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,715,395,889],\"text\":\"In the one-stage multi-labeling task (see Figure 1c ), vol-\\nunteers were presented with a list of 30 class labels and an audio\\nclip, and were asked to select all the sound-source classes\\npresent in the audio. The list of label options included our\\n22 sound-source classes plus labels for unknown or uncer-\\ntain examples of the \\\"superclasses\\\", e.g. engines , construction\\nmachinery , or alert signals . This task type provided positive\\nlabels explicitly and negatively labels implicitly. Previous\\nstudies [50] indicate that requesting explicit negative labels\\nreduces both precision and recall, and increases task comple-\\ntion time in a multi-label task.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,890,395,954],\"text\":\"In the two-stage hierarchical multi-label task, each stage\\nwas undertaken separately and by a different volunteer. In\\nstage 1, the audio was presented to a volunteer alongside\\na list of 9 superclass labels: e.g. engines or powered sawing\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,385,747,657],\"text\":\"tools . Identification of sounds in this stage provided a filter\\nfor possible class labels. For each selected superclass in stage\\n1, we posted a stage 2 task in which the same audio clip was\\npresented alongside the sublist of our 22 class labels that\\ncorrespond to the superclass. For example, if the audio had\\nbeen identified as containing engine sounds in stage 1, the\\nlist of possible labels shown in stage 2 would include: large-\\nsounding engine , medium-sounding engine , small-sounding\\nengine , other/unknown engine , artificial interference noise , and\\nother/unknown sound . Stage 2 tasks were undertaken at a\\nlater date, and the audio was presented to a different volun-\\nteer. This task type provided positive labels explicitly and\\nnegative labels implicitly. We included this task as a compro-\\nmise between the multi-labeling and binary labeling tasks\\n– it requires fewer sound-source classes to be annotated si-\\nmultaneously and possibly fewer sound-source classes to be\\nannotated overall for full multi-label annotation.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[430,124,734,291],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Task Type</td><td>Unanimous Agreement Pct.</td></tr><tr><td>Binary</td><td>81%</td></tr><tr><td>Multi-label</td><td>91%</td></tr><tr><td>Hrchl. Multi-label Stg 1</td><td>79%</td></tr><tr><td>Hrchl. Multi-label Stg 2</td><td>65%</td></tr><tr><td>Task Type</td><td>Krippendorff’s $\\\\alpha$ (95% CI)</td></tr><tr><td>Binary</td><td>0.52 [0.46, 0.58]</td></tr><tr><td>Multi-label</td><td>0.53 [0.44, 0.60]</td></tr><tr><td>Hrchl. Multi-label Stg 1</td><td>0.45 [0.37, 0.52]</td></tr><tr><td>Hrchl. Multi-label Stg 2</td><td>0.45 [0.35, 0.54]</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a table displaying inter-annotator agreement metrics for different task types. It presents the Unanimous Agreement Percentage for four task types (Binary, Multi-label, Hierarchical Multi-label Stg 1, and Hierarchical Multi-label Stg 2) ranging from 65% to 91%. The table also shows Krippendorff's alpha with 95% confidence intervals for the same task types, with values ranging from 0.45 to 0.53.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_3_tab_9.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[498,293,666,307],\"text\":\"Table 1: Annotator agreement.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,677,508,694],\"text\":\"4   ANALYSIS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,699,746,954],\"text\":\"We collected at least 5 annotations per recording for the\\nmulti-label task and both stages of the hierarchical multi-\\nlabel task and at least 3 annotations per recording for the\\nbinary annotation task, from a total of 339 unique volunteers.\\nWe limited our analysis to these minimums. It was imprac-\\ntical to collect more than 3 annotations for the binary task,\\ndue to it's poor scalability. The annotator agreement for all\\nthree task types is presented in Table 1 . We also downloaded\\nthe comments and messages that volunteer citizen scientists\\nleft on the Zooniverse 'Talk' boards as a way of approaching\\nuser-focused data. Because there were too few of these mes-\\nsages to undertake a detailed qualitative analysis, we have\\ninstead included example comments in our Discussion, as\\na way to illustrate particular points regarding Zooniverse\\nvolunteers' responses to the different annotation approaches,\\nand not as study findings in their own right.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 292\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/results/markdown/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300522/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300522", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/results/output_json/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[76,122,386,313],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image presents two stacked horizontal bar charts comparing the mean number of generated labels per recording for YouTube and Sensor recordings. Each chart shows categories such as Multi-label and Hierarchical Multi-label (plus Binary for YouTube), with bars segmented into \\\"Specific\\\" and \\\"Other/Unknown\\\" classes. Numerical values indicating the total mean number of labels are displayed at the end of each bar.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,329,394,376],\"text\":\"Figure 2: The mean number of positive labels generated in\\na full multi-label annotation. Other/Unknown indicates the\\ncatch-all classes in the multi-label annotation tasks.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,404,215,421],\"text\":\"Annotation throughput\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,424,395,648],\"text\":\"We define the throughput of an annotation task as the rate of\\nlabel generation. This is a function of the number of volun-\\nteers, the quantity of labels that they generate in a single task,\\nthe speed at which they complete a task, and the number\\nof annotation tasks they are motivated to complete. Maxi-\\nmizing this measure helps collect data quickly and progress\\nresearch. It also respects the time volunteer annotators freely\\ngive to the project as productive contributors. Our analysis\\nfocuses on the quantity of positive labels generated and the\\nspeed of task completion in response to the annotation task.\\nTo calculate task completion times, we computed the time\\ndifference between annotation tasks submitted by the same\\nvolunteer and removed outliers in the top 5th percentile,\\nwhich may represent different annotation sessions.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,649,395,840],\"text\":\"The binary annotation task generated over twice as many\\npositive labels per full multi-label annotation as the multi-\\nlabel annotation tasks, (see Figure 2 ). In addition, as shown in\\nFigure 3 , it took about twice as long to complete an individual\\nmulti-label annotation task (32.81 s, 95 % CI [30.80, 34.86]) as\\nit did an individual binary annotation task (14.06 s, 95 % CI\\n[13.74, 14.38]). When scaled up for 22 classes, it took more\\nthan 9 times as long to annotate a full multi-label annotation\\nusing binary labeling tasks (see Table 2 ). Therefore, if full\\nannotations are needed, multi-labeling tasks have higher\\nthroughput; but if only binary annotations are needed, the\\ntwo task types have comparable throughput.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,853,187,870],\"text\":\"Annotation quality\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,873,395,954],\"text\":\"In addition to maximizing throughput, we also want high\\nquality labels. To measure quality, we calculated the preci-\\nsion, recall, and F-measure on aggregated annotations of the\\nYouTube recordings, since these have positive ground-truth\\nlabels. However, we also need negative ground-truth labels\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,490,747,585],\"text\":\"to compute our metrics. These we obtained by labeling a\\nlimited amount of data that we had high confidence about\\nourselves. Our ground-truth contained one positive and one\\nnegative label for each of the 44 YouTube recording and was\\nbalanced to have an equal number of positives and negatives\\nfor each class.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[437,123,728,190],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Task Type</td><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">22-class Ann. Time (s) (95% CI)</td></tr><tr><td>Binary</td><td>308.64</td><td>[301.01, 316.09]</td></tr><tr><td>Multi-label</td><td>33.54</td><td>[31.48, 35.58]</td></tr><tr><td>Hrchl. Multi-label</td><td>50.66</td><td>[47.52, 53.88]</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table displays \\\"Task Type\\\" and \\\"22-class Ann. Time (s) (95% CI)\\\" across two columns. The \\\"Task Type\\\" column lists \\\"Binary\\\", \\\"Multi-label\\\", and \\\"Hrchl. Multi-label\\\", with corresponding numerical values and confidence intervals in the second column.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_4_tab_10.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,192,746,223],\"text\":\"Table 2: Mean time (in s) to complete a full 22-class annota-\\ntion for each type of annotation task.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_012.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_012.png\",\"bbox\":[420,252,748,412],\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A box plot titled \\\"Time to Complete Individual Annotation Task\\\" displays the distribution of completion times for nine different annotation types, including Binary, Multi-label, and various Hierarchical Multi-label S1 and S2 categories. The y-axis lists these annotation types, while the x-axis represents Time in seconds, ranging from 0 to 80. Each plot shows the median, interquartile range, and outliers for the respective annotation task.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[419,422,746,469],\"text\":\"Figure 3: The time to complete individual annotation task\\nfor each annotation task type. S1 and S2 indicate stages 1\\nand 2 respectively.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,586,747,955],\"text\":\"With this ground-truth data, we varied both the number\\nof annotators and the voting threshold required for a positive\\nlabel, and measured their effects on annotation quality. To\\naccount for the many possible combinations of annotators,\\nwe estimated the true positives, false positives, and false\\nnegatives using a sample of 1000 random combinations of\\nannotators for each task type / recording pair. For example, in\\none sample of the multi-labeling task aggregated with three\\nannotators and a voting threshold of two, we randomly chose\\nthree of the five annotations and labeled a class as positive\\nif at least two of the annotators labeled it positive. We then\\ncalculated the true positives, false positives, and false nega-\\ntives using our ground truth data, and repeated the process\\n1000 times. For hierarchical multi-labeling, we performed a\\nsimilar process but aggregated annotations at both stages,\\nwith the output of stage one informing the inclusion of sub-\\ntasks in stage two. The annotations from the subtasks were\\ncombined together to form a full multi-label annotation. For\\nbinary labeling, we aggregated binary annotations for each\\nclass and then combined all 22 class annotations together to\\nform a full multi-label annotation. We then summed the true\\npositives, false positives, and false negatives over the record-\\nings to compute the quality metrics for each combination of\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 292\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/results/markdown/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300522/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300522", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/results/output_json/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[87,138,740,603],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A 3x3 grid of line plots displays F-measure, Precision, and Recall on the y-axis against \\\"Minimum votes for a positive label\\\" on the x-axis for Multi-label, Hierarchical Multi-label, and Binary Annotation types. Each subplot shows multiple colored lines with markers and shaded error bands, representing different numbers of annotators from 1 to 5. The y-axis ranges from 0.0 to 1.0, and the x-axis ranges from 1 to 5.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,622,746,667],\"text\":\"Figure 4: The quality metrics for each annotation task type while varying the the number of annotators per example and the\\nminimum number of votes required for a positive label (i.e., voting threshold) during aggregation. The bands are the 95 % CIs\\naround the metrics, computed using 1000 bootstrap samples.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,688,395,737],\"text\":\"task type, number of annotators, and voting threshold. Fig-\\nure 4 shows the results of varying the number of annotators\\nand the minimum voting threshold for all three task types.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,737,396,944],\"text\":\"Using a three-way ANOVA, we investigated the effect\\nof annotation task type, number of annotators, and vot-\\ning threshold on the number of type I (false positive) and\\ntype II (false negative) errors for aggregate annotations. We\\ncomputed the ANOVA directly on the type I and II errors\\nrather than macro-averaged metrics because our limited\\nground-truth labels for each example and/or class could\\nlead to ill-defined precision and recall metrics with macro-\\naveraging. For the number of type I errors, we found that\\ntask type (F(2,1548) = 81.62, p < 0.001) and voting thresh-\\nold (F(4,1548) = 7.15, p < 0.001) had significant effects,\\nbut number of annotators (F(4,1548) = 1.59, p = 0.17) did\\nnot. There were also significant interactions between task\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,687,747,833],\"text\":\"type and voting threshold ( F(6, 1548) = 13.75, p < 0.001)\\nand task type and the number of annotators ( F(6, 1548) =\\n3.54, p < 0.01). For the number of type II errors, we found\\nthat task type (F(2, 1548) = 129.74, p < 0.001), number\\nof annotators (F(4, 1548) = 41.94, p < 0.001), and voting\\nthreshold (F(4, 1548) = 103.52, p < 0.001) all had significant\\neffects. There were also significant interactions between vot-\\ning threshold and the number of annotators ( F(6, 1548) =\\n6.76, p < 0.001).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,833,747,944],\"text\":\"To test where these differences occurred, we also ran post\\nhoc Tukey HSD tests ( $\\\\alpha = 0.05$ ), but we only report differ-\\nences in main effects for simplicity. For Type I errors, we\\nfound significant differences between the binary task and\\nthe two multi-label tasks but not between the two multi-\\nlabel tasks themselves. In addition, we only found significant\\ndifferences in voting thresholds pairs 1 – 2 and 2 – 3. For type\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 292\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/results/markdown/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300522/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300522", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/results/output_json/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,172],\"text\":\"II errors, we found significant differences between all task\\ntypes and all thresholds, but did not find significant differ-\\nences in number of annotator pairs 1-2, 2-3, and 3-4.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,172,395,492],\"text\":\"Overall, we found that with low voting thresholds, the\\nbinary task produced aggregate annotations with more type\\nI errors (lower precision), and with high voting thresholds,\\nthe multi-label tasks produced aggregate annotations with\\nmore type II errors (lower recall). We didn't find any signifi-\\ncant differences between the two multi-label tasks in recall,\\nbut we found that the hierarchical multi-label task produced\\nannotations with lower recall than the multi-label task as the\\nvoting threshold increased. At low voting thresholds for all\\ntasks, we found minimal differences in performance when\\nthe number of annotators was 3 and above, but more anno-\\ntators was always better. The aggregate annotations from\\nthe multi-labeling and hierarchical multi-labeling tasks both\\nattained their highest F-measures with five annotators and\\na voting threshold of one annotator (0.96 and 0.92 respec-\\ntively). Whereas, aggregate annotations from binary labeling\\nachieved their highest F-measure with three annotators and a\\nvoting threshold of one annotator (0.94). For fair comparison,\\nthe max F-measure of multi-label annotations aggregated\\nwith three annotators was 0.93.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,502,172,519],\"text\":\"5 DISCUSSION\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,523,395,634],\"text\":\"Multi-label audio annotation is a time consuming task for\\nwhich few studies have investigated best practices. Our anal-\\nysis suggests using a multi-label annotation task, collecting\\nat least three annotations per example, and aggregating them\\nwith a low voting threshold will deliver results equal in qual-\\nity to those collected using binary labeling, and will do so\\nmore quickly.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,634,395,954],\"text\":\"We found annotators tended to \\\"over annotate\\\" when at-\\ntending to one class at a time and to \\\"under annotate\\\" when\\nasked to attend to many classes. In light of these tradeoffs,\\nbinary audio annotation may be preferred when high recall\\nis prioritized, for example when training a gun shot detec-\\ntion model for which the cost of a false negative may be\\nsomeone's life. And multi-label audio annotation may be\\npreferred when precision is prioritized, for example when\\ntraining an urban noise pollution detection model for which\\nthe cost of a false positive is an unnecessary investigation\\nby a city noise inspector. When aggregated however, these\\ntendencies can be balanced by adjusting the number of an-\\nnotators and the voting threshold for each task type, making\\npeak performance comparable. Also, the throughput of multi-\\nlabel annotation was higher, which is advantageous when\\ntraining a single model with multi-label output rather than\\nmultiple binary-class models. Such a single model may have\\nhigher accuracy [8] , and we suspect that this difference may\\nbe greater when the model must distinguish between several\\nsimilar classes.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,747,283],\"text\":\"With only 30 classes, we did not find it advantageous to use\\nthe two-stage hierarchical multi-label model. At low voting\\nthresholds, the hierarchical multi-label task produced labels\\nof similar quality to the single-pass multi-label task, but at\\nhigh voting thresholds, the downward trend on recall is more\\nextreme than in the multi-label case, due to compounding\\ntype II errors at each annotation stage. While we suspect that\\nan advantage for the hierarchical approach may appear as the\\nnumber of classes is increased, additional experimentation\\nis required to investigate this.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,283,746,411],\"text\":\"We found the unanimous vote measure, 91 % for multi-\\nlabeling and 81 % for binary labeling tasks, to be higher\\nthat the equivalent reported by the AudioSet data collec-\\ntion (76.2 % ), indicating greater consistency between citizen\\nscientists than paid crowdworkers. However, we observed\\nlow scores when calculating Krippendorff $\\\\alpha$ agreement, indi-\\ncating both that annotation of urban sound is a difficult task,\\nand that there is room to improve the design of our tasks.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,426,494,443],\"text\":\"Limitations\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,447,746,543],\"text\":\"Because we are presenting a study of data collection with\\nan existing community of volunteer citizen scientists on the\\nmost well-established platform for these activities, and be-\\ncause we are using an intentionally restricted audio dataset,\\nthe following limitations should be acknowledged with re-\\nspect to our analysis and findings.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,554,748,954],\"text\":\"Using the Zooniverse platform. Zooniverse is a platform de-\\nsigned for real-world citizen science data collection, rather\\nthan for controlled experimentation, and because of this it\\nprovides researchers with only limited control over the vari-\\nations with which tasks and recordings can be presented.\\nTherefore this was not a controlled study, rather it was more\\nakin to an A/B test of different designs and measuring their\\nimpact. However, it is also important to recognize that find-\\nings from this study should be considered subject to the\\npotentially biasing impact of the particular norms associated\\nwith participation in Zooniverse projects. While it appears\\nto us that our findings are at least in part a reflection of vol-\\nunteer citizens scientists greater intrinsic motivation when\\ncompared to paid crowdworkers, it is also possible that they\\nreflect particular norms, standards, and expectations culti-\\nvated through volunteer participation in multiple Zooniverse\\nprojects over the years. As the reflections of Zooniverse's\\nUX team indicate [52] , norms are emerging around the prac-\\ntices associated with large-scale citizen science participation\\non the platform, and while it is currently and quite signifi-\\ncantly the largest instance of such a platform, Zooniverse is\\nnot the only option available. Future studies might compare\\nthe power of these norms by running simultaneous stud-\\nies on different platforms. For example, do the findings of\\nprevious studies, which both note the differing motivations\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 292\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/results/markdown/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300522/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300522", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/results/output_json/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,492],\"text\":\"of volunteer citizens sciences, e.g. [42–44] and also used\\ndata from Zooniverse volunteers, hold true for alternative\\nplatforms? Another possibility is that the kind of network\\naffects seen with Google, Amazon and Facebook may ap-\\nply in a citizen science context to Zooniverse. Either way,\\nthe choice of platform for similar studies in the future will\\nremain an important consideration. These norms and prac-\\ntices also impacted our collection of user-focused data, as\\nwe followed the advice of expert moderators and chose to\\nremove links to external questionnaires so as not to raise\\nbarriers to volunteers' participation. Instead we hoped that\\ndata downloaded from the comments and messages that vol-\\nunteer citizen scientists left on the Zooniverse \\\"Talk\\\" boards\\nwould be sufficient to provide similar insight. As it turned\\nout, there were too few of these messages to undertake a\\ndetailed qualitative analysis, and so these merely provide\\nillustration rather than findings in their own right. Data from\\nadditional questionnaires would have helped us assess the\\npreferences and motivations of the annotators, and enriched\\nour user data. However, in striving for ecological validity\\nthis was a tradeoff we chose to make, exemplifying tensions\\nbetween eliciting real-world annotation with citizen science\\nvolunteers and gathering rich participant data.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,501,395,870],\"text\":\"Generalizability to other sources of audio data. There are\\nalso limitations of our study due to our data. Our ground\\ntruth data were limited to a small selection of urban sound-\\nscapes which may reduce the generalizability of our results\\nto other audio recordings. However, soundscapes such as\\nthese, dominated by technological and human sounds, are\\ntypically evaluated to be in the chaotic quadrant of Swedish\\nSoundscape-Quality Protocol [2, 3] . In a previous study [10] ,\\nwe found that as urban soundscapes become more complex,\\nannotators' precision stays about the same but their recall\\ngoes up. Therefore, while future a study is necessary to as-\\nsess how our current results will translate to other types of\\nsoundscapes or audio recordings, the results from our previ-\\nous study provide some insight into how our current results\\nmay translate to other urban soundscapes. A general study\\nof audio recording annotation would likely require a dataset\\nseveral orders of magnitude greater in size and would not\\nhave been feasible in our study design. The ground-truth\\ndata were also limited due to the incompleteness of their la-\\nbels. The effects of this can be seen in the surprisingly perfect\\nprecision results for the multi-label annotation task. With\\ncomplete ground-truth labels, we suspect that the metrics\\nwould be lower but the trends would remain the same.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,885,263,902],\"text\":\"Comparison to previous studies\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,905,395,954],\"text\":\"Limitations aside, our analysis both supports and contrasts\\nprior studies on the annotation of temporal media. We see\\nhow annotators \\\"over annotate\\\" in binary labeling tasks and\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,380],\"text\":\"“ under annotate ” in multi-labeling tasks, similarly to [50] ;\\nand that errors often compound when an annotation task\\nis broken down into a series of dependent sub-tasks, like\\n[54] . However, our findings oppose [22] who suggested that\\na multi-labeling task resulted in lower annotator agreement\\nand unhappier crowdworkers. In contrast, messages from our\\nZooniverse project's `Talk' boards include comments from\\nvolunteers who found the binary task limiting; while no\\ncomments suggest that the multi-label task was too complex\\nor time-consuming. There are too few messages to undertake\\na qualitative analysis, and so we include comments from\\nthree volunteers as illustration, and in order to spark ideas\\nfor future research (N.B. the animal diary and animal camera\\ntrap projects in the quotes are referring to Snapshot Serengeti\\n[51] where volunteers are asked to identify wildlife from\\nmotion-triggered cameras left in the countryside):\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,385,715,466],\"text\":\"\\\"There might be a better way than is that X sound\\nyes or no to classify quicker. People will get tired of\\nlistening to sound clips faster than other quick op-\\ntions, like the animal duaries. You want to squeeze\\nas much data out of each audio clip.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,471,715,568],\"text\":\"\\\"I hear drums, observer/audience yelling applause,\\nat least one large size dog that is very unhappy\\nabout the noise. This takes place outside. I have\\nno way to label more than two features, so it will\\nprobably be more frustrating than I can deal with\\nto participate.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,573,714,654],\"text\":\"\\\"In my opinion, this project should use the same\\nmodel as the animal camera trap projects, that is,\\nhave a list of sound categories that one can click\\non for each clip, and give the opinion to choose\\nmore than one category.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,659,746,708],\"text\":\"There are likely to be a range of other factors contributing\\nto our findings, each of which merits inquiry beyond the\\nscope of this particular discussion.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,718,746,815],\"text\":\"Recognition over recall. For example, having the full range\\nof classification options in the multi-label task immediately\\nvisible and directly available may be significant, bringing\\nto mind previous HCI discussion around the relative im-\\nportance of recognition over recall with regards to direct\\nmanipulation interfaces (e.g., [9, 23, 49] ).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,825,746,954],\"text\":\"Motivations of volunteer citizen scientists. Another important\\nfactor may be the differing motivations of volunteer citizen\\nscientists who are likely to be driven by intrinsic motivations\\n[19, 40, 42] , and paid crowd-workers who are primarily mo-\\ntivated by financial incentives [30, 37, 46] . This may explain\\nwhy binary labeling tasks, in which individual instances can\\nbe completed quickly, have appeared to be more effective in\\nprevious audio annotation undertaken by crowd-workers;\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 292\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300522/results/markdown/3290605-3300522_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300526/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300526", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/results/output_json/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[128,118,687,182],\"text\":\"Metaphoria: An Algorithmic Companion for\\nMetaphor Creation\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[177,199,309,251],\"text\":\"Katy Ilonka Gero\\n\\nColumbia University\\n\\nkaty@cs.columbia.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[500,199,643,251],\"text\":\"Lydia B. Chilton\\n\\nColumbia University\\n\\nchilton@cs.columbia.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,260,141,276],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,280,394,521],\"text\":\"Creative writing, from poetry to journalism, is at the crux\\nof human ingenuity and social interaction. Existing creative\\nwriting support tools produce entire passages or fully formed\\nsentences, but these approaches fail to adapt to the writer's\\nown ideas and intentions. Instead we posit to build tools that\\ngenerate ideas coherent with the writer's context and en-\\ncourage writers to produce divergent outcomes. To explore\\nthis, we focus on supporting metaphor creation. We present\\nMetaphoria, an interactive system that generates metaphori-\\ncal connections based on an input word from the writer. Our\\nstudies show that Metaphoria provides more coherent sug-\\ngestions than existing systems, and supports the expression\\nof writers' unique intentions. We discuss the complex issue\\nof ownership in human-machine collaboration and how to\\nbuild adaptive creativity support tools in other domains.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,530,172,548],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[69,552,392,601],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Interactive systems\\nand tools; Natural language interfaces; • Applied comput-\\ning $\\\\rightarrow$ Arts and humanities;\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,613,150,630],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,634,394,665],\"text\":\"human-computer collaboration; co-creativity; generative art;\\nwriting-support; natural language processing\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,673,204,689],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,689,394,762],\"text\":\"Katy Ilonka Gero and Lydia B. Chilton. 2019. Metaphoria: An Al-\\ngorithmic Companion for Metaphor Creation. In CHI Conference\\non Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019),\\nMay 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA,\\n12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300526\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_014.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_014.png\",\"bbox\":[420,257,744,566],\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A web browser displays an application called \\\"Metaphoria\\\" for generating metaphors, with the URL `127.0.0.1:5000` visible at the top. The interface features a text area containing a poem or prose, and below it, a metaphor suggestion section showing \\\"america is a wood\\\" with a refresh button, followed by a list of specific comparisons prefixed with plus signs, such as \\\"america is used to build things like wood.\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,580,746,611],\"text\":\"Figure 1: A poem using Metaphoria to find metaphorical con-\\nnections between america and wood .\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,644,549,660],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,665,747,776],\"text\":\"Creative writing, from poetry to journalism, is at the crux of\\nhuman ingenuity and social interaction. It conveys not only\\ninformation but also experience, emotion, and beauty. While\\ncomputation has opened a floodgate of creative tools for\\nmusic and the visual arts, little of that fervor has transferred\\nto text. Word processors that detect grammatical errors are\\nuseful, but do not support the creative elements of writing.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,777,747,952],\"text\":\"Past work in computational support for creative writing\\nhas focused on suggesting next sentences while writing sto-\\nries [3, 26, 36] or fully generating a creative output based on\\na topic [11] . These ideas have potential, but current systems\\nfail to provide strong coherence with the intention of the\\nwriter — either the text that they have already written or their\\nintention for the entire output. Since these tools are not user-\\ncentric, they are most useful during ideation when there are\\nfewer constraints. In this case, a system's failure to provide\\ncoherence can be seen as a feature: a random suggestion can\\nhelp a writer move in an unexpected direction.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,777,394,899],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To post or redistribute to a\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\\nCHI 2019, May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,900,392,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,925,266,952],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4605-5970-2/19-05...$35.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300526\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,997,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 296\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,997,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/results/markdown/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300526/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300526", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/results/output_json/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,298],\"text\":\"We can improve tools for creative writing by designing\\nthem from a user-centric perspective. To do so, we propose\\nfocusing on the building blocks of creative writing, in which\\nwriters have more specific goals. Instead of providing com-\\nplete sentences generally applicable to wherever the writer\\nis, we can improve the relevance of our support by constrain-\\ning the idea space to a specific writing goal, and allow it\\nto be used at more points in the writing process. We focus\\non metaphor, which famously conveys complex or abstract\\nideas succinctly and is used in everything from poetry to\\njournalism to science education [19, 28, 29] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,299,394,459],\"text\":\"Creating unconventional and expressive metaphors is chal-\\nlenging [10] , requiring divergent and lateral cognitive pro-\\ncesses [13] . We present Metaphoria: an interactive system\\nthat generates potential metaphorical connections for any in-\\nput word. Metaphoria uses an open source knowledge graph\\nand a modified Word Mover's Distance algorithm to find\\na large, ranked list of suggested metaphorical connections.\\nThese suggestions are embedded in an interactive interface\\nthat allows writers to generate ideas for any input. Figure 1\\nshows the system while used by a professional poet.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,459,394,650],\"text\":\"We ran three studies to evaluate Metaphoria. First, we\\ncompare our method for generating suggestions to state-of-\\nthe-art systems and show it performs better across three\\nmetrics for metaphor quality. Second, we have novices write\\nextended metaphors with and without Metaphoria and show\\nthat Metaphoria generates meaningful and inspirational sug-\\ngestions given a specific writing task. Third, we have pro-\\nfessional poets write poems with Metaphoria and show the\\nrange of expression using the system. In the Discussion, we\\nreport on issues of ownership that arise when a computa-\\ntional system produces \\\"human-like\\\" output, and suggest\\nfuture work to mitigate these concerns.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[81,651,289,666],\"text\":\"We make the following contributions:\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[88,670,395,816],\"text\":\"• A computational method for producing metaphorical\\nconnections better than state-of-the-art algorithms.\\n• Metaphoria, an interactive system for collaboratively\\nwriting metaphors with a computer.\\n• User studies with novice and expert writers, showing\\nthat Metaphoria gives people useful and inspirational\\nsuggestions and increases the diversity of responses.\\n• Design implications for ownership in co-creative sys-\\ntems more generally.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,830,197,847],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,852,170,868],\"text\":\"Writing support\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,871,395,953],\"text\":\"Writing support has a long history; editing has existed per-\\nhaps as long as writing and the introduction of dictionaries\\nand thesauri gave writers external tools they could use on\\ntheir own. Experimental writing movements, such as the\\nDadaists with their cut-up technique and the Oulipo with\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,746,156],\"text\":\"their constrained methods, employed algorithmic ideas to\\ntrigger inspiration, pre-dating the advent of computers.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,157,747,315],\"text\":\"One of the early successes of computation was the devel-\\nopment of spell-check [33] , and grammar-checking remains\\nan active area of research today [20] . Recent computational\\nwork has leveraged cognitive apprenticeships models to im-\\nprove writing with highly specific goals, such as an email\\nto request help [15] , an essay for a standardized test [2] , or\\na piece of journalism [25] . Work on collaborative writing\\n[1, 17, 39] has shown that writing can be broken into micro-\\ntasks in which individuals can contribute usefully without\\naccess to the full writing document.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,315,747,507],\"text\":\"This success suggests applying user-centric ideas to cre-\\native writing. Support for creative writing has focused on\\ngenerating next sentences for a story [3, 36, 38] or generating\\nentire poems given a topic [11, 31] . While this paradigm has\\npotential to trigger inspiration similar to the earlier, experi-\\nmental movements, we focus on providing more coherent\\nsuggestions by responding to the need for rhetorical devices.\\nWe provide support for metaphor creation, a common but\\nchallenging rhetorical device [10] . This narrowing of the\\ngoal, similar to previous HCI work on writing, allows us to\\nachieve the coherence necessary to move beyond random\\nassociation and support the creation of meaning.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,528,641,545],\"text\":\"Creativity support and co-creativity\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,548,747,660],\"text\":\"Creativity support tools have flourished for music and the\\nvisual arts, from the widespread adoption of software for gen-\\neration and editing to the development of medium-specific\\nprogramming languages [22, 34, 45] . These tools are begin-\\nning to tackle how to be compatible with existing manual\\npractices [16] , as well as how to be more compatible with\\ncurrent artificial intelligence frameworks [6, 30] .\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,660,747,853],\"text\":\"The way in which creativity support tools integrate with\\nan artist's practice is at the heart of these issues. When a\\nsupport tool provides more complete or conceptual contribu-\\ntions, or provides contributions without a request from the\\nartist (as in mixed-initiative user interfaces [14] ), the term\\nco-creativity is often used. Critically, Davis defines human-\\ncomputer co-creativity as when the \\\"program is adapting\\nto the input of the user\\\" [5] . This distinguishes co-creative\\nsystems from more procedural contributions, in which an\\nartist either has a high level of control over the outputs, as\\nin a synthesizer, or little to no control over the outputs, as in\\na computer-generated poem based on a topic [11] .\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,853,747,950],\"text\":\"It is essential to think about tools as supporting artists in\\ntheir desired practice, rather than replacing aspects deemed\\ncomputationally tractable. Support for creative writing should\\nalign with the `wide walls' design principle of creativity sup-\\nport tools, in which tools aim to `support and suggest a wide\\nrange of explorations' [35] . Unlike more specified writing\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 296\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/results/markdown/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300526/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300526", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/results/output_json/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,188],\"text\":\"tasks (such as writing an email to request help), creative writ-\\ners do not want tools that will make their writing sound the\\nsame as others [38]. Thus, in co-creative domains, systems\\nshould be conductive to divergent outcomes.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,204,271,221],\"text\":\"Metaphor generation algorithms\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,225,394,288],\"text\":\"Metaphor generation is a version of conceptual blending\\n[7] that has been correlated with general fluid intelligence\\n[37] and is considered an important challenge in artificial\\nintelligence [44] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,288,394,543],\"text\":\"Current metaphor generation systems find properties that\\ncan be attributed to the two concepts in the metaphor. Two\\nprominent algorithms are Thesaurus Rex [40, 42] and Inter-\\nsecting Word Vectors [8] . Thesaurus Rex [40, 42] is a web\\nservice that provides shared attributes and categories for in-\\nput concepts. For example, inputting coffee & cola produces\\nresults such as acidic food and nonalcoholic beverage . The-\\nsaurus Rex is explicitly designed to support metaphor gener-\\nation [41, 43] . Intersecting Word Vectors [8] is a metaphor\\ngeneration algorithm in which connector words are found\\nusing word embeddings. Connector words are those found\\nin the intersection of the 1000 words closest to each of the\\nconcept words. For example, connector words for storm &\\nsurrender include barrage and onslaught . These systems are\\nstrong baselines for metaphor generation from the artificial\\nintelligence and natural language processing communities.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,543,394,671],\"text\":\"Theories of metaphor often conform to structural align-\\nment theory [9] in which analogies are discovered by finding\\nisomorphic sections of knowledge graphs, where each edge is\\na structural relation between concepts. Work on using analo-\\ngies for product design [12] has focused on the difference\\nbetween structural and functional aspects of products for\\nideation. We draw on these ideas of structural and functional\\nconnections as a search function for concept attributes.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,685,255,704],\"text\":\"3 DESIGN OF METAPHORIA\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,707,152,724],\"text\":\"Design Goals\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,728,394,871],\"text\":\"Based on our literature review, coherence to context is the\\nbiggest barrier to use for creative writing support tools [3, 26,\\n36] . Secondarily, writers do not want tools that make their\\nwriting sound the same as others [38] . Thus, suggestions that\\nresult in divergent outcomes for writers is crucial. These\\ngoals map to previous methodology in HCI for the evaluation\\nof generative drawing tools; Jacobs et. al. [16] evaluate their\\ndrawing tool on compatibility (coherence to context) and\\nexpressiveness (ability to express a divergent set of ideas).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,871,394,951],\"text\":\"A system that is coherent to context provides sugges-\\ntions that are relevant to the task at hand. If writers come\\nto the system with an idea or intention, the system should\\ngenerate metaphorical phrases coherent with this context,\\nand should be flexible enough to be coherent for a wide range\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,282,746,347],\"text\":\"of writer ideas and intentions. A system that encourages di-\\nvergent outcomes provides many compelling options and\\nincreases the variation in writers' work rather than propel\\nall writers toward similar metaphors.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[425,126,726,207],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>high</td><td>envy is used for getting attention like a bellenvy is for alerting you to something like a bell...</td></tr><tr><td>low</td><td>envy is used to tell like bellenvy is for playing music like a bell</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A list of four statements compares \\\"envy\\\" to a \\\"bell,\\\" with \\\"high\\\" and \\\"low\\\" labels indicating a spectrum. The statements describe different functions, such as \\\"envy is used for getting attention like a bell\\\" and \\\"envy is for playing music like a bell.\\\" Ellipses are shown between the second and third statements.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_2_tab_12.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,210,745,244],\"text\":\"Table 1: Examples of connections with high and low\\nrelevance for the seed envy is a bell .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,347,747,474],\"text\":\"To address coherence to context , we focus on generating\\nmetaphorical connections for a given `seed metaphor'. Seed\\nmetaphors are of the form [source] is [vehicle] , e.g. envy is\\na bell , where envy is the source and bell is the vehicle . By\\nfocusing on connections between the words, such as `envy\\ncan sound the alarm like a bell', rather than the selection of\\nthe seed words, we leave open the possibility that the writer\\ninputs one or both words of the seed metaphor.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,474,746,538],\"text\":\"To address divergent outcomes , we generate and present\\nmultiple, distinct suggestions for each seed metaphor. This\\napproach allows writers to select a suggestion salient for\\nthem in particular.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,550,627,567],\"text\":\"Generating coherent connections\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,571,747,651],\"text\":\"Starting with a seed metaphor, our approach is to first gen-\\nerate many features of the vehicle ( bell ), and then rank these\\nfeatures by how related they are to the source ( envoy ). This\\naligns with traditional metaphor usage, in which features of\\nthe vehicle are used to explain the source.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,651,747,841],\"text\":\"To find features of the vehicle we use ConceptNet [24] ,\\nan open-source knowledge graph, as a source of structural\\nand functional properties of words. Structural properties are\\nelements that define or compose an object. For example, a\\nbell has a clapper and a mouth . In ConceptNet, we select for\\nstructural features by querying the “ HasA ” relations of the\\nvehicle. Functional properties focus on an object's actions\\nand purpose. For example, a bell can make noise and be used\\nfor alerting . In ConceptNet, we select for functional features\\nby querying the “ UsedFor ” and “ CapableOf ” relations. To-\\ngether, structural and functional properties provide a large\\nset of potential connections from the vehicle to the source.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,841,747,954],\"text\":\"Not all features of the vehicle ( bell ) will metaphorically\\nmap to the source ( envy ). To find the most relevant ones,\\nwe rank how related the vehicle features (e.g. used for get-\\nting attention ) are to the source ( envy ). To rank suggestions\\nwe use GloVe word embeddings [32] trained on Wikipedia\\n2014 + Gigaword 5. Word embeddings are a common way to\\nmeasure the semantic similarity between words [27] . Here,\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 296\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/results/markdown/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300526/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300526", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/results/output_json/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,393,172],\"text\":\"we use them to measure the semantic similarity between\\nthe vehicle property and source word. Examples of vehicle\\nproperties with high and low relevance are found in Table 12\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,172,394,364],\"text\":\"To find the semantic distance between vehicle features and\\nthe source word, we use a modified Word Mover's Distance\\n(WMD) [18] . WMD is an algorithm for finding the smallest\\ndistance between two documents, i.e. sets of words, in a word\\nembedding space. It formulates distance between documents\\nas a transportation problem: we denote $c(i,j)$ as the distance\\nbetween words $x_i$ and $x_j$ , where $c(i,j)$ is the cosine distance\\nbetween the two word vectors. Given two documents $D_1$ and\\n$D_2$ , we allow each word $i$ in $D_1$ to be transformed into any\\nword in $D_2$ in total or in parts. We denote $T_{ij}$ as how much\\nof word $i$ in $D_1$ is transformed to word $j$ in $D_2$ ; therefore\\n$\\\\sum_{i,j} T_{ij} = 1$ .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,364,394,412],\"text\":\"We can define the distance between two documents as the\\nminimum cumulative cost of moving all words in $D_1$ to all\\nwords in $D_2$ . This is equivalent to solving the linear program\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"equ\",\"bbox\":[179,422,392,461],\"text\":\"$$\\\\begin{array} { r } { \\\\operatorname* { m i n } _ { s } \\\\sum _ { i , j } T _ { i j } + c ( i , j ) \\\\quad( 1 ) } \\\\end{array}$$\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,463,394,528],\"text\":\"for which specialized solvers have been developed. For\\nexample, this would find the shortest distance from making\\nnoise to envy . $^1$ From this ranking of connections, we can\\nselect the top n as the most coherent.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,539,307,557],\"text\":\"Selecting multiple distinct connections\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,560,394,735],\"text\":\"In order to promote diverse outcomes, our systems presents\\nwriters with 10 coherent suggestions that are semantically\\ndistinct. For instance get attention and getting people's at-\\ntention may both be coherent, yet they give effectively the\\nsame idea to the writer. For this reason, as we build our list\\nof suggestions to show the writer, we throw out any feature\\nthat is too close to any of the features already ranked. This\\ncloseness is again calculated with the Word Mover's Dista-\\nnce, this time between two features. Through observation,\\nwe find a distance of less than 4 indicates two features are\\nnot semantically distinct.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,748,333,766],\"text\":\"Additional coherence with valence ranking\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,768,394,912],\"text\":\"The word embedding space is not sensitive to antonyms\\nand thus some highly ranked features have a mismatched\\nsentiment with the source concept. Pilot testing showed\\nthat people found mismatched sentiments to be jarring and\\ncaused them to lose faith in the system. However, people\\nwho are first shown more intuitive features were more likely\\nto appreciate the antonym features. Thus, we first select the\\nsuggestions as shown above, and then re-rank them by how\\nsimilar the valence of each one is to the source concept.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_011.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[425,126,739,280],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image depicts a user interface for creating or exploring analogies, with the central phrase \\\"jealousy is a garden\\\". Below this, several comparison sentences are listed, some marked with a minus sign suggesting disagreement or removal, and others with a plus sign for agreement or addition, such as \\\"jealousy is for growing flowers like a garden\\\" and \\\"jealousy is for growing sorrow.\\\" A \\\"Write here...\\\" text box and \\\"save\\\" button are visible at the top.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,288,745,319],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Screenshot of Metaphoria with suggestion for Jeal-\\nousy is a garden expanded.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,342,746,422],\"text\":\"Valence is the positive or negative connotation of a word\\nand we assign valence scores to all words based on Warriner,\\net. al's database [46] . We denote the valence of the source as\\n$V_{source}$ and the valence of word i in the feature $V_i$ for words\\n1, ..., n . Then we define the valence distance as\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"equ\",\"bbox\":[492,436,745,456],\"text\":\"$$V_{dist}=|V_{source}-avg(V_{1},...,V_{n})|\\\\quad(2)$$\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,459,745,491],\"text\":\"We can then reorder the suggestions from the smallest\\nvalence distance to the largest.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,491,746,554],\"text\":\"Finally, we rephrase all connections into a suggestion for\\nthe writer; given the source envy , the vehicle bell and the\\nconnecting feature making noise , the suggestion is presented\\nas `envy is used for making noise like a bell'.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,566,727,583],\"text\":\"Additional distinctness with suggestion expansion\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,587,746,729],\"text\":\"Great metaphors are specific; we want to support writing spe-\\ncific metaphors by expanding them to include more details\\nof how the source and vehicle are connected. If envy makes\\nnoise like a bell, we can expand on the details of the noise a\\nbell makes (e.g. vibrato, reverberation, high/low pitch) and how\\nthese details relate to envy. For example, the noise of a bell\\nhas reverberation ; and envy has lasting bitterness . Metaphoria\\nprovides multiple detailed metaphoric expansions for each\\nsuggestion to give writers more diverse options.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,730,747,954],\"text\":\"To generate the expanded metaphors, we first split each\\nsuggestion into two parallel sentences: one about the vehicle\\n( bells make noise ) and one about the source ( envy makes noise ).\\nWe want to find several alternative words to replace noise\\nin each sentence. To generate these words, we again rely on\\nword embeddings. This time, however, we want to discover\\nwords that will syntactically match the sentence – for this\\nreason, we use word embeddings trained using a dependency\\nparse as the context [21] . This results in similar words also\\nhaving a similar part of speech. We use the word embeddings\\nto create list of 60 words similar to the content word ( noise )\\nand 60 words similar to source ( envy ). Then, we order these\\nwords by similarity to the vehicle ( bell ) and original word\\n( noise ), respectively, and return the 10 most related words\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,924,393,952],\"text\":\"In this usage, $D$ is always a single word, the source concept, although our\\nimplementation allows for natural expansion into multi-word sources.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 296\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/results/markdown/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300526/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300526", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/results/output_json/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,189],\"text\":\"in each case. Figure 2 shows the interface where a writer\\nselects the suggestion \\\"jealousy is for growing flowers like a\\ngarden\\\" and can click through suggested expansions such as\\n\\\"jealousy is for growing sorrow.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,205,146,222],\"text\":\"Interactivity\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,225,394,304],\"text\":\"The above methods are embedded in a Flask-based web ap-\\nplication, as shown in Figure 1 . Writers can input their own\\nsource and click through a set of common vehicles. Each\\ncombination will generate a list of up to 10 suggestions, and\\neach suggestion can be expanded.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,304,394,416],\"text\":\"The design of Metaphoria has our goals of coherence\\nto context and divergent outcomes in mind . By allowing\\nwriters to input a source and change the vehicle, we adapt\\nto the intention of the writer, allowing greater coherence.\\nShowing writers 10 semantically relevant suggestions, and\\nenabling writers to 'shift' the suggestions with the detail\\nwords, enables a diversity of ideas and, hopefully, responses.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,430,299,449],\"text\":\"4 STUDY 1: SUGGESTION QUALITY\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,453,394,518],\"text\":\"This study evaluates the quality of the suggestions Metapho-\\nria generates. To achieve coherence to context , suggestions\\nshould make sense given their seed metaphor and enact prin-\\nciples of high quality writing.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,531,153,549],\"text\":\"Methodology\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,552,394,664],\"text\":\"To evaluate the suggestions, we compare them to two other\\nstate-of-the-art metaphor generation algorithms: Thesaurus\\nRex [42] and Intersecting Word Vectors [8] . These algorithms\\nare described fully in the Related Works section. As our sys-\\ntem produces a ranked set of suggestions, we also compare\\nboth the highest ranked suggestions with the lowest to eval-\\nuate the effectiveness of the ranking algorithm.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,664,394,759],\"text\":\"Thesaurus Rex produces shared attributes; for example\\nenvy & bell produces attributes such as loud . Intersecting sim-\\nilarly produces connector words; for envy & bell it produces\\nwords such as behold . In both cases we formulate these into\\nsentences comparable with Metaphoria suggestions. Table 2\\nshows examples of this.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,760,394,824],\"text\":\"For each system we select the top three ranked suggestions.\\n\\n\\nRanking for Metaphoria is done using the WMD distance to\\n\\nthe source concept (as explained in the Design section); both\\n\\n\\nThesaurus Rex and Intersecting generate ranked lists.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,824,394,951],\"text\":\"To compare the systems, we define three metrics for eval-\\nuating metaphor strength. The first is aptness , in which a\\nmetaphor accurately describes a connection between the\\nconcepts; this is the ground level of metaphors. The second\\nis specificity , in which a metaphor describes a connection\\nunlikely to be transferable other concepts. The third is im-\\nageability , in which a metaphor describes a connection the\\nreader can visualize.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[428,127,501,142],\"text\":\"Metaphoria\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[428,142,690,175],\"text\":\"envy is used for getting attention like a bell\\nenvy is for alerting you to something like a bell\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[429,180,524,196],\"text\":\"Thesaurus Rex\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[428,197,568,228],\"text\":\"envy is loud like a bell\\nenvy is audible like a bell\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[429,234,508,250],\"text\":\"Intersecting\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[428,251,575,281],\"text\":\"envy is shiny like a bell\\nenvy can bebelied like a bell\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,286,746,336],\"text\":\"Table 2: Examples of metaphors from Metaphoria and\\ntwo comparable, state-of-the-art metaphor generation\\nalgorithms for the seed envy is a bell .\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,379,746,490],\"text\":\"We expect that Intersecting will not be particularly apt as\\nit relies solely on the embedding space to provide meaning\\nand embedding spaces notoriously lack consistent discrete\\nsemantics [23] . Thesaurus Rex uses textual evidence, so we\\nexpect its connections to be apt, but because of this we also\\nexpect it to be less imageable and specific as it may only find\\nhigher level, and thus vaguer, attributes.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[434,490,583,506],\"text\":\"We have three hypotheses:\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[440,509,746,606],\"text\":\"– H1: Metaphoria suggestions are more apt than Inter-\\nsecting and at least as apt as Thesaurus Rex.\\n– H2: Metaphoria suggestions are more specific than\\nThesaurus Rex and Intersecting.\\n– H3: Metaphoria suggestions are more imageable than\\nThesaurus Rex and Intersecting.\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,609,746,673],\"text\":\"Additionally, we want to know if top-ranked Metapho-\\nria suggestions are more apt than bottom-ranked ones. For\\nthis, we compare the top three and bottom three ranked\\nsuggestions. Our hypothesis is:\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[440,676,746,709],\"text\":\"- H4: Top-ranked Metaphoria suggestions are more apt\\nthan bottom ranked ones.\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,713,746,808],\"text\":\"We have two professional writers with an MFA in Creative\\nWriting act as annotators. We consider 12 different seed\\nmetaphors, e.g. hope is a stream , and for each generate the\\ntop 3 metaphor suggestions from each system. Additional we\\ngenerate the bottom 3 metaphor suggestions for Metaphoria.\\nThis results in 144 suggestions total.\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,809,746,904],\"text\":\"The annotators consider each metaphor suggestion and\\nmark whether it is apt, specific, and imageable. They are told\\nthat all suggestions are generated by computers, but they\\nare not told anything about how or the fact that they come\\nfrom different systems. They are shown the suggestions for\\neach seed metaphor in random order.\",\"reading_order\":26,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,905,746,953],\"text\":\"In addition to definitions of the metrics, annotators were\\nalso provided with examples of positive and negative cases\\nfor each category, as shown found in Table 3 .\",\"reading_order\":27,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 296\",\"reading_order\":28,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":29,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/results/markdown/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300526/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300526", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/results/output_json/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[69,123,391,283],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td></td><td>Apt: makes sense</td></tr><tr><td>strong example</td><td>Love can come on unexpectedly.</td></tr><tr><td>weak example</td><td>Love is a weather event.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Specific: uniquely belonging</td></tr><tr><td>strong example</td><td>Love can last through the night.</td></tr><tr><td>weak example</td><td>Love is dark.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Imagable: evokes visual</td></tr><tr><td>strong example</td><td>Love can rain down on our heads.</td></tr><tr><td>weak example</td><td>Love can scare people.</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image presents a list defining three qualities: Apt, Specific, and Imageable, each with a brief explanation. For each quality, it provides a \\\"strong example\\\" and a \\\"weak example\\\" using phrases related to \\\"Love.\\\" The strong examples are \\\"Love can come on unexpectedly,\\\" \\\"Love can last through the night,\\\" and \\\"Love can rain down on our heads.\\\"\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_5_tab_2.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,286,395,336],\"text\":\"Table 3: Examples of strong and weak sentences for\\neach of the metaphor evaluation metrics. All sen-\\ntences are based on the seed metaphor love is a storm .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[69,376,391,453],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td></td><td>Apt</td><td>Specific</td><td>Imageable</td></tr><tr><td>Metaphoria (M)</td><td>97%</td><td>82%</td><td>100%</td></tr><tr><td>Thesaurus Rex (TR)</td><td>100%</td><td>47%</td><td>100%</td></tr><tr><td>Intersecting (I)</td><td>49%</td><td>43%</td><td>53%</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table presents evaluation percentages for three systems: Metaphoria (M), Thesaurus Rex (TR), and Intersecting (I). The metrics include Apt, Specific, and Imageable. Notable high scores are bolded, with 100% in 'Imageable' for Metaphoria and Thesaurus Rex, and 100% in 'Apt' for Thesaurus Rex, and 82% in 'Specific' for Metaphoria.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_5_tab_4.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,454,395,504],\"text\":\"Table 4: While both Metaphoria and Thesaurus Rex\\ngenerate apt and imageable metaphors, only Metapho-\\nria consistently produces specific metaphors.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[424,124,744,262],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Hypothesis</td><td>diff</td><td>t-value</td><td>p-value</td></tr><tr><td>H1a M more apt than I</td><td>0.48</td><td>5.83</td><td>2.8e-08</td></tr><tr><td>H1b TR more apt than I</td><td>0.51</td><td>6.16</td><td>4.8e-09</td></tr><tr><td>H2a M more specific than TR</td><td>0.34</td><td>3.36</td><td>2.7e-03</td></tr><tr><td>H2b M more specific than I</td><td>0.38</td><td>3.55</td><td>6.7e-04</td></tr><tr><td>H3a M more imageable than TR</td><td>0.00</td><td>n/a</td><td>n/a</td></tr><tr><td>H3b M more imageable than I</td><td>0.47</td><td>5.59</td><td>1.4e-09</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a table displaying statistical test results for several hypotheses. The table has columns for Hypothesis, diff, t-value, and p-value. Each row details a specific hypothesis comparing \\\"M\\\", \\\"TR\\\", or \\\"I\\\" across attributes like \\\"apt\\\", \\\"specific\\\", or \\\"imageable\\\", along with their corresponding numerical differences, t-values, and p-values, with some entries marked as \\\"n/a\\\".\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_5_tab_6.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,264,746,327],\"text\":\"Table 5: T-tests confirm that Metaphoria is as good\\nor better across all metrics than state-of-the-art\\nmetaphor generation algorithms. P-values are Bonfer-\\nonnl corrected.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[424,371,744,432],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td></td><td>Apt</td><td>Specific</td><td>Imageable</td></tr><tr><td>Top-ranked</td><td>97%</td><td>82%</td><td>100%</td></tr><tr><td>Bottom-ranked</td><td>78%</td><td>85%</td><td>89%</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table presents percentage values for \\\"Top-ranked\\\" and \\\"Bottom-ranked\\\" items across three categories: Apt, Specific, and Imageable. The Top-ranked row shows 97%, 82%, and 100% respectively, while the Bottom-ranked row shows 78%, 85%, and 89%. The values 97%, 85%, and 100% are displayed in bold font.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_5_tab_8.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,433,746,499],\"text\":\"Table 6: Top-ranked metaphors perform significantly\\nbetter than bottom-ranked metaphors on aptness and\\nimageability; there is no significant difference for\\nspecificity.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,549,395,678],\"text\":\"As in any evaluation of linguistic artifacts, it is not clear\\nthat there are precise or correct rankings for all of these\\nattributes. Instead, there are general trends that most native\\nEnglish speakers would agree with. We first have the annota-\\ntors evaluate suggestions for 2 seed metaphors together and\\ndiscuss their evaluation in order to establish common under-\\nstandings of the metrics. They then individually evaluate the\\nsuggestions for the 12 seed metaphors.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,691,117,708],\"text\":\"Results\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,712,395,792],\"text\":\"We report the percent agreement between the two annotators\\nfor apt, specific, and imageable (and the Cohen's Kappa corre-\\nlation coefficients) to be 85 % (0.63), 83 % (0.67) and 88 % (0.64),\\nrespectively. Given the natural ambiguity of metaphors and\\ncreative writing, this is a high level of agreement.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,792,395,905],\"text\":\"The following results are determined by combining the\\nevaluations of the two annotators; the higher evaluation is\\nused in cases of disagreement. Table 4 shows the percent\\nof times a given systems' suggestions was marked as apt,\\nspecific, or imageable. While Metaphoria and Thesaurus Rex\\nmetaphors are both consistently apt and imageable, Metapho-\\nria outperforms all systems on specificity.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,905,395,952],\"text\":\"To test H1-3, we perform paired t-tests (Bonferroni cor-\\nrected) on the relevant pairs and disprove the null hypothesis\\nfor H1 and H2. However, it is clear that H3 does not hold as\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,549,746,581],\"text\":\"both Maephoria and Thesaurus Rex were 100% imageable.\\nThe results of the statistical tests can be found in Table 5 .\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,581,746,645],\"text\":\"Surprisingly, Theasaurus Rex metaphors were as imageable\\nas Metapithoria ones. In general the annotators found adjec-\\ntives like hard more imageable than we expected. However,\\nMetapithoria still outperforms other systems on specificity.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,646,747,804],\"text\":\"We also consider the difference between the top and bot-\\ntom ranked Metaphoria suggestions: Table 1 shows examples.\\nTable 6 shows the percent of times a given systems' sugges-\\ntions was marked as apt, specific, or imageable. Top ranked\\nsuggestions are more apt than bottom ranked ones (t = 2.49,\\np-value = 0.01) which confirms H4. There is no significant\\ndifference for specificity (t = -0.30, p-value = 0.76). However,\\ntop ranked suggestions are slightly more imageable than\\nbottom ranked suggestions (t = 2.09, p-value = 0.04). It could\\nbe that aptness makes it easier visualize the suggestion.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,804,747,837],\"text\":\"This shows that Metaphoria creates high quality metaphors\\nand can provide strong suggestions to writers.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,850,600,867],\"text\":\"5 STUDY 2: NOVICE USERS\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,871,747,952],\"text\":\"This study evaluates the quality of the suggestions Metapho-\\nria generates in the context of a specific writing task: writing\\nextended metaphors. This allows us to test coherence to\\ncontext , as well as if Metaphoria supports divergent out-\\ncomes when writers are given the same list of suggestions.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 296\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/results/markdown/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300526/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300526", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/results/output_json/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,124,152,141],\"text\":\"Methodology\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,144,394,192],\"text\":\"We recruited 16 undergraduates: 8 female, 8 male, with an\\naverage age of 19.5 ( $\\\\sigma^2 = 1.2$ ). Each participant did a writing\\ntask and a semi-structured interview.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,193,394,256],\"text\":\"Each participant was asked write a metaphor that ex-\\npresses a connection between an abstract concept and con-\\ncrete object presented to them. They are given the following\\nexample for the seed love is a stream:\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[99,262,361,310],\"text\":\"Love is something that just drags me along. Like\\na stream it just takes me in whatever direction\\nit is going.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,315,394,427],\"text\":\"We present each participants with six seed metaphors. The\\nmetaphors are generated by combining a random word from\\na set of poetic themes (e.g. love ) with a random word from a\\nset of concrete nouns (e.g. stream ) [8] . Participants are asked\\nto write about these seed metaphors one at a time – 3 with\\nMetaphoria and 3 without. All participants were given the\\nsame seed metaphors in the following order:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[91,432,242,528],\"text\":\"• gratitude is a stream\\n• peace is a king\\n• jealousy is sand\\n• consciousness is a shadow\\n• loss is a wing\\n• friendship is snow\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,533,394,598],\"text\":\"To counterbalance the experiment, half the participants\\ncould use Metaphoria with the first three metaphors, and\\nhalf use it with the last three metaphors. Figure 3 shows how\\nthe interface is presented in each case.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,599,394,709],\"text\":\"After the participant completes the task, the first author\\nconducts a semi-structured interview in which all partici-\\npants are asked the same set of core questions, with follow-up\\nquestions asked as specific issues come up. During the inter-\\nview, the participant or interviewer could use the interface\\nto go back and look at what the participant wrote, or interact\\nwith the suggestions again.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,709,394,838],\"text\":\"In this study we are testing Metaphoria for coherence to\\ncontext. If the suggestions are not coherent, participants will\\nnot be able to use them to write coherent sentences, which is\\ntheir goal. Thus, usage is a strong signal for coherence. We\\nalso test for divergent outcomes by looking at the variety\\nof responses. If Metaphoria does not support divergent out-\\ncomes, metaphors written across participants will be more\\nsimilar when using Metaphoria than not.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,852,116,868],\"text\":\"Results\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,872,394,953],\"text\":\"Coherence to context. 12 of 16 participants used the sugges-\\ntions to the complete the task. Although all participants were\\ngiven the same suggestions in the same order, they used a\\nvariety of different suggestions. For instance, given the seed\\nmetaphor peace is a king , P10 used the suggestion 'peace is for\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,514,745,545],\"text\":\"leading the people like a king\\n'\\nwhile P6 used the suggestion\\n'peace is for rallying the troops like a king\\n'\\n.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_014.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_014.png\",\"bbox\":[439,124,728,410],\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two user interface screenshots present linguistic prompts comparing \\\"gratitude\\\" to a \\\"stream.\\\" Both panels include an initial explanatory text and a fill-in-the-blank statement \\\"gratitude is a stream.\\\" The second panel additionally shows three suggested elaborations of the metaphor, like \\\"you can use gratitude to swim like a stream.\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,424,745,484],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Interface for constrained writing task, in which\\nparticipants wrote extended metaphors without suggestions\\n(a) and with suggestions (b). Figure includes responses from\\nP12 (a) and P10 (b).\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,545,746,610],\"text\":\"Some participants were inspired by multiple suggestions,\\nlike P1 who used two suggestions, ‘friendship is for beautiful\\nvistas like snow’ and ‘Friendship often arrives with a storm\\nlike snow’, to write the following metaphor:\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,613,713,646],\"text\":\"Friendship often breaks out from kindness. It is\\na snow that often falls around christmas.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,651,745,682],\"text\":\"Many participants were impressed by the quality of the\\nsuggestions, like P8 who said:\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,686,714,736],\"text\":\"\\\"I like 'you can use gratitude to wash something\\nlike a stream'. That's something I wish I had\\ncome up with. That's creative.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,740,746,802],\"text\":\"Several of these participants acknowledged that the quality\\nof the suggestions varied. P3 said that although some of the\\nmetaphors didn't make immediate sense, they thought that\\nthe metaphors could make immediate sense to someone else.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,803,746,900],\"text\":\"All participants were asked to choose one suggestion that\\nwas bad in some way and discuss why. Most participants\\nspent some time rereading suggestions to select one. During\\nthis process, several participants discovered that a suggestion\\nthey previously thought did not make sense they could in\\nfact interpret. P4 said:\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,904,714,952],\"text\":\"\\\"With this one I was sort of a little confused,\\n'peace is for moving forward and backwards\\nin checkers like a king'\\n, I guess it makes sense\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 296\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/results/markdown/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300526/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300526", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/results/output_json/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[99,125,361,156],\"text\":\"now that I say it out loud. It's saying that peace\\ndoesn't have any limits on it.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,163,395,274],\"text\":\"Of the 4 participants who did not use the suggestions, 3\\nsaid this was because the suggestions did not make sense.\\nThey often said the suggestions were too literal or simply\\nnonsensical. However, P12 said the suggestions did make\\nsense, but she did not want to use them because she wanted\\nto demonstrate that she could write creative metaphors on\\nher own. We come back to this in the Discussion section.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,286,395,351],\"text\":\"Divergent outcomes. The suggestions may be coherent, but\\nif participants end up writing very similar responses then\\nMetaphoria is not supporting divergent outcomes for writers.\\nWe report both quantitative and qualitative results.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,351,395,462],\"text\":\"To quantitatively measure this, we measure the variation\\nof responses across all participants when they did or did not\\nuse Metaphoria. Here we define variation as the distribution\\nof distances between all responses — high variation means all\\nresponses were very different from all other responses. We\\nmeasure distance as the Word Mover's Distance between\\ntwo responses.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,462,395,574],\"text\":\"The responses without Metaphoria act as a baseline for\\nthe variance we expect to see in the responses. If participants\\nwere staying close the suggestions, as opposed to expanding\\nor shifting the ideas, we would expect there to be less vari-\\nation with Metaphoria. Less variation means similar ideas,\\nwords, and phrasing. As a reminder, all participants received\\nthe same suggestions when they had access to Metaphoria.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[81,574,242,590],\"text\":\"Our hypothesis is as follows:\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[88,596,394,629],\"text\":\"- H5: The variation in responses with Metaphoria is as\\nleast as large as the variation in responses without.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,635,395,731],\"text\":\"We compare the variation per seed metaphor with and\\nwithout Metaphoria. There is no significant difference in\\nthe variation of the responses for 4 of the 6 seed metaphors.\\nFor consciousness is a shadow there is significantly greater\\nvariation with Metaphoria: for jealousy is sand there is sig-\\nnificantly greater variation without.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,731,395,794],\"text\":\"Table 7 shows examples from participants who said they\\nwere inspired by the same suggestion, demonstrating the\\nwide range of directions participants took the idea, as well\\nas examples of the more convergent responses.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,794,395,859],\"text\":\"Qualitatively participants did not feel like the suggestions\\nboxed them in but rather inspired them to come up with\\nnew ideas. P4 expressed well how he would be inspired by a\\nsuggestion:\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,864,361,913],\"text\":\"\\\"I saw 'gratitude' is for bathing like a stream' and\\nthat made me think, well, how big is a stream?\\nIt started making me think about its size.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,919,395,952],\"text\":\"To demonstrate how far he took this idea, here is his final\\nresponse to gratitude is a stream:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[422,122,741,355],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">'gratitude is for bathing like a stream'.</td></tr><tr><td>P6</td><td>Like a stream, you can bathe in gratitude and as the stream cleans your body, gratitude cleans your soul.</td></tr><tr><td>P13</td><td>A stream, to me, is rapid and powerful and has the ability to sweep you away. Gratitude offered by a friend or even a stranger is a stream in this way: it has the unexpected power to swell your heart with positive emotions and completely sweep you away.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">'jealousy can irritate skin like sand'.</td></tr><tr><td>P16</td><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\">Jealousy is a sand. It finds a way to irritate and con- flict trouble of mind upon those whom it possesses. Jealousy can itch and irritate your mental behavior similar to the sand that clings on to your clothes and feet.</td></tr><tr><td>P2</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays two sections of text, each starting with a metaphorical phrase in italics followed by two numbered paragraphs elaborating on the metaphor. The first section describes gratitude as a stream, while the second section likens jealousy to sand.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_7_tab_14.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,361,747,442],\"text\":\"Table 7: Metaphoria mostly resulted in distinct re-\\nsponses, even when writers used the same suggestion,\\nas in the `gratitude' examples. But sometimes sugges-\\ntions resulted in very similar responses, as in the ‘jeal-\\nousy’ example.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[452,492,715,574],\"text\":\"Gratitude can be difficult to feel, or to notice,\\nmuch like a stream that runs down the gutter\\nof the road in a rainstorm. And like all streams,\\nit can easily run dry—and you might not realize\\nit's gone until it's too late.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,579,747,691],\"text\":\"We were worried that certain suggestions would be far\\nmore coherent than others, or that there would be a strong or-\\ndering effect, and therefore participants would always choose\\nthe same suggestions and write similar responses. However,\\nas seen in the above analysis, this was not the case. Even\\nwhen participants chose the same response, they would write\\nradically different things.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,705,618,721],\"text\":\"6   STUDY 3: EXPERT WRITERS\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,725,747,821],\"text\":\"This study evaluates if Metaphoria can adapt to a writer's\\nown goals, and tests the system on inputs we did not ex-\\npect. Our previous studies show Metaphoria is coherent to\\ncontext and produces divergent outcomes ; now we tackle\\nwhether these properties hold in real tasks which span a\\nwide range of writer intentions.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,835,506,853],\"text\":\"Methodology\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,856,747,952],\"text\":\"We gave three professional poets a 15 minute tutorial of\\nMetaphoria and then asked them to write a poem on a subject\\nof their own choosing using Metaphoria in some way. The\\npoets wrote for around 30 minutes each. We then conducted\\na semi-structured interview, and utilized having Metaphoria\\navailable to discuss their process and response.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 296\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300526/results/markdown/3290605-3300526_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300528/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300528", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/results/output_json/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,95,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[130,82,686,146],\"text\":\"The Promise of Empathy:\\nDesign, Disability, and Knowing the “Other”\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[119,167,339,244],\"text\":\"Cynthia L. Bennett\\n\\nHuman Centered Design & Engineering\\nUniversity of Washington\\nSeattle, WA, USA\\n\\nbenne3@uw.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[478,167,698,244],\"text\":\"Daniela K. Rosner\\n\\nHuman Centered Design & Engineering\\nUniversity of Washington\\nSeattle, WA, USA\\n\\ndkrosner@uw.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,266,142,283],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,285,396,535],\"text\":\"This paper examines the promise of empathy, the name\\ncommonly given to the initial phase of the human-centered\\ndesign process in which designers seek to understand their\\nintended users in order to inform technology\\ndevelopment.By analyzing popular empathy activities\\naimed at understanding people with disabilities, we\\nexamine the ways empathy works to both powerfully and\\nproblematically align designers with the values of people\\nwho may use their products. Drawing on disability studies\\nand feminist theorizing, we describe how acts of empathy\\nbuilding may further distance people with disabilities from\\nthe processes designers intend to draw them into. We end\\nby reimagining empathy as guided by the lived experiences\\nof people with disabilities who are traditionally positioned\\nas those to be empathized.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,543,337,561],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS: Empathy; design methods; disability.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,569,297,585],\"text\":\"ACM CLASSIFICATION KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,586,332,601],\"text\":\"Human-Centered Computing: User Centered Design.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,615,202,631],\"text\":\"ACM Reference format:\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,630,395,697],\"text\":\"Cynthia L. Bennett and Daniela K. Rosner. 2019. Make text Black. The\\nPromise of Empathy: Design, Disability, and Knowing the \\\"Other.\\\" In 2019\\nCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings\\n( CHI ’19) held in Santa Clara, CA, USA, February 5-9, 2019. New York, NY,\\nUSA. Paper 298, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145%2F960653.330052\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,712,197,729],\"text\":\"1   INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,729,396,812],\"text\":\"Understanding users has constituted an important and even\\nradical facet of computing practice and education since\\nbefore the founding of the Human-Computer Interaction\\n(HCI) discipline [[22], [50]]. Within HCI and related fields,\\ndesigners often call activities associated with\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,267,747,553],\"text\":\"understanding users' empathy-building [ [27] , [99] ]. These\\nactivities are part of a phase of the design process\\ncomprising a range of background research, interviews, and\\nobservations [ [13] , [99] ]. Some design professionals credit\\nempathy for supporting positive customer relationships\\nand cultivating a successful business culture (e.g. [ [13] ,\\n[61] ]. Others highlight the systematic marginalization and\\nlow representation of certain people employed in design\\nfields and frame empathy as a useful corrective:\\ntransferring experiences of nondesigners to designers in\\norder to shape more inclusive futures [ [8] , [21] , [45] ].\\nIn these calls for empathy, the domain of disability represents\\nan especially potent site. Designers use empathy to frame\\ntheir attempts to understand disabled nondesigners across\\na range of empathy-building activities, from the\\nobservation of people with disabilities to the temporary\\nsimulation of bodily impairments [ [5] , [37] , [45] ].\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,560,747,829],\"text\":\"In this paper, we examine how empathy, as performed by\\ndesigners in order to know their users, may actually\\ndistance designers from the very lives and experiences they\\nhope to bring near. For example, designers who use\\ndisability simulation techniques such as blindfolds to\\nempathize with blind users may not need to consider the\\nuser with disabilities; instead, they may focus on their own\\nexperience wearing a blindfold. To make this argument, we\\ndraw from public accounts and popularized toolkits to\\ndescribe how designers (as the empathizers ) position their\\nwork to address the experiences of people with disabilities\\n(as the empathized ). Reading this work through recent\\ncritiques, we illustrate how designers may privilege their\\ninterpretation of the disabled experience over firsthand\\nencounters, a position that further contributes to the\\nprioritizing of normalcy over disability [([38], [66]) .\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,836,747,953],\"text\":\"Responding to and intervening in this design space, we\\nargue for letting go of empathy as an achievement -\\nsomething to build, model, or reach within design. Instead,\\nwe draw from decades of disability scholarship and activism\\n[[20], [33], [48], [49], [51]] to recover empathy as a creative\\nprocess of reciprocation. Specifically, we suggest that what\\nit takes to \\\"be with\\\" someone should come before what it\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,817,394,912],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal\\nor classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or\\nutilized in any way and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page\\nand the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work\\nowned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit\\nis permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to\\n redistribute in any public or private permission and/or a fee. Request\\npermissions from Permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,911,266,922],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,922,392,957],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright is held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to\\nthe publisher of the journal, or copyright office, shall be honored. $15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3296868.3309525\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 298\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/results/markdown/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300528/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300528", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/results/output_json/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,95,396,296],\"text\":\"takes to “ be like ” someone, a refrain borrowed from\\nfeminist theorist Vinciane Despret [([24], [25]) to describe a\\nshift from transferred to shared experiences. In this\\nreworking, we explore how designers may productively\\ngrapple with and against empathy by recognizing the range\\nof emotional, political, and historical relationships of which\\nempathy is a part. As Saidiya Hartman, a scholar of African\\nAmerican literature and history, writes of documentation\\naround the Transatlantic slave trade, “it becomes clear that\\nempathy is double-edged, for in making the other's\\nsuffering one's own, this suffering is occluded by the\\nother's obliteration” [([39], p. 20).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,303,396,706],\"text\":\"Our analysis draws from a growing body of literature\\nexamining design's promise and idealism ( [46] , [47] , [56] ,\\n[79] , [85] ) as well as disparate strands of theorizing within\\ndisability studies, feminist philosophy, and participatory\\ndesign (e.g., ( [4] , [6] , [39] , [54] , [55] , [72] ). Our\\nunderstanding of the term `disability' borrows from Alison\\nKafer ( [48] ), who describes how disability arises\\nrelationally when people with impairments are not\\nanticipated, producing encounters inaccessible for people\\nwith body/mind impairments. Within disability studies,\\nscholars such as Kafer ( [48] ), Michelle Nario-Redmond\\n( [67] ), Arielle Silverman ( [83] ), and Rebecca Garden ( [34] )\\ntrouble the practical simulation of bodily impairments and\\ncall for more direct interactions with disabled people,\\nwithout aiming to directly understand their experiences. In\\nparallel, recent feminist scholarship frames empathy as\\nformed within and through people's connections with\\nothers—placing empathy in historical context and\\nimplicating it in the uneven distributors of power that\\nfurther entrench dominant forms of storytelling ( [3] , [39] ,\\n[70] ). We thread this thinking through recent accounts of\\ndesign practice to offer new perspective on the popular\\nempathy-building activities that HCI scholars and\\npractitioners employ today.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,713,396,948],\"text\":\"Our project makes three central contributions to recent\\nconversations on disability, empathy, and design methods.\\nFirst, we show that disability offers a crucial empirical site\\nto expand current HCI conceptions of empathy in ways that\\nreveal important and often unintended consequences of\\nempathy activities such as the simulation of motor\\nimpairments with a wheelchair. Second, we show how\\nempathy gets used to diminish disabled perspectives,\\nseparate the roles of disabled people and designers, and\\nstage the disabled experience as a spectacle. Lastly, we\\nexplore what it might mean to shift understandings of\\nempathy in design from a position that rests on “ the ability\\n[to] put oneself in the other's shoes ” [ [70] , p. ix], to one\\nthat foregrounds shared experience and historicity.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,95,747,413],\"text\":\"In what follows, we first put empathy in historical context.\\nWe briefly trace the roots of empathy work in HCI and\\nuser-centered design, reviewing in particular the literature\\naround disability and empathy. Attending to the theorizing\\nof feminist scholars (Sara Ahmed [3], [4] ), Vinciane\\nDespret [24], [25] ), Saidiya Hartman [([39]), Carolyn\\nPedwell [70], Anna Tsing [93] , among others), we then\\nanalyze public accounts of empathy around disability\\nshared by a celebrated global design firm. We end by\\ndiscussing efforts to reimagine empathy as the work of\\nattuning – noticing and realigning different bodies and\\nrelationships to one another toward respectful connections.\\nIn this sense, our work picks up where Rebecca Garden\\nleaves off in her incisive critique of empathy in the medical\\nprofession, examining “the development of sophisticated\\nparadigms of empathy as a means of reframing the\\ndiscussion of ethics in medical education and in clinical\\npractice” ([34], p. 564)–as well as in the parallel fields of\\ntechnology design.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[419,436,579,454],\"text\":\"2   WHAT IS EMPATHY?\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,459,746,558],\"text\":\"Empathy, from the Greek term empathia meaning em- or\\n'in' and pathos or 'feeling', describes the ability to\\nunderstand and share the feelings of another. Whether\\nchampioning affective skills or challenging greed, to\\nborrow from Pedwell, 'empathy' is everywhere and is\\nviewed, by definition, as positive\\\"[170]}.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,567,747,952],\"text\":\"To understand this positive valence, we turn to empathy's\\nroots, a genealogy tied up with earlier vocabulary. Bioethics\\nscholar Rebecca Garden, for example, reports how across\\nthe 19 th century the terms sympathy and sensibility\\ndescribed the ability to innately partake in another's\\nsuffering and to act toward its relief (within limits) [ [34] ].\\nFor Enlightenment philosophers David Hume and Adam\\nSmith, she points out, sympathy and sensibility came\\nnaturally to certain bodies (those of members of the\\neducated, upper classes), and not to others [ [34] , [52] ]. In\\nthe late 1800's, this concern for sensory capacity resurfaced\\nwith empathy's introduction into the German language\\n[ [34] , [70] ]. According to historian Susan Leigh Foster, the\\naesthetic theorist Robert Vischer devised the German term\\nEinfühlung (empathy, or “feeling-in”) to explore the process\\nof observing arts such as sculpture [ [70] , p. 191]. Following\\nthis usage, the early 20 th century translation of Einfühlung\\ninto English referred to the sharing of sensory experiences\\nwith other people and objects. The term became\\nparticularly salient within traditions of modern dance\\nwherein it described audience members' physiological and\\naffective immersion alongside performing dancers. This\\n\\\"inner mimicry,\\\" as popular dance critic John Martin called\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 298\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/results/markdown/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300528/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300528", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/results/output_json/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,95,396,396],\"text\":\"it, represented a subconscious transformation from mere\\nspectator to participant in the dance, unseen by others but\\nvery much felt within the body and mind [ [52] , [70] , [76] ].\\nIts meaning contrasts with empathy's usage within\\ncontemporaneous European psychiatry wherein the\\nconcept of empathy signaled a solution to over-\\nsympathizing [ [52] ]. Psychiatrists such as Ludwig\\nBinswanger positioned empathy as a technique of\\nempiricism, using therapeutic interviewing to get at the\\nintangible thoughts and feelings inaccessible by traditional\\nmedical instruments while avoiding complete immersion\\ninto a client's thoughts and feelings, ostensibly keeping an\\nempirical distance [ [52] , [70] ]. Across the later decades of\\nthe 20 th century, this mix of concepts—on the one hand,\\ncreating an affective, less fully conscious connection and,\\non the other hand, developing a removed scientific\\nunderstanding—formed the activities that have come to\\ncharacterize empathy in design.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,420,287,438],\"text\":\"2.1 Empathy in Contemporary HCI\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,443,396,743],\"text\":\"While less studied, the roots of empathy in HCI date back\\nas far as 1974, when Koberg and Bagnell articulated the\\n“ analyze ” stage in their widely circulated volume Universal\\nTraveler [ (50) ]. Over the next few decades, empathy came\\nto stand for that initial and essential exercise toward “ good\\ndesign, ” often elevated as the very “ foundation ” of the\\nhuman-centered design process [ (27) , p. 4] . Such\\nvalorization took place not only in HCI research but also in\\nbusiness schools [ (23) ] and other popular design thinking\\nresources (see, for example, [ (8) , [12) , [43) ] “ Find (or create\\nif necessary) ways to immerse yourself in specific\\nenvironments to understand first hand who you're\\ndesigning for, ” one popular empathy-building guide\\nsuggests [ (27) , p. 5] . In another celebrated tool called the\\n“ empathy map, ” designers synthesize intended users'\\nbehaviors, feelings, and thoughts (see [ (36) ]). This and\\nsimilar empathizing exercises can serve as justification for\\nsubsequent design decisions.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,751,396,952],\"text\":\"Turning to empathy in HCI research, several scholars have\\ndeveloped the concept with methods and ethics-oriented\\ncontributions ( [16] , [26] , [59] , [99] ). In a widely cited 2008\\nCHI paper, Wright and McCarthy ( [99] ) identify empathy\\nas an emerging trend within HCI studies involving attempts\\nto more deeply understand and interpret user experiences.\\nSurveying empathy-building activities employed in HCI\\nresearch, they review a variety of techniques of empirical\\ninquiry: from observations and interviews, to narrative\\nresources comprising diaries and art pieces, to roleplaying\\nwith simulations and personas. Across this set, they argue\\nfor regular ethical evaluation of empathy-building. For\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,95,746,179],\"text\":\"them, empathy marks a commitment to forming\\nrelationships and accountabilities (not just understandings).\\nEmpathy, in these contexts, occupies a moral stance where\\nit becomes associated with design to uphold social values\\n[[99]].\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,186,668,204],\"text\":\"2.2 Empathy-Building Around Disability\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,203,746,336],\"text\":\"Recent design guides frame empathy-building as even more\\nimportant when users have disabilities ( [1] , [17] , [45] , [58] ).\\nBy making the assumption that the life experience of\\ndisabled people is unfamiliar to designers, such guides\\nsuggest that empathy-building offers a way for designers to\\nstep into the user's shoes. From this perspective, elevating\\nempathy constitutes a crucial step towards shifting a\\ndesigner's thinking outside themselves.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,344,747,762],\"text\":\"Activities for building empathy largely overlap with user\\nresearch methods. A unique empathy-building method that\\nsensitizes people to difference (racial, gendered, ability) is\\nmodeling or simulation. During disability simulation\\nexercises, people who presumably do not have disabilities\\nacquire a temporary bodily impairment with rudimentary\\ntools like blindfolds and gloves to occlude vision and tactile\\nsensations and then complete a daily task with these\\nunfamiliar bodily constraints (for a range of work, see [ [5] ,\\n[17] , [29] , [40] , [53] , [57] , [58] , [67] , [69] , [73] , [77] , [83] ]).\\nProponents argue that immersion provides an unparalleled\\nopportunity for designers to bring themselves closer to the\\nexperiences of people with disabilities by smoothing out\\nassumed differences with users [ [5] , [37] , [42] , [45] , [75] ,\\n[77] ]. For example, researchers have created persons with\\ndisabilities [ [82] ] and Microsoft's Inclusive Design toolkit\\noffers situational impairments [ [63] , [64] ] to bring disability\\ncloser to designers. According to the Inclusive Design\\nManual [ [64] ], even if impairments are temporary (such as\\nhaving just one hand free while carrying bags), if a designer\\ncan imagine how they, too, are impacted by impairments,\\nthe brief connection it spawns between designer and user\\nwith disabilities can make the designers see disability\\ndifferently (e.g., make accessibility guidelines seem more\\nrelevant).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,768,678,785],\"text\":\"2.3 Critiques: Where empathy goes wrong\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,785,746,952],\"text\":\"A range of recent scholarship has pointed to the ways\\nempathy, and design thinking packages more generally,\\nwork as a means of convincing designers that they have\\nsuperior training and ethical tools to quickly assess and\\ninnovate on problems in domains they are unfamiliar with\\n(e.g., [1], [41], [46] ), a phenomenon Lilly Irani aptly\\ncharacterizes as the “ design saviour ” complex ([47] ). In a\\nwidely circulated critique ([95] ), media historian Lee Vinsel\\nlikened the empathy phase to a consult with would-be-\\ncustomers wherein designers distill what users want and\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 298\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/results/markdown/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300528/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300528", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/results/output_json/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,96,395,212],\"text\":\"capitalize on those insights. Other critics locate problems\\nwith how empathy directs designers to individual,\\nsensationalized problems when societal transformation is\\nnecessary [[14], [60], [68]]. Across these critiques,\\ncommentators grapple with how to minimize harm while\\nstill reaping the benefits of human contact that inform\\ndesign.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,220,396,504],\"text\":\"Decades of scholarship in rehabilitation and social\\npsychology ( [33] , [49] , [67] , [83] , [84] ), education ( [18] ),\\ndisability studies ( [48] , [51] ), and popular design blogs ( [1] ,\\n[86] ) caution certain types of empathy-building around\\ndisability. Scholars argue that simulations, an especially\\ncontroversial empathic modeling activity, reproduce\\nnegative stereotypes and fail to highlight infrastructural\\nand social challenges. For example, a designer navigating a\\nfood buffet while steering a wheelchair for the first time\\nmay foreground a beginner wheelchair operator's\\nexperience but does little to reveal nuances of different\\ncontexts, experiences over time, and the myriad factors that\\nimpact disability including greater cultural, institutional,\\nand social influences ( [48] , [67] ). Empathy built through\\nimmersion, critics argue, may steer designers toward\\nnarrow and inaccurate conceptions of disability\\nexperiences.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,512,395,646],\"text\":\"Generally agreeing that design cannot be premised on\\nempathy alone, several scholars offer alternative terms (e.g.,\\ncompassion [ [51] , [89] ], humility [ [21] ], or noticing [ [6] ])\\nalong with techniques. Techniques include simulations\\nguided by disabled people [ [18] , [35] , [62] , [84] , [88] ],\\nodesign exercises in which designers enlist disabled people\\nas partners [ [32] , [35] , [71] , [87] , [94] ], and community\\nservice work led by disabled people [ 20 ] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,654,396,855],\"text\":\"Pervasive among recent critiques and correctives is a nearly\\nuntested belief in the power of empathy to provoke\\nmore inclusive designs for/with people with disabilities.\\nFeminist cultural studies scholar Carolyn Pedwell describes\\nhow “[p]recisely because it is so widely and\\nunquestioningly viewed as ‘good’, [empathy’s] naming can\\nrepresent a conceptual stoppage in conversation or\\nanalysis.” For her, this stoppage involves not “what is\\nempathy?”, ‘what does it do?’ or ‘what are its risks?’, but\\nrather the more automatic refrain of ‘how can we cultivate\\nit?’” She sees its unquestioned promise as necessitating\\nfurther investigation [70].\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,863,396,948],\"text\":\"Pushing on this concern, scholars of African American\\nliterature [39] and Performance Studies [9] question the\\nachievability of empathy related to the valuing and\\nunderstanding of life. For Saidiya Hartman, for example, the\\ndifficulty of empathy involves “the dangers of a too-easy\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,95,747,396],\"text\":\"intimacy ” [39] , p.20] wherein empathy upholds the\\nworkings of colonialism and oppression. Hartman and\\nothers pluralize empathy—using it as not merely a tool for\\nunderstanding one another but as a tool rife with the\\nhistories, politics, and aims of those working with it.\\nFeminist scholars Sara Ahmed [ [3] , [4] ], Anna Tsing [ [93] ],\\nand Vinciana Despret [ [24] , [25] ] hold onto this tension\\nbetween discovery and contamination by showing how\\nempathy can open connections while predisposing the\\nempathized as different and other. Ahmed, for example,\\ncontends that “empathy sustains the very difference that it\\nmay seek to overcome: empathy remains a ‘wish feeling,’ in\\nwhich subjects ‘feel’ something other than what another\\nfeels in the very moment of imagining they could feel what\\nanother feels” [ [3] , p. 30] . Attending to this “wish feeling,”\\nDespret offers visions of feeling with another. Such\\naccountability foregrounds shared experiences over\\nauthoritative narratives.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,404,747,622],\"text\":\"In what follows, we take to task this need to more deeply\\nunderstand empathy within the context of disability and\\ndesign. We use public accounts of empathy to illustrate how\\nactivities associated with empathy may turn disability into\\nan unrelatable trait of the 'other'. With this argument in\\nmind, we attempt to break through Pedwell's \\\"stoppage.\\\"\\nAs she describes, \\\"When empathy is understood as the\\nexperience of 'co-feeling', it is suggested, this not only\\ninvites problematic appropriations or projections on the\\npart of privileged subjects, it also risks obscuring their\\ncomplexity in the wider relations of power in which\\nmarginalization, oppression and suffering occur\\\" ( [70] , p.\\n10].\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[419,646,746,677],\"text\":\"3 DISPATCHES FROM INDUSTRY: STORIES OF\\nSIMULATION AND PERSONAS IN DESIGN\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,682,747,950],\"text\":\"Turning to an elite design consultancy, we use two public\\naccounts to help illustrate the complexities of empathy: one\\ncase involving simulation (an exercise in learning about\\ndisabled experience), and one case involving personas (an\\nexercise in generalizing techniques for attending to disabled\\nexperience). With this analysis, we additionally rely on\\nmaterials and prototypes released by the municipal\\npartners, news media articles, and — although rarely\\navailable — firsthand accounts from disabled interlocutors.\\nOur decision to focus on public vignettes stems from the\\nongoing influence of media narratives on HCI discussions\\nof design (e.g., [[46], [47], [78]] ) as well as the theorizing of\\nfeminist scholars such as Vinciane Despret [ [24] , [25] ] and\\nSaidiya Hartman [ [39] ] who narrate against the grain in\\norder to reveal under-recognized perspectives and uneven\\ndistributions of power. Rather than represent how empathy\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 298\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/results/markdown/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300528/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300528", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/results/output_json/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,95,395,229],\"text\":\"gets built and evangelized, we use these cases to illustrate\\nits possible paths, particularly how those paths require\\nmore consideration than designers may call for in their\\npractice or pedagogy. From the examples, we see that\\ndesigners can use empathy to not only conceptualize their\\nown roles, but also those of people with disabilities,\\nconsequently delineating and defining differences between\\nthose identities.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,254,347,270],\"text\":\"3.1 Simulation: The Case of the Voting Booth\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,274,395,559],\"text\":\"In 2015, representatives from Los Angeles County\\ncontracted the large international design firm IDEO to\\nassist in redesigning their voting booth. According to their\\nblog [ [44] ], the firm conducted “ empathic exercises ” in\\nwhich they consulted various people with disabilities to\\nunderstand and receive feedback on their prototypes from\\na wide cross section of intended users. “ Early on, we did an\\nempathy exercise about what it's like to live with\\ndisabilities, ” Matt Adams, the team lead, explained. “ We\\nvisited one of the technical advisors, who is an electrical\\nengineer and also happens to be blind. He lives in Santa\\nClara and took it upon himself to evaluate voting machines\\nand write extensive reports about how they are incredibly\\nfrustrating for people who are blind. ” According to Adams,\\nthe team visited the Technical Advisor's house and spoke\\nwith him about his experience ( “ the stuff he was into and\\nhow he got around in the world ” ) [ [44] ].\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,566,395,903],\"text\":\"In a post for the California Council of the Blind ([80]), Noel\\nH. Runyan, a blind member of the Voting Accessibility\\nAdvisory Committee, described spending time with the\\nIDEO team at his house and at their facilities in Palo Alto,\\nCalifornia, sometimes user testing their prototypes.\\nThroughout the process, Runyan explained, he had to\\n\\\"press\\\" those involved to \\\"repeatedly ... make sure that the\\nvoting machine included an attached ballot box, to assure it\\nwould support hands-free ballot casting.\\\" \\\"When\\nrepresentatives of election poll workers' interests strongly\\npushed back against having those ballot boxes on each\\nmachine, we pressed them to describe the reasons for their\\nstrong concerns,\\\" he explained. Poll workers were\\nconcerned voters would not trust their ballot was submitted\\nif they did not hand deliver it to a ballot box. Runyan, along\\nwith other disabled interlocutors remained assertive\\nresulting in the design team introducing a translucent ballot\\nbox which still hid markings from view, pacifying those\\nwho wanted to see their ballot feed as they cast their vote\\n([44], [97]).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,909,395,960],\"text\":\"To interleave this expanded perspective into the design\\nteam's work, the design team also built empathy without\\ntheir disabled interlocutors present. Comprising disability\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,95,746,229],\"text\":\"simulations, the additional empathy building would\\npurportedly enable the design team to encounter\\ntechnologies with a temporary disability. Describing his\\nown experience of this simulation, Adams explained, \\\"I was\\nblind in one exercise and had to buy a ticket at the Caltrain\\nstation. I also had to withdraw money from an ATM and\\nfigure out, without the benefit of sight, how do these\\nmachines work?\\\" [44]\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,237,747,454],\"text\":\"The final voting machine incorporated several features\\ndirectly aimed at addressing accessibility concerns, as\\noutlined by Runyan [ [80] ] and municipal records [ [97] ].\\nThese included a touch-screen interface with adjustable\\nheight and angle, audio and visual output, adjustable text\\nsizes, and multiple languages selectable at any stage of the\\nvoting process, a built-in printer and scanner for people to\\ncheck their answers before submitting their ballot, and\\nmobile device support for remote voting prior to entering\\nthe booth (much like emerging passport control stations\\n[ [65] ]). A video depicts a light skinned hand flicking\\nthrough preselected votes on an iPhone, resulting in a QR\\ncode to be presented at the precinct for ballot casting.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,462,746,563],\"text\":\"The next account offers a window into what this work of\\nempathy looks like as different members of the design\\nconsultancy try to build a toolkit for sensitizing designers\\nacross projects. In this effort to sensitize, we explore not\\njust how empathy is communicated, but also how it can be\\ngeneralized and circulated.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[419,587,664,605],\"text\":\"3.2 Personas: The Case of Adapt-o-Pack\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,609,747,961],\"text\":\"In 2018, IDEO employees dove back into public-facing\\naccessible design with a description of a prototype\\nbrainstorming game called Adapt-o-Pack [ [28] ], still\\nunreleased. With this game, the designers hoped to serve\\ntwo goals: first, to illustrate \\\"the creativity of people with\\ndisabilities,\\\" and, second, to reveal \\\"the unconscious bias of\\nnon-disabled people\\\" [ [28] ]. To play Adapt-o-Pack, players\\nwould randomly select a persona and livelihood and must\\nideate workplace adaptations to make the occupation\\naccessible for the persona. Specifically, players pair\\nindustry cards (depicting a workplace setting such as\\nfarming) with persona cards (depicting persons with\\ndisabilities such as \\\"Donella\\\" with Down Syndrome). Using\\nsimple language and colorful vector illustrations, the cards\\nprompt players to design for the overlaps/imaging ways\\nof modifying the industry setting (also called \\\"livelihood\\nprograms\\\") to serve the particular persona described. For\\nexample, a player might have to figure out how to design\\nfor tasks such as \\\"Planting seeds or seedlings, Watering\\ncrops, Harvesting vegetables or grains, Removing weeds,\\\"\\nwhile serving a person who says \\\"It's difficult for me to\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 298\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/results/markdown/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300528/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300528", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/results/output_json/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,95,395,162],\"text\":\"carry large objects. I have trouble grasping objects, like pens\\nand doorknobs. I don't write neatly. I struggle with tasks\\nthat require the coordinated use of two hands at once\\\"\\n[[28]].\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,169,396,371],\"text\":\"According to a co-creator of Adapt-o-Pack, the motivation\\nfor developing the game involved trying to find ways to\\nlocate more inclusive solutions. She described personal\\nexperiences working with international organizations who\\nsought to find employment for people with disabilities. Yet\\nthe research team also encountered pervasive disbelief\\namong job placement specialists and designers that people\\nwith disabilities could actually work. Interested in\\ncurtailing such belief, IDEO researchers observed how\\nseveral disabled workers adapt their tools and working\\nenvironments. The Adapt-o-Pack comprised their summary\\nof those observations [([28])].\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,379,396,514],\"text\":\"The researchers got wind of one such observation in rural \\nNepal during a visit with Rajendra, a man described as \\nhaving chronic pain and mobility impairments. Rajendra \\ntoured the researchers through a shop he owns and farm he \\ncultivates with some adaptations he has come up with along \\nthe way to maintain an income to support his family. The \\nco-creator of Adapt-o-Pack described the impact of his \\ninspirational everyday hacks:\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[79,520,396,688],\"text\":\"\\\"While many people we spoke to had assumed it to be\\nimpossible for a person with a disability to be employed\\nin a livelihood like farming, stories like Rajendra's\\ncompletely discredited that. He'd made small changes to\\nhis farm, such as widening the paths between crops to\\nmake it easier for him to negotiate his space. It was a\\nsurprisingly simple solution. As the breadwinner for his\\nfamily, he couldn't tell himself it was impossible—he just\\nhad to have the creative confidence to make his farm\\nwork for him\\\" [ (28) ].\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,696,396,897],\"text\":\"Later in the post, the game co-inventor highlights an initial\\nAdapt-o-Pack game played in Nepal in which the design\\nteam tested whether pairing livelihoods with disabled\\npersonas could insight similar transformation from\\nskepticism to ideation. Some players began disbelieving the\\ndesign challenge to make more accessible workplaces\\npossible. However, like the visit with Rajendra, additional\\nbenefits quickly manifested. The blog post explains: \\\"It was\\nas though, for the first time, [the players] were seeing the\\nworld of possibilities in a place where they thought there\\nwere none. They were encouraged, even if for a moment, to\\nthink outside of their own lived experience\\\" [[28]].\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,904,396,956],\"text\":\"Thinking outside their own experience, according to the\\npublic-facing blog, meant that the designers found their\\ninterlocutors' creativity beneficial. It helped them undo\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,95,746,179],\"text\":\"their disbelief in the capabilities of disabled people and, in\\nturn, render themselves capable of building empathy. The\\ngame designer described the inspiration and expanded\\ncreativity that the designers would gain from stories of\\ndisability ( [28] ).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,186,746,355],\"text\":\"Rajendra's story, which we assume informs the Adapt-o-\\nPack content, looks different on the livelihood card. The\\ncard depicts the word \\\"Farming,\\\" set in large, centered, bold\\nsan-serif type, accompanied by an abstracted corn-ear icon\\nand a small-type description: \\\"Planting seeds or seedlings,\\nWatering crops, Harvesting vegetables or grains, Removing\\nweeds.\\\" The back of the card illustrates a monochrome\\nvector rendering of a scene at the farm. Describing the\\npossibility of using the game to foster empathy-building,\\nthe iDEO blog post explained:\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[436,362,747,514],\"text\":\"\\\"It is impossible for a person without a disability to ever\\ntruly understand what it means to be disabled. Period.\\nTrue empathy, however, can often take the form of human\\nconnection over a shared emotion or experience. The\\nAdapt-o-Pack creates this moment of connection by\\ntapping into the creative potential of the participant\\n(Adapt-o-Pack player), and encouraging them to, even for\\na moment, empathize with the type of creative necessity\\npeople with disabilities display on a daily basis\\\" [ (28) .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,520,746,722],\"text\":\"This account resembles other design guides [ [21] , [63] , [64] ]\\nin recognizing limits to empathy. It relinquishes any\\nattempt to “ truly understand ” the disabled experience. In its\\ntelling, we nonetheless read the possibility of a certain kind\\nof empathy work: a capacity to create “ human connection ”\\nwithout direct engagement. In this connection through\\ncommon affective identifications perceived by the player or\\ndesigner, that person may understand “ the type of creative\\nnecessity ” that those living with a disability regularly\\nperform. With this reference, the blog situates Adapt-o-\\nPack in the promotion of mutual understanding between\\nthe player and disabled worker.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[419,746,657,763],\"text\":\"4 THE SLIPPERINESS OF EMPATHY\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,767,746,918],\"text\":\"The above snapshots of design activities help us see what\\nmattered to a range of people and institutions (community\\nadvisors, disabled activists, municipal actors, a design\\nconsultancy) involved in cultivating and performing\\nempathy around disability. In partnership with\\ninterlocutors, a design firm built a technology with the\\npromise of broad accessibility and brought new attention to\\nthe creativity and challenges of the disabled people with\\nwhom they spoke.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,925,746,960],\"text\":\"However, in each story we also find what Saidiya Hartman\\nnames the \\\"slipperiness of empathy\\\" ([[39], p.18), an\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 298\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/results/markdown/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300528/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300528", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/results/output_json/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,95,395,380],\"text\":\"expression denoting the paradoxical nature of drawing the\\nother closer. In the first account, the voting machine, we see\\nan example of successful outcomes despite concealed\\nauthorship. Although the coalition in charge of the\\nmachine's development appeared to take seriously the\\nperspectives of people with a range of disabilities, their\\npublic-facing narrative sometimes failed to credit the\\ndisabled people or stories involved. In the second account,\\nthe Adapt-a-Pack, we find a story of the prototyping of a\\ntoolkit designed to disseminate empathy exercises but\\nultimately also encoding ways of supplanting `firsthand'\\ndisabled experience. Through supplanting the other's\\nexperience, the cards depicting disabled people's stories\\n(like Rajendra's) could jumpstart different (and perhaps\\nunrealistic) solutions. The accounts show us how being\\nempathetic can be a lesson in displacement. By drawing the\\nother near, the designer may unwittingly erase.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,388,395,638],\"text\":\"At stake in the narratives is not just the functionality of an\\nempathy toolkit or a voting machine, but also the status of\\npeople with disabilities within design. Like any story,\\naccounts of the design process necessarily leave out the\\nperspectives of people potentially affected. Drawing on\\ntheorizing from feminist and disability studies, we now look\\nto these absences as possibilities for generative critique.\\nAttending to the work done to narrate disabled\\nperspectives, we examine three modes of displacement\\nthreaded through the accounts: (1) denying the authority of\\ndisabled experience, (2) differentiating disabled and\\ndesigning bodies, and (3) treating the empathized as\\nspectacle. With these thematic threads, we show how\\nempathy's gaps work as sites for reckoning with wider\\nconfigurations of power in design.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,662,376,680],\"text\":\"4.1 Denying the Authority of Disabled Experience\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,684,395,952],\"text\":\"Notable in the design scenarios described above is the\\npresence and absence of detail — the pairing of invisibility\\nand authorship. From the design firm's blog post on the\\nvoting machine, for example, we learned how a design team\\nmay interview people with disabilities (like the “ Technical\\nAdvisor ” ) and ask people with disabilities to test versions of\\ntheir technology (vis- `a-vis photos) while never naming\\nthem or giving voice to their ideas. We also get a glimpse of\\nthe disability simulation activities that a design team might\\ndo to complement these interviews and how they could\\nperceive the activities as beneficial. Yet, as decades of\\ndisability scholarship have shown, such a benefit depends\\non a wider environment complicit in neglecting the blind\\nexperience [ [38], [66] ]. It is not until we hear from the\\ndisabled activist Noel Runyan that we learn the name of a\\ncontributor with disabilities and what the design staff may\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,95,746,161],\"text\":\"have learned from or about disabled activists and\\ninterlocutors. Designers may engage directly with\\ninterlocutors through interviews and user testing and still\\nchoose to simulate disability.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,169,746,371],\"text\":\"The first account illustrates that firsthand experiences and\\naccumulated knowledge (here, on inaccessible voting) may\\nevoke empathy, but not enough belief in the contributor's\\nabilities or knowledge of his processes to make a simulation\\nunnecessary. We know little about the research subjects\\ninvolved or the research that the designers conducted into\\nhow a blind person might purchase a train ticket or\\nwithdraw cash (resources that exist widely online e.g.,\\n[ [96] ]). Instead, the accounts leave the voices of those with\\ndisabilities for the non-disabled designer to explain. They\\nposition the many people interviewed for the project (e.g.,\\nthe \\\"Technical Advisor\\\") as useful but insufficient.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,379,747,662],\"text\":\"Recalling Carolyn Pedwell's discusses of \\\"co-feeling\\\" [70] ,\\np.10] , the accounts render the appropriation of the\\nempathized's emotions as one's own. In this restaging of the\\ndisabled experience, designers can rely on their own\\nexperience, effectively displacing the experiences of those\\nwith disabilities. As Rebecca Garden warns, this slip from\\ntrying to be alongside the other to trying to become the\\nother is dangerous: \\\"Thinking that empathy is more first-\\nperson experiential knowledge than first-person\\nobservation, that “I am you” is a more ethical way of\\nframing “I and you,” risks denying the subjectivity and\\nagency of the patient\\\" [33], p.560]. What begins as\\ndisplacement follows through as replacement. Empathy\\nbecomes a mechanism through which designers\\ndemonstrate their professional judgment by responding to\\ntheir personal reactions and subverting the experiences\\nthey intended to uplift.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,688,740,720],\"text\":\"4.2 Rendering Designers as Nondisabled and People\\nwith Disabilities as Nondesigners\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,724,746,825],\"text\":\"Now we consider how those same inspirations shape\\nrelationships between disabled and designing bodies. Public\\naccounts, voting machines, and illustrated abstractions\\ndepict shifting connections among designers and disabled\\ninterlocutors. In this depiction, they may ultimately render\\ndesigners and disabled people as inherently different.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,832,746,950],\"text\":\"Our Adapt-O-Pack vignette provides a helpful illustration.\\nIt describes how designers could bring disabled people's\\nstories near during fieldwork, erased their interlocutors'\\ningenuity with their creation of the more generalizable\\nAdapt-o-Pack cards, and recover their stories to evidence\\nthe game's potential impacts. With simple renderings of a\\ngeneric farm and farm activities, the cards put aside some\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 298\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/results/markdown/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300528/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300528", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/results/output_json/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,95,395,278],\"text\":\"of the contingencies of original settings (here, Rajendra's\\nreliance on his adaptations to care for his family). The list\\nof job duties and stock illustrations communicate the\\nlivelihood programs as a yet-to-be-enacted accessibility\\ndesign space. The accounts describe the cards as allowing\\ndesigners to bring themselves closer to anonymous extracts\\nfrom Rajendra's everyday experience by “ thinking\\noutside... their [the designers'] own lived experience ”\\n( [28] ). In invoking the phrase “ thinking outside, ” they\\nframe the designers themselves as having no relevant\\nexperiences to draw from — that is, disabilities.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,287,395,488],\"text\":\"According to the accounts of the voting machine, the\\ndesigners may similarly gloss over the design insights led\\nby disabled bodies in the face of disability advocacy. The\\ndesigners implemented some of the machine's crucial\\nfeatures after continued advocacy by the interlocutors.\\nHowever, just as the Adapt-o-Cards make no mention of\\nthe existing disabled workers insights, the voting machine\\ndesign story overlooks those contributions of those\\nadvocates in favor highlighting decisions made by the\\ndesign team. They present designing bodies as non-\\ndisabled bodies, and they position disabled bodies as\\nnon-designing bodies.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,497,395,697],\"text\":\"While well intentioned, empathy exercises of simulation or\\npersona creation may help designers distance themselves\\nfrom disabled people, framing the disabled identity as one\\ndistinct and non-overlapping with that of the designer.\\nThey may appropriate disabled people's techniques and\\nexperiences while rendering them non-designers through\\ntheir disappearance. When designing for disabled users,\\nsuch empathy work configures designers as different and\\nisolated from the empathized. Designers may, after Garden,\\n“ subtly discount ” the experience of those empathized, just\\nas they give themselves (the designers) “ the comfort of\\nfictive distance ” [34],p.560 .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,704,395,956],\"text\":\"This paradox of “ empathetic proximity, ” according to\\nPedwell, has as much to do with space as agency [70] , p.\\n115] . Pedwell asks, “ [W]hat about those so-called others\\nwho cannot be encountered or known as individuals,\\nprecisely because structural relations of power enforce\\nabsolute distance or segregation? ” [70] , p.31] With the\\ncards and the simulation activities, designers not only\\naimed to prompt themselves to think outside their own\\nexperiences, but also to distinguish disabled bodies from\\ntheir own — in this case, locating them outside of the design\\nprocess. Whether through local organizations such as the\\nVoting Accessibility Advisory Committee [( 97 )] or from\\nglobal travels [ (281) ], we learn that the people to be\\nempathized live not inside, but at a distance. The resulting\\nnarratives paradoxically uphold a distinction between\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,95,745,145],\"text\":\"designers and non-designers. In the words of Sara Ahmed,\\n\\\"empathy sustains the very difference that it may seek to\\novercome\\\" [ [3] , p.30].\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[419,170,705,189],\"text\":\"4.3 Treating the Disabled \\\"User\\\" as a Spectacle\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,192,746,291],\"text\":\"The above accounts describe the impact of disabled people\\non designers (such as Rajendra on his visitors). But how that\\ninfluence reflects the complex identities of disabled people\\nremains less clear. Without its complexity in full view,\\ndisability may become something to gaze on with\\namazement rather than a condition of possibility.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,299,746,433],\"text\":\"Returning to the Adapt-O-Pack cards, the accounts discredit\\nskeptics who question the capabilities of people with\\ndisabilities. They instead depict disabled people (such as\\nRajendra) as able to defy negative stereotypes about\\ndisabilities with their creativity, and they present disabled\\npeople's ingenuity as urgently necessary for their own\\nfamily's well-being. Through these observations, a disabled\\nperson's livelihood could transform the researchers.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,442,746,660],\"text\":\"Yet, in transformations like these, designers may not have\\nmade themselves more caring or have, in Saiyya Hartman's\\nwords, “ameliorated indifference.” Instead, they may have\\n“only confirmed the difficulty of understanding” [(39)] . In\\nother words, empathy activities such as simulations and\\npersonas may allow designers to choose aspects of\\nexperience (e.g. occluded vision or imagined farming tasks\\nwith limited mobility) to isolate and then inspect those\\nexperiences for their capacity to inspire designs. By putting\\non a blindfold, for example, designers might elevate the\\nocclusion of vision while reducing other aspects of living\\nwith a vision impairment (such as the nonvisual techniques\\nblind people use every day).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,666,746,952],\"text\":\"Casting this state as \\\"spectacle,\\\" Hartman writes of the\\npower and utility of such stories when transferred from\\ntheir tellers onto the empathizers or \\\"spectators.\\\" In\\nrereading the accounts of John Rankin, a white American\\nwho derided the \\\"very dangerous evil\\\" of slavery [39 p.\\n17], Hartman recounts a letter he wrote to his brother to\\ndepict the horrors of Trans-Atlantic slavery. In the letter,\\nRankin invented an empathetic account, a story in which\\nhis own family became enslaved. She writes, \\\"Rankin makes\\napparent that the crimes of slavery are not only witnessed\\nbut staged. This is a result of the recurs to terms like 'stage',\\n'spectacle,' and 'scene' in conveying these horrors.\\\" Her\\npoint is that empathy emerges not an authentication of\\natrocity, but as a staged or exoticized display, an account\\nthat relies on vivid and theatrical prose in order to depict\\nviolent acts for people to extrapolate for their own\\nunderstanding. As she states, \\\"the problem is that in the\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 298\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300528/results/markdown/3290605-3300528_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300529/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300529", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/results/output_json/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[131,118,682,182],\"text\":\"Just Give Me What I Want:\\nHow People Use and Evaluate Music Search\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[131,201,246,265],\"text\":\"Christine Hosey\\n\\nSpotify\\nBoston, MA\\nchosey@spotify.com\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[338,199,476,264],\"text\":\"Lara Vujovic\\nTripAdvisor\\nNeedham, MA\\n\\nlara.vujovic@gmail.com\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[567,201,686,264],\"text\":\"Brian St. Thomas\\n\\nSpotify\\nBoston, MA\\n\\nbriantt@spotify.com\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[228,276,365,343],\"text\":\"Jean Garcia-Gathright\\n\\nSpotify\\n\\nBoston, MA\\njean@spotify.com\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[451,277,581,342],\"text\":\"Jennifer Thom\\n\\nSpotify\\nBoston, MA\\n\\njennthom@spotify.com\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,351,141,368],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,373,395,660],\"text\":\"Music-streaming platforms offer users a large amount of\\ncontent for consumption. Finding the right music can be\\nchallenging and users often need to search through exten-\\nsive catalogs provided by these platforms. Prior research has\\nfocused on general-domain web search, which is designed\\nto meet a broad range of user goals. Here, we study search\\nin the domain of music, seeking to understand how and why\\npeople use search and how they evaluate their search expe-\\nriences on a music-streaming platform. Over two studies,\\nwe conducted semi-structured interviews with 27 partici-\\npants, asking about their search habits and preferences, and\\nobserving their behavior while searching for music. Analy-\\nsis revealed participants evaluated their search experiences\\nalong two dimensions: success and effort. Importantly, how\\nparticipants perceived success and effort differed by their\\nmindset, or the way they assessed the results of their query.\\nWe conclude with recommendations to improve the user\\nexperience of music search.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,671,172,689],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,693,394,726],\"text\":\"• Information systems → Music retrieval; • Human-\\ncentered computing → User studies;\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,351,502,368],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,374,634,388],\"text\":\"search, mindsets, music, user behavior\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,397,555,411],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,412,748,501],\"text\":\"Christine Hosey, Laura Vujovic, Brian St. Thomas, Jean Garcia-\\nGathright, and Jennifer Thom. 2019. Just Give Me What I Want:\\nHow People Use and Evaluate Music Search. In CHI Conference\\non Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019),\\nMay 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA,\\n12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3296005.3300529\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,517,549,533],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,537,746,633],\"text\":\"For many, music consumption is an integral part of their daily\\nlives, driven by emotional, social, and cognitive motivations\\n[14] . Over the past few decades, how people access music\\nhas shifted rapidly, moving listeners from physical storage\\ndevices like records, cassettes, and CDs to digital storage on\\ncomputers or mobile devices in various contexts.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,634,746,778],\"text\":\"Most recently, music streaming has obviated the need for\\nstorage at all, allowing listeners to access immense music cat-\\nalogs on demand anywhere with an internet connection on a\\nvariety of devices. This development makes easy navigation\\nto the content people want crucial. As a result, these plat-\\nforms have developed strategies to assist users in discovering\\nand finding the music they want to hear. One such way is\\nthrough algorithmic recommendations which use data about\\ncontent and users to help guide users to music [9, 12] .\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,779,747,953],\"text\":\"Another way that users can access music on a stream-\\ning platform is through search. Search allows users to sift\\nthrough vast amounts of digital information rapidly, and\\nusers can make queries to find music they want to consume.\\nPrior research on general web search has focused on broad\\nuser goals, distinguishing between navigational, informa-\\ntional, or transactional needs for example [7, 34] . Further\\nresearch has distinguished vertical search from general web\\nsearch as domain-specific search areas (e.g., product, image,\\nor local search [5, 40, 46] ). Research on vertical search has\\nextended and refined the concepts of the broader user goals\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,743,364,758],\"text\":\"*The author completed this work as part of an internship at Spotify\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,776,394,883],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,884,274,897],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,898,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,925,266,952],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4605-5970-2/19-05...$35.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3206090.3300529\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 299\",\"reading_order\":26,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":27,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/results/markdown/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300529/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300529", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/results/output_json/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,237],\"text\":\"from web search to describe more specific information needs\\nof users searching in these domains. This research illumi-\\nnates how narrowing in on the specific goals can improve\\nour understanding and evaluation of search for those con-\\ntexts. Similarly, we suggest that users of vertical search in\\nmusic may have distinct and more specific goals than users\\nof general web search, which merits a separate investigation.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,237,394,395],\"text\":\"Prior HCI research in music has focused on how music\\nsharing influences impression management [44] , how users\\norganize their personal media libraries [4, 21, 35] , novel in-\\nteraction techniques to support music creation [3, 19, 20, 41] ,\\nand social practices surrounding music listening [8, 26, 31] .\\nMcMillan et. al. [27] have investigated how the affordances\\nof cloud-based music streaming have changed sharing and\\ngifting music. How users search for music in a cloud-based\\necosystem with a catalog larger than one's personal archive,\\nhowever, is relatively underexplored in HCI.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,396,395,650],\"text\":\"The present research extends existing literature in domain-\\nspecific search by understanding user goals and experiences\\nwithin the context of the latest music technology, specifically\\nsearch within the Spotify app. We present two qualitative\\nstudies, following an approach adapted from grounded the-\\nory [ 13 ] with a phased structure that uses learnings from the\\ninitial study to design the subsequent study to explore and\\ndevelop emerging concepts more fully. In particular, Study 1\\naimed to understand how participants search in Spotify and\\nidentify how they define good and bad search experiences.\\nStudy 2 was designed to verify and deepen our understand-\\ning of key insights from Study 1. Over the two studies, we\\nconducted semi-structured interviews with 27 Spotify search\\nusers. Our qualitative, iterative approach allowed for a deep\\nunderstanding of search in music streaming to provide rec-\\nommendations for music search design and evaluation.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,651,394,921],\"text\":\"For the purpose of this work, we focused on search in Spo-\\ntify, which is available on mobile devices with a large user\\nbase and an extensive catalog of music. The Spotify search\\nfeature requires users to type into a search bar located at\\nthe top of the screen and relies on an instant search system,\\nwhich updates the search engine results page (SERP) with\\neach keystroke. The SERP features a single top result dis-\\nplayed prominently at the top of the screen. For some artist\\nor genre searches, the SERP includes a carousel of relevant\\nplaylists that users can scroll through horizontally under-\\nneath the top result. Other relevant results follow, clustered\\naccording to entity type in the following order: songs, artists,\\npodcasts, albums, playlists, podcast episodes, and profiles (of\\nother users). In addition, users can click on a context menu\\nfor each song result, where they can save the song, add it to a\\nplaylist/queue, share, go to song radio, view the album/artist,\\nreport explicit content, or see song credits.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,921,394,955],\"text\":\"We learned that Spotify users had four overarching abilities\\ndriving their search use: listen, organize, share, and fact\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,747,348],\"text\":\"check. Moreover, users evaluated experiences with search\\nalong two dimensions: success (finding what they sought)\\nand effort (the amount of work needed). Importantly, how\\nparticipants perceived success and effort differed by their\\nmindset, or the way they assessed the results of their query.\\nMost often, participants approached search with a focused\\nmindset, seeking one particular thing. At times however, par-\\nticipants reported searching with an open mindset, having\\nonly a seed of an idea in mind when searching, leaving them\\nopen to suggestions. Rarely, participants searched in an ex-\\nploratory mindset, where they wanted to learn about a new\\narea of music that they did not know well. The existence of\\ndistinct mindsets during music search has implications for\\ndesign and evaluation. Our core contributions include:\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[440,355,747,517],\"text\":\"• Identifying user goals specific to search on a music-\\nstreaming platform\\n• Uncovering how users themselves evaluated their mu-\\nsic search experiences (success and effort) and identi-\\nfying mindsets as a key construct that influenced how\\nusers perceived their own success and effort\\n• Using a deep understanding of user goals, mindsets,\\nand evaluation in music search to make recommenda-\\ntions to improve the user experience of music search\\nand propose future work in user-centric evaluation\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,531,683,548],\"text\":\"2 BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,553,747,855],\"text\":\"Researchers in music psychology have put considerable ef-\\nfort into understanding how and why people listen to music\\nthroughout their daily lives. Researchers have found that\\npeople use music for a variety of purposes including mood\\nregulation, self-expression, and social connection [29, 38, 42] ,\\nalong with more passive purposes like passing time, creating\\nan atmosphere, or out of habit [28] . In addition, researchers\\nhave found that music listening tends to be context depen-\\ndent, especially shaped by the listener's location and activity\\nand note the prevalence of listening at home and the prefer-\\nence for listening by oneself for greater control over the mu-\\nsic [28, 38] . More recent research has revisited location-based\\nlistening and device use in light of technological changes like\\nmusic streaming, which allow people to listen more often\\nand in more places under their direct control [23] . Contrary\\nto the prediction placed by North et al. [28] that technology\\nwould increase people's passivity toward music, Krause et al.\\n[23] found mobile device and computer music listening to be\\nassociated with active construction of listening experiences.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,855,747,952],\"text\":\"One theme in music-focused research within HCI and\\nCSCW focuses on music sharing and exploration supported\\nby these shared catalogs. From the era of peer-to-peer shar-\\ning, past research has focused on the ethics and practices of\\nsharing and consuming music not owned by the listener [8] .\\nIn this context, the available catalog of music grew due to the\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 299\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/results/markdown/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300529/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300529", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/results/output_json/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,283],\"text\":\"larger networks of users sharing music. Searching for music\\nin these networks became a social practice, as users began\\nto follow catalogs or others' searches. In work by Voida et al.\\n[44] on organizational usage of a shared iTunes library, users\\nexplored available music within shared collections through\\nthe lens of who was sharing the music and were limited by\\nwhat music was accessible to them at the time. More recently,\\nLeong and Wright [26] observed that the rise of streaming\\nmedia services and their design supported discovery of con-\\ntent through the ability to search and browse.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,283,395,538],\"text\":\"Another line of research has examined how music fits into\\npeople's lives through the lens of organizing music collec-\\ntions. Jones et al. studied how individuals built, maintained,\\nand used their personal music collections (primarily CDs and\\nMP3s) to inform what habits and preferences should be sup-\\nported in the design of a digital music library [18] . Vignoli\\n[43] explored what alternative attributes (e.g., tempo, mood,\\nyear) people would like to use to organize digital music, and\\nfound biographical information and song/artist similarity to\\nbe the most important attributes. More recently, Chamberlain\\nand Crabtree [10] investigated how people used metadata\\nin discovery, acquisition, processing, and organization of\\nmusic. They found that people piecemealed together their\\nown systems in ways that were often incohenient, frustrating,\\nchanging, yet ultimately usable. They concluded that these\\nfragmented systems were ripe for improved system design.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,538,395,809],\"text\":\"As mentioned earlier, research in general web search has\\nfocused on user needs to address multi-domain, general-\\npurpose search interfaces. For instance, Broder [7] defined\\nthree categories of searches: informational, navigational and\\ntransactional. Informational searches describe when a user\\nis looking for information on a topic, while navigational\\nsearches happen when a user wants to find a specific web-\\nsite. Transactional searches occur with an intended action in\\nthe end, like purchasing a product or downloading content.\\nWithin the context of search in a music catalog, transactional\\nsearches (most often when a user wants to find music to play)\\nare likely to greatly overshadow informational and naviga-\\ntional searches. Rose and Levinson [34] replace the concept\\nof transactional search with a more general resource search,\\nthat can be further broken down into more specific goals.\\nMost relevant to the present research is the resource goal to\\nentertain, which could represent music listening.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,809,395,954],\"text\":\"Whereas many researchers have relied on methods that\\ngo directly to the music listeners to understand needs and\\nhabits, others have approached the question by interpreting\\nmusic query contents. Bainbridge et al. [2] analyzed over\\n500 real world music queries from Google Answers to un-\\nderstand how users express their music needs. They found\\nthat users typically expressed needs through bibliographic\\nqueries, using performer, title of work, or date of recording,\\ngenre, lyric fragment, and location of the performance or\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,299],\"text\":\"broadcast were also relatively common, while the remainder\\nwere fragmented across queries like similarity to other works,\\ntempo, and affect. Lee [25] built on this research with an in-\\ndepth content analysis of Google Answers queries, creating\\na more complete taxonomy of music needs and arguing for\\nthe continual refinement of music information needs. While\\nthese studies take user input into account by analyzing their\\nqueries, they can only go so far as to infer user needs. More\\nrecently, Volokhin and Agichtein [45] surveyed users to ob-\\ntain data about their intents when listening to music and\\nwhat daily activities were mapped to these intents.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,299,747,444],\"text\":\"Despite the research described above, the music informa-\\ntion retrieval community relies almost exclusively on system-\\nbased, rather than user-based, evaluation [16] . While there\\nare some exceptions of user studies that directly elicited feed-\\nback from users [12, 32, 33] , user-centered evaluation is far\\nfrom the norm. The web search literature has put relatively\\nmore effort on user-oriented evaluation. User satisfaction\\n[1] , effort [15, 30] and usefulness [11] , among others, have\\nbeen proposed to capture how users experience a system.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,444,747,603],\"text\":\"In the present research, we studied search within a specific\\nmusic-streaming platform: Spotify. The ubiquity of music\\nlistening within people's lives coupled with virtually limit-\\nless music catalogs afforded by streaming services makes it\\nimportant to understand how people use and evaluate these\\nsearch systems. We take a qualitative approach to ensure\\na deep understanding of user goals within the system and\\nallow users themselves to describe how they evaluate it. This\\nmethodology provided rich insights to inform recommenda-\\ntions for design and evaluation of music search systems.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,618,499,635],\"text\":\"3   STUDY I\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,639,747,702],\"text\":\"Study 1 aimed to understand the user experience of search\\nwithin Spotify to form hypotheses about user goals and the\\nmeaning of user behavior. We conducted semi-structured\\ninterviews to address three primary research questions:\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[432,708,747,805],\"text\":\"(1) How and why do participants use search on the music-\\nstreaming platform?\\n(2) How do participants define the quality of their experi-\\nence in search (i.e., a good versus bad experience)?\\n(3) What factors shape users' perceptions of good and bad\\nexperiences?\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,819,472,835],\"text\":\"Method\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,839,747,952],\"text\":\"Participants. We recruited 14 participants from the Boston\\narea through our user base via email. We included four co-\\nhorts who varied on two dimensions: subscription type (free\\nvs. premium) and account age (new: <1 month on the plat-\\nform vs. experienced >3 months on the platform). We chose\\nthese dimensions to ensure that both subscription levels\\nwere represented in data collection as free users have certain\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 299\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/results/markdown/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300529/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300529", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/results/output_json/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,395,267],\"text\":\"restrictions (e.g., free users cannot play specific tracks on\\ndemand) and we believed that search habits may evolve over\\ntenure with the platform. Participants ages ranged from 18 to\\n40 and included 5 females and 9 males. In addition, we wanted\\nto represent a range of search behaviors, so we selected par-\\nticipants with varying search frequency (7 - 167 searches in\\nthe month prior to the session) and average length of time\\nper search (2.58 - 35.45 seconds per search). Participants\\nreceived a $100 gift card as compensation.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,281,395,601],\"text\":\"Procedure. We conducted 60-minute semi-structured inter-\\nviews with each of the 14 participants individually. We began\\nby discussing music tastes and habits more broadly and then\\nnarrowed the conversation to the search function in Spotify.\\nThe discussion around search started with how participants\\nfelt about search, namely their attitudes, expectations, and\\npreferences. We then asked participants to describe how and\\nwhy they typically used search, first from their own memo-\\nries and then referencing their recent search history, walking\\nus through several specific searches. Next we asked partici-\\npants to describe an experience with search that went well\\nfor them and an experience that did not go well. As they\\ndescribed these experiences, we probed around specific ac-\\ntions they took within the app as a function of the quality of\\ntheir experience. We asked for additional examples of good\\nand bad experiences until participants could not remember\\nany more examples. Finally, we completed the interviews\\nwith a deep dive into 31 specific interactions that users can\\ntake while searching, asking if they had ever performed that\\naction while searching and why or why not.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,614,395,951],\"text\":\"Data Analysis Strategy. We analyzed the data inductively\\nwith an approach based on thematic analysis [6] . Though\\nthere is an extensive literature on user motivations and expe-\\nriences with search [17] , we wanted to allow for new themes\\nand insights to emerge, especially in the specific context of\\nsearching in app for music. To begin, one researcher went\\nthrough all videos and transcripts generated from interviews\\nto become fully immersed in the data and develop a cursory\\nset of codes to be used in later phases. To preserve each par-\\nticipant’s holistic experience, we took several passes through\\neach participant video and corresponding transcript to docu-\\nment relationships between the codes within each individual.\\nIn the following phase, we carried out the coding of data\\nusing an open-coding system to allow for flexibility and re-\\nfinement of codes. More specifically, we allowed for new\\ncodes to emerge if they did not fit cleanly into existing codes\\nand for the codes to evolve if the definitions were too narrow\\nor too broad. Once we settled on codes, we began to identify\\nthemes looking at the relationships between codes to create\\nmeaningful themes and sub-themes, which we continuously\\nreviewed against the codes and associated data. We refined\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,205],\"text\":\"themes as needed to account for the data. From there, we de-\\nfined the themes that we identified and organized them into\\na coherent set that fit together to capture the experiences\\nof the participants. Below, we describe these themes as they\\nrelate to our primary research questions.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,225,469,241],\"text\":\"Results\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,245,746,357],\"text\":\"How did participants use search on Spotify? Participants viewed\\nsearch as a high-control method for navigating to music. The\\ntypical search journey was as follows: participants typed into\\nthe search bar, evaluated the top result, at times clicking on\\nartist or other pages in the process, and ended when they\\nfound what they sought, gave up, changed their minds about\\nwhat they wanted, or got distracted.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,358,746,453],\"text\":\"Participants mostly focused on the top result for most\\nsearches and would often refine or reformulate queries until\\nthe top result was a suitable match. When this strategy failed,\\nthey would either scroll through the SERP or click through\\nother pages to navigate to what they wanted (e.g., go to an\\nartist page to find a specific song).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,453,746,565],\"text\":\"Bibliographical queries were most common amongst our\\nparticipants, in line with previous research [2, 25] . Specif-\\nically, artist was most common, followed by track, album,\\ngenre, activity, mood, decade, or a combination. These queries\\ndid not always match the exact content participants wanted\\nto find. Artist in particular was used as a catch-all that could\\nbe a proxy for track, album, genre, activity, mood, or decade.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,565,746,644],\"text\":\"Participants evaluated their search results through sight\\nfirst, reading and determining if the result was accurate. At\\ntimes, however, sight was not enough. Then, participants\\nwould evaluate through sound, listening to a snippet of a\\nsong to determine if it matched what they wanted to find.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,644,746,740],\"text\":\"During more difficult searches, participants would typi-\\ncally try other strategies until they found what they wanted.\\nThey would give up the search if they felt they had exhausted\\nthe strategies they knew (often concluding that Spotify did\\nnot have what they wanted) or time constraints (self-imposed\\nor otherwise) led them to abandon in that moment.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,756,745,804],\"text\":\"Why did participants use search on Spotify? Participants de-\\nscribed many reasons for using search, which we coded into\\nfour overarching goals: listen, organize, share, and fact check.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,804,746,948],\"text\":\"Listen . The most common goal by far that participants\\ndescribed was listening to content. Every participant talked\\nabout this goal as a very common use of search. The goal\\nto listen emerged in many forms, for example background\\nlistening, activity-specific listening, trying recommendations\\nfrom friends, preparing for a concert, and keeping up with\\ncurrent music. While this goal was described in many differ-\\nent capacities, all descriptions were unified by the intention\\nto initiate or continue a listening session.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 299\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/results/markdown/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300529/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300529", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/results/output_json/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[122,122,689,390],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This matrix diagram organizes \\\"FOCUSED MINDSET,\\\" \\\"OPEN MINDSET,\\\" and \\\"EXPLORATORY MINDSET\\\" by \\\"SUCCESS PERCEPTION\\\" and \\\"EFFORT TOLERANCE.\\\" It details distinct success perceptions (Binary, Non-binary, Unknown) and effort tolerances (Low, Medium, High) for each mindset. A horizontal axis at the bottom indicates a spectrum from \\\"Most Common\\\" to \\\"Least Common.\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,404,746,435],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Study 1 identified three mindsets with which users approach music search: focused, open, and exploratory. Mindsets\\ninfluence users' perceptions of success and tolerance for effort in a search task.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,457,394,617],\"text\":\"Organize. The next most common goal that participants\\ndescribed was organizing content. Twelve of the 14 partici-\\npants talked about using search for organizing content, but\\nthey typically said that this goal happened less frequently\\nthan the listening goal. More specifically, organizing refers\\nto using search to grow and structure their own collection,\\nso they can more easily locate that content in the future.\\nParticipants spoke of using search to organize their collec-\\ntions through adding tracks to playlists, saving tracks to their\\nlibrary, and following artists and playlists.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,618,394,728],\"text\":\"Share. Much less common, participants indicated that\\nthey used search for sharing music. Five participants reported\\nthat they would occasionally use search to find music to pass\\nalong or look up a friend's profile, so they could stay up to\\ndate with their playlists and listening. Participants fulfilled\\nthese goals by sending tracks to friends (typically via social\\nmedia or messaging) or following their friends' profiles.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,728,394,857],\"text\":\"Fact check. The least common goal that emerged was us-\\ning search to gather information. Two participants reported\\nusing search to check their own knowledge about a track\\n(e.g., determining if they could identify a song played on a\\nTV show), gather information about an artist, or learn about\\nupcoming concerts nearby. This goal was not associated with\\nany action beyond searching and maybe clicking on an entity\\npage (e.g., an artist or album page).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,891,394,940],\"text\":\"How did participants define the quality of their experience in\\nsearch? Participants described their experience with search\\nalong two dimensions: success and effort.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,457,748,776],\"text\":\"Success. Success was perceived as relatively straightfor-\\nward to participants, meaning they were able to find the con-\\ntent they sought. This could manifest as one specific artist or\\ntrack that the participant was looking for, as it was for P10:\\n“ I always have something in my mind when I search, right?\\nAnd I always expect that the exact something. ” Alternatively,\\nif there was no specific content in mind, they wanted a rele-\\nvant decision set, as it was for P2: “ If I'm doing really a broad\\nsearch, like Bollywood, I am expecting it to give a broader set\\nof results... like current movies or 90s Bollywood. ” This distinc-\\ntion poses a challenge for search, making it unclear whether\\nto surface content that is an exact match versus content that\\nmatches the spirit of the query. Conversely, participants de-\\nscribed a failed search as one in which they were unable to\\nfind the content they sought. Typically this was interpreted\\nas the content missing from the catalog, but sometimes left\\nparticipants wondering if they had searched the right terms,\\nas described here by P13: “ The worst is when I want to listen\\nto a song or album and it's not there. Sometimes I can't tell if\\nit's not there or I just can't find it. ”\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,777,747,953],\"text\":\"Effort. Though participants were most concerned with\\nfinding the content they sought, they ideally wanted to get\\nthere with minimal effort. Ideal search experiences were\\ncharacterized by easy access with limited reading, typing,\\nscrolling, and clicking needed to arrive at the right content.\\nThis desire was summarized nicely by P11: “ A good experience\\nwould be having popular or relevant results be very obvious to\\nme and be very easily accessible, no having to type or click or\\nscroll through too many different screens or things to get to ex-\\nactly what I want. ” High effort searches were more prevalent\\nfor participants who searched for albums or playlists they\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 299\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/results/markdown/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300529/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300529", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/results/output_json/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,395,348],\"text\":\"themselves had made, as that type of content was typically\\nnot featured prominently on the SERP. Most of the effort-\\nbased frustrations revolved around needing to take more\\nactions than expected to locate the desired content. How-\\never, several participants noted effortful experiences even\\nafter they found the content they sought. More specifically,\\nwhen participants with a listening goal listened to a song\\nfrom the SERP, the platform continued the session by playing\\nthe next song on the SERP rather than a song related to the\\nsong selected. This forced participants to exert extra effort to\\ncontinue their listening session. For organizing goals, three\\nparticipants noted that adding to a playlist required extra\\neffort and was unintuitive from the SERP, as this action is\\nonly available through the context menu.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,361,394,489],\"text\":\"What factors shaped how participants perceived success and\\neffort? While success and effort were dimensions that every\\nparticipant used to describe their search experiences, exactly\\nhow participants perceived these dimensions differed sys-\\ntematically. More specifically, when participants described\\nindividual search sessions, they differed in their mindset, or\\nhow they evaluated search results. Three distinct mindsets\\nemerged from the interviews: focused, open, and exploratory.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,489,394,615],\"text\":\"Focused mindset. Most often participants described their\\nsearch experiences in terms of navigating to a single, spe-\\ncific entity, like an artist, track, or album. P12 described this\\nmindset clearly: \\\"Usually I'm pretty focused when I use Spotify.\\nGenerally, I have an artist or band in mind that I'll search for.\\\"\\nIn a focused mindset, participants knew the exact entity they\\nwanted to find before they began searching and tended to\\ntype track name, artist, or album name as their queries.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,616,395,711],\"text\":\"When searching with a focused mindset, participants con-\\nsidered success to be binary; they either succeeded in finding\\nwhat they sought or they failed. In terms of effort, they had\\nlow tolerance, wanting to get to what they were looking for\\nwith minimal scrolling, clicking, and time. Every participant\\ndiscussed several instances of focused mindset searching.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,711,395,919],\"text\":\"Open mindset. Most participants reported that at times\\nthey searched for content with no specific thing in mind.\\nInstead, they typed in a seed of an idea of what they felt\\nlike listening to and were open to suggestions. That is, when\\nthey began the search, they did not know what exact entity\\nthey wanted to find. For example, P4 described this when\\nsearching for music to listen to while to working out: “ A\\nlot of those searches are workout based... usually I just put in\\ncardio running ” and find a bunch of them and preview some\\nof them to see if it looks like my type of music and then go for\\nit. While activity or genre queries were the most typical for\\nopen mindset searches, sometimes participants used artist\\nas a proxy to find relevant music suggestions.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,919,394,952],\"text\":\"Unlike with focused mindset searches, when searching\\nin an open mindset, success was not binary. Rather, search\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,298],\"text\":\"results could provide varying levels of success: a great rec- \\nommendation, a good enough recommendation, or no recom- \\nmendations that were worthwhile. Also distinct from focused \\nmindset searching, effort was a more expected and tolerated \\naspect of the search experience for open mindset searches, \\nas characterized by P6: “I don’t necessarily think there’s bad \\nsearch but sometimes you do you have to kind of go through \\na few playlists or a few albums to really find the one.” While \\n11 of the 14 participants described at least one instance of \\nsearching with an open mindset, they all reported searching \\nwith a focused mindset more often.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,299,746,459],\"text\":\"Exploratory mindset. A final and rare mindset uncov-\\nered through our interviews was the exploratory mindset,\\nwhich was defined by using search to more deeply learn\\nabout a specific area of music. P8 described an example of\\nthis mindset: “I’\\nve had an interest in French rap... so there’s\\none artist I know, his name is Stromea. So, I’ll find his song\\nbut then I don’t really know where to go from there. This is all\\ncompletely uncharted territory for me... I can play these but\\nI wouldn’t know where to go from here.” In the exploratory\\nmindset, participants tended to type genres or artists.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,460,746,762],\"text\":\"While searching in an exploratory mindset, participants\\nwere uncertain if their searches were successful in that mo-\\nment because they did not know enough about that area of\\nmusic to be sure they had found what they were seeking.\\nTherefore, they could get a sense of whether or not they liked\\nthe content they found, but liking the content was orthogo-\\nnal to success in this mindset. Rather, success meant finding\\ncontent that was a strong representation of the music they\\nwere trying to learn about, and participants did not have the\\nnecessary knowledge to feel they could make that evaluation.\\nThis was fundamentally different from the evaluation of suc-\\ncess in the open mindset, which tended to be based on liking\\nthe content. In terms of effort, participants tended to be very\\ntolerant of effort in this mindset because they anticipated\\nneeding to try out a variety of content. Two participants\\nreported exploratory mindset searches and neither searched\\nin this way often, as they felt that search was a difficult tool\\nto use in this mindset. Figure 1 provides a summary of how\\nsuccess and effort perceptions differ by mindset.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,762,746,905],\"text\":\"Importantly, we found mindsets and goals to be distinct\\nconstructs, as they could exist in any combination. For exam-\\nple, across the interviews, we uncovered distinct instances\\nwhere an organize goal was approached with a focused, open,\\nor exploratory mindsets. That is, when making a playlist,\\nparticipants could be searching for specific pre-determined\\ntracks (focused mindset), tracks that fit the general vibe of\\nthe playlist (open mindset), or tracks from a genre that was\\nnew to the participants (exploratory mindset).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,906,746,954],\"text\":\"Additionally, we found that mindsets did not appear to be a\\nsimple individual difference, as many participants described\\ndifferent mindsets across searches. P11 summed this switch\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 299\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/results/markdown/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300529/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300529", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/results/output_json/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,205],\"text\":\"up nicely.\\\" When it's really crucial that I am like, \\\"I need to\\nfind this right now,\\\" and I kind of want it to be very exact, and\\nthere's other times where I don't kind of care what it pulls up\\nand I am just kind of looking for whatever, so in those times, I\\nwant it to kind of give me what it thinks I want, really.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,206,393,284],\"text\":\"Study 1 uncovered mindsets as an important construct to\\nunderstand how participants experience and evaluate search-\\ning on our platform. We designed Study 2 to expand and\\ndeepen our understanding of mindsets within search specifi-\\ncally and on our platform broadly.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,298,147,316],\"text\":\"4   STUDY 2\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,319,394,479],\"text\":\"Study 2 was as a second phase to deepen our understanding\\nof the mindset framework that came out of Study 1. First\\nand foremost, we wanted to learn more about mindsets as\\nthey apply to search. In addition, we were also interested in\\nunderstanding if and how mindsets are relevant for finding\\ncontent more generally. In particular, the aim of Study 2 was\\nto better understand the perceptions of success and effort\\nfor different mindsets in search. The secondary aim was\\nto explore mindsets from a broader perspective. Thus, the\\nresearch questions of Study 2 were:\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[81,485,394,566],\"text\":\"(1) How do search behaviors and perceptions differ across\\nmindsets?\\n(2) How stable are mindsets for individuals across time?\\n(3) How are mindsets related to navigating to content\\nmore generally?\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,580,120,597],\"text\":\"Method\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,600,394,953],\"text\":\"Participants. We recruited 13 participants from the Boston\\narea through our user base via email. Because we wanted to\\nmore deeply understand mindsets, we built cohorts meant to\\ncapture participants with different propensities toward each\\nmindset. Based on the results of Study 1, we determined that\\nfocused mindset may be related to track and album searches,\\nwhereas open mindset may be related to playlist and genre\\nsearches; we did not have enough information from Study\\n1 to confidently relate the exploratory mindset to any par-\\nticular entity. We used entity click to define four different\\ninterview cohorts: Focused, Open, Mixed, and Ambiguous.\\nParticipants in the Focused cohort had over 65 % track and\\nalbum clicks, participants in the Open cohort had over 65 %\\nplaylist and genre clicks, participants in the Mixed cohort\\nbelonged to neither of the above groups and had less than\\n25 % artist clicks, and participants in the Ambiguous cohort\\ndid not fall under any of the above definitions and likely\\nhad mostly artist clicks. These definitions were approxima-\\ntions and sample sizes within each small. Thus, while cohorts\\nhelped us to represent a range of search users, we do not\\ncompare directly between cohorts in our findings. Our total\\nsample consisted of 13 participants with 5 females and 8\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,745,156],\"text\":\"males, ranging in age from 20 to 44. Participants received a\\n$100 gift card for their participation.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,163,747,594],\"text\":\"Procedure. We conducted 60-minute semi-structured inter-\\nviews with each of the 13 participants individually. The in-\\nterview consisted of three phases: discussion on how they\\nfind music on Spotify (talking about their behaviors, habits,\\npreferences), deep-dive into past search usage, and a task\\ncompletion exercise where participants performed one fo-\\ncused, one open, and one exploratory search. The deep-dive\\ninto past search usage was a sorting task, where we pre-\\nsented participants with several of their past searches. For\\neach participant, we selected up to 9 searches from the two\\nweeks prior. Participants saw a summary of the actions they\\ntook within each search, which included the query along\\nwith any significant changes to it (e.g. adding or deleting long\\nstrings) and entity clicks. We asked participants to classify\\ntheir searches into three different categories: “ I knew exactly\\nwhat I wanted ” (focused search), “ I was open to suggestions ”\\n(open search), and “ I was exploring a different kind of music ”\\n(exploratory search). Participants were encouraged to guide\\nthe interviewer through their reasoning while they classi-\\nfied their searches. At the end, we asked participants to use\\nSpotify to “ find something when you know what you want ”\\n(focused mindset), “ find something when you have a seed of\\nan idea in mind, but are open to suggestions ” (open mindset),\\nand “ find something when you are exploring a different kind\\nof music ” (exploratory mindset). If their go-to behavior was\\nnot search, we followed up with asking if and how they have\\nused search for the given scenario.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,601,747,954],\"text\":\"Data Analysis Strategy. We used a deductive approach to gen-\\nerate insights, using the mindsets framework from Study 1\\nto serve as a lens through which to examine the data from\\nStudy 2. First, two researchers assessed the sorting task and\\nre-sorted the searches they judged to fit better in a different\\ncategory based on participants' thought processes during\\nclassification. The researchers reclassified 22 of the total 103\\nsearches, meaning participants mostly understood the sort-\\ning task well, as their thought processes about the search\\ntypically matched their classification. Next, one researcher\\ncreated a template for taking detailed notes that was derived\\nfrom the frameworks (success, effort, mindsets) generated in\\nStudy 1 and allowed us to retain a holistic and in-depth under-\\nstanding of each participant. To complete the template, the\\nresearcher watched the interview videos, read the transcripts,\\nand looked through the sorting task using codes generated\\nfrom Study 1. This coding system focused on success and\\neffort in search, and mindsets in search and beyond. While\\nwe primarily used existing codes, we also allowed for new\\ncodes, especially when interpreting data around stability of\\nmindsets and applicability of mindsets more broadly than\\nsearch. We also allowed for refinement of codes, especially\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 299\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/results/markdown/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300529/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300529", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/results/output_json/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,156],\"text\":\"revisiting definitions of success and effort by mindset. The\\nemergent themes are described below.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,167,116,183],\"text\":\"Results\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,188,394,282],\"text\":\"How did search behaviors and perceptions differ across mind-\\nsets? Descriptions of search usage aligned closely with the\\ninitial mindsets framework. Through the card sort exercise,\\nwe were able to take a more in depth look at the prevalence\\nof each mindset, the corresponding search behaviors, and\\nperceptions of success and effort within each query.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,282,394,379],\"text\":\"Search behaviors and mindsets. Participants searched\\nmost often with a focused mindset. Of the 103 search se-\\nquences we presented to 13 users, 61 were classified as fo-\\ncused (59.22%), 26 as open (25.24%), 8 as mixed (focused/open;\\n7.77%), and 3 as exploratory (2.91%); participants couldn't\\nreach conducting 5 of the presented searches (4.85%).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,380,394,633],\"text\":\"Furthermore, we uncovered two factors for differentiating\\nmindsets: entity click and query length. In particular, for\\nfocused searches, most entity clicks were track (26), followed\\nby artist (16), playlist (11), and album (7). In contrast, for open\\nsearches, most entity clicks were artist (10) or playlist (8),\\nfollowed by genre (4), track (2), and radio (2). Importantly,\\nartist clicks signaled a different search target for focused\\ncompared to open mindsets. Artist clicks in a focused mind-\\nset meant participants wanted to find one specific entity by\\nthat artist, whereas in an open mindset participants were\\nopen to finding multiple entities from the artist. In addition,\\nfocused search queries tended to be longer than open search\\nqueries. A Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test revealed a signifi-\\ncant difference between the focused (median = 8) and open\\n(median = 7) query length, W = 556, p = .02. We did not have\\nenough data to draw inferences about exploratory searches.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,634,394,889],\"text\":\"Perceptions of success and effort across mindsets.\\nAs in Study 1, we found perceptions of success were dif-\\nferent in focused and open mindsets, and participants were\\nunable to judge success in an exploratory mindset. Partici-\\npants considered focused searches successful as long as they\\ngot what they sought, regardless of effort. In open mind-\\nsets, success was more related to listening experience than\\nsearch experience. Participants considered an open search\\nsuccessful if they found relevant content, but they perceived\\nit as a great experience if they found content they really\\nliked. Interestingly, we observed mindsets change within a\\nsearch session, so participants sometimes became open to\\na \\\"wrong\\\" result following an effortful and unsuccessful fo-\\ncused search. Though these participants were unable to find\\nthe content they initially wanted, they sometimes considered\\nthese searches successful anyway.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,889,394,954],\"text\":\"Further supporting Study 1 findings, perceptions of effort\\ndiffered between focused and open mindsets (data on ex-\\nploratory mindset were scarce). In particular, focused and\\nopen mindsets differed in which behaviors they perceived to\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,461],\"text\":\"be effortful. These differences seemed to stem from differing\\nexpectations around when participants believed effort would\\nbe likely or necessary. When searching in a focused mind-\\nset, participants expected queries would need to be precise,\\nand thus tended to be somewhat tolerant of effort while typ-\\ning. That is, participants did not mind some level of refining\\nqueries, involving character deletion, addition, or both, or\\nrefining the query with help from Google (e.g., using Google\\nto search for lyrics to find the track name and then return\\nto Spotify). Beyond typing, however, they did not expect to\\nexert much effort, as they expected an accurate top result.\\nTherefore, in a focused mindset, participants tended to be less\\ntolerant of behaviors like scrolling, clicking, viewing, and\\nlistening, and any lower rank click was perceived as effortful.\\nIn contrast, when searching in an open mindset, effort was\\nrelatively more expected while considering search results,\\nrather than while typing queries. Participants expected to\\nlook at more than one result to find what they wanted (and\\nat times even welcomed this process), and thus were often\\nrelatively more tolerant of scrolling, clicking, viewing, and\\nlistening while searching in an open mindset.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,472,747,951],\"text\":\"How stable were mindsets for individuals across time? Overall,\\nwe found that mindsets in search were stable for some par-\\nticipants, but most often varied within participants between\\nsessions, and occasionally shifted within a single session. In\\nparticular, some participants reported doing only focused\\nsearches, but we found no such regularity for open or ex-\\nploratory searches (though a sample this size cannot rule\\nout the possibility). Those who consistently searched with\\na focused mindset tended to do so out of habit, reporting\\nthat they always searched that way or they were unsure how\\nto use search differently. However, the majority of partici-\\npants classified searches in more than one category, mean-\\ning they shifted mindsets between search sessions. Shifting\\nmindsets between sessions could be related to the context in\\nwhich they conducted the search. For example, some partici-\\npants reported conducting focused searches when they were\\nalone and wanted to hear something stuck in their head;\\nothers reported more open searches during parties, where\\nthey wanted to play background music. Lastly, there were\\ninstances of participants shifting mindsets while searching,\\nwhich could be related to the effort and success of the initial\\nsearch. The only shifting pattern we observed was from fo-\\ncused to open mindset, which happened after two different\\ntypes of searches. It was most common after a participant\\nhad an effortful and unsuccessful focused search. That is,\\nsometimes when participants did not find what they wanted,\\nbut still wanted to listen to content, they would become more\\nopen to accepting different results, hoping it may lead them\\nto must they would enjoy. Shifting mindsets also happened\\noccasionally after a successful focused search. For example,\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 299\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300529/results/markdown/3290605-3300529_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300533/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300533", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/results/output_json/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,39,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[98,118,715,180],\"text\":\"Social Media TestDrive: Real-World Social Media\\nEducation for the Next Generation\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[129,194,249,259],\"text\":\"Dominic DiFranzo\\nCornell University\\n\\nIthaca, New York\\n\\ndiFranzo@cornell.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[130,271,248,336],\"text\":\"Jessie G. Taft\\n\\nCornell Tech\\n\\nNew York, New York\\njtg43@cornell.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[350,194,463,258],\"text\":\"Yoon Hyung Choi\\nCornell University\\nIthaca, New York\\nyc863@cornell.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[352,271,460,336],\"text\":\"Janis Whitlock\\n\\nCornell University\\n\\nIthaca, New York\\n\\njw43@cornell.edu\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[562,195,684,259],\"text\":\"Amanda Purington\\nCornell University\\nIthaca, New York\\nad17@cornell.edu\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[563,271,688,336],\"text\":\"Natalya N. Bazavara\\nCornell University\\nIthaca, New York\\nbazavaza@cornell.edu\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,346,141,362],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,367,394,654],\"text\":\"Social media sites are where life happens for many of today's\\nyoung people, so it is important to teach them to use these\\nsites safely and effectively. Many youth receive classroom\\neducation on digital literacy topics, but have few chances\\nto build actual skills. Social Media TestDrive, an interac-\\ntive social media simulation, fills a gap in digital literacy\\neducation by combining experiential learning in a realistic\\nand safe social media environment with educator-facilitated\\nclassroom lessons. The tool was piloted with 12 educators\\nand over 200 students, and formative evaluation data sug-\\ngest that TestDrive achieved high levels of engagement with\\nboth groups. Students reported the modules enhanced their\\nunderstanding of digital citizenship issues, and educators\\nnoted that students were engaging in meaningful classroom\\nconversations. Finally, we discuss the importance of involv-\\ning multiple stakeholder groups (e.g., researchers, youth,\\neducators, curriculum developers) in designing educational\\ntechnology.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,664,172,681],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,684,392,718],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing • Social media; • Ap-\\nplied computing → Interactive learning environments;\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,730,149,746],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,751,392,767],\"text\":\"Digital Citizen; Education; Youth Development; Social Media\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,347,553,362],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,363,747,451],\"text\":\"Dominic DiFranzo, Yoon Hyung Choi, Amanda Purningstein, Jessie G.\\nTait, Janis Whitlock, and Natalya N. Bazavova. 2019. Social Media\\nTestDrive: Real-World Social Media Education for the Next Genera-\\ntion. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Pro-\\nceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK . ACM, New\\nYork, NY, USA, 11 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290665.3305333\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,470,549,486],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,490,747,729],\"text\":\"Adolescents' digital citizenship education is more important\\nnow than ever. Eighty nine percent of teenagers in the U.S.\\ncharacterize themselves as being online several times a day\\nor \\\"almost constantly\\\" [1] . With online activity comes an\\narray of opportunities and risks [4, 28] . For example, once\\nactive online, children are likely to face a variety of confus-\\ning or outright negative experiences, such as cyberbullying\\n[17] , over-disclosure of private information [30] , and fake\\nnews [29] . Few young users of social media, however, are\\nprepared to deal with complicated choices related to privacy,\\nsharing, responding to cyberbullies, or discerning between\\naccurate and distorted news [4] . Indeed, in a recent survey\\nof primary and secondary school students in the U. K., only\\n2 % of participants were able to distinguish fake news from\\ntruth [27] .\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,730,747,953],\"text\":\"To categorically focus on risks, however, is to misrepre-\\nsent the diversity of online experiences. Like many realms of\\nlife, social media may present both negative and positive ex-\\nperiences for young people. Online spaces can provide teens\\nwith places to learn, be creative, \\\"hang out\\\" with friends, and\\ntry on new identities [5] . Moreover, while research shows\\nteenagers with more online skills are exposed to more online\\nrisks as well as opportunities [19] , facing these risks online\\ncan be an effective way for teenagers to learn the bound-\\naries of appropriate online behavior [14] . As Karen Pittman,\\nfounder of the national youth development initiative Ready\\nby 21 wrote, \\\"Problem-free is not fully prepared\\\" [23] . Pos-\\nitive youth development approaches suggest that effective\\neducation for young people about social media must include\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,776,392,883],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,886,273,898],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,900,392,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,926,264,952],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4053-5970-2/19-03...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3260605.3300533\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 303\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":26,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/results/markdown/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300533/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300533", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/results/output_json/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,172],\"text\":\"information not just about ways to avoid potential dangers\\nor negative experiences, but must also focus on the potential\\nbenefits of social media participation [12] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,172,394,475],\"text\":\"Fully restricting teens' access to social media is neither\\nfeasible nor desirable, since contemporary youth must be\\nequipped to engage in increasingly abundant and complex\\nsocial media experiences. Indeed, it is likely that every child\\nwill have to engage in online social platforms to navigate\\nfuture work and social environments [1] . A growing number\\nof educational institutions require youth to navigate online\\nenvironments (e.g., Google Classroom) to engage with edu-\\ncational material, some of which includes social exchange\\n[15] . It is incumbent on parents, educators, HCI designers,\\nand other adults who care about young people to invest in\\ncreative and effective strategies for preparing them to en-\\ngage in the online world in ways that minimize risks and\\nmaximize opportunities for positive development. Ideally,\\nsuch education should begin early, as participation in social\\nmedia often occurs even before youth reach the the legal age\\nrequired to open an official account [20] because it is easy\\nfor youth to circumvent age requirements by entering a fake\\nbirthday to create an account.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,475,394,571],\"text\":\"Responsible social media use means effectively identifying\\nand mitigating risks while simultaneously recognizing and\\ncapitalizing on potential benefits. This requires three primary\\nskills: understanding key issues surrounding technology,\\nusing technology responsibly, and developing lifelong skills\\nto use technology in a positive way [24] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,571,394,730],\"text\":\"Current efforts to prepare youth and families to deal with\\nthe challenges that accompany social media use are referred\\nto as \\\"digital literacy\\\" [9] . Historically, digital literacy referred\\nto responsible consumption and interpretation of traditional\\nmass media such as TV, film, and news. More recently, it has\\nbeen joined by the related term \\\"Internet literacy\\\", defined\\nas \\\"the abilities to access, analyze, evaluate, and create on-\\nline content\\\" [19] . Some have even argued for \\\"social media\\nliteracy\\\" as a separate term, dealing specifically with issues\\nassociated with social media use [18] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,730,394,938],\"text\":\"However, integrating each of the three aforementioned\\nskills requires more than simply \\\"literacy\\\": education efforts\\nmust prepare youth to manage a wide range of digital media,\\nand to act as responsible citizens of the digital platforms\\nthey occupy (for a review, see [3, 6] ). The primary measure\\nof \\\"citizenship\\\" goes beyond demonstration of knowledge\\nabout specific content, features, or functions of the Internet,\\nand includes demonstration of critical thinking about digital\\nmedia use and the complex challenges that accompany it\\n[6] . Thus, while \\\"literacy\\\" and \\\"citizenship\\\" are often used\\ninterchangeably, we use the latter to emphasize that it re-\\nquires understanding not just of the content presented, but\\nof responsible conduct in and around these media.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,206],\"text\":\"Educational programs under these and other names have\\nproliferated in recent years. While some of these have ef-\\nfectively prepared youth and their families to recognize and\\nmitigate risks, others have had little impact or have even\\nproduced harmful effects [7] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,226,625,244],\"text\":\"Current Digital Citizenship Tools\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,247,747,629],\"text\":\"Current digital citizenship education tools fall under three\\nbroad categories: non-interactive curricula, interactive edu-\\ntainment games, and unguided platforms. Basic curricula\\ntypically contain scripted lessons or activities designed to\\nbe mostly delivered in offline classroom settings or through\\n\\\"do it yourself\\\" online resources such as videos. A notable\\nexample of a non-interactive curriculum is the stand-alone\\nCommon Sense Education K-12 Digital Citizenship Curricu-\\nlum, which consists of classroom lesson plans, educational\\nmaterial, and videos for grades K-12 on many digital citi-\\nzenship topics. Though these lessons and their contents are\\nrich, they do not allow for interaction between the student\\nand a social media platform, and do not provide hands-on\\nlearning experiences. Google has also released a number of\\neducational tools and curricula for different age ranges. The\\ncompany's \\\"Online Safety Roadshow\\\" consists of teacher les-\\nson plans for high school audiences. Their \\\"Applied Digital\\nSkills\\\" site is broader in scope, using video and tutorials to\\nteach basic digital skills like searching for information or\\napplying for a job to both teens and adults. Other efforts in\\nthis area include programs such as Facebook's \\\"Bullying Pre-\\nvention Hub\\\" and \\\"Digital Literacy Library,\\\" and the Digital\\nLiteracy Resource Platform from the Berkman Klein Center\\nfor Internet and Society.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,629,747,949],\"text\":\"Interactive edutainment games are designed on the premise\\nthat high engagement through interactive gaming assists in\\nlearning and retention. In the context of digital citizenship\\nand social media education, these games often include nar-\\nrative vignettes of people encountering technology-based\\nissues, with the user navigating the situation in the role of\\na main character. Common Sense Media's Digital Compass\\nis an example of this model, using cartoon videos where\\nstudents can decide how the story continues for the main\\ncharacter. For example, in the lesson \\\"Kung Fu Fihber,\\\" stu-\\ndents help an ox named Hutch decide whether to post truth\\nor exaggerations online, reviewing what he should post and\\nwhat he should think twice about. While these situations\\nmay reflect those found in the real world, the available in-\\nteractions are limited to a few pre-defined options and do\\nnot provide experience with the actual interfaces or inter-\\nactions found on real social media platforms. Edutainment\\ngames with similar models include Digizen's Cyberbullying\\nGame and the Federal Trade Commission's OnGuardOnline\\nprogram.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 303\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/results/markdown/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300533/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300533", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/results/output_json/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,347],\"text\":\"Edutainment media also mimic popular game genres (e.g.,\\n2D platforms, puzzles) with added educational material or\\ntext. Often the game and the educational material are nei-\\nther thematically nor mechanically connected. For example,\\nGoogle's \\\"Be Internet Awesome\\\" game allows a player to\\ncontrol a Google Android mascot around a series of plat-\\nforms, giving \\\"likes\\\" and heart emojis to sad robots while\\nblocking bully robots. The game is meant to teach players to\\nuplift others and stand up to cyberbullies. While the lesson is\\nwell-intentioned, the connection between robots giving each\\nother heart emojis in a 2D world is far removed from a real\\nsituation or social media environment. Other games that use\\nthis model include CyberWise by PBS kids, Carnegie Cyber\\nAcademy, and Netsmartz Teens.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,348,395,587],\"text\":\"The third category of digital citizenship education tools\\nare unguided platforms or sandboxes. These tools are less\\neducational resources than specially made social media plat-\\nforms designed for youth audiences. A recent and popular\\nexample is Facebook's \\\"Messenger Kids,\\\" a version of Face-\\nbook Messenger that allows parents an oversight of their\\nchildren's messaging. Parents can control their child's ad-\\ndress book and monitor messages sent or received through\\nthe app. While there is no educational material explicitly\\nincluded, it does give children protected, hands-on experi-\\nence using chat applications such as Facebook Messenger.\\nGoogle provides a similar product called \\\"Family Link\\\" that\\nallows parents to monitor their children's Android phones.\\nOther examples of social sites made for young people include\\nTCOCA mail and Yoursphere.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,597,293,615],\"text\":\"Addressing the Current Gap in Tools\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,618,395,808],\"text\":\"Most of the interactive tools reviewed above are one-time\\neducational games that are fun but do not necessarily build\\nlasting skills. Preparation for social media involvement needs\\nto be both instructive and tailored to the kinds of social media\\nyouth actually use. However, most of the currently available\\ntools do not combine an interactive social media component\\nwith an educational component. Since the consequences of\\nsocial media mistakes can be immediate and lasting, edu-\\ncational tools should combine the realism of social media\\nuse with guided educational material. Such a tool needs to\\nbe thoughtfully designed and needs to incorporate core ele-\\nments of experiential learning.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,809,395,954],\"text\":\"The social media platforms favored by young people vary\\nwidely in interface and purpose: 85 % of teens 13-17 use\\nYouTube, 72 % use Instagram, and 69 % use Snapchat [1] . New\\nforms of social media appear regularly, drawing crowds of\\nyoung users with new and engaging features. Some existing\\nsupervised social media experiences, such as Facebook Mes-\\nsenger, can be helpful in acclimatting young users to these\\nsites while allowing for a parental control. However, these\\nsite-specific experiences do not help users transfer their skills\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,237],\"text\":\"to other sites and while providing for a parental monitoring,\\ndo not specifically teach digital citizenship skills. Educational\\ntools must not only prepare young people to responsibly use\\nexisting social media platforms, but teach the citizenship\\nand critical thinking skills required to safely navigate plat-\\nforms that may not yet exist. The theoretical framework of\\nexperiential learning can also help in this regard.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,247,571,264],\"text\":\"Theoretical Perspectives\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,267,757,538],\"text\":\"Compared to passive, didactic learning based on non-interactive\\ncurricula, experiential learning provides students with hands-\\non experiences and opportunities to reflect on what they are\\nlearning. According to Kolb's experiential learning model,\\nlearners develop abstract conceptualizations through the\\nprocess of reflective observation about concrete experiences.\\nThese conceptualizations are then tested again through ac-\\ntive experimentation, and this cyclical process of experience,\\nthought, and reflection helps students develop understand-\\ning of the real world [16] . Though learners alone may drive\\nexperiential learning, the process can be facilitated by an-\\nother who guides the process of reflection. Questions that\\nprompt learners to consider what happened during their ex-\\nperimentation and why, and if this happens in the real world\\nand why. Facilitators can use this information to encourage\\nlearners to critically reflect on their experiences and apply\\nthis learning to their own lives [11] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,539,748,730],\"text\":\"Digital citizenship is an area of education ripe for experien-\\ntial learning. The current didactic digital citizenship curricula\\nlack hands-on experiences, while interactive edutainment\\ngames are more engaging but unrealistic. Unguided forays\\ninto social media may provide hands-on experience in “real-\\nworld” online communication, but lack the guided reflection\\ncritical for learning. To fill in this gap in digital citizenship\\ntraining, we have developed a social media simulation, and\\naccompanying materials for educators, to introduce key con-\\ncepts of digital citizenship and to facilitate reflection. This\\ntool provides a unique blend of realistic hands-on experience\\nand guided instruction.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,741,616,758],\"text\":\"2 SOCIAL MEDIA TESTDRIVE\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,762,747,954],\"text\":\"Social Media TestDrive simulates the look and feel of a social\\nmedia site, but without connection to the general Internet.\\nDeveloped through conversations with youth development\\neducators participating in a University-organized research\\nand practice workshop in summer 2017, TestDrive arose as\\nan educational adaptation of a simulation platform originally\\ndesigned for experimental social media research studies. In\\na series of semi-structured focus-group-like conversations,\\neducators and youth development experts were prompted\\nto reflect on topics relating to youth and social media. They\\ndescribed working with youth who use social media, and\\ndiscussed helping youth deal with issues related to mental\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 303\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/results/markdown/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300533/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300533", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/results/output_json/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,236],\"text\":\"health, cyberbullying, and sexting. The research team then in-\\nformally presented their work on exploring the mechanisms\\nof bystander intervention in cyberbullying via a simulated\\nsocial networking site. The subsequent exchange between\\neducators and researchers led the group to realize the oppor-\\ntunity to adapt the existing research simulation for experi-\\nential learning in digital citizenship.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,236,395,365],\"text\":\"Following these initial conversations, the research team\\nengaged local youth educators to further understand their\\nneeds for an educational social media simulation. A group\\nof youth development professionals from local groups pro-\\nvided feedback on early iterations of TestDrive. Their input\\nassisted the research team in choosing lesson topics, iden-\\ntifying existing digital citizenship curricula, and creating\\nengaging and age-appropriate content.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,375,214,391],\"text\":\"The TestDrive Platform\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,396,395,762],\"text\":\"Social Media TestDrive is an educational tool meant to be\\nused by educators in classrooms, after-school groups, camps,\\nor in other educational or youth development settings. The\\ngoals of Social Media TestDrive are to teach and practice of\\nsocial media skills in a safe, realistic environment. It is de-\\nsigned for middle school students aged 10-13, who are aware\\nof social media and technology but do not yet have social me-\\ndia accounts of their own. The platform gets its name from\\nvirtual driving simulators used in driver education courses,\\nwhere students practice in a safe, simulated environment to\\nget hands-on experience using concepts they have learned\\nin the classroom. At its heart, Social Media TestDrive sim-\\nulates a social media experience by presenting a realistic\\nsocial media interface (e.g., profile pages and a timeline) and\\ninteractions (e.g., creating posts and making comments). Un-\\nlike a real social media site with thousands or millions of\\nother users, all other users of Social Media TestDrive are\\npre-programmed bots following a simple script. Interactions\\nthat take place on the site are only viewable to the individual\\nuser, and never published to the public Web. This allows\\nstudents to practice still-developing skills without fear of\\npublic failure or lasting consequences, as any missteps are\\nprivate and are wiped away when they finish the lesson.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,761,395,954],\"text\":\"Student experiences in the social media simulation are\\nbookended by educator-led discussion of key concepts and\\nreflection questions about the lesson topic. This structure\\n- introduction of key concepts, experience within the so-\\ncial media simulation, and reflection through discussion -\\nis founded on experiential learning theory [16] , which, as\\ndiscussed above, suggests that individuals learn most ro-\\nbustly when they actively do something (e.g., participate\\nin the simulation) and when they reflect on the experience.\\nSocial Media TestDrive provides a âĂ¼simulationâĂł envi-\\nronment for this experiential learning, with concepts and\\nprosocial examples administered through the educator-led\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,235],\"text\":\"reflection process. This helps learners to consciously connect\\nabstract concepts with concrete actions, and to consider the\\napplication of their new skills to future social media use. As\\nsuch, learning outcomes include 1) increase in knowledge\\nabout relevant concepts, 2) development and demonstration\\nof social media skills and 3) intention to apply those skills in\\nfuture real world social media use.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,236,746,491],\"text\":\"The technology behind the Social Media TestDrive project\\ncomes from a research platform called Truman, named after\\nthe 1998 film The Truman Show . The Truman Platform was\\nbuilt to create complete social media simulations for research\\nstudies [8] . Research participants are led to believe that the\\nsocial media site is a genuine social media platform. In actu-\\nality, every user, post, like, reply, notification, and interaction\\na participant sees is carefully curated and controlled by the\\nresearch team. This allows a research team to control not\\nonly the technical interface of the site, but also the social\\ncontext in which they use it. The simulation is also dynamic,\\nreacting in real time to the participant's actions. When a\\nparticipant posts a new picture to the site, the \\\"bot\\\" users\\nwill read, like, and reply back. But actions also create notifi-\\ncations for the participant, further extending the realness of\\nthe site.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,491,746,666],\"text\":\"Social Media TestDrive is a web application, and thus\\ncan work on any device that has a web browser and an\\nInternet connection. Its interface is reactive to device type\\nand will re-size itself to work on desktops, tablets and mobile\\ndevices. The application was built with security in mind, and\\nuses best practices in web security such as SSL encryption\\n(HTTPS), Content Security Policy headers and Cross-Site\\nRequest Forgery protection. TestDrive has been tested on\\nall major modern browsers at the time of writing (Google\\nChrome 68, Mozilla Firefox 61, Microsoft Edge 42, and Apple\\nSafari 11).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,688,557,705],\"text\":\"Lessons and Materials\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,708,746,949],\"text\":\"Social Media TestDrive leverages the Truman platform for\\neducational rather than research purposes. The function-\\nality is the same: Participants engage only with \\\"bots\\\" in\\nthe social media timeline, and their interactions are entirely\\ncontained in a single session in the TestDrive simulation.\\nHowever, TestDrive expands upon Truman by combining\\nit with educational materials. Each TestDrive lesson and\\ninteractive activity are accompanied by an educator guide,\\nparents' guide, and pre- and post-activity quizzes. The ed-\\nucator guide provides an overview of a digital citizenship\\ntopic, details about the interactive activity, and questions\\nto facilitate student reflection and discussion before and af-\\nter the activity is completed. Educator guides and material\\nwere drawn from Common Sense Education's Digital Citizen-\\nship Curriculum, the Berkman Klein Center for Internet and\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 303\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/results/markdown/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300533/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300533", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/results/output_json/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[82,118,734,371],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Four tablet screens showcase an educational platform designed for digital literacy and online safety. The interface includes screens for selecting lesson plans, a pre-activity quiz, a social media-style feed, and a summary of user posts and replies. The content visible relates to topics such as safe self-presentation, cyberbullying, and digital image.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,379,746,409],\"text\":\"Figure 1: A: The lesson module selection screen. B: A Pre-Activity Quiz. C: An activity's interactive timeline. D: The activity\\nreflection page.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,443,394,474],\"text\":\"Society's Digital Literacy Resource Platform, and Fordham\\nUniversity's Privacy Educators Program.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,475,394,538],\"text\":\"Social Media TestDrive also includes an Instructor portal.\\nInstructors are given account privileges that allow them to\\ncreate class groups, assign students to classes, and monitor\\nstudent progress through the lessons.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,545,394,594],\"text\":\"Current Modules. Social Media TestDrive currently has 6\\nmodules, each focused on a different digital citizenship theme\\nor issue.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[88,599,392,918],\"text\":\"• Usernames , Passwords , and Bias . This module acts\\nas both an introduction to Social Media TestDrive and\\na lesson on creating an online account. It guides a\\nnew student user through the process of account cre-\\nation, presenting them with material to help them\\nthink through the process of creating a strong pass-\\nword, choosing an appropriate username, and other\\nconsiderations.\\n• Stopping Cyberbullying , This module helps students\\nlearn to understand what cyberbullying is, how to spot\\nit, and what to do when faced with a cyberbully. This\\nmodule encourages students to not just be bystanders\\nto cyberbullying situations they may see, but to stand\\nup and intervene in appropriate ways.\\n• Information Literacy $^1$ . This module teaches users\\nhow to check the facts on information they find on-\\nline. It includes material on how to spot fake news\\nor untrustworthy facts, and helps students practice\\nreacting constructively when they see others sharing\\nmisinformation.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[440,441,747,714],\"text\":\"• Safe Posting and Self-Presentation. This module\\nfocuses on best practices for online self-disclosure and\\naudience management. It helps learners understand\\nwho else might see what they post, how to carefully\\nchoose what to share, and how to react when they see\\nothers sharing too much.\\n• The Power of Likes. This module helps users criti-\\ncally examine what \\\"likes\\\" and other forms of approval\\nmean in a social media context, and how they might\\nrethink their reactions to the number of likes received\\nby their or another person's post.\\n• Self Esteem and Self-Image. This module assists\\nlearners in critically interpreting the ways others might\\npresent themselves online, and the effects these cu-\\nrated online personas might have on their own self-\\nesteem. It also provides practice in interpreting images\\nthat might be altered or manipulated.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,737,747,946],\"text\":\"Module Workflow. A typical TestDrive lesson proceeds as\\nfollows. Young people in a classroom or group first log into\\nthe TestDrive platform, select a module (in this example, the\\n\\\"Safe Posting and Self-Presentation\\\" module) from the Lesson\\nSelection screen (see Figure 1A) and take a pre-lesson quiz\\nto establish a baseline of topic-related knowledge and social\\nmedia familiarity (see Figure 1B). The quiz might include\\nquestions (e.g., \\\"Tyler wants to give his friend Drew his home\\naddress so Drew can send him a gift. Where should Tyler\\nshare his address?\\\" with multiple choice responses (e.g. \\\"He\\nshould send it to Drew in a text message\\\" or \\\"He should\\nupdate his Facebook profile to make sure his full address\\nis visible\\\"). After students complete the quiz, an educator\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,924,394,952],\"text\":\"We use \\\"literacy\\\" rather than \\\"citizenship\\\" here to align with nomenclature\\nused by the curricula from which the module activities were drawn.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 303\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/results/markdown/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300533/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300533", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/results/output_json/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,220],\"text\":\"delivers a short lesson on audience, self-presentation, self-\\ndisclosure, and privacy on social media, using material from\\nthe educator guide. A group discussion follows, prompted by\\nquestions such as \\\"How do you want people on social media\\nto see you?\\\" and \\\"Who do you think sees the things you post\\nonline?\\\".\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,220,395,410],\"text\":\"After the preliminary discussion, students are instructed\\nto access the lesson's interactive activity. In the Safe Posting\\nand Self-Presentation lesson, students are asked to scroll\\nthrough a simulated social media timeline and decide if the\\ninformation being shared by other \\\"users\\\" is appropriate or\\nnot (see Figure 1 C). If students see someone engaging in\\nsmart self-presentation, they are asked to \\\"like\\\" the post. If\\nstudents see what they perceive as inappropriate, they are\\nencouraged to give constructive feedback in a \\\"comment\\\" on\\nthe post. Finally, students are asked to create a post them-\\nselves, keeping in mind the smart self-presentation tactics\\nthey discussed.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,411,394,618],\"text\":\"After the interactive activity, students are directed to a\\nreflection page, which lets them review the posts they have\\ncreated, commented on, and liked (see Figure 1D). The reflec-\\ntion page is the springboard for further classroom reflection\\nand discussion, using questions listed in the educator guide\\nsuch as \\\"What kind of things did you click the 'like' button\\nfor?\\\" and \\\"If you created a post of your own, what did it\\nsay and why?\\\". This discussion helps students consciously\\nconsider and articulate why they took the actions they did,\\nwhat they could have done differently, and how these expe-\\nriences relate to their own interactions on social media sites.\\nThis reflection process couples the users' experience with\\ncognitive processing and enhances learning.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,618,395,748],\"text\":\"Finally, students are directed to post-activity quiz ques-\\ntions (e.g., \\\"Carla and her friends make fun of their teachers\\nand parents on social media sites that the adults don't go on.\\nAre Carla's conversations private?\\\"). The post-activity quiz\\nalso includes basic evaluation questions (e.g., \\\"How much\\ndid you like this activity?\\\"). Students then see a final sum-\\nmary page with their quiz results, allowing them to note\\ntheir knowledge improvement on the lesson's topic.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,764,246,782],\"text\":\"3 EVALUATION METHODS\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,785,202,800],\"text\":\"Formative Evaluation\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,805,394,950],\"text\":\"Ongoing connections with local youth development experts\\nenabled members of the research team to work directly with\\nlocal youth, parents, and educators to collect feedback on\\nSocial Media TestDrive. Through a systematic formative eval-\\nuation process, the research team collected data for the pur-\\npose of iteratively improving and refining the content, cur-\\nriculum materials, and operation of the TestDrive platform\\nand educator guides [25] . Formative evaluation data (often\\nqualitative) draws input from experts and users to assess\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,492],\"text\":\"the content, design, technical quality, appeal, effectiveness,\\nimplementability, and user acceptance of the educational\\nmaterials [26] . This process assists in the development of\\neducational materials by identifying potential deficiencies\\nin learning effectiveness, ease of use problems, efficiency\\nof instruction, and instructional strengths of the materials\\n[26] . The phase of evaluation described here focused on 1)\\nassessment of learner knowledge change, engagement, and\\nsatisfaction, and 2) educator observations about the overall\\nease of use, degree and nature of youth engagement, and\\neffectiveness of the reflection process. This information was\\nused to make improvements to the program, all of which\\nwere again evaluated. Capturing both learner and educa-\\ntor experience with early design iterations has allowed the\\nresearch team to triangulate findings, identifying improve-\\nments for learning and interaction design and a developing\\na better understanding of what project elements promote\\nlearning. This collaborative and iterative process has resulted\\nin a refined product with strong educational promise. This\\nprocess has also allowed the research team to be sensitive to\\nthe needs of multiple stakeholders and to incorporate sug-\\ngestions in such a way that they can be well-tested before\\ndeployment.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,507,590,523],\"text\":\"Data Collection Procedures\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,527,747,863],\"text\":\"To conduct a formative evaluation of the TestDrive tool, ed-\\nucators in the Northeast U.S. were recruited to administer\\nTestDrive modules in classrooms and after-school programs.\\nEvaluation data was collected from educators (N=12) and\\ntheir students (N=203) in six primarily rural counties in the\\nNortheast U.S. Educators provided feedback about TestDrive\\nand the educator guides in open-ended questions on an on-\\nline survey (N=10) or through phone interviews (N=2) using\\nthe same open-ended questions. Questions fell broadly into\\nthree categories: aspects of the modules the students and ed-\\nucators liked or disliked, feedback on the content and length\\nof activities, and general suggestions for future TestDrive\\ndevelopment. Students answered survey questions at the\\nend of each module about whether they liked the module,\\nwhether they felt they had a better understanding of the topic,\\nwhether they liked the length of the module, and whether\\nthey would recommend the module to a friend. In addition,\\nscores (i.e., number of correct responses) from the pre- and\\npost-activity quizzes were recorded. The three modules com-\\npleted assessed using this approach were self-presentation,\\ncyberbullying, and information literacy.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,880,587,896],\"text\":\"4 EVALUATION RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,900,650,916],\"text\":\"Qualitative Feedback from Educators\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,919,747,950],\"text\":\"The qualitative feedback data from educators were in the\\nform of detailed notes from phone interviews, and written\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 303\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/results/markdown/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300533/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300533", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/results/output_json/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[89,124,380,391],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a bar chart titled \\\"Recommend to a Friend,\\\" showing the percentage of students across three categories: Self-Presentation, Cyberbullying, and Info Literacy. For each category, there are three bars representing \\\"Yes\\\" (blue), \\\"Maybe\\\" (red), and \\\"No\\\" (tan), with their respective percentage values displayed above each bar.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,399,394,430],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Whether students would recommend the module\\nto a friend.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_004.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[89,465,379,733],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A bar chart titled \\\"Length of Module\\\" shows the \\\"Percentage of Students\\\" on the y-axis, categorized by \\\"Self-Presentation,\\\" \\\"Cyberbullying,\\\" and \\\"Info Literacy\\\" on the x-axis. For each module, three bars indicate the percentage of students who found the module \\\"Too short\\\" (blue), \\\"Just right\\\" (red), or \\\"Too long\\\" (tan), with specific percentages labeled above each bar. The \\\"Just right\\\" category consistently represents the highest percentage of students for all modules.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,744,393,762],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Students' perceptions of the length of the module.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,806,394,952],\"text\":\"responses from open-ended questions of an online survey.\\nThe data were analyzed using a thematic analysis method\\nwhere responses were summarized and synthesized into\\nmain themes. Results showed that educators administered\\nthe TestDrive modules to students in grades 4 through 8\\n(corresponding roughly to ages 9 through 14). Educators\\nreported that to their knowledge, most of the student par-\\nticipants did not have much, if any, experience with social\\nmedia. Although some students had received prior training\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,473,746,521],\"text\":\"in school about topics such as internet safety and cyberbul-\\nlying, most of them did not have an account on social media\\nand were not familiar with how to use a social media site.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_008.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[442,124,730,391],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This grouped bar chart, titled \\\"Better Understanding of Issue,\\\" displays the percentage of students who responded \\\"Yes,\\\" \\\"Maybe,\\\" or \\\"No\\\" across three categories: Self-Presentation, Cyberbullying, and Info Literacy. The y-axis represents the \\\"Percentage of Students.\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[419,402,746,433],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Students' understanding of the topic after module\\ncompletion.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,522,747,839],\"text\":\"Most educator feedback about TestDrive fell into three\\nareas: educator engagement, student engagement, and sug-\\ngestions for improvement. Overall, educators had positive\\nimpressions of TestDrive. Most thought that the content of\\nthe modules and activities were appropriate for the age and\\nskill level of their students. One of the most-liked aspects was\\nthe meaningful classroom discussion generated around each\\nmodule since completing a TestDrive activity prompted stu-\\ndents to actively participate in class discussion. One teacher\\nreported that the students \\\"really engaged in the conversa-\\ntions and enjoyed talking about their real life situations,\\\" and\\nanother remarked that the group discussions \\\"really allows\\nthe kids to understand the topics and give examples of things\\nlike cyberbullying to other students.\\\" Educators especially\\nappreciated discussion questions and prompts provided by\\nthe educator guides, since it made it easy for them to fa-\\ncilitate the discussion. Some educators also reported they\\nliked watching their students completing the TestDrive sim-\\nulations, since this was the part that students enjoyed the\\nmost.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,840,747,952],\"text\":\"As for student engagement, educators reported that Test-\\nDrive was most liked by older students, those in grades 6-8,\\nthe target group for TestDrive. Some of the younger students\\nwere insufficiently experienced with social media to under-\\nstand even the basic concepts involved in the use of a social\\nmedia site, such as liking and commenting on posts. Accord-\\ning to educators, the most engaging element for students\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 303\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/results/markdown/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300533/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300533", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/results/output_json/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,298],\"text\":\"was interacting with the timeline simulation. As one instruc-\\ntor remarked, \\\"The students loved getting onto the site, and I\\ncouldn't wait to get there while we were teaching the lesson.\\\"\\nThe content of the timeline was one of the major elements\\nthat fostered this engagement. One educator stated that stu-\\ndents would \\\"get giddy\\\" at some of the images, and many\\nothers also noted that students enjoyed looking through the\\nsimulated social media posts. Educators also reported that\\nstudents enjoyed answering discussion questions and partic-\\nipating in the discussion by sharing their own experiences\\nwith social media and the internet.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,299,394,493],\"text\":\"In addition to the positive feedback, educators suggested\\nimprovements and changes that could be implemented in\\nfuture development of TestDrive. Most frequently identified\\nas needing improvement were the pre- and post-activity\\nquizzes, since students thought they were boring and text-\\nheavy. The quizzes were not interesting for students, es-\\npecially for those who struggled with reading comprehen-\\nsion. Other major suggestions included fixing glitches in the\\nsystem that would disrupt the workflow of modules. Many\\neducators also wanted to see the TestDrive curriculum ex-\\npanded to cover more digital citizenship topics and newer\\ntechnologies, such as SnapChat and Twitter.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,501,299,519],\"text\":\"Quantitative Feedback from Students\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,523,394,681],\"text\":\"For the most part, students responded that they liked the Test-\\nDrive module activities. Mean liking scores for each module\\nwere as follows (1=\\\"not at all\\\", 5=\\\"a lot\\\"): self-presentation\\n( $N=165$ ), $M=3.85$ , $SD=1.20$ , cyberbullying ( $N=131$ ), $M=3.73$ ,\\n$SD=1.29$ , and information literacy ( $N=102$ ), $M=3.49$ , $SD=1.36$ .\\nA majority of students also responded they thought the\\nlength of the module was appropriate and that they had\\na better understanding of issues after completing the activ-\\nity, and many said that they would recommend the lessons\\nto a friend (see Figures 2 - 4 ).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,682,395,843],\"text\":\"Paired sample T-tests were conducted on pre- and post-\\nactivity quiz scores to see if there were significant changes in\\nhow many quiz questions students answered correctly. The\\nonly significant changes were in the self-presentation mod-\\nule (out of 5 total questions), $t(174)=4.62$ , $p<.001$ , $M_{pre}=3.92$ ,\\n$M_{post}=4.29$ . Students did not have significantly different pre-\\nand post-activity quiz scores for the cyberbullying (out of\\n5 total questions), $t(140)=1.12$ , $p=.26$ , $M_{pre}=4.06$ , $M_{post}=4.16$ ,\\nand information literacy (out of 4 total questions), $t(132)=1.80$ ,\\n$p=.07$ , $M_{pre}=3.05$ , $M_{post}=3.20$ , modules.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,852,173,869],\"text\":\"5 DISCUSSION\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,873,394,953],\"text\":\"In this paper, we introduce a novel digital citizenship edu-\\ncation tool designed to prepare youth for prosocial partic-\\nipation in social media platforms. We situate Social Media\\nTestDrive within the landscape of existing digital citizenship\\neducational interventions and describe the collaborative and\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,236],\"text\":\"multi-stakeholder design process, as well as processes for\\nfuture improvement. Our design process integrates behav-\\nioral science theories with ongoing feedback from educators.\\nThus, our work contributes to what Zimmerman and col-\\nleagues /citezimmerman2007research call the creation of an\\nartifact that “provides concrete embodiments of theory and\\ntechnical opportunities” (p. 498).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,236,746,410],\"text\":\"This paper contributes to the HCI field by engaging in a “ re-\\nsearch through design ” process /cite/zimmerman2007research\\nto solve a concrete problem (i.e., gap in digital literacy tools).\\nThis work also follows the process of iterative design, which\\nhas been used in designing and upgrading platforms (e.g.,\\nCivilServant [21] ). We also present the results of a forma-\\ntive evaluation conducted as an ongoing part of the design\\nprocess. Measures of engagement with TestDrive were how\\nmuch educators and students liked the tool, and for students,\\nincreases in knowledge of the subject after participating in\\nthe modules.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,411,747,731],\"text\":\"Overall, we found that both educators and students were\\nhighly engaged with TestDrive. Qualitative feedback from\\neducators showed satisfaction with the content and format\\nof TestDrive modules. In addition, a majority of students in-\\ndicated liking the content of the modules and willingness to\\nrecommend the tool to others. While students self-reported\\na greater understanding of the issues presented in the mod-\\nules, analysis of pre- and post-activity quiz scores present\\nmore mixed results. There was a significant increase in cor-\\nrectly answered post-activity quiz questions for the self-\\npresentation module, but the pre- and post-activity difference\\nwas not significant for the cyberbullying and information\\nliteracy modules, although there was a positive trend. One\\nexplanation for the lack of significance is that students had\\na relatively good topical knowledge before completing the\\nmodule, as evidenced by high pre-activity quiz scores, leaving\\nlittle room to observe an increase in knowledge. Educators\\nalso reported that many students had received some prior\\ninformation literacy and cyberbullying response training\\nbefore participating in TestDrive.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,752,697,771],\"text\":\"Theoretical and Methodological Implications\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,773,747,948],\"text\":\"The formative evaluation results suggest that TestDrive, de-\\nspite being a social media simulation , may be similar enough\\nto \\\"real world\\\" social media platforms for experiential learn-\\ning to take place. Both students and educators found the\\nphotos and posts from the timeline engaging: one educator\\neven reported that students \\\"couldn't wait to get there\\\" dur-\\ning lessons. The positive reactions to reflective discussions\\nbefore and after TestDrive lessons also suggest that the activi-\\nties and lessons may promote experiential learning, of which\\nreflection about concrete experiences is an essential part [16] .\\nHowever, social media education should not be limited to\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 303\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300533/results/markdown/3290605-3300533_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300534/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300534", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/results/output_json/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[89,101,725,192],\"text\":\"Investigating the Impact of a Real-time, Multimodal\\nStudent Engagement Analytics Technology\\nin Authentic Classrooms\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[220,206,592,241],\"text\":\"Sinem ElAou$^{1}$, Nese Alyuz$^{2}$, Cagri Tarniover$^{3}$, Sinem E. Mete$^{2}$,\\nEda Okun$^{1}$, Sidney K. D'Mello$^{4}$, Asli Arslan Esme$^{5}$\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[97,240,721,314],\"text\":\"$^{1}$Intel Corporation\\nHillsboro, OR, USA\\n$^{2}$Bahcesehir University\\nIstanbul, Turkey\\n$^{3}$University of Colorado Boulder\\nBoulder, CO, USA\\n$^{4}$(sinem.aslan, nese.alyz.civitci,\\ncagri.tranivor, eda.okur,\\nasli.arslan.esme)@intel.com\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,324,142,339],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,344,394,553],\"text\":\"We developed a real-time, multimodal Student Engagement\\nAnalytics Technology so that teachers can provide just-in-time\\npersonalized support to students who risk disengagement. To\\ninvestigate the impact of the technology, we ran an exploratory\\nsemester-long study with a teacher in two classrooms. We used a\\nmulti-method approach consisting of a quasi-experimental\\ndesign to evaluate the impact of the technology and a case study\\ndesign to understand the environmental and social factors\\nsurrounding the classroom setting. The results show that the\\ntechnology had a significant impact on the teacher's classroom\\npractices (i.e., increased scaffolding to the students) and student\\nengagement (i.e., less boredom). These results suggest that the\\ntechnology has the potential to support teachers' role of being a\\ncoach in technology-mediated learning environments.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,566,171,583],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[69,587,367,631],\"text\":\"• Applied computing -> Education -> Learning management\\nsystems • Human-centered computing -> Human computer\\ninteraction (HCI) -> Empirical studies in HCI\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,640,361,670],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS: Learning Analytics, Affective Computing,\\nStudent Engagement, Real-time, Dashboards\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,675,188,689],\"text\":\"ACM Reference format:\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,690,392,784],\"text\":\"Siman Aslan, Nesu Ayuz, Cagri Tianwerer, Sinem E. Mete, Eda Okur,\\nSidney K. D'Mello and Asli Arslan Esme. 2019. Investigating the Impact\\nof a Real-Time, Multimodal Student Engagement Analytics Technology\\nin Authentic Classrooms. In 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in\\nEducation systems (New York, NY, USA), Paper 364 . 12 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290695.3300341\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,327,545,344],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,348,746,480],\"text\":\"Students' increasing access to technology in classrooms\\nbrings forth new challenges for teachers. How can a\\nteacher act as a coach, supporting student learning in\\ntechnology-mediated learning environments? How can a\\nteacher ensure that students are engaged while learning\\nfrom technology? And how can a teacher identify the\\nstudents in need of help and provide just-in-time\\npersonalized support to each of them?\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,490,746,740],\"text\":\"Related research shows that providing real-time learning\\nanalytics to teachers facilitates their instrumental and\\nemotional support to students in classrooms [1, 2] , which\\nin turn improves students' engagement, experience, and\\nperformance [3, 4] . Student engagement is an important\\nfactor for teachers to consider when personalizing\\nlearning experience [5, 6, 7, 8] , as it is linked to major\\neducational outcomes such as persistence, satisfaction,\\nand academic achievement [6] . Towards this end, we\\ndeveloped a multimodal system - Student Engagement\\nAnalytics Technology (SEAT) - to detect students'\\nengagement-related states in real-time and provide this\\ninformation to teachers so they can implement just-in-\\ntime personalized interventions. We discuss the\\ntechnology and an initial evaluation study in this paper.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,756,694,773],\"text\":\"2 BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,780,587,795],\"text\":\"2.1 Modeling Engagement\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,800,746,916],\"text\":\"Contemporary researchers adopt a multi-componental\\nperspective for engagement and have operationalized\\nperson-oriented engagement in terms of affective,\\ncognitive, and behavioral states [9] . The majority of the\\nresearch investigating student engagement during\\nlearning is based on unimodal systems relying on either\\nsensor-free data collected from student interactions and\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,802,393,897],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or\\nclassroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or\\nutilized for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and\\nthe full citation on the first page. Reproduction must be permitted by the work\\nby others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To\\ncopy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires\\nspecific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from\\nPermission Request\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,898,250,944],\"text\":\"CITI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\\n© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery\\nACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5979-2/19/05 ... $10.50\\nhttp://doi.org/10.1145/3296695.3300534\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_num\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 304\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/results/markdown/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300534/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300534", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/results/output_json/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,95,394,130],\"text\":\"event logs or on unimodal physiological and behavioral\\ndata (see the review by [9] ).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,136,394,221],\"text\":\"Multimodal approaches are quite rare though ostensibly\\nquite beneficial since leveraging students' appearance\\n(e.g., facial expressions) in addition to other contextual\\ncues such as learning progress can be used to make better\\njudgments about their engagement [10] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,228,394,363],\"text\":\"In contrast to the unimodal intelligent systems, there are\\nsome promising research studies taking a multimodal\\napproach. One such example is the affect-sensitive\\nAutoTutor, which tracks students' affective states using\\ninformation derived from log files, facial expressions, and\\nbody posture to generate a variety of dialog moves\\nincluding motivational feedback to complement\\npedagogical actions [11] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,369,394,654],\"text\":\"Using a similar multimodal approach, we developed\\nmachine learning models that use student appearance and\\ninteraction logs as two modalities to detect engagement in\\nreal-time [12, 13, 14] . For model development, we\\ncollected 500+ hours of multimodal student data from\\nauthentic classrooms and rigorously labeled the data using\\na Human-Expert Labeling Process (HELP) [15] . Our\\nsensing technology is able to support various usage\\nscenarios including providing engagement states to (1)\\nstudents for improving self-awareness; (2) integrating this\\ninformation in educational platforms (e.g., Intelligent\\nTutoring Systems, Learning Management Systems, etc.)\\nfor personalizing or evaluating their content; and (3)\\nproviding input to teachers for implementing personalized\\ninterventions. In this study, we focus on interventions\\nwith a human-touch by providing engagement analytics\\nto a teacher to provide just-in-time support to students.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,665,344,697],\"text\":\"2.2 Empowering Teachers with Engagement\\nAnalytics\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,702,394,954],\"text\":\"Our approach is motivated by the assumption that\\nteachers, as the human experts in the feedback loop, can\\nutilize engagement analytics to identify students in need\\nof help and provide instrumental and emotional support\\n(i.e., a human touch ingredient), thereby expanding the\\nsupport that an intelligent system could provide to a\\nstudent. To this end, there is some exemplary research\\nusing dashboards to provide either offline or real-time\\nanalytics to teachers. These studies investigated how\\nmuch these dashboards were instrumental to instructors\\nof distance courses [16] , whether these dashboards could\\nsupport teachers for facilitating collaborative learning in\\nphysical spaces [17] as well as digital platforms [18] , and\\nhow such dashboards could influence teachers' classroom\\npractice and student learning [19] . The results of these\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,95,746,197],\"text\":\"studies indicate that such dashboards could support\\nteachers to understand individual students or groups of\\nstudents who are in need of teacher support [16, 17] .\\nTeachers can also better diagnose problems concerning\\nparticipation of students [18] and implement analytics-\\ndriven classroom practices (e.g., lesson planning) [19] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,203,747,355],\"text\":\"Our work adds to the current literature in that we detect\\ncomprehensive behavioral and emotional components of\\nstudent engagement using a multimodal approach, and\\nprovide these in real-time to teachers for them to\\nimplement just-in-time personalized interventions in\\nauthentic classrooms . More importantly, we investigate the\\nimpact of the technology on the teacher's classroom\\npractices and students' engagement, experience, and\\nperformance in a semester-long study .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[419,369,679,402],\"text\":\"3 STUDENT ENGAGEMENT ANALYTICS\\nTECHNOLOGY (SEAT)\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,407,702,424],\"text\":\"3.1 Student Engagement Detection Approach\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,428,747,613],\"text\":\"We trained multimodal classifiers on two components of\\noverall engagement. One classifier addresses behavioral\\nengagement (i.e., whether a student is on-task or off-task\\nduring learning) and the other assesses emotional\\nengagement (i.e., whether a student is satisfied, bored, or\\nconfused during learning). These two classifiers provide\\nan assessment of observed engagement through\\nunobtrusive sensing – similar to a teacher observing\\nstudent engagement in a classroom. We did not train a\\nclassifier for cognitive engagement because pertinent\\ninformation is available in activity logs (see below).\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,621,747,954],\"text\":\"As illustrated in Figure 1 , we utilized two modalities for\\neach engagement components. The Appearance modality\\nis based on a video of individual students captured by\\ntheir built-in device cameras, whereas the Context-\\nPerformance modality uses contextual and student-\\nspecific performance data provided by the educational\\nplatform. Key features from both of these modalities are\\nextracted in 8-second windows to enable real-time\\ndetection of both behavioral and emotional engagement:\\nAppearance features are based on facial landmarks\\ndefining movements of facial features and head\\nmovements, whereas for the Context-Performance,\\nextracted features are related to time spent, number of\\ntrials, and hint counts. Classifiers were pre-trained\\nseparately for each modality and for each engagement\\ndimension on a dataset from the 9 th grade students\\nstudying math on the educational platform used in this\\nstudy. For further details, refer to our previous work – see\\n[12, 13] for the behavioral classifier and [14] for the\\nemotional classifier.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 304\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/results/markdown/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300534/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300534", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/results/output_json/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,96,393,161],\"text\":\"We leveraged these multimodal models, in the Student\\nEngagement Analytics Technology (SEAT) using a Design\\nThinking Process for its user experience design and\\nimplementation.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_003.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_003.png\",\"bbox\":[65,165,394,284],\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This process diagram illustrates a multi-modal sensing system, beginning with a person interacting with a laptop. Inputs like \\\"Appearance\\\" and \\\"Context & Performance\\\" are processed through \\\"Feature Extraction\\\" to obtain data such as facial landmarks and content duration. These features are then used to categorize \\\"Labels & Models\\\" for \\\"Emotional States\\\" (Satisfied, Bored, Confused) and \\\"Behavioral States\\\" (OnTask, OffTask).\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[94,288,367,304],\"text\":\"Figure 1. Student engagement detection approach\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,329,249,346],\"text\":\"3.2 Design Thinking Process\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,350,394,616],\"text\":\"To identify the features and functions specific to a real-\\ntime analytics dashboard, we utilized the Design Thinking\\nProcess consisting of the following stages: (1) empathize,\\n(2) define, (3) ideate, (4) prototype, and (5) test [20] .\\nBuilding on our preliminary literature reviews on features\\nof analytics dashboards, we conducted a half-day\\nworkshop with six psychologists with educational\\nexperience. In this workshop, we first implemented the\\nbraindump method where each expert wrote their ideas\\nabout potential problems with engagement measurement\\nin classes. We then had these experts brainstorm their\\nfindings as a team and ideate a number of possible\\ntechnology solutions for providing engagement analytics\\nto a teacher. Finally, we implemented the sketchstorm\\nmethod to have each expert sketch what an engagement\\nanalytics dashboard could look like.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,625,394,791],\"text\":\"Leveraging findings from the literature reviews and the\\nworkshop, we created preliminary wireframes. Using\\nthese wireframes, a UI designer implemented the first\\ngraphical prototypes of the SEAT UI. We then used these\\nprototypes to conduct a 2-hour workshop with four in-\\nservice math teachers. In this workshop, we implemented\\nthe brainstorming method with some guiding questions to\\ngather data about the current prototypes and potential\\nadditional features and functions the teachers would like\\nincluded.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,800,394,934],\"text\":\"This process enabled us to finalize the major features and\\nfunctions of SEAT (e.g., engagement mapping, analytics\\nformulations and representations). We implemented these\\nin a working prototype to test in the field. Through\\nseveral iterations during testing phase (with formative\\nfeedback from an educational researcher actively\\nobserving SEAT in classes), we created a final design\\nprototype for evaluation on teachers and students.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,95,529,112],\"text\":\"3.3 The SEAT UI\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,116,747,366],\"text\":\"As illustrated in Figure 2 , there are two major views in\\nSEAT: (1) the overall class-view, and (2) the student-\\nspecific view. In the overall class view (see Figure 2a ), a\\nteacher can monitor real-time engagement of all the\\nstudents in a class via color codes along with a “ bell ”\\nnotification icon on the top of each student's avatar which\\nindicates their contextual state (i.e., being on-platform vs.\\noff-platform). The mapping used to display engagement\\nstates and the corresponding color codes are provided in\\nTable 1 , as adopted from [21] . However, in contrast to\\n[21] , based on the feedback gathered from the teachers,\\nwe changed the mapping of on-task + bored from not\\nengaged to maybe engaged as the teachers indicated that as\\nlong as students are on-task, they should not be\\nrepresented as not engaged.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,374,747,641],\"text\":\"In the overall class view (see Figure 2 a), the teacher can\\nalso monitor the class' overall engagement (e.g., 50 % of\\nthe class is currently engaged) as well as an engagement\\nhistory graph, displaying engagement changes of the class\\non a timeline (since the beginning of the class session).\\nBased on the overall-class analytics, the teacher may click\\nthe Class Intervention button to log an intervention to the\\nentire class. As shown in Figure 2 (b), when the teacher\\nclicks on a student's avatar, the teacher can view student-\\nspecific analytics with overall session affect (called mood\\nin the figure) of that specific student and the student's\\nengagement history graph, demonstrating engagement\\nchanges of the student since the beginning of the session.\\nFurther, based on the student-specific analytics, the\\nteacher may click on Take Action button to log an\\nintervention to the student.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[462,663,705,677],\"text\":\"Table 1. Engagement Mapping and Color Codes\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[418,677,747,823],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Contextual State</td><td>Behavioral State</td><td>Emotional State</td><td>Engagement Mapping</td><td>Color Code</td></tr><tr><td>On-Platform</td><td>On-Task</td><td>Satisfied</td><td>Engaged Maybe Engaged</td><td>Green Yellow</td></tr><tr><td>On-Platform</td><td>On-Task</td><td>Bored</td><td>Engaged Maybe Engaged</td><td>Yellow</td></tr><tr><td>On-Platform</td><td>On-Task</td><td>Confused</td><td>Engaged Maybe Engaged</td><td>Yellow</td></tr><tr><td>On-Platform</td><td>On-Task</td><td>Can’t Decide</td><td>Engaged Maybe Engaged</td><td>Yellow Red</td></tr><tr><td>On-Platform</td><td>Off-Task</td><td></td><td>Not Engaged</td><td>Red (Bell)</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table displays a mapping of contextual, behavioral, and emotional states to engagement levels and corresponding color codes. It categorizes various user states, such as \\\"On-Platform On-Task Satisfied\\\" or \\\"Off-Platform,\\\" and assigns them an engagement mapping like \\\"Engaged,\\\" \\\"Maybe Engaged,\\\" or \\\"Not Engaged.\\\" Each mapping is linked to a color code: Green, Yellow, or Red, with additional context like \\\"Red (Bell)\\\" for the \\\"Off-Platform\\\" state.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_2_tab_13.png\"},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 304\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/results/markdown/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300534/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300534", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/results/output_json/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[66,91,401,656],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This two-panel image displays a classroom management interface. The first panel shows an overview of student engagement with avatars, highlighting some as disengaged, alongside a class engagement summary including a donut chart and a line graph. The second panel shows a detailed pop-up for a specific student, \\\"July,\\\" indicating her \\\"Session Mood\\\" (Satisfied, Confused, Bored) and her individual engagement history graph, overlaying the classroom overview.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[79,662,382,693],\"text\":\"Figure 2. UIs of the SEAT: (a) Overall class-view and (b)\\nstudent-specific view\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,706,157,723],\"text\":\"4 METHODS\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,730,297,747],\"text\":\"4.1 Research Context and Questions\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,751,395,918],\"text\":\"In technology-mediated learning environments, teachers\\nact as a coach to support students whenever needed while\\nstudents learn on their own in a self-paced approach\\nthrough digital content based on a preset curriculum. For\\nsuch learning environments, we hypothesized an impact\\nmodel (see Figure 3 ), inspired from the causal chain model\\nintroduced in [19] , that captures teacher interventions\\nbased on real-time engagement analytics to understand\\nwhether and how such interventions have an impact on\\nstudent experience, engagement, and performance.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_007.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_007.png\",\"bbox\":[422,90,743,339],\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This flowchart illustrates a model where real-time student engagement information (from SEAT) enhances a teacher's awareness, leading to just-in-time personalized interventions. These interventions affect both student experience and student engagement, which ultimately contribute to student learning.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[484,341,680,357],\"text\":\"Figure 3. Impact model of the SEAT\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,370,747,620],\"text\":\"To understand the impact of SEAT usage on teachers and\\nstudents based on this model, we conducted a study in a\\nhigh school in Turkey - the same country where the\\nmodels were previously trained. For this study, we chose\\nmath as our target subject area. The administrators of the\\nschool suggested an experienced math teacher (i.e.,\\nMelissa, pseudonym) to be involved in the study. At the\\ntime of the study, Melissa had two $9^{th}$ grade classes and\\nwe randomly assigned one as the control class (19\\nStudents: 11 Female, 8 Male) and the other as the\\ntreatment class (18 Students: 11 Female, 7 Male). Both\\nMelissa and the school administration reported diverse\\nacademic achievement in math within each class (i.e., with\\nlow, moderate, and high achievers) and similar academic\\nachievement in math across the two classes.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,630,746,661],\"text\":\"In this study, we aimed to address the following research\\nquestions:\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[421,669,746,770],\"text\":\"1. What was the teacher's experience with the SEAT?\\n2. Did SEAT usage influence the teacher's classroom\\npractices?\\n3. Did SEAT usage influence students' engagement,\\nexperience, and performance?\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,782,640,798],\"text\":\"4.2 Multi-Method Research Design\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,802,747,953],\"text\":\"We used a multi-method approach consisting of a quasi-\\nexperimental design with non-equivalent groups to\\nevaluate the impact of SEAT combined with a single case\\nstudy design to understand environmental and social\\nfactors surrounding the classroom setting. We started\\nwith three weeks of Readiness sessions for orientation of\\nthe teacher and the students. Next, we implemented three\\nweeks of Baseline sessions in which the teacher did not\\nuse SEAT in any of her classes. The aim of these Baseline\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 304\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/results/markdown/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300534/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300534", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/results/output_json/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,95,394,278],\"text\":\"sessions was to understand any difference between these\\ntwo classes before any treatment. After the Baseline\\nsessions, the students in both of the classes completed a\\npre-test. In the next six weeks, we implemented\\nComparison sessions where we had the teacher use SEAT\\nin the treatment class but not in the control class. At the\\nend of these six weeks, the students in both of the classes\\ncompleted a post-test. In the last four weeks, we\\nimplemented Additional sessions where the teacher used\\nSEAT in both classes with the purpose of gathering\\nadditional qualitative data (See Figure 4 for an overview).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_003.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_003.png\",\"bbox\":[68,306,391,394],\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A timeline diagram illustrates a multi-stage process with sequential phases. The phases are labeled Readiness (3 Weeks), Baseline (3 Weeks), Pre-Test, Comparison (6 Weeks), Post-Test, and Additional (4 Weeks), with arrows indicating the duration of each main stage.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[71,398,390,429],\"text\":\"Figure 4. Summary of quasi-experimental research design\\nphases\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,441,394,576],\"text\":\"Because the first three weeks were only used to assess\\ntechnological readiness, the data from these weeks was\\nnot included in the analysis. Moreover, the Additional\\nsessions aimed to provide additional qualitative data and\\nhence not included in the statistical analysis. We observed\\nmajor end-of-semester effects on the students in both of\\nthe classes (i.e., attendance issues, distractions due to end\\nof year exams, etc.) during these weeks.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,587,197,604],\"text\":\"4.3 Data Collection\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,608,395,859],\"text\":\"Data collection for both classes took place on the same\\nday of the week. Each class was around 80 minutes long\\nwith a 10-minute break in between two 40-minute\\nsessions. In these classes, the students used their laptop\\ncomputers to watch math-related instructional videos and\\nsolve questions on a publicly available educational content\\nplatform (see Figure 5 for the classroom setup). Our data\\ncollection applications ran in the background and\\ncollected the following information: (1) student\\nappearance videos from built-in device cameras, (2)\\nstudent screen capture videos, (3) student context and\\nperformance data from the educational content platform\\nAPI, (4) URL logs from browser, (5) a class video from a\\nfisheye camera, (6) class audio from a mic array, and (7)\\nteacher audio from a lapel mic.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_008.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[435,91,731,301],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"An aerial view of a computer classroom shows numerous students seated at desks with computers. A teacher stands in the center holding a tablet, while individuals labeled as 'Technical Support' and 'Researcher' are seated at other desks.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[473,302,692,318],\"text\":\"Figure 5. Sample classroom-setup views\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,331,745,380],\"text\":\"An educational researcher and a technical support were\\npresent during all classes. The educational researcher\\ncollected the following additional data sources.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,389,745,455],\"text\":\"4.3.1. Semi-Structured Teacher Interviews . We conducted\\nthree sets of interviews with the teacher to understand her\\nprofile as a teacher, her perceived impact of SEAT, and\\nher evaluation of the usability of SEAT.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,463,746,545],\"text\":\"4.3.2. Semi-Structured Student Interviews. To gather in-\\ndepth insights about perceived impact of SEAT from the\\nstudents, we interviewed six students who volunteered -\\nthree from the control class and three from the treatment\\nclass.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,554,746,655],\"text\":\"4.3.3. Semi-Structured In-Class Observations. The\\neducational researcher's semi-structured observations of\\nthe students and the teacher included pre-session notes\\n(i.e., noting down any important events in the school, such\\nas exam week) and in-session notes (i.e., observing the\\nstudents and teacher for any important incidences).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,662,746,764],\"text\":\"4.3.4. Student Questionnaires. We administered three\\nstudent questionnaires to identify any baseline differences\\nbetween the two classes (before any treatment): (1) the\\nStudent Math Attitude Questionnaire [22, 23] ; (2) the\\nStudent Intrinsic Motivation Questionnaire [24, 25] ; and\\n(3) the Student Flow Questionnaire [26, 27] .\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,772,746,922],\"text\":\"4.3.5. Achievement Tests for Pre-Post Assessment . The\\nteacher selected and customized (e.g., changing numbers\\non problems) 10-multiple choice and open-ended\\nquestions from the educational content platform based on\\nthe topics planned to be covered in the weeks between the\\npre-test and post-test. The difficulty level of the questions\\nwere relatively high for the students as they were sampled\\nfrom the topics that were not yet covered in the school\\ncurriculum.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 304\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/results/markdown/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300534/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300534", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/results/output_json/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,95,186,112],\"text\":\"4.4 Data Analysis\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,116,393,147],\"text\":\"We utilized both qualitative and quantitative methods to\\nanalyze the collected data.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,156,394,325],\"text\":\"4.4.1. Observational and Interview Data . All observational\\nnotes were consolidated and organized for an in-depth\\nanalysis. The researchers transcribed all interviews\\nverbatim. Content analysis was conducted to analyze the\\ndata in five major steps: (1) get familiarized with the data,\\n(2) organize the data, (3) conduct initial coding, (4)\\nvalidate codes (peer-review of the emerged codes and\\ncategories), and (5) interpret and report findings (for more\\ndetails about the procedures implemented, see [28, 29, 30,\\n31] ).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,332,394,415],\"text\":\"4.4.2. Questionnaire Data . For each questionnaire, we\\ncomputed a total mean score for each student (negating\\nthe scores for reverse items). Additionally, we also\\ncomputed subscale means (i.e., computing means for\\nrelated sets of items) when applicable.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,423,393,475],\"text\":\"4.4.3. Achievement Tests Data . For each student, the\\ndifference post-score minus pre-score was computed and\\ncompared across classes.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,482,394,582],\"text\":\"4.4.4. Audio and Video Data . We used the Human-Expert\\nLabeling Process (HELP) [15] to label (i.e., code) the video\\nand audio data for student engagement and teacher\\ninterventions. Prior to labeling tasks, six human-experts\\nwith psychology/educational psychology background\\nwere recruited and trained based on the HELP methods.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,590,394,690],\"text\":\"The data used for labeling is provided on the study\\ntimeline in Figure 6 . Due to data collection failures, there\\nwere missing weeks for the intervention labels. Moreover,\\ndue to the limited labeling resources, we had to select a\\nsubset of the data for engagement labeling and we mainly\\nfocused on emotional labels.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,699,394,950],\"text\":\"Student engagement labeling: The experts labeled student\\ndata for behavioral engagement (19 hours of data) and\\nmotional engagement (200 hours of data). The dataset\\nwas divided into two parts and each part was labeled by\\nthree experts to enable reliability checking (i.e., multiple-\\nexpert labeling). The experts audio captured from student\\ndevices, individual student videos, and their desktop\\n(screenshot) videos for labeling. Labels collected on the\\nsame data from each expert were divided into\\nsynchronous time segments for further comparison\\namong each other (8-seconds of resolution as used by the\\nengagement models). Majority voting was applied to\\nobtain final behavioral and emotional labels, which then\\ndefined the overall engagement labels using the mapping\\nprovided in Table 1 . Using these final labels, we obtained\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,95,745,129],\"text\":\"the durations of being in each state for each student and\\neach week.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,135,746,270],\"text\":\"Teacher interventions labeling: We divided the 23 hours\\nof data (classroom video with teacher audio) from the two\\nclasses into five parts and each expert labeled their\\nassigned part (i.e., single-expert labeling). The experts\\nwere provided with a commercially available tool to label\\nteacher interventions using classroom video from the fish-\\neye camera along with teacher/student audio from the\\nteacher's lapel microphone.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,277,745,329],\"text\":\"The operational definitions of teacher interventions are\\nprovided in Table 2 . We computed counts for each-\\nintervention type for each student and for each week.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[439,336,727,352],\"text\":\"Table 2. Operational Definitions of Teacher Interventions\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[416,360,736,709],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Type</td><td>Operational Definitions</td></tr><tr><td>Verbal Warning</td><td>The teacher intervenes with a verbal warning (e.g., &quot;Stop talking with your friends&quot;).</td></tr><tr><td>Positive Reinforcement</td><td>The teacher provides verbal positive feedback (e.g., &quot;Good job, this week you are doing much better than the last week&quot;).</td></tr><tr><td>Scaffolding</td><td>The teacher intervenes as she thinks that a student is confused or in need of help during learning (e.g., the teacher explains learning material/question to the student or provides hints to the student to solve a problem).</td></tr><tr><td>Close Monitoring</td><td>The teacher intervenes by standing by a student and observing him or her (e.g., the teacher attempts to look at the student&#x27;s screen to see if s/he is on-task. The teacher stays physically close to the student for a while).</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>If the teacher implements another intervention that does not belong to any of the categories above.</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This table defines five types of teacher interventions: Verbal Warning, Positive Reinforcement, Scaffolding, Close Monitoring, and Other. Each intervention type is described with an operational definition and includes an example.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_5_tab_14.png\"},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_015.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_015.png\",\"bbox\":[417,727,754,843],\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table displays a weekly schedule from week 4 to 12, divided into Baseline and Comparison periods, including Pre-test and Post-test columns. It lists Intervention, Behavioral, and Emotional Labels, with checkmarks indicating their presence in specific weeks. This grid outlines the planned timing of these labels across the study timeline.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[462,850,704,866],\"text\":\"Figure 6. Data availability for labeling tasks\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,880,499,896],\"text\":\"5 RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,904,662,920],\"text\":\"5.1  Meet the Teacher and the Students\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,924,745,957],\"text\":\"The initial interview with Melissa revealed the following\\ndetails about her as a teacher (See Figure 7 ).\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 304\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/results/markdown/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300534/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300534", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/results/output_json/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[68,108,393,240],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A teacher stands in front of students working at computers in a classroom, with an adjacent text box detailing \\\"Melisa as a Teacher.\\\" The text describes her 14 years of teaching experience, classroom management strategies including control and fairness, and previous use of digital storytelling videos and games.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[134,239,327,256],\"text\":\"Figure 7. Teacher profile summary\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,267,394,401],\"text\":\"We first analyzed any differences among the two classes\\nwith respect to students' attitudes, motivation, and flow.\\nFor this purpose, we utilized all three questionnaires and\\nperformed statistical analysis using Mann-Whitney U test.\\nWe used this test for all subsequent analyses since the\\ndata was not normally distributed. We adopt two-tailed\\ntests with a significance criterion (alpha) of .05 for all\\nanalyses.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,405,394,606],\"text\":\"The results of Mann-Whitney U test indicated that there\\nwere no statistically significant differences between the\\ntwo classes, in terms of the students' attitudes towards\\nmath, intrinsic motivation, and flow (i.e., all p-values are\\nabove 0.05). For motivation, we also checked subcategories\\nfocusing on interest, perceived competence, pressure, and\\nperceived choice; and for flow, we checked subcategories\\nof positive flow and worry. of these subgroups\\nprovided any significant difference between the two\\nclasses. These findings are well aligned with what was\\npreviously reported by the school administrators and the\\nteacher.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,610,394,745],\"text\":\"As described previously, to gather in-depth insights, we\\nalso interviewed six students who volunteered – three\\nfrom the control class (pseudonyms: Maria, Ellie, Amber)\\nand three from the treatment class (pseudonyms: Anne,\\nBecca, and Judy). Note that based on the results from the\\nMath Attitude Questionnaire, these six students had\\nrelatively positive attitudes towards math in comparison to\\nthe class average (ranging 5%-23% above the average).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,756,384,773],\"text\":\"5.2 What was the teacher's experience with SEAT?\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,778,394,944],\"text\":\"The in-class observations demonstrated that the teacher,\\nMelissa, proactively used SEAT during her classes.\\nAligned with these observations, in her interview, Melissa\\nstated that she commonly used all features and functions\\nof SEAT during her classes. Specifically, she mentioned\\nthat she regularly checked the Class Engagement Analytics\\ndisplay (see Figure 2 (a)) to get a sense of overall class\\nengagement. If SEAT indicated a student was off-platform,\\nshe immediately implemented a relevant intervention.\\nSimilarly, she noted that she closely monitored color\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,96,746,196],\"text\":\"changes on the avatars for gauging the need for any other\\nrequired interventions. She pointed out that she regularly\\nchecked the “ Session Mood ” analytics display of individual\\nstudents (see Figure 2 (b)). Based on these analytics, if she\\nsaw any concerning emotions, she implemented a relevant\\nintervention for that student.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,200,746,367],\"text\":\"In her interview, Melissa also elaborated on her\\nexperience with SEAT. She stated that she found SEAT to\\nbe very instrumental for her as a teacher, especially when\\nshe compared her experience with and without it across\\nthe two classes. She noted that SEAT was helpful for\\nactionable engagement analytics, easier real-time class-\\nwide monitoring, and better detection of off-task,\\nconfused, or bored students. The detailed findings (based\\non the categories that emerged from her interview) along\\nwith sample quotes are outlined in Table 3 .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[431,375,735,405],\"text\":\"Table 3. Findings and Sample Quotes from Melissa (Teacher\\nInterview, 2017)\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[416,412,736,927],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">Findings and Sample Quotes</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">Actionable engagement analytics</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">“[Engagement analytics provided by SEAT] were spot on [with my in-class observations]... I greatly benefited [from SEAT]. I was able to witness how I could catch some emotional challenges of the students that I could not have anticipated [before].”</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">Easier real-time class-wide monitoring</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">“[On the screen [of SEAT], one can monitor the entire class. [With SEAT], I was able to much more accurately detect the students who were confused, ... [the students] who acted as if engaged but had a blank look or watching around, or the students who had an intention to open up an irrelevant video in the background ...”</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">Better detection of off-task, confused, and bored students</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">“One day, I was at the back of the classroom. I saw that a student was [off-platform] on SEAT - probably watching or listening something else. [When warned], he thought that I saw this [on my own] and told me that I had eyes like a hawk. But in fact, that never happened. I saw him [off-platform on SEAT].”</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">“[With SEAT], I was able to much more accurately detect the students who were confused...When the students were stuck in understanding something ... I went and asked them if there was something wrong. The students said ‘I did not understand this’ - may be they were too shy to ask. But I saw the students’ emotional states on SEAT and had a chance to intervene accordingly’.”</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"2\\\">“[With SEAT], I certainly better detected the students who were bored...When I took a closer look at these bored students, there were some students who had a higher tendency to transition to having a bell [go off-platform].”</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays a document titled \\\"Findings and Sample Quotes,\\\" organized into three sections. Each section presents a finding, such as \\\"Actionable engagement analytics\\\" or \\\"Better detection of off-task, confused, and bored students,\\\" followed by one or more illustrative text quotes in italics. The quotes describe observations and experiences related to using a system called SEAT in a classroom setting.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_6_tab_12.png\"},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 304\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/results/markdown/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300534/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300534", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/results/output_json/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,95,394,213],\"text\":\"Despite the fact that Melissa found SEAT very\\ninstrumental, she also emphasized that computers would\\nnot be aware of some important student context affecting\\ntheir engagement (e.g., family issues, health conditions,\\ndisabilities, etc.). She indicated that she triangulated\\nengagement analytics with student context before taking\\nany actions. In her interview, she stated:\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,220,394,339],\"text\":\"\\\"We have to think of all variables [as teachers]. In other\\nwords, we need to combine our observations [with\\nengagement analysis] ... The student may ... have a health\\nissue with her eyes, or have an allergy... or she is sleepy, or\\nhaving emotional challenges that day because of a family\\nissue. At the end of the day, the subject of the task at hand is\\na human-being\\\" (Melissa, Teacher Interview, 2017).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[70,349,339,382],\"text\":\"5.3 Did SEAT usage influence the teacher's\\nclassroom practices?\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,387,394,553],\"text\":\"To understand whether SEAT had an impact on the\\nteacher's classroom practices (i.e., interventions), we\\ncompared weekly counts of each intervention type across\\nthe classes. First, we compared two class averages over the\\nBaseline week, where SEAT was not used in either of the\\nclasses. Mann-Whitney U test indicated that there was no\\nsignificant difference between the two classes (p-values:\\nVerbal Warning = 0.194, Scaffolding = 0.252, Close\\nMonitoring= 0.933; no data was available for Positive\\nReinforcement due to insufficient occurrences).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,561,394,695],\"text\":\"Next, we compared two class averages over Comparison\\nweeks (five weeks of data), where SEAT was used in the\\ntreatment class. To compute class averages, the number of\\ninterventions given to each student each week is counted,\\nand then the mean over all students and weeks is\\ncalculated for each class. The average intervention counts\\nper student per week are provided in Figure 8 , separately\\nfor each intervention type.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,703,394,938],\"text\":\"Mann-Whitney U test indicated significant differences for\\nscaffolding interventions ( $median_{TREATMENT}=0.55$ ,\\n$median_{CONTROL}=0.25$ , $U=160.5$ , $p<0.05$ ). This significant\\ndifference is also indicated in Figure 8 , where the average\\nscaffolding intervention count per student in a session is\\n2.9 times higher in the treatment class (mean of 0.83) than\\nin the control class (mean of 0.29). The effect size ( $r=0.37$ )\\ncalculated as a rank-biserial correlation coefficient\\nsuggested a medium effect [32] . This result suggests that\\nSEAT could facilitate the teacher's instrumental and\\nemotional support when the students needed help. These\\nquantitative results are well supported qualitatively by\\nboth the teacher and the students in their interviews as\\nnoted in the following sample quotes:\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_008.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[422,99,741,322],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a horizontal bar chart titled \\\"TEACHER INTERVENTION TYPES,\\\" comparing \\\"TREATMENT\\\" (orange bars) and \\\"CONTROL\\\" (blue bars) groups across four intervention categories: Close Monitoring, Scaffolding, Positive Reinforcement, and Verbal Warning. The x-axis represents the \\\"Average Count (Per Student & Session),\\\" and numerical values are displayed on each bar.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[440,324,726,352],\"text\":\"Figure 8. Intervention distributions for Comparison\\nsessions (significant differences marked with ‘’)\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,367,746,452],\"text\":\"\\\"[With SEAT], of course I was able to better detect students\\nwho needed help... [While] I was unable to discover these\\nin the class where I did not use the SEAT, I detected the\\nstudents' emotional challenges – confusion ... with the help\\nof the SEAT\\\" (Melissa, Teacher Interview, 2017).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,469,746,587],\"text\":\"[Before SEAT], sometimes the teacher could not see me as\\nshe was taking care of another student regardless of how\\nmuch I was raising my hand when I did not understand a\\nquestion since our class has 18 students. Thanks to this\\ntechnology, the teacher right now understands what I'm\\ndoing, ... she can come to my desk immediately\\\" (Anne,\\nStudent Interviews, 2017).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,595,746,762],\"text\":\"The results also showed a significant difference for close\\nmonitoring interventions with average counts being\\nsmaller in the treatment class (median = 0) than in the\\ncontrol class (median = 0.25) with U = 244, p < 0.05, r =\\n0.43. This indicates that the teacher was more likely to go\\naround and get closer to the students to check their\\nscreens and status in the control class. However, in the\\ntreatment class, she seemed to rely more on SEAT's\\nengagement analytics as suggested by the data and by the\\nfollowing sample quote from her interview:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,769,746,853],\"text\":\"\\\"[SEAT] took the load off my shoulders in the classes... It\\nsignificantly eased my burden. Obviously, [as teachers] we\\ncannot handle all 20 students in the classroom at the same\\ntime...But on one screen [of SEAT], one can monitor the\\nentire class\\\" (Melissa, Teacher Interview, 2017).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,861,746,927],\"text\":\"In addition, Mann-Whitney U test conducted for the other\\nintervention types showed that there were no significant\\ndifferences for Positive Reinforcement (p-value = 0.061) or\\nfor Verbal Warning (p-value = 0.103) across classes.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 304\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300534/results/markdown/3290605-3300534_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300536/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300536", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/results/output_json/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[89,103,723,133],\"text\":\"The Smartphone as a Pacifier and its Consequences\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[114,140,701,160],\"text\":\"Young adults' smartphone usage in moments of solitude and correlations to self-reflection\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[119,173,350,252],\"text\":\"Sarah Diefenbach\\n\\nDepartment of Psychology\\n\\nLudwig-Maximilians University of Munich\\nMunich, Germany\\nsarah.diefenbach@lnnu.de\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[464,174,694,251],\"text\":\"Kim Borrmann\\n\\nDepartment of Psychology\\n\\nLudwig-Maximilians University of Munich\\nMunich, Germany\\nkim.borrmann@gmx.de\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,278,141,295],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,300,394,602],\"text\":\"The smartphone plays a dominant role in everyday life.\\nAmong young adults, the average daily usage time is almost\\nfour hours. The present study [N=399] examines the\\nspecific psychological role of smartphone usage during\\nalone time (e.g. in the subway, waiting, in bed). Particularly,\\nwe explore its role in coping with negative emotions in the\\nsense of an \\\"attachment object\\\", providing comfort like a\\npacifier for infants. Results underlined the pacifying role of\\nsmartphone usage to cope with negative emotions in\\nmoments of alone time. Moreover, particular personality\\ndispositions (e.g., high need to belong, high proneness to\\nboredom) were associated with more extensive self-\\nreported smartphone usage and mediated by the perception\\nof the smartphone as an attachment object. Finally,\\nsmartphone usage was negatively correlated to self-insight,\\npossibly substituting intense inner debates or self-\\nrealizations during alone time. Implications for HCI\\nresearch and practice are discussed.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,614,148,631],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,632,372,677],\"text\":\"Smartphone usage, alone time, attachment object, capacity for\\ns solitude, need to belong, proneness to boredom, self-reflection,\\nself-insight, positive technology design\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[70,693,185,705],\"text\":\"ACM Reference format:\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[70,705,394,786],\"text\":\"Sarah Dienfelbach & Kim Bormann. 2019. The Smartphone as a Pacifier\\nand its Consequences: Young adults smartphone usage in moments of\\nsolitude and correlations to self-reflection. In 2019 CHI Conference on\\nHuman Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019). May 4–9, 2019,\\nGlasgow, Scotland, UK. ACM, New York, NY, USA. Paper 206, 14 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300536\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,278,549,296],\"text\":\"1 Introduction\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,300,747,938],\"text\":\"Since the invention of the first iPhone more than a decade\\nago, the smartphone's influence on peoples' lives has been\\ncontinuously increasing. Its rising pervasiveness becomes\\nevident through statistics on adoption rate and usage time.\\nFor example, the average daily time millennials (i.e., people\\nborn between 1980 and 2000) worldwide spent on mobile\\ninternet applications increased from 107 to 223 minutes\\nfrom 2012 to 2017 [93] . With its handiness and\\nmultifunctionality the smartphone has become the\\n\\\"consumers' constant companion\\\" [103,149] and is present\\nacross all domains of life: work, relationships, and solitude\\n[16, 103] . Simultaneously to the rise of the smartphone,\\nresearch in the fields of human-computer interaction (HCI)\\nand psychology showed increasing interest in users'\\nexperiences and motivations related to smartphone usage,\\nincluding personality factors, individual perceptions, and\\nconnotations of the smartphone, as well as consequences of\\nusage for cognitive and emotional variables. For example,\\nHCI research found positive correlations between intensity\\nof smartphone use and personality traits such as capacity\\nfor solitude [11] , need to belong [50] , and proneness to\\nboredom [62, 67] . Such findings suggest that smartphone\\nusage may seem more or less attractive depending on one's\\npersonality structure. More specifically, the smartphone\\nmay fulfill psychological needs related to particular\\npersonality traits, whereby the utilization of the\\nsmartphone for need fulfillment could also be an\\nunconscious process. This also fits users' reflections about\\ntheir own usage behavior, typically describing smartphone\\nusage as \\\"unplanned\\\" activity and running \\\"under the\\nradar\\\" for most of the time [60] . In extreme cases,\\nsmartphone usage may even result in compulsive behavior\\n(e.g., continuous habitual checking on missed calls or\\nmessages) that is no more enjoyable but primarily stressful\\n[58] . In an ethnographic HCI study by Aranda and Brag\\n[4] , one participant labelled this kind of habitual, excessive\\nsmartphone use as a \\\"prison\\\" since \\\"you can get lost in\\nyour phone and not get out.\\\" [4194] . However, despite\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,831,391,914],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or\\nclassroom use at granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed\\nfor profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation\\ncitation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others\\nthan the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy\\notherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from Permissions@acm.org.\\n© 2019, May 4-9, 2019. Glasgow, Scotland.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,915,385,936],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright is held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM\\nACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,939,238,950],\"text\":\"DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300536\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 306\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/results/markdown/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300536/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300536", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/results/output_json/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,101,394,284],\"text\":\"feeling stressed by the phone from time to time. for many\\nof the participants, the imagination of being without one's\\nphone appeared even more stressful and extremely\\ninconvenient. Referring to the irresistibility of constant\\nchecking, one participant described the smartphone as a\\n“pocket slot machine” where a reward could arrive at any\\nmoment, logically implying continuous use: “If you could\\nwin the lottery at any moment, wouldn’t you keep\\nchecking?” [419.3] . All these findings underline the\\npervasive effects of the smartphone in daily life and the\\nimmense relevance of related psychological functions.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,285,394,938],\"text\":\"In the realms of work or academic performance, a\\ncorrelational study found a negative association between\\ncell phone use and academic performance [63] . An\\nexperimental study showed that the mere presence of the\\nsmartphone reduced cognitive capacity, especially for those\\nusers with a higher dependence on the phone [103] . A\\nreview of the literature on habitual smartphone usage and\\ncognition concluded that smartphones have the potential to\\naffect cognitive capabilities such as attention and memory,\\nhowever results are still inconclusive and further research\\nis necessary [105] . Regarding interpersonal relationships,\\nPrzybylski and Weinstein [78] showed that the mere\\npresence of a smartphone in social situations reduced the\\nperceived interpersonal closeness, connection, and quality\\nof a face-to-face conversation. Further, digital interaction\\nand especially the usage of social media and Facebook was\\nlinked to less social capital [14] and increased loneliness\\n[49] . For single measures, academic studies found also\\npositive effects of social media, such as texting to express\\naffection being linked to higher partner attachment [86] .\\nAnother set of studies hints at contradictions between\\nattitude and smartphone behavior. For example, a survey by\\nDrago [27] found that 85 % agreed to the statement that\\npresent technology impairs interpersonal communication.\\nNevertheless, 62 % were observed using either smartphones,\\ntablets or laptops during conversations. Besides academic\\nresearch, also popular press articles on negative side effects\\nof smartphone usage on relationships and work increased\\nand initiatives like the \\\"Stop Phubbing\\\" Campaign occurred\\n[28] . Despite all these warnings about the smartphone's\\nnegative impact on social situations, the overall smartphone\\nusage time continued to rise (e.g. [18] ). However, the still\\nincreasing smartphone usage time might not only reflect\\nusage habits in social situations. It may also be an\\nindication that we use more and more of our solitary time\\nto engage with our phones – time, that in earlier days may\\nhave been spent with contemplation and self-reflection.\\nDespite the central link of self-reflection and self-insight to\\npsychological well-being (e.g. [41, 36] ), little attention has\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,101,746,284],\"text\":\"been given to smartphone usage in the context of solitude\\nand self-reflection. Rare exceptions are concepts such as\\n“ GoSlow ” [20] , i.e., a mobile app to help users slow down,\\ncontemplate, and be alone. As a counterpart to the\\ncommunity-driven features of almost every new\\napplication, “ GoSlow ” puts solitude instead of connection\\ninto the focus of design. Most studies, however, rather\\nconsidered the consequences of smartphone usage for\\ncognitive performance and interpersonal relationships and\\ndid not necessarily differentiate between usage during\\nalone time and in presence of relevant others.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,301,726,333],\"text\":\"2 RESEARCH GOALS AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO\\nHCI\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,337,747,940],\"text\":\"In order to fill this gap, the present research focuses on the\\nspecific situation of smartphone usage in moments of\\nsolitude, its determinants, and consequences. Referring to\\nthe psychological hypothesis of the smartphone as an\\n“ adult pacifier ” [71] , we explore to what degree the\\nsmartphone is perceived as an attachment object with the\\npower to reduce negative emotions in solitude and how this\\nperception may mediate usage frequency. Thereby, our\\nresearch follows an interdisciplinary approach grounded in\\nHCI and utilizing psychological theory. Our study starts\\nfrom a well-documented empirical phenomenon of HCI\\n(increasing smartphone usage), links this phenomenon to\\nassumptions about potential consequence for user well-\\nbeing based on psychological theory (intense smartphone\\nusage in moments of solitude, change of self-reflective\\nroutines), and thus addresses a current gap in HCI research\\n(lacking studies on smartphone usage during alone time).\\nHence, our study provides a first account to specifically\\ninvestigate potential reasons for and consequences of\\nsmartphone usage during alone time with various\\ncontributions to the field of HCI and psychology. First, as\\nthe smartphone is continuously granted more of our time, it\\nis important to understand its effect on psychological well-\\nbeing. This study adds to the HCI literature by exploring\\nthe consequences of smartphone usage on self-reflection\\nand self-insight. In addition, our research underlines the\\nimportance of a context-specific approach that accounts for\\ndrivers of smartphone usage in different situations. While\\nprevious studies already linked personality traits and\\ndispositions such as extraversion, neuroticism or\\nimpulsiveness (e.g. [73, 82] ) to increased smartphone usage\\nand addiction (for an overview see [25] ), the present study\\nidentifies personality dispositions which might especially\\ncontribute to the smartphone use during solitude. As\\nargued by Srivastava [92] , one of the key psychological\\nfunctions of the smartphone is its social function in the\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 306\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/results/markdown/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300536/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300536", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/results/output_json/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,157,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,72,327,87],\"text\":\"The Smartphone as a Pacifier and its Consequences\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[532,72,745,87],\"text\":\"CHI'19, May, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,101,394,267],\"text\":\"sense of fulfilling needs for belongingness and building up a\\nsocial network. The smartphone “ has moved from being a\\nmere `technological object' to a key `social object'. ”\\n[92:111] . This social function may become especially\\nrelevant during alone time, why we also relate our research\\nto social network studies. Additionally, the consideration of\\nthe smartphone as a coping tool for negative emotions\\noutlines a new perspective that goes beyond the personality\\napproach and might help to further understand the rising\\nusage hours.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,269,394,369],\"text\":\"Besides these benefits to a better theoretical understanding \\nof HCI, this study also aims to derive practical implications \\nfor different fields, reaching from psychoeducation, which \\nsupports people to understand their own behaviors and act \\nmore consciously, to digital marketing and well-being-\\noriented technology design.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,370,394,552],\"text\":\"In the following, we first summarize related work from HCI\\nand psychology and derive related hypotheses. This\\nincludes smartphone usage during alone time in general,\\npersonality factors related to a more negative experience of\\nalone time and their relation to increased smartphone usage\\nin such moments, the potential mediating role of perceiving\\nthe smartphone as an attachment object, and finally\\nconsequences for self-reflection and self-insight. After this,\\nwe present findings from an empirical study of smartphone\\nusage during alone time and discuss its implications for HCI\\nresearch and practice.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,568,319,585],\"text\":\"3 RELATED WORK AND HYPOTHESES\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,590,318,607],\"text\":\"3.1 Smartphone usage during alone time\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,610,394,945],\"text\":\"Most statistics on smartphone usage do not differentiate\\nbetween diverse situations of usage. For instance, it is not\\nclear how much of the time is spent on the phone during\\nlectures, at work, while being with friends or alone.\\nHowever, single studies on specific situations of alone time\\nalready indicate that smartphone usage has become an\\ninherent part of many of such situations. For example,\\nsituations of transit or waiting times are often perceived as\\na waste of time or as boring so that the smartphone\\nprovides a welcome opportunity for stimulation and\\ndistraction. An observational study found that 62 % of the\\nindividuals who were waiting alone in public spaces used\\ntheir phones, while less people who were engaged in\\nconversations did so [53] . Another survey revealed that\\naround 87 % of participants reported to use their\\nsmartphones while waiting for something or someone [96] .\\nIn addition, people generally agreed that it is more\\nacceptable to use the phone on the way or when waiting\\nsomewhere, compared to when being with family and\\nfriends, in a meeting, at the movies or in church [80] . These\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,101,746,150],\"text\":\"results indicate that people show a high tendency to be\\noccupied with their smartphones when they are commuting\\nor waiting alone.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,151,747,938],\"text\":\"Not only in waiting situations, smartphone usage seems to\\nbe a popular strategy against boredom for many. A survey\\nby Smith [90] showed that 93 % of the 18-29-year-olds used\\ntheir smartphones to avoid boredom at least once during a\\none-week study period. Since people may often feel bored\\nwhen being alone, boredom could be one initiation of\\nsmartphone usage during alone time. Moreover, solitude is\\noften perceived as loneliness, especially by those with\\nhigher needs to belong [70] . The smartphone may offer a\\nrelief to this negative mood through distraction or the\\npossibility to communicate to other people. McNally and\\nHarrington [69] found that in situations such as right\\nbefore going to sleep, waiting or during downtime, young\\nadults watch videos (primarily on their smartphones) to\\nrelax, relieve stress or boredom or to wind down. In this\\nsense, smartphone usage in situations of solitude might\\nserve as a mood repair strategy and help to escape negative\\nemotions such as boredom or loneliness. On the other hand,\\nnot engaging in boredom or solitude might negatively affect\\ncreativity and self-reflection on the long-term. As the\\npsychologist and technology critic Sherry Turkle argues,\\n\\\"the disrespect for solitude\\\" might have detrimental effects\\non people's capacity to self-reflect (Sherry Turkle in an\\ninterview with Gross [38] ). Spending most of the alone time\\non the phone might have negative long-term effects,\\nbecause people actually need time alone to recover from\\nsocial stressors and to gain self-insights and personal\\ndevelopment (e.g. [13, 51] ). In line with this, studies on\\nsmartphone overuse [59] identified frequent interferences\\nbetween smartphone use and personal needs in times\\ntypically suited for self-reflection, e.g., before going to bed\\nor when waking up. Also, besides the home environment,\\nmany spaces once associated with solitude and reflection\\nbecome more and more absorbed by technology usage, such\\nas the nature context. As argued by H ä kk ä l ä et al. [39] ,\\nmobile technology provides many possibilities to enhance\\nuser experiences in nature, and applications for navigation,\\nwellness tracking and photo sharing are certainly useful for\\nmany users. However, this technology is also a factor of\\ndistraction. Hence, they consider it as an important goal to\\ndevelop mobile technologies that enable going into nature\\nbut do not interrupt the user's experience of nature.\\nFormulated more drastically, Montag and Walla [74-2]\\nclaim that \\\"it does not matter whether we can be\\ncommunicating with our directly available environment\\nand we stop experiencing the current moment. In general,\\nwe forget what life really is all about.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 306\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/results/markdown/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300536/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300536", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/results/output_json/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,101,357,133],\"text\":\"3.2 Personality factors contributing to negative\\nemotions during alone time\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,137,394,286],\"text\":\"People experience solitude differently [64] . While some\\npeople mainly see solitude as an aversive state they try to\\navoid, others even seek solitude and profit from it. This also\\nexplains the rather low correlation between social isolation\\nand experienced loneliness, i.e., a felt pain of being alone\\n[24] . Regarding the present research, individual differences\\nin the experience of solitude could be relevant to whether\\npeople feel an urge to counteract solitude through digital\\ncommunication and social media.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,287,394,772],\"text\":\"One central personality factor for a person's experience of\\nsolitude seems the so-called capacity for solitude [107] . It\\ndescribes the ability to be (mentally) separate from others\\nwithout acting on impulsiveness or feeling negative\\nemotions like loneliness or fear [54] . The degree to which a\\nperson builds up a capacity to be alone is crucial for how\\ntime alone is being spent and experienced. According to\\nLong, Seburn, Averill, and More [64] , time alone can be\\ncategorized into three experiential facets: inner-directed\\nsolitude (characterized by self-discovery and peace), outer-\\ndirected solitude (characterized by intimacy and\\nspirituality), and loneliness. While engaging in inner- and\\nouter-directed solitude is positively connoted, loneliness is\\nnegatively connoted and associated with emotional pain\\n[64, 97] . Most empirical psychological research has been\\nfocused on the latter facet, i.e., the negative perception of\\ntime spent alone [64] . Loneliness has been associated to a\\nbroad range of negative psychological outcomes, such as\\ndepression, anxiety, increased likelihood of substance\\nmisuse, lower social skills, a more critical view of self, and\\nperfectionism [111] . Moreover, loneliness has been found to\\nbe correlated to different personality traits, especially\\nneuroticism (i.e., emotional lability) and introversion [64] .\\nAs argued by Long et al. [64: 581] , the correlation to\\nintroversion may seem surprising given that\\nsternotypically, the introvert is less in need of the company\\nof others than an extravert is. On the other hand, they\\nargue, introversion is also more associated with negative\\naffect, of which loneliness may be a part of.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,773,394,923],\"text\":\"In contrast to those who suffer from solitude and\\nexperience it negatively, individuals capable to exploit\\nsolitude for appraisal and regeneration have been found to\\nbe more stress resilient [55] . Chua and Koestner [21] found\\nthat individuals who spent time alone in a volitional and\\nautonomous manner, reported lower levels of loneliness\\nand higher levels of well-being. In addition, Burger [12]\\nemphasized the potential bidirectional relation between\\npursued solitude and well-being, meaninging solitude\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,102,745,134],\"text\":\"contributes to happiness and well-adjusted people learned\\nto appreciate time alone.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,134,746,401],\"text\":\"However, nowadays, in our digitally connected world, the\\ncapacity for solitude and the ability to bear the absence of\\nimmediate social reinforcement [54] may become less\\npracticed. Technology enables everyone to instantly\\nconnect with others via messengers like WhatsApp. Social\\nnetworks like Facebook offer instant access to social\\nreinforcement at almost any time. In this vein, Turkle [99]\\nargues that children who grow up surrounded with smart\\ncommunication devices do not learn to cope with being\\nalone. This is in line with empirical findings of correlations\\nbetween experienced social isolation and social media usage\\n[77, 102] , loneliness, and smartphone addiction [48] , as well\\nas preference for solitude being linked to less smartphone\\nusage in moments of alone time [11] . In sum, the way we\\nexperience solitude is likely to influence whether we turn to\\nour smartphones in alone times.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,402,747,936],\"text\":\"Another relevant personality factor for smartphone use in\\nalone time could be the individual need to belong , i.e.,\\none's desire to build lasting interpersonal relationships [5,\\n75] . Many psychological need theories acknowledged\\nbelongingness as a fundamental human need (for an\\noverview see [88] ). Although all human beings desire to\\nbelong, people chronically differ in the extent to which they\\ndo so [5, 57] , implying different reactions in moments of\\nalone time. Generally, people with a higher need to belong\\nexperience more loneliness in situations of solitude [70] .\\nFurthermore, Hartung and Renner [42] showed that the\\nphysical health of people with a higher need to belong was\\nnegatively affected by the perceived loneliness. Conversely,\\namong people with a lower need to belong, social isolation\\ndid not negatively impact their physical health. Moreover,\\nresearch demonstrated behavioral differences in situations\\nof solitude, depending on the individual need to belong. For\\nexample, people with a higher need to belong talk more to\\nthemselves while being alone [81] and engage more in\\nparasocial interactions (one-sided relationships) with TV\\npersonalities to reduce feelings of loneliness [37] .\\nNowadays, also the smartphone offers various possibilities\\nto distract oneself to feel less lonely. For example, research\\nshowed that a higher need to belong is associated with\\nhigher mobile phone usage and social media usage [50] . In\\nanother study, social needs had the largest effect on the\\nmotivation to use social and other media, compared to\\nemotional, cognitive, and habitual needs [102] .\\nInterestingly, the need to belong was not immediately\\ngratified by social media. Thus, although smartphones or\\nrather social media do not seem to reliably fulfill the need\\nto belong, people seem to believe so and repeatedly search\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 306\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/results/markdown/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300536/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300536", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/results/output_json/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,72,327,87],\"text\":\"The Smartphone as a Pacifier and its Consequences\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[532,72,745,88],\"text\":\"CHI'19, May, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,101,395,837],\"text\":\"for social reinforcement in the digital space. This is in line\\nwith the claims of Maulana [68,31] about \\\"pseudo-social\\nnetworks, where we post too many messages and just read\\nvery few\\\". As he suggests, social media make it very easy to\\nexpress ourselves, but it becomes increasingly difficult to\\nattract other users' attention. Not getting the attention one\\nhopes for in social media is a painful experience, given that\\n\\\"unfortunately, we cannot ignore being ignored\\\" [68,32] .\\nFinally, considering that the largest part of smartphone\\nusage is not instrumental usage related to a specific goal,\\nbut ritualistic usage to browse, explore, or pass the time\\n[44] , also the individual proneness to boredom could be\\nrelevant for smartphone usage in alone time: Boredom is a\\nwell-known human experience that describes a state of\\ndissatisfaction caused by insufficient stimulation [72] ,\\nwhich can be further differentiated into state boredom, i.e.,\\nthe actual experience of boredom, and trait boredom, i.e.,\\nthe predisposition to become bored [67] . In the present\\nstudy we focus on the trait facet, namely, proneness to\\nboredom as a tendency to experience boredom more easily\\n[29] . In contrast to state boredom, which has also been\\nlinked to positive outcomes such as creativity [66] , trait\\nboredom has rather been linked to negative emotions and\\nbehaviors such as gambling [7] , depression, anxiety, and\\nsubstance abuse [61, 35] as well as less mindfulness [61]\\nand lower academic achievements [15] . Moreover, and of\\nprimary relevance for the present research focus, proneness\\nto boredom has also been linked to more perceived\\nloneliness [29] and sensation seeking [46] . Concerning\\nsmartphone usage, this may indicate that people prone to\\nboredom might turn to their phones more often, especially\\nwhen they are alone. Smartphones offer stimulation [76]\\nand the possibility to reach out to other people, which could\\ncounteract boredom. In line with this, Matic, Pielot, and\\nOliver [67] found a linkage between high proneness to\\nboredom and particular mobile phone usage behaviors such\\nas opening the phone more often during the day, changing\\nthe screen orientation more often, receiving more social\\nnetwork notifications, launching more apps, having higher\\ncharging times, and transmitting higher amounts of data.\\nBased on these findings of previous research, we may\\nassume that a dispositional proneness to boredom goes\\nalong with more perceived boredom in moments of alone\\ntime, and finally higher smartphone usage.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,838,394,936],\"text\":\"In sum, we thus assume (H1) that personality dispositions\\nleading to negative emotions in moments of alone time are\\npositively associated with smartphone usage during alone\\ntime. More specifically, we hypothesize (H1a) a negative\\nassociation between smartphone usage during alone time\\nand capacity for solitude and a positive association between\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,101,745,134],\"text\":\"smartphone usage during alone time and (H1b) need to\\nbelong as well as (H3i) proneness to boredom.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,147,737,179],\"text\":\"3.3 The smartphone as an attachment object to cope\\nwith negative emotions\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,182,746,567],\"text\":\"Previous research on the psychological effects of\\nsmartphone usage and users' bonding to their phone often\\nfocused on excessive usage and the negative outcomes of\\nsmartphone addiction (e.g. [6, 82, 85] ). In contrast, less\\nresearch has considered positive effects of the smartphone\\nand its potential value for the user as an \\\"attachment\\nobject\\\". The concept of attachment objects can be traced\\nback to Bowlby's [9, 10] influential theory of attachment in\\nthe context of developmental psychology, originally\\nreferring to the relationship between children and their\\nprimary caregiver. If the primary caregiver responds to\\nthe child's needs adequately, it acquires the role of an\\n\\\"attachment object\\\" with the ability to provide a sense of\\nsecurity to the child, whereas separation from it leads to\\nstress [9, 43] . If the primary caregiver is not available,\\nchildren search for compensatory attachment objects,\\nwhich can be other people or also objects (e.g., a pacifier)\\n[43, 108] . This theory has proven to be also helpful to\\nexplain relationships between adults as well as between\\nadults and objects. The possession of attachment objects\\nshowed to have positive outcomes such as better mood and\\nhigher life satisfaction [89] , better psychological health\\n[109] , and spending comfort in times of stress [95] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,568,746,935],\"text\":\"Several characteristics suggest the smartphone might\\nqualify as an attachment object. First, like a responsive\\ncaregiver, it serves various psychological needs. For\\nexample, it provides connectedness through calls, texting,\\nand social media functions [3, 92] , whereas features such as\\nGoogle maps may provide a sense of autonomy and\\npersonal safety [3] , also in unknown surroundings. Second,\\npersonalization features like display backgrounds support\\nuniqueness [96, 100] , which might contribute to its\\nperceived personal relevance. Third, the high usability and\\nthe option to perform various tasks quickly and easily\\nmight serve promote high usage frequencies and thus\\nfamiliarity [96] . Finally, it is reliable and controllable [52] .\\nIf assuming that for some people the smartphone functions\\nas an attachment object, its separation should cause\\nsymptoms of stress and anxiety while its proximity should\\nprovide comfort and stress relief [71] . Indeed, several\\nstudies show first incidence for this assumption. For\\nexample, in a qualitative study by Fullwood and colleagues\\n[31] participants stated that their smartphones were “ like\\nfriends ” and that the thought of losing their phone made\\nthem anxious. Moreover, several empirical studies showed\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 306\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/results/markdown/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300536/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300536", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/results/output_json/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,101,394,669],\"text\":\"that separation from the phone resulted in increased\\nanxiety (e.g. [22, 52, 45, 98, 31] ), especially for heavy users\\n[19] or individuals feeling uncertain about their\\nrelationships [47] . On the other hand, proximity of the\\nphone was associated with positive affect (e.g., feeling safe\\n[98] ), and reduced negative affect (e.g., feeling less bored\\nand less stressed [31] ). Similarly, Melinand and Pham [71]\\nconducted two experimental studies showing that after a\\nstressful situation, participants felt more comfort and more\\nstress relief after interacting with their smartphone than\\nwith a laptop. Based on these findings, we may assume (H2)\\nthat people who perceived the smartphone as an\\nattachment object tend to use their smartphone more often\\nin moments of alone time and that this perception is also\\ndeciding for whether smartphone usage appears as an\\nevident way to cope with negative emotions. We thus\\nhypothesize that (H2a) the perception of the smartphone as\\nan attachment object, which helps to cope with negative\\nemotions, is positively associated with smartphone usage\\nduring alone time. Furthermore, we assume that the\\nperception of the smartphone as an attachment object\\nmediates the relationship between smartphone usage\\nduring alone time and the need to belong as well as\\nproneness to boredom. In other words, only if the\\nsmartphone is perceived as an object with the power to\\nprovide relief and reduce negative emotions, personality\\ntraits related to a negative experience of alone time (i.e., a\\nhigh need to belong and proneness to boredom) should\\ntrigger smartphone usage in such situations. We thus\\nhypothesize that the perception of the smartphone as an\\nattachment object, which helps to cope with negative\\nemotions, mediates the relationship between smartphone\\nusage in moments of alone time and (H2b) need to belong\\nas well as (H2c) proneness to boredom.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,681,372,714],\"text\":\"3.4 Effects of smartphone usage on self-reflection\\nand self-insight\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,718,394,934],\"text\":\"While smartphone use in moments of alone time may\\nprovide momentary relief and reduce the negative\\nexperience of solitude (i.e., loneliness), it may on the other\\nhand hinder some of the possible positive effects of\\nsolitude, such as the engagement in self-reflection (e.g.\\n[54] ). Several researchers already raised concerns about the\\ndiminishing time for self-reflection as we spend less time\\nalone and more with our phones (e.g., [9] ). Similarly, it has\\nbeen argued that the digitalization in general drives our\\ndesire for continuous stimulation and stops us from\\nexploring complex thoughts and questions that might not\\nlead to instant rewards [104] . Besides self-reflection per se,\\nalso positive outcomes of self-reflection such as self-insight\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,101,746,535],\"text\":\"could be negatively associated to smartphone usage in\\nalone time. Though self-reflection and self-insight are\\nrelated (it is hardly imaginable that one will reach insight\\nabout oneself without any self-reflection), self-reflection\\nmust not necessarily lead to effective self-insight, i.e.,\\nreaching a \\\"clarity of understanding of one’s thoughts,\\nfeelings, and behavior\\\" [36;82] . Instead, considerable time\\nspent with self-reflection can still result in no insight. This\\nperspective highlights that the process of self-reflection can\\nbe frustrating, which could make the instant gratifications\\nof a mobile device appear even more tempting. However,\\nfrom a long-term perspective, the avoidance of self-\\nreflection seems dysfunctional, given its importance for\\nself-regulation [17, 87] and psychological well-being [94] .\\nAdditionally, self-insight has been associated with a\\nnumber of positive variables such as satisfaction with life,\\nperceived purpose in life, positive relationships with others,\\nenvironmental mastery, autonomy, and personal growth\\n[41] , and negatively associated with depression, anxiety,\\nstress, and alexithymia [36] . In sum, we deem it possible\\nthat the engagement in self-reflective processes is\\ndiminishing when alone time becomes more and more\\nabsorbed by smartphone usage. We thus hypothesize that a\\nhigher engagement in smartphone activities during alone\\ntime is linked to (H3a) fewer self-reflection and (H3b) fewer\\nself-insight.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,552,484,570],\"text\":\"4 STUDY\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,574,577,590],\"text\":\"4.1 Qualitative pre-study\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,595,746,945],\"text\":\"Prior to the main study, we performed a qualitative pre-\\nstudy (N=14) consisting of three focus group sessions (n=6,\\nn=4, n=4), each accompanied by a preparation exercise.\\nTwo days prior to the focus group, participants were asked\\nto observe themselves the next day and to note down at\\nleast five incidents of personal smartphone usage, including\\nmotivations for smartphone use and context factors. The\\naim of this pre-study was to get a first glimpse of the\\ngeneral relevance of smartphone usage during alone time\\nand to collect input for scale development for the main\\nstudy, especially to capture smartphone usage during alone\\ntime. In the focus group sessions participants discussed\\nreasons for smartphone usage and situation-specific\\nunwanted side effects. More specifically, the discussion was\\nled by two guiding questions, namely, “ Why do you use\\nyour smartphones? ” and “ In which situations are you using\\nyour smartphones and how does this impact the respective\\nsituation? ” . This open question format was chosen to test\\nwhether participants would freely express the importance\\nand reasons of smartphone usage during alone time and\\npossible impacts on self-reflection. A detailed presentation\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 306\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/results/markdown/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300536/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300536", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/results/output_json/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,157,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,72,327,87],\"text\":\"The Smartphone as a Pacifier and its Consequences\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[532,72,745,87],\"text\":\"CHI'19, May, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,101,395,535],\"text\":\"of findings is beyond the scope of the present paper.\\nHowever, regarding our central research interest, a central\\nfinding was that alone time appeared as one typical\\nsituation of smartphone usage. Regarding the impacts of\\nsmartphone usage, some participants actually uttered a\\nconcern in the direction of diminishing time for self-\\nreflection (e.g., “I fear I am taking less time for myself”,\\n“thinking seems to be harder, when it is so easy to numb\\noneself [with the phone]”), whereas others argued that\\nalone time was actually the best time to use the phone (“I’d\\nsay these are the most appropriate situations. If you are not\\ndoing anything; neither tying social contacts nor working,\\nthese are the best moments to answer WhatsApp messages\\nor to practice Du!lingo.”). This latter perspective underlines\\nthat some people might deliberately choose to use their\\nphones while being alone rather than while being with\\nothers and thus confirms alone time as a relevant context of\\nstudy. While for most measures of interest in the main\\nstudy, we could refer to established validated scales, there\\nwas no existing scale to measure smartphone usage during\\nalone time. Thus, based on the most frequently mentioned\\nsituations of smartphone usage during alone time, we\\ndeveloped four items to capture smartphone usage during\\nalone time, each relating to different situations of alone\\ntime (e.g. commuting, awake in bed, waiting situations, see\\nTable 1 for full instruction and a sample item).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,547,146,564],\"text\":\"4.2 Method\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,569,395,921],\"text\":\"Data was collected through an online survey with the\\nsoftware Unipark. The convenience sample was recruited\\nvia different social networks, online blogs, and university\\nwebsites. Participation was anonymous and voluntary. 339\\nindividuals (271 female) took part in the study and\\ncompleted the whole survey, most of them (294) being\\nstudents of diverse study subjects. The mean age was 21.2\\nyears (SD = 3.09, min = 17, max = 30). After a short\\nintroduction to the study, we surveyed different measures\\nrelated to smartphone usage and personality dispositions\\nwith regards to the above specified hypotheses as listed in\\nTable 1 . Most items were assessed on 5-point-Likert scales,\\nranging from 1 = completely disagree to 5 = totally agree.\\nFor proneness to boredom, self-reflection and self-insight,\\nwe used a 7-point-Likert scale. For smartphone usage\\nduring alone time the scale endpoints were labelled 1 = no\\ntime at all and 7 = the whole time. The internal scale\\nconsistency was satisfying for all scales (see Table 1 , last\\ncolumn for Cronbach's alpha values). In addition, we\\nsurveyed gender, age, occupation, and usage of different\\nsmartphone applications (e.g., messaging apps, gaming).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,101,744,130],\"text\":\"Table 1. Surveyed measures of smartphone (SP) usage and\\npersonality dispositions.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[422,131,743,660],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Measure</td><td>Origin</td><td>Sample item</td><td>$\\\\alpha$</td></tr><tr><td>Capacity for solitude, 7 items</td><td>Burger, 1995</td><td>I enjoy being by myself.</td><td>.80</td></tr><tr><td>Need to belong, 6 items</td><td>Leary, 2013</td><td>I have a strong need to belong.</td><td>.71</td></tr><tr><td>Proneness to boredom, 7 items</td><td>Farmer &amp; Sundberg, 1986</td><td>In any situation, I can usually.75 find something to do or see to keep me interested.</td><td>.75</td></tr><tr><td>Perception of SP as attachment object, 4 items</td><td>Melumad &amp; Pham, 2017</td><td>If I feel lonely, using my smartphone calms me down.</td><td>.75</td></tr><tr><td>SP usage during alone time 4 items</td><td>Self-developed</td><td>Please think about day-to-day situations during the last week in which you were alone on the way, e.g. committing to work or school taking the bus or subway. How much of the time on the way did you use your smartphone?</td><td>.70</td></tr><tr><td>Self-reflection 8 items</td><td>Grant et al., 2002</td><td>I frequently take time to reflect on my thoughts</td><td>.86</td></tr><tr><td>Self-insight, 8 items</td><td>Grant et al., 2002</td><td>I usually have a very clear idea about why I have behaved in a certain way.</td><td>.83</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a table presenting various psychological measures, their origins, a sample item for each, and their corresponding alpha coefficients. The table lists measures such as \\\"Capacity for solitude,\\\" \\\"Need to belong,\\\" \\\"Proneness to boredom,\\\" \\\"Perception of SP as attachment object,\\\" \\\"SP usage during alone time,\\\" \\\"Self-reflection,\\\" and \\\"Self-insight.\\\"\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_6_tab_8.png\"},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,671,498,689],\"text\":\"4.3 Results\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,694,746,846],\"text\":\"Table 2 shows the descriptive data of the surveyed\\nmeasures. It shows that the average total time of\\nsmartphone usage was more than three hours a day, with\\nmessaging apps and social media being the most used\\napplications. The mean value of smartphone usage during\\nalone time on the applied 7-point-scale was 4.48 and\\nsignificantly exceeding the neutral scale midpoint (T = 8.98,\\np < .001), indicating a general tendency to smartphone\\nusage in moments of solitude.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,853,746,936],\"text\":\"Table 3 shows the correlational analysis of the relevant\\nmeasures regarding our hypotheses. In line with H1a, the\\ncapacity for solitude was negatively linked to smartphone\\nusage during alone time (r = -.21, p < .001). Need to belong\\nwas positively related to smartphone usage during alone\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 306\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/results/markdown/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300536/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300536", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/results/output_json/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,101,394,202],\"text\":\"time (r = .20, p < .001) and so was proneness to boredom (r\\n= .24, p < .001), supporting hypothesis H1b and H1c.\\nOverall, the empirical data thus supported the assumption\\nthat personality traits leading to negative emotions in\\nmoments of alone time are positively associated with\\nsmartphone usage in moments of alone time and vice versa.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[104,217,357,232],\"text\":\"Table 2. Descriptive data of surveyed measures.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[66,235,388,478],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Measure</td><td>M</td><td>SD</td><td>min</td><td>max</td></tr><tr><td>Capacity for solitude</td><td>3.53</td><td>.75</td><td>1.43</td><td>5.00</td></tr><tr><td>Need to belong</td><td>3.28</td><td>.75</td><td>1.00</td><td>5.00</td></tr><tr><td>Promeness to boredom</td><td>3.15</td><td>.93</td><td>1.14</td><td>5.86</td></tr><tr><td>SP as attachment object</td><td>3.18</td><td>.88</td><td>1.00</td><td>5.00</td></tr><tr><td>SP usage during alone time</td><td>4.48</td><td>.99</td><td>1.50</td><td>7.00</td></tr><tr><td>Self-reflection</td><td>5.13</td><td>1.06</td><td>1.50</td><td>7.00</td></tr><tr><td>Self-insight</td><td>4.80</td><td>.98</td><td>1.63</td><td>7.00</td></tr><tr><td>Daily SP usage [min]</td><td>197</td><td>138</td><td>6</td><td>730</td></tr><tr><td>Messaging Apps [min]</td><td>74</td><td>73</td><td>0</td><td>540</td></tr><tr><td>Social Media [min]</td><td>60</td><td>56</td><td>0</td><td>360</td></tr><tr><td>Information Sources [min]</td><td>16</td><td>21</td><td>0</td><td>150</td></tr><tr><td>Functional Services (Camera, Alarm, Notes etc.) [min]</td><td>12</td><td>14</td><td>0</td><td>120</td></tr><tr><td>Gaming [min]</td><td>10</td><td>23</td><td>0</td><td>200</td></tr><tr><td>E-Mails [min]</td><td>10</td><td>11</td><td>0</td><td>90</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This table presents descriptive statistics for several measures, including psychological constructs like \\\"Capacity for solitude\\\" and \\\"Self-reflection,\\\" alongside smartphone usage metrics like \\\"Daily SP usage [min]\\\" and time spent on various app categories. For each measure, the table displays the mean (M), standard deviation (SD), minimum (min), and maximum (max) values.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_7_tab_4.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[70,495,350,510],\"text\":\"Table 3. Correlational analysis. Note: *p < .05; **p < .01.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[67,511,392,708],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Measure</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>1 Capacity for solitude</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 Need to belong</td><td>-.48**</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 Pronteness to boredom</td><td>-.14**</td><td>.24**</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4 SP as attachment object</td><td>-.10</td><td>.29**</td><td>.34**</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5 SP usage alone time</td><td>-.21**</td><td>.20**</td><td>.24**</td><td>.58**</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6 Self-reflection</td><td>.23**</td><td>.03</td><td>-.14*</td><td>-.03</td><td>-.07</td><td>1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>7 Self-insight</td><td>.16**</td><td>-.32**</td><td>-.35**</td><td>-.18**</td><td>-.21**</td><td>.23**</td><td>1</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a correlation matrix table displaying the relationships between seven different psychological measures. The measures include capacity for solitude, need to belong, proneness to boredom, SP as an attachment object, SP usage alone time, self-reflection, and self-insight. The table contains numerical correlation coefficients and asterisks indicating statistical significance.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_7_tab_6.png\"},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,724,394,857],\"text\":\"The perception of the smartphone as an attachment object\\nwas strongly positively related to smartphone usage during\\nalone time (r = .58, p < .001), supporting Hypothesis H2a.\\nNeed to belong and proneness to boredom were both\\nmoderately positively related to the perception of the\\nsmartphone as an attachment object (r = -.29, p < .001, r =\\n.34, p < .001), meeting the requirement for an analysis of the\\nassumed mediation effects (H2b, H2c)\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,859,394,942],\"text\":\"Figure 1 illustrates the standardized regression coefficients\\nfor the relationship between need to belong and\\nsmartphone usage during alone time (top) as well as\\nbetween proneness to boredom and smartphone usage\\nduring alone time (bottom) with perception of the\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,101,746,419],\"text\":\"smartphone as an attachment object as a mediator. In both\\ncases, the perception of the smartphone as an attachment\\nobject, which helps to cope with negative emotions, fully\\nmediated the relationship between the two analyzed\\nmeasures. For the relationship between need to belong and\\nsmartphone usage during alone time the indirect effect was\\n.17 (p < .001) and statistically significant. The model\\nexplained 33.8 % ( $R^2$ = .338) of the variance of smartphone\\nusage during alone time. Thus, hypothesis H2b was\\nsupported. For the relationship between proneness to\\nboredom and smartphone usage during alone time the\\nindirect effect was .2 (p < .001) and also statistically\\nsignificant. The model explained 33.9 % ( $R^2$ = .339) of the\\nvariance of smartphone usage during alone time. Thus,\\nhypothesis H2c was supported as well. Contrary to H3a,\\nself-reflection was not significantly related to smartphone\\nusage during alone time (p = .05). However, in line with\\nH3b, self-insight was negatively related to smartphone\\nusage during alone time (r = -.21, p < .001).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_010.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[439,447,723,667],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays two mediation models. Both models show a predictor variable (\\\"Need to belong\\\" in the top model, \\\"Proneness to boredom\\\" in the bottom model) influencing \\\"SP usage alone time\\\" directly and indirectly through the mediator \\\"Perception of SP as an AO.\\\" Each path is labeled with beta coefficients and p-values.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[505,691,661,707],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Mediation analysis.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,721,521,737],\"text\":\"5 DISCUSSION\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,742,746,942],\"text\":\"The present study found that people with less capacity for\\nsolitude, higher need to belong, and higher proneness to\\nboredom also report more frequent smartphone usage\\nduring alone time (e.g. while commuting, in waiting\\nsituations, alone in bed). These results are in line with other\\nresearch positively linking need to belong [50] , proneness\\nto boredom [62, 67] , and capacity for solitude [11] to\\nsmartphone use in general. A possible interpretation is that\\npeople who are more prone to negative emotions during\\nsolitude are more likely to use their phones. Note, however,\\nthat the present statistical results do not allow for causal\\nattribution. In general, the present study must be seen as a\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 306\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300536/results/markdown/3290605-3300536_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300537/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300537", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/results/output_json/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,134],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[106,117,708,183],\"text\":\"Privacy and Security Considerations For Digital\\nTechnology Use in Elementary Schools\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[94,200,226,298],\"text\":\"Priya C. Kumar\\n\\nCollege of Information\\nStudies\\n\\nUniversity of Maryland\\n\\nCollege Park, Maryland\\n\\npkumar12@umd.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[254,200,396,297],\"text\":\"Marshini Chetty\\nDepartment of Computer\\nScience\\nPrinceton University\\nPrinceton, New Jersey\\nmarshini@princeton.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[422,200,553,297],\"text\":\"Tamara L. Clegg\\n\\nCollege of Information\\nStudies\\nUniversity of Maryland\\nCollege Park, Maryland\\n\\ntclegg@umd.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[588,202,718,296],\"text\":\"Jessica Vitak\\n\\nCollege of Information\\nStudies\\nUniversity of Maryland\\nCollege Park, Maryland\\n\\njvitak@umd.edu\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,306,141,324],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,328,395,616],\"text\":\"Elementary school educators increasingly use digital tech-\\nnologies to teach students, manage classrooms, and complete\\neveryday tasks. Prior work has considered the educational\\nand pedagogical implications of technology use, but little\\nresearch has examined how educators consider privacy and\\nsecurity in relation to classroom technology use. To better\\nunderstand what privacy and security mean to elementary\\nschool educators, we conducted nine focus groups with 25\\neducators across three metropolitan regions in the northeast\\nU.S. Our findings suggest that technology use is an intel-\\nligent part of elementary school classrooms, that educators\\nconsider digital privacy and security through the lens of cur-\\nricular and classroom management goals, and that lessons\\nto teach children about digital privacy and security are rare.\\nUsing Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, we iden-\\ntify design opportunities to help educators integrate privacy\\nand security into decisions about digital technology use and\\nto help children learn about digital privacy and security.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,631,172,649],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[69,651,394,684],\"text\":\"· Security and privacy → Social aspects of security and\\nprivacy; · Social and professional topics → Children\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,701,149,718],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,722,356,740],\"text\":\"privacy, security, technology use, elementary school\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,309,555,324],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[420,325,746,410],\"text\":\"Priya C. Kumar, Mashrini Chetty, Tamara L. Clegg, and Jessica Vitak.\\n2019. Privacy and Security Considerations For Digital Technology\\nUse in Elementary Schools. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in\\nComputing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow,\\nScotland, UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 13 pages. https://doi.org/\\n10.1145/3290605.3300537\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,458,549,476],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,480,747,734],\"text\":\"Schools across the United States have integrated Google, Mi-\\ncrosoft, and Apple products into K-12 classrooms [44] . How-\\never, the widespread use of these technologies—sometimes\\nwith little to no training for the educators using them—raises\\nprivacy and security concerns. These concerns include how\\nschools monitor students' technology use [21] , what data\\ncorporations get when students use their devices [44] , and\\nhow schools use the student data they collect [15] . Much\\nexisting work by researchers, journalists, policy makers, and\\nactivists focuses on student data privacy issues. For instance,\\nnearly 350 organizations have signed a “ Student Privacy\\nPledge ” committing to principles of responsible data man-\\nagement [2] . However, less attention focuses on how indi-\\nvidual educators consider privacy and security when using\\ntechnology in their classrooms and what educators teach\\nstudents about digital privacy and security [18] .\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,735,747,909],\"text\":\"Our paper addresses this gap. Doing so is important be-\\ncause elementary school students regularly use digital tech-\\nnology for educational purposes, making schools a logical\\nplace for them to learn how to navigate privacy and security\\nonline [11] . Educators also play an important role in deter-\\nmining how technologies can be used to enhance learning\\n[34] . Understanding how educators navigate digital privacy\\nand security issues — as well as how they teach children about\\nthese concepts — is crucial for finding design opportunities\\nto teach children about privacy and security online. To do\\nthis, we ask three research questions:\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[433,921,746,953],\"text\":\"(1) What digital technologies do elementary school edu-\\ncators use in the classroom?\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,778,395,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\\nCV 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,899,395,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[71,926,264,953],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4603-5970-2/19-03...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3206605.330037\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 307\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/results/markdown/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300537/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300537", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/results/output_json/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[81,124,394,205],\"text\":\"(2) How do considerations about privacy and security\\ninform digital technology use in elementary school\\nclassrooms?\\n(3) What digital privacy and security lessons do elemen-\\ntary school educators give students?\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,211,394,386],\"text\":\"We conducted nine focus groups with 25 educators from\\nthree metropolitan areas in the northeast U.S. Our findings\\nreveal that digital technologies are an integral part of ele-\\nmentary school classrooms, and educators primarily consider\\nprivacy and security as it relates to handling student data\\nand minimizing inappropriate use of technology. They rarely\\nteach children lessons specifically about privacy and secu-\\nrity, with some feeling that such lessons are unnecessary for\\nyounger children. Others saw privacy and security as part\\nof topics like digital citizenship and suggested ways to make\\nsuch lessons resonate with children.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,387,394,500],\"text\":\"We interpret these findings through the lens of Bronfen-\\nbrenner’s ecological systems theory [7, 8] . Various contexts\\nshape children’s experiences, including the classroom, home,\\nand society at large. Our study focuses primarily on the mi-\\ncrosystem of the classroom, but our findings highlight design\\nopportunities across contexts that can help children learn\\nabout digital privacy and security.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,513,197,529],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,533,394,615],\"text\":\"To situate our study, we review existing work on privacy\\nand children's digital technology use, the role teachers play\\nin integrating technology in the classroom, and how an eco-\\nlogical approach can help us understand digital privacy and\\nsecurity in the school context.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,629,369,647],\"text\":\"Children, Technology Use, and Privacy Education\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,650,394,890],\"text\":\"From tablets to connected toys and netbooks to course man-\\nagement software, digital technology is deeply embedded\\ninto children's everyday experiences at home [32] and school\\n[30] . Privacy implications related to digital technology use\\nrange from abstract concerns about surveillance and identity\\ntheft to everyday tensions such as “ minimizing embarrass-\\nment, protecting turf (territoriality), and staying in control\\nof one's time ” [37, p. 130] . Identity theft may not be a top\\nconcern for elementary school children (though it can hap-\\npen [13] ), but this does not mean that privacy is irrelevant\\nto children's technology use. To the contrary, privacy en-\\nables children to feel comfortable when communicating with\\npeers, forming relationships, seeking advice, and engaging in\\nidentity play [27, 50] . Nevertheless, children may not always\\nmake connections between online and offline privacy [35] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,890,394,955],\"text\":\"HCI researchers are actively exploring children's perspec- \\ntives on—and knowledge of—privacy and data sharing in \\nonline spaces. One study found that children ages 8-16 who \\nused the visual programming language Scratch discerned\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,395],\"text\":\"some of the privacy implications of making data publicly\\navailable and searchable [19] . For example, they understood\\nthat data collection and retention implicate privacy, that data\\nanalysis requires skepticism and interpretation, and that data\\nincludes assumptions and hidden decision-making. Another\\nstudy found children ages 6-10 knew that Internet-connected\\ntoys could “remember” what children said via recordings,\\nbut they did not make the link that others could also hear\\nthe recordings [33] . Likewise, we conducted a study with\\nchildren ages 5-11 and found they had a basic understanding\\nthat information could be sensitive and should be shared only\\nwith trusted parties; however, these children had little under-\\nstanding of more complex topics such as how the medium\\nof communication (e.g., face-to-face vs. online) implicates\\nprivacy [24] . Overall, these studies suggest that while chil-\\ndren absorb aspects of how privacy plays out online, they\\nmay need support understanding more nuanced ideas.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,396,747,602],\"text\":\"Parents are an obvious source of support to help children\\ndevelop privacy and security skills. However, in our study\\nwith elementary school-aged children, we found some par-\\nents saw privacy and security as a future concern, rather than\\nsomething for their children to understand now [24] . Some\\nparents may also have a limited understanding of privacy\\nand security. The Pew Research Center found the typical\\nAmerican adult Internet user can only answer five out of\\n13 basic cybersecurity questions correctly [45] . Factors in-\\ncluding age, education, socioeconomic status, and profession\\ninfluence people's cybersecurity skills [40] . Thus, while par-\\nents are a natural source of information for children, they\\nshould not — and perhaps cannot — be the only source.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,603,747,842],\"text\":\"Schools can also play an important role in helping chil-\\ndren develop privacy and security skills [11] , especially as\\neducators continue to integrate digital technology into their\\ncurricula. Some resources exist to teach privacy and security\\nin high school [3] , middle school [14] , and elementary school\\n[17] . That said, American children do not generally receive\\nformal lessons about digital privacy and security [20] . In\\naddition, larger questions remain about the privacy implica-\\ntions of digital technology in the classroom in the first place.\\nFor example, Internet access in classrooms enables schools\\nand corporations to surveil students, characterizing school\\nas not just a source of learning but also a place to regulate\\nand control children's behavior [49] . Thus, while school may\\nbe a place for children to learn about privacy, technology\\nuse in school can also pose challenges to students' privacy.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,853,744,871],\"text\":\"Educators' Role in Integrating Technology in Schools\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,874,746,955],\"text\":\"Research on technology integration in schools has largely\\nfocused on educators' use of technology to transform ped-\\nagogy [5, 22, 23] , since educators guide and plan the use\\nof technologies in their classrooms [46–48] . The creation\\nof resources for educators (e.g., professional development,\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 307\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/results/markdown/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300537/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300537", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/results/output_json/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,172],\"text\":\"technical support) can help teachers transform learning and\\nteaching experiences instead of enacting the same learning\\nactivities using technology [5] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,172,394,396],\"text\":\"To advocate for the integration of technology into ev-\\nery part of teaching, Mishra and Koehler [34] developed\\nthe Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK)\\nframework. They specify that teachers not only need knowl-\\nedge of specific tools, hardware, and software that can be\\nused for learning (Technology Knowledge), but also that\\nthis knowledge needs to be deeply integrated into their un-\\nderstanding of how people learn (Pedagogical Knowledge)\\nand their knowledge of the discipline in which they teach\\n(Content Knowledge). Though a large body of research has\\nfocused on technology use in schools as well as educators'\\nTPCK (e.g., [16, 22, 23, 36, 42] , we could not find any studies\\nthat considered the intersection of TPACK and digital privacy\\nand security in elementary schools.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,396,394,460],\"text\":\"Our research contributes to this literature by examining\\nhow educators use digital technologies in elementary school\\nclassrooms, how privacy and security factor into this use,\\nand what students learn about digital privacy and security.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,470,379,504],\"text\":\"An Ecological Systems Approach to Understanding\\nPrivacy & Security in Schools\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,506,394,665],\"text\":\"To gain a holistic perspective on how educators can help stu-\\ndents learn about digital privacy and security, we consider\\nour findings through the lens of Bronfenbrenner's ecological\\nframework [7, 8] . This framework emphasizes the need to\\nunderstand students' experiences in situ, taking into account\\nmultiple layers of context that influence one's experience.\\nThis means considering learning as it occurs in microsystems,\\nmesosystems, exosystems, macrosystems, and chronosys-\\ntems. Figure 1 shows how we apply this framework to the\\nelementary school context.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,665,394,889],\"text\":\"Microsystems involve direct interactions with students;\\nthey are places where students engage in specific activities\\nand take on roles for particular periods of time (e.g., class-\\nroom settings where teachers directly interact with students).\\nThe mesosystem describes the interrelationships among ma-\\njor settings of a student's life (e.g., school, neighborhood, and\\ncommunity settings). The ecosystem represents the social\\nstructures that influence the immediate settings in which stu-\\ndents interact (e.g., school or district policies). The macrosys-\\ntem denotes the overarching institutions of culture or sub-\\ncultures that encompass micro, meso, and exosystems (e.g.,\\nlaws and societal trends). Finally, the chronosystem refers\\nto change over time in individuals, environments, and the\\nrelations between them.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,890,394,954],\"text\":\"With this framework in mind, education researchers recog-\\nnize that a range of contextual factors influence technology\\nuse in schools as well as educators' use of transformative ped-\\nagogies with technology [42] . For example, decisions made\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,236],\"text\":\"at school and district levels determine what technologies are\\navailable in classrooms, what policies govern technology use\\nin schools, and what, if any, professional development or sup-\\nport educators receive [51] . Other settings in which children\\nuse technology (e.g., home, community) and broader societal\\nfactors (e.g., technology trends) also affect technology use\\n(and non-use) in the classroom [42] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,236,746,380],\"text\":\"Though the TPACK framework emphasizes the complex\\nrole that micro, meso, and macrosystem contexts play in\\nprofessional development and innovations in learning and\\nteaching with technology, most studies of TPACK have not ad-\\ndressed context [42] . These studies have typically focused on\\nlearning outcomes for students or professional development\\noutcomes for educators. In addition, the role of context as\\nit relates to technology use and digital privacy and security\\nlearning is understudied.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,380,746,634],\"text\":\"In the HCI community, education-focused research has be-\\ngun exploring technology use in schools at these contextual\\nlevels. Most research focuses on the microsystem, empha-\\nsizing the influence of specific technologies or pedagogi-\\ncal approaches used in a particular classroom on learning\\n(e.g., [10, 28–30] ). At the meso, exo, and macrosystem levels,\\neducation research has considered the influence of school,\\ndistrict, and federal policies and procedures on the use of\\ntechnologies in schools (e.g., [46, 47, 52] ). However, with the\\nexception of Ahn et al. [4] , who studied the use of social\\nmedia and tangible displays across school, home, and com-\\nmunity settings (i.e., mesosystem level) and Pittarello et al.\\n[38] , who hosted a workshop at CHI-Italy 2017 to explore\\nHCI in various educational settings (i.e., macrosystem level),\\nlittle HCI research has focused on the meso or macrosystem\\nlevels of technology use in schools.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,634,746,732],\"text\":\"Although our study primarily focuses on digital privacy\\nand security in the microsystem of the classroom, partici-\\npants also discussed meso and exosystem influences, such\\nas parents and school district leaders. Based on our find-\\nings, we provide design recommendations for each level of\\nBronfenbrenner's framework [7, 8] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,756,511,773],\"text\":\"3 METHODS\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,777,746,955],\"text\":\"To understand how privacy and security factors into digital\\ntechnology use in elementary school classrooms, we con-\\nducted nine focus groups with 25 educators ( M = 33 years\\nold, SD = 11, range: 22 – 64) from seven school districts in three\\nmetropolitan regions in the northeast United States between\\nAugust 2017 and February 2018. Our participants included\\nteachers, teaching assistants, student teachers, and graduate\\nstudents who taught as part of their program. All but two\\nworked in elementary school classrooms. To gauge our par-\\nticipants’ privacy and security awareness, we asked them to\\nfill out the privacy-related attitudes and behaviors scale [9]\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 307\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/results/markdown/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300537/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300537", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/results/output_json/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[216,135,594,341],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a concentric oval diagram illustrating an ecological systems theory model. The innermost layer is the Microsystem, containing \\\"Classroom,\\\" \\\"Home,\\\" \\\"Afterschool program,\\\" and \\\"Community organization.\\\" This is surrounded by the Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, and the outermost Chronosystem, with associated descriptive text for each layer.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[189,364,623,382],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Bronfenbrenner's ecological framework applied to the school context.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,400,395,514],\"text\":\"( M=3.2, SD=0.8) and Security Behavior Intentions Scale (Se-\\nBIS) [12] ( M=3.3, SD=0.6). Overall, the 22 participants who\\nfilled them out were slightly above average when it came\\nto privacy and security concerns and behaviors. Eight par-\\nticipants also reported receiving some technology training\\nfocused on privacy and security. Table 1 shows participant\\ndemographic information.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,514,395,657],\"text\":\"To recruit participants, we posted on educator-focused\\nlistservs and groups on Meetup and Facebook as well as\\nasked educators from our personal networks to share study\\ninformation with people they knew. We also partnered with\\na teacher certification program at a university and conducted\\ntwo focus groups in one of the program's courses. Each par-\\nticipant received a US $ 15 Amazon gift card. The University\\nof Maryland's Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved\\nthis study.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,677,154,695],\"text\":\"Data Analysis\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,698,395,955],\"text\":\"After the focus groups were transcribed, the research team\\ncollaboratively developed a codebook and went through mul-\\ntiple rounds of structural coding and thematic analysis [43] .\\nTo create the codebook, each author reviewed a different\\ntranscript and the team discussed the relevant categories\\nthat emerged. We created codes for the technology educa-\\ntors used, decisions about technology use, rules or bound-\\naries around technology use, technology-related challenges,\\nparent-teacher communication, privacy/security lessons, and\\ntechnology-related training for educators. We then went\\nthrough two rounds of structural coding [43] in which one\\nresearcher applied the codebook to the transcripts and an-\\nother researcher reviewed the transcripts and refined the\\ncoding. The team then conducted a thematic analysis on the\\ncoded data [43] . Each author selected two to three codes, re-\\nviewed the quotes in each code, clustered similar quotes, and\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,400,747,466],\"text\":\"summarized them in thematic statements. The team met re-\\npeatedly throughout the coding to discuss these ideas, reach\\nconsensus on the main themes in the data, and distill them\\ninto findings.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,466,747,737],\"text\":\"By nature, focus groups allow participants to guide the\\nconversation and build on the experiences of others. Conse-\\nquently, some focus groups discussed certain topics and/or\\nexperiences in greater depth than others. When reporting\\nour findings, we refrain from using quantitative metrics of\\nhow many participants made a given statement because the\\nthemes discussed here emerged from more general ques-\\ntions or prompts rather than a narrow accounting where we\\nsought feedback from each participant. Qualitative theorists\\nhave provided several arguments against reporting qualita-\\ntive data numerically, one being that, “ [n]umbers can lead\\nto the inference (by either the researcher or the audience)\\nof greater generality for the conclusions than is justified, by\\nslighting the specific context within which this conclusion\\nis drawn ” [31, p. 479] . For that reason, we focus our findings\\non the themes that emerged across the full dataset rather\\nthan a numerical accounting of who said what.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,752,509,769],\"text\":\"4 FINDINGS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,774,747,854],\"text\":\"To address our research questions, we summarize the types\\nof digital technologies educators use in their classrooms,\\nexplain how digital privacy and security factors into this\\ntechnology use, and describe how educators teach students\\nabout digital privacy and security.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,868,725,901],\"text\":\"Digital Technology Is Omnipresent in Elementary\\nSchool Classrooms\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,905,747,955],\"text\":\"Participants described using a variety of technologies in the\\nclassroom. Some of their school districts offered one-to-one\\ndevice programs where each student in a grade received\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 307\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/results/markdown/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300537/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300537", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/results/output_json/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[281,122,532,138],\"text\":\"Table 1: Focus Group Participant Information\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[119,153,695,636],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Focus Group</td><td>Participant</td><td>Role in School</td><td>Type of School</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>Alison</td><td>Teacher: Grade 5</td><td>Public elementary</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>Bernard</td><td>Former substitute teacher</td><td>Public elementary</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Cindy</td><td>Teacher: Grade 1</td><td>Public elementary</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Diane</td><td>Teacher: Grades 4-6</td><td>Private Montessori</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Emilia</td><td>Teacher: Kindergarten</td><td>Public elementary</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Norah</td><td>Teacher: English as a Second Language (ESL)</td><td>Public elementary</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Gabriela</td><td>Teacher: Science resource</td><td>Public elementary</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Hannah</td><td>Teacher: Arts and humanities</td><td>Public elementary</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Irene</td><td>Teacher: Special education</td><td>Public elementary</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Jasmyn</td><td>Teacher: Grade 3</td><td>Public elementary</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Marisol</td><td>Teacher: Pre-K (age 4)</td><td>Public charter elementary</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Luz</td><td>Teacher: Pre-K (age 4)</td><td>Public charter elementary</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Maryam</td><td>Teacher: Pre-K (age 4)</td><td>Public charter elementary</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Ayana</td><td>Assistant teacher: Pre-K (age 3)</td><td>Public charter elementary</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Inez</td><td>Taught a 7th grade class as a graduate student</td><td>Middle</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Paul</td><td>Taught a 6th grade class as a graduate student</td><td>Middle</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Ridhi</td><td>Taught a 4th grade class as a graduate student</td><td>Elementary</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Stephanie</td><td>Student teacher: Grade 5</td><td>Public elementary</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Tess</td><td>Student teacher: Grade 1</td><td>Public elementary</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Victor</td><td>Student teacher: Grade 4</td><td>Public elementary</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Yvonne</td><td>Student teacher: Grade 5</td><td>Public elementary</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Alissa</td><td>Student teacher: Grade 5</td><td>Public elementary</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Bethany</td><td>Student teacher: Grade 5</td><td>Public elementary</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Caitlyn</td><td>Student teacher: Grade 1</td><td>Public elementary</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Dawn</td><td>Student teacher: Grade 2</td><td>Public elementary</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a table presenting information about participants across nine focus groups. For each participant, their name, role in school, and the type of school they are associated with are listed.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_4_tab_3.png\"},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,657,395,896],\"text\":\"their own device for educational activities. In others, educa-\\ntors and students had access to shared computers, laptops, or\\ntablets as well as interactive smartboards, document cameras,\\nand/or projectors. Educators mentioned using productivity\\nsoftware (e.g., Google Apps), learning management systems\\n(e.g., Canvas, GoGuardian, Hapara), presentation tools (e.g.,\\nScreencastify, LiveBinder), media platforms (e.g., YouTube),\\nmedia editing software (e.g., iMovie, Powtoons), interactive\\nquiz tools (e.g., Kahoot, Quizlet), communication apps (e.g.,\\nClassDojo, Remind), educational databases (e.g., BrainPOP,\\nPebbleGo), math and reading websites or apps (e.g., iReady-\\nMath, Starfall), and games (e.g., ABCya). They also looked\\nfor technology-related resources for their students on sites\\nsuch as International Society for Technology in Education\\n(STIE), CommonSense Media, and Teachers Pay Teachers.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,897,395,946],\"text\":\"Participants said their students used digital tools to look\\nup information, to complete assignments or projects (e.g.,\\nwrite stories or essays, create presentations), to more easily\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,657,747,784],\"text\":\"interact with information (e.g., listen to a story rather than\\nread it), and to take standardized tests. Educators told us\\nthey also used these technologies in varied ways: to display\\ninformation during class time, to make lessons interactive, to\\nshare materials for students to make up or practice lessons at\\nhome, to develop lesson plans, to record data about students\\nand monitor their educational progress, and to communicate\\nwith students and parents.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,784,747,929],\"text\":\"Educators said they looked for tools that focused on the\\ncontent their students were learning (e.g., math, science, read-\\ning) and aligned with students' developmental abilities (e.g.,\\npictures and simple words for students who were learning to\\nread). They tried to avoid tools that involved a lot of typing\\nor complex login processes, since these were challenging for\\nstudents, especially younger ones, to use. Beyond supporting\\nstudents' learning, educators also reported using technolo-\\ngies to facilitate time-consuming tasks (e.g., grading) and to\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 307\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/results/markdown/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300537/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300537", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/results/output_json/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,172],\"text\":\"help manage their classrooms (e.g., monitoring student tech-\\nnology use to deter students from engaging in inappropriate\\nactivities).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,188,375,237],\"text\":\"Educators Consider Privacy and Security Through\\nthe Lens of Curricular or Classroom Management\\n\\n\\nGoals\\n\\n\\n1\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,240,395,353],\"text\":\"Considerations about digital privacy and security emerged\\nin three aspects of classroom technology use: deciding what\\ntechnologies to use, handling student data responsibly, and\\nminimizing students' inappropriate use of technology. Our\\nparticipants were largely focused on how these decisions\\nwould affect their ability to teach students what their curric-\\nula required and to manage student behavior.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,364,395,540],\"text\":\"Deciding Which Technologies to Use in the Classroom. Par-\\nticipants typically used digital tools that were available or\\nrecommended to them. They described turning to school me-\\ndia specialists for help deciding what to use in the classroom.\\nMedia specialists might suggest relevant tools for a specific\\nassignment or identify resources that fit with the district's\\ncurriculum and learning objectives. Some districts provided\\nlists of applications or websites for which they had purchased\\nsoftware licenses and/or approved for classroom use. Third-\\ngrade teacher Jasymyn explained that if apps appeared in this\\nlist, it meant:\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,546,362,629],\"text\":\"\\\"They're all free, and they're all education-based\\napps. Something that [the district has] looked\\nat and said, 'This is okay to put your students\\nonto.' So it kind of narrows down your search if\\nyou're looking for something.\\\" (Jasmyn)\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,635,395,763],\"text\":\"Educators said they did not know how their school dis-\\ntricts decided to purchase particular hardware (e.g., Chrome-\\nbooks, iPads) or software (e.g., Google Apps for Education).\\nSome technology decisions seemed to be responses to con-\\ncerns that emerged from earlier decisions. For example, fifth-\\ngrade teacher Alison explained that a few years after her dis-\\ntrict gave students Chromebooks, it purchased the “Chrome-\\nbook management tool” GoGuardian:\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,769,362,882],\"text\":\"\\\"It allows the teacher to log in and see every-\\nbody's Chromebook, and you can close out tabs\\nif students are on the wrong thing.... We just got\\nthat the end of last year... because there were so\\nmany issues with kids doing things on Chrome-\\nbooks, so they finally figured it out, that we\\nneeded this.\\\" (Alison)\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,889,395,954],\"text\":\"Other software-related decisions happened at the school\\nlevel. For example, Alison said her district created a learning\\nmanagement portal but let each principal decide whether to\\nuse it in their school.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,252],\"text\":\"Overall, participants did not know whether school districts\\nor media specialists considered how a tool used students' per-\\nsonal information before recommending it. Some educators\\nexpressed concern about using software that required too\\nmuch student information, such as names, email addresses,\\nor birth dates. A few used limited identifiers, such children's\\ninitials. One avoided using any tools that required more than\\nan email address to sign up.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,252,747,507],\"text\":\"Participants said they received some training related to\\nthe various technologies their schools had adopted, but this\\ntypically did not include information related to privacy and\\nsecurity. Some training only focused on basic activities, such\\nas how to post grades, or was only available to a few teachers\\nfrom each school. Few educators described training experi-\\nences directly related to privacy or security. For example,\\nJasymn paid for a professional development class through\\nher district's technology development office. One of the steps\\nin an app review she conducted for the class was to check\\nthe app's privacy policy — “which now in turn, has made me\\njust peek through privacy policies” when she considers using\\nan app in her classroom. While privacy and security played\\nsome part in the decisions educators made about technology\\nuse in the classroom, it was unclear whether such considera-\\ntions were institutionalized at the school or district level.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,515,747,611],\"text\":\"Handling Student Data Responsibly. Participants recognized\\ntheir duty to responsibly manage student data, which primar-\\nily included login credentials and photographs of children\\nengaging in school activities. Again, policies or priorities at\\nthe school or district level complicated educators' efforts to\\nmitigate privacy or security concerns.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,612,748,738],\"text\":\"Policies for creating student accounts varied considerably.\\nIn some districts, student passwords used the child's name,\\nbirth date, and/or ID number; in others, passwords could\\nnot contain any part of a student's name. One participant\\nsaid she manually reset student passwords for her school\\neach year while another said students in her district keep the\\nsame password throughout elementary school. Educators\\nsaid they had to help students manage their credentials:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,743,715,838],\"text\":\"“One of the things they found in first grade, they\\ngave all the kids computers and realized the kids\\ndon’t know their upper- and lowercase letters.\\nSo, they can’t put in their passwords.... Teachers\\nare doing it for them because they don’t know\\ntheir letters.” (Norah)\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,842,747,922],\"text\":\"Other ways to help students remember login credentials \\nincluded sending the credentials home to parents or keeping \\nthem in a box that they passed around when students had to \\nlog in. Two participants described cases of student passwords \\nbeing taped to equipment.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,922,747,954],\"text\":\"Participants also discussed their thought processes related\\nto posting student photos on school or district websites,\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 307\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/results/markdown/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300537/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300537", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/results/output_json/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,331],\"text\":\"newsletters, and social media. This involved balancing the\\nschool or district's desire to publicize educational activities\\nwith parental permission to share images of children. For\\nexample, Hannah, an art teacher, liked the idea of sharing\\nher students' work on social media but called it a “double-\\nedged sword ” because some parents may have opted out of\\nhaving their child's picture taken during the school day or\\nat school functions. This opt-out could mean that students\\nwould not appear in the yearbook or could miss out on field\\ntrips where pictures would be taken. Norah, an English-as-\\na-Second Language (ESL) teacher, noticed that most of her\\nstudents were on her school's opt-out list. She surpassed their\\nparents may have signed it without understanding it.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,332,394,380],\"text\":\"Overall, the educators in our focus groups understood the\\nneed to manage student data responsibly, but school policies\\nsometimes challenged their ability to do so.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,396,394,538],\"text\":\"Minimizing Inappropriate Use of Technology. Educators ex-\\npressed wanting their students to learn how to use technolo-\\ngies responsibly and to minimize students' inappropriate use\\nof technology. Two participants created classroom contracts\\nrelated to technology use. Others said they discuss physical\\nuse of devices (e.g., don't run with them), how to navigate\\nconcerning scenarios, (e.g., seeing something inappropriate),\\nand how other classroom norms apply to technology use\\n(e.g., respecting materials, sharing with others).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,538,394,698],\"text\":\"Participants also wanted to manage how their students\\nwere using digital technologies. First, they wanted students\\nto use the devices only at designated times and to go to spe-\\ncific websites or applications that teachers had assigned to\\nthem. Second, they wanted students to avoid accidentally or\\nintentionally accessing adult information, such as sexually\\nsuggestive or drug-related material. Third, they wanted to\\nreduce student exposure to advertising because this material\\ncould distract students during lessons or present inappropri-\\nate material.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,699,395,954],\"text\":\"Some educators described walking around or relying on\\nthe classroom layout (e.g., computers arranged in a semi-\\ncircle) to observe whether students were on task. Others\\nused tools like Google Classroom or LiveBinder to list the\\nwebsites or apps that students were supposed to access for a\\ngiven assignment. Alison said that while her students were\\nworking on a project, she displayed all students' Chromebook\\nscreens on the projector. This way, everyone would see if\\none veered off-track. Two participants described learning\\nmanagement software that tracked students' activities as\\n“ useful ” . By enabling educators to see and take screenshots\\nof students' screens, in the present moment or in the past,\\nthe software produced “ evidence ” they could send to parents\\nor school administrators if an issue arose. Educators said\\nthat students who accessed inappropriate material online or\\nwent to sites without permission faced consequences such\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,745,155],\"text\":\"as removal of computer privileges or automatic referrals to\\nthe school's office or behavioral support team.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,156,746,364],\"text\":\"The educators we spoke to wanted to minimize the chance\\nof encountering adult material during lessons. For exam-\\nple, Tess said searching for information “backfired” in her\\nfirst-grade classroom when, during a lesson on storytelling,\\nsomeone searched for “climax” and “other things came up.”\\nParticipants said they avoided searching for information on\\nsearch engines or platforms like YouTube while projecting\\ntheir screen to the class, since they did not know what would\\nappear in response to the search. Others said they turned off\\nprojectors while searching for information, used tools such\\nas Safehare.tv, which displays videos without advertising\\nor recommendations, or avoided using tools that contained\\npop-up advertising.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,364,746,411],\"text\":\"In sum, educators' efforts to reduce inappropriate use of\\ntechnology focused on protecting students from online risks\\nand monitoring their use of technology.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,443,741,460],\"text\":\"Lessons About Privacy and Security Online Are Rare\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,463,746,607],\"text\":\"Few participants described giving their students specific\\nlessons related to privacy and security; some felt such lessons\\nwere unnecessary for young students. Participants expressed\\nvaried interpretations of the role of privacy and security in\\nstudents' lives, connecting it to digital citizenship and the\\ndisclosure of personal information. They offered ideas about\\nhow such lessons could be designed to resonate with elemen-\\ntary school students and identified obstacles educators face\\nin teaching students about privacy and security online.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,634,746,746],\"text\":\"The Role of Digital Privacy and Security in Students' Lives.\\nOur participants conceptualized privacy and security for stu-\\ndents as a subset of digital citizenship, which they defined\\nas learning how to act responsibly online. For instance, Ja-\\nmyn described the connection between digital citizenship\\nand privacy as, \\\"What are you doing online? How will you be\\nleaving a digital footprint?\\\"\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,746,746,954],\"text\":\"Only a few educators said their students received lessons\\nfocused on digital privacy and security, and these typically\\ncame from a school media specialist or librarian. For instance,\\nHannah said her school's media specialist dedicated a ses-\\nsion for each class in the school to \\\"talking about [students'] \\ntechnology footprint.\\\" She added that the media specialist\\nwanted to discuss cyberbullying in a digital citizenship les-\\nson after students at the school experienced bullying through\\nSnapchat. In a similar vein, two student-teachers said their\\nfifth-grade classes received a lesson at the media center about\\n\\\"how to be safe online and what kind of technology is appro-\\npriate for their age and, kind of, how it can affect their getting\\ninto college, getting a job.\\\" (Stephanie)\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 307\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/results/markdown/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300537/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300537", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/results/output_json/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,173],\"text\":\"Conversely, Diane described how her school incorporated\\ndiscussions about digital privacy and security in an unex-\\npected context—sex education:\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,177,361,324],\"text\":\"“One of the weeks is dedicated to technology use\\nand how to be safe, because so much of... our\\nsex ed is actually about communication: how\\nto communicate with one another and how to\\ncommunicate respectfully. And the same thing\\ngoes for technology. We do talk about privacy\\nand talk about responsible technology use and\\nabout miscommunications that can happen over\\ntechnology.” (Diane)\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,329,395,506],\"text\":\"Some participants said discussions about privacy and secu-\\nrity were less necessary because elementary school students\\nonly used technology in limited ways. For example, Ayana,\\na pre-K teacher, said her three-year-old students could not\\naccess much on the iPads they used. Jasminy said she did not\\ndiscuss privacy and security in-depth with her third graders\\nbecause “ they're not on chat rooms and Facebook . . . I'm sure\\n[for] the secondary [school] teachers, that's another debate\\nfor them. Similarly, Alison felt privacy and security lessons\\nwere not necessary for her fifth graders because they did not\\nenter personal information when using digital technology. ”\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,511,362,703],\"text\":\"\\\"They're using the Chromebooks kind of on the\\nmost basic level, where they're using word pro-\\ncessors to write. And they're using Google to\\nsearch on specific websites that we give them.\\nThey're never putting their own information in.\\nAny account that they get is already set up for\\nthem. So they just have to log in with what we\\ngive them. So, there's not really much teaching\\non how to be safe on the Internet, knowing how\\nto put in personal information, things like that,\\nbecause it doesn't apply... So, there's no kind\\nof context to teach it in.\\\" (Allison)\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,714,394,792],\"text\":\"Making Privacy and Security Lessons Resonate with Younger\\nChildren. Although privacy and security lessons were not\\nprevalent in their teaching, participants shared ideas to make\\nsuch lessons stick. Echoing prior work [25] , they emphasized\\nthe need for privacy and security lessons to be relatable.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,793,395,954],\"text\":\"Paul, who taught a sixth-grade class about privacy and\\nsecurity while he was a graduate student, said he found struc-\\nturing lessons as conversations rather than didactic lectures\\nhelpful. He also tied examples back to the tools his students\\nused. For example, his students did not use Facebook, so he\\ndiscussed Snapchat and Kik, which they did use. Inez, who\\ntaught privacy and security lessons to a seventh-grade class\\nwhile she was a graduate student, suggested starting with\\nexamples of privacy or security based in the physical world\\n(\\\"Do they have their own room? Do they close the door to their\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,251],\"text\":\"room? Do they go to the bathroom with the door open? Why do\\nyou close the door to go to the bathroom?”) and using those to\\nhelp children see how privacy and security play out online.\\nDawn, a student-teacher, suggested giving children concrete\\nexamples, such as showing them how a piece of information\\ncan spread online or how visible a social media profile can\\nbe. She compared this to models that show young children\\nhow germs travel:\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,258,720,339],\"text\":\"\\\"Where someone coughs on their hand and shakes\\nsomeone's hand, opens the door and all of the\\ngerms that get left behind, I think that that's\\nsomething that [students] can be like, oh, ugh,\\nand make that connection.\\\" (Dawn)\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,345,746,473],\"text\":\"Alison felt the experience of making mistakes helped her\\nfifth graders understand the consequences of sharing access\\nto information. For peer editing exercises, she encouraged\\nstudents to swap Chromebooks rather than give each other\\nelectronic access to a Google Doc. Sometimes, when students\\ndid the latter and a student (accidentally or purposefully)\\ndeleted another student's work, she would let students \\\"sweet\\na little bit\\\" before restoring the document. She told them:\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,480,715,593],\"text\":\"\\\"Well, this what happens when you share it with\\nsomeone. You don't know what they're going\\nto do it... . But you have to use that as a mo-\\nment to be like, 'Hey don't. You can't trust that\\nperson. You thought you could but apparently\\nyou couldn't... So, that's, I feel, like the biggest\\nlesson in privacy that they get.\\\" (Alison)\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,604,746,732],\"text\":\"Obstacles to Teaching Digital Privacy and Security Lessons.\\nParticipants also discussed various obstacles that hinder ef-\\nforts to teach students about privacy and security. First, stu-\\ndents might struggle to consider the long-term implications\\nor consequences of disclosing information online. Paul said\\nhis sixth graders did not always absorb privacy and secu-\\nrity lessons because they struggled to envision longer term\\nconsequences of their online actions:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,737,715,867],\"text\":\"\\\"They were definitely receptive to the idea [that\\ntechnology use might affect college applications,\\njob applications, or relationships] and a lot of\\nthem knew that it was an issue ... . . . But it was\\nsomething that was far off for them, and so it was\\nhard for them to, oftentimes, map that onto the\\ndecision-making that they were entering into on\\na day-to-day basis right now.\\\" (Paul)\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,874,746,954],\"text\":\"Second, educators may struggle to incorporate privacy and\\nsecurity lessons amidst other competing demands. Gabriela,\\nwho served as her school's media specialist for three years,\\nsaw this as part of her job but said she lacked the time to do\\nso thoroughly:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 307\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300537/results/markdown/3290605-3300537_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300542/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300542", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/results/output_json/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,39,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[81,117,735,182],\"text\":\"Modeling the Engagement-Disengagement Cycle of\\nCompulsive Phone Use\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[88,203,232,264],\"text\":\"Jonathan A. Tran\\n\\nUniversity of Washington\\nSeattle, Washington, USA\\n\\njontran7@uw.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[252,203,396,264],\"text\":\"Katherine S. Yang\\nUniversity of Washington\\nSeattle, Washington, USA\\nyang23@uw.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[417,203,571,264],\"text\":\"Katie Davis\\n\\nUniversity of Washington\\nSeattle, Washington, USA\\n\\nkdavis78@uw.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[582,203,725,264],\"text\":\"Alexis Hiniker\\nUniversity of Washington\\nSeattle, Washington, USA\\nalexislir@uw.edu\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,274,141,291],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,296,395,631],\"text\":\"Many smartphone users engage in compulsive and habitual\\nphone checking they find frustrating, yet our understand-\\ning of how this phenomenon is experienced is limited. We\\nconducted a semi-structured interview, a think-aloud phone-\\nuse demonstration, and a sketching exercise with 39 smart-\\nphone users (ages 14 – 64) to probe their experiences with\\ncompulsive phone checking. Their insights revealed a small\\ntaxonomy of common triggers that lead up to instances of\\ncompulsive phone use and a second set that end compulsive\\nphone use sessions. Though participants expressed frustra-\\ntion with their lack of self-control, they also reported that\\nthe activities they engage in during these sessions can be\\nmeaningful, which they defined as transcending the current\\ninstance of use. Participants said they periodically reflect on\\ntheir compulsive use and delete apps that drive compulsive\\nchecking without providing sufficient meaning. We use these\\nfindings to create a descriptive model of the cycle of compul-\\nsive checking, and we call on designers to craft experiences\\nthat meet users' definition of meaningfulness rather than\\ncreating lock-out mechanisms to help them police their own\\nuse.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,642,172,660],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,662,394,695],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Empirical studies in\\nHCI.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,706,149,722],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,727,393,759],\"text\":\"Smartphone, compulsive phone use, interview, habits, self-\\nregulation\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,277,555,291],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,294,747,378],\"text\":\"Jonathan A. Tran, Katherine S. Yang, Katie Davis, and Alexis Hinkler.\\n2019. Modeling the Engagement-Disengagement Cycle of Compul-\\nsive Phone Use. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing\\nSystems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland,\\nUK . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/\\n3290605.3300542\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,391,550,407],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,411,747,522],\"text\":\"The ubiquitous adoption of smartphones has enabled a plethor\\nof previously unimaginable opportunities for users, from eas-\\nily navigating a foreign city to sharing photos of meaningful\\nevents in real-time. Despite this value, the pervasive and\\nroutine use of phones in nearly every niche of daily life has\\nproduced widespread social anxiety about overuse and\\ndependence on devices [31, 41, 47] .\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,523,747,778],\"text\":\"Determining the validity of such anxiety is not straight-\\nforward. Across a number of studies, researchers have found\\nbroad frustration among users with the way they use their\\nphones [6, 41, 52, 58, 65, 67, 69] , particularly with respect to\\nhigh-reward, low-demand experiences like browsing social\\nmedia and playing casual games. Yet, other work explains\\nthat smartphone users are faced with larger social narra-\\ntives that condemn them as distracted addicts [28, 48] , and\\nthat these narratives lead users to express concern about\\ntheir own usage behavior and that of others [47, 60] . This\\ncomplexity makes it difficult to disentangle when users' frus-\\ntration with habitual phone use comes from lived experience\\nand when it comes from internalized ideologies that depict\\nphone users as addicts who neglect the (superior) physical\\nworld. Prior work has called for more nuanced narratives\\nthat examine these phenomena more closely [28] .\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,779,747,923],\"text\":\"In this study, we examined how 39 smartphone users –\\nranging from early adolescence to older adulthood – make\\nsense of their habitual phone use. Participants engaged in in-\\nterviews, a think-aloud demonstration of the apps they check\\nregularly, and a sketching exercise to design their own media\\nexperiences in light of their reflections on personal checking\\nhabits. Through these methods, we probed the antecedents\\nthat lead them to check their phones, the factors that shape\\nwhether these habitual uses are meaningful, the triggers\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,766,394,886],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@out.org.\\nCUI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,888,393,914],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,914,266,925],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,926,246,939],\"text\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300542\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 312\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/results/markdown/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300542/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300542", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/results/output_json/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,393,155],\"text\":\"that are likely to end a checking session, and participants'\\nreflections on these patterns.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,156,394,282],\"text\":\"Participants reported that habitual phone checking fills\\nevery moment of downtime, and that they engage in these\\nchecking behaviors automatically and with minimal aware-\\nness. A small set of common triggers lead participants to pull\\nout their phone to check in, and a second small set of com-\\nmon triggers lead them to put it away. One contribution of\\nthis work is to model the engagement-disengagement cycle\\nof compulsive phone use.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,282,394,426],\"text\":\"Participants also shared a common sense of what makes\\nan instance of phone use \\\"meaningful\\\" and reported that it\\nonly meets this bar if it transcends the specific moment of\\nuse and ties in with their larger life in some way. Though\\nparticipants expressed frustration with their checking habits,\\nthey primarily directed this frustration at experiences they\\nfind meaningless. Participants reported abandoning apps\\nthat propel them into compulsive usage habits while failing\\nto deliver meaningful experiences.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,426,394,651],\"text\":\"Phone use has cemented itself as a staple activity of daily\\nlife. We seek to understand the extent to which this perva-\\nsiveness and continuous use is born out of the broad value\\nphones offer their users and the extent to which it is born\\nout of developers' interest in monetizing the attention of\\ntheir users. Given that both lived experience and internalized\\nsocial narratives may contribute to users' frustration with\\ncompulsive use, we seek a close-up look at participants' ex-\\nperiences with compulsive use. By developing a more precise\\nunderstanding of why habitual phone use occurs and how it\\nis experienced, we seek to replace vague collective anxiety\\nover phone use with an evidence-based understanding of\\nthe process, aiding in larger research efforts to differentiate\\nbetween moral panics and credible threats.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,660,197,678],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,681,225,698],\"text\":\"2.1 The Addiction Debate\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,702,394,861],\"text\":\"Although the mainstream media and the every-day speech\\nof phone users reflect language portraying smartphones and\\nother Internet-connected technologies (ICTs) as “ addictive ”\\n[47] , this idea is debated among scholars. A number of studies\\nare built on the assumption that ICTs are addictive [18] ,\\nand researchers have developed a variety of instruments to\\nassess Internet and technology addiction, such as the Internet\\nAddiction Test (IAT) [76] , the Smartphone Addiction Scale\\n(SAS) [46] , the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) [56] ,\\nand the Facebook Addiction Scale [5] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,861,394,926],\"text\":\"A large body of work reports on the ways in which these\\ninstruments predict struggles for users. For example, Turel\\nand colleagues document the ways in which email addiction\\nincreases family conflict [73] . Al-Manayes and colleagues\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,236],\"text\":\"demonstrate that social media addiction undermines aca-\\ndemic performance among college students in Kuwait [3] ,\\nand Sahin and colleagues demonstrate that sleep quality de-\\ncreases as mobile phone addiction increases. And a number\\nof studies have shown that weaker impulse control predicts\\nheavier smartphone use, consistent with the addiction hy-\\npothesis (e.g., [27, 75] ).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,236,746,411],\"text\":\"However, other work pushes back on this conceptualiza-\\ntion and argues against pathologizing everyday leisure activi-\\nties like smartphone and social media use. Kardfelt-Winther\\nand colleagues argue that frequent, prolonged activities that\\ndistract an individual from daily life should not be considered\\n“addictions” unless they also lead to distress and functional\\nimpairment [38] . Billieux and colleagues explain that there\\nis currently no evidence to support the claim that neuro-\\nbiological mechanisms underlie problematic mobile phone\\nuse the way they do in recognized chemical and behavioral\\naddictions [7] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,422,620,441],\"text\":\"2.2 Compulsive Phone Checking\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,443,746,619],\"text\":\"Although it remains unclear whether technology usage habits\\never meet a clinical definition of addiction (and unlikely that\\nthey do in the common case), there is wide support for the\\nclaim that many users engage in compulsive and habitual\\nsmartphone checking [44, 58, 65] . Prior work has shown\\nthat smartphones are particularly conducive to compulsive\\nhabits (as compared to other technologies) because of their\\nportable nature and the fact that they support many different\\nactivities [30, 45] . Other work documents that users engage\\nin routine “ checking ” behaviors and shows that apps that\\noffer high information rewards are habit-forming [65] .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,619,746,922],\"text\":\"Further, a large body of evidence documents that compul-\\nsive checking habits can have a negative impact on daily\\nlife. The extent to which romantic partners interrupt shared\\nactivities to engage in phone-checking predicts not only\\ninterpersonal conflict about technology use but also rela-\\ntionship satisfaction, life satisfaction, and the incidence of\\ndepressive symptoms [49, 61] . A meta-analysis of studies\\non texting while driving concludes that this common be-\\nhavior [26] dramatically compromises an individual's ability\\nto drive safely [11] . Prior studies have linked compulsive\\nphone habits to poor sleep quality (e.g., [55, 68] ), and ground-\\ntruth phone use predicts decreases in academic performance,\\neven after controlling for past academic performance [23] .\\nAn experimental study manipulating parents' smartphone\\nuse found that parents felt less connected to their children\\nand more distracted if they checked their phones during a\\nshared family activity [45] . Smartphone users feel these im-\\npacts and report frustration with their own usage patterns\\n[4, 6, 41, 63, 66, 69] .\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,922,746,955],\"text\":\"Here, we seek to understand users' experiences with com-\\npulsive checking in their own words. By taking a detailed\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 312\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/results/markdown/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300542/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300542", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/results/output_json/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,188],\"text\":\"look at the the process of engaging in a habitual session of\\nphone use, we are able to better understand the conditions\\nthat lead to these sessions, the conditions that cause them to\\nend, and how they are experienced by users.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,200,277,217],\"text\":\"2.3 Designing for Compulsive Use\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,219,394,396],\"text\":\"Users' sense of compulsively engaging with technology out\\nof habit is no accident, and many commercial products are\\ndesigned to promote habitual experiences that capture and\\nhold users' attention as often as possible for as long as pos-\\nsible. “User engagement” is a guiding principle in software\\ndesign and a common metric for evaluating products [53] .\\nAs many products benefit from users' continued engage-\\nment (e.g., pay-to-play games and services, websites and\\napps that profit from ad impressions or click-through rates,\\netc.), designers are often incentivized to work against the\\nusage boundaries users might otherwise set for themselves.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,396,395,666],\"text\":\"Prior work has documented a variety of dark patterns in\\nexisting commercial technologies, that is, design approaches\\nthat serve the product and the company at the expense of the\\nuser [10] . Research in HCI has documented that dark patterns\\nand malicious design are a pervasive problem [14] , and some\\nof these patterns seek to erode users' ability to self-regulate\\ntheir use of a system or application. For example, prior re-\\nsearch has identified systematic dark patterns in video games\\nthat intentionally erode players' self-efficacy, leading them to\\ninvest more time and labor into gameplay than they enjoy or\\nwould choose to engage in without coercive design elements\\n[77] . And people who use their smartphone to engage with\\ngames, social media, and passive entertainment are more\\nlikely to display evidence of problematic and compulsive use\\nthan people who use their phones for other purposes [37] ,\\nsuggesting that common design elements of these experi-\\nences foster these problematic usage patterns.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,666,395,793],\"text\":\"Users' reports that they habitually engage in patterns of\\ntechnology use that they later regret or feel are a waste\\nof their time [4, 24, 41, 63, 67] are consistent with the idea\\nthat design practices at times seek to break down people's\\nself-defined usage boundaries and intentionality. Many com-\\nmercially available books for practitioners offer advice and\\nact as how-to guides for building products that users find\\nhard to put down (e.g., [22, 54] ).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,793,395,938],\"text\":\"Here, we seek to understand how compulsive use is ex-\\nperienced in the context of the design decisions in which\\noccurs. By capturing a high-fidelity representation of mo-\\nments of compulsive use, we expand on existing evidence\\nwhich shows that people feel they use their phones com-\\npulsively. We contribute a more nuanced understanding of\\nthe relationship between design decisions and compulsive\\nhabits by describing these instances within the situated app\\nexperiences where they arise.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,124,678,141],\"text\":\"2.4 Phone Use Across the Human Lifespan\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,144,747,400],\"text\":\"Finally, we conducted our study not only with adults over\\nage 18, but also with adolescents. Our decision to include\\nteens in the sample was motivated by the recognition that\\nadolescents may display different patterns of smartphone\\nbehavior than adults due to their developmental stage, which\\nis marked by a heightened focus on oneself and one's so-\\ncial standing [19, 20, 29, 43] . A large body of prior work\\nhas explored adolescent digital media use as a distinctive\\nphenomenon influenced by developmental and generational\\nfactors [9, 16, 17, 25, 36] , though recent evidence points to\\nmany similarities between adolescents and adults in their use\\nof networked technologies [8, 47, 51] . Moreover, we wanted\\nto contribute empirical evidence to the ongoing public debate\\nabout whether the current generation of teens is markedly\\ndifferent from previous generations with respect to their\\nrelationship to networked technology [12, 74] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,410,504,427],\"text\":\"3 METHOD\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,430,518,448],\"text\":\"3.1 Participants\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,451,746,611],\"text\":\"We conducted semi-structured interviews with 39 partici-\\npants, intentionally recruiting from a mix of three different\\nsubpopulations: high school students (N = 13), college stu-\\ndents (N = 13), and post-graduation adults (N = 13). Partici-\\npants were recruited through word-of-mouth, convenience\\nsampling, and snowball sampling, and all participants lived\\nin the larger metropolitan area surrounding our institution.\\nThough not an explicit exclusion criteria, our recruiting\\nmethods did not reach young adults of college age who are\\nunable to or disinterested in attending college.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,611,747,771],\"text\":\"Our sample included 21 participants who self-identified\\nas female and 18 who self-identified as male. Across all three\\ngroups, 76 % of participants identified as Asian, 12 % identi-\\nfied as multiracial, and 6 % identified as white. Average age\\nwas 21.9 years (sd = 8.9 years). All participants currently\\nlived within driving distance of a mid-sized, highly educated,\\nAmerican coastal city with a large tech industry presence.\\nThroughout our results, we use the subscripts “HS,” “C,” and\\n“A” next to participant IDs to denote our high school, college,\\nand adult participant groups.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,781,513,796],\"text\":\"3.2 Procedures\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,800,746,881],\"text\":\"All participants completed a three-part, in-person study ses-\\nsion composed of a background interview, a think-aloud\\nphone demonstration, and a sketching exercise. On average,\\ninterviews lasted 22m26s (sd=9m28); all interviews and were\\nconducted between the fall of 2017 and the spring of 2018.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,882,747,946],\"text\":\"At the conclusion of the study session, adult participants\\nreceived a gift card to Amazon worth US $ 10 as a token of our\\nappreciation. Because of the added burden on adolescents to\\ncoordinate the informed consent process with their parent\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 312\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/results/markdown/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300542/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300542", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/results/output_json/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,171],\"text\":\"and the added logistical challenges of securing transportation \\nto our institution, high school students received a gift card \\nof US$20.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,179,395,500],\"text\":\"Part 1: Background Interview. We first conducted a back-\\nground interview to probe participants' experiences with\\nhabitual phone use and phone-checking. Using a grounded-\\ntheory approach [70] , we iteratively analyzed data as we\\ninterviewed participants and refined the protocol based on\\nemergent themes. In the final version of the protocol, we\\nasked participants about the times when they are likely to\\nuse their phones out of habit and the physical and social\\ncontexts in which habitual use occurs. Example questions\\nincluded: \\\"Do you ever find that you use your phone out of\\nhabit? If so, can you tell me about what this is like?\\\" and,\\n\\\"What kinds of scenarios might lead you to use your phone\\nhabitually or just to check in?\\\" To better understand social\\ncontexts, we then asked questions such as: \\\"When spending\\ntime with friends your age, how do you see them engaging\\nwith their phone around you? How do you feel about that?\\\"\\nWe asked college students and adults about how their usage\\nhabits have changed since they first got a smartphone. We\\nasked high school students about how their phone use is\\naffected by parental or guardian control.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,506,395,842],\"text\":\"Part 2: Think-Asloud Phone Demonstration. We then conducted\\na modified version of a think-aloud protocol [35] , in which\\nparticipants were asked to walk us through their experience\\nof using phone applications out of habit, demonstrating these\\nbehaviors on their phone as they described them. During this\\ntime, participants went through each application on their\\nsmartphone and, if the participant felt the application was\\none they used out of habit, they briefly demonstrated how\\nthey use it. The researcher then asked several follow-up ques-\\ntions about the participant's use of and experience with that\\nspecific app. These questions began by exploring the app in\\nthe context of the participant's daily life, such as: \\\"When do\\nyou find you use this application?\\\" and \\\"When you're using\\nthis app, what causes you to stop?\\\" We then asked participants\\nhow they feel about these behaviors, asking, for example:\\n\\\"Do you wish you used this app more, less, or about the same?\\\"\\nand \\\"When using this app, does it feel meaningful to you?\\\"\\nWe then asked about frequency and duration of usage. After\\nwalking through all apps, we ended this portion of the study\\nsession by asking each participant how they define what\\nmakes something \\\"meaningful\\\" to them.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,848,395,947],\"text\":\"Part 3: Co-Design and Sketching. Third, we asked participants\\nto identify one thing they would like to change about their\\nhabitual phone usage. They were given as much time as\\nthey needed to define the change they would like to make,\\nand then asked to share this goal aloud. We asked several\\nfollow-up questions, including: “ Why do you want to make\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,267],\"text\":\"this change?\\\" \\\"How important is making this change to you?\\\" \\nand \\\"Have you tried to make this change before? If so, what hap-\\npened?\\\" These questions were included to contextualize the\\nmeaning and importance of the goal for the participant. After\\nanswering these questions, participants were then asked to\\nsketch a design concept of their own invention depicting\\nhow their phone or an app could help them facilitate making\\nthis change. Once done sketching, the participant briefly\\nexplained what they drew.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,278,528,295],\"text\":\"3.3 Data Analysis\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,299,747,491],\"text\":\"All interviews were transcribed by a professional transrip-\\ntion service or a member of the research team. As we con-\\nducted our study sessions, we iteratively transcribed and\\nanalyzed our data using an open-coding approach. The team\\nmet weekly as a group to review data collaboratively. This\\nconsisted of reviewing transcripts and identifying emergent\\ncodes individually, coming together to share codes collabo-\\nratively and compare notes, reviewing video footage of the\\nphone demonstration, and reviewing participant sketches.\\nAll materials were reviewed by at least two members of the\\nresearch team and all codes were discussed collaboratively\\nwith shared examples.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,491,747,667],\"text\":\"Consistent with a grounded-theory approach [15] , we\\nperformed this analysis as we conducted data collection,\\nand we iteratively revised our interview protocol as themes\\nsolidified to gain more targeted insight into emerging themes\\nand to improve the quality and depth of the data. The final\\nset of codes included categories such as: triggers that start\\ncompulsive phone use, triggers that end compulsive phone\\nuse, phone-use norms, meaningfulness, autonomy, and apps\\nusers abandon, each of which had several subcategories. We\\nreviewed all transcripts and extracted vivid exhibits [32] ,\\nwhich we used to develop analytical memos.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,678,600,695],\"text\":\"4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,698,697,715],\"text\":\"4.1 Triggers that Start Compulsive Phone Use\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,718,746,766],\"text\":\"Participants reported a small, common set of causes leading\\nthem to engage in compulsive phone checking (see Table 1 ),\\neach of which we describe here.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,772,747,918],\"text\":\"Downtime . The most commonly mentioned trigger for com-\\npulsive phone checking was having a moment of downtime\\nwith no obvious alternative source of stimulation or demand\\non a participant's time. As one participant explained, she\\ncompulsively checks her phone, “ any time I'm in a car not\\ndriving, on the bus . . . in between classes, or when there's a lull\\nin conversation, or there's just any down time ” (P20HS). Using\\nthe phone to fill moments of downtime was nearly universal,\\nand participants told us they typically turn to their phones:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[452,919,685,934],\"text\":\"“In between seeing patients at work” (P16 A)\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[452,935,664,952],\"text\":\"\\\"If I'm heating up frozen food\\\" (P26$_{HS}$)\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 312\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/results/markdown/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300542/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300542", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/results/output_json/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[238,122,576,137],\"text\":\"Table 1: Triggers that Start Sessions of Compulsive Phone Use\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[98,148,721,421],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Trigger</td><td>Description</td><td>Example</td></tr><tr><td>Unoccupied moment</td><td>Any moment of downtime with no obvious alternative stimuli</td><td>&quot;I feel like whenever I&#x27;m bored, I just check if I have any notifications or texts or I go on Instagram and I just scroll through even though there&#x27;s no real purpose... If I&#x27;m not around friends or if I&#x27;m laying down in bed and I can&#x27;t fall asleep or I&#x27;m walking to class or if I&#x27;m in class and I don&#x27;t want to pay attention anymore, things like that.&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>Tedious task</td><td>Any effortful activity</td><td>&quot;You get into the video, and then you realize you don&#x27;t want to go back to homework. You just keep watching the videos even if they&#x27;re not good, because it&#x27;s more fun than homework.&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>Social awkwardness</td><td>Situations that deviate from social norms or leave the user feeling uncomfortable</td><td>&quot;You probably think more about what other people must be thinking about you, instead of thinking about what you&#x27;re seeing on your phone screen. Instead you&#x27;re like, &#x27;Oh people probably think I&#x27;m a loser sitting over here all alone.&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>Anticipation</td><td>An expectation of social or informational rewards</td><td>&quot;If I&#x27;m talking to someone on Snapchat or if I&#x27;m texting them and they haven&#x27;t responded, I&#x27;ll continuously check up on that.&quot;</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a table presenting four types of triggers for a behavior, along with their descriptions and an example for each. The triggers listed are \\\"Unoccupied moment,\\\" \\\"Tedious task,\\\" \\\"Social awkwardness,\\\" and \\\"Anticipation.\\\"\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_4_tab_3.png\"},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[98,445,386,526],\"text\":\"\\\"During passing period\\\" (P27HS)\\n\\\"If I have to wait for a friend\\\" (P28HS)\\n\\\"Waiting for my drink at Starbucks\\\" (P21HS)\\n\\\"When I'm driving and there's a stoplight\\\" (P17A)\\n\\\"If I watch a Netflix show and the intro is long\\\" (P5C)\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,528,395,736],\"text\":\"Participants often referred to this usage pattern as, \\\"killing\\ntime\\\" and said that the phone occupies any moment when\\nthey might otherwise be bored, consistent with prior work\\nin other domains [57] . One described it as occurring \\\"in the\\nspaces of in between\\\" (P20 $_{A}$ ). As participants reflected on this\\nbehavior, some hinted at self-doubt or critique, saying things\\nlike, \\\"Now that I think about it, if there is a down moment, I\\nwill automatically pull out my phone just to occupy myself.\\nAnd I don't really just sit in that moment\\\" (P30 $_{A}$ ). However,\\nothers explained that they are very glad to have this option,\\nas it enables them to avoid the alternative of, \\\"staring at a\\nwall.\\\" Most participants explained that compulsive phone\\nchecking fill all of their empty time.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,743,395,920],\"text\":\"Tedious Tasks. Participants also told us that they often check\\ntheir phones compulsively and continuously when attempt-\\ning to engage in taxing or tedious tasks. For example, they\\nsaid things like,\\n\\\"After school when I'm doing homework, I\\nfind myself getting very bored when I'm doing it, so it's a big\\nhabit of mine to take a pause and then check my phone like\\nevery five to ten minutes\\\" (P53H5). Other participants men-\\ntioned compulsively checking their phone when listening\\nto a lecture or talk, when doing repetitive tasks at work, or\\nsimply,\\n\\\"If I don't want to do something, then to not have to\\ndo it, I'll go on my phone\\\" (P14C).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,445,747,637],\"text\":\"Social Awwkardness. Separately, participants reported turn-\\ning to their phones as a knee-jerk reaction to social awk-\\nwardness. They told us,\\n\\\"It's very common, where, if some-\\nthing really awkward happened, or if you're in a conversation\\nand no one's really talking, you just pull out your phone and\\nscroll through Instagram or something\\\" (P34 $_{HS}$). Others ex-\\nplained they check in with go-to apps,\\n\\\"If I want to look cool\\nin public, because no one likes to be standing around doing\\nnothing\\\" (P21 $_{A}$), and described instances like,\\n\\\"[me] morning\\nwhen... everyone was talking, and then I just felt awkward,\\nand I'd pull out my phone, so I don't look like a total loser\\\"\\n(P5 $_{C}$).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,637,748,877],\"text\":\"When discussing phone use as a reprieve from social awk-\\nwardness, participants most frequently cited moments when\\nthey had nothing to say to someone and moments when they\\nfelt embarrassed about appearing idle. But they also men-\\ntioned a long tail of other awkward situations, all of which\\nprompt them to check in with low-demand apps. They de-\\nscribed scenarios like, “ even walking my dog I look at my\\nphone cause it's sort of awkward to say, 'Hi,' to my neighbors\\\"\\n(P31 _ Hs) and, “ if I'm walking a direction and I realize I had to\\ngo the opposite way, I'll pull out my phone and pretend like\\nI just got a text\\\" (P20 _ HS). Participants described the act of\\nturning to their phone to relieve feelings of awkwardness\\nas a powerful and well-established habit. They explained,\\n\\\"whenever I'm standing in a social situation and have no one\\nto talk to, I instantly pull out my phone out of instinct\\\" (P5 _ ).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,884,747,932],\"text\":\"Anticipation. Participants explained that they feel this habit-\\nual urge to check intensify when they are expecting some\\nkind of social or informational reward. Whether expecting\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 312\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/results/markdown/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300542/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300542", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/results/output_json/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,299],\"text\":\"a phone call, text message, social media likes, or notifica-\\ntion from an application, participants explained that they\\ncheck more frequently when expecting something new. For,\\nexample, one participant mentioned that his phone checking\\nhabits increase when, \\\"I might be waiting for an email from\\na company I interviewed for, so I'll check my phone every 15\\nminutes to see if I got the email\\\" (P07C). Participants said this\\nsense of expectation draws them back after fairly short inter-\\nvals, saying things like \\\"Even if only a couple of minutes have\\npassed, I still find myself checking my phone to see if maybe\\nsomeone's messaged me,\\\" said one participant.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,306,394,580],\"text\":\"Nothing. Finally, participants told us that the well-worn track\\nof habitual phone checking does not always require a trigger.\\nThey explained that they often check in with their phones\\nfor no reason of which they are aware. When asked what\\nconditions are likely to lead them to check in, some partic-\\nipants said things like, “ Nothing really specific. I just check\\nit to see if someone posted something new that I didn't really\\nsee. Yeah, nothing really specific ” (P12c). Others called this\\n“ an instinctive grab ” (P4c) and that they enact this behav-\\nior “ even if I'm not going to do anything with it [the phone] ”\\n(P23 $_{H}$ ), emphasizing an urge to check that is persistent in\\nall contexts of life and does not stem from a specific need or\\nenvisioned use case. Participants said that at times they en-\\nacted their checking routine, despite a low-grade awareness\\nthat nothing will have changed and that they have no reason\\nto check in, saying things like, “ I'm not even sure sometimes\\nwhen I pull out the phone what I'm going to do with it ” (P19 $_{A}$ ).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,591,374,608],\"text\":\"4.2 Triggers that End Compulsive Phone Checking\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,611,394,674],\"text\":\"In addition to probing how sessions of compulsive phone use\\nstart, we also asked participants what causes these sessions\\nto end. Here again, a small set of themes encapsulated their\\nresponses (see Table 2 ).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,681,394,793],\"text\":\"Competing Demands. The most common reason participants\\ncited for ending habitual phone sessions was being pulled\\nback into the real world by other demands. Much like they\\nreported checking in with their phone as soon as they were\\nunoccupied, they explained that the session ends as soon as\\noutside factors dictate that they should be occupied again.\\nThey said that they put the phone down:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,795,362,845],\"text\":\"\\\"If I can\\n't do something one handed or with both\\nof my eyes, then I'll take my attention away from\\nthe phone.\\n\\\" (P20H5)\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,847,394,926],\"text\":\"They also said they end their sessions, for example, \\\"when\\nI need to drive,\\\" \\\"if I have class,\\\" and \\\"when the person I'm\\nwaiting for comes.\\\" Across groups, participants explained that\\nthey are pulled back to the non-digital world as a result of\\ntask demands, co-present companions, structured activities,\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,745,156],\"text\":\"or physical constraints, all of which demand attention that\\nprecludes phone use.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,164,745,228],\"text\":\"The 30-Minute Ick Factor. Many participants described a re-\\ncurring sense of disgust after spending time habitually check-\\ning their phone. They described the experience of putting\\ndown the phone, saying things like:\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,230,715,293],\"text\":\"\\\"And then 30 minutes later, I'm thinking, 'What\\nam I doing? I just wasted 30 minutes just going\\nthrough what I went through 15 minutes ago' \\\"\\\"\\n(P30a)\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,297,746,440],\"text\":\"These statements often implied that participants were star-\\nted to notice they were using their phones or that they had\\nused them for so long, saying things like, “I see that I've\\nwasted a lot of time, I'm like, 'Whoa' and \\\"A just tell myself,\\n'What are you doing with your life?'\\\" These statements also\\noften implied that in this moment of realization, the user\\nbecame aware that the usage experience lacked sufficient\\nmeaning, explaining the reason for stopping by saying things\\nlike:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,443,716,523],\"text\":\"\\\"Usually [I stop using my phone] because I'm like,\\n'Wow, you just spent 45 minutes or an hour watch-\\ning random videos and looking at other people;\\nreading things you don't really need to know. Get\\nyour life together!''\\\" (P4c)\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,526,746,622],\"text\":\"Many participants spontaneously cited \\\"like half an hour\\\" or\\n\\\"15, 20 minutes consecutively,\\\" and other durations close to 30\\nminutes as the natural cadence for moments of self-reflection\\nthat interrupt their habitual use, highlight the mismatch\\nbetween the time investment and sense of meaning, and lead\\nthem to break the session.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,629,745,677],\"text\":\"Recycled Content. Participants also reported that they reg-\\nularly end sessions because they notice they are viewing\\nitems they have already encountered:\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[452,679,715,729],\"text\":\"\\\"When I start seeing stuff I'\\nve already seen, that'\\ns\\nwhen I'll stop going through Instagram. Same with\\nSnapchat too\\\" (P37A).\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,731,746,859],\"text\":\"They said that they end their checking session. “ when I've\\nalready saw the last post from the last time I've checked my\\nphone\\\" and “ when I refresh and there's nothing.\\\" Although\\nparticipants described spending time with content that, upon\\nreflection, did not seem worth their time, they explained\\nthat unlike new but meaningless content, recycled content\\nimmediately reminds them that they would rather invest\\nelsewhere and promptly ends their session.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,871,704,888],\"text\":\"4.3 Experiencing Compulsive Phone Checking\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,891,745,939],\"text\":\"But during the time between these starting triggers and end-\\ning triggers, what is the experience of compulsive checking\\nlike? Participants explained that the most important aspect\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 312\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/results/markdown/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300542/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300542", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/results/output_json/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[240,122,573,138],\"text\":\"Table 2: Triggers that End Sessions of Compulsive Phone Use\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[101,148,718,413],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Trigger</td><td>Description</td><td>Example</td></tr><tr><td>Competing Demands</td><td>Something outside of the participant&#x27;s control (such as another person or a physical task) that demands the user&#x27;s full attention</td><td>&quot;Gosh. Like if someone is trying to talk to me and demanding my full attention. Yeah really, like I need something else to pull my attention away completely.&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>The 30-Minute Ick Factor</td><td>Recognizing an internal sense of dissatisfaction after spending some time on the phone (many people cite 30 minutes)</td><td>&quot;I think usually if I&#x27;m like, &#x27;Oh crap I need to go back to what I was doing, or I see that I&#x27;ve waited a lot of time, I&#x27;m like, &#x27;Whoa, I&#x27;ve been kind of in the worm hole of my phone for too long. I need to put it away.&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>Recycled Content</td><td>Seeing previously viewed content reappear</td><td>&quot;When there&#x27;s nothing else to check, when on social media or something, like, I&#x27;m scrolling through, like, a page or something, or like, Instagram when there&#x27;s, like, no other pictures to look at. Or like, when you refresh and there&#x27;s nothing, then I&#x27;m just like, &#x27;Okay, I&#x27;m done.&quot;</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays a three-column table titled \\\"Trigger\\\", \\\"Description\\\", and \\\"Example\\\". It lists three triggers: \\\"Competing Demands\\\", \\\"The 30-Minute Ick Factor\\\", and \\\"Recycled Content\\\", each defined by a description and illustrated with a quoted example.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_6_tab_3.png\"},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,439,394,487],\"text\":\"of their experience as they used their phone was not whether\\nthey did so compulsively, but whether these compulsive uses\\nfelt meaningful.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,487,394,599],\"text\":\"As participants walked the interviewer through the ex-\\nperiences they check compulsively, participants explained\\nthat these activities could be quite meaningful at times. The\\ncommon thread that tied together their diverse examples of\\nmeaningful experiences was that each one connected back\\nto something outside the phone and served as a kind of in-\\nvestment in the user's future or larger life.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,599,394,712],\"text\":\"The most common form of investment cited by partici-\\npants was in relationships. They explained that as they are\\ndrawn back to their phones, quick bursts of checking be-\\ncome meaningful when they involve connecting with others,\\nengaging in acts of social reciprocity, or otherwise building\\nrelationships. As one participant explained, reflecting on her\\nchecking habits broadly:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[99,713,362,807],\"text\":\"\\\"I think human connection is something that I find\\njoy in. And usually-whether that's through a mes-\\nsage or through facetime-ing or through a meme\\ntag-it's always kind of, 'Oh, this person was think-\\ning of me.' And that to me is really meaningful.\\n\\\"\\n(P29A)\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,810,394,892],\"text\":\"But meaningful usage experiences that transcend the specific\\ninstance of interaction extend to domains beyond relationship\\nbuilding as well. One college student explained that these\\nconnections back to his larger life could come in many forms,\\nand that he finds meaning in checking his phone whenever:\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[99,893,362,943],\"text\":\"\\\"You're learning new things that will help you\\n...or doing things that isn't just out of repetition,\\nand helping you to be productive, being better at\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,440,713,472],\"text\":\"achieving your goals, being better at being a moral\\nperson in society.” (P4c)\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,474,747,665],\"text\":\"Participants explained how their quick checking habits, at\\ntimes, support investing in their relationships, moral de-\\nvelopment, education, and more. They told us that these\\nmeaningful bursts of use, \\\"get me moving,\\\" \\\"help me become\\na better nurse,\\\" or \\\"change what I think of something.\\\" One\\nparticipant explained that she fills spare moments by read-\\ning stories on her Kindle app, which she finds meaningful,\\nbecause her father reads the same books and habitually keep-\\ning up with the plot line is an investment in conversations\\nshe will have with him later. Another described her routine\\naround checking a Bible app for curated verses each day,\\nsaying:\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[452,666,715,749],\"text\":\"\\\"I get the notification at 7:25 every morning...I\\nset it for 7:25 because that's the time I arrive at\\nschool, and it's kind of just a good way to start\\nmy day; it just gives me hope throughout the day,\\nso it helps me along.\\n\\\" (P33HS)\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,751,746,847],\"text\":\"However, although many participants pointed out specific\\ninstances in which their checking habits draw them into ex-\\nperiences they find meaningful, participants spent more time\\ndescribing checking behaviors that find meaningless and that\\nlack a connection to aspects of their life that transcend phone\\nuse. As one participant explained:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,848,715,930],\"text\":\"\\\"[habitually checking] is kind of annoying, ...it's\\njust really distracting. It's like you wake up and it's\\nlike, oh, I'm checking my phone, but then that's\\nit. You just don't feel satisfied, y'know? There's\\nsomething more, you know?\\\" (P214)\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 312\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/results/markdown/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300542/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300542", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/results/output_json/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,267],\"text\":\"Participants told us that the ratio between the amount of\\ntime they spend checking in compulsively and the amount\\nof meaning they derive from the experience is not always\\nsatisfying. They told us things like, “I feel like I check it [in-\\nstagram] a lot for me not caring that much” (P28 $_{HS}$ ) and, “I\\nthink it [phone checking] keeps me from doing what I need to\\ndo sometimes. Especially if I don't want to do it” (P4C), sug-\\ngesting that compulsive phone checking is not always the\\nway they want to be spending their time, even as they do it.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,267,394,364],\"text\":\"Participants also explained that the design of an app is\\nan important factor in both the extent to which they check\\nit compulsively and the extent to which the experience is\\nmeaningful. For example, one participant described two apps\\nhe ultimately deleted, because he spent more time with them\\nthan he wanted to:\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[99,366,363,447],\"text\":\"\\\"YouTube felt more meaningful than Clash of Clans.\\nClash of Clans was just something to go to when\\nyou\\n'\\nre bored. It doesn\\n't really mean anything, But\\nYouTube, that can inform you if you\\n'\\nre watching\\nthe right videos.\\n\\\" (P351/s)\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,449,394,544],\"text\":\"Though neither app ultimately provided enough meaning to\\nbe worth the time it consumed for this participant, YouTube\\ncame closer to achieving an acceptable balance, because at\\ntimes it offered information rewards that persisted beyond\\nthe specific moment of usage. Similarly, another participant\\nexplained:\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[99,546,362,643],\"text\":\"\\\"[Instagram] gave me, like, temporary satisfaction.\\nLike,\\n'Oh yeah, all these people like my photo'\\n, or\\n'All these people think my story is funny'\\n. And\\nyeah, it's great in that moment, but then after it\\ndies down, you're just kind of just like,\\n'What's\\nthe point?'\\\" (P29)\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,646,394,709],\"text\":\"She explains that the social rewards she receives from Insta-\\ngram feel fleeting rather than lasting. And without a social\\ninvestment that persists, the experience feels empty upon\\nreflection.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,721,356,738],\"text\":\"4.4 The Downstream Effects of Compulsive Use\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,741,394,884],\"text\":\"Many participants told us that upon reflection, they had\\ndeleted, stopped using, or cut back on their use of certain\\napps. They connected these decisions to cycles of compulsive\\nengagement that either did not deliver sufficiently mean-\\ningful experiences or undermined other more meaningful\\nexperiences they might have had otherwise. For example,\\none high school student described changing the apps he used\\nbecause they led to compulsive usage that replaced other\\nactivities he valued more:\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[99,887,363,936],\"text\":\"\\\"Clash of Clans and YouTube used to be the apps I\\nwould use to procrastinate. So that's the main rea-\\nson I got rid of YouTube and stopped playing Clash\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,125,715,236],\"text\":\"of Clans so much, because when I'd have home-\\nwork, I would want to do something else...and I\\nfound out I would often miss opportunities to do\\nstuff, like going to the gym, because I spent like\\nan hour and a half on my phone and then I did\\nhomework. Whereas if I just did the homework,\\nI'd have time to go to the gym.\\n” (P35y15)\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,239,746,383],\"text\":\"Other participants told us that they stopped using Twitter\\nand Instagram because, \\\"I realized I was just there spending\\na lot of time on it\\\" (P4c) or that, \\\"it was really just kind of\\na rabbit hole, and there was no point to it at the end of it.\\nI just got less sleep\\\" (P29A). These and many other participants\\nreported that as they gradually develop a track record of\\ncompulsive use and low meaning with a certain app, they\\nbuild up a sense of frustration with their usage behavior and\\nultimately delete it.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,383,746,575],\"text\":\"Some pointed to specific design features that they linked\\nto compulsive and meaningless experiences, saying things\\nlike, “ [I deleted] Instagram, I used to have Pinterest, I used to\\nhave Tumblr ... I think all those sites are meant for infinite\\nscroll. It’s meant for you to go on there forever and ever and\\nwaste your time ” (P29 _ A). For this participant, the bottomless\\nfeed of a social media app is an intentional mechanism for\\nholding her attention, and in saying it, “ wastes your time, ”\\nshe implies that the time she spends with the app is not an\\ninvestment that transcends the particular instance of use.\\nAnother participant described her decision to stop playing\\ngames, saying:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[454,577,715,642],\"text\":\"\\\"I don't play games anymore... maybe when it\\ninvolves more intellectually and maybe a little bit\\nof social, like playing with your friends... maybe\\nthat will keep me longer.\\n\\\" (P18, s)\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,643,745,707],\"text\":\"For this participant, social features and a design that demands\\nintellectual challenge would allow her to invest in something\\nthat persists beyond the moment of use, making her more\\nlikely to value the experience and return to it.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,707,745,772],\"text\":\"However, a few people mentioned that their attempts to\\ndelete apps and curb compulsive use did not persist. A minor-\\nity of participants said that they eventually re-downloaded\\napps that they had previously deleted, saying things like:\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,773,715,901],\"text\":\"\\\"It was pretty good. I did more things outside and\\nI went out more. I hung out with people. I talked\\nmore to other people. And I seemed more social I\\nguess.... I don\\n't know. It was just because every-\\nbody's doing it, I felt kind of like-I'd just sit there\\nand people would go on their phones. And then\\nI'\\nm just sitting there trying to talk to people. But\\nit didn\\n't work.\\n\\\" (P28185)\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,904,745,936],\"text\":\"Thus, although these participants felt that deleting the expe-\\nrience was the right personal choice, larger structural factors\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 312\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300542/results/markdown/3290605-3300542_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300543/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300543", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/results/output_json/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[90,119,723,183],\"text\":\"Reflections on Fitness Tracking Data:\\nA Study with Families in Low-SES Neighborhoods\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[114,200,263,264],\"text\":\"Herman Saksono\\n\\nNortheastern University\\n\\nBoston, MA, USA\\nsaksono.hus@husky.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[299,200,502,267],\"text\":\"Carmen Castaneda-Sceppa\\n\\nNortheastern University\\nBoston, MA, USA\\nc.sceppa@northeastern.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[545,200,707,267],\"text\":\"Jessica Hoffman\\n\\nNortheastern University\\nBoston, MA, USA\\n\\nj.hoffman@northeastern.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[96,275,280,341],\"text\":\"Magy Seif El-Nasr\\nNortheastern University\\nBoston, MA, USA\\nm.seif-nasr@northeastern.edu\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[305,276,510,342],\"text\":\"Vivien Morris\\n\\nMattapan Food and Fitness Coalition\\n\\nBoston, MA\\nvivien.morris@gmail.com\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[547,276,706,343],\"text\":\"Andrea G. Parker\\n\\nNortheastern University\\nBoston, MA, USA\\n\\na.parker@northeastern.edu\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,352,140,369],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,373,395,660],\"text\":\"Wearable activity trackers can encourage physical activity\\n(PA)—a behavior critical for preventing obesity and reducing\\nthe risks of chronic diseases. However, prior work has rarely\\nexplored how these tools can leverage family support or help\\npeople think about strategies for being active — two factors\\nnecessary for achieving regular PA. In this 2-month qualita-\\ntive study, we investigated PA tracking practices among\\n14 families living in low-income neighborhoods, where obe-\\nsity is prevalent. We characterize how social discussions\\nof PA data rarely extended beyond the early stages of ex-\\nperiential learning, thus limiting the utility of PA trackers.\\nCaregivers and children rarely analyzed their experiences\\nto derive insights about the meaning of their PA data for\\ntheir wellbeing. Those who engaged in these higher-order\\nlearning processes were often influenced by parenting be-\\nliefs shaped by personal health experiences. We contribute\\nrecommendations for how technology can more effectively\\nsupport family experiential learning using PA tracking data.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,676,173,694],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,698,394,731],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Empirical studies in ubiq\\nuitous and mobile computing.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,352,502,370],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,373,748,419],\"text\":\"Fitness tracking data, Family, Children, Low-SES, Wearables,\\nReflection, Self-monitoring, Physical Activity, Personal health\\ninformatics, Experiential Learning\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,430,555,444],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,447,748,547],\"text\":\"Herman Saksono, Carmen Castaneda-Sceppa, Jessica Hoffman, Mag-\\nse El-Sasr, Vivien Morris, and Andrea G. Parker. 2019. Social\\nReflections on Fitness Tracking Data: A Study with Families in\\nLow-SES Neighborhoods. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in\\nComputing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow,\\nScotland . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 14 pages. https://doi.org/\\n10.1145/3290605.3300543\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,565,549,582],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,586,747,682],\"text\":\"Obesity is a health condition that increases the risk of di-\\nabetes and cardiovascular diseases [44, 57] . Obesity often\\ndevelops at a young age [40] and disproportionately affects\\nadults and children of low-socioeconomic status (SES) back-\\ngrounds [1] . Therefore, targeted obesity prevention at an\\nearly age is critical for low-SES families.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,682,748,954],\"text\":\"One approach to reducing the risk of obesity is to promote\\nregular physical activity (PA) [50] . For promoting PA among\\nadults, combining self-monitoring with behavioral support\\n(e.g., supporting intention formation or goal setting) has\\nbeen shown to be more effective [35] . For children, involving\\nfamilies in PA interventions is needed for lasting behavior\\nchange [5, 60] . Wearable health sensors open opportunities\\nfor novel PA intervention for adults [9, 31, 38] and children\\n[3, 32, 36, 62] . While these tools are promising, only a no-\\ntable few have explored the provision of behavioral support\\n[38] or involved families [48, 52] . This trend underscores\\nthe need to investigate how PA tracking tools can help fami-\\nlies develop support structures to be active regularly. These\\nsupport structures include factors at the personal (e.g., PA\\nenjoyment), interpersonal (e.g., social support), and environ-\\nmental levels (e.g., access to PA facilities) [56, 59] . Moreover,\\nas socioeconomic adversity is linked to childhood obesity\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,778,394,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute, requires prior special\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\\nC 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,899,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,927,265,953],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00!\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300543\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 313\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/results/markdown/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300543/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300543", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/results/output_json/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_1_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_1_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[70,122,390,267],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A four-stage cyclical diagram illustrates a learning process. It begins with \\\"Concrete Experience\\\" leading to \\\"Reflective Observation,\\\" then to \\\"Abstract Conceptualization,\\\" and finally to \\\"Active Experimentation,\\\" with arrows indicating the continuous clockwise flow back to \\\"Concrete Experience.\\\" Each stage is represented by an orange-bordered rounded rectangle.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,286,394,404],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Kolb's Experiential Learning framework [27] .\\nLearners begin with a concrete experience and think about\\nthe experience in reflective observation . In abstract conceptu-\\nalization , learners interpret the reflected-upon experience,\\nforming insights that can be applied in the future. In ac-\\ntive experimentation , learners test the insights to form a\\nnew concrete experience. Completing this cycle forms a new\\nknowledge.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,426,394,460],\"text\":\"[6, 21], more work is needed to examine how can technology\\nhelp low-SES families develop these structures.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,460,395,699],\"text\":\"To examine how technology can help individuals and fam-\\nilies develop PA support structures through engagement\\nwith PA tracking data, we used Kolb's experiential learn-\\ning framework (Figure 1 ) [27] . In this framework, reflection\\non past experiences is a key part of learning. While prior\\nwork in Human-Computer Interactions (HCI) has studied\\nhow technologies can support reflection on past experiences\\n[2, 7, 17, 43] , supporting reflection alone does not facilitate\\nlearning [27] . Learning takes place through figurative repre-\\nsentations of experience in the mind (as result from reflective\\nobservation ), in conjunction with a transformation of that\\nexperience through abstract conceptualizations and action\\n[27] . In our work, we investigated how PA data can help\\nindividuals build abstract conceptualizations of their PA (i.e.,\\nbroader insights that can be applied in the future).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,699,395,793],\"text\":\"Specifically, we examined how commercial PA trackers\\ncan help families identify and develop PA support structures.\\nFurthermore, building upon prior work examining how indi-\\nviduals reflect upon and gain insights from their data [7, 17] ,\\nwe investigated how groups (i.e., families) in a low-SES con-\\ntext interact socially with their PA tracking data.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,793,395,955],\"text\":\"In summary, we sought to answer the following questions:\\n(1) How do families interact with and reflect on their PA\\ntracking data?; (2) How can such interactions and reflec-\\ntions support positive PA attitudes and behaviors?; and (3)\\nHow do aspects of living in a low-SES context impact family\\ninteractions with PA tracking data? Answering questions\\n(1) and (2) can help researchers and designers to develop\\nsystems that enable individuals and groups to gain more\\nimpactful PA data insights. Answering question (3) is critical\\nfor guiding the design of technology-based PA interventions\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,745,157],\"text\":\"for low-SES populations [53] , where obesity is prevalent [1]\\nand resources are limited [10, 29] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,157,747,396],\"text\":\"To answer these questions, we conducted a two-month\\nqualitative study with 14 families living in low-SES neigh-\\nborhoods. We contribute to research on personal health in-\\nformatics, reflective informatics [2] , and family informatics\\n[42] by integrating experiential learning, reflection, and self-\\ntracking theories to characterize family interactions around\\nPA tracking data. We discuss how a majority of the families\\ndid not go further than the reflective observation stage, and il-\\nluminate factors that motivated some families to be engaged\\nin abstract conceptualization . We suggest that caregivers' be-\\nliefs related to health, crime, and education affect family\\nengagement with PA trackers. Thus, we recommend that PA\\ntracker designs should be aligned with these beliefs. Finally,\\nwe present design directions for reflection-driven technology\\nthat helps families develop PA support structures.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,411,550,429],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,432,743,451],\"text\":\"Technology-Based Physical Activity Promotion Tools\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,454,747,629],\"text\":\"Prior work in HCI research has shown that technologies can\\nencourage families to be active. For example, PNiZoRo is\\na GPS-based app that layers neighborhood maps with vir-\\ntual treasure maps [52] . Caregivers in this study appreciated\\nthat the app encouraged their family to be active together.\\nAnother example is Spaceship Launch, a PA tracking ex-\\nergame for families [48] . This work shows that caregivers'\\nengagement with health apps is influenced by their desire\\nto bond with their children. In short, these family-centered\\ndesigns are aligned with prior health research that shows\\nthe importance of caregivers' support in children's PA [19] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,629,747,836],\"text\":\"Despite families playing an important role in supporting\\nPA, most HCI research on child PA promotion has focused\\ninstead on school settings [3, 32, 36, 62] . This work parallels\\nnon-technological PA intervention research with children,\\nwhich has also been predominantly school-based ( [60] . While\\nschool-based programs have important benefits (e.g., provid-\\ning an organizational structure for intervention delivery),\\nfamily support is necessary for sustained behavioral change\\nin children [5, 25, 60] . As families who use health apps often\\ngain support from the in-person interactions that emerge\\nthrough their use [8, 49] , more work is needed to explore\\nhow health technologies can be designed to stimulate family\\ninteractions that facilitate regular PA.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,853,600,871],\"text\":\"Self-Tracking Data Reflection\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,873,746,955],\"text\":\"To support PA, health sensors have been used to capture\\nand visualize PA behavior. While PA visualizations can help\\nincrease PA behavior awareness (i.e., how a user was pre-\\nviously active), many have raised concerns regarding how\\nwell such tools can support long-term PA behavior change\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 313\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/results/markdown/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300543/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300543", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/results/output_json/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,267],\"text\":\"[31, 32, 54, 62] . As individuals' PA behaviors may return to\\nbaseline when they stop self-monitoring, Klasnja et al. sug-\\ngest that individuals can maintain the desired behavior when\\nthey develop support structures (i.e., resources that help a\\nuser to be active in the future) [26] . This work suggests that\\nincreasing PA intensity awareness alone is not sufficient\\nfor supporting long-term PA. Technology should also help\\nusers develop personal, interpersonal, and environmental\\nresources that help them to be regularly active.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,267,393,380],\"text\":\"Furthermore, individuals are often driven by aspirations\\nbeyond health goals when they use self-tracking tools [13,\\n39, 45] . Rooksby et al. show that self-trackers are driven by\\ntheir needs and desires in the context of their social lives\\n[45] . Similarly, work by Niess et al. shows that individuals\\nset PA tracking goals to satisfy their needs for enjoyment as\\nwell as their need for a meaningful and authentic life [39] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,380,393,538],\"text\":\"Collectively, this work highlights two important ideas\\nrelated to PA promotion. First, it is important to help indi-\\nviduals develop the support structures necessary to achieve\\nand maintain regular PA. Second, health behavior change\\nis often supported by people's desires to achieve goals that\\ngo beyond health, including seeking enjoyment and mean-\\ningful life, all within the backdrop of one's social context.\\nThis suggests that PA trackers can be made more effective\\nby supporting social reflections focused on how PA can help\\none achieve regular PA as well as broader life goals.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,538,394,841],\"text\":\"Within HCI research, an emerging line of work called re-\\nflective informatics has shown that digital tools can help\\nindividuals examine their data, identify discrepancies be-\\ntween the data and their beliefs, and act upon or change\\nthose discrepancies [2] . In the context of self-tracking, Choe\\net al. identified several types of insights that individuals\\nacquired while reflecting on their data [7] . However, individ-\\nuals were less likely to engage in deeper reflections, such as\\ndetermining the value and the meaning to their data. This\\npresents a challenge because deeper reflection is believed to\\nfacilitate behavior change [7] . Fleck argues that reflecting\\nsocially with another person can help individuals to engage\\nin deeper reflection [17] . Although Fleck's work was in the\\ncontext of picture-based reflection, it suggests that perhaps\\ndeeper PA data reflection is better supported by reflecting\\nin a social setting. As prior work found that caregivers seek\\nqualitative insights from their family's data [42] , investigat-\\ning how technologies can support family PA data reflection\\nis particularly important.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,841,394,891],\"text\":\"In summary, research is needed to inform the design of\\nPA trackers that help families develop support structures for\\nfacilitating regular PA and achieving their broader life goals.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,900,152,917],\"text\":\"3 METHOD\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,921,393,954],\"text\":\"We conducted a two-month qualitative study to understand\\nhow caregivers and children interact with their PA trackers'\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,746,284],\"text\":\"data in a naturalistic low-SES context. We selected the Fitbit\\nAlta for adults and the UNICEF KidPower for children, after\\nreviewing consumer PA trackers in terms of their accuracy\\nease-of-use, comfort, on-band display, battery life, and the\\npresence of features designed for adults and children [14,\\n20] . This study was conducted in collaboration with three\\ncommunity organizations. One of the authors is a community\\nleader who was involved in the study design, data collection,\\nand analysis [58] . The study was conducted in May-August\\n2017 and December 2017-February 2018.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,294,505,311],\"text\":\"Study Design\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,315,746,491],\"text\":\"We recruited participants from family-focused community\\norganizations in the Northeast United States. At the begin-\\nning of the study, we acquired consent from the caregivers\\nand the children. We then asked caregivers to complete a\\nsurvey on PA frequency [34] , children's PA [33] , PA support\\n[33] , and demography. Then we loaned the trackers to the\\nadults and children for two months. We trained them on\\nthe basics of using the trackers and asked them to review\\nthe trackers and the companion mobile app at least 10 min-\\nutes/week, but we did not guide them to reflect on their\\ndata.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,491,746,635],\"text\":\"We then conducted semi-structured interviews with care-\\ngivers and children at three points in time: at the beginning\\nof the study, and one month and two months after the initial\\nmeeting. Interviews were conducted at participants' homes\\n(10 families), community centers (5), or both (1). Caregivers\\nwere interviewed before or after the children. At the end of\\nthe study, we gave a US $ 100 gift card to each caregiver. The\\nInstitutional Review Board at our university approved the\\nstudy protocol.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,645,598,662],\"text\":\"Data Collection and Analysis\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,665,747,955],\"text\":\"In the first interview, we asked about caregivers' and chil-\\ndren’s baseline PA attitudes and beliefs. In the subsequent\\ninterviews, we asked about participants' interactions with\\nthe trackers as well as PA data conversations that they had in\\nthe context of their SES. Example questions include “ What do\\nyou think about your family's PA? ” , “ What conversations did\\nyou have with your children about the numbers on the trackers,\\nif any? ” , and “ What motivated you to have that conversation? ” .\\nFor participants who recalled PA data conversations, we\\nasked them if they remembered additional conversations.\\nThese probes helped us to gain a more comprehensive pic-\\nture of their experiences, as people are more likely to first\\nrecall events that were at emotional peaks [55] . We also\\nasked participants about PA barriers that they face to probe\\nwhether low-SES contexts (e.g., crime, education values) can\\nimpact PA tracking. We audio-recorded and transcribed the\\ninterviews. The authors reviewed the transcripts and iden-\\ntified preliminary themes. We refined the interview guides\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 313\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/results/markdown/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300543/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300543", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/results/output_json/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,172],\"text\":\"to probe these themes further in the subsequent interviews.\\nThe median duration of the first, second, and final interviews\\nwas 30, 43, and 46 minutes, respectively.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,172,394,267],\"text\":\"We qualitatively analyzed the transcripts using the general\\ninductive approach [55] . The first author performed open\\ncoding on the transcripts and clustered the codes to develop\\nthe themes. Next, we linked higher-level themes to theorize\\ntheir relationships. Throughout the analysis process, the\\nauthors met regularly to refine the analysis.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,278,202,296],\"text\":\"Participant Overview\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,298,394,491],\"text\":\"We recruited 16 caregivers and 15 children from 14 fam-\\nilies. Caregivers' median age was 36 years (IQR=16.5), 10\\nwere female. Child participants' median age was 7 years\\n(IQR=3), 13 were female. Fourteen caregivers were African-\\nAmerican and three were Hispanic. 13 caregivers were single.\\nThe median family size was 3.5 with a median 2 children.\\nThe median household income was US $21,979 per year or\\nless. Most families qualified for the state's need-based health\\ninsurance program (n=12). Most caregivers' highest educa-\\ntional level was some college or vocational training (n=7).\\nParticipants lived in low-income neighborhoods (n=9) or\\ngovernment-subsidized housing (n=5).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,491,395,715],\"text\":\"The recommended level of PA for adults is 150 minutes of\\nmoderate intensity PA or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity\\nPA per week; and 60 minutes of PA a day for children [50] .\\nAt baseline, participants' median PA levels were lower than\\nthese recommendations. Caregivers reported a median of\\nthree 30-minute PA bouts in the last week. For children, the\\nmedian was six days with 60+ minutes of PA in the last week.\\nThis trend is consistent with prior work showing younger\\nchildren are often physically active; however, they become\\nless active between 6 and 14 years of age [61] . At the end\\nof the study, caregivers reported an increase to a median of\\nfour PA bouts in the last week; there was no change in PA\\nbouts among the children. The caregivers' PA support was\\nmoderate ( Median =0.70 out of 1.0, IQR=0.17).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,726,155,743],\"text\":\"4 FINDINGS\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,745,395,954],\"text\":\"Family participants described a range of interactions while\\nusing the PA trackers. Their accounts reflect moments with\\nthe trackers that were particularly memorable for them. As\\nwe analyzed their interviews inductively, we found that their\\nexperiences aligned with Fleck's reflection levels [17] and\\nChoe et al.'s insight types [7] . We then developed a frame-\\nwork that integrates concepts from these works with Kolb's\\nexperiential learning stages [27] to help organize our find-\\nings. This approach allows us to bridge the general concepts\\nin Kolb's framework with concepts specific to reflections and\\nfitness tracking. Additionally, Fleck's and Choe et al.'s work\\ndescribe the attributes of reflections; and Choe et al.'s work\\nis focused at the level of the individuals. We extend their\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,156],\"text\":\"work by characterizing the mechanics that drive reflections\\nin a social setting, i.e., families.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,168,676,202],\"text\":\"Experience-Reflection-Insight Integrative\\nFramework\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,204,747,315],\"text\":\"Figure 2 shows our preliminary framework that integrates\\nexperiential learning stages [27] , reflection levels [17] , and\\ninsight types [7] . The top-level categories are Kolb's expe-\\nriential learning stages [27] that directly involve cognition\\nfocused on prior experience: reflective observation (think-\\ning about the experience) and abstract conceptualization\\n(interpreting the reflected-upon experience).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,316,747,554],\"text\":\"Within these stages are Fleck's reflection levels [17] . Levels\\nwithin reflective observation are R0 (non-reflective de-\\nscription — describing data without elaboration) as well as\\nR1 (descriptive reflection — describing data with elabora-\\ntion). R0 and R1 are under reflective observation because\\npast experiences were discussed without analyzing the ex-\\nperience further. Within abstract conceptualization is R2\\n(dialogic reflection — identifying relationships between data\\nsources and/or between data and external knowledge). R2 is\\ncharacterized by seeing experiences from a new perspective.\\nWe added R-none to describe participants with limited inter-\\nactions with their PA data. This preliminary framework does\\nnot include R3 (transformative reflection) nor R4 (critical re-\\nflection) because our participants did not report experiences\\nbeyond R2.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,554,747,714],\"text\":\"Under R0, R1, and R2 we added Choe et al.'s insight types\\n[7] . Categorized under R0 is detail insight (i.e., discussing\\nthe face value of PA data). Categorized under R1 are recall\\n(i.e., discussing external information that explains the PA\\ndata) and comparison (i.e., comparing PA data with exter-\\nnal data). Under R2, we introduced causal insight where\\nusers discussed the health implications of the observed PA\\ndata. We put comparison insights under R1 because they\\ninvolved simple descriptions of data, without elaboration on\\nthe relationships between them.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,715,746,793],\"text\":\"Figure 2 shows that the majority of the families did not re-\\nport going beyond the reflective observation stage. Only three\\nfamilies described abstract conceptualization , namely causal\\ninsights when they discussed the relationships between their\\nPA data and its health implications (e.g., a healthier weight)\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,794,747,954],\"text\":\"For the remainder of this section, we organize our par-\\nticipants’ experiences using their reflection levels (R0, R1,\\nR2, R-none) and we characterize their reflection experiences\\nwithin each level. Because abstract conceptualization is an\\nimportant step towards knowledge formation, we will theo-\\nrize why few caregivers were engaged at level R2 and why\\nothers were engaged at R-none (i.e., how low-SES context\\nand caregiving aspirations influenced reflections depth). Our\\nfindings will help future work to refine the design of PA\\ntrackers that meet the needs of adults and children.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 313\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/results/markdown/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300543/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300543", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/results/output_json/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[70,121,749,331],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This diagram illustrates relationships between Experiential Learning Stages, Reflection Levels, Insight Types, and associated Participants. Lines connect two learning stages (\\\"Reflective Observation\\\" and \\\"Abstract Conceptualization\\\") to various reflection levels (R-none, R0, R1, R2), which in turn connect to specific insight types (Detail, Recall, Comparison, Causal) and lists of participant IDs.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,352,746,396],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Experience-Reflection-Insight integrative framework. This framework links Kobb's Experiential Learning Stages [27] ,\\nFleck's Reflection Levels [17] , and Choe et al.'s Insight Types [7] , as well as participants who reported the insights. 'R-none\\nand Causal Insight' are new concepts introduced in this work.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,417,292,434],\"text\":\"Level R0: Non-reflective Description\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,439,394,518],\"text\":\"At level R0, participants discussed their data as is (i.e., detail\\ninsight [7] ). Their conversations focused solely on numbers\\nas measured by the PA trackers (e.g., P1, P8, P9). For example,\\nP8 described when she went for a walk with her child and\\nthey only talked about the numbers:\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[99,527,362,591],\"text\":\"P8: I'm like, \\\"What does your Fitbit say?\\\" You\\nknow, \\\"What's going on with you? How many\\nsteps did you do?\\\" You know, and then she's like,\\n\\\"Let's see, Oh, I did [this number of steps]\\\"\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,601,394,760],\"text\":\"Later in the interview, P8 said that she actively took her\\nniece (9 y.o.) for a walk because she was concerned with her\\nniece's weight (\\\" What really motivates me [to be active with\\nher] is because I see her growing and she's getting round\\\"). She\\nfurther described how she has to be a model for her niece to\\nbe healthy (\\\"I have to motivate her: I have to be a mentor. You\\nknow what I mean? I have to show her. I have to eat right. I\\nhave to exercise.\\\"). However, while P8 values PA, she did not\\ndescribe accompanying her detail insights with a discussion\\nof how walking can support a healthy weight.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,760,394,840],\"text\":\"Similarly, P1—a gym coach—told us about a time when\\nhe talked about the PA tracking data when he was active\\nwith his daughter (7 y.o.). He said that he and his daughter\\nonly looked at the numbers and then continued with their\\nactivity:\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[99,848,361,897],\"text\":\"P1: We just look at them [...] I mean, it's pretty\\nmuch like just look at the, see what the numbers\\nsay. Um, and it's, I leave it.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,905,394,954],\"text\":\"While these limited discussions may be related to P1's\\npersonality or values, P1 also described that he did not want\\nhis child to pick up habits that are counter to an active life:\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,417,715,515],\"text\":\"P1: She's beginning to pick up some habits where\\nthey like to stand in front of a fan instead of\\nrunning [at the gym...] I know it was hot and\\nwhatever. But she never went and stood in front\\nof the fan until yesterday. And I'm like, \\\"No, this\\nis gonna change.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,517,745,550],\"text\":\"P8 (who was an athlete in high-school and college) also\\ndiscussed a challenge in supporting her niece to be active:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[456,554,712,616],\"text\":\"P8: I wanted to just do, um, some aerobics just to\\nget her heart pumping. You know what I mean?\\nJust, um, you know, just to move [...] She did not\\nwant to do it.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,620,747,701],\"text\":\"In summary, P1 and P8 were concerned about and tried to\\nsupport their children's PA. However, they did not appear\\nto use their PA data to drive the deeper discussions about\\nPA with their children that can support experiential learning\\nprocesses.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,713,618,730],\"text\":\"Level R1: Descriptive Reflection\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,733,746,797],\"text\":\"At level R1, participants discussed their PA data along with\\nsome additional information, but without further analysis\\n(e.g., P5, P4, P7, P8, P11, P16's families). Two types of insights\\nemerge at this level: recall and comparison [7] .\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,805,746,885],\"text\":\"Recall Insights. These insights occurred when participants\\n(e.g., P8, P11) discussed external information not captured by\\nthe trackers [7] . For example, P11's dinnertime conversation\\nabout PA data spurred discussions about the activities done\\nto achieve that data:\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,889,715,954],\"text\":\"P11: At night they, you know, we always [talking\\nabout].\\n\\\"Oh, how many steps did you do?\\\" [...]\\nBasically [we begin with] whatever you talk\\nabout at night is,\\n\\\"How was your day?\\\" You know.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 313\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/results/markdown/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300543/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300543", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/results/output_json/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[100,125,361,173],\"text\":\"and this [conversation about trackers] comes\\nup, \\\"Well, yeah, we were running [...] They talk\\nabout what they've done.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,175,394,223],\"text\":\"It appears that this family's detail insights (discussions\\nabout step counts) led to recall insights as the family added\\nadditional context [7] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,224,409,320],\"text\":\"Similarly, although P8 described a time where non-descriptive\\nreflection took place (discussed in the previous section), she\\nalso described one moment where her family found her data\\nsurprising. She told us about a conversation with her sister,\\nin which they discussed taking more steps than they had\\nimagined:\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,323,362,402],\"text\":\"P8: We went all the way to Dunkin Donuts.\\nThat's all the way down and around past the\\nhighway. It was a good walk there and back. [...]\\nAt times we can't believe how many steps we've\\ntaken.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,405,394,487],\"text\":\"P8's account shows how families can gain recall insights\\nwhen they discover surprising new knowledge (i.e., PA data\\nchallenged existing beliefs [7] ). In summary, in-person inter-\\nactions and surprising discovery led some families to discuss\\nrecall insights.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,495,397,623],\"text\":\"Comparison Insights Facilitate Family Competition. Another\\nform of descriptive reflections were comparison insights , where\\nparticipants (e.g., C3, C4, C7, C16) considered external data\\n(e.g., family members' data) in light of their own data [7] .\\nSuch comparisons often led the child to bring the caregiver\\ninto a family PA competition. As the comparisons are cen-\\ntered on the tracked PA data without further analysis, we\\ncategorized these comparisons as reflective descriptions (R1).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,623,395,751],\"text\":\"For example, P7 described how her daughter (C7, 9 y.o.)\\ninitiated the comparisons (“My daughter said,” let's see, let's\\nsee who walked more? Who had the highest numbers?”). While\\nP7 did not appear to see that the comparison is a serious\\nmatter (“I just laughed”), her daughter described that the\\ncomparison was more like a competition with a bet. She also\\ndescribed how she appreciated the feeling of winning during\\nthe competition:\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,754,362,835],\"text\":\"C7 (9 y.o.): I'm happy [when I heat my mother\\nand my aunt] because they're not getting money,\\nbecause like sometimes we bet. Whoever gets\\nthe most for steps and miles, [...] I did [come up\\nwith the idea]. I got 5 dollars.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,837,394,918],\"text\":\"The experience is strikingly similar to P4's family where\\nP4 initiated a competition that evolved into a competition\\nwith a prize. P4 further described how her daughter (11 y.o.)\\nbecame very involved with the competition—although she\\nherself found the competition to be silly:\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[101,921,361,954],\"text\":\"P4: At first, we were doing let's see what gets\\nmore. So, she be doing crazy stuff in the house!\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,125,715,221],\"text\":\"just to see who can get more. [...] I will do, like,\\nI'll be doing movements. A lot of like moving\\naround and doing stuff. And then she's like, \\\"Oh,\\nno, no, no. You trying to get more than me.\\\" So,\\nthen she tried to get up and do stuff and we're\\nracing so, It's silly, but\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,223,746,256],\"text\":\"Furthermore, P4's daughter appeared annoyed that she\\ndid not get the prize even if she beat P4 in the competition.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,257,715,370],\"text\":\"C4: I said, \\\"Whoever gets the, whoever gets to\\n10,000 steps in the week, the first person gets to\\ngo to a restaurant that they want to go to.\\\" And\\nthen which was that was for me. And I said, \\\"If\\nI lose you get to punish me for whatever.\\\" And I\\nwon, but you [the mother] didn't take me to the\\nrestaurant.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,373,746,436],\"text\":\"Finding that children sought competition is not surprising\\nas it is likely that children enjoyed games with their family\\nand friends. This enjoyment was evident when we asked P3's\\ndaughter why she liked the KidPower smartphone game:\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,438,715,503],\"text\":\"C3 (9 o y.): I give [the KidPower app a ] 10 [ out\\nof 10 ] because I love walking. And like I\\nlove, love to walk and it gives you missions. And\\npoints, which I really love points.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,505,747,553],\"text\":\"Similarly, C16 (9 y.o.) also described the excitement of\\nfamily competition, especially the experience of beating his\\nfather in a steps competition.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,556,715,635],\"text\":\"C 16 (9-0): I feel happy [when I beat my father].\\nOnce I get in the car I'll be like,\\n\\\"Da, how much\\ndo you have?\\\" Then you go like that and then\\nI'll be like boom. Then you see like 10 numbers\\non my screen or four. It's amazing to beat him.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[454,636,713,652],\"text\":\"Author 1: Why is it amazing to beat your father?\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[454,653,685,667],\"text\":\"C16: Because I don't really beat him a lot.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,670,746,734],\"text\":\"C16's account shows that, for some children, competition\\nwith parents is a source of motivation in itself. This was\\nfurther explained during our interview with the father, in\\nwhich P16 said that his son viewed him as a role model.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,737,714,833],\"text\":\"P16: I'm his role model. If you ask him who's\\nyour role model, he'll be like my dad. I know I\\nhave to stay a certain way. He told me,\\n\\\"I don't\\nwant you big ever again. I don't want to see you\\nlike that because I know you get sick.\\n\\\" I have to\\nstay active for him. He really looks up to me.\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[435,835,581,852],\"text\":\"P11 shared a similar story:\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,854,715,919],\"text\":\"P11: [My children] like the fact that they beat\\ntheir parents in the goal, stuff like that. That's\\nbasically the big conversation, that big sense of\\naccomplishment of beating your parents.\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,921,746,954],\"text\":\"Overall, these accounts suggest a gap in the way children\\nand the caregivers see competition. Children were excited\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 313\",\"reading_order\":26,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":27,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/results/markdown/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300543/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300543", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/results/output_json/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,173],\"text\":\"about the gainful competition whereas caregivers expressed\\na somewhat milder enthusiasm. In the Discussion, we will\\nexamine the implications of this gap.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,185,248,202],\"text\":\"Level R2: Dialogic Reflection\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,205,395,445],\"text\":\"At level R2, families discussed the relationships between\\ntheir data and their prior knowledge. Only three families (P3,\\nP5, P16) reported interactions at this level. More specifically,\\nthese three families described causal insights (discussing the\\nimplications of their numeric behavioral data as captured by\\nthe trackers). Causal insights may seem related to Choe et\\nal.'s value judgment insights (i.e., conveying the negative or\\npositive meaning of the data) [7] . However, it is important to\\nnote that P3, P5, and P16's causal insights went beyond sim-\\nply discussing whether their behavioral data was good or bad.\\nThey also detailed the causal implications of their behavior.\\nFor example, P5 frequently encouraged his daughter (6 y.o.)\\nto be more active and told her the meaning of the data (i.e.,\\nthat higher numbers would make her stronger) – implying\\nthe health benefits of PA:\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,448,363,528],\"text\":\"P5: I always explain to her like, \\\"You know, this\\nis what we did today.\\\" Um, you know, \\\"Maybe to-\\nmorrow we can do a little more too.\\\" And I explain\\nto her as, you know, \\\"We're getting stronger if\\nwe do more, like [if] we did this number.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,531,394,580],\"text\":\"As we asked P5 about his motivation to convey the causal\\ninsight, P5 said that he wanted his daughter to learn that\\nbeing active will impact her health:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,583,362,648],\"text\":\"P5: It's to help her be mindful and start being\\naware of, you know, again, the more we do the\\nbetter it is just for us and our bodies. Um, she\\nwon't learn unless I'm teaching her.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,651,393,682],\"text\":\"Similarly, P16 also told his son (9 y.o.) about the implica-\\ntions of the numbers on the trackers:\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,685,363,768],\"text\":\"P16: [Using the tracker] I can show him physi-\\ncally, not just explain to him—but where he can\\nsee physically—where if you do a certain amount\\nof steps or if you don't work out, if you don't\\neat healthy, you'll get big. He's getting big.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,771,394,850],\"text\":\"P16 appreciated the PA trackers because rather than speak \\nabstractly, he can show his son a more concrete relationship \\nbetween the observed PA data and his son's fitness. At the \\nend of the study, P16's son seemed to be able to see the \\nrelationship between being active and his body weight:\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,853,362,902],\"text\":\"P16: When we was coming over here, he was\\nlike,\\n\\\"You're kinda right, my pants didn't wanna\\nfit on me because I'm not doing so much steps.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,905,395,954],\"text\":\"These accounts from P5 and P16 show that some fami-\\nlies started to engage their children in the higher order of\\nreflection (R2) by identifying the relationships between the\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,172],\"text\":\"observed data and health implications. In the next section,\\nwe will explore the motivations that facilitated reflection\\nlevel R2.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,181,747,277],\"text\":\"Personal Health Experiences Influence Reflection Depth. We\\nlearned that P5 conveyed causal insight to his daughter be-\\ncause P5's personal health experience led him to be more\\nfocused on his daughter's health. P5 was born prematurely\\nand his family made decisions that were later detrimental to\\nhis weight status:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,280,715,377],\"text\":\"P5 I was premature [...] Growing up, you know,\\nbecause I was a small child [my family] thought,\\n\\\"Let me just feed him, feed him, feed him, feed\\nhim, because he needs to be strong and he needs\\nto grow and he needs to.\\n\\\" And so, it kind of was\\ntoo much. There wasn't a limit.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,381,746,412],\"text\":\"The personal health experience encouraged P5 to be more\\ninvolved in his daughter's health:\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,415,714,544],\"text\":\"P5 I really haven't grown with real much phys-\\nical problems or physical, you know, like health\\nproblems because of overweight. No diabetes,\\nnothing myself. But, in general, since with that\\nunderstanding that's a concern in life and just\\nfor humanity, that's what I want to prevent for\\nmy daughter. Um, and that's why I do my best\\nto make sure we all, we're both active.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,548,746,582],\"text\":\"This desire to be involved in his daughter's health mani-\\nfested when P5 conveyed a causal insight to his daughter.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,584,714,618],\"text\":\"P5:I want her to understand that the more active\\nwe are, the better we\\n'\\nre going to feel.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,621,747,685],\"text\":\"Similarly, P16 also indicated that his health-related expe-\\nriences led him to talk about the causal implications of the\\nPA tracking data with his son. He then described the health\\ncondition that he had:\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,689,715,786],\"text\":\"P16: I was 260 [lbs] last January. I did a gastric\\nbypass and [now] I weigh 175 [lbs]. I don't even\\nhave diabetes. My diabetes was perfect. I have no\\npressures going on. My cholesterol is gone. Plus,\\nmy kids want to see me like this. They want to\\nsee me fit. [...] I don't want to ever be big again.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,789,746,837],\"text\":\"The concern that P16 felt from his children also led P16 to\\nvalue PA and health. This concern further explained P16's\\ndecision to convey causal insight.\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,839,746,902],\"text\":\"However, one caregiver did discuss causal insights with\\nher child even though she did not indicate a personal health\\nexperience. This causal insight emerged when she discussed\\nthe relationship between the PA data and healthy eating:\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,905,714,954],\"text\":\"P3: We talk about how long, how many miles we\\nwent around. We went around the park twice or\\nwe went up and down eight times with riding the\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 313\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":26,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/results/markdown/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300543/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300543", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/results/output_json/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[100,125,362,221],\"text\":\"bikes or we'll say, \\\"Huh.\\\" Oh, we do say, \\\"What\\nwe gonna eat? We shouldn't mess up. We should\\neat less fattening because we'll mess up how many\\nsteps we took.\\\" You know, once you walk and you\\neat a big meal afterwards it doesn't make any\\nsense.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,228,395,419],\"text\":\"P3 did have a concern about her daughter's weight. How-\\never, unlike P5 and P15, who had relevant personal health ex-\\nperiences, P3's concern over her daughter's weight is strictly\\nbased on her observation (“I love her the way she is, but you\\nknow, [...] she can still like lose a couple of pounds to me.”).\\nFurthermore, what differentiated P3 with P5 and P16's causal\\ninsights was how clearly they discussed the data-health re-\\nlationships. P3's discussion with her daughter centered on\\nhow having a big meal after a long walk “will mess up” their\\nexercise. In contrast, P5 and P10 explained concrete health\\nimplications of their actions (e.g., exercise will make their\\nchildren's body stronger).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,419,395,579],\"text\":\"The accounts from P5 and P16 suggest that personal health\\nchallenges encouraged them to take a more proactive role in\\neducating their children about health (e.g., conveying causal\\ninsights—which is under R2). Their attention to health is\\nreflected in their parental PA support survey data. Out of\\nthe maximum score of 1.0, P5 and P16 scored 0.88 and 0.96,\\nhigher than the overall median 0.70 (IQR=0.17). Notably, P5\\nand P16's accounts stand out because the majority of the\\nparticipants did not discuss personal health challenges nor\\nconvey causal insights.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,579,395,692],\"text\":\"Collectively, these accounts underscore factors that influ-\\nence caregivers to engage their children in deeper reflection.\\nWhile we saw some caregivers value PA, the commonality\\nbetween P5 and P16 is their personal health experiences\\nand their belief that their children are susceptible to similar\\nhealth issues. In the Discussion, we will reflect upon the\\ndesign implications of this finding.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,708,285,725],\"text\":\"Level R-none: Limited Observation\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,729,395,809],\"text\":\"At level R-none, participants' discussions did not include \\nmeaningful PA data reflections (e.g., P12, P13, P15). For ex- \\nample, in the final interview, P15 said that he did not have \\nany conversations about the PA trackers with his daughter \\n(6 y.o.) except when he explained the features:\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,816,361,896],\"text\":\"P15: I just told her basically it was going to keep\\ntrack to see how much she exercise and walks\\nduring the day. Not a real conversation. But you\\nknow, just letting her know what it was and\\nwhat it was for. That's it.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,904,395,954],\"text\":\"In the second interview, P12 said that his daughters (6\\nand 7 y.o.) were not interested in his explanations of how\\nthe trackers work. As a result, P12 believed that while his\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,156],\"text\":\"daughters understood the mechanics of the trackers, they\\ndid not understand the PA goal game in the companion app:\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,159,715,255],\"text\":\"P12: I've told them, but they be so into their the\\nworld. [...] They just be like brushing me off. [...]\\nThey're used to walking around, and moving\\nand activities. [...] They don't know that they're\\ncompleting the things on the challenges [in the\\nKidPower app].\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,258,747,322],\"text\":\"During the second interview, we also learned that P13\\ntold her daughter how the numbers in the PA trackers will\\nincrease if they are more active. However, she did not recount\\ntimes when they talk specifically about the PA data:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,325,714,373],\"text\":\"P13: I was telling her the numbers, they add\\nup to what she did. What was she doing in the\\nactivity, right?\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,375,712,403],\"text\":\"Author 1: Did you have any other conversation\\nwith her?\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,404,507,420],\"text\":\"P13: No.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,423,747,503],\"text\":\"Collectively, their experiences show how their conversa-\\ntions about PA data were very limited. These caregivers also\\ndid not express concerns about their children's weight. For\\nexample, P15 said that his daughter's weight (6 y.o.) is ideal\\nand she is currently active:\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[452,506,715,633],\"text\":\"P15:I feel she's the perfect weight for her height\\nand stuff like that, and as she gets older, I feel\\nlike, you know, she going to be into swimming.\\nShe has too many cousins that's into stuff for\\nher to just, I feel like, sit on the sidelines, you\\nknow? [...] There's always something to go to,\\nso I don't see [daughter's name] cheerleading. I\\ndon't see her just wanting to sit around.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,637,746,684],\"text\":\"Here P15 believed that her daughter will stay active when\\nthey reach adulthood. This belief was also shared by P12 and\\nP13. For example, P12 said:\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,688,714,750],\"text\":\"P12: My kids are showing me that [they will be\\nactive when they reach adulthood]. My daughter\\nwants to do gymnastics. The other one wants to\\ndance. So, they gotta be active for that stuff.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,753,747,898],\"text\":\"While P12, P13, and P15 believed that their children will\\nnot be less active in the future, prior work shows that chil-\\ndren’s PA levels decline greatly between age 6 to 19 [61] .\\nFurthermore, more children (especially those of low-SES\\nfamilies) reach obesity status as they begin entering school-\\nage (6 y.o.) [1] . Therefore, preventing obesity at an early age\\nis critical to reducing the prevalence of obesity. With this\\nin mind, we further investigate why engagements with PA\\ntracking data were more limited in some families.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,905,747,954],\"text\":\"Differing Priorities Influence PA Reflection Depth. Our data\\nsuggests that for some caregivers, their children's education\\nwas a higher priority than PA and weight status. For example,\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 313\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300543/results/markdown/3290605-3300543_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300544/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300544", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/results/output_json/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,94,39,134],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[91,119,719,185],\"text\":\"“Occupational Therapy is Making”: Clinical Rapid\\nPrototyping and Digital Fabrication\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[82,204,292,267],\"text\":\"Megan Hofmann\\n\\nHuman Computer Interaction\\nInstitute, Carnegie Mellon University\\nPittsburgh, PA\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[303,204,510,267],\"text\":\"Kristin Williams\\n\\nHuman Computer Interaction\\nInstitute, Carnegie Mellon University\\nPittsburgh, PA\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[522,204,729,267],\"text\":\"Toni Kaplan\\n\\nHuman Computer Interaction\\nInstitute, Carnegie Mellon University\\n\\nPittsburgh, PA\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[84,278,292,344],\"text\":\"Stephanie Valencia\\n\\nHuman Computer Interaction\\nInstitute, Carnegie Mellon University\\nPittsburgh, PA\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[303,278,509,344],\"text\":\"Gabriella Hann\\n\\nHuman Computer Interaction\\nInstitute, Carnegie Mellon University\\n\\nPittsburgh, PA\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[522,278,729,344],\"text\":\"Scott E. Hudson\\n\\nHuman Computer Interaction\\nInstitute, Carnegie Mellon University\\n\\nPittsburgh, PA\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[201,357,392,418],\"text\":\"Jennifer Mankoff\\n\\nPaul G. Allen School of Computer\\nScience, University of Washington\\nSeattle, WA\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[414,357,619,418],\"text\":\"Patrick Carrington\\n\\nHuman Computer Interaction\\nInstitute, Carnegie Mellon University\\n\\nPittsburgh, PA\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,430,141,447],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,452,395,675],\"text\":\"Consumer-fabrication technologies potentially improve the\\neffectiveness and adoption of assistive technology (AT) by\\nengaging AT users in AT creation. However, little is known\\nabout the role of clinicians in this revolution. We investigate\\nclinical AT fabrication by working as expert fabricators for\\nclinicians over a four-month period. We observed and co-\\ndesigned AT with four occupational therapists at two clinics:\\na free clinic for uninsured clients, and a Veteran's Affairs Hori-\\npital. We find that existing fabrication processes, particularly\\nwith respect to rapid prototyping, do not align with clinical\\npractice and its do-no-harm ethos. We recommend software\\nsolutions that would integrate into client care by: amplify-\\ning clinicians' expertise, revealing appropriate fabrication\\nopportunities, and supporting adaptable fabrication.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,692,150,709],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,713,394,747],\"text\":\"3D printing; Adaptive Design; Digital Fabrication; Occupa-\\ntional Therapy; Rapid Prototyping\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,431,556,447],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,448,747,549],\"text\":\"Megan Hofmann, Kristin Williams, Toni Kaplan, Stephanie Valencia,\\nGabriella Hann, Scott E. Hudson, Jennifer Mankoff, and Patrick\\nCarrington. 2019. \\\"Occupational Therapy is Making\\\": Clinical Rapid\\nPrototyping and Digital Fabrication. In CHI Conference on Human\\nFactors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4-9, 2019,\\nGlasgow, Scotland UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 13 pages. https:\\n//doi.org/10.1145/3290653.3300544\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,565,550,582],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,587,747,682],\"text\":\"With digital fabrication, more people are creating assistive\\ntechnology (AT) for themselves and others, which has led to\\nresearch focused on Do-It-Yourself (DIY) and Do-For-Others\\n(DFO) AT. The DIY/DFO-AT philosophy potentially increases\\nAT adoption by meeting highly individualized needs and\\ndirectly engaging AT users in AI design [15, 31, 35] .\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,682,746,826],\"text\":\"However, DIY/ DFO-AT research often excludes clinicians.\\nThe consequences of this may include safety, quality, and\\neven funding availability [30, 32, 42] . Additionally, DIY/DFO-\\nAT is only accessible to a small set of people who can access\\nthe appropriate technologies; it excludes people who primar-\\nily access AT through clinicians. People may prefer a clinical\\nmodel because they do not identify as disabled, because the\\nAT treats a medical condition that requires clinical expertise,\\nor they do not have the necessary technical expertise.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,826,747,954],\"text\":\"For people who primarily access AT through clinicians,\\ncustom-fabricated AT may only be accessible if clinicians\\ncan use digital fabrication. However, little is known about\\nhow this technology influences clinical practice, or the chal-\\nlenges clinicians might face in adopting them. We contribute\\ninsights about how digital fabrication might influence and\\nbe influenced by clinical practice. Further, we explore the\\nrole of clinical Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,790,395,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not\\nmade or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear\\nthis notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components\\nof this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with\\ncredit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to\\nredistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request\\npermissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,900,273,912],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,914,274,925],\"text\":\"© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,926,265,938],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,941,244,952],\"text\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300544\",\"reading_order\":26,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 314\",\"reading_order\":27,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":28,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/results/markdown/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300544/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300544", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/results/output_json/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,124,395,236],\"text\":\"The CAD tools used in clinical contexts must be usable by\\nclinicians. In low-resource clinics, clinicians may be the only\\nperson capable of creating AT. Even when clinicians have\\naccess to fabrication and fabrication experts, it is critical\\nthat clinicians can directly interface with appropriate CAD\\ntools that leverage their expertise and allow them to fully\\nparticipate in co-design.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,236,395,364],\"text\":\"We present two case studies of AT-design with occupa-\\ntional therapists (OTs). Over four months, in two clinics,\\nwe provided fabrication expertise while the OTs managed\\ntheir clients' treatment. The first clinic was free to uninsured\\nclients and we worked with two OTs to develop a 3D printed\\nthumb splint. The second site was a Veteran's Affairs (VA)\\nclinic where we worked with two OTs to develop a knife\\ngrip and wheelchair transfer board.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,364,395,522],\"text\":\"We found that the OTs embed digital fabrication into their\\nusual client-care process which is at odds with the rapid-\\nprototyping characteristic of maker-communities [12, 50] .\\nThey base their designs on standard classes of AT (splints,\\ngrips, transfer-boards) and clinical expertise, rather than\\ninventing new AT. If necessary they begrudgingly iterate on\\nprototypes, but prefer to do so only if it results in a design\\nthat can be reused across many clients. They would rather\\nadapt and customize a design within a client's appointment,\\nusing adaptive materials rather than digital iterations.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,523,395,651],\"text\":\"We also found a disparity between our sites based on their\\nresources. The limited resources at the free clinic encouraged\\nthe OTs to adopt a maker ethos; they were excited to use\\ncommon materials in unusual ways to support their clients.\\nConversely, the VA OTs had many fabrication resources and\\nwanted to push the limits of what could be created with those\\ntools, even when this drove the design process out of their\\narea expertise.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,651,395,683],\"text\":\"Based on these findings, we propose the development of\\nClinical CAD tools with three design goals:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[81,690,396,867],\"text\":\"(1) Amplified Design: Clinicians see themselves, not as\\nAT designers, but AT prescribers, prescribing varia-\\ntions on existing devices like doctors prescribe medi-\\nation. CAD tools can amplify clinical effort by storing\\nand distributing common designs.\\n(2) Appropriate Design: Tools should help select the\\nappropriate prescription based on available resources.\\nThis helps clinicians celebrate their expectations to\\nwhat is doable, and may broaden their perspectives.\\n(3) Adaptive Design: Tools should support adaptive mod-\\nifications of a design rather than prototyping.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,873,395,954],\"text\":\"We start below by reviewing related work on fabrication\\nin clinical and AT contexts as well as a larger socio-technical\\ncontext. We then cover our two design case-studies. Lastly,\\nwe discuss our observations made at the two clinics and a set\\nof design recommendations for building clinical CAD tools.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,123,549,139],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,143,746,416],\"text\":\"DIY/DFO-AT research examines and innovates within the\\npersonalized AT-design process, rather than inventing new\\nclasses of AT. Hurst and Tobias [35] observed people who\\ncreated their own custom AT. They introduced the DIY-AT\\nframework to increase AT adoption by empowering individ-\\nuals and connecting them personally to their AT. Couvreur\\nand Goossens [21] approached DFO-AT with design methods\\nperspectives: they view DIY/DFO-AT practices as a bridge be-\\ntween a universal design philosophy and the design methods\\nused in rehabilitation engineering. Unlike Hurst and Tobias,\\nCouvreur and Goossens explicitly include clinicians as DFO-\\nAT stakeholders with the primary goal of innovating the\\nclasses of AT clinicians distribute. Hurst and Tobias focused\\non personal adaptation as a means to reduce abandonment.\\nBoth revealed the potential for DIY/DFO-AT to transform\\nAT production, but neither observed clinical practices and it\\nremains unclear how tools can support clinicians.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,431,576,450],\"text\":\"The State of DIY/DFO-AT\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,454,746,548],\"text\":\"Researchers studied DIY/DFO-AT online resources [12, 19]\\nand communities [50] , and AT creation by users [9, 26] and\\ncaregivers [33, 52, 53] . A revolution in consumer-grade fabri-\\ncation produced novice oriented design tools for visual aids\\n[11, 28, 56, 59] , adaptive grips [14, 19] , and e-textiles [26, 46]\\nExcept [46] , these tools do not target clinicians.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,548,747,710],\"text\":\"Tools that adapt existing solutions based on user-specific\\nparameters can support novices. Examples include Facade\\n[28] , GripFab [13, 14] , Reprise [19] and VizTouch [11] . This\\napproach may be useful in clinical contexts, however that\\nhas only been explored in [14] . Where design solutions are\\nunknown, low-fidelity prototyping may be of value (e.g.,\\n[31, 34, 46, 59] ). Prototyping is an off-cited core value of\\n3D printing (e.g., [6] ). However, the value of prototyping in\\nclinics is unstudied, and most prototyping innovations have\\nnot been employed to make AT (e.g., [18, 20, 47, 48, 55] ).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,726,516,743],\"text\":\"Who makes AT\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,746,746,841],\"text\":\"Many researchers argue consumer-grade fabrication is a\\ndemocratizing force that supports user agency [41, 60] , but\\nlimited access to technical and educational resources [8, 10,\\n12, 36] prevents some AT-users from doing-it-themselves [34,\\n43] . The DIY-DFO-AT framework cannot assume that makers\\nor volunteers (e.g., [49], [45] ) can support all AT-users [31] .\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,842,746,954],\"text\":\"Fabrication may increase AT access through user empow-\\nerment, but it has failed to engage clinical infrastructures.\\nClinicians are rarely involved in grass-roots efforts [30] .\\nHowever, digital fabrication is not absent from clinics [25, 38] .\\nIts primary clinical use is to create models of medical imag-\\ning data [54] or, more relevantly, to produce prosthetics and\\northotics [16, 23, 24, 29, 57, 65] .\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 314\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/results/markdown/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300544/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300544", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/results/output_json/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,221],\"text\":\"Little research has studied how clinicians fabricate IT. It\\nis generally believed that the benefits of digital fabrication\\ntechnologies extend to the clinical setting [61] , but visionary\\nwords must be accompanied by field evidence. In the few\\nexisting studies, clinicians believe in the potential of digital\\nfabrication technology [13, 42] but existing tools fall short.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,221,394,331],\"text\":\"For example, McDonald et al. had physical therapy stu-\\ndents create 3D printed AT in a classroom workshop. They\\nfound that clinicians adapted standard classes of AT and\\nrevealed a tension between potential benefits of digital fabri-\\ncation and concerns about its adoption in clinical practice.\\nHowever, they provide few insights into how this AT design\\nprocess will involve real client-clinician interactions.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,332,394,476],\"text\":\"In contrast, Buehler et al. co-designed customized grips\\nwith occupational therapists in a special education setting\\n[13] . They proposed easy to use tools that support AT cus-\\ntomization and they developed, deployed at the school, and\\nstudied a tool for 3D printed grips [14] . The focus of this\\nwork was on the creation of AT in an educational setting.\\nThe occupational therapists who participated in the study\\nfocused on their role of facilitating education. It is unclear if\\nthese results would be reproduced in general clinical settings.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,476,394,539],\"text\":\"Unfortunately, because of the many challenges of resear-\\nching client-clinician interactions [39] , little work has built on\\nthese examples. Many open questions remain about how\\ndigital fabrication technology fits into clinical practice.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,565,158,582],\"text\":\"3 METHODS\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,587,394,826],\"text\":\"We co-designed AT with OTs for their clients to understand\\nthe benefits and limitations of consumer-grade fabrication\\ntechnologies in a clinical context. Our methods are informed\\nby participant observation [37] , co-design [21] , and research\\nthrough design [62, 63] . We most closely follow the method-\\nology used by Buehler et al. who deployed3D printing in a\\nspecial education context [13] . Like Buehler et al. , we note\\nthat 3D printing as a clinical practice is too rare to study, and\\ntools specialized to clinical fabrication practices do not exist.\\nInstead, we propose a preferable future [62] where clinicians\\nand clients can co-design AT. From there we intervene [7]\\nin the clinical context: as researcher and digital fabrication\\nexperts, we served the clinicians as a proxy for clinical-CAD\\ntools. We evaluate this interaction [58] , studying the rela-\\ntionship between CAD tools and clinicians.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,826,394,954],\"text\":\"Over four months of clinic visits we: (1) directly observed\\nthe clinics' day to day operations—including, at times, direct\\nobservation of the clinician working with the client—to get\\na sense of the clinical context; (2) conducted semi-structured\\ninterviews with each clinician to understand their decision-\\nmaking process and the clinics' operating contexts; and (3)\\nconsulted with the clinician teams to digitally fabricate solu-\\ntions with the potential of addressing their clients' needs.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[475,123,691,138],\"text\":\"Table 1 - OT Participant Demographics\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[435,153,730,235],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Site</td><td>Pseudonym</td><td>Position</td><td>Client</td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\">Free Clinic</td><td>Julie</td><td>Instructor</td><td>Ron</td></tr><tr><td>Sara</td><td>Student</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\">VA</td><td>Lorelai</td><td>Practitioner</td><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\">Jon</td></tr><tr><td>Anna</td><td>Resident</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A four-column table titled Site, Pseudonym, Position, and Client displays information for two sites: \\\"Free Clinic\\\" and \\\"VA\\\". Under \\\"Free Clinic,\\\" pseudonyms \\\"Julie\\\" and \\\"Sara\\\" are listed with positions \\\"Instructor\\\" and \\\"Student\\\" respectively, both associated with client \\\"Ron.\\\" Under \\\"VA,\\\" pseudonyms \\\"Lorelai\\\" and \\\"Anna\\\" are listed with positions \\\"Practitioner\\\" and \\\"Resident\\\" respectively, both associated with client \\\"Jon.\\\"\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_2_tab_10.png\"},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,261,746,373],\"text\":\"We encouraged the OTs to perform as much of the design\\nactivities as they could and only use researchers to support\\nfabrication. We supplied the fabrication resources (e.g., 3D\\nmodeling software, 3D printers, printer filaments, carbon\\nfiber) that each site could feasibly access and afford. These\\ncase studies were contemporaneous and actions in one case\\nstudy may have impacted our design activities in the other.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[435,373,712,389],\"text\":\"These methods were approved by a full board IRB.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,399,498,416],\"text\":\"Participants\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,420,747,565],\"text\":\"We recruited OTs through word of mouth and had no pre-\\nexisting relationships prior to the study. Although we did\\nnot require it, all of the OTs had prior 3D printing experi-\\nence. None had used it with a client. First, we met Julie at a\\nfree clinic for uninsured clients. She instructs occupational\\ntherapy at the nearby university and mentors Sara, a student\\nwho volunteers at the clinic. Next, we met Lorelai. She is the\\nhead OT in a VA clinic and supervises the OT residents there.\\nAnna is the resident who works most closely with Jon.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,565,746,645],\"text\":\"The clinicians selected which client to work with, ensuring\\nthat we did not fabricate clinically-inappropriate solutions.\\nThe clients were bystanders to the study; only the OTs are\\nparticipants. We did not analyze and will not reflect on client\\nquotes as this may violate the OTs' HIPAA responsibilities.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_3\",\"bbox\":[421,656,556,672],\"text\":\"Site 1: The Free Clinic\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,675,740,693],\"text\":\"Julie wryly summarized the free clinic's limited resources:\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[478,697,689,730],\"text\":\"\\\"It'\\ns silly...we don\\n't have... a splinting\\ntray, so I'\\nve just been using a coffee pot\\\"\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,732,746,765],\"text\":\"Julie and Sara avoid prescribing expensive procedures or\\nAT, preferring free pain reduction exercises. Julie recalled:\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[476,768,693,800],\"text\":\"\\\"He couldn't afford a surgery so we gave\\nhim [exercises] to adapt.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,802,746,852],\"text\":\"When Julie prescribes AT, it is usually an over-the-counter\\nhand/wrist splint. Julie donates her personal supply of these\\nsplints to clients who cannot afford them at her own expense.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[470,855,698,887],\"text\":\"\\\"It was $20 so whatever... I like making his\\nlife so much better\\\" (Julie)\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,889,746,954],\"text\":\"We were concerned that this low-resource clinic could not\\nafford 3D printers, but, Julie classifies printers as a medical\\ntool for the clinic to use and pay for. In contrast, AT benefits\\nonly one client; it is the client's financial responsibility.\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 314\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/results/markdown/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300544/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300544", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/results/output_json/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,188],\"text\":\"We observed and participated in six clinic days to design\\nRon's splint. Julie and Sara did the majority of the design\\nwork (i.e. sketching, thermoforming), researchers translated\\nthe sketches into 3D models and printed them.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,199,195,216],\"text\":\"Site 2: The VA Clinic\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,221,394,317],\"text\":\"The VA has many fabrication resources such as a VA rapid\\nprototyping laboratory in another state. Lorelai joined the\\nstudy to learn more about fabrication so she can create AT\\nlocally before sending out requests. She was unaware of the\\nfacility's capabilities and relied on local experts to guide her\\nthrough AT design that used these resources.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[115,320,348,384],\"text\":\"\\\"If you can make it, we can probably make\\nit too, I just send it off... and they will build\\nit... The only problem is time... it may take\\nthem months to turn it around.\\\" (Lorelai)\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,388,394,484],\"text\":\"The main limitation of these resources is their slow turn-\\naround time. Lorelai described sending a wheelchair compo-\\nnent to a VA facility and waiting four months to receive a\\nsolution. The slow turnaround time and lack of interfacing\\nwith the client meant that the device was no longer relevant\\nwhen it arrived and the resources were wasted.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[116,487,345,535],\"text\":\"\\\"By the time I got it back... the client\\nneeded something else... And it didn't even\\nfit him, so what was the point?\\\" (Lorelai)\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,538,394,698],\"text\":\"We visited the clinic four times but never met Jon due\\nto VA policies. Our second visit took place during one of\\nJon's appointments and we met with the OTs in a separate\\nroom. Lorelai asked Jon questions and shared artifacts with\\nus, running between each room. She viewed us as a stand in\\nfor the engineers at the rapid prototyping facility, so we con-\\nducted more of the design and fabrication activities than we\\ndid at the free clinic. Lorelai provided design specifications\\nand sketches but we determined the fabrication methods,\\nproduced 3D models, and fabricated each design.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,710,227,726],\"text\":\"4  DATA AND ANALYSIS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,731,394,793],\"text\":\"We collected twelve hours of interview/design session audio\\ndata which we transcribed and segmented into sentences.\\nNotes and memos were related to audio data with a smart\\npen. We took photographs and created design artifacts.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,793,394,953],\"text\":\"Using thematic analysis [44] , two coders developed 268\\nbottom-up codes then a third coder synthesized 27 axial\\ncodes. We collectively reviewed the artifacts, researcher\\nnotes/memos, and axial codes to develop themes. Several\\nof our themes are dependent on a particular site's resources\\nand clients. For instance, the lack of resources forced OTs at\\nthe free clinic to adopt a maker-ethos while the abundance\\nof resources at the VA clinic encouraged them to push the\\nlimits of consumer-grade digital fabrication. As a result, we\\ndescribe themes in the context of the most relevant case.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,124,502,140],\"text\":\"5  RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,144,745,208],\"text\":\"In this section, we present the themes through study nar-\\nratives that derived from the design and fabrication of our\\nthree key artifacts: Ron's thumb splint, Jon's knee-grip, and\\nJon's transfer board. We summarize the themes as follows:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,209,745,319],\"text\":\"The Importance of Clinical Expertise: Clinical exper-\\ntise played a role in the design of each artifact. In each\\ncase, what the OTs and researchers designed was deter-\\nmined by the clinicians' perspectives on traditional-AT and\\nergonomics. This theme was made clearest by Julie and Sara's\\nevaluations of Ron's thumb pain over time, and their impact\\non the design.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,320,745,414],\"text\":\"Cross-Client Reuse: Julie and Sara focused on creating\\na splint pattern that would be reusable with other clients.\\nThis same reusability was not necessary at the VA, which\\nhad the resources to create highly customized and unique\\ndesigns. For the free clinic, reusability excused the costs to a\\nparticular client, Ron, in a research context.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,415,746,542],\"text\":\"Maker-OT Identity: Julie highlighted the relationship\\nbetween maker-culture and occupational therapy when she\\nreflected on her practice and how it has change over the\\nyears. Because of the limited resources at the free clinic, both\\nJulie and Sara were creative in how they made AT, in a way\\nthat they associated with a maker identity. In contrast, the\\nVA clinic had abundant resources, so Lorelai viewed the work\\nas engineering and rarely called out a maker ethos.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,542,746,638],\"text\":\"Prototyping as Failure: The OTs strongly rejected rapid\\nprototyping (i.e. iteration on low fidelity versions) because of\\nthe cost to clients. Lorelai had already iterated on the knife-\\ngrip before joining this study, and saw the lasting effects of\\nthose failures on her client, destroying his preferred knives\\nand requiring multiple clinic visits over months.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,639,745,735],\"text\":\"Focusing on Adaptation: Adaptable materials were ef-\\nfective at both clinics. We developed the splint by adaptively\\nthermforming the 3D printed pattern, and we coated the\\nknife grip with a silicon coating that adjusts the fit. Adapta-\\ntion brings the design process into client-clinician interac-\\ntions, rather than a separate costly prototyping process.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,735,746,829],\"text\":\"Socio-Cultural Design Influences: Socio-cultural re-\\nquirements impacted both sites. Aesthetic properties affected\\nadoption of the splint and the transfer board had to be airport-\\nsecurity friendly. At the VA, the transfer board represents\\na primarily socio-cultural challenge which cannot be fully\\nresolved using clinical expertise.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,829,746,942],\"text\":\"The Limits of Consumer-Grade Digital Fabrication:\\nThe VA used its vast resources to push the limits of consumer-\\ngrade fabrication. The OTs at the free clinic had few re-\\nsources, so they scoped the work well within the domain\\nof consumer 3D printing. The VA case revealed key limita-\\ntions of what consumer-grade digital fabrication methods\\ncan produce and how those align with AT requirements.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 314\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/results/markdown/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300544/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300544", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/results/output_json/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[70,119,387,420],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This multi-panel image illustrates the process of creating a custom hand splint. It shows Ron wearing an initial over-the-counter splint, followed by a brittle prototype design that snapped, and then occupational therapists molding splints in a coffee pot. The final panel depicts Ron wearing his finished, custom-fitted splint.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[72,430,388,463],\"text\":\"Figure 1 - These images show the progression from Ron's\\nover-the-counter splint to the final design.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,489,288,507],\"text\":\"Case 1: A Customized Thumb Splint\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,510,394,574],\"text\":\"At the free clinic, we worked with Ron, an African American\\nman with chronic thumb pain. Julie asked us to 3D print\\na thermoformable splint that fit Ron's hand precisely and\\nblended in with his black work uniform and dark skin.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[70,582,268,599],\"text\":\"The Importance of Clinical Expertise.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,599,394,696],\"text\":\"Julie and Sara brought in a clinical perspective that iden-\\ntified the causes of Ron's hand pain and applied standard\\nsolutions. Julie set the goals of the design process to balance\\nbetween anatomical needs and Ron's social needs. We ob-\\nserved his second appointment where Julie and Sara tested\\nhis thumb's range of motion. One author noted:\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[115,700,345,765],\"text\":\"Sara systematically wigged his thumb,\\nleaning from left to right and bending the\\njoints in isolation. She constantly asked him\\nto rate his pain. He always reported a ten.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,767,394,816],\"text\":\"Ron's large hands, swollen by his condition, had stretched \\nand ripped the one-size-fits-all splint (Figure 1a). Sara ex- \\nplained that he had aggravated the condition:\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[123,820,342,854],\"text\":\"\\\"He keeps moving his thumb. The splint is\\nso loose! He doesn't give it time to heal.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,858,394,954],\"text\":\"Julie was concerned that Ron's swelling had not improved\\nbecause he would not regularly wear the splint. She hoped\\nthat an aesthetically pleasing splint would increase his pre-\\nscription adherence. When Sara completed the first splint\\n(Figure 1d), she noted that the splint was much less noticeable\\nthan the traditional alternative, remarking:\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[472,124,694,172],\"text\":\"\\\"I was excited because you had a black\\nsplint and I had black Velcro. It is usually\\nwhite with black Velcro.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,179,746,323],\"text\":\"Julie and Sara used their clinical expertise to identify the\\nsource of Ron's pain. Julie patterned the splint to target the\\nouter thumb joint restricting movement enough to reduce\\ndamage while giving him a range of motion that supported\\nhis work activities, making it easier for him to adopt this\\nsplint. The OTs followed up with Ron after he reported wear-\\ning the splint every day for two weeks. The swelling had\\nvisibly reduced and he reported his pain at a five, compared\\nto the prior ten.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,324,746,419],\"text\":\"Overall, Julie and Sara applied their clinical expertise to\\nidentify the root cause of Ron's pain and the barriers that\\nkept him from using an over the counter solution. Balancing\\nbetween Ron's medical needs (an immobilized thumb), daily\\nliving needs (moderate mobility), and socio-cultural needs\\n(an aesthetically minimal splint) improved his condition.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,429,554,447],\"text\":\"Cross-Client Reusability.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,447,746,528],\"text\":\"We developed the final splint over two appointments, \\nwhich we viewed as an unusually quick turnaround. Julie \\nviewed it as a failure to require Ron to attend multiple ap- \\nointments without receiving treatment, stating that it was \\nthe novelty of the research that kept Ron coming back.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[472,535,695,586],\"text\":\"\\\"He's only coming back because he thinks\\nyou're [the researcher] cool. He wouldn't\\ncome back for just [me and Sara]\\\" (Julie)\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,592,746,751],\"text\":\"However, Julie hopes to save time with future clients by\\nreusing the 3D model. In the first design session, we asked\\nJulie to describe what she expected of 3D printed splinting.\\nShe presented samples of 3D printed splinting patterns that\\nshe had borrowed from a colleague and instructional ma-\\nterials which demonstrated traditional splint patterning on\\nfabric and Thermoplast$^1$ She annotated a splint pattern with\\nRon's reference measurements and asked us to create a pa-\\nrameterized model of the splint that she could reuse like her\\ncolleague's experimental 3D printed patterns.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,751,746,895],\"text\":\"OTs shape splints by heating and forming Thermoplast\\npatterns in hot water and cannot iterate on the design with-\\nout creating a new pattern. The more times Thermoplast is\\nheated and cooled the more deformed it becomes, making it\\ndifficult to use. In contrast, Sara found 3D printed PLA easier\\nto repeatedly reshape. She complained about the difficulty\\nof using Thermoplast and encouraged Julie to bring PLA\\nprinting into her splinting courses. She especially liked the\\nfact that the pattern was reusable after thermoforming.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,925,745,954],\"text\":\"Thermoplast is a thermoflowable plastic for creating splints. It is malleable\\nwhen heated in hot water, similar to PLA 3D printed filament\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 314\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/results/markdown/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300544/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300544", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/results/output_json/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[116,125,346,173],\"text\":\"\\\"I love this pattern... it lays flat in the water\\ninstead of bubbling up (deforming)... So\\nmuch easier than [Thermoplast] (Sara)\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,179,394,340],\"text\":\"Over the next two appointments, Sara molded the different\\npatterns to fit Ron's hand (Figure 1c ). Each pattern had a\\nslightly different shape, but all had the same underlying\\nproblems that led to failure. The patterns were too long,\\ndigging into Ron's wrist, and were thin and brittle (Figure\\n1b ). Sara cut-off the bottom edge with splinting scissors,\\nwhich gave us the correct length for the next pattern but\\nthe edge was ragged and brittle. We made small adjustments\\nto the 3D printed pattern and were able to fit him with an\\neffective splint during the next session.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,340,394,483],\"text\":\"While prototyping the splint across appointments was\\nnot ideal, she felt that the outcome was valuable beyond\\nRon's care. She now knows the relevant measurements on\\nthe hand and will no longer need to consider factors such as\\nthe thickness of the pattern, or how long the splint should\\nbe relative to the wrist. All of the information we learned in\\nthis process is generalizable. She expects to reuse the splint\\npattern with other clients without the prototyping process\\nfrom the study.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[115,493,347,540],\"text\":\"\\\"Once we have the right pattern and know\\nhow to measure it, we wouldn't have to test\\nit over so many sessions.\\\" (Julie)\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,548,394,740],\"text\":\"Reuse occurred at two levels: (1) the OTs reused standard\\nsplint patterns and (2) the thermoformed PLA supported\\nin-situ rapid reuse of the pattern. Julie viewed iteration on\\nthe 3D modeled pattern over two sessions as a failure, but\\nhoped that it would be worth it in the long term because she\\ncould reuse that model. Sara, who interacted more directly\\nwith the materials, was excited about the ability to make\\nquick in-situ adjustments to a standard pattern rather than\\nhaving to re-create unique, but highly similar, patterns for\\neach client. PLA and 3D printing lend themselves to quick\\nreproductions of parameterized splints, while Thermoplast\\nis exclusively manual.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[70,751,195,767],\"text\":\"The Maker-OT Identity .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,767,394,927],\"text\":\"Throughout the process, Julie and Sara prided themselves\\non their ability to make creative use of common materials.\\nFor example, they used a coffee pot as a splinting tray because\\nthe free clinic has no other sources of hot water. This excited\\nboth of them because they believed creating AT with their\\nlimited resources expanded the capabilities of the free clinic.\\nWhen finishing the splint, Sara applied adhesive padding, and\\nJulie sewed on Velcro straps. While Julie sewed the straps,\\nSara commented that she wished she knew how to sew and\\nthat it would make her work easier, Julie responded.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[137,936,325,954],\"text\":\"\\\"OT is making... you should learn.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,124,746,267],\"text\":\"Despite this espoused maker-ethos, Julie and Sara were\\nuncomfortable with 3D modeling in the clinical context. They\\nunderstood and could use the tools but it did not align with\\nmedical software requirements. Julie pointed out the features\\nof medical records software to highlight differences between\\nit and the CAD tools. She was concerned that there was no\\nsupport for medical record keeping, for maintaining client\\nprivacy, or for ensuring clinician accountability. To her, the\\nsoftware was not appropriate in a clinical setting:\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[476,271,698,320],\"text\":\"\\\"So if you give me the files, what do I do\\nwith them? I can't just print them, what if\\nhe needs them?\\\" (Julie)\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,325,746,468],\"text\":\"Julie's maker-identity is superseded by her clinical goals:\\nto protect and heal her clients within the regulations of health\\ncare. In this quote she is concerned that while the CAD tools\\nproduced an effective splint design, she did not see means to\\nfollow HIPAA regulations [4] . Legally, a client's treatments\\nmust be documented and the client must be able to access\\nthat documentation if they choose to switch providers or get\\na second opinion, but Julie saw no way to ensure this with\\ntraditional CAD.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,469,746,548],\"text\":\"It seems that Julie and Sara are comfortable with thecrafti-\\nness of being a maker, but when that maker ethos enters a\\ndigital space it is subject to regulation. The maker identity\\ninvites digital fabrication into clinical practice but it does not\\noverride the cautious do-no-harm philosophy of clinicians.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,549,746,772],\"text\":\"To summarize, the design of a thumb-splint at the free\\nclinic revealed a tension between clinical and maker design\\nmethods. This contributed to Julie's concerns about the high\\ncost of design iterations even though the result could sup-\\nport other clients. Julie and Sara's clinical expertise helped\\nto identify the biological and ergonomic requirements of\\nthe splint in a way we would not expect of non-experts.\\nThe tools and adaptive behaviors characteristic of a maker-\\nidentity were necessary for the production of an effective\\nand reusable splintting pattern. This splint model reusability\\nmade the prototyping behaviors acceptable. In the next sec-\\ntion, that reusability is not present and the consequences of a\\nrapid prototyping are more apparent, as are the benefits of\\nadaptive materials and design .\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,784,652,801],\"text\":\"Case 2a: A Modular Chef's Knife Grip\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,803,746,900],\"text\":\"Jon, a veteran with a spinal cord injury, was the focus of our\\nstudy at the VA clinic. Jon loves cooking but he needs cus-\\ntomized AT. Prior to this study, Lorelai made two customized\\nknife grips out of Orthoplast2 (Figure 2a). Jon had limited\\nsuccess with these because they did not ergonomically align\\nwith the knife.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,911,745,952],\"text\":\"3Orthopad is a thermoflexible plastic similar to Theamplorat. It is nearly\\nimpossible to remove it from affixed surfaces. The makes a food safe grip\\nband and the interlocked bands helps to retain the paper.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 314\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/results/markdown/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300544/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300544", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/results/output_json/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[80,122,384,378],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image presents four panels illustrating different knife handle designs and a final knife set. Panels (a) through (c) show individual knives with various grips, including a white custom-molded handle, a black non-ergonomic design, and knives with red and blue modular flexible inserts. Panel (d) displays a set of four knives with similar ergonomic handles stored upright in a clear knife block.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[85,389,376,420],\"text\":\"Figure 2 – The progression of Jon's knife grip from a\\npermanent Orthoplast grip to flexible modular grips.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,449,191,466],\"text\":\"Prototyping as Failure.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,465,395,656],\"text\":\"Lorelai had iterated on Jon's knife grip prior to the study,\\nbut these prototypes failed, costing Jon his time and favorite\\nknife set. From Lorelai's perspective, iteration fails because\\nclients have no use for failed prototypes. Lorelai prototyped\\ntwo knife grips over a series of months prior to this study.\\nWith her first iteration of the knife grip (Figure 2a) had a\\nbasic grip pattern with a guard loop to keep the knife in Jon's\\nhand. This grip fit Jon best, however too much Orthoplast\\nwas up against the base of the blade which blocked him from\\npressing the blade down completely. Lorelai created a second\\nprototype on one of Jon's other knives. This version did not\\nblock the blade but the grip did not fit Jon nearly as well.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,657,395,753],\"text\":\"Essentially, because the Orthoplast permanently modified\\nthe knives, he had lost his favorite knife and had only re-\\nceived ineffective grips. When we began working with Lore-\\nlai, Jon had abandoned the knives entirely. Lorelai hoped\\nthat by applying our research to the problem she could make\\nup for Jon's lost knives and time.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,761,200,778],\"text\":\"Focusing on Adaptation .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,778,396,954],\"text\":\"In response the permanence of the Orthoplast grips, Lore-\\nlai emphasized adaptability. During an initial design session\\nwith Lorelai, she laid out three key goals for the 3D printed\\nknife grip. First, it would be food safe and hand washable\\njust like the Orthoplast material. Second, it would closely\\nmatch the geometry of the original grip and guard but ac-\\ncommodate Jon's ergonomic concerns. To support that close\\norganic fit, we need a material (e.g., clay [14] or Orthoplast)\\nthat adapts to Jon's grip. Third, it would modularly adapt\\nto more than one knife in a set rather than permanently\\nmodifying his knives.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,124,747,252],\"text\":\"Lorelai encouraged us to do what we was felt necessary,\\nreiterating that she had access to many resources and ex-\\nperts through the VA. As long as she had digital versions of\\nthe final grip, she was certain that the VA could reproduce\\nthe work for Jon or other clients independently. However,\\nshe clarified that any iteration should be tested before she\\npresented it to Jon. Her goal was to minimize his time spent\\non this project. One author noted in a memo:\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[471,260,699,357],\"text\":\"Lorelai is confident in what the VA can\\nmake for her but not in what she can\\ndesign herself. Just like Julie, she seems to\\nbe in a rush to get something to the client\\nbut without access to the client himself, it is\\na challenge to make everything fit.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,364,746,492],\"text\":\"Emulating previous research on 3D printing grips [14, 13] ,\\nwe printed the outside of the grip with black PLA plastic\\n(Figure 2b ). Inside the outer shell we added an “ uncertainty\\nbuffer ” [40] of red flexible material which allows Jon to re-\\nplace the knife without re-printing. Finally, we coated the\\ncomponents in silicone to make grip soft and food safe. Lore-\\nlai can use this silicon coating to add or cut-away padding\\nlayers to better adapt the grip to Jon's hand.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,491,747,570],\"text\":\"We delivered the grip (Figure 2c, 2d). Lorelai examined\\nit without Jon present to determine that the grip would be\\neffective and safe, then she kept it and delivered it to Jon for\\ntesting to ensure that it would meet his needs. Afterwards,\\nshe emailed us:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[482,579,687,596],\"text\":\"\\\"He loves them! He took them to trial.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,602,746,682],\"text\":\"Each component of the design emphasized adaptability:\\nthe outer shell fits onto new knives, the \\\"uncertainty buffer\\\"\\nadapts to different handle shapes, and the silicone supports\\nadaptation of the fit of the grip. This adaptability distin-\\nguished the design from Lorelai's prior prototypes.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,682,747,954],\"text\":\"To summarize, the knife grip design demonstrates the\\ntension between rapid prototyping, a practice ubiquitous\\nin maker culture, and adaptive design. In prototyping, the\\ngoal of any individual prototype is not entirely to produce\\na final product but to produce a version that reveals flaws\\nor opportunities for improvement. The negative consequence\\nof rapid prototyping in clinical practice is that a prototype\\nthat is not safe or effective could hurt a client, or at a mini-\\nmum could discourage them from adopting the AT. Adaptive\\ndesign , rather than prototyping, better reflects the iterative\\nstructures we observed. Lorelai focuses on adaptive design\\nexplicitly in her goal to make a modular grip, but we also\\nsaw adaptive design in the splint thermoforming techniques\\nat the free clinic. We did not observe this adaptive behavior\\nin the next case study; we believe this is because malleable\\n(adaptive) materials are not strong enough to hold a person's\\nweight and were not applicable to the transfer board.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 314\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/results/markdown/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300544/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300544", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/results/output_json/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[64,117,397,373],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays three different views of transfer boards. One view shows a metal transfer board being inserted into the armrest area of a wheelchair. The other two views feature a carbon fiber board, one showing a black mechanism unfolded on its surface, and the other showing the same mechanism folded flat against the board.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,384,393,415],\"text\":\"Figure 3 – The progression from the original transfer board\\nto the carbon fiber design\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,438,300,456],\"text\":\"Case 2b: TSA Friendly Transfer Board\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,459,394,554],\"text\":\"Jon has a wheelchair transfer board (Figure 3a) that raises\\nand lowers as he slides across it. This unusual design was\\nmade in the 1970s by a company that no longer exists, so he\\ncannot replace it. When Jon travels, airport security (TSA)\\nintrusively questions Jon about the device. Lorelai asked us\\nto build a similar replacement board that was TSA friendly.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,562,246,579],\"text\":\"Socio-cultural Design Influences.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[82,579,353,595],\"text\":\"Anna shared Jon's description of TSA's concerns:\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[120,598,334,615],\"text\":\"“TSA says, 'It looks like a pipe bomb!'”\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,619,394,808],\"text\":\"While discussing the challenge, the researchers agreed that\\nthe \\\"pipe-bombishness\\\" may have been dramatized when Jon\\npassed on the story to the OTs and they to us. We questioned\\nwhat made the device seem threatening. A TSA represen-\\ntative on a hot-line for travelers with disabilities discussed\\nthe potential security concerns. She quickly dismissed the\\nnotion that agents had identified the device as a pipe bomb\\nbecause they would have tested it for explosive residues. She\\nconcluded that that the board was heavy—made of hardwood\\nand a steel pipe—and could be used like a baton or bat. The\\nproblem is probably a combination of the peculiarity of Jon's\\ndevice and the weight.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,808,394,954],\"text\":\"Our challenge was social not biological or ergonomic. It\\nwas crucial that TSA's perspective was accessible. Clinicians\\nbring a valuable clinical perspective to the design of AT, but\\nthat does not mean that the design of AT can exclude other\\nstakeholders' perspectives. The TSA agent's input reduced\\nour wicked problem — normalize and make an unusual and\\nvaguely threatening device socially acceptable — to an engi-\\nneering problem — reduce the weight so it cannot be used as\\nan effective blunt weapon.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,124,694,140],\"text\":\"The Limits of Consumer-Grade Digital Fabrication.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,140,746,283],\"text\":\"We reduced the board's weight by re-creating the original\\ndevice using lighter wood and carbon fiber. Since standard\\n3D printed plastics could not hold Jon's weight, we printed\\nconnectors between carbon fiber pipes on a MarkForged [2]\\nprinter with nylon and carbon filaments. Because carbon\\nfiber pipes are difficult to modify ( i.e. cut or join), we created\\nthe majority of the mechanism by assembling pieces that\\nhad been cut to standard sizes by the seller. We bound the\\nconnectors to the pipes with carbon fiber threads and resin.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,284,746,442],\"text\":\"By re-creating the original steel mechanism using car-\\nbon fiber, we made it significantly lighter. However, this\\nlimited us to prefabricated materials, which we purchased\\nonline [3] . Although the available pipe diameters could fit a\\nstandard wheelchair, Jon had an unusual wheelchair configu-\\nration that no available pipes fit. Unlike the thermoformable\\nsplint or flexible knife-grip, the rigid carbon-fiber composites\\ncannot be adapted on the fly. Further, limited to the sizes\\ncommercially available, we could not make the pipe fit the\\nwheelchair footrest.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,443,746,522],\"text\":\"In the end, Lorelai and Jon loved the final board design\\nbecause it was lightweight and novel. Although we could\\nnot fit the device to his current chair, Jon asked to keep the\\nnew transfer board. He hopes to find a set up that will fit the\\ndevice in the future.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,522,746,651],\"text\":\"Digital fabrication and customization have a role to play\\nin advancing AT, but due to limits on consumer technologies,\\nwhole classes of AT that require strength ( i.e. holding Jon's\\nweight) are currently out of reach. The values of digital fab-\\nrication in AT ( e.g. customizability, adaptability, ownership)\\nstill apply to this type of AT. Ongoing research to expand\\nthe materials and fabrication tools available to consumers\\nwill open new pathways in this space.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,651,747,922],\"text\":\"To summarize, the transfer board presented more of a chal-\\nlenge than the splint or knife grip and revealed the limitations\\nof consumer-fabrication in a clinical context. First, unlike the\\nsplint and knife grips which principally serve ergonomic\\nfunctions, the transfer board presented problems that were\\nprimarily social. Like the splint, the transfer board addressed\\ncultural expectations about AT, but the transfer board was\\nredesigned primarily to address social function (not resem-\\nbling a weapon) while social function (match Ron's skin)\\nwas a secondary consideration for Ron's splint. Julie and\\nSara appreciated that color choice, but prioritized medical\\ntreatment for Ron's condition. Further, once we re-framed\\nthe transfer board as a weight-reduction problem it required\\nmore advanced fabrication technologies than the splint or\\nthe grip. This pushed what we, fabrication researchers with\\nconsumer grade technologies, were capable of producing,\\nrather than what the clinicians could design.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 314\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300544/results/markdown/3290605-3300544_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300547/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300547", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/results/output_json/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[132,117,682,184],\"text\":\"Symbiotic Encounters: HCI and Sustainable\\nAgriculture\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[119,201,252,264],\"text\":\"Szu-Yu (Chin) Liu\\n\\nIndiana University\\nBloomington, IN, USA\\n\\ncynliu@iu.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[339,201,471,264],\"text\":\"Shaown Bardzell\\n\\nIndiana University\\nBloomington, IN, USA\\n\\nselu@indiana.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[563,201,688,264],\"text\":\"Jeffrey Bardzell\\n\\nIndiana University\\nBloomington, IN, USA\\n\\nj Bardzell@iastate.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,275,141,291],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,296,394,616],\"text\":\"Recent sustainable HCI research has advocated \\\"working\\nwith nature\\\" as a potentially efficacious alternative to\\nhuman efforts to control it; yet it is less clear how to do so.\\nWe contribute to the theoretical aspect of this research by\\npresenting an ethnographic study on alternative farming\\npractices, in which the farm is not so much a system but an\\nassemblage characterized by multiple systems or rationali-\\nties always evolving and changing. In them, relationships\\namong species alternate between mutually beneficial in\\none moment (or season), and harmful in the next. If HCI is\\nto participate in and to support working with nature, we\\nbelieve that it will have to situate itself within such\\nassemblages and temporalities. In this work, we look into\\ncontraditional users (e.g., nonhumans) and emerging\\nforms of uses (e.g., interactions between human and other\\nspecies) to help open a design space for technological\\ninterventions. We offer three ethnographic accounts in\\nwhich farmers—and ourselves as researchers—learn to\\nnotice, respond, and engage in symbiotic encounters with\\ncompanion species and the living soil itself.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,626,172,644],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[69,648,393,697],\"text\":\"• Social and professional topics $\\\\rightarrow$ Sustainability: •\\nHuman-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Empirical studies in\\ninteraction design.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,708,149,724],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,729,393,762],\"text\":\"Sustainable HCI, farming, posthumanism, Anthropocene,\\nassemblages, noticing differently, companion species\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,276,556,291],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,292,746,366],\"text\":\"Szu-Yu (Cyn) Liu, Shaowen Bandzell, and Jeffrey Jardzill. 2019.\\nSymbiotic Encounters: HCI and Sustainable Agriculture In CHI\\nConference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings\\n(CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.. ACM, New\\nYork, NY, USA, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300547\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,391,550,407],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,410,747,746],\"text\":\"We are living in an age of substantial environmental crises:\\nclimate change, water pollution, soil depletion, biodiversity\\nloss, and food crisis, just to name a few. In sustainable HCI,\\nthere are several ongoing threads aiming to address\\nenvironmental concerns: one develops theories and\\nmethods to support sustainable interaction design\\npractices [9, 10, 16, 63, 73–76, 83, 84] . another focuses on\\nhuman-food interaction, including farming, cooking,\\nconsumption, distribution, and disposal\\n[11, 33, 39, 47, 57, 67, 82] . Many have argued that building\\na more resilient future requires a broader shift of\\nperspective than monitoring and regulating individual\\nbehaviors [1, 14, 23, 24, 56, 71] . In response, some propose\\nconsidering the macro sociotechnical context within which\\nindividual behaviors are situated [14, 24, 60, 71] ; others call\\nattention to collective activism and community\\nengagement in supporting sustainable food practices\\n[16, 57, 82] . And a relatively new thread draws from\\nconcepts in posthumanism to incorporate the perspective\\nof nonhuman others, such as animals, plants, and fungi\\n[46, 51, 54, 80] .\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,746,746,955],\"text\":\"Nonanthropocentric HCI scholars argue that\\nhuman-centered design approaches are not sustainable,\\nand in fact they are catastrophic. For example, in the\\npursuit of labor efficiency and greater yields, industrial\\nfarming has developed high dependency on fertilizers and\\npesticides. Without adequately taking the capacity and\\nadaptability of the environment into consideration, these\\npractices have resulted in the production of drug-resistant\\npests and virulent diseases. To address the problems\\ncaused by human domination, HCI and design researchers\\nhave proposed de-centering humans in design\\n[22, 26, 54, 80] . By de-centering humans, they do not mean\\nto negate humans; on the contrary, it refers to placing\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,778,393,883],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are\\nnot made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies\\nbear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for com-\\nponents of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored.\\n\\nAbstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to\\npost on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission\\nand/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,885,279,898],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, U.K.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,900,393,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,925,262,954],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4493-5970-2/19-05. $310.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3296065.3300547\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 317\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/results/markdown/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300547/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300547", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/results/output_json/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,204],\"text\":\"humans in the ecology along with other species, a\\nrealization that humans are neither detached from nor in\\ncontrol of worldmaking. In other words,\\nnonanthropocentric HCI reorients our attention from a\\nhuman-centered agenda to a multispecies worldview [86] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,205,394,348],\"text\":\"As researchers who identify with this\\nnon-anthropocentric research agenda in HCI and design,\\nwe also recognize how far we are as a field from achieving\\nour collective potential in this area. Today, several theories\\nhave been explored and applied in HCI-natureculture\\n[50, 55, 72, 80] , posthumanism [13, 38, 44, 89] , global\\nassemblages [17, 18, 53]— but that as a community we've\\nonly just begun to unpack how this will translate into in\\nHCI theories, methodologies, and findings.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,348,395,762],\"text\":\"We contribute to this developing nonanthropocentric\\nHCI agenda through our ethnographic work on farms in\\nTaiwan. These produce food sustainably in part by building\\non symbiotic encounters between humans and\\nnon-humans, including insects, weeds, snails, and food\\nwaste. Guiding the study itself and our presentation of it\\nhere are a set of theories from posthumanism and multi-\\nspecies thinking, in particular, Donna Haraway's notion of\\n\\\"companion species\\\" [35, 36] and Anna Tsing's practice of\\n\\\"noticing differently\\\" [85] . We apply these theoretical re-\\nsources to support our interpretation of our ethnographic\\ndata. These theories help us to construct a perspective that\\nenables us to provide images of human/non-human\\ncollaboration, exemplifying how humans and natural\\nenvironments can cooperate for mutually beneficial ends.\\nIn doing so, we consider our contribution to be two-fold.\\nFirst, we respond to the call of de-centering humans in\\nsustainable HCI by making posthuman concepts more\\ntractable, grounded on our ethnography. Second, we\\nanalyze our ethnographic encounters with a layer of ab-\\nstraction concerning how these concepts and our empirical\\nstudy might bring new, nonanthropocentric perspectives\\nto different research interests in HCI, including potential\\nroles for technology to support symbolic encounters, as\\nwell as ways that HCI methodologies might themselves be\\ninfluenced by this work.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,773,188,790],\"text\":\"2 BACKGROUND\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,792,395,858],\"text\":\"We position this work broadly within the domain of\\nsustainable HCI, and more narrowly within a body of\\nrecent research pushing beyond human-centered\\napproaches to HCI.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,869,190,885],\"text\":\"2.1 Sustainable HCI\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,889,394,955],\"text\":\"According to U.N. 2017 annual report, approximately 821\\nmillion people are living in hunger, comprising 11% of the\\nglobal population [64]. Food crisis is a complicated issue\\nmerging together problems of climate change,\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,745,266],\"text\":\"urbanization, and various forms of pollution and resource\\ndepletion [65] . Recognizing the complexity of building a\\nsustainable food culture, Choi and Blevis [16] call for\\ntransdisciplinary collaboration and argue that building a\\nresilient future requires “an iterative and evolutionary\\nprocess involving interactions amongst people, place, and\\ntechnology.” We find this framework helpful because it\\nbreaks down an intricate issue into three domains to make\\nit more workable.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,267,746,650],\"text\":\"Farming research in HCI has explored different\\nsociotechnical environments where sustainable food\\npractices take place. Work in urban agriculture focuses on\\nencouraging community engagement, collective activism,\\nand citizen science [16, 39, 40, 67, 68, 82] . For example,\\nOdom's [67, 68] work on urban community gardens\\nreveals the members' resistance in implementing\\ntechnologies in their gardening practices but are widely\\ninterested in bringing visibility to urban agriculture sites\\nthrough web campaigns and workshops. Steup et al.'s [82]\\nstudy shows that small-scale farmers collectively act as a\\n\\\"tiny public\\\" to shift food sovereignty away from large\\nsupermarket chains to local food producers and policies.\\nOther researchers have looked into farming in rural areas\\nor developing regions where the cultural-material\\nconstructions are distinctive to the ones in urban spaces.\\nThis line of research tends to address challenges in\\ntechnology accessibility and adoption [31, 61, 69, 81, 88] .\\nFor example, a recent study in rural Kenya by Oduro at al.\\n[69] suggests that rural farmers are interested in accessing\\nfarming information that increase yields (e.g., soil fertility,\\ndistribution of irrigation water, and sales opportunities);\\nhowever, they are less tech savvy and require more\\nknowledge in order to utilize ICT technologies.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,651,746,874],\"text\":\"We are inspired by the current corpus of farming\\nresearch in HCI because they fuse cultural, political,\\neconomic, and technical concerns to construct a broader\\nunderstanding of sustainable food practices. However, if\\nwe go back to Choi and Blevis's framework [16] , we see\\nthat people and technology are often at the center of\\nanalysis. Instead, the notion of place is often loosely\\ndescribed in terms of its cultural-material constructions.\\nWhat is often backgrounded is how nonhuman\\nstakeholders—insects, pests, wild plants, bacteria,\\nmicroorganisms, and other critters—come into play.\\nAlthough nonhuman stakeholders comprise the major\\nlandscape of the farmlands, they remain relatively passive\\nand static in participating and shaping food cultures.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,874,746,954],\"text\":\"There are a few exceptions. For instance, in the spirit of\\ncreating sustainable global food systems, Raghavan et al.\\n[74] turn to agroecology: an farming method that\\nleverages ecological principles (e.g., the flow of natural\\nresources, the rhythm of growth) to produce high yields\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 317\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/results/markdown/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300547/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300547", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/results/output_json/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,299],\"text\":\"while reducing negative environmental impacts. Similarly,\\nLiu et al. [56] propose using the permaculture philosophy\\nof working with nature to replace the traditional control\\nmodel in industrial farming and sometimes in the agenda\\nof sustainable HCL. This line of research has made explicit\\nthat the natural environment—its rhythm, capability, limit,\\nand agency—bear potential in shaping sustainable food\\nculture. In the present work, we seek to surface the\\nmultispecies world in the farms. Specifically, we are\\ninterested in unpacking the interactions between human\\nand nonhuman stakeholders.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,310,380,328],\"text\":\"2.2 Strange Companions and Symbiotic Encounters\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,331,394,730],\"text\":\"HCI researchers have in recent years directed attention to\\nthe concept of Anthropocene [20] to understand and\\naccount for the impact of humanity on the planet. Specifi-\\ncally, several research proposals have advocated for the\\ndecentering of the human in technological design because\\nhuman exceptionality is problematic, and both human and\\nnon-human shape complex socio-technical entanglements\\n[21, 22, 26, 45] . For example, Smith et al. leverage key\\nconcepts in the Anthropocene—naturecultures, hybrids,\\nand decentering the human in design—to develop design\\nstrategies that refuge human-animal relations to support\\ncohabitation and presumably even redefine cohabitation\\n[80] . The posthumanist concept of “collaborative survival”\\nwas the jumping off point for Liu et al. to design a set of\\nwearable tools for mushroom foraging, and in the process,\\nexplore what post-anthropocentric design could mean\\n[54] . Light et al. challenge the prevailing “bovine design”\\nmodel that compromises the needs of other species in\\nservice of human superiority. They call for the turn to the\\nmore-than-human world because it is ... the least we\\nmight do as we strive for the grace to accompany\\nfellow-species towards their own (and perhaps our)\\nextinction.” [51] . How might HCI research and design\\nreconfigure itself to design for humans and nonhumans in\\na relational perspective?\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,730,394,955],\"text\":\"As a response to these challenges, we have taken up two\\nalternative analytical sensibilities from anthropology and\\nposthumanist scholarship: Anna Tsing's “noticing\\ndifferently” and Donna Haraway's “companion species”\\n[35, 85] . To introduce her understanding of “noticing\\ndifferently,” cultural anthropologist Ana Tsing recounted\\nher own experience learning polyphony, a style of music\\ncombining two or more individual melodies together. She\\nrecalls, “when I first learned polyphony, it was a revelation\\nin listening: I was forced to pick out separate,\\nsimultaneous melodies and to listen for the moments of\\nharmony and dissonance they created together” [85, p.24] .\\n“Noticing differently” refers to the ability to acknowledge\\nand simultaneously step in and out of multiple\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,746,236],\"text\":\"simultaneous frames of references. We can attend to a\\nsingle thread or a relationship. Sometimes those\\nrelationships are temporary but effective nonetheless. As\\nwe will show, noticing differently can mean perceiving the\\npotential of a temporary relationship and developing—or,\\nmore literally, cultivating—it. We view these as symbiotic\\nencounters, building on Tsing, who writes:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[451,242,715,433],\"text\":\"Twenty-first century research on organisms\\nranging from bacteria to insects to mammals\\nhas shown that symbiosis is a\\nnear-requirement for life [...] our bodies\\ncontain more bacterial cells than human ones.\\n[...] Life, put simply, is symbiosis 'all the way\\ndown.' As Donna Haraway suggests,\\nrecognizing the importance of symbiotic\\nmakings is just the beginning of 'staying with\\nthe trouble.' Symbiotic relations must be\\nconstantly renewed and negotiated within\\nlife's entanglements [86, p.M5].\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,439,746,504],\"text\":\"The farmers we studied are engaged in this work of\\nrenewing and negotiating within the entanglements that\\nconstitute their farm plots, in some cases even referencing\\ncontemporary theories of the Anthropocene.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,504,746,759],\"text\":\"A related concept is that of companion species, offered\\nby Donna Haraway [34, 35] . This concept emphasized\\nmoments when species meet, “ species interdependence is\\nthe name of the worldling game on earth, and that game\\nmust be one of response and respect. That is the play of\\ncompanion species learning to pay attention. Not much is\\nexcluded from the needed play, not technologies,\\ncommerce, organisms, landscapes, peoples, practices ” [35,\\np.19] . Accordingly, companion species is about\\ninterspecies relationality, calling our attention to the\\npresent when “ myriad unfinished configurations of places,\\ntimes, matters, meanings ” take place [36] . The call for the\\ncultivation and sustainment of the companionship be-\\ntween human and non-human go beyond the domesticated\\nand include all non-human actors, including plants, molds,\\nbacteria, and even those that pose a threat to humans.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,774,729,791],\"text\":\"3 RESEARCH LOCATION AND METHODOLOGY\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,793,746,906],\"text\":\"We have been researching bottom-up innovation, creative\\nindustries, and entrepreneurial life in Taiwan since 2011.\\nThe present work draws from and is informed by our\\nlong-term fieldwork, documented in [5, 7, 29, 30, 53, 56] . In\\nthe context of this paper, we foreground the ethnographic\\nfield research we conducted between June 2017 and August\\n2018 in two farming villages in rural Taiwan.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,906,746,954],\"text\":\"Sites. Pinglin district and Yilan counties are known in\\nTaiwan as hubs of agricultural experimentation. Many\\nfarmers in the two sites engage in eco-friendly farming,\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 317\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/results/markdown/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300547/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300547", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/results/output_json/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,252],\"text\":\"small-scale farming, organic farming, and AgTech farming.\\nCommon among them is the commitment to explore and\\npractice alternative farming activities to unsustainable\\nindustrial agriculture, with a particular focus on reducing\\nthe use of pesticides in farming and integrating more\\nharmonious between land, people, environment, and\\nresources. We provide some background on each below to\\nsituate our findings.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,252,394,538],\"text\":\"Pinglin, a rural town in Taiwan, is located in the moun- \\ntainous area in the south of Taipei City. Here, 80% of its \\nresidents are involved with tea-related activities on a daily \\nbasis, including growing, processing, managing, and trad- \\ning [42]. Tea trees are prone to pest attack, so conventional \\ntea cultivation relies heavily on pesticides and fertilizers to \\nensure the beauty and juiciness of tea leaves, and the \\nquantity of tea that can be harvested in any given season; \\nhowever, because of Pinglin's unique geological location, \\nlocal tea farmers work closely with government adminis- \\ntrations (e.g., Agriculture department in New Taipei City \\ngovernment, tea research and extension station under Ex- \\necutive Yuan), research institutions (e.g., National Taiwan \\nUniversity Graduate Institute of Building Planning), and \\nnon-profit organizations (e.g., Tse-Xin Organic Agriculture \\nFoundation) to experiment with different ways of cultiva- \\ntion [15, 28, 91, 94]. While less than 1% of farms in Taiwan \\nare certified organic, 6% of these in Pinglin are [15].\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,538,394,746],\"text\":\"The second site is Shengou Village (深溝村) in the rural\\nYuanshan township of Taiwan's Yilan County. In recent\\nyears, Yuanshan township has seen a surge of new\\ngeneration of farmers, many of whom are young (20s-40s),\\nformer city dwellers and professionals (e.g., lawyers,\\nengineers, biologists, cultural anthropologists, media\\nproducers, designers, and architects) with advanced\\ndegrees. Shengou Village is especially known for \\\"小農耕\\n群\\\" (small farmer collectives) who express a desire for a\\ndifferent kind of human-land relationship: they practice\\nand experiment with alternative farming techniques and\\nprinciples to address ever-increasing deleterious\\nenvironmental impacts [4] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,745,394,955],\"text\":\"Data Collection. Our data included fieldnotes, photos,\\naudio recordings, and artifact collections from farmlands\\nwhich included flyers, catalogs, and booklets farmers\\ncreated to promote their products, community-building\\nactivities and events among others. Interviews were\\nconducted in Mandarin Chinese, and the English quotes in\\nthis paper were all translated by the authors. Two of the\\nauthors are native of Taiwan and native speakers of\\nChinese; the other, born in the US, has conversational com-\\npetence in Mandarin. Our interlocutors include farmers,\\nresidents of farmlands we visited, agricultural policy\\nmakers in Taiwan, and more. Since Taiwanese farmers\\nengage in activities and practices both off line in person\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,315],\"text\":\"and online virtually (e.g., announcing events, exchanging\\nhow-to tips, and documenting and sharing farming\\nactivities in forums and social media such as Facebook), it\\nwas necessary to engage with subjects in their own terms,\\nso we also employed a set of digital ethnographic\\napproaches [12, 41, 59, 62] to examine how experimental\\nagricultural activities and interaction unfolds virtually and\\nhow farmers interface with others outside of the farming\\ncommunities, including other farmers and consumers. We\\ndeveloped a customized scraper tool to automate the\\ncollection of posts and comment threads from Facebook,\\nwith individual items numbering in the tens of thousands.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,316,746,666],\"text\":\"Interpretive Procedures. The research team conducted\\ndata analysis through a procedure known as explicacion de\\ntexe [70] , or close reading, an analytical method\\noriginating in the humanities [3] . Two of the three\\nresearchers involved in the analysis have doctoral training\\nin the humanities and are experienced with this analytical\\npractice; the third is a design ethnographer who is also\\nexperienced at critical interpretation. Broadly, the\\nexplicaton de texte proceeded as follows: initially, the\\nanalyst seeks to build a literacy with the main contents of\\nthe texts. This literacy, which might be characterized as\\nknowledge that any other reader would also share,\\ngradually develops into a sensitivity for the particular data\\nset. Developing it, we examined our interlocutors's use of\\ndiction, metaphor, narrative structures, allusive\\nresonances, and connotation, etc. This phase followed an\\niterative and dialogic process, alternating between reading\\nalone and reading together, and between reading theory\\nand analyzing textual data — mutually informing one\\nanother until a picture emerged that seemed to fit with\\nparticipant discourses and activities, our inquiry goals,\\ntheoretical resources, and our own experiences.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,677,723,694],\"text\":\"4 EXPERIMENTS IN SYMBIOTIC ENCOUNTERS\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,698,746,842],\"text\":\"In the following sections, we offer three accounts from our\\nethnographic work focusing on symbiotic encounters. As\\nis common in critical intellectual traditions, we move from\\nrelatively descriptive accounts of our object of inquiry (to\\nestablish a basis of mutual understanding) towards\\nincreasingly interpretative ones (to develop our original\\ncontribution). Thus, each of our vignettes is initially\\ndescriptive, while more interpretative claims are offered\\nlater, particularly in the Discussion.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,853,698,871],\"text\":\"4.1 Oriental Beauty and the Frog King’s Beast\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,874,746,955],\"text\":\"The fieldwork took us to organic tea farms in Pinglin in the\\nsummer of 2017. Tea farmer Chen Lu-He (陳蔭合), a\\nPinglin native, spent much of his career at Panasonic\\nbefore retiring and returning to his hometown to take up\\nfarming. Chen was financially stable at this phase of his\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 317\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/results/markdown/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300547/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300547", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/results/output_json/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,252],\"text\":\"life, so he wanted to experiment with ways that he can\\ngive back. Chen is known for being a pioneer in organic\\nfarming in Pinglin, nicknamed the \\\"frog king\\\" for his\\ndedication to preserving local environment and wildlife\\n[93] . We visited Chen's Green Light tea farm, which sits on\\ntop of the mountains overlooking Beishi River, one of the\\nwater sources of the Feitsui Dam that a quarter of the total\\npopulation in Taiwan relies on.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,252,394,427],\"text\":\"Previous research [15, 78, 79, 92] has shown that\\nTaiwan's world-famous oriental beauty (東方美人茶) and\\nhoney scanned tea (蜜香茶) are the a result of tea farmers\\nhaving an effective relationship with non-human actors (in\\nthis case, bugs) in tea cultivation. In fact, oriental beauty\\nand honey scanned tea become popular because of a\\ndistinctive fruity and sweet-like-honey aroma during\\nbrewing. These aromas are triggered by Jacobaea\\nFormosana (小葉綠茶), a small leaf hopper that feeds on\\ntea buds and leaves. Chen showed us how to recognize the\\n\\\"infected\\\" leaves (Figure 1):\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[99,428,361,493],\"text\":\"This leaf has been stung by the leafhoppers, that\\nis why it's yellow and stunted... if you don't use\\nspray pesticide you will see these leafhoppers in\\nthe tea farm.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_005.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_005.png\",\"bbox\":[67,503,395,656],\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A close-up view shows a dense cluster of green tea leaves, featuring both mature dark green leaves and lighter, vibrant green new shoots and buds. The young leaves are concentrated towards the center, appearing delicate and freshly unfurled. The overall scene is lush and verdant, indicative of plant growth.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,667,393,728],\"text\":\"Figure 1: The yellow and stunted foliage in the back is in-\\nfected by leafhoppers; the ones rolled up are the nests of the\\ntea tortrix; and those with burning dots have been attacked\\nby stink bugs. Photo taken by the authors.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,746,394,954],\"text\":\"The leafhoppers are extremely small, measuring just\\n0.1-inch-long, making it hard to be detected through naked\\neyes. Farmers in Taiwan often call them (in the Taiwanese\\ndialect) Ian-a (挺 台 ) or fuchenzi ( 泽 麥子 ), written as\\n\\\"floating dust\\\" in Chinese) to illustrate their diminutive\\nsize and prevalence during summer and autumn when\\ntheir population peak [87] . Chen pulled out his phone to\\nshow us a close-up of this insect. He also showed us the\\nneedle-like probosis of the leafhoppers, which penetrates\\nthe tissues of the tea leaves for its juice. The insect-bitten\\ntea leaves produce two kinds of chemicals: one is the\\nso-called Ian-a smell ( 雞仔味 ), which attracts spiders that\\neat the leafhoppers; meanwhile the plant produces another\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,172],\"text\":\"chemical repair the damage to its leaves, causing a\\nchemical change in the leaf that results in the natural\\nhoney scent during tea brewing.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,173,746,315],\"text\":\"Recent biochemical studies indicate that the damage\\ndone by the leafhopper activates a defensive response and\\nsignificantly increases a fragrant compound, which\\ncontributes to the sweet note of the tea [25, 78] . It is worth\\nnoting that the quality and quantity of tea depends heavily\\non the leafhoppers—the damage has to be done in the right\\namount and at the right time, because tea leaves of\\ndifferent ages react differently to the same bite, and too\\nmuch damage increases the bitterness of the tea [79] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,316,746,459],\"text\":\"Cultivating oriental beauty and honey scented tea thus\\ninvolves an intricate interaction between farmer and the\\nnon-human world, where leafhoppers are key actors.\\nWhile leafhoppers cause physical damage to the foliage\\nand reduce the yield of the season, they also contribute to\\nthe production of the distinct honey aroma, making the tea\\na highly sought-after commodity. They also attract the\\nspiders that prevent their overpopulation—solving two\\ndifficult and unrelated problems at once.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,460,746,571],\"text\":\"Organic tea farmers in Pingling actively facilitate an\\nalternative engagement with the natural environment by\\nrelinquishing control, including the use of both fertilizers\\nand pesticides. In her exploration of permaculture\\nmovement as an alter-biopolitical intervention, Maria Puig\\nde la Bellacasa describes permaculture ethics as the\\nengagement with\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[452,578,714,724],\"text\":\"the consequences of living in naturecultures,\\nrecognizing the interdependency of all forms\\nof life—humans and their technologies,\\nanimals, plants, microorganisms, elemental\\nresources such as air and water, as well as the\\nsoil we feed on. It thus deentrees human\\nethical subjectivity by not considering humans\\nas masters nor even as protectors of, but as\\npart of earth's living beings. [72, p.152]\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,730,746,825],\"text\":\"In the case of tea farmers and leafhoppers in Taiwanese\\ntea farms, by decentering the needs of the human (i.e.,\\nmaintaining bugs-free tea farms), a different relationship\\nbetween the non-human and human emerges, one that is\\nbased on appreciation, affection, and responsibility as\\nopposed to interspecies conflict and competition.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,826,746,954],\"text\":\"A skeptical reader might consider Chen's tea farm as yet\\nanother example of control—one that is carefully arranged\\nto attract leachoppers to consume the foliage, triggering\\nthe defensive mechanism in the leaves to release a unique\\nhoney scented aroma and elevate the value of the tea. A\\nrecent agriculture research project attempted to generate\\nthe unique honey aroma and mass produce oriental beauty\\nby injecting tea leaves with identical chemical compounds\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,997,125,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 317\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,997,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/results/markdown/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300547/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300547", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/results/output_json/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,316],\"text\":\"that are original produced by the leafhoppers [78] . In this\\ncounter scenario, humans replicate and take full control of\\nthe production of honey aroma mechanism in a lab setting,\\ntaking the leafhoppers and spiders out of the equation\\ncompletely. The difference between the two models is\\nclear: while one focuses on instrumentality, requiring less\\ntime, and thus ensuring greater and more reliable\\navailability of the honey scanned teas, the other is about\\ncultivation and sustainable collective caring, an aspect of\\npermaculture we shall turn to in the next section. It is a\\nfeature — not a bug [sic] — that humans derive immediate\\nbenefit as well as the non-human participants.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,328,198,344],\"text\":\"4.2 The Weed Hacker\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,347,394,618],\"text\":\"Moving back to Shengou Village in Yalin, we worked with\\nChen Xing-Yan (陳幸延), a 30-year old\\nengineer-turned-farmer who settled in the village four\\nyears ago. Xing-Yan is the founder of Open Hack Farm, a\\ngroup of farmers and technologists dedicated to leveraging\\nopen source and LASS (location aware sensor systems) to\\ninnovate on agricultural productivity in a sustainable way.\\nFor example, he developed \\\"Farmer's Helper,\\\" a chat bot to\\nhelp farmers obtain information about the weather and\\nsuitable crops to grow in a given season. The chat bot also\\noffers alerts on extreme weather conditions (e.g.,\\nthunderstorm) and possible pest attack. The Facebook\\ngroup for Open Hack Farm has 1400+ members, and\\nsimilar AgTech groups in Taiwan such as Smart Agri,\\nAgriHarvest, Data-driving Farming, and Agricultural\\nTechnology Research Institute have combined followers\\nmeasuring over 75,000.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,619,394,955],\"text\":\"Sitting by the ditch of a country side road, Xing-Yan's field\\nappeared to us more like a wasteland than a farmland:\\nhundreds of crops, flower, trees, and weeds all jammed\\ntogether in a 0.24 acres space, and it was hard for us to\\ndistinguish the wild from the cultivated. Xing-Yan's field\\ncreates a sharp contrast to the ones surrounding his: those\\nfeature rows of crops, demarcated walkways, wooden\\nscaffolds that support the climbing plants, and screens\\ncovering the crops that are vulnerable to pests. One might\\neasily mistake Xing-Yan's field as an abandoned land with\\nlittle sign of human attention. Xing-Yan nicknamed his\\ngarden 草草陂事 (cao cao liao shi), which sounds like the\\nChinese idiom 草草了事 (literally doing things hastily and\\ncarelessly). The play on the words is significant: Xing-Yan\\ndid not use the character 卫 for \\\"do\\\" or \\\"act\\\" originally\\nused in the idiom; instead, he substituted in the character\\n瞭 that sounds like (and almost rhymes with)\\n\\\"understand,\\\" but suggests appreciation—notions of\\nintention and care, the exact opposite of what the idiom\\nconnotes. Indeed, by working alongside Xing-Yan during\\nour multiple visits to Shengou Village, we came to\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,745,188],\"text\":\"understand Xing-Yan's unique farming practice, including\\nhow he understands what constitutes \\\"harmful\\\" plants in\\nhis field and how he responds through special practices of\\nweeding and composting.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,189,745,316],\"text\":\"We joined his weeding routine in a hot and humid\\nsummer afternoon in 2018. Weeding to Xing-Yan is not\\nabout removing all the non-crop plants from his field, only\\nthe ones in the Poaceae and Cyperaceae families in plant\\ntaxonomy, because they reproduce in a fast pace and can\\neasily dominate the farmland. Plants in the Poaceae family\\nare easily recognized because of their prickly leaves.\\nXing-Yan explains,\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[452,320,715,448],\"text\":\"these plants produce thousands of seeds in a\\nsingle plant, making it extremely difficult to\\nremove [...] I prioritize the Poaceae family\\nwhen I weed. And of course, it is not enough to\\nbe selective in weeding, you also need to refine\\nthe soil to make it suitable for more advanced\\nplants to grow, so they can compete against\\nthe Poaceae family.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,452,745,483],\"text\":\"He made a comparison between his and surrounding\\nfields:\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[452,487,715,615],\"text\":\"If you compare my field to the ones next to\\nmine, you can see all the weeds in those are\\nthe prickly kinds [...] I've already done several\\nrounds of weeding, so there are not so many\\nPoaceae plants in my field. Although it's pretty\\nmessy right now and needs more work to\\nclean it up, the remaining weeds are the ones\\nwith broad leaves, even ferns.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,619,746,955],\"text\":\"These weeds, in Xing-Yan's eyes, are companions to the\\ncrops he is growing (the word he uses is 共伴 , literally \\\"to\\naccompany\\\" or \\\"to be a companion\\\"). The practice of\\n\\\"companion planting\\\" in agriculture traditionally refers to\\nthe planting of different crops in proximity for a variety of\\ndifferent reasons, including maximizing the space, pest\\ncontrol, pollination among others. Native Americans, for\\nexample, planted corn, beans, and squash together,\\nreferring to them as the \\\"three sisters,\\\" because they com-\\nplement and enhance each other [49] . Companion planting\\nis a common strategy in polyculture (defined as the use of\\nmultiple crops in the same space) and permaculture (an\\nagricultural philosophy that aims to leverage patterns seen\\nin the ecosystem) as a way to cultivate and maintain\\nbiodiversity. Here, Xing-Yan extends that logic to weeds,\\ninstead of planting other crops in his field to increase yield,\\nhe regards weeds as \\\"companion crops\\\" (\\\"共伴\\\") to his rice\\nbecause they cover the soil to maintain its moisture, offer\\nshelter to the critters in his field, help compete against the\\ninvasive weeds, and provide sugar glucose through\\nphotosynthesis to feed the microorganisms in the soil. It\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 317\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/results/markdown/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300547/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300547", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/results/output_json/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,172],\"text\":\"might not, on first glance, be much to look at, but as [86]\\nargues, \\\"Co-species survival requires arts of imagination as\\nmuch as scientific specifications.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,172,395,571],\"text\":\"Another time we returned to find Xing-Yan weeding and\\ncomposting. Xing-Yan insisted on using his own hands\\nrather than machines to ensure that the roots of these\\nplants are clear and the damage done to the soil is\\nminimized. He compressed the weeds he removed from the\\nfield into many bundles. Two days later we returned to\\nXing-Yan's field to observe and participate in his compost-\\ning practice. In the front of the field sits a large area\\ncovered by black tarps. Xing-Yan had placed wood planks,\\ntree branches, and farming tools on top of the tarps to pre-\\nvent them from being blown away by the wind. The weed\\nbundles he removed from the field a few days ago—most of\\nthem were now brittles due to the burning sun—also sat on\\ntop of the tarps (Figure 2 ). Underneath the tarps was a\\nlarge pile of compost soil—black, moist, fine, and\\nabundance of living lives such as ants, earthworms, and\\ncentipedes. The soil was made from weeds that Xing-Yan\\nmoved from his field before: the ones belong to the\\nPoaceae and Cyperaceae family. We transported some of\\nthe old compost soil to a plastic bin for storage. The plastic\\nbin was divided into two separate storage spaces, measur-\\ning approximately 30 inches wide and 60 inches long each.\\nXing-Yan then plowed the leftover compost with the rake\\nto let it breathe; the weeds that we collected two days ago\\nwere then added to the pile, creating a fluffy texture.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_004.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[68,583,395,735],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"An outdoor scene shows a garden or field with a concrete path and drain on the left, leading to a bed covered in black tarp and dry mulch. To the right are rows of lush green plants, possibly turmeric or ginger, with a person bending over to tend to them in the distance. Blue containers are visible near the concrete path in the foreground.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,746,393,792],\"text\":\"Figure 2: The haphazard appearance of Xing-Yan's farm be-\\nlieys its sophisticated arrangement of recycling and care.\\nPhoto taken by the authors.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,808,394,953],\"text\":\"Xing-Yan told us that water is an essential ingredient in\\nfacilitating the composting process but not the most\\nimportant. He headed toward a blue bucket resting at end\\nof the compost by the ditch. The liquid inside the bucket\\nwas dark, and it immediately filled the air with a nasty,\\nrotten odor when cover was removed. Xing-Yan poured a\\nscoop of the dark liquid to the weeds on the compost pile.\\nSensing our puzzlement about the liquid, Xing-Yan told us\\nit included\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[452,125,713,205],\"text\":\"all kinds of fermented fluids... I just dump\\neverything expired into the bucket... it doesn't\\nreally matter... I also put some rice and bread\\nin the liquid because it needs flour... I mean\\nthey need vitamins.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,213,746,390],\"text\":\"The \\\"they\\\" Xing-Yan referred to are microorganisms in\\nthe rotting liquid, and the \\\"vitamin\\\" is the nutrient which\\nthey feed on. Characteristic of all of Xing-Yan's practice is\\na dialectic between apparent haphazardness and a sophisti-\\ncated arrangement of care. His farm looks messy to the\\neye, and yet its weed management is superior to that of its\\nneighbors. Even its name is based on an idiomatic expres-\\nsion for carelessness, with a pun that inverts its meaning.\\nHarmful and even threatening weeds are bundled with\\ncare, then layered with fermented expired foods, which\\nbecome vitamins that nourish his crops and heal his soil.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,406,562,423],\"text\":\"4.3 Toppling the Scales\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,426,747,905],\"text\":\"Tucked away in Shengou village (深溝村), the Yilan-based\\nLand Dyke Family Farm is an experimental farming collec-\\ntive founded in 2012 by social activist Shawn Wu. The\\nname Land Dyke was coined by American eco-feminists in\\nthe 1970s at the height of returning-to-the-land movement\\n[52] . Its Chinese name is \\\"Tulake\\\" (土拉客). The name in\\nMandarin Chinese means \\\"using land to greet people,\\\" but\\nwhen pronounced in Taiwanese dialect, it shares the same\\nsound as the words for farm trucks. Unlike the separatist\\nideal celebrated by early lesbian farmers in the US fighting\\nagainst patriarchy, the six feminist queer farmers take\\ninspiration from its principles of collective cooperation in\\norder to create a more community-based agriculture. They\\nlearned how to grow vegetables from 73-year-old Zhu\\nMei-chiao, a female veteran vegetable farmer and decided\\nto live and work together in Shengou village with rice\\ncultivation as the primary crop and fruit and vegetables as\\nsupplement. Like other small-scale friendly farmers (\\\"友善\\n小農\\\" or \\\"youshan xiaomong\\\") in Yuanshan township, Land\\nDyke is committed to eco-friendly farming and follows the\\nsustainability principles established by the \\\"Yilan\\nEco-friendly Smallholder Farmers' Alliance\\\": it forbids\\npesticides, chemical fertilizers, and harming lives if they do\\nnot harm the crops, and the use of imported supplies [43] .\\nIn practice, Land Dyke insists that after the grains have\\nbeen harvested and dried, they will not be treated with\\nchemical preservatives. They also hand-collect golden\\ntreasure snails ( 禤壽螺 or 金寶螺 ), a major pest of rice\\nagriculture in Taiwan and across Asia, as opposed to\\nkilling them with pesticides.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,905,746,955],\"text\":\"On July 20th, 2018, Land Dyke released a long post on\\ntheir blog and Facebook page documenting their ongoing\\nstruggles with scales—tiny insects that suck sap from the\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 317\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/results/markdown/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300547/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300547", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/results/output_json/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,221],\"text\":\"citrus trees and then secret honeydew, a sticky and sugary \\nsubstance, onto the leaves and branches. Ant colonies are \\nattracted by the honeydew and feast on it, further \\ndamaging the trees. The honeydew also attracts a sooty \\nmold that grows on the leaves of the affected plants, \\ninterfering the photosynthesis process [2, 87].\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,221,395,507],\"text\":\"The two farmers tell the story of their eventual and\\nheart-breaking decision to go against their eco-farming\\nprinciples and use pesticides in order to save the citrus\\ncrops. They witnessed the gradual decline of the affected\\ncitrus trees over a period of four months in the spring of\\n2018, first with falling twigs and branches, followed by the\\ndevelopment of sooty mold covering all over the plants\\n(Figure 3 ). They tell of their anguished decision to use\\npesticides in an attempt to save the orchard. But the use of\\nchemical pesticides proved to be too little too late: after\\nLand Dyke applied chemical pesticides in the citrus\\norchard in July, the scale infestation continued, and they\\ncaused further damage when the wasps who used to reside\\nin the orchard abandoned it the day after the chemical\\nspray. They did eventually save the trees; however, they\\nlater disclosed on a blog that the harvested citrus fruits had\\n0.01ppm of pesticide residue, leaving it up to consumers to\\ndetermine if they wanted to purchase them [48] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_004.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[68,519,393,669],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A split image shows two natural scenes: the left features a red ladybug on green leaves with small white buds, while the right displays a tree with green leaves and branches, some appearing discolored or covered in a white powdery substance.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,681,393,713],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Healthy (left) vs. scale-infested citrus trees in Land\\nDyke orchard (Image credit: Land Dyke).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,730,395,955],\"text\":\"NaiNai and GuaGua (the two Land Dyke farmers who\\ncared for the orchard) first noticed the presence of scale\\ninsects in March when the citrus trees started to bloom.\\nScale insects feed on the sap of citrus trees and secrete\\nhoneydew, which accumulate on the foliage, fruits, and\\nbranches. When the insect infestation is severe, it can wipe\\nout the entire orchard. Between March and June, NaiNai,\\nGuaGuo, and other members of Land Dyke had done what\\nthey could with all the non-chemical control methods,\\nsuch as wiping and washing affected leaves with\\nlukewarm water and soap, flushing the infected part of the\\norchid with water, physically destroying ant nests on the\\ntrees, and spraying the infested plants with neem oil (an\\norganic and biodegradable broad-spectrum pesticide).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,220],\"text\":\"Nothing seemed to work, and the scale insects gained\\nmore ground, in part because of the unusually high\\ntemperature in the region, the delay of the monsoon\\nseason, and the low quantity of ladybugs, the scale insects'\\nnatural predators (and thus beneficial insects to the citrus\\ntree) were not enough in quantity to combat scale insects.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,221,745,282],\"text\":\"After four months of battle and struggle, the farmers \\nmade the painful decision to use non-natural pesticides for \\nscale eradication. NaiNai motivated their decision thus: \\nincluded\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,287,713,335],\"text\":\"We can no longer bear to watch these fruit trees\\ndie... we love them, we lack the strength and the\\ncourage to watch them die. [43]\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,340,745,372],\"text\":\"At the same time, they were also concerned about their\\nlivelihood and felt responsible for their neighbours':\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,376,714,488],\"text\":\"It usually takes 6 years of nurturing before\\nfruit trees can start having stable yield... we\\ndid not have enough capital to survive 6 years\\nwith no income. Further, if we don't act now,\\nwhat happens when scale infestation spreads\\nto the nearby orchards, affecting our\\nneighboring farmers' livelihood?\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,492,746,553],\"text\":\"They were stricken with guilt for not acting sooner; at the\\nsame time, they wondered about the timing when natural\\nmeasures stop working and chemical pesticides need to take\\nover:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,558,714,622],\"text\":\"If we could have made the decision earlier, could\\nwe have only had to spray once and reduce the\\nharms that chemical compounds have posted to\\nthe land to its minimum?\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,627,746,659],\"text\":\"She continued, reflecting on the challenges of practicing\\neco-farming:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[453,662,714,773],\"text\":\"Does eco-friendly farming only mean the\\neradication of all chemical fertilizers,\\npesticides? To me, there is no standard\\ndefinition to eco-friendly farming. [Instead.] it\\nis all based on the trust the consumers have on\\nthe farmers and the goodwill the farmers\\ninvest in the land.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,778,747,954],\"text\":\"In describing the condition of the Anthropocene,\\nSwanson and her colleagues relates it to the \\\"suffering\\nfrom the hills of another species\\\" for humans and\\nnonhumans alike [86] . The Land Dyke account shows the\\nvulnerability of their encounter where the fate of one\\nspecies change the entire ecosystem with no clear\\n\\\"winners\\\" because \\\"entanglement with others makes life\\npossible, but when one relationship goes awry, the\\nrepercussions ripple\\\" [86, p.M5] . The Land Dyke example\\ndoes not have a magical twist nor a happy ending,\\nreminding us that being Eco-Friendly sometimes simply\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 317\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300547/results/markdown/3290605-3300547_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300550/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300550", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/results/output_json/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,94,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[108,119,707,214],\"text\":\"Pseudo-Haptic Weight: Changing the Perceived\\nWeight of Virtual Objects By Manipulating\\nControl-Display Ratio\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[114,233,262,295],\"text\":\"Majed Samad\\nFacebook Reality Labs\\nRedmond, Washington\\nmajed.samad@oculus.com\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[343,233,471,296],\"text\":\"Elia Gatti\\n\\nFacebook Reality Labs\\nRedmond, Washington\\n\\nelia.gatti@oculus.com\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[552,234,699,295],\"text\":\"Anne Hermes\\n\\nFacebook Reality Labs\\n\\nRedmond, Washington\\n\\nanne.hermes@oculus.com\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[235,308,362,373],\"text\":\"Hrvote Benko\\n\\nFacebook Reality Labs\\nRedmond, Washington\\n\\nbenko@fbb.com\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[444,308,589,374],\"text\":\"Cesare Parise\\n\\nFacebook Reality Labs\\nRedmond, Washington\\ncesare.parise@oculus.com\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_009.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[66,392,747,568],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A three-panel sequence illustrates a real hand interacting with a cubic wooden object, which has multiple gray-sphered rods protruding from it. This wooden object is progressively separated from a black, abstract-shaped object held by a cartoonish beige hand. The scene takes place against a blurred indoor background.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,579,746,623],\"text\":\"Figure 1: An illustration of the Control/Display Ratio manipulation utilized in the experiment. The user is shown lifting an\\noptically tracked cube with the corresponding virtual representation, the movements of which are a fraction of the user's\\nmovements.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,629,141,646],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,651,396,795],\"text\":\"In virtual reality, the lack of kinesthetic feedback often pre-\\nvents users from experiencing the weight of virtual objects.\\nControl-to-display (C/D) ratio manipulation has been pro-\\nposed as a method to induce weight perception without\\nkinesthetic feedback. Based on the fact that lighter (heavier\\n) objects are easier (harder) to move, this method induces\\nan illusory perception of weight by manipulating the ren-\\ndered position of users' hands — increasing or decreasing\\ntheir displayed movements. In a series of experiments we\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,630,747,759],\"text\":\"demonstrate that C/D-ratio induces a genuine perception of\\nweight, while preserving ownership over the virtual hand.\\nThis means that such a manipulation can be easily introduced\\nin current VR experiences without disrupting the sense of\\npresence. We discuss these findings in terms of estimation of\\nphysical work needed to lift an object. Our findings provide\\nthe first quantification of the range of C/D-ratio that can be\\nused to simulate weight in virtual reality.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,769,525,787],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[421,791,746,839],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Mixed / augmented re-\\nality, Virtual reality, Haptic devices, HCI theory, concepts\\nand models; User interface programming.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,850,502,867],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,872,732,888],\"text\":\"pseudo-haptics; multisensory integration; virtual weight\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,893,554,908],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[422,909,746,954],\"text\":\"Majed Samad, Elia Gatti, Anne Hermes, Hrvoje Benko, and Cesare\\nParise. 2019. Pseudo-Haptic Weight: Changing the Perceived Weight\\nof Virtual Objects By Manipulating Control-Display Ratio. In CHI\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,817,396,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are\\nnot made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies\\nbear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-\\nparty components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact\\nthe owner/author(s).\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,898,275,954],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\\n\\nc 2019 Copying held by the owner(s)/author(s).\\n\\nACM ISBN 978-1-4305-5970-2/21-05.\\n\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290653.3305058\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\",\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 320\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/results/markdown/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300550/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300550", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/results/output_json/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,169],\"text\":\"Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings\\n(CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK . ACM, New York,\\nNY, USA, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300550\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,195,197,213],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,217,395,439],\"text\":\"Fully immersive virtual reality (VR) presents many technical\\nchallenges in its effort to provide the user with believable\\nand rich experiences. One of the biggest and potentially most\\nvexing of these is the lack of kinesthetic (force feedback) cues.\\nWhen one lifts an object, the stretch and elongation receptors\\nin the muscles and tendons convey to the brain how much\\nload is being placed on the musculoskeletal system as well as\\nthe extension and rotation of the limb. When a user grasps a\\npurely virtual object — that is, an object that does not exist\\nin the physical world, but which can be interacted with in\\nVR — the arm does not receive kinesthetic cues, and moves\\nwithout being encumbered by an additional mass. In the\\nabsence of kinesthetic feedback, therefore, other means need\\nto be used to deliver the perception of “weight” .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[82,439,336,456],\"text\":\"This paper makes the following contributions:\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[87,462,396,624],\"text\":\"• Formulating the weight perception problem in VR as\\na physical work estimation problem\\n• Proposing a method for simulating the weight of vir-\\ntual objects by manipulating the control-to-display\\n(C/D) ratio\\n• Reporting a series of experiments that quantify the\\nrelationship between C/D ratios and the perception of\\nweight\\n• Providing a predictive model of weight perception for\\ninteraction designers\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,630,395,775],\"text\":\"The primary appeal of this work is that it provides a prin-\\ncipled way in which to design VR experiences that simul-\\ntaneously achieves two goals: a) to give users a perceptual\\nexperience of the weight of virtual objects, and b) to preserve\\nthe sense of ownership over the virtual limbs as well as the\\noverall sense of presence. Framing the model as the result of\\na work estimation process provides interaction and experi-\\nence designing with a way to induce a directional modulation\\nof perceived weight of virtual objects.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,788,198,804],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,808,395,954],\"text\":\"Rendering the weight of virtual objects constitutes a chal-\\nlenge for VR applications. Grounded haptic devices have\\nbeen proposed as a solution to this problem. Such devices\\ncan deliver forces to users to simulate mass and weight of\\nobjects, and stiffness and damping forces. However, such\\nhaptic devices must be grounded on the floor, often have a\\nlimited workspace, and thus may not appeal to the average\\ncustomer. These drawbacks clearly collide with the recent\\ndevelopment of VR, which is becoming more ubiquitous and\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,155],\"text\":\"affordable by the year, and which aims to continue to expand\\nthe usable virtual space with untethered devices.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,156,746,331],\"text\":\"Some authors have proposed body-grounded devices to\\nprovide haptics to users of VR, such as the elastic-arm device\\n[1] , the FlexFingers device that utilizes passive haptics to\\ncreate a sense of stiffness for virtual objects [2] , among others\\n[25] . Relatedly, Choi et al., have recently presented \\\"Grabity\\\",\\nwhich is a body mounted device that combines provided\\nkinesthetic and vibrotactile feedback simulating grip forces\\nthat are cleverly oriented to always point downwards and\\ntherefore can provide a sensation of weight [4] . Despite their\\nappeal, body-grounded devices are encumbering and can\\nlimit the user's naturalistic range of motion.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,332,746,476],\"text\":\"An alternative is provided by the so-called \\\"pseudo-haptic\\nfeedback\\\" [13] . In general, pseudo-haptic feedback induces\\nthe illusory perception of some haptic cue by introducing\\nconflicts across the senses. For example, introducing an off-\\nset between the real and rendered position of the hand while\\npushing against a virtual object conveys the illusion of stiff-\\nness [14] . Similar methods have been shown to be effec-\\ntive in redirected walking [18, 22] and redirected touching\\n[3, 11, 12] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,476,747,841],\"text\":\"Pseudo-haptics has also been proposed as a method to\\nsimulate the \\\"weight\\\" of objects [5, 9, 16, 19] . In the so-called\\nforce-causes-displacement metaphor [16] , for example, the\\nforce that is desired to be simulated can be rendered by dis-\\nplacing the visual object upon which the force is made to\\nhave acted. In their study, Palmerius and colleagues used a\\nsimulated spring linked to a visual cursor that participants\\nused to pick up several virtual cubes of varying implied mass\\n[16] . The spring conveyed the mass of the cubes in the extent\\nof stretching it underwent. Similarly, Jauregui and colleagues\\ninvestigated three different methods for simulating weight\\nlifting [9] . The most effective method was to manipulate the\\ncontrol/display (C/D) ratio between the body's movements\\nand the visual display of those movements. Dominion and\\ncolleagues also used a manipulation of C/D ratio along with\\nactual physical mass and observed a systematic modulation\\nof participants' perceptions of mass [5] . Nakajoki and col-\\nleagues used a similar method to create the sense of mass of\\nobjects interacted with on a computer screen [15] . However,\\nnone of these studies were conducted in virtual reality. This\\nmeans that they did not include a first-person perspective\\nand visible contact between hand and object, greatly limiting\\nthe naturalism of the interaction.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,842,746,954],\"text\":\"In fact, when introducing conflict between the real and the\\ndisplayed position of the hand in VR, there is the non-trivial\\nrisk of breaking the embodiment “ sense of presence ” of the\\nusers, spoiling their experience in the virtual environments\\n[21] . Recently, Rietzler and colleagues [19] implemented an\\nalgorithm similar to C/D ratio manipulation, and found that\\nusers' experience decreased in quality for large differences\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 320\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/results/markdown/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300550/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300550", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/results/output_json/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,188],\"text\":\"between the positions of the real and virtual hands. Nonethe-\\nless, their paper constitutes a strong argument in favor of\\npseudo-haptic illusions as a means of rendering weight in\\nVR.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,189,394,349],\"text\":\"Our method marks a substantial contribution in providing\\na high-resolution virtual hand that is tracked at the individ-\\nual finger joint level, and gives a strong sense of embodiment\\n[21] . We apply rigorous psychophysical methods in order to\\nobtain a direct comparison between real and illusory weight,\\ncoupled with a model for the integration between proprio-\\nceptive and visual information. Finally, we discuss our results\\nin terms of optimal observer and multisensory integration\\n[8, 10] and devise a predictive model of the user's experience\\n[23] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,359,367,376],\"text\":\"3 CONTROL/DISPLAY RATIO MANIPULATION\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,380,394,602],\"text\":\"In our study, we induced and modulated the perceived weight\\nof objects by visually manipulating the control/display (C/D)\\nratio of the hand movements. Our method applies a gain\\non the limb's rendered movements while grasping an object.\\nThe gain is inversely proportional to the weight of the virtual\\nobject that we wish to render. For example, if an object is in-\\ntended to be perceived as heavy, we would set the C/D ratio\\nto be <1 such that rendered movements are compressed (see\\nFigure 2 ). The manipulation is applied to all 3 Euclidean com-\\nponents of the rendered movement, but in a weighted fashion\\nsuch that the horizontal and depth movements received 65 %\\nof the manipulation of the vertical dimension, in order to\\napproximate the combination of inertial and gravitational\\nforces that act on real objects.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,602,395,857],\"text\":\"Collision detection was implemented by a custom func-\\ntion that detected when any of the nodes of the rendered\\nhands came within 1 cm of any of the faces of the cubes.\\nA collision event triggered the C/D ratio manipulation to\\nbegin, which applied a gain on the movements in accordance\\nwith the assigned value for that cube. This was achieved by\\nnumerically integrating instantaneous velocity, thus main-\\ntaining a running measure of the total distance moved while\\nin contact with the object. This measure was multiplied by\\nthe desired C/D ratio—weighted by the 3 spatial dimensions –\\nand was then used to apply an offset on the render location\\nof both the virtual hand and the virtual cube. When the hand\\nbroke contact with the cube, if there was any residual offset\\nthat lead to the hand being rendered at a location different\\nthan its true location, the algorithm began a process of rapid\\nreduction of the offset.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,868,368,901],\"text\":\"4 EXPERIMENT 1: C/D RATIO MANIPULATION\\nAFFECTS WEIGHT PERCEPTION\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,906,394,954],\"text\":\"In the first experiment, we investigated the use of visual\\nmanipulation of the C/D ratio for providing participants\\nwith an illusory sensation of increased or decreased weight\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,520,746,585],\"text\":\"using qualitative and quantitative methods. The hypothesis\\nwas that the cube for which the C/D ratio was set to a value\\nless than 1 would be perceived heavier than the cube with\\nthe C/D ratio set to a value greater than 1.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_010.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[437,138,712,338],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This line graph plots Rendered Hand Position against Real Hand Position. Multiple colored lines, ranging from red to green, radiate from the origin, each representing a different C/D Ratio from 0.7 to 1.3. The slope of these lines increases as the C/D Ratio value increases, with a dashed black line also depicted.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,363,746,483],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Manipulation of control/display ratio (C/D ratio).\\nIn this graph, we plot the rendered hand position as a func-\\ntion of the true hand position as measured by the optical\\ntracking system. We depict the C/D ratio range from 0.7\\nto 1.3, which was the range tested in the experiment. The\\ndashed line plots the identity line and represents the C/D\\nratio of 1, where there is no manipulation. a.u. signifies ar-\\nbitrary units.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,596,498,613],\"text\":\"Participants\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,617,746,696],\"text\":\"A total of 8 participants (age: $\\\\{M = 29, SD = 8.4\\\\}$, 3 female, 7\\nright handed) were recruited for this study from the general\\npopulation. Study protocols and materials were approved by\\nthe Western Institutional Review Board and complied with\\nthe Declaration of Helsinki.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,710,487,727],\"text\":\"Apparatus\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,730,746,954],\"text\":\"Materials for this experiment included a table measuring\\n100 cm by 60 cm and placed in the middle of a cubic alu-\\nminum cage with linear dimension of 183 cm. To capture\\nand track participants' movements, 17 cameras (OptiTrack\\nPrime 17W, 1664x1088 pixels, 70 degree FOV, 120 FPS, 2.8 ms\\nlatency) were mounted to the cage. Additionally, a regular\\ncamcorder was also attached to the cage at a location that\\nhad optimal viewing angle of the participants' hand move-\\nments and was used to record audio and video of the entirety\\nof the interview process. The virtual environment consisted\\nof a virtual replica of the real table that was co-located with\\nit and displayed on a head-mounted display (HMD; Oculus\\nRift, 2160x1200 pixels, 110 degree field-of-view, 90 Hz refresh\\nrate) marked by a unique three-dimensional arrangement\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 320\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/results/markdown/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300550/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300550", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/results/output_json/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,364],\"text\":\"of fiducial markers on its upper surface allowing for head\\ntracking using the OptiTrack motion-capture system. Par-\\nticipants wore a pair of flexible powermesh tracking gloves\\nthat were fitted with 19 fiducial markers each to enable hand\\ntracking [7] . Two wooden cubes with linear dimension 6.23\\ncm and mass of 185 g each that were also each marked on\\nthe upper surface with a unique three-dimensional arrange-\\nment of fiducial markers for motion tracking were also used\\n(see Figure 3 a). The cubes were represented in the virtual\\nscene as white and black cubes that were co-located with\\ntheir physical counterparts and which participants could\\ninteract with by grasping with virtual hands that were also\\nco-located with their own hands (see Figure 3 b). These cubes\\nwere selected because their mass coincides approximately\\nwith the mass of consumer handheld VR controllers.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_003.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_003.png\",\"bbox\":[67,377,395,803],\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two panels illustrate an interaction setup and its virtual representation. The top panel (a) shows hands holding two wooden blocks, each with an optical tracking marker array, on a speckled grey surface. The bottom panel (b) presents a first-person virtual reality view with stylized hands holding two simplified objects, one black and one white, mimicking the real-world arrangement on a virtual table.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,816,394,918],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Experiment 1 Methods. a. The wooden blocks that\\nparticipants interacted with. Participants wore custom mo-\\ntion capture gloves not pictured here. b. The virtual rep-\\nresentation of the cubes that participants interacted with.\\nThe conical shape on their upper surface was included to\\nmatch the tracking markers that were present on the physi-\\ncal cubes.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,125,487,140],\"text\":\"Procedure\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,144,748,336],\"text\":\"The first experiment used a mix of qualitative and quantita-\\ntive research methods. As we were interested in determin-\\ning whether our method would manipulate the weight per-\\nceived by participants, we opted for a design that minimized\\nobserver-expectancy effects. Specifically, we allowed partic-\\nipants to freely explore the cubes guided by a few motion\\nconstraints. If participants experienced a phenomenology of\\nweight, they should spontaneously report it even if not cued\\nto do so by any explicit questions to that effect. Conversely,\\nif their free, uncued reports did not contain any reference to\\nthe phenomenology of weight, then we would have to revise\\nour expectations regarding the potential use of this method.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,336,747,415],\"text\":\"The entire experimental session was recorded in audio and\\nvideo to support the qualitative research methods that are\\ndescribed below. Additionally, participants' hand positions\\nand those of the two cubes were recorded during the entire\\nexperimental session using the motion capture system.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,426,748,618],\"text\":\"Free Exploration. The first phase of the experiment consisted\\nof presenting one black and one white virtual cube (see Fig-\\nure 3 b) and allowing participants to freely explore them. Note\\nthat participants were not allowed to see the real physical\\ncubes before the beginning of the experiment to minimize\\nexpectancy. The virtual cubes received opposing C/D ratio\\nmanipulations such that one of them had a C/D ratio of 1.25\\nand the other had a C/D ratio of 0.75, counterbalanced across\\nparticipants. Thus, for half of the participants, the black cube\\nwas manipulated to feel heavier than its true weight and the\\nwhite cube was manipulated to feel lighter, and vice versa\\nfor the other half.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,619,748,889],\"text\":\"The constraints on the movements that participants could\\nmake while holding the cubes were as follows. They were\\nnot permitted to grasp them from the top so as to avoid them\\ntouching the fiducial markers (see Figure 3 a). They could not\\nuse two hands to grasp a single cube because of the offset\\nthat would have been accumulated for the hand that had\\npicked it up from the table, and the lack thereof for the newly\\ngrasping hand, which would lead to a differential visual-\\nproprioceptive incongruence across the hands. Nevertheless,\\nthey were encouraged to repeatedly swap which hand was\\nholding each cube to get a better sense of the differences\\nbetween them. Finally, they were advised to pick up the cubes\\nand lift them up to eye-level and then set them back down.\\nThis was to allow enough of the offset to accumulate to make\\nthe desired effect apparent, as it was noticed in pilots that\\nparticipants preferred to keep them in their hand and look\\nat them without moving them.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,890,747,954],\"text\":\"During this phase, participants were instructed to vocalize\\nfeeling anything they noticed or any thoughts that arose. After\\nthey had explored the cubes for a couple of minutes, a short\\ninterview was conducted while they continued to interact\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 320\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/results/markdown/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300550/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300550", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/results/output_json/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,221],\"text\":\"with the cubes. They were asked questions such as: \\\"How\\ndo the two cubes compare to each other?\\\", and \\\"Was there\\nany difference in the way they behaved or reacted to you?\\\"\\nIf they spontaneously mentioned anything relating to the\\nperceived weight of the objects, they were probed to follow\\nup by saying more about their specific feeling.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,221,394,396],\"text\":\"Following this phase, a short psychophysical experiment\\nwas conducted, described below. After that, participants\\ncould take a break and were debriefed about the manip-\\nulation and allowed to see the physical cubes. At this point,\\nthey were told that the cubes had identical mass. Then, they\\nwere instructed to freely explore the black and white cubes\\nagain in VR exactly as before, but this time were specifically\\nprobed to report on whether the effect persisted despite their\\nknowledge of the fact that the cubes were physically identi-\\ncal. Again, they were instructed to freely report on any other\\ninsights they might have had while freely exploring.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,402,395,690],\"text\":\"Weight Discrimination Task. To determine the robustness\\nof the illusion of weight in a psychophysical task and in\\norder to quantify the relation between the C/D-ratio and the\\nillusion, we administered a weight discrimination task in\\nbetween the two free exploration phases mentioned above.\\nHere, participants performed a 2-alternative forced choice\\nexperiment where they compared a randomized sequence of\\npairs of gray cubes and selected the heavier one. The cubes\\nthat participants held were the same physical cubes as before\\nand therefore always had the same physical mass. However,\\nthe C/D ratio was manipulated across trials (N = 24) such\\nthat one cube (the standard stimulus) always had a C/D ratio\\nequal to 1 while the other cube (the comparison stimulus)\\ncould take one of the following values: 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.1, 1.2,\\n1.3. The virtual cubes were both textured with a gray color\\nmaking them visually indistinguishable, thus avoiding any\\npossible confounding effect of a crossmodal correspondence\\nbetween color/luminance and weight [17] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,690,395,915],\"text\":\"Trials started with participants placing the two cubes at\\nmarked positions indicated as the starting positions on either\\nside of the table. The virtual cubes then disappeared briefly\\nand reappeared; participants were instructed to treat the\\nnewly appeared cubes as entirely new and not to respond\\nwith the same cube on each trial. The cube that was assigned\\na C/D ratio of 1 was counter-balanced across trials to ensure\\nthat there was equal proportion of trials where the left cube\\nwas heavier and trials where the right one was heavier. They\\nwere then instructed to lift the cubes and make the same\\nsort of motion described above; pick them up, bring them to\\neye-level, set them back down. They were to place the cube\\nthat felt heavier in a newly marked position indicated as the\\nresponse position in the center of the table.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,921,394,955],\"text\":\"Questionnaire. Following the second free exploration phase,\\nparticipants were asked to fill out a questionnaire that was\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,364],\"text\":\"implemented in the software and administered the questions\\nshown in Table 1 . Participants could respond along a contin-\\nuum ranging from “ strongly disagree ” to “ strongly agree ” ,\\nusing a slider that they could adjust with the thumb-stick on\\nthe right touch controller. The order of presentation of the\\nquestions was randomized. The questionnaire was composed\\nof 14 questions, divided into three topics: weight, limb owner-\\nship, and object believability. Each topic had some diagnostic\\nitems and one or more control items, which were included\\nto control for suggestibility and observer-expectancy effects.\\nImportantly, participants were asked to respond with their\\nlevel of agreement for the statements related to their av-\\nerage experience during the free exploration phases only\\nand not to think about their experience during the weight\\ndiscrimination task.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[423,375,752,874],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Category</td><td>Abbrev.</td><td>Question</td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"4\\\">Weight</td><td>Wf</td><td>One cube felt heavier in my hand than the other.</td></tr><tr><td>Wv</td><td>One cube visually appeared heavier than the other.</td></tr><tr><td>Wcon1*</td><td>One cube felt warmer than the other.</td></tr><tr><td>Wcon2*</td><td>Disregarding their color, the cubes felt like they were made of different materials.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"5\\\">Limb Ownership</td><td>LO1</td><td>The virtual hands appeared in the same location as my hands.</td></tr><tr><td>LO2</td><td>The virtual hands seemed to belong to my body.</td></tr><tr><td>LO3</td><td>Grasping the cubes made my hands not feel like my own.</td></tr><tr><td>LO4</td><td>I could touch the cubes using my hand.</td></tr><tr><td>LOcon*</td><td>My hands felt like they were becoming virtual.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"5\\\">Object Believability</td><td>OB1</td><td>The cubes that I grasped were not the same cubes that I saw.</td></tr><tr><td>OB2</td><td>The cubes that I saw were always in the same location as the cubes that I felt.</td></tr><tr><td>OB3</td><td>My interaction with the cubes felt natural.</td></tr><tr><td>OB4</td><td>The cubes were believable.</td></tr><tr><td>OBcon*</td><td>The cubes were immaterial or ghostly.</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table presents a list of survey questions organized into three categories: Weight, Limb Ownership, and Object Believability. Each question has an abbreviation and its full text, detailing participants' perceptions of virtual objects and hands. Some questions are marked with an asterisk next to their abbreviation.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_4_tab_8.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,874,748,918],\"text\":\"Table 1: Questionnaire administered at the end of the exper-\\niment. Items marked with an asterisk were included as con-\\ntrols.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 320\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/results/markdown/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300550/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300550", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/results/output_json/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,123,116,139],\"text\":\"Results\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,144,395,240],\"text\":\"Qualitative Analysis. The whole session was recorded, tran-\\nscribed, anonymized, and coded by two different coders.\\nCoders agreed beforehand on the main categories of interest\\nin which participants comments were more likely to fall,\\nbut were unaware of each other's ratings. When necessary,\\noders were allowed to add a category to the list.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,240,395,385],\"text\":\"The following categories were selected and encompassed:\\nall participants' comments: comments on tracking quality,\\ncomments on visual rendering, perceived weight and move-\\nment, comments on the overall experience, and cognitive\\neffects of the experience. Each category was further divided\\ninto a number of sub-categories to better represent partici-\\npants’ comments. Figure 4 shows the five main categories\\nand relative sub-categories (blue, on the left), including an\\nexample from each sub-category (green, on the right).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_005.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_005.png\",\"bbox\":[70,410,391,580],\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a table categorizing qualitative feedback into five main sections: Haptics, Visuals, Tracking, Cognitive, and Experience. Each section lists specific sub-topics, such as \\\"Perceived Weight\\\" or \\\"Realism,\\\" alongside example quotes that illustrate the feedback. The table summarizes user perceptions and experiences related to sensory inputs, system performance, cognitive interpretations, and overall sentiment.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,605,395,652],\"text\":\"Figure 4: The five main categories used for the coding of the\\ninterviews during Experiment 1 and the sub-categories they\\nwere divided into, with some example statements.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,681,395,921],\"text\":\"Coders assigned a score to each sub-category. The score\\nreflected, for each participant, the number of times a com-\\nment was expressed that fell into the categories. However, if\\nthe same concept was reiterated twice, the two comments\\nwere counted as one. For example, if the same participant\\ncommented on the category \\\"Haptic: weight\\\" as: \\\"the dark\\n[cube] felt heavier during the first exploratory phase\\\", and\\n\\\"the dark [cube] felt heavier during the second exploratory\\nphase\\\", the comments were counted as separate comments\\nin the category \\\"Haptic: weight\\\". On the contrary, comments\\nsuch as: \\\"the dark [cube] felt heavier during the first ex-\\nploratory phase\\\" and \\\"the white [cube] felt lighter during\\nthe first exploratory phase\\\" were counted as one, as they\\nreiterated the same concept. Scores between coders were\\nthen added. Results are reported in Table 2 .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,921,395,955],\"text\":\"Comments regarding the perceived haptic properties of\\nthe objects were predominant throughout the experiment.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[424,125,743,423],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Category</td><td>Sub-category</td><td>Count</td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"4\\\">Haptics</td><td>Weight</td><td>71</td></tr><tr><td>Work</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>Movement</td><td>39</td></tr><tr><td>Fatigue</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\">Tracking</td><td>Object Tracking</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>Hand Tracking</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"4\\\">Visuals</td><td>Visibility of the scene</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>Upper part of the object</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Weight Appearance</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Size</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\">Experience</td><td>Positive</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>Negative</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"4\\\">Cognitive</td><td>Realism</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Expectations</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Interpretations</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>Materials</td><td>21</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table presents a categorization of various aspects, divided into main categories such as Haptics, Tracking, Visuals, Experience, and Cognitive. Each main category contains several sub-categories, with corresponding numerical counts; for example, the sub-category \\\"Weight\\\" under \\\"Haptics\\\" has the highest count of 71.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_5_tab_9.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,426,747,459],\"text\":\"Table 2: Qualitative interview analysis of participants' utter-\\nances during the free exploration part of the experiment.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,510,748,623],\"text\":\"Often participants referred to different cubes as if they were\\nmade of different materials ( “ ...the heavier one feels like mar-\\nble, or concrete or rock... ” ). No visual difference in size was\\nreported by participants ( “ ...they look the same size to me... ” ).\\nNoteworthy, participants were particularly pleased by the\\nquality of the hand tracking, and by the overall experience\\n( “ this is so cool... ” ).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,623,748,719],\"text\":\"Notably, four of the eight participants spontaneously made\\nmention of any weight differences between the cubes during\\nthe first Free Exploration phase. This number increased to\\nseven of the eight during the second Free Exploration phase\\nand after the participants were cued as to the nature of the\\nmanipulation and were asked explicitly about weight.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,730,748,954],\"text\":\"Weight Discrimination Task. Responses to the weight discrim-\\nination task were analyzed to reflect the proportion of trials\\non which the the comparison stimulus was reported to be\\nheavier than the standard stimulus as a function of the C/D\\nratio of the comparison stimulus (shown in Figure 5 ). What\\nis notable in these data is that participants could discrimi-\\nnate the implied weight differences despite the fact that the\\ntwo cubes had identical physical mass. We also fit a psycho-\\nmetric function to these average responses (also shown in\\nthe figure). The slope was found to be negative and signifi-\\ncantly different from 0, indicating that the increases in the\\nC/D ratio reduce perceived weight. To our best knowledge,\\nthis represents the first psychometric function showing the\\nrelationship between C/D ratios and the illusion of weight.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 320\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/results/markdown/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300550/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300550", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/results/output_json/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[85,141,372,352],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A scatter plot with error bars shows the probability of responding \\\"Heavier\\\" as a function of the Control/Display Ratio. Black circular data points, each with vertical error bars, are fitted with a red downward-sloping sigmoidal curve. The X-axis ranges from 0.7 to 1.3, and the Y-axis ranges from 0 to 1.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,376,395,436],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Psychometric function showing the probability of\\nreporting that the comparison cube felt heavier than the\\nstandard cube (C/D ratio = 1) as a function of the C/D ratio.\\nThe plotted line in red is the fitted psychometric function.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,473,395,697],\"text\":\"Questionnaire. First, responses to the questionnaires were\\naggregated across subjects. Here, because items LO3 and\\nOB1 were worded in the negative, they were inverted by\\ncomputing $LO3' = 1-LO3$ , and $OB1' = 1-OB1$ . The aggre-\\ngated responses were then analyzed by using a Wilcoxon\\nsigned-rank test. We tested whether the median differed sig-\\nnificantly from 0.5, which would have indicated a neutral\\nresponse. These data are plotted in Figure 6 , and the aster-\\nisks indicate the items that were found to be significantly\\ndifferent from 0.5. As can be seen in Figure 6 , ratings on\\nall LO and OB items were significantly different from 0.5,\\nexcept those that referred to locations (items LO1 and OB2;\\nthe cubes/virtual hands I saw were at the same location as\\nthe cubes I felt/my hands).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,697,395,792],\"text\":\"For the weight items, ratings on the item stating that one\\nof the cubes felt heavier than the other (Item Wf) were sig- \\nnificantly different from 0.5, whereas the item stating that\\none of the cubes visually appeared heavier than the other \\n(Item Wv) produced a much larger variety of ratings that\\nwere therefore not significantly different from 0.5.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,804,137,822],\"text\":\"Discussion\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,826,395,954],\"text\":\"To summarize, this first experiment was aimed at replicating\\nthe effects of C/D ratio manipulation reported in the litera-\\nture, and to evaluate the extent to which these effects may\\nbe used to simulate the sensation of the weight of virtual\\nobjects. To that end, we modulated the control/display ratio\\nof the movements of participants' hands — and the motion\\ntracked physical cubes they held — while they lifted the cubes.\\nWhen the C/D ratio was smaller than 1, this resulted in the\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,538,746,570],\"text\":\"compression of these movements, and when it was larger\\nthan 1 the motion was amplified.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_009.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[437,140,722,351],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A box plot displays normalized response values for various items, grouped into three sections by vertical lines. The y-axis is labeled \\\"Normalized Response\\\" ranging from 0 to 1, while the x-axis lists items such as Wf, Wv, LO1, LO2, OB1, and OBcon. Red plus signs indicate outliers, and black asterisks appear above some of the boxes.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,376,746,435],\"text\":\"Figure 6: Responses to Questionnaire, grouped by category\\nin accordance to Table 1 . Asterisks indicate median is signif-\\nicantly different from 0.5 according to the Wilcoxon signed-\\nrank test, and plus signs represent outliers.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,571,747,746],\"text\":\"Before participants were cued to report any phenomenol-\\nogy of weight, four out of the eight participants sponta-\\nneously reported that one cube felt heavier than the other.\\nAfter having experienced the effect longer and then being\\nasked specifically about weight, that number increased to\\nalmost all participants, or seven out of eight. This gives an\\nindication that the modulation of perceived weight may be\\nmore than just metaphorical, as has often been assumed, but\\nrather a perceptual effect. Adding support to this is the large\\nnumber of mentions of weight-related statements, as shown\\nin Table 2 .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,747,746,825],\"text\":\"As regards the results of the weight discrimination task,\\nshown in Figure 5 , participants consistently judged the ob-\\nject with a C/D ratio less than 1 to be heavier than an un-\\nmanipulated object for the more extreme, and thus easier,\\ncomparison stimulus levels.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,825,747,954],\"text\":\"Therefore, making use of both qualitative and quantitative\\nmethods we have provided converging evidence of pseudo-\\nhaptic feedback as a cue to the weight of virtual objects.\\nGiven these promising results, we next wanted to quantify\\nthe effect of C/D manipulation on perceived weight. Thus, we\\nconducted a second experiment where participants estimated\\nthe weight of a cube that was subjected to this C/D ratio\\nmanipulation.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 320\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/results/markdown/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300550/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300550", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/results/output_json/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,123,356,172],\"text\":\"5 EXPERIMENT 2: QUANTIFYING C/D RATIO\\nMANIPULATION OF ACTUAL WEIGHT\\nPERCEPTION\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,176,395,320],\"text\":\"In this experiment, for the first time in VR, we performed\\na direct comparison between illusory and actual weight. In\\nparticular, we show that pseudo-haptic feedback can lead to\\noverestimation or underestimation of real weight. We discuss\\nthe results in terms of multisensory integration and argue\\nfor a new perspective in explaining this particular effect,\\ndelivering a predictive model that starting from the notion\\nof physical work explains how mass gets overestimated or\\nunderestimated as a function of C/D ratio.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,335,145,352],\"text\":\"Participants\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,355,394,435],\"text\":\"We enrolled 14 participants from the general population\\nusing ads placed by recruitment agencies (age: $\\\\{M = 34.4,$\\n$SD = 9.3\\\\}$, 7 female, 12 right handed). Study protocols and\\nmaterials were approved by the Western Institutional Review\\nBoard and complied with the Declaration of Helsinki.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,451,135,468],\"text\":\"Apparatus\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,471,394,534],\"text\":\"Materials for this experiment were the same as in Experiment\\n1 but also incorporated a PHANToM force feedback device,\\nwith a small foam cube (linear dimension = 5 cm) affixed to\\nits end effector (see Figure 7a).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,549,134,566],\"text\":\"Procedure\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,570,395,762],\"text\":\"To assess the extent to which C/D ratio manipulated the per-\\nception of weight, we used a method of adjustment where\\nparticipants directly reported the weight of the cube under\\nthat manipulation. To do so, they adjusted the mass sim-\\nulated by the PHANToM until it matched the mass of the\\nphysical cube. They used two virtual buttons rendered on the\\ntable's surface to either increase or decrease the PHANToM's\\nsimulated mass in increments of 10 grams, and a third one\\nwhich they used to record their response. The control/display\\nratio manipulation was applied to the cube across 7 different\\nlevels: $\\\\{0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3\\\\}$ , and each was repeated\\n12 times, in a randomized order.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,762,395,954],\"text\":\"On a given trial, participants had 25 seconds to make the\\nadjustment, and did so as follows. They first grasped and\\nlifted the physical cube vertically with the right hand to a\\nheight of 20 cm that was specified by a visual marker in the\\nvirtual scene. The marker changed color to a dark shade of\\nblue to indicate that they had fulfilled the requirement to lift\\nthe cube to that point, as shown in Figure 7 b. Then, with their\\nleft hand they picked up the foam cube that was attached to\\nthe PHANToM — they were guided by the experimenter to\\nthis foam cube at the start of the experiment and kept their\\nleft hand continuously grasping it as there was no visual\\nrepresentation of it. They then used their right hand to click\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,665,747,857],\"text\":\"on the virtual buttons on the table (see Figure 7 c) increasing\\nor decreasing the mass simulated by the PHANToM until it\\nmatched the mass of the physical cube. The starting mass\\nwas randomly chosen to either be 70 grams heavier or lighter\\nthan what they perceived the cube's mass to be when the C/D\\nratio was set to 1, which was determined in a pretest phase\\nof the experiment for each participant (see below for the\\ndetails of this procedure). Participants were instructed not\\nto lift the PHANToM's cube in synchrony with the physical\\ncube so as to minimize direct comparisons of the lift height,\\nand to instead direct their attention to the perceived mass\\nitself.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_012.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_012.png\",\"bbox\":[425,127,743,474],\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The figure shows a three-part setup for a virtual reality interaction experiment. Panel (a) displays a physical workstation with a robotic arm, a VR headset, and three motion tracking cameras. Panels (b) and (c) depict virtual environments, showing purple virtual hands interacting with gray geometric objects (a cube and a cylinder) on a flat surface, with colored highlights.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,488,747,621],\"text\":\"Figure 7: Experiment 2 Methods. a. The tabletop setup show-\\ning the PHANToM on the left, the Oculus Rift HMD in the\\nmiddle, and the wooden block on the right. b. The virtual\\nscene from the perspective of the participant as they lift the\\ncube towards the floating visual marker (in blue). c. The par-\\nticipant interacting with the three virtual buttons used for\\nadjustment of the force delivered by the PHANToM. The\\nnumbers displayed on the top side of the cube show the re-\\nmaining time to complete the trial in seconds.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,858,747,954],\"text\":\"After registering their response, there was a mandatory\\ntimeout of 12 seconds in between trials, to ensure that the\\nPHANToM did not overheat. If the participant failed to pro-\\nvide a response within the allotted time, the trial repeated\\nitself after the timeout. There were six 1-minute breaks dur-\\ning the experiment.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 320\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300550/results/markdown/3290605-3300550_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300551/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300551", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/results/output_json/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[86,117,728,182],\"text\":\"EnhancedTouchX: Smart Bracelets for Augmenting\\nInterpersonal Touch Interactions\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[109,201,266,266],\"text\":\"Taku Hachisu\\n\\nUniversity of Tsukuba\\nTsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan\\n\\nhachisu@ai.tai.tsukuba.ac.jp\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[325,201,489,266],\"text\":\"Baptiste Bourreau\\n\\nUniversity of Tsukuba\\n\\nTsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan\\nbourreau@ai.it.tsu.ac.jp\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[560,201,687,265],\"text\":\"Kenji Suzuki\\n\\nUniversity of Tsukuba\\n\\nTsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan\\n\\nkenji@ieee.org\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_007.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_007.png\",\"bbox\":[67,280,751,481],\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image demonstrates various human-to-human tactile interactions, likely from the perspective of a wearable device. Panel (a) displays four close-up views of hands performing gestures like \\\"No touch,\\\" \\\"Handshake,\\\" \\\"Four fingers,\\\" and \\\"One finger tip,\\\" each with an overlaid digital readout of interaction details. Panel (b) shows two outdoor interaction scenes, each accompanied by a phone screen displaying a map location and a summary of the interaction, including the participant's name, date, duration, direction, and gesture.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,491,747,535],\"text\":\"Figure 1: EnhancedTouchX: (a) Identifying a partner, a direction (from one initiating the touch (active touch) to the one being\\ntouched (passive touch)), and gestures of interpersonal touch of the left user; (b) Interpersonal touch logging system using a\\nsmartphone (EnhancedTouchLog).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,541,141,558],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,563,395,772],\"text\":\"EnhancedTouchX, a bracelet-type interpersonal body area\\nnetwork device, not only detects but also quantifies interper-\\nsonal hand-to-hand touch interactions. Without any wired\\nconnection, it can identify the direction and gestures of a\\ntouch. The developed device can connect to an external de-\\nvice via Bluetooth Low Energy for monitoring and logging\\nwhere, when, how long, who, and how the touch interactions\\noccurred. These daily augmented touch interactions provided\\nby such contextual information would offer a variety of appli-\\ncations to facilitate social interactions. Our experiment, con-\\nducted with several pairs of participants, demonstrates that\\nthe devices can identify the direction of a touch (from one\\ninitiating the touch (active touch) to the one being touched\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,542,747,592],\"text\":\"(passive touch)) with 95% accuracy. In addition, the devices\\nare also capable of identifying four types of touch gestures\\nwith 85% accuracy using a simple threshold classifier.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,604,525,621],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[421,625,746,657],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Haptic devices; Gestural\\ninput; Ubiquitous computing;\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,668,502,685],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,691,746,722],\"text\":\"EnhancedTouch, interpersonal body area network, interper-\\nsonal touch\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,731,555,746],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,748,749,834],\"text\":\"Taku Hachisu, Baptiste Bourreau, and Kenji Suzuki. 2019. Enhanced-\\nTouchX: Smart Bracelets for Augmenting Interpersonal Touch In-\\nteractions. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Sys-\\ntems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK .\\nACM, New York, NY, USA, 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3299605.\\n3300551\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,851,549,868],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,872,747,952],\"text\":\"Interpersonal touch is one of the most influential nonver-\\nbal communications for human social behavior. One well-\\nknown phenomenon, called the Midas touch effect, has been\\ndemonstrated by Crusco and Wetzel [7] , where servers in a\\nrestaurant were instructed either to touch or not to touch\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,789,395,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not\\nmade or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear\\nthis notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components\\nof this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with\\ncredit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to\\nredistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request\\npermissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,898,273,910],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,913,276,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,925,265,936],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,941,244,951],\"text\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300551\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 321\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":26,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/results/markdown/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300551/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300551", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/results/output_json/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,379],\"text\":\"customers while returning their change. The researchers ob-\\nserved that the tipping rate was significantly higher in the\\nwith-touch condition than in the without-touch condition.\\nA similar effect of touch on economically generous behav-\\nior has also been observed in another situation [17, 30, 35] .\\nIn addition, touch also modulates the tendency to comply\\nwith a request [18, 21, 31] , and help/collaborate with some-\\none [19, 20, 36] . While there have been a variety of discus-\\nsions over the effect of awareness of touch on behavior, Joule\\nand Guéguen demonstrated that participants who had no-\\nticed touch tended to comply with a request more than those\\nwho had not noticed [32] . In addition to the social behavior\\nmodulation effect, touch offers various benefits and posi-\\ntive effects regarding nursing [5, 28, 56] , development of\\nchildren [8, 11, 54] , etc (see [12, 14, 50] for an overview of\\ninterpersonal touch).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,380,395,475],\"text\":\"We are interested in quantitatively measuring interper-\\nsonal touch interactions in daily life to analyze and facilitate\\nthe effect on social interactions. Our challenge is not only\\nto detect physical contact between two people but to also\\nanalyze contextual information from touches, such as when,\\nwhere, who, and how a human touches.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,476,395,602],\"text\":\"Similar to the rapidly advancing smart wristbands that\\nare capable of logging the users' personal activities such\\nas the number of steps taken, we design the device to be\\nBluetooth-connectable to increase its applications flexibility.\\nThis allows human-human interaction designers such as\\nsocial psychologists, social game developers, or therapists\\nto monitor, log, analyze, and augment interpersonal touch\\ninteractions in daily life.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,602,395,778],\"text\":\"This paper presents EnhancedTouchX (ETX), a bracelet-\\ntype interpersonal body area network (interpersonal BAN –\\nmore specifically, interpersonal hand area network) device\\nthat is capable of identifying the direction and gestures of\\nan interpersonal touch (Fig. 1 ). Here, we define the direction\\nof a touch as one hand actively touching another that is\\npassively being touched. Although we expect the direction\\nand gestures to serve as key conditions in the research field\\nof interpersonal touch interaction, it is out of the scope of\\nthis paper to study how these two modalities affect social\\ninteraction.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,800,157,817],\"text\":\"Contributions\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,821,320,838],\"text\":\"The contributions of this study are as follows.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[81,850,396,948],\"text\":\"(1) Methodology for identifying the direction and gestures\\nof an interpersonal touch using interpersonal BAN and\\nsensor fusion technology.\\n(2) Design and implementation of the wireless wearable\\ndevice used to identify the direction and gestures of\\nan interpersonal touch.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[433,124,746,205],\"text\":\"(3) Evaluation of the identification of the direction of an\\ninterpersonal touch.\\n(4) Evaluation of identifying gestures of an interpersonal\\ntouch.\\n(5) Introduction of possible applications of ETX.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,210,747,339],\"text\":\"The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In sec-\\ntion 2 , we review the existing literature on touch sensing\\ntechnology and the technology of EnhancedTouch [49] that\\nis the primary technology for our ETX device. In section 3 ,\\nwe describe the implementation of ETX. In section 4 , we\\ndescribe the two evaluations used to demonstrate the unique\\ncapabilities of ETX. In section 5 , we introduce the four appli-\\ncations of ETX. In section 6 , we conclude the paper.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,353,550,370],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,374,512,390],\"text\":\"Touch Sensing\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,393,747,521],\"text\":\"In the field of human-computer interaction research, re-\\nsearchers have developed techniques to measure bare skin\\nto bare skin contact using sound/vibration processing tech-\\nniques [27, 37, 58] , computer-vision/photo sensor techniques\\n[26, 38, 57] , and capacitive sensing techniques [46, 59, 60] .\\nThese techniques are primarily used to identify the mode of\\nthe touch within a user (not with another person) to enrich\\ninputs into a computer.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,522,747,649],\"text\":\"Conversely, we are aware of relatively few studies regard-\\ning the measurement of interpersonal touch interactions and\\ntheir applications. There are systems that detect handshake\\nwhen observing the similar oscillating profiles of acceler-\\nation values obtained from a pair of a user's smart wrists-\\nbands [25, 55] . While the method is promising to detect a\\nhandshake, it is difficult to measure another mode of touch\\nbecause it does not directly detect skin-to-skin contact.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,649,747,839],\"text\":\"Another method is to actively apply electric voltage to a\\nhuman body [3, 34, 40] . Canat et al, for example, applied a\\nswept frequency capacitive sensing method that is a capaci-\\ntive sensing technique for detecting different types of touch\\npatterns [46] to facilitate interpersonal touches between two\\nplayers in designing a collaborative video game [3] . These\\nsensing techniques are promising for measuring bare skin-\\nto-skin touches and in demonstrating the positive effects of\\ninterpersonal touches on social interactions. However, the\\nsystems require a wired-connection either to a large size\\nof ground planes or to the earth for stable measurements,\\nwhich would be a problem for certain wearable applications.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,840,747,952],\"text\":\"Zimmerman proposed the concept of BAN (also known as\\nthe personal area network, intrabody network, body channel\\ncommunication, etc.) that uses a human body as a communi-\\ncation channel to expand the freedom of designing devices\\nattached to the human body [61, 62] . In BAN, a modulated sig-\\nnal propagates between a transmitter and a receiver through\\nthe human body. The communication is only established\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 321\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/results/markdown/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300551/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300551", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/results/output_json/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,315],\"text\":\"when the human body comes in contact with or in proximity\\nof both the transmitter and the receiver. This can be used for\\ntouch/proximity sensing and for communication between\\nthe devices. BAN technology can be categorized into two\\ntypes [47] : capacitive coupling (electric field) type [2, 45, 61]\\nand galvanic coupling (electric current) type [24, 33, 53] . The\\nformer does not require the user to directly attach the device\\n(electrode) on the skin, because the electric field induced\\naround the surface of the human body is used as a commu-\\nnication channel. Conversely, the latter performs communi-\\ncation via electric currents in the human body, and the user\\nhas to attach the device/electrode on the skin.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,316,394,507],\"text\":\"BAN applications have been explored in the field of human-\\ncomputer interactions involving user identification and lo-\\ncalization. DiamondTouch is an interactive tabletop surface,\\nwhere the touch location is determined independently for\\neach user [9] . A set of transmitters is embedded in the table-\\ntop and generates a location-dependent signal while a re-\\nceiver installed in a chair receives the signal propagated\\nthrough a user's body. Grosse-Puppendahl et al. demon-\\nstrated ubiquitous interaction facilitated by BAN technol-\\nogy [15] . In addition to a device ID, the acceleration values,\\nfor example, are sent, which expands the freedom of interac-\\ntion design.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,507,394,792],\"text\":\"BAN technologies are also implemented into the bracelet\\ndevice. Touching a peripheral device or a touch screen, a\\nuser is authenticated by a computer [29, 41] . Varga et al.\\ndeveloped TouchCom, a BAN platform, and explored the\\ninteractive infrastructure including bracelet devices [51, 52] .\\nHowever, it can also detect proximity and should be difficult\\nto discern contact and proximity because TouchCom employs\\ncapacitive coupling type BAN. In addition, it is a significant\\nchallenge to implement stable communication in wearable\\ndevices owing to the lack of common ground. One solution\\nis to enlarge the size of the ground plane although it also\\nenlarges the size of the device to enhance capacitive coupling\\nbetween the device ground and the earth. Another solution\\nis to use a sensor with exceedingly high input impedance\\nto detect small displacement currents, although it requires\\na special component, such as [13, 48] . For an overview of\\ncapacitive sensing and the importance of ground connections,\\nrefer to Grosse-Puppendahl et al.'s review paper [16] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,793,394,857],\"text\":\"Considering the measurement of interpersonal touch in-\\nteractions, we employ galvanic coupling BAN technology\\nbecause a channel is established only when two users touch\\neach another.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,869,169,885],\"text\":\"EnhancedTouch\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,889,394,954],\"text\":\"EnhancedTouch is a bracelet-type device that is capable of\\nmeasuring and representing interpersonal touches between\\nhumans using galvanic coupling type interpersonal BAN\\ntechnology [49] . Because we implemented the ETX device\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,378,746,409],\"text\":\"based on the EnhancedTouch device, this section reviews\\nthe principle of EnhancedTouch.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_009.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[417,115,746,305],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image illustrates human body communication concepts, showing a device with electrodes interacting with skin, followed by a depiction of two people with inter-body capacitances and their corresponding equivalent circuit. Below, it contrasts \\\"Not touch\\\" and \\\"Touch\\\" scenarios between two hands, indicating current paths, alongside another equivalent circuit.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,318,746,349],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Principle of touch measurement of Enhanced-\\nTouch [49]\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,410,747,553],\"text\":\"Figure 2 shows a model of the touch measurement system\\nwith a pair of EnhancedTouch devices. While the device is\\ncategorized as an active transmit + receive mode (intrabody\\ncoupling), according to the taxonomy of [16] , the device\\ndoes not measure the displacement current $I_{air,HH}$ flowing\\nthrough the capacitive coupling $C_{air,HH}$ between the hands\\nsimilar to capacitive coupling type BAN, but measures the\\nelectric current $I_{HH}$ flowing through the hands similar to\\ngalvanic coupling type.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,553,747,745],\"text\":\"Creating a ground path is crucial for wearable applica-\\ntions [16] . Transmitting a signal via electrical current re-\\nquires two paths, i.e., a signal path and a ground path, whereas\\nthe human body is generally regarded as a single conductive\\nwire consisting of resistors and capacitors. If the human body\\nwas used as the signal path by attaching a signal electrode to\\nthe wrist, the ground path would be established only by the\\ncapacitive coupling, $C_{air/DP}$ in the air between the ground\\nof the devices and $C_{air/DL}$ in the air between the ground of\\nthe device and the earth. However, both the couplings are\\nexceedingly weak for the device to transmit or receive the\\ncurrent even while a pair is touching each other.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,745,747,953],\"text\":\"To improve connectivity, the EnhancedTouch device em-\\nploys the method developed by Doi and Nishimura [10] ,\\nwhere a ground electrode is also attached to the wrist as\\nwell as the signal electrode. The body is divided into signal\\nand ground paths by the electric impedance, $Z_{i}Y$ of the skin\\nbetween the two electrodes. As a result, a large area of the\\nbody, such as the torso, works as a ground electrode (gray\\narea of the body in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3a ), achieving a signifi-\\ncantly stronger capacitive coupling, $C_{airBB}$ with the body of\\nanother user than $C_{airDD}$ and $C_{airDE}$ . Thus, the still weak\\n(less than 3 mA) but stable measurable current, $I_{HIL}$ flows be-\\ntween the devices only while the pair is touching each other.\\nAccording to the ICNIRP guidelines [1] , to avoid side effects\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 321\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/results/markdown/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300551/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300551", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/results/output_json/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,252],\"text\":\"such as nervous system interference, whole-body heat stress,\\nand excessive localized tissue heating when using a 10-MHz\\nsignal, the maximum contact current should be lower than\\n20 mA. The pair of devices communicates with each other by\\nmodulating the current. The device exchanges its device ID,\\nallowing identification by the partner. In addition, the device\\nmeasures the start time and duration of an interpersonal\\ntouch interaction using a timer in the microcontroller.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,275,225,292],\"text\":\"3  ENHANCEDTOUCHX\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,296,395,407],\"text\":\"This section describes the implementation of the ETX device.\\nIn addition to time, duration, and partner identity that En-\\nhancedTouch is able to measure [49] , the ETX device is also\\nable to identify the direction and gestures of an interpersonal\\ntouch. We define four design requirements for the device to\\nmeasure touch interactions in daily life and to demonstrate\\nthe potential of the device.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,407,395,503],\"text\":\"First, the device should be capable of measuring the direc-\\ntion and gestures of interpersonal touches and the identity\\nof the partner. Although the device could measure a time and\\nlocation if the device employed a timer and a global position-\\ning system (GPS) device, we do not implement them. Instead,\\nthe external terminal, such as a smartphone, measures them.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,504,395,568],\"text\":\"Second, the device should be connectable to an external ter-\\nminal, such as a smartphone, with wireless communication\\nand possess the capability to work offline. This is expected\\nto increase the degree of freedom of designing applications.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,568,395,662],\"text\":\"Third, it should be possible to use more than two devices\\nsimultaneously. This is necessary if the devices are used by\\nseveral people. Because it is difficult to predetermine the\\nmaster and slave devices, the devices need to dynamically\\ncommunicate with each other (ad-hoc network) to measure\\ninterpersonal touch interactions.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,663,395,742],\"text\":\"Finally, the device should be easy to wear and remove.\\nWhile this condition was also referred to by the design re-\\nquirements of EnhancedTouch [49] to support children with\\nautism and their therapists, it is equally important for daily\\nuse.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,766,127,784],\"text\":\"$$\\n Principle \\n$$\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,787,395,948],\"text\":\"Identification of Direction. We employ the acceleration sen-\\nsor for identifying the direction of a touch. First, a device\\nmeasures the acceleration of a user's hand before a touch\\noccurs. Next, when a pair of the users, A and B, touches each\\nother, Device A sends the acceleration to Device B through\\ninterpersonal BAN at the moment of contact. Device B then\\ncompares the received acceleration to its own acceleration.\\nIf the received acceleration is greater, Device B identifies its\\nuser's touch as a passive touch and informs Device A that\\n\\\"your user's touch is an active touch\\\" through interpersonal\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,413,746,463],\"text\":\"BAN, and vice versa. This can be regarded as a sensor fu-\\nsion, i.e., combination of a touch detection sensor afforded by\\ninterpersonal BAN technology and an acceleration sensor.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_012.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_012.png\",\"bbox\":[425,110,747,306],\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The figure presents various diagrams illustrating human body communication, including stylized human figures holding hands with impedance labels (a), electrical equivalent circuit models showing signal paths, ground connections, and different impedances (b, c), and a cross-sectional view of a limb segment with annotations for area and length (d).\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,318,747,393],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Impedance model of the transmission path; (a) A\\npair of the bodies, except a hand with the device, working\\nas ground electrodes and achieving capacitive coupling; (b)\\nTransmission path; (c) An equivalent circuit; and (d) Resistor\\nmodel of the hands.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,470,747,648],\"text\":\"Identification of Gestures. To identify gestures of a touch,\\nthe device measures the received signal intensity indication\\n(RSI). Figure 3a shows that a pair of bodies works as ground\\nelectrodes with impedance, $Z_R$ and achieves capacitive cou-\\npling with impedance, $Z_{RB}$ . Figure 3b shows that the trans-\\nmission path between the hands consists of an impedance\\nbetween an electrode and the skin, $Z_{EW}$ , impedance between\\nthe electrodes, $Z_W$ , and impedance between the hands, $Z_{HH}$ .\\nFigure 3c shows an equivalent circuit with transmitted volt-\\nage, $V_{TX}$ and received voltage, $V_{RX}$ . According to the figure,\\n$V_{RX}$ is expressed by the following equation:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"equ\",\"bbox\":[500,659,744,688],\"text\":\"$$V _ {  R X  } = \\\\frac { Z _ {  R X  } } { Z _ {  E W  } + Z _ {  R X  } } \\\\frac { Z _ { \\\\alpha } } { Z _ { \\\\beta } } \\\\cdot V _ {  T X  } \\\\quad( 1 )$$\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,694,461,709],\"text\":\"where,\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"equ\",\"bbox\":[520,708,743,742],\"text\":\"$$Z _ { w } = \\\\frac { 1 } { \\\\frac { 1 } { Z _ { 1 } ^ { 2 } } + \\\\frac { 1 } { Z _ { 0 } w + \\\\frac { 1 } { Z _ { 2 } w } } } . \\\\eqno ( 2 )$$\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"equ\",\"bbox\":[479,746,743,760],\"text\":\"$$Z _ { \\\\beta } = Z _ { \\\\alpha } + 3 Z _ { E W } + 2 Z _ { B } + Z _ { B B } + Z _ { H H } , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 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~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 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~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,921,747,954],\"text\":\"where $l$ is the distance between the devices, and $\\\\lambda(r)$ is the\\ncross-sectional area at a distance $x$ from one device. $Z_{HH}$\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 321\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/results/markdown/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300551/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300551", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/results/output_json/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[66,120,396,306],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image shows a wearable device with a white fabric strap and two plastic enclosures, one containing a ground electrode (1) and a signal electrode (2). A separate panel details the internal electronics of an enclosure, featuring a circuit board with a microcontroller (3), Interpersonal BAN module (4), Bluetooth Low Energy module (5), and a lithium polymer battery (6), all with a 10 mm scale bar.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[125,318,336,335],\"text\":\"Figure 4: The EnhancedTouchX device\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,373,394,452],\"text\":\"becomes smaller when either $l$ becomes shorter or contact\\narea (red area in Fig. 3d) becomes larger, resulting in higher\\n$V_{RX}$ . Thus, measuring $V_{RX}$ allows for estimating the contact\\narea. Based on this principle, we attempt to identify the\\npredetermined four gestures of an interpersonal touch.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,453,394,581],\"text\":\"According to our informal RSSI measurement tests, we do\\nnot consider the impedance of $C_{airDD}$ and $C_{airDE}$ because\\ntheir effects (size of the device's ground plane and height\\nof users) were negligible compared to $C_{airBB}$ . Further, $Z_{EW}$\\nand $Z_W$ are primarily affected by the contact condition of\\nthe electrodes and skin and individual differences in the\\nelectrical characteristics of the human body, respectively,\\nwhich results in relatively large variance of $V_{IX}$ .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,596,132,612],\"text\":\"Hardware\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,617,393,696],\"text\":\"Figure 4 shows the developed ETX device. It consists of two\\nelectrodes, a printedirculed board (PCB, 35 × 35 mm), a\\nlithium polymer (3.7 V, 110 mAh), a Bluetooth Low Energy\\n(BLE) module (ZEAL-LE0, ADC Technology), a 3D-printed\\nplastic housing, and cloth belts with Velcro.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,696,394,806],\"text\":\"A three-axis digital acceleration sensor (MMA0653FC,\\nFreescale Semiconductor) is installed on the PCB. A micro-\\ncontroller (LPC1549, NXP Semiconductors) acquires values\\nof the sensor at a 10-Hz sampling rate through an inter-\\nintegrated circuit (I2C) protocol with a 400-kHz clock. The\\nacquired values are used for the identification of the direction\\nof a touch.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,807,394,951],\"text\":\"As shown in Fig. 2 , one electrode (signal electrode) con-\\nnects with either a transmitter or a receiver in the interper-\\nsonal BAN module on the PCB through an analog switch\\nwhile the other (ground electrode) connects with the ground\\nof the PCB. While the device can be worn with the housing\\non both palm and backside of the wrist, users in this paper\\nwore it on the palm side of the wrist. This is because hairs\\non the backside prevent the electrodes from making stable\\ncontact with the skin.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,236],\"text\":\"We developed an interpersonal BAN module comprising\\na transmitter, a receiver, and an analog switch (TS5A63157,\\nTexas Instruments). The transmitter modulates a 9600-bps\\nuniversal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART) signal\\nfrom the microcontroller using on-off keying with a 10.7-\\nMHz sinusoidal carrier wave. The peak-to-peak amplitude\\nof the signal is 3.3 V.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,236,746,396],\"text\":\"The receiver demodulates the signal by passing it through\\na band-pass filter (SFCFF10M7FA00-0R0, Murata Manufactur-\\ning), an intermediate frequency amplifier (NJM2549, New\\nJapan Radio), and a comparator. The demodulated signal is\\nreceived by the microcontroller. The intermediate frequency\\namplifier outputs an RSSI whose voltage value is linear to\\nthe input level (in dBV) of the received voltage, $V_{RX}$ . The\\nRSSI output pin connects with an analog-digital converter\\nbuilt into the microcontroller and with the comparator. The\\nconverted value is used to identify the gestures of a touch.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,396,746,522],\"text\":\"In summary, ETX uses the 10.7-MHz sinusoidal wave and\\nthe 10.7-HZ band-pass filter with $\\\\pm$ 280-kHz bandwidth\\nwhile EnhancedTouch [49] uses the 10-MHz square wave and\\nthe 10.7-HZ band-pass filter with $\\\\pm$ 500-kHz bandwidth. In\\naddition, an analog-digital converter is implemented in ETX\\nto obtain continuous values of RSSI. This careful bandwidth\\nselection improves signal-noise ratio and enables stable RSSI\\nmeasurement.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,523,746,634],\"text\":\"In addition, the device has a visual and vibration feedback\\nfunction. Although this paper does not cover the details of\\nthe function, it is available even when the device is offline\\nand is especially useful for real-time feedback to the wearer\\nto facilitate social interactions [23, 49] . While the ETX device\\nhas more functions with the stable BAN module, it has almost\\nthe same size as EnhancedTouch [49] .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,646,480,661],\"text\":\"Software\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,666,746,730],\"text\":\"To achieve the first and third requirements, i.e., ad-hoc net-\\nwork capability and identifications of a direction and ges-\\ntures, we implemented automatic synchronization technique\\nrevised from [49] .\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,730,746,921],\"text\":\"Figure 5 shows an example of the half-duplex communi-\\ncation procedure between Device A and Device B. A packet\\nconsists of a 2-byte header, 1- to 3-byte data, and 2-byte\\ncyclic redundancy check (CRC). The header consists of a\\ncommand byte, i.e., synchronization request (SYN), request\\nacknowledgement (ACK), master request (MST), and slave\\nacknowledgement (SLV), and a data size byte (Size). The\\ndata includes a device ID (ID), acceleration (ACC), the direc-\\ntion of touch (DIR), and an RSSI. While these are example\\npackets, the device can send higher resolution data and add\\ndifferent types of data, such as temperature and a request to\\nsynchronize the visual and vibration feedback.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,921,746,954],\"text\":\"In phase (a), the pair of users does not have touch contact\\nwith each other. Each device attempts to synchronize with\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 321\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/results/markdown/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300551/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300551", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/results/output_json/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[67,117,394,301],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image displays a timeline of communication between Device A and Device B, showing packet exchanges labeled SYN, ACK, MST, and SLV, with events like \\\"miss\\\" and \\\"collision\\\" indicated. Below the timeline, a legend details the structure of these four packet types, specifying fields such as Size, CRC, ID, ACC, DIR, and RSSI.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,318,394,451],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Example procedure of communication between\\ntwo devices: packet contains a header, data (e.g., device ID),\\nCRC; (a) Prior to synchronization, the devices transmit at\\nrandom intervals; (b) The transmission channel is estab-\\nlished, but synchronization initially fails because of a col-\\nlision between transmissions; (c) Synchronization succeeds\\nand the two devices can communicate smoothly; and (d)\\nCommunication was disconnected and the devices go back\\nto (a).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,474,394,665],\"text\":\"other devices by transmitting an SYN packet at intervals\\nselected randomly from five alternatives (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5\\nms). Using the random intervals helps avoid collisions be-\\ntween multiple transmitted signals. When the device is not\\ntransmitting, it waits to receive signals from other devices.\\nIn this phase, the states of both devices are \\\"standby.\\\" During\\n\\\"standby,\\\" the device calculates the difference between the\\nroot mean square (RMS) of current acceleration and the RMS\\nof prior acceleration. In addition, the device calculates the\\naverage of the ten recent differences used for the ACC data.\\nIn addition, the device measures RSSI while waiting for the\\npacket from the partner.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,665,394,792],\"text\":\"In phase (b), the pair of users is in touch contact with each\\nother. However, first, synchronization initially fails because\\nof a collision between the transmissions while the trans-\\nmission path is being established. Subsequently, Device A\\nsucceeds in transmitting an SYN packet to Device B. Device\\nB immediately responds with an ACK packet, including the\\nACC data. Furthermore, Device B quits the ACC and RSSI\\nmeasurement.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,792,395,953],\"text\":\"In phase (e), Device A receives the ACK packet from Device\\nB. First, Device A compares its own ACC to the received ACC.\\nIf its ACC is greater, the state of Device A transitions from\\n“standby” to “active” and if it is less, the state transitions\\nto “passive.” Device A then responds to Device B with an\\nMST packet, including DIR and RSSI data. When Device B\\nreceives the MST packet, it transitions from “standby” to\\neither “passive” or “active” according to the received DIR\\ndata. In addition, Device B updates its RSSI data according\\nto the received RSSI data (MST packet). Device B responds\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,372,746,435],\"text\":\"to Device A with an SLV packet. After that, the pair can\\ncommunicate smoothly and repeat the exchange of the MST\\nand SLV packets to share the updated status and confirm the\\nconnection.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_008.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[416,118,749,295],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Four photographic examples show different hand interactions: one fingertip, two fingertips, four fingers, and a handshake, each involving two hands wearing white wristbands. These gestures are arranged from left to right above a horizontal axis labeled \\\"RSSI,\\\" with voltage thresholds indicated at 0.94 V, 1.05 V, and 1.14 V.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[434,318,732,334],\"text\":\"Figure 6: Four gestures to be identified with the device\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,436,747,548],\"text\":\"In phase (d), the pair of users stops the touch contact.\\nDevice A attempts to transmit an MST packets several times\\nwhile it does not receive an SLV packet. After a certain period\\nof time, the state of Device A transitions to \\\"standby\\\" and\\nreturns to phase (a). Conversely, Device B also transitions\\nto the \\\"standby\\\" state and returns to phase (a) after a period\\nwithout receiving an MST packet.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,548,747,755],\"text\":\"The device identifies gestures of a touch according to the\\nRSSI data. As mentioned, it is possible to estimate the contact\\narea of a touch. As shown in 6 , a pair of the device attempts\\nto identify the four gestures: 1) one-finger-touch (1T); 2)\\ntwo-fingertip touch (2T); 3) four-finger touch (4F), and 4)\\nhandshake (HS). Note that we picked up the gestures with\\nvarious contact areas for demonstration and we observed it\\nto be difficult to discern gestures with similar contact areas.\\nThe classification is performed based on a simple threshold\\nalgorithm that does not require much computational power\\nand is compatible with offline wearable applications. We\\ndefined the three thresholds of RSSI value based on the result\\nof our preliminary test, as shown in Fig. 6 .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,755,747,867],\"text\":\"The ETX device can connect with an external terminal\\ndevice, such as a smartphone or a tablet PC, through BLE.\\nAfter receiving a request from the terminal device, the ETX\\ndevice sends data, containing partner ID, direction, RSSI, and\\nidentified gesture at the moment where at least one of them\\nis changed. In addition, the device sends data periodically to\\nconfirm the connection with the terminal.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,883,528,899],\"text\":\"4 EVALUATION\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,903,746,951],\"text\":\"This section describes two evaluations in the laboratory to\\ndemonstrate the identification performance of the developed\\ndevice.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 321\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/results/markdown/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300551/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300551", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/results/output_json/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,124,231,140],\"text\":\"Identification of Direction\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,144,393,176],\"text\":\"The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the identifica-\\ntion of direction of a touch.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,186,394,298],\"text\":\"Setup. The experiment was conducted using a pair of partic-\\nipants (Participant A and Participant B). The experimental\\nsetup consisted of a pair of the developed ETX devices and a\\nlaptop computer on a desk. The device worn by Participant\\nA was connected to the computer via BLE. Seven pairs (eight\\nmales and six females, in their 20's to 40's) of participants\\ntook part in the experiment.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,308,394,372],\"text\":\"Procedure. First, an experimenter obtained informed consent\\nafter explaining the purpose and procedure of the experiment\\nto a participating pair. The pair sat in front of the table and\\nwore the device on their right wrists.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,372,394,531],\"text\":\"Next, the computer monitor displayed a figure of a hand-\\nshake, instructing either that Participant A grasps the hand\\nof Participant B while Participant B keeps her/his hand still\\nor vice-versa. When the pair were ready to perform a hand-\\nshake, keeping about 10-cm gap from each other's hands,\\nParticipant A pressed the 4 key on the computer's numeric\\nkeyboard and the pair performed the handshake. Then, the\\npair released their hands and Participant A pressed the 6 key,\\nas instructed on the monitor. The pair repeated the procedure\\n30 times (2 directions × 15 repetitions).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,531,394,579],\"text\":\"After 30 trials, the pair switched roles and performed 30\\nmore trials. The computer randomly presented either direc-\\ntion and recorded the direction identified by the device.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,589,395,781],\"text\":\"Result. Table 1 shows a confusion matrix of all the data.\\nAs shown in Fig. 7 , the accuracy of the identification is\\n94.8 % . The experimenter sometimes observed that partic-\\nipants moved her/his hand to make fine adjustment or cush-\\nion the impact even when she/he was instructed to allow\\nonly touch by the partner. While this would also be observed\\nin a realistic situation, the device correctly identified the\\ndirection. In addition, a touch without a direction (both peo-\\nple try to actively touch each other) happens in daily life.\\nBecause we did not consider it in this experiment, modifying\\nthe algorithm would enable the device to identify this neutral\\ntouch.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,796,394,830],\"text\":\"Table 1: An overall confusion matrix of a direction\\nidentification\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[124,846,336,923],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td></td><td>Identified active</td><td>Passive</td></tr><tr><td>Performed active</td><td>203</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Performed passive</td><td>15</td><td>195</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A confusion matrix table displays classification results with \\\"Performed active\\\" and \\\"Performed passive\\\" as row labels, and \\\"Identified active\\\" and \\\"Identified passive\\\" as column labels. The values are 203 and 7 in the first row, and 15 and 195 in the second row.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_6_tab_10.png\"},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_011.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[419,118,747,305],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a box plot showing accuracy across four different gesture recognition scenarios. The y-axis represents accuracy from 0% to 100%, and the x-axis categorizes the scenarios as \\\"Direction,\\\" \\\"Four-gesture,\\\" \\\"Three-gesture,\\\" and \\\"Two-gesture,\\\" each with specific gesture types listed. All scenarios show generally high accuracy, with medians mostly above 85%.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,318,746,378],\"text\":\"Figure 7: Accuracy of a direction identification and ges-\\nture identifications: the overall accuracy of direction, four-\\ngesture, three-gesture, and two-gesture are 95 % , 85 % , 93 % ,\\nand 96 % , respectively.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,406,579,423],\"text\":\"Identification of Gestures\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,427,746,460],\"text\":\"The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the identifica-\\ntion of gestures of touch.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,469,747,565],\"text\":\"Setup. We used the same setup with the same pairs of partic-\\nipants as the previous experiment. Although the device can\\nperform offline fine-gesture identification in real time, we\\nalso recorded the RSSI measured by the device to assess per-\\nformance dimensions that were not available in the real-time\\nidentification.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,575,747,640],\"text\":\"Procedure. First, an experimenter obtained informed consent\\nafter explaining the purpose and procedure of the experiment\\nto the pair. The pair sat in front of the table and wore the\\ndevice on their right wrists.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,640,747,767],\"text\":\"Next, the computer monitor displayed a figure of one gest-\\nure among the four shown in Fig. 6 . After the pair performs\\nthe gesture, Participant A pressed the 4 key on the numeric\\nkeyboard and the pair kept the gesture for about one second\\nwhile the computer recorded 100 samples of RSSI sent by the\\ndevice. The pair then released their hands and Participant\\nA pressed the 6 key, as instructed on the monitor. The pair\\nrepeated the procedure 60 times (4 gestures × 15 repetitions).\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,767,747,830],\"text\":\"After 60 trials, the pair switched roles and performed 60\\nmore trials. The computer randomly presented one gesture\\nof the four and recorded the gesture identified by the device\\nand 100 samples of the RSSI.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,840,747,952],\"text\":\"Result. Table 2 shows a confusion matrix of the data. As\\nshown in Fig. 7 , while the accuracy of offline four-gesture\\nidentification is $85.0\\\\%$ , considerable variation is found. In par-\\nticular, the accuracy for one participant is $51.5\\\\%$ . As shown\\nin table 3 , the identified gesture tends to shift from the per-\\nformed gesture to the right side. This implies that the de-\\nvice overestimated the contact area. We consider that the\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 321\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/results/markdown/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300551/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300551", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/results/output_json/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,156],\"text\":\"impedance of the participant's hand was small because the\\nhand had a lot of moisture that resulted in a small p。\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,173,392,207],\"text\":\"Table 2: An overall confusion matrix of four-gesture\\nidentification: The four gestures are shown in Fig. 6 .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[120,223,340,334],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td></td><td>1T</td><td>Identified 2T</td><td>4F</td><td>HS</td></tr><tr><td>Performed 1T</td><td>161</td><td>48</td><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Performed 2T</td><td>17</td><td>171</td><td>22</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Performed 4F</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>175</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>Performed HS</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>207</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a table, likely a confusion matrix, showing the relationship between \\\"Performed\\\" and \\\"Identified\\\" categories. The rows represent \\\"Performed 1T, 2T, 4F, HS\\\" and the columns represent \\\"Identified 1T, 2T, 4F, HS\\\". Each cell contains a numerical count for the intersection of the corresponding performed and identified categories.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_7_tab_4.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,371,393,404],\"text\":\"Table 3: A confusion matrix of four-gesture identifica-\\ntion from a participant with the worst accuracy (51.7 % )\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[130,419,330,530],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\"></td><td colspan=\\\"4\\\">Identified</td></tr><tr><td>1T</td><td>2T</td><td>4F</td><td>HS</td></tr><tr><td>Performed 1T</td><td>0</td><td>14</td><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Performed 2T</td><td>0</td><td>10</td><td>5</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Performed 4F</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>6</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Performed HS</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>15</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays a table with rows representing 'Performed' categories (1T, 2T, 4F, HS) and columns representing 'Identified' categories (1T, 2T, 4F, HS). The cells contain numerical values, indicating the frequency of identification for each performed category.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_7_tab_6.png\"},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,550,395,679],\"text\":\"We simulated three- and two-gesture identifications using\\nmeasured BSSI. A pair of the gestures found to have the low-\\nest accuracy is combined. In the three-gesture identification,\\n1T is combined with 2T to create fingertip(s) touch (FT). In\\nthe two-gesture identification, FT is combined with 4T to\\ncreate finger touch (Finger). The accuracy of the simulated\\nthree- and two-gesture identifications are 92.7 % and 95.6 % ,\\nrespectively.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,692,187,708],\"text\":\"5 APPLICATIONS\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,712,395,839],\"text\":\"In this section, we introduce three applications of the ETX.\\nThe “X” in EnhancedTouchX implies variable and unknown.\\nIn addition to a partner and duration that the previous En-\\nhancedTouch device can measure [49] , ETX can identify di-\\nrection and gesture of interpersonal touch interactions. Fur-\\nthermore, connecting the device with a smartphone through\\nBLE, for example, enables measurement of a location and a\\ntime.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,852,191,870],\"text\":\"EnhancedTouchLog\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,872,394,953],\"text\":\"EnhancedTouchLog (ETL) is a chronicle of a user's interper-\\nsonal touch interactions. Unlike most existing lifelog systems,\\nit logs a user's social interactions rather than her/his indi-\\nvidual activities. While several wearable devices have been\\ndeveloped to log interpersonal proximity interactions [4, 6,\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,171],\"text\":\"22, 42–44] . ETL records the closest interpersonal interac-\\ntions, i.e., touch. Figure 1b shows a user reviewing today's\\ninterpersonal touch interactions.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,172,747,363],\"text\":\"While studying interactions between mother-child, chil-\\ndren with developmental disorders, and children with/without\\nspecial needs, we observed that there are several styles of\\ntouch interactions, such as short/long time, active/passive,\\nand small/large contact area touches. We observed several\\nsituations where such a style gives different meanings, i.e.,\\ncontexts. To describe the styles of the touch interactions in\\ndaily life in an objective manner, ETL would be useful, es-\\npecially for social psychologists who analyze a context and\\ndeepen their understanding of interpersonal touch effect on\\nsocial interactions, such as the Midas touch effect introduced\\nin section 1 .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,375,539,392],\"text\":\"EnhancedTouchGo\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,395,747,553],\"text\":\"EnchancedTouchGo (ETG) is an augmented reality game\\nsuch as Niantic's Pokémon Go, where the players physically\\ntravel around the real world with a smartphone or tablet PC\\nto enjoy the contents in the virtual world. In Pokémon Go,\\nfor example, Raid Battles consists of a group of players that\\ncooperate majorly to capture a rare creature. Because Raid\\nBattles occur at a certain time and place, numerous players\\ngather at the same time and place. However, the players\\nseldom have physical interactions while they interact with\\neach other in the virtual world.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,553,747,778],\"text\":\"ETG requires that players not only physically travel to\\na certain place but also have physical touch to enjoy the\\ncontents. The player, for example, has to travel to the ET-\\nStop that is similar to a Raid Battles spot in Pokémon Go,\\nand touch another player to obtain an item and points, as\\nshown in Fig. 9 . In addition, it would be interesting to set\\nrare items and more points that are available for players who\\nexhibit success in a complex touch interaction, such as a\\nsecret/special handshake and a touch at a cable-suspended\\nbridge. Such a challenge level adjustment is facilitated by the\\nnew contextual information sensed by ETG. We expect ETG\\nto allow players to raise their faces from smartphones, look\\nat the partner's face, have a conversation, smile, and perform\\na handshake because they need physical collaboration.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,789,546,805],\"text\":\"EnhancedTouchPlay\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,808,747,954],\"text\":\"EnhancedTouchPlay (ETP) is a social playware that utilizes\\ninterpersonal touch interactions. Playware refers to intelli-\\ngent hardware and software for developing leisure activities\\n(play) among users, of which computer games are a sub-\\ngenre [39] . In addition to capability for measuring interper-\\nsonal touch interactions, another characteristic capability of\\nthe device is real-time visual and vibration feedback. Suzuki\\net al. demonstrated that visual feedback facilitated touch\\ninteractions among children with autism spectrum disorder\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 321\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300551/results/markdown/3290605-3300551_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300561/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300561", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/results/output_json/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[104,118,711,184],\"text\":\"Understanding Law Enforcement Strategies and\\nNeeds for Combating Human Trafficking\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[129,200,251,266],\"text\":\"Julia Deeb-Swhiart\\nGeorgia Tech\\nAtlanta, Georgia USA\\njdeeb3@gatech.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[344,200,469,266],\"text\":\"Alex Endert\\n\\nGeorgia Tech\\n\\nAtlanta, Georgia, USA\\nendert@gatech.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[573,200,688,266],\"text\":\"Amy Bruckman\\nGeorgia Tech\\nAtlanta, Georgia, USA\\nasb@cc.gatech.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,274,141,291],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,296,395,600],\"text\":\"In working to rescue victims of human trafficking, law en-\\nforcement officers face a host of challenges. Working in com-\\nplex, layered organizational structures, they face challenges\\nof collaboration and communication. Online information is\\ncentral to every phase of a human-trafficking investigation.\\nWith terabytes of available data such as sex work ads, polic-\\ning is increasingly a big-data research problem. In this study,\\nwe interview sixteen law enforcement officers working to\\nrescue victims of human trafficking to try to understand\\ntheir computational needs. We highlight three major areas\\nwhere future work in human-computer interaction can help.\\nFirst, combating human trafficking requires advances in in-\\nformation visualization of large, complex, geospatial data, as\\nvictims are frequently forcibly moved across jurisdictions.\\nSecond, the need for unified information databases raises\\ncritical research issues of usable security and privacy. Fi-\\nnally, the archaic nature of information systems available\\nto law enforcement raises policy issues regarding resource\\nallocation for software development.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,612,172,629],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[69,633,394,698],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Collaborative and so-\\ncial computing: Collaborative and social computing\\ntheory, concepts and paradigms; Computer supported co-\\noperative work ;\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,709,149,725],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,730,394,762],\"text\":\"Law Enforcement, Human Trafficking, needs analysis, quali-\\ntative\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,276,555,290],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[421,291,746,379],\"text\":\"Julia Deeb-Swihart, Alex Endert, and Amy Bruckman. 2019. Under-\\nstanding Law Enforcement Strategies and Needs for Combating\\nHuman Trafficking. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Comput-\\ning Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland,\\nUK . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/\\n3290605.3300561\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,406,549,423],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,427,746,553],\"text\":\"Human trafficking is a complex crime where victims are\\nforced to engage in commercial sex, labor, or other services\\nfor the financial gain of others [41] . Human trafficking re-\\nmains a top societal concern both globally [41] and for sev-\\neral US government agencies [42, 43] . Despite increasing\\nattention towards this problem, human trafficking remains a\\nsignificant global phenomenon and is continuing to rapidly\\nincrease in size [18] .\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,554,746,778],\"text\":\"In efforts to combat human trafficking, law enforcement\\nplays a significant and critical role as they are often the first\\nto identify and respond to human trafficking cases [5] . Many\\nsurvivors mentioned that they had some contact with law\\nenforcement while they were being trafficked and further\\nnoted that their interactions with law enforcement helped\\nthem leave their traffickers [34] . Additionally, law enforce-\\nment is often in the unique position to connect victims to\\nappropriate social service providers. A study for the US De-\\npartment of Justice noted that the majority of victims who\\nwere referred to service providers were initially identified\\nby law enforcement [5] . As a result, designing new tools to\\nsupport law enforcement in this effort has a major impact\\non combating human trafficking.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,778,746,904],\"text\":\"However, little is known about what the current needs of\\nlaw enforcement personnel are - particularly with respect\\nto their technological needs. Furthermore, there is a gap in\\nresearch concerning the role technology plays in an investi-\\ngation (despite current research efforts into the development\\nof new tools) and a gap in understanding how collaboration\\noccurs and the role technology plays in facilitating these\\ninteractions.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,905,746,953],\"text\":\"Thus, the goal of this paper is to understand the needs\\nof law enforcement personnel working on human traffick-\\ning cases from a sociotechnical perspective and understand\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,777,395,898],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\\nCH 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,900,395,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[71,925,268,954],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4603-5970-2/19-09...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300561\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,997,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 331\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,997,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/results/markdown/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300561/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300561", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/results/output_json/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,283],\"text\":\"how HCI researchers can design better tools to support law\\nenforcement in these efforts. To address these points, we\\nconducted an interview study with sixteen law enforcement\\npersonnel working on human trafficking cases. Through an-\\nalyzing their investigation process and understanding their\\nsocial technical needs, we highlight areas where future re-\\nsearch in HCI can assist and discuss the complex challenges\\nassociated with designing for law enforcement. Our contri-\\nbutions outline a path forward for the development of new\\ntools for anti-trafficking efforts.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,294,188,311],\"text\":\"2 BACKGROUND\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,316,394,381],\"text\":\"To better understand the context of this research, we first\\ndefine human trafficking. We then lay out some background\\ninformation about law enforcement in the US and the role\\nlaw enforcement plays in combating human trafficking.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,391,240,407],\"text\":\"Human Trafficking Defined\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,411,395,506],\"text\":\"Human Trafficking refers to the crime of recruiting, harbor-\\ning, transporting or obtaining a person for the purposes of\\nexploitation through the use of force, fraud, and/or coercion\\n[1]. In the US, human Trafficking is a federal crime as estab-\\nlished by the Trafficking Victim Protection Act (TVPA) of\\n2000 [1].\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,507,395,714],\"text\":\"Human trafficking is often separated into two types: la-\\nbor trafficking and sex trafficking. Labor trafficking refers to\\ncases where an person is forced against their will to work in\\ntypically an otherwise lawful industries such as agriculture\\nor domestic work [42] . Labor traffickers often lure victims\\nthrough false promises of gainful employment and then force\\nthem to work long hours for little to no pay in unsafe work-\\ning environments [42] . Sex trafficking refers to cases where\\na victim is forced to perform commercial sex acts such as\\nprostitution or pornography [42] . Note that sex trafficking\\nis distinct from cases in which adults willingly engage in sex\\nwork without coercion - victims of human trafficking do not\\nconsent to their exploitation.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,715,395,858],\"text\":\"Due to the underground and hidden nature of sex traffick-\\ning, it is difficult to estimate the number of victims or the\\nscope of the problem [31] . Currently, there are no reliable\\nestimates for the number of trafficking victims in the US\\n[8, 34] . The most reliable estimate comes from the Interna-\\ntional Labor Organization which conservatively estimates\\nthat globally there are currently 24.9 million victims of labor\\ntrafficking and 4.8 million victims of sex trafficking [19] . One\\nin four of these victims are children [19] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,869,238,885],\"text\":\"Law Enforcement in the US\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,890,395,954],\"text\":\"Law enforcement agencies in the US operate at the local,\\ncounty, state, and federal level. While departments at each\\nof these levels have overlapping jurisdictional regions, these\\ndepartments are completely separate entities - e.g. a city\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,220],\"text\":\"police department does not report to the state police depart-\\nment. This separateness creates unique collaboration and\\ntechnological barriers. For example, each department may\\nuse different tools, so two police departments located next to\\neach other might use different databases, which complicates\\nthe process of finding overlapping crime records.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,221,747,492],\"text\":\"Human trafficking is investigated at all levels (local, county,\\nstate, and federal) and often requires multiple departments\\nto investigate a case together, because victims move across\\njurisdictions [10, 29, 31] . Some departments have investi-\\ngators who specialize in human trafficking cases; however,\\nthis is less typical and most investigators who have worked\\nhuman trafficking cases work in units that also handle other\\ntypes of cases [10] . For example, an investigator working\\na human trafficking case might work in a Special Victims\\nUnit (SVU) that deals with sex related crimes or a VICE Unit\\nwhich deals with crimes relating to gambling, prostitution,\\nand narcotics. Some departments do not have any investiga-\\ntors who are trained to investigate human trafficking cases\\nor who have sufficient resources to investigate such a com-\\nplicated crime; thus, human trafficking cases identified by\\nthose departments are often handed off to a county, state, or\\nfederal department [10] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,502,557,519],\"text\":\"3 RELATED WORKS\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,523,747,794],\"text\":\"There is limited research on the role of law enforcement in\\nanti-trafficking efforts; much of the prior work has focused\\non law enforcement attitudes towards human trafficking\\n[32, 45] , the role officers play in victim identification [5, 10] ,\\nand understanding law enforcement training needs [10] . To\\nthe best of our knowledge, there are no studies concerning\\nthe role of technology in a law enforcement investigation\\nof human trafficking. Instead, much of the prior work has\\nfocused on the role technology plays in facilitating trafficking\\n[25, 30] and the potential methods law enforcement can use\\nto exploit such technology [9, 35] . Additionally, prior work\\nhas lead to the development of analytics tools to support law\\nenforcement investigations for sex trafficking [22, 38] . Note\\nthat there are no complementary tools designed to combat\\nlabor trafficking [26] . As such, we draw on the body of work\\non information and communication technologies (ICTs) and\\nbig data with respect to law enforcement to situate our work.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,805,582,822],\"text\":\"ICT and Law Enforcement\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,826,747,954],\"text\":\"With efforts to reform policing strategies in the US, law en-\\nforcement departments over the past several decades have\\nincreasingly adopted ICTs [20, 39] . Adoption of ICTs has\\nthe potential to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of\\na police force while lowering costs [20] . However, recent\\nresearch has indicated that adoption of ICTs alone does not\\nimprove productivity of a particular police department un-\\nless adoption is paired with support from management and\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 331\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/results/markdown/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300561/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300561", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/results/output_json/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,283],\"text\":\"strategic deployment of such tools [11] . In particular, com-\\nmunity policing and data-driven policing are strategies that\\nmost often correlate with increases in successful technology\\nadoption [11, 39] . Adoption of ICTs is also associated with\\ncertain organizational changes within a police department;\\ndepartments who adopted ICTs are associated with increases\\nin hiring specialized staff (particularly staff with IT back-\\ngrounds), increases in the number of specialized units, and\\nincreases in the educational and training requirements for\\nstaff across the board [11] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,283,395,491],\"text\":\"Despite these advantages, law enforcement adoption of\\nICTs is not universal. Police departments in the US face a\\nserious lack of funding and training for new technology,\\nwhich is a barrier for effective investigations. This is espe-\\ncially true for human trafficking investigations which (as\\ndiscussed in our findings section) rely heavily on technology\\nfor data mining and analytics. As noted in a study by the\\nnon-profit research institute RTI International, many police\\ndepartments lack technology capable of those tasks. In 2017\\nonly 14 % of police departments in the US had technology\\nto share and search for data across silos [39] . Additionally,\\nonly 10 % had tools for data-mining and only 5 % had tools to\\nuncover connections between data points [39] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,491,395,619],\"text\":\"Furthermore, police departments continue to struggle with\\ncollaboration and information sharing despite the increased\\nefforts to use ICTs for this purpose [14–17] . While depart-\\nments have increasingly adopted policies to support infor-\\nmation sharing, the lack of software standards across multi-\\nple platforms makes sharing almost impossible [15] . As dis-\\ncussed in our findings and discussion section, this remains a\\nserious barrier for human trafficking investigations.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,630,261,647],\"text\":\"Big Data and Law Enforcement\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,650,394,825],\"text\":\"Prior work has also looked at the role of big data in policing\\ncontexts. Technology to support data collection and analysis\\nfor police departments has been discussed by researchers as\\na solution towards police accountability and as a solution\\nto help mitigate policing biases like racial profiling [6, 21] .\\nHowever, recent work by Verma and Dombrowski has found\\nthat the technology to support big data in its current form\\nis not enough to support police action and judgment [44] .\\nFurthermore, data collected and analyzed has the potential to\\neither confirm or counter an officer's bias depending entirely\\non how the data is collected and displayed [44] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,825,395,955],\"text\":\"In practice, adopting big-data oriented practices in law en-\\nforcement faces a number of technical issues - from dealing\\nwith siloed databases to issues with mistyped data entries\\n[33] - and faces a number of important social criticisms. Po-\\nlice departments are increasingly working with new data\\nsources including social media, which leads to new questions\\nconcerning the potential for mass surveillance [3, 21] . Addi-\\ntionally as the collected data is inherently not objective in\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,476],\"text\":\"nature, researchers have noted that data-driven policing has\\nthe potential to perpetuate biases rather than mitigate them\\n[44] . With human trafficking cases, there is the concern that\\ndata collection at a national scale will reinforce stereotypes\\n(such as victims of sex trafficking are more likely to be foreign\\nnationals despite domestic victims being more common), and\\nlead to continued problems with victim identification [36] .\\nAdditionally, researchers warn that unchecked data collec-\\ntion could infringe on the rights of individuals [17, 24] . With\\nthe development of modern tools, careful attention must be\\npaid to ensure that such tools do not cause harm. Notably,\\ndata about voluntary sex workers is intermixed with data\\nabout trafficking victims. The rights of voluntary sex work-\\ners remains a controversial issue; however, as we will see, our\\nlaw enforcement informants have little to no interest in ar-\\nresting them (and often actively help them, connecting them\\nwith social services). As human trafficking investigations\\noften rely on big data practices, our work examines the role\\nof technology noting issues with current implementations.\\nAdditionally, we discuss potential strategies to mitigate these\\nissues drawing from lessons from prior work that notes that\\nefforts require a mix of social and technical solutions [36, 44] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,501,511,519],\"text\":\"4 METHODS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,522,746,602],\"text\":\"For this study, we performed semi-structured interviews with\\n16 law enforcement personnel working on human trafficking\\ncases. Our participants worked in a variety of roles within\\nlaw enforcement agencies including analyst, detective, and\\nsenior personnel (see Table 1).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,603,747,761],\"text\":\"Drawing methods from prior work [7] , we used conve-\\nnience sampling [28] to recruit initial participants and used\\nsnowball sampling to gather additional participants. We\\nrecruited participants for the initial 3 interviews through\\npersonal and professional contacts. Additionally, 3 were re-\\ncruited through a relevant mailing list, and the remaining\\nwere recruited through a random sample of a contact list\\nprovided by an NGO partner (see Table 1 for complete break-\\ndown). We continued to recruit participants for this study\\nuntil we felt that the data was saturated [13] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,761,746,906],\"text\":\"The interviews were conducted over the phone or in per-\\nson, lasting between 30-90 minutes. During the interviews,\\nthe participants were asked questions about their background,\\ninvestigation process, technology use, and collaboration. We\\nalso asked participants to explain their technological needs\\nand how researchers could design better tools for them. One\\nresearcher qualitatively coded the interviews using inductive\\nthematic analysis [2] , and throughout the process, emerging\\nthemes were discussed by all the authors.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,906,746,955],\"text\":\"Researcher self disclosure is an important part of qual-\\nitative research. The research team are passionate about\\ncombating human trafficking, and are persuaded by the body\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 331\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/results/markdown/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300561/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300561", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/results/output_json/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[82,122,731,522],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td></td><td>Sex</td><td>Job Description</td><td>Region</td><td>Department Type</td><td>Recruitment</td></tr><tr><td>P1</td><td>M</td><td>Detective in a VICE unit</td><td>Southeast</td><td>Mid-size county police department</td><td>Personal Contact</td></tr><tr><td>P2</td><td>M</td><td>Detective in a Tech unit</td><td>Southeast</td><td>Mid-size county police department</td><td>Referral</td></tr><tr><td>P3</td><td>M</td><td>Detective in an SVU unit</td><td>Southeast</td><td>Large city police department</td><td>Personal Contact</td></tr><tr><td>P4</td><td>M</td><td>Analyst</td><td>Midwest</td><td>Smaller city police department</td><td>Mailing List</td></tr><tr><td>P5</td><td>F</td><td>Senior Analyst</td><td>West</td><td>Large city police department</td><td>Mailing List</td></tr><tr><td>P6</td><td>F</td><td>Analyst</td><td>Southeast</td><td>Large city police department</td><td>Mailing List</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan=\\\"5\\\">Retired lieutenant,</td></tr><tr><td>P7</td><td>M</td><td>specializes in Human Trafficking investigations</td><td>West</td><td>large city police department</td><td>Referral</td></tr><tr><td>P8</td><td>M</td><td>Retired US Marshall</td><td>Southeast</td><td>Federal police department</td><td>Personal Contact</td></tr><tr><td>P9</td><td>F</td><td>Detective in a Human Trafficking Unit</td><td>Southwest</td><td>Large city police department</td><td>NGO contact list</td></tr><tr><td>P10</td><td>M</td><td>Human Trafficking Investigator</td><td>Canada</td><td>Mid-sized municipal department</td><td>NGO contact list</td></tr><tr><td>P11</td><td>M</td><td>Analyst</td><td>Southwest</td><td>State Police organization</td><td>NGO contact list</td></tr><tr><td>P12</td><td>M</td><td>Retired Detective, current director of a related non-profit</td><td>Southwest</td><td>Large city police department</td><td>Referral</td></tr><tr><td>P13</td><td>F</td><td>Investigator specializing in Human Trafficking</td><td>West</td><td>Large county police department</td><td>NGO contact list</td></tr><tr><td>P14</td><td>M</td><td>Analyst specializing in Human Trafficking</td><td>Southwest</td><td>State police organization</td><td>Referral</td></tr><tr><td>P15</td><td>M</td><td>Retired Major, currently Coordinator for Human Trafficking</td><td>Southeast</td><td>State police department</td><td>NGO contact list</td></tr><tr><td>P16</td><td>M</td><td>Human Trafficking Investigator</td><td>Southwest</td><td>State police department</td><td>NGO contact list</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a table displaying information about 16 individuals (P1 to P16). The columns include Sex, Job Description, Region, Department Type, and Recruitment method. The rows detail various roles such as detectives, analysts, and human trafficking investigators, across different regions and department types.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_3_tab_2.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,523,746,569],\"text\":\"Table 1: Overview of study participants. Note that we interviewed one Canadian participant. Police departments in Canada\\nand the US are largely comparable and the investigation process described by our Canadian participant matched the process\\ndescribed by our US participants.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,606,394,685],\"text\":\"of evidence that suggests that collaborating with law enforce-\\nment is one of the most effective means to that end. We have\\ncollaborated with multiple non-governmental organizations\\n(NGOs) in this space, and the first author was an intern at\\nMarinus Analytics during summer 2018.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,710,223,728],\"text\":\"Participant Backgrounds\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,731,394,889],\"text\":\"Our inclusion criteria was that our participants had to have\\nworked at least one human trafficking case prior to the in-\\nterview. However, all of our participants had worked on\\nhuman trafficking cases for at least a year before the inter-\\nview. When we reached out to police departments, we were\\noften directed to speak to the more senior person on a unit\\nbecause that person had worked more cases and was more\\nfamiliar with what the overall needs were for their unit. In\\nparticular, P7 and P15 had both worked over 10 years on\\nhuman trafficking and are experts on the topic.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,889,394,955],\"text\":\"In terms of familiarity with Human Trafficking, all our\\nparticipants had received some training about trafficking\\nand were largely familiar with recent policy and research\\non trafficking. Participants who specialized in trafficking\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,606,747,795],\"text\":\"received more training than their other counterparts and our\\nparticipants who worked as analysts typically had the least\\ntraining. Training for human trafficking tends to happen\\nafter a person joins or is assigned to a human trafficking\\ncase. Officers tend to move between units frequently mostly\\nas a mechanism to gain a promotion (i.e., a person might\\njoin the VICE unit because there was an opening for a de-\\ntective). However, our participants noted that units that deal\\nwith human trafficking cases tended to self-select more (i.e.,\\nofficers choose to join those units specifically). As such, we\\nfind that our participants are self-motivated to investigate\\nthese cases.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,796,747,941],\"text\":\"Expertise and comfort with technology varied between\\nparticipants, with all being at least familiar with the major-\\nity of the tools discussed in the findings section and highly\\nproficient with using the case management tools and po-\\nlice databases. More experienced participants (P2, P9, P15)\\nused the more complicated visual analysis tools. How ex-\\nperienced a person was with technology depended on how\\nmuch training they had access to. Our participants described\\ngetting training for the various tools through a mix of formal\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 331\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/results/markdown/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300561/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300561", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/results/output_json/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,188],\"text\":\"trainings provided by the tool's manufacturer and informal \\ntrainings where a colleague trained them. Access to suffi- \\ncient training was mentioned by our participants as a serious \\nbarrier to technology adoption.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,203,142,219],\"text\":\"Limitations\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,222,395,509],\"text\":\"Our participants are not representative of law enforcement\\nin general. We limited our study to include only those who\\nhave worked on human trafficking cases. Officers with expe-\\nrience with human trafficking cases tend to work in larger\\npolice departments and tend to be more specialized than\\nmight be otherwise be typical. Additionally, our participants\\nhave access to more technology than is typical for police de-\\npartments. As mentioned in the related work section, only\\n10 % of police departments have access to data mining tools;\\nwhereas the majority of our participants describe having ac-\\ncess to some tools in this space. Like other qualitative studies\\non law enforcement working in human trafficking [7] , our\\nparticipants were mostly from the southeast and southwest\\nregions. Many states in these areas have policies that list\\nhuman trafficking as a high priority and have a long history\\nof participating in human trafficking task forces. As such,\\nwe did not interview participants in departments who have\\nonly recently begun to investigate human trafficking cases.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,522,155,537],\"text\":\"5 FINDINGS\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,541,394,655],\"text\":\"In this section, we first describe the overall investigation pro-\\ncess our participants described. It is important to understand\\nhow an investigation progresses in order to contextualize\\nthe role technology and collaboration play in this process.\\nWe then discuss participants' technology use and collabo-\\nration process. Finally, we present our main findings, the\\nsociotechnical needs of our participants.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,667,279,684],\"text\":\"Overview of Investigation Process\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,688,394,848],\"text\":\"At a high level, most investigations as described by our par-\\nticipants go through the same general steps (see Figure 1 ).\\nNote that these stages don't always go in this order and some\\ninvestigations perform these stages in parallel. Also investi-\\ngators often work multiple cases at once. In terms of timeline\\nfor this process, our participants noted that typical inves-\\ntigations take a long time - ranging from several months\\nto several years. Human trafficking investigations are of-\\nten more complex and take more time than other criminal\\ninvestigations [10] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,858,394,954],\"text\":\"Starting a New Investigation. There are two main processes\\nthrough which an investigator starts a case: proactive and\\nreactive [31] . The proactive process starts with the investi-\\ngator actively seeking out new cases. The reactive process\\nstarts with a case that has already been identified by some-\\none else. Seven of our participants noted doing a mixture\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,172],\"text\":\"of both processes (with P1 and P15 working proactive cases\\nalmost exclusively) and nine mentioned working reactively\\nonly.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,172,747,443],\"text\":\"In a typical proactive process, an investigator starts a case\\nby examining online advertisements for sex work to look\\nfor indicators of trafficking. Investigators use tools such as\\nMarinus Analytics' Traffic Jam 1 and Thorn's Spotlight 2 to\\nassist with this process. These tools provide users with a\\nsearchable database of these advertisements and an interface\\nto explore connections across selected advertisements. P16\\ndescribes this process noting that he uses his experience to\\nidentify trafficking indicators: \\\"I can literally go get on Traffic\\nJam right now, find a girl 3 or find a posting that looks like\\nshe looks kinda young or she looks like she might not be doing\\nthis on her own or something like that.\\\" With the rise in adop-\\ntion of internet sources to facilitate trafficking, combating\\nhuman trafficking is increasingly a big data problem [24]\\nand investigators rely on technology to support this proac-\\ntive process. Much of the software designed specifically for\\nhuman trafficking cases targets this investigation stage.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,443,746,571],\"text\":\"In contrast, reactive cases rely far less on technology and\\ninstead begin with collaboration. In a reactive process, an\\ninvestigation starts with some form of a tip from established\\ncollaborators, civilians, or other police departments. As P9\\ndescribes cases can begin from many different sources: \\\"It's\\nall different 'cause we get tips from so many areas, we might\\nhave a report from patrol, we might have a civilian tip, we\\nmight have an anonymous tip.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,571,746,699],\"text\":\"All of our participants noted working with a wide range\\nof individuals as collaborators. For example, several partici-\\npants mentioned working with human trafficking hotlines\\nto get tips for cases. Others mentioned working with govern-\\nment agencies like Child Protective Services or non-profits\\nlike the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.\\nAdditionally, a few participants mentioned working with the\\nmedical community.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,699,746,825],\"text\":\"Tips may also come from civilians, sometimes anony- \\nmously through programs like Crime Stoppers that allow \\nmembers of a community to pass along information about a \\ncrime through a neutral party. Some departments use civil-\\nian informants such as cab drivers to get tips on recent \\ntrafficking-related crimes. For example, P1 described start-\\ning many of his cases based on tips generated by his local \\ncommunity:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,825,747,890],\"text\":\"\\\"There are some cases that will get assigned to us. There are \\ncertain reports that they'll say 'Hey, we want you guys to take \\na look at this.' Or they'll assign us what would be referred to \\nas a suspicious activity report. Then go out there, a citizen saw\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,897,580,912],\"text\":\"1 http://www.marinusanalytics.com/\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,913,596,925],\"text\":\"$^{2}$https://www.wearethorn.org/spotlight.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[420,925,746,953],\"text\":\"1Our participant is referring to a child victim. However, law enforcement\\ndoes not always take into account the possibility of an assault and will\\ndo sometimes refer to adult female sex workers as 'girls'\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 331\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/results/markdown/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300561/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300561", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/results/output_json/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[105,130,709,219],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a flowchart illustrating the process of addressing human trafficking, beginning with either proactive outreach to potential victims or reactive investigation based on a tip. Both paths converge to identify the victim, followed by victim interviews, identifying the trafficker, building a case against the trafficker, and culminating in a trial.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[266,232,547,250],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Overview of general investigation process\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,271,394,320],\"text\":\"this type of activity. I'll go out there and take a look at it and\\nsee if there's anything to it. We'll conduct our own independent\\ninvestigation and we'll go from there.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,321,395,400],\"text\":\"Social media also plays a key role in generating civilians tips as\\nnoted by P5 : “Social media’s driving a lot of things, anywhere\\nfrom litter, almost like a crime stoppers real time sort of. So\\nyou see a lot more crime tips and stuff come in off Twitter and\\nInstagram and Facebook.”\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,400,395,607],\"text\":\"More often, however, our participants described scenarios\\nwhere a case was identified by a different police department\\ninvestigating other crimes. For example, P3 described an\\ninvestigation that began when a patrol officer responded to a\\nnoise violation and accidentally uncovered a trafficking ring.\\nOther participants such as P13 and P8 work in request-based\\nagencies - meaning they take on or assist with cases when\\nrequested to by other departments. Other departments may\\nrequest help if they either do not have the experience or do\\nnot have the resources to investigate human trafficking cases.\\nP13 describes this process below, noting that other officers\\nwill call her when they need help investigating a suspected\\ntrafficking case:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,607,395,703],\"text\":\"\\\"They\\n'll call us, hey I came out to a hotel. Initially came out\\nas a domestic violence. It kind of looks maybe more like human\\ntrafficking. I need some help. I need some direction. We\\n'll go out\\nand help them... Or someone just on scene right then and there\\nand they call us, like hey I need help. I need some direction. I'\\nm not really sure what I have. We\\n'll go out there and assess.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,704,395,863],\"text\":\"These cases highlight an important issue with reactive\\ncases: victim identification is largely dependent on collabo-\\nrators and other police officers recognizing the signs of traf-\\nficking. These cases highlight the need for more pervasive\\ntraining for law enforcement beyond those who investigate\\nhuman trafficking cases and the need for more widespread\\npublic awareness of the realities of trafficking. Additionally\\nas supported by the findings of prior work, these findings\\npoint towards the importance for police communication with\\nthe public [16, 17] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,872,395,953],\"text\":\"Identifying a Potential Victim. At this stage, investigators\\nbegin a process of evidence gathering with the goal of get-\\nting enough information to make contact with the victim\\nand to access the situation the person is in. Investigators are\\nlooking for information concerning the victim's real identity,\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,271,747,415],\"text\":\"location, and/or contact information. Additionally, investiga-\\ntors look for information that may confirm the victim is in a\\nhuman trafficking situation. P9 describes this process noting\\nthat she uses several databases to find this information: \\\"We\\ntry to figure out as much as we can from our databases before\\nwe go out in the field to do anything so we're trying to use\\nTraffic Jam to find ads, we are on our portals ... and so on to\\ntry to research addresses and names to just try to build up the\\nbest idea of what's going on that we can.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,415,746,480],\"text\":\"This process involves using a large number of tools at once\\nto look for this information across disparate data sources. A\\ntypical process for this is described in detail by two partici-\\npants:\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,480,747,669],\"text\":\"\\\"We will look on our database to find reports for our victim.\\nThere may be a report out there that they don't know about,\\nor they forgot about. We'd look on the computer, on police\\ncomputer databases for those reports ... Then another option\\nwould be through Traffic Jam. We would put in whatever in-\\nformation we had about the person. For example, their phone\\nnumber, punch that in and then get the list of all the locations\\nthat they had been working in. Usually you'll find that they're\\ntransient, and moving about. Who knows where they were, but\\nthen you could follow up on that based on the information\\nfrom Traffic Jam. Maybe then trying to get hotel records, or\\nvideo surveillance.\\\" - P10\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,670,748,877],\"text\":\"\\\"I'll take that phone number, I'll search it in Facebook, I'll\\nsearch it in Google, see if it comes back to any place or any\\nthing, I'll do the reverse image search of her image on Traffic\\nJam to see if she posted it on other websites or what other phone\\nnumbers she's posted under. I'll then check it against Facebook\\nor Instagram or anything like that ... Some people put their\\nphone number on their Facebook page. I've had a girl to use\\nthe same number and post on Background, so that was a super\\neasy find. I just plugged it in there and we found her. Then\\nwe actually found out who she was and her actual name, and\\nthen we can use our ... law enforcement databases to search\\ntheir name, date of birth. We can find addresses and things like\\nthat.\\n\\\"\\n-P16\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,878,747,943],\"text\":\"Note the sheer number of tools both participants described\\nusing. This process requires the investigators to keep track\\nof a number of new leads and past search histories at once.\\nOur participants all emphasized the importance of keeping\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 331\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/results/markdown/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300561/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300561", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/results/output_json/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,189],\"text\":\"case information organized, and some mentioned using tools\\nlike note-taking systems or Microsoft Excel to keep track of\\ncase information. Others mentioned relying on memory to\\nkeep track of a case's progress.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,205,395,396],\"text\":\"Victim Interviews. Once a victim is identified, investigators\\nwill try to make contact with the person and get an interview.\\nVictim interviews are critical for an investigation because\\noften the information in the interviews is the basis for the en-\\ntire case at a trial. P2, a former SVU detective that worked on\\ncases relating to sexual assault including trafficking, noted\\nthe importance of interviews: \\\"Special victims, particularly\\ndealing with children, a lot of the crimes you won't find out\\nabout until afterwards, there is no physical evidence, so ev-\\nerything relies on our interviews. The majority of our cases, it\\ncomes down to talking to the victims and talking to the suspect\\nand it's purely interviews.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,396,395,475],\"text\":\"Additionally, our participants noted that they needed to\\nperform multiple interviews with the victim before they can\\nfully understand the situation. This requires investigators\\nto locate a victim multiple times before they can help the\\nperson. P9 describes the difficulty with this below:\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,475,395,602],\"text\":\"\\\"They lie a lot and there's reasons for that, there's a common\\nbond, and psychological issues and so on but it can be real\\ndifficult to get to the truth of what they're saying especially\\noften it will take three or four interviews before you kind of\\nget the whole story of what went on and in between that time,\\nthey'll often have run away or disappeared so you never quite\\nknow what part of what they told you know was the total truth\\nand what wasn't.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,602,395,699],\"text\":\"Many participants mentioned that the first goal of the\\ninterviewing process is to get the person the help they need.\\nThey work with victim services or victim advocates as part\\nof this process to ensure the needs of the victims are met.\\nP13 describes below that before a formal interview, she first\\nmakes sure the person's basic needs are met:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,699,395,808],\"text\":\"\\\"First and foremost, we don't care about the situation in a\\nsense. We don't want to know the story. We're not going to\\ngrill you. Do you want to eat? When was the last time you\\nate? Are you hungry? Are you cold? We have backpacks that\\nwe carry in our cars and it comes with clothes, toiletries and\\nsocks of different sizes. We want to meet their needs number\\none. Medical care. Just show care and concern.\\\" - P13\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,808,395,955],\"text\":\"Building rapport with the victim is absolutely crucial - not\\njust for getting the necessary information for a case but to\\nalso ensure that the person gets the help they need when\\nthey are ready for it. For example, P13 notes that being non-\\njudgmental across multiple interviews is critical: \\\"But just\\nbeing there for them really consistently and always and not\\njudging them and listening to them and you know taking them\\nback again, again no matter how many times they've run away\\nand really showing that you care for them is a big part.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,267],\"text\":\"P10 additionally notes that building rapport is important for\\ngetting the person the help they need when they are ready:\\n\\\"Often times the person doesn't want to come forward at the\\ntime. What you do is develop some rapport, and sometimes\\nthey'll come back to you a month later and say,\\n\\\"I met you a\\ncouple months ago. You probably don't remember me.\\n\\\"Most of\\nthe time you do remember them, but say,\\n\\\"Yeah. At the time...\\nYeah, I want to tell you about a situation where things aren't\\nokay.\\n\\\" Then we would investigate it.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,274,747,419],\"text\":\"Identifying the Trafficker: From the information gathered in\\nthe victim interviews, the next stage requires investigators\\nto identify the trafficker. Our participants often relied on\\nsubpoenas for the victim's phone and social media to do\\nthis. As P11 described, investigators look at information in\\nconversations or look at who owns the phone to identify the\\ntrafficker: \\\"We can tell they're in control because of conversions\\nthey're having where, a lot of times the trafficker's directing\\nwhat the traffic person should do.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,419,748,690],\"text\":\"Using a similar evidence-gathering process as described\\nin the earlier stages, investigators search to uncover the\\ntrafficker's name and address. Some participants noted that\\nthey often had to be resourceful to get this information. P15,\\nfor example, noted that he sometimes uses his connection\\nwith a local restaurant to get the address of a trafficker:\\n`If I'm looking for somebody and I think they're local, I'll\\ncall a friend of mine that works at a pizza place and see if\\nthey get food delivered to them, because generally they give\\nyou the right address' . This process requires investigators to\\nkeep track of the case's progress and organize the different\\naspects of the case. This is even more challenging at this stage\\nbecause investigators are working with more information\\nfrom multiple sources. As some of these sources do not\\ncome from technology (like interview data), investigators\\noften rely on physical systems like sticky notes and folders\\nto keep track of a case's progress.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,698,747,857],\"text\":\"Building a Case Against the Trafficker. Once the trafficker is\\nidentified, then the investigator must build a case against\\nthat trafficker and issue arrest warrants. This process re-\\nquires corroborating information from the victim interviews\\nand evidence gathered in earlier stages. In contrast to the\\nprevious evidence-gathering stages, this process focuses on\\nproving the links between the evidence so as to build a strong\\ncase that convinces a jury. For example, investigators like P3\\nmight gather evidence like hotel receipts or cash payments\\nrecords to prove the trafficker is behind the operation:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,858,747,954],\"text\":\"\\\"The goal is to try and corroborate some of the things that\\nwe are hearing ... let's say we've got someone who is running\\nan organization dealing with human trafficking, well they're\\nkeeping tabs on their clients and the money and all of that.\\nWe would like to take a look at that to prove that this is their\\norganization, that they're running it. This is who we're seeing.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 331\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/results/markdown/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300561/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300561", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/results/output_json/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,396,188],\"text\":\"Telephone numbers that match some of the victims that we've\\nrecovered. That we're seeing cash payments that match some of\\nthe payments that received on this particular day... Everything\\nhas to be correlate.\\n~ P3\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,189,395,348],\"text\":\"Additionally, prosecutors in collaboration with investiga-\\ntors decide what charges can be brought against the trafficker.\\nThe charges will depend on what can be proven and how\\nlikely the victim is to go to trial. The process of a trial can\\nbe traumatizing for the victims; for this reason, some of our\\nparticipants have recently pursued other charges besides hu-\\nman trafficking to avoid having to rely on victim testimony.\\nP12 noted this shift in his own investigations where he now\\ntypically pursues a financial charge rather than a traditional\\nhuman trafficking charge:\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,348,396,443],\"text\":\"\\\"We're going after [a financial case]. And then at that point\\nwe don't need the testimony as much, which they tend to back\\nout on, for a lot of different reasons. So we're focused on fol-\\nlowing the money, and see if we can find who's in control of\\nthat, and go after money laundering charges, have good strong\\ncase on that.\\\" - P12\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,455,285,472],\"text\":\"Tools Used During an Investigation\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,476,395,570],\"text\":\"As discussed above, our participants use a wide range of\\ntools during an investigation. Broadly speaking, the tools\\ndescribed by our participants fall into the following cate-\\ngories: police databases, human-trafficking-specific tools,\\nvisual-analysis tools, case-organization tools, and general\\nwebsites.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,570,395,808],\"text\":\"Police Databases give investigators access to a search-\\nable database for government records, criminal records, or\\nprior case records. Investigators have access to multiple\\ndatabases at once. Most of our participants named three\\nor more databases when describing their investigation pro-\\ncess. Investigators use these databases to find information\\nsuch as name, address, and criminal records on a victim or\\ntrafficker. Other tools mentioned by our participants in this\\narea include LexisNexis's Accurium and Kerasware that allow\\nfor more advanced searches on their databases and some\\nbasic visualizations of connections between data points re-\\nturned by a search. Most participants who used either of\\nthese tools noted that as part of the searching process, they\\nhad to verify the results using other data sources, noting that\\nthese databases can often be inaccurate.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,809,395,954],\"text\":\"Human-Trafficking-Specific Tools mentioned by our\\nparticipants include Thorn's Spotlight and Marinus Ana-\\nlytics' Traffic Jam. Both tools provide a web-based platform\\nfor investigators to use to search through records of sex-work\\nadvertisements. Additionally, these tools allow investigators\\nto run facial recognition search on images in the advertise-\\nments. In an investigation, these tools are predominantly\\nused either to proactively begin a new case or to help inves-\\ntigators gather evidence on a victim's background.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_009.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[443,119,723,339],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A software interface features a central network graph with numerous phone icons acting as nodes, connected by lines, some highlighted in red or yellow circles. To the right, a data table displays columns like \\\"Entity\\\" and \\\"Degree,\\\" while a menu ribbon is visible across the top.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,352,745,384],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Example screen shot of a link chart made with\\nIBM i2 Analyst Notebook. Image courtesy of IBM\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,410,747,665],\"text\":\"Visual Analysis Tools most often mentioned by our par-\\nticipants were IBM's i2 Analyst Notebook, ArcGIS, and Mi-\\ncrosoft’s PowerPoint. Investigators use i2 Analyst Notebook\\nto visualize social networks for a case. For report writing\\nand quick visualizations for court hearings, many partici-\\npants mentioned using PowerPoint. Only two of our partici-\\npants mentioned using ArcGIS, a geographic information\\nsystem for creating maps, which they mostly use to visu-\\nalize heatmaps of general crime trends for reports or their\\ndepartment's web-page. Investigators used visualizations to\\nexplain their insights into a case to co-workers and prosecu-\\ntors working with them. Others mentioned using visualiza-\\ntions to explain complicated aspects of a case in court like\\nlink charts to explain the connections between different call\\nrecords (an example of such a visualization can be seen in\\nFigure 2 ).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,665,747,857],\"text\":\"Case Organization Tools are used by investigators to\\norganize their case notes, keep track of connections, and\\ntrack the overall progress of their investigation. These tools\\ninclude a mix of physical systems (like note taking systems,\\nsticky notes, and printouts in binders) and software tools.\\nSoftware tools again include software used to create link\\ncharts. Some also used Microsoft Excel to create checklists to\\nkeep track of their progress. As investigators work multiple\\ncases at once, our participants noted that it was absolutely\\nimportant that they were organized about each case so that\\nleads are not forgotten. Many of our participants described\\nusing mostly physical systems to organize their case notes.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,858,746,953],\"text\":\"General Websites that investigators use include social\\nmedia sites and search engines. Investigators use these sites\\nto uncover a victim's identity and examine their social net-\\nwork to identify their trafficker. The majority of our partici-\\npants noted that they searched across social media frequently\\nto uncover new leads.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 331\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300561/results/markdown/3290605-3300561_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300568/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300568", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/results/output_json/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,744,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[2,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[109,80,704,109],\"text\":\"Sensing Fine-Grained Hand Activity with Smartwatches\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[218,118,596,190],\"text\":\"Gierad Laput Chris Harrison\\n\\n\\nCarnegie Mellon University, Human-Computer Interaction Institute\\n\\n\\n5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213\\n{gierad.laput, chris.harrison}@cs.cmu.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_005.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_005.png\",\"bbox\":[65,196,751,453],\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A multi-panel image displays a person's hands and forearms performing various daily activities, each labeled with a letter from A to X. The person is wearing a smartwatch on their left wrist, and the activities include using a phone, keyboard, mouse, tablet, drilling, playing piano, brushing hair, opening jars, pouring liquid, and washing hands.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,456,746,500],\"text\":\"Figure 1. In this work, we investigate the feasibility of sensing 25 hand activities using commodity smartwatches, which are\\nuniquely positioned to capture such fine-grained activity. Activity names are provided in Figure 3 . The 25th hand activity we\\nevaluated, brushing teeth (Y), is not shown here.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,512,142,528],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,532,396,818],\"text\":\"Capturing fine-grained hand activity could make computa-\\ntional experiences more powerful and contextually aware.\\nIndeed, philosopher Immanuel Kant argued, “the hand is the\\nvisible part of the brain.” However, most prior work has fo-\\ncused on detecting whole-body activities, such as walking,\\nrunning, and bicycling. In this work, we explore the feasi-\\nbility of sensing hand activities from commodity smart-\\nwatches, which are the most practical vehicle for achieving\\nthis vision. Our investigations started with a 50 participant,\\nin-the-wild study, which captured hand activity labels over\\nnearly 1000 worn hours. We then studied this data to scope\\nour research goals and inform our technical approach. We\\nconclude with a second, in-lab study that evaluates our clas-\\nsification stack, demonstrating 95.2 % accuracy across 25\\nhand activities. Our work highlights an underutilized, yet\\nhighly complementary contextual channel that could un-\\nlock a wide range of promising applications.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,513,531,528],\"text\":\"Author Keywords\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,529,705,545],\"text\":\"Bio-acoustics; context-sensing; activity recognition;\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,558,508,575],\"text\":\"CCS Concepts\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,576,744,608],\"text\":\"Human-centered computing- Ubiquitous and mobile com-\\nputing systems and tools.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,623,538,637],\"text\":\"ACM Reference format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,638,746,704],\"text\":\"Gierad Lapin and Chris Harrison. 2019. Sensing Fine-Grained Hand Activ-\\nity with Smartwatches. In 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in\\nComputing Systems Proceedings (CHI) . 2019, May 4–9, 2019,\\nNew York, NY, USA.\\n13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3298605.3300568\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,727,556,744],\"text\":\"1   INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,748,746,932],\"text\":\"Human activity sensing has been an area of active research\\nfor several decades (see e.g., [6][9][14][23][71] ). The advent\\nof robust mobile sensing platforms (like the Intel Mobile\\nSensing Platform (MSP) [12] ) and the ubiquity of\\nsmartphones has served to further accelerate research in\\nthis domain. In just the past few years, wearables have\\nemerged, affording researchers a beachhead on the body,\\noffering improved fidelity and new sensed dimensions. To-\\nday, many consumer smartphones and smartwatches in-\\nclude activity sensing capabilities that can distinguish be-\\ntween e.g., walking, biking, driving and sleeping [23] .\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,836,391,919],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or\\nclassroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distri-\\nbuted for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full\\ncitation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others\\nwho5,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,102\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,929,257,978],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\\n\\nc 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.\\n\\nACM ISBN 978-1-4505-5970-2/19-05. $15.00\\n\\nhttp://doi.org/10.1145/3290655.3300568\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,125,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 338\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/results/markdown/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300568/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300568", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/results/output_json/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,81,396,264],\"text\":\"Most often, classified data is exposed to users for fitness\\nand personal informatics applications, and thus is chiefly\\nfocused on locomotion (or the lack thereof). However, this\\nignores a rich and expansive landscape of fine-grained hu-\\nman actions, especially those undertaken by the hands. We\\ncall these hard activities and they are often independent of\\nbody activity. For example, one can type on their\\nsmartphone (hand activity) while walking (body activity);\\nor take a sip of water from a bottle while jogging ; or dip\\nthrough a book while lying in bed. Wilson [76] offers an\\neloquent portrayal of these diverse uses:\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,271,396,540],\"text\":\"\\\"After tugging at the covers and sheets and rolling your-\\nself into a more comfortable position, you realized that you\\nreally did have to get out of bed. Next came the circus rou-\\ntine of noisy bathroom antics: the twisting of faucet han-\\ndes, opening and closing of cabinet and shower doors, put-\\nting the toilet seat back where it belongs. There were slip-\\npery things to play with: soap, brushes, tubes, and little jars\\nwith caps and lids to twist or flip open; [...] Each morning\\nbegins with a ritual dash through our own private obstacle\\ncourse – objects to be opened or closed, lifted or pushed,\\ntwisted or turned, pulled, twiddled, or tied. The hands move\\nso ably over this terrain that we think nothing of the ac-\\ncomplishment. [...] Our lives are so full of commonplace ex-\\nperience in which the hands are so skillfully and silently\\ninvolved that we rarely consider how dependent upon them\\nwe actually are.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,547,396,799],\"text\":\"If computing systems could know the activity of both\\nthe body and the hands, applications could be more context\\nsensitive and assistive to immediate, ongoing tasks. State-\\nof-the-art activity detection has been largely stuck at am-\\nbulatory states (walking, standing, sleeping, etc.) for dec-\\nades. We envision smartwaves (slowly becoming more\\npervasive) as a unique beachhead on the body for capturing\\nrich everyday actions. This could unlock many applications,\\nranging from personal informatics, health and skills assess-\\nment, and broadly, context-awareness. For example, a sys-\\ntem that knows what your hands are doing can intelligently\\navoid interruptions. Hand activity detection can also be\\nused to identify the onset of harmful patterns ( e.g., repeti-\\ntive strain injury or hand-arm vibration syndrome), or for\\nbuilding healthy habits ( e.g., regular hand washing).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,805,396,959],\"text\":\"In this work, we show that hand activity can be sensed\\nrobustly from a commodity, off-the-shelf smartwatch, with-\\nout any external infrastructure or instrumentation of ob-\\njects, opening a new and practical means for achieving this\\nvision. In addition to tracking coarse movement and orien-\\ntation of the hand, the wrist is also the perfect vantage point\\nto capture bio-acoustic information produced as a byprod-\\nuct of most hand activities (e.g., typing, brushing teeth).\\nHere, we define bio-acoustics as body-coupled micro-\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,81,746,181],\"text\":\"vibrations propagating through the user's arm. These sig-\\nnals are inherently diverse, owing to user variance, innu-\\nmerable tools and accessories, and differences in environ-\\nment. To overcome this, we developed a flexible processing\\npipeline that demonstrates surprising robustness, under-\\nscoring the feasibility of our approach.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,189,746,374],\"text\":\"We also draw an important distinction between hand\\nactions versus hand activities . Specifically, we define a\\nhand activity as a sustained series of related hand actions,\\ntypically lasting seconds or minutes. For example, a single\\nclap would be a hand action, whereas a series of claps would\\nbe the activity of clapping. The decision to focus on hand\\nactivities was both practical (there is more data from a con-\\ntinuous signal to enable robust classification) and func-\\ntional (instantaneous hand events are rarely indicative of a\\nuser's activity, and thus offer less opportunities for compu-\\ntational enhancement).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,381,747,664],\"text\":\"As we will discuss in detail, we started our investiga-\\ntions with a 50 participant, in-the-wild, experience sam-\\npling (ESM) study [17] . This yielded a trove of real-world\\ndata that informed our machine learning efforts. Secondly,\\nit gave us a working set of how people employ their hands\\nin the modern world, as there were no contemporary “ hand\\nethnographies ” to draw upon. We categorized participants'\\nlabels and selected 25 routine, yet interesting hand activities\\n(Figures 1 and 4 ) to study for a second, in-lab feasibility\\nevaluation. Employing an “ obstacle course ” methodology\\n[6] , we tested our full pipeline, which demonstrated 95.2 %\\nclassification accuracy. We also ran a series of supplemental\\nexperiments to investigate specific questions, such as false\\npositive rejection. Overall, we believe this work demon-\\nstrates practical sensing of fine-grained hand activities us-\\ning just a commodity smartwatch, opening new possibilities\\nfor responsive and context-sensitive applications.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[419,688,559,706],\"text\":\"2   RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,709,746,760],\"text\":\"Hands and their activities are the subject of study in many\\nfields; here we concentrate on prior work directly related to\\nour immediate efforts, with a focus on the HCI literature.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,773,621,790],\"text\":\"2.1 Coarse Activity Recognition\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,792,747,959],\"text\":\"Most activity recognition efforts have inferred user-state\\nthrough worn sensors [6][9][16][43][58] . These systems are\\ngenerally constrained to a limited set of coarse, whole-body\\nactivities, such as walking, running and bicycling. In gen-\\neral, systems must strike a balance between signal richness\\nand instrumentation unobtrusiveness. Activity recognition\\nsystems have seen some success in the market, including\\nNike+ shoe sensors, Apple Watch, FitBit, and Garmin arm-\\nbands. These products sense human activity via a combina-\\ntion of inertial measurement units (IMU), heart rate sensors\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 338\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/results/markdown/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300568/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300568", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/results/output_json/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,81,396,131],\"text\":\"and GPS. However, these products require explicit selection\\nof pre-planned activities (i.e., user selects a new run session\\nfrom Nike+) to function reliably.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,142,309,160],\"text\":\"2.2 Fine-Grained Activity Recognition\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,163,396,413],\"text\":\"One approach for fine-grained, human activity sensing is to\\ndeploy sensors and tags in the environment. Methods in-\\nclude acoustic monitoring [13][55] , computer vision [70] ,\\nelectromagnetic sensing [60][80] , and tagging objects of in-\\nterest with markers [44][57] and sensors [46] . Infrastruc-\\nture-mediated [15][26][27] and general-purpose sensing\\napproaches [40][41] have attempted room- and building-\\nscale activity recognition. Alternatively, activity sensing\\ncan be achieved through worn sensing systems (see [14] for\\na survey). Wearables with electromagnetic ([38]), magneto-\\ninductive [71] , inertial [49][50][51] and acoustic sensing\\n[72] have all been used to recognize fine-grained activity\\nsensing, including recognition of tool and appliance use.\\nAlso, worn cameras, in glasses [66] or on wrists\\n[35][47][54] , have been used extensively.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,425,304,443],\"text\":\"2.3 Hand Pose and Gesture Detection\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,447,396,598],\"text\":\"Hand pose and motion sensing technologies can also be\\nused to infer a user's context and activity (e.g., typing, play-\\ning a musical instrument, grasping a cup). A wide variety of\\napproaches have been demonstrated, including computer\\nvision [20][35][54][74] , electromyography [61] , ultrasonics\\n[73] , bioacoustics [28] , anatomical tomography [82] , high-\\nfrequency radio [45][81] and motion sensing [1][7][56][75] .\\nOne of the major uses of such sensing is automatic sign lan-\\nguage translation [63][79] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,609,314,626],\"text\":\"2.4 ViBand; Hand Actions vs. Activities\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,630,397,847],\"text\":\"Most related to this research is our previous work on\\nViBand [39] , which also overclocked the accelerometer in a\\nsmartwatch to 4kHz, allowing it to capture high-fidelity,\\nbio-acoustic information. We directly build on top of this\\nenabling capability, though our research focus is different:\\nViBand looked at explicit hand gestures for interactive con-\\ntrol — waves, flicks, snaps and the like – which are different\\nthan hand activities performed by users to achieve a task –\\ne.g., typing, cutting, pouring, writing. Moreover, gestures\\ntend to have exaggerated motions (as they are used for com-\\nmunication) and are well segmented — this is rarely true of\\nhand activities, which can be subtle, discontinuous and of\\nvarying durations.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,856,396,956],\"text\":\"Enabling hand activity recognition required different in-\\nnovations, and as a consequence, our machine learning\\npipeline is significantly more advanced than that used in\\nViBand. Further, ViBand's largest hand gesture set con-\\ntained six actions, which achieved 96.0 % accuracy in its user\\nstudy. This stands in contrast to our user study's 25 hand\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,81,746,131],\"text\":\"activities demonstrated at 95.2 % accuracy. Our experience\\nsampling and obstacle course studies also move signifi-\\ncantly beyond our initial work in ViBand.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[419,155,687,172],\"text\":\"3   PROOF-OF-CONCEPT SMARTWATCH\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,176,747,344],\"text\":\"As previously noted, a wide array of methods have been\\nconsidered for detecting hand actions and activities. In con-\\ntrast to almost all prior work in hand sensing, we purposely\\nselected a commodity platform for our explorations and\\nstudies. On one hand, this is constraining, limiting the worn\\nlocations and breadth of sensors we can bring to bear on\\nthis challenging problem. On the other hand, if successful,\\nit offers an immediate and practical means to achieve our\\nvision; manufacturers could deploy such sensing function-\\nality with little more than a software update.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,352,747,503],\"text\":\"As a proof-of-concept platform, we use the smart-\\nwatch and high-speed sampling mode identified in our pre-\\nvious ViBand [39] research. This is a LG W100 smartwatch\\nrunning Android Wear (Figure 2 ). By modifying the pub-\\nlicly available kernel [5] , it is possible to configure the built-\\nin MPU6515 IMU to stream three-axis accelerometer data at\\n4kHz [30] . This data stream captures coarse hand move-\\nment and orientation, as well as bio-acoustic data (up to the\\n2kHz Nyquist limit).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[419,527,604,543],\"text\":\"4 POWER CONSUMPTION\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,548,747,699],\"text\":\"In worn systems, with small batteries, it is important to con-\\nsider how changes in operation will affect battery life. The\\nMPU6515 datasheet details power consumption rates. At\\n200Hz, power draw is 147uW, while at 4kHz sampling,\\npower draw is 2719uW. While a ~18x difference is substan-\\ntial, both are small values and it is important to consider it\\nin context. The LG G watch contains a 1520mW battery,\\nwhich means the difference of 2572uW consumes <0.2% of\\nbattery life per hour.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,707,747,792],\"text\":\"Harder to estimate is total power load, which includes\\ne.g., waking the main application processor, moving data\\naround in memory, and saving data to persistent storage.\\nAs a real-world test, we configured five LG G watches to\\ncontinuously capture high-speed accelerometer. We gave\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_017.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_017.png\",\"bbox\":[421,800,743,914],\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Three smartwatches, worn on a wrist, display sequential interactive screens for activity labeling. The first screen (A) shows an \\\"Activity Prompt\\\" with options like \\\"Label Action\\\" and \\\"Re-Calibrate.\\\" The second screen (B) asks \\\"What was your hands doing?\\\" with choices such as \\\"Re-Calibrate\\\" and \\\"Hand Still (Idle).\\\" The third screen (C) asks \\\"What was your body doing?\\\" offering \\\"Sitting\\\" and \\\"Standing\\\" as options.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,917,745,959],\"text\":\"Figure 2. Our experience sampling watch app. At random\\nintervals, wearers are prompted for activity labels (A). They\\nselect a hand activity (B), followed by a body activity (C).\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 338\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/results/markdown/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300568/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300568", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/results/output_json/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,80,395,148],\"text\":\"these watches to five participants, who wore them all day,\\nand charged them at night. Over the course of five days, we\\nrecorded battery statistics from when the watches powered\\non to when they ran out of power.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,154,395,306],\"text\":\"Across five days and five devices, the average battery life\\nwas 7.1 hours (SD=2.5). Given that our application kept the\\nmain application processor awake, we believe all day bat-\\ntery life is immediately achievable in a commercial imple-\\nmentation. It is now standard practice in the mobile indus-\\ntry to use low-power coprocessors ( i.e. , “ sensor hubs ” ) for\\nreading, buffering and processing continuous sensor data\\n(for functions such as step counting, lift to unlock, and spo-\\nken keyword detection).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,330,309,348],\"text\":\"5    OPEN SOURCE DATA AND CODE\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,352,395,420],\"text\":\"To facilitate future work in this area, we provide the source\\ncode for high-speed accelerometer acquisition on compati-\\nble Android devices. We also make available our study data\\nand model code. http://github.com/ITGLAB/hand-activities\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,443,334,460],\"text\":\"6    CONTEMPORARY HAND ACTIVITIES\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,464,396,682],\"text\":\"Hands are central to the human experience, and as such,\\nhave been the focus of inquiry across many fields, including\\npaleontology and anatomy [77] , linguistics [48] and neuro-\\nscience [76] , to name just a few. Ethnographic work has\\nstudied how hands are employed in everything from do-\\nmestic life to industrial settings [3][37] . Many hand taxon-\\nomies have been proposed, most commonly organized by\\ngrp or communication primitives [18] , which roughly cor-\\nrelate to functional or expressive uses respectively (see e.g.,\\n[21] for a survey of taxonomies). Unfortunately, much of\\nthis seminal research was completed in a time before com-\\nputing was common. Thus, as a starting point to our re-\\nsearch, we wished to know two key questions:\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[66,688,397,849],\"text\":\"1) What activities do humans perform with their hands\\nin the modern world? Armed with such a list, we hoped to\\nfocus our technical efforts and better understand how\\nrecognition of these activities could be valuable in a com-\\nputationally-enhanced setting.\\n2) Do different hand activities generate characteristic\\nsignals? In other words, are hand activities distinct and sep-\\narable? Does a commodity sensor in a smartwatch provide\\nsufficient fidelity to enable robust classification?\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,861,266,879],\"text\":\"6.1 Experience Sampling Study\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,882,395,949],\"text\":\"To explore these questions, we sought to collect hand activ-\\nity data, in the wild, from a random cross-section of partic-\\nipants going about their daily routines. Although retrospec-\\ntive data collection methods ( e.g., surveys, interviews) are\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,80,745,165],\"text\":\"relatively easy to deploy, they are also subject to self-selection\\ntion and recall bias [36] , especially for something as unex-\\nceptional as hand activities. We also considered observa-\\ntional methods, but this was impractical for the scale of de-\\nployment we wished to achieve.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,171,746,289],\"text\":\"Instead, we employed an experience sampling method\\n(ESM) [17] , which reduces biases by collecting data in situ\\n[10] . Using a fleet of ten smartwatches, we deployed a cus-\\ntom application to 50 participants over the course of two\\nweeks. We used a participant pool drawn from the local\\npopulation to cover a variety of ages, genders and profes-\\nsions (25 female, mean age of 26.3).\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,295,746,583],\"text\":\"Our smartwatches ran a custom background application\\nthat we developed (Figure 2 ). After a random sleep interval\\nbetween 7 and 15 minutes, our application surreptitiously\\ncaptures ten seconds of accelerometer data. The app then\\nactivates the screen and vibration motor to catch the\\nwearer's attention. A simple labeling interface is displayed.\\nThe initial screen offers three options: ignore the prompt,\\nmark the activity as ill-defined ( e.g., indistinct, between ac-\\ntivities), or proceed to label the hand activity. Selecting ei-\\nther of the first two options causes the application to return\\nto sleep. If \\\"label activity\\\" is selected, the next screen asks:\\n\\\"what were your hands doing?\\\" A pre-populated list of ac-\\ntivities is provided, as well as the ability to add custom la-\\nbels (using a companion smartphone application for ease of\\ntyping), which are added to the list for future use. If no user\\ninput was received on any screen for more than 30 seconds,\\nthe application returns to sleep.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,589,746,825],\"text\":\"Before deployment, participants completed a one-hour\\nsetup and orientation. The pre-populated hand activity la-\\nbels were reviewed for understanding. Participants could\\nalso add additional labels as they desired. Participants also\\nspecified when they did not wish to be disturbed by the ex-\\nperiment (e.g., 10 pm – 8 am). Following this orientation,\\nparticipants wore the smartwatch for two days on their\\ndominant arm (removed at night for recharging). Partici-\\npants were paid $ 10 per day, plus $ 0.25 per label, up to a\\nmaximum of $ 15 on top of the base pay (i.e., max $ 25 per\\nday). The study concluded with a 30-minute open-ended in-\\nterview. Participants often elaborated on hand activities\\nthey noticed but were never captured by the watch's ran-\\ndom sampling interval.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[419,835,496,853],\"text\":\"6.2 Results\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,856,746,958],\"text\":\"Cumulatively, our watches were deployed for 100 days (950\\nworn hours), during which time they captured 5830 in-\\nstances. Of these, 765 instances (13.1%) were labeled as ill-\\ndefined. The remaining 5065 instances contained 120 unique\\nlabels. To regularize participant labels, a pair of human cod-\\ners used a consensus merging scheme. For example, “ hand\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 338\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/results/markdown/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300568/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300568", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/results/output_json/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[90,86,387,529],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>RANK</td><td>HAND ACTIVITY</td><td>CATEGORY</td><td>COUNT</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>Hands Shift (Idle) $\\\\times$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>atomic</td><td>1797</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Scrolling on Trackpad / Phone (b) $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>atomic</td><td>615</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Tying on Keyboard (c) $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>atomic</td><td>480</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Swaying (while speaking) $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>atomic</td><td>345</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Tying on Phone (a) $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>atomic</td><td>281</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Moving/Clicking Mouse (d) $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>atomic</td><td>266</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Eating $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>compound</td><td>241</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Grooming (while speaking) $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>compound</td><td>236</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Carrying Object $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>ambiguous</td><td>233</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>Writing (with implementer) (i) $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>atomic</td><td>127</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>Dinking (s) $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>atomic</td><td>61</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>Cleaning $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>compound</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>Steering (while driving) $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>atomic</td><td>38</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>Turning Pages $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>atomic</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>Smoking $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>ambiguous</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>Washing Hands (x) $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>organic</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>Exercising (on elliptical) $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>atomic</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>Bruishing Teeth (y) $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>atomic</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>Stocking (z) $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>ambiguous</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>Using Hand Tools $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>compound</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>21</td><td>Grasping Bicycle Exercise Machine $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>atomic</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td>Playing Piano (p) $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>atomic</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>23</td><td>Operating the Machine $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>ambiguous</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>24</td><td>Sign Language $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>compound</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>25</td><td>Washing Dishes $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>compound</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>26</td><td>Pulling on Clothes $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>compound</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>27</td><td>Brushing $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>compound</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>28</td><td>Dancing $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>compound</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>29</td><td>Cleaning $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>compound</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>30</td><td>Putting Out Clothes $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>compound</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>31</td><td>Brushing Hair (g) $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>ambiguous</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>32</td><td>Folding Napkins $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>ambiguous</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>33</td><td>Scatching (o) $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>atomic</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>34</td><td>Dust Makeup $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>compound</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>35</td><td>Using Stickers (j) $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>atomic</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>36</td><td>Pushing $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>ambiguous</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>37</td><td>Operating Microscope $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>compound</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>38</td><td>Fishing $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>atomic</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>39</td><td>Drying Hair $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>ambiguous</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>40</td><td>Using Remote / Game Controller (r) $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>atomic</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>41</td><td>Docking $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>compound</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>42</td><td>Folding Clothes $\\\\pm$ $\\\\dagger$</td><td>compound</td><td>2</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table displays 42 hand activities ranked by frequency, categorized as 'atomic', 'compound', or 'ambiguous'. The columns include Rank, Hand Activity, Category, and Count, with categories distinguished by background colors. The highest-ranked activities are \\\"Hands Still / Idle\\\" and \\\"Scrolling on Trackpad / Phone\\\".\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_4_tab_2.png\"},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[410,86,706,532],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>RANK</td><td>HAND ACTIVITY</td><td>CATEGORY</td><td>COUNT</td></tr><tr><td>43</td><td>Opening Door (p) •</td><td>ambiguous</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>44</td><td>Closing Door</td><td>ambiguous</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>45</td><td>Reaching for Object</td><td>ambiguous</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>46</td><td>Giving Discharge</td><td>compound</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>47</td><td>Tying Shoes</td><td>atomic</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>48</td><td>Adjusting Watch</td><td>ambiguous</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>49</td><td>Kickboxing</td><td>compound</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>50</td><td>Operating Hand Drill (k) • ‡</td><td>atomic</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>51</td><td>Pilates</td><td>compound</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>52</td><td>Wiping (cleaning) (v) •</td><td>compound</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>53</td><td>Selling Clothes</td><td>compound</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>54</td><td>Exercising</td><td>compound</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>55</td><td>Shaving</td><td>ambiguous</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>56</td><td>Tying Hair</td><td>compound</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>57</td><td>Opening Cash</td><td>ambiguous</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>58</td><td>Holding Phone (on call)</td><td>atomic</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>59</td><td>Grating (food) (t) •</td><td>atomic</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>60</td><td>Chipping Vegetables (u) •</td><td>atomic</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>61</td><td>Using Knife (eating)</td><td>atomic</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>62</td><td>Using Knife (eating)</td><td>atomic</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>63</td><td>Vogas</td><td>compound</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>64</td><td>Working Utensils (w) •</td><td>atomic</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>65</td><td>Scrubbing Counter</td><td>atomic</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>66</td><td>Operating Vacuum</td><td>atomic</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>67</td><td>Putting on Loton</td><td>ambiguous</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>68</td><td>Stirring</td><td>ambiguous</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>69</td><td>Searching Pocket</td><td>ambiguous</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>70</td><td>Screwing Bolt</td><td>atomic</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>71</td><td>Opening Locket</td><td>ambiguous</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>72</td><td>Opening Jar (q) •</td><td>atomic</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>73</td><td>Operating Scanner</td><td>compound</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>74</td><td>Putting on Jacker</td><td>ambiguous</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>75</td><td>Opening Lens</td><td>ambiguous</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>76</td><td>Shifting Gears (while driving)</td><td>atomic</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>77</td><td>Tapping Screen (e) •</td><td>atomic</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>78</td><td>Pouring Drink (r) •</td><td>atomic</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>79</td><td>Blinking</td><td>ambiguous</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>80</td><td>Playing Tennis</td><td>compound</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>81</td><td>Sorting Paper</td><td>compound</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>82</td><td>Lifting Free Weights ♦</td><td>ambiguous</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>83</td><td>Pulling on Chestpad / Lipstick</td><td>atomic</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"3\\\">Total Count</td><td>5065</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a table displaying a list of hand activities ranked from 43 to 83. It categorizes each activity as \\\"ambiguous,\\\" \\\"compound,\\\" or \\\"atomic,\\\" and provides a \\\"COUNT\\\" for each, with a \\\"Total Count\\\" of 5065 at the bottom.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_4_tab_3.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[81,539,734,585],\"text\":\"Table 1. All hand activities captured and labeled during our experience sampling study (50 users, 950 worn hours).\\n‡ denotes activities that were pre-populated on our deployed watches ( i.e., not entered manually by users). Bulleted (.)\\nitems were incorporated into the subsequent obstacle course user study (letter key also used in Figures 1 and 3 ).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,596,395,663],\"text\":\"in pocket\\\" and \\\"hand on hips\\\" were ultimately merged into\\na unified \\\"hand still\\\" label, which is the fundamental hand\\nactivity. This reduced the number of unique labels to 83,\\nprovided in Table 1 .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,670,396,907],\"text\":\"The insights and implications from our experience sam-\\npling study were multifold. Foremost, it confirmed our as-\\nsumption that human hands engage in an incredible diver-\\nsity of activities. However, a few activities dominate: 35 % of\\nour labels are of the hands still or idle, and the next 4 most\\nfrequent labels are more common than the remaining 78\\nhand activities combined. We believe this bodes well for\\nhand activity sensing, as detecting a small class of common\\nactions could encompass most hand activities over the\\ncourse of a day (an easier classification problem). However,\\nit is also apparent there is an extraordinarily long tail of less\\nfrequent activities. Some of these may be rare, but others\\nmay be common and are simply short in duration, so as to\\nbe infrequently captured by our random sampling method.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,913,395,948],\"text\":\"We also found many labels that participants did not de-\\ncompose into atomic hand activities. By atomic, we mean\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,596,746,747],\"text\":\"events that cannot be broken down into distinct stages. For\\nexample, eating and cooking were common labels, but these\\nare compound activities that encompass a variety of atomic\\nhand activities ( e.g. washing, chopping, mixing). Our cod-\\ners also encountered labels that were ambiguous . For exam-\\nple, `open bottle' might mean twisting a cap off or using a\\nbottle opener, which we view as distinct hand activities\\n(though with a similar goal). These categorizations are in-\\ncluded in Table 1 .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,754,746,839],\"text\":\"Obviously, this result is just a small window onto the\\ndiverse landscape of hand activities, and much future work\\nremains to be done in both HCI and beyond. Nonetheless,\\nthis result was sufficient to ground our assumptions and\\nguide our subsequent technical efforts.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[419,862,670,880],\"text\":\"7   HAND ACTIVITY CLASSIFICATION\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,884,746,950],\"text\":\"Informed by the findings from our experience sampling\\nstudy, we proceeded to build a hand activity sensing pipe-\\nline for evaluation. This is comprised of three key stages:\\nsensing, signal processing, and machine learning.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 338\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/results/markdown/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300568/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300568", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/results/output_json/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[64,76,749,564],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image displays a grid of 25 spectrograms, labeled A through Y, each representing the spectral power of a different daily activity. Each spectrogram shows frequency on the y-axis (0-128 Hz) and time on the x-axis, with blue-white indicating higher spectral power. The activities include \\\"Typing on Keyboard,\\\" \\\"Clapping,\\\" \\\"Grating,\\\" and \\\"Brushing Teeth,\\\" illustrating the unique spectral patterns associated with various human movements and object interactions.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,564,746,607],\"text\":\"Figure 3. Example spectrograms of the 25 hand activities used in our obstacle course study (max of accelerometer\\naxes shown). Y-axis is spectral power from 0 to 128 Hz. X-axis is time (3 seconds). Photos of these hand activities are shown\\nin Figure 1 , while Table 1 offers a rough estimation of how frequent these activities occur.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,625,147,644],\"text\":\"7.1 Sensing\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,646,395,796],\"text\":\"As mentioned earlier, our software for the LG G watch cap-\\ntures both gross orientation and movement of the hands, as\\nwell as higher-fidelity, bio-acoustic information resulting\\nfrom hand activities. A dedicated background process reads\\nIMU data and fills three, 256-length circular buffers with ac-\\ncelerometer readings (X, Y and Z axes) at 4kHz. These buff-\\ners are sent to a laptop over Bluetooth at ~16 FPS, which\\nmaintains an even larger buffer and performs additional\\nprocessing operations.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,807,208,827],\"text\":\"7.2 Signal Processing\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,830,396,947],\"text\":\"A sampling rate of 4kHz in combination with a large buffer\\n(8192 samples) allows our system to compute very high res-\\nolution Fourier transforms (4096 bins with a 0.5Hz resolu-\\ntion) within a short period – just over two seconds worth of\\ndata, which is about how fast hands transition to new activ-\\nities. We utilize only the lower 256 FFT bins representing\\nfrequencies from 0-12Hz, which we found best\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,622,745,705],\"text\":\"characterized most human activities in our ESM study. Fi-\\nnally, these 256 bins are saved into a 48-frame rolling spec-\\ntrogram, representing ~3 seconds of data (Figure 3 ). These\\nspectrograms are maintained for each of the three accel-\\nerometer axes.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,719,561,737],\"text\":\"7.3 Machine Learning\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,740,746,923],\"text\":\"The next stage of the pipeline is extracting and modeling\\npatterns from the signal. From our experiments, we noticed\\nthat important spatial-temporal relationships are encoded\\nin the accelerometer's three axes. For instance, when wip-\\ning a table, the Z-axis is mostly perturbed (chiefly bio-\\nacoustic noise resulting from friction, but little coarse mo-\\ntion), while the X and Y channels experience low frequency\\noscillations as the hand slides on the surface, often in a lin-\\near or circling motion. Indeed, we found many hand activi-\\nties generated similarly distinctive activation patterns,\\nwhich can be automatically learned with sufficient data.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 338\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/results/markdown/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300568/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300568", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/results/output_json/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[60,76,396,221],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A diagram illustrates a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture for hand activity prediction. It processes three input channels of accelerometer spectrograms (256x48x3 dimensions) through three convolutional layers with increasing depths (64, 128, 256), followed by two fully connected layers, and a softmax output.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,224,395,294],\"text\":\"Figure 4. Our convolutional neural network (CNN) architec-\\nture, comprised of several convolutional units (three shown\\nhere), two fully connected layers, a dropout layer, and a\\ndropout-Wavelet filter for normalization between non-\\nlinear layers ( i.e., activations).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,307,396,508],\"text\":\"To learn from our data, we leverage a convolutional neu-\\nral network (CNN) architecture [2] . Specifically, we use a\\nvariant of VGG16 [64] with modified fully connected layers\\n(Figure 4 , last two layer sizes set to 2000 and 500). CNNs\\nhave been widely used for visual datasets ( i.e., width $\\\\times$\\nheight $\\\\times$ color channel), and in our case, we represent hand\\nactivities as spatio-temporal patches of bio-acoustic data.\\nSpecifically, we stack accelerometer spectrograms as 256\\nfrequency bins $\\\\times$ 48 frames $\\\\times$ 3 orientation channels, which\\nserves as input to the CNN. Because of the strongly coupled\\nnature of our channels, this setup forces our architecture to\\nlearn cross-axis relationships.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,516,396,700],\"text\":\"Each convolutional unit in our VGG16 architecture is\\ncomprised of four sub-layers: 1) the convolutional operator,\\n2) a batch normalization layer [31] , 3) a rectified linear unit\\n(ReLU) activation layer [53] , and 4) a pooling layer [62] . We\\nalso added a dropout layer [64] to the output of the second\\nfully connected layer (p=0.4) to mitigate overfitting. An il-\\nlustration of our network architecture is offered in Figure 4\\n(showing 3 of 5 convolutional units). The network was im-\\nplemented using TensorFlow (tensorflow.org) and Keras\\n(keras.io). To encourage replication, readers are welcome to\\ndownload our dataset and model code (see Section 5 ).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,724,187,741],\"text\":\"8 EVALUATION\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,746,396,947],\"text\":\"To quantify the feasibility and robustness of our hand ac-\\ntivity classifier, we conducted a second user study. To\\nproperly validate our system, a reliable ground truth was\\nneeded. Because of the unsupervised nature of our earlier\\nexperience sampling study, it was not possible to use that\\ndataset for an accuracy evaluation (though we use it to\\nstudy false positives, described later). Instead, we employed\\nan \\\"obstacle course\\\" methodology [6] – a technique that has\\nbeen reliably used in past research to provide ground truth\\ndata collection, while emulating natural activities and set-\\ntings. For this, we selected 25 atomic hand activities (Fig-\\nures 1 and 3 ) from classes identified in our experience\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,81,745,180],\"text\":\"sampling study (Table 1 , billed items). We dropped sev-\\neral frequent hand activities that were impractical to cap-\\nture experimentally, including as eating, cooking, and steer-\\ning a vehicle. We integrated our final hand activity set into\\na series of physical tasks that participants completed while\\nwearing our smartwatches.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,189,746,356],\"text\":\"We recruited 12 people from a public participant pool\\n(9 female, mean age 26.6), who were compensated $20 for\\nthe 90-minute study. Participants were asked to wear our\\nsmartwatch on their dominant arm. Once comfortable, the\\n\\\"obstacle course\\\" began. Each \\\"lap\\\" of the course consisted\\nof visiting four stations with physical activities that incor-\\nporated the 25 hand activities (random order). Participants\\nperformed each hand activity for at least 15 seconds, and\\nthey were free to perform them however they saw fit, cap-\\nturing natural user variation.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,364,746,530],\"text\":\"In total, participants completed four laps of our course,\\nwith three-minute breaks in between. This ensured tem-\\nporal separation between data collection rounds. Addition-\\nally, in between laps three and four, participants were asked\\nto remove and then re-wear the smartwatch, again to cap-\\nture variation and to mitigate overfitting (common in worn\\nsensing systems). A trained observer labeled data using a\\nlaptop interface immediately after each hand activity was\\nperformed. This process yielded 2500 labeled instances per\\nsession, per user, resulting in a total of 120K instances.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[419,555,509,574],\"text\":\"9 RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[419,583,562,601],\"text\":\"9.1 Per-User Accuracy\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,604,746,671],\"text\":\"To assess whether accelerometers provide sufficient infor-\\nmation power to distinguish between dozens of hand ac-\\ntions, we trained a model using data from laps one and two,\\nand tested it with data collected from lap three. Across all\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[425,682,741,924],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>C</td><td>E</td><td>F</td><td>G</td><td>H</td><td>I</td><td>L</td><td>M</td><td>N</td><td>O</td><td>P</td><td>Q</td><td>R</td><td>S</td><td>T</td><td>U</td><td>V</td><td>W</td><td>X</td><td>Y</td><td>Z</td></tr><tr><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td>B</td><td>B</td><td>B</td><td>B</td><td>B</td><td>B</td><td>B</td><td>B</td><td>B</td><td>B</td><td>B</td><td>B</td><td>B</td><td>B</td><td>B</td><td>B</td><td>B</td><td>B</td><td>B</td><td>B</td><td>B</td><td>B</td></tr><tr><td>C</td><td>C</td><td>C</td><td>C</td><td>C</td><td>C</td><td>C</td><td>C</td><td>C</td><td>C</td><td>C</td><td>C</td><td>C</td><td>C</td><td>C</td><td>C</td><td>C</td><td>C</td><td>C</td><td>C</td><td>C</td><td>C</td><td>C</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td></tr><tr><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td></tr><tr><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><td>G</td><td>G</td><td>G</td><td>G</td><td>G</td><td>G</td><td>G</td><td>G</td><td>G</td><td>G</td><td>G</td><td>G</td><td>G</td><td>G</td><td>G</td><td>G</td><td>G</td><td>G</td><td>G</td><td>G</td><td>G</td><td>G</td><td>G</td></tr><tr><td>H</td><td>H</td><td>H</td><td>H</td><td>H</td><td>H</td><td>H</td><td>H</td><td>H</td><td>H</td><td>H</td><td>H</td><td>H</td><td>H</td><td>H</td><td>H</td><td>H</td><td>H</td><td>H</td><td>H</td><td>H</td><td>H</td><td>H</td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td></tr><tr><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>J</td></tr><tr><td>K</td><td>K</td><td>K</td><td>K</td><td>K</td><td>K</td><td>K</td><td>K</td><td>K</td><td>K</td><td>K</td><td>K</td><td>K</td><td>K</td><td>K</td><td>K</td><td>K</td><td>K</td><td>K</td><td>K</td><td>K</td><td>K</td><td>K</td></tr><tr><td>L</td><td>L</td><td>L</td><td>L</td><td>L</td><td>L</td><td>L</td><td>L</td><td>L</td><td>L</td><td>L</td><td>L</td><td>L</td><td>L</td><td>L</td><td>L</td><td>L</td><td>L</td><td>L</td><td>L</td><td>L</td><td>L</td><td>L</td></tr><tr><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td></tr><tr><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td></tr><tr><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>P</td><td>P</td></tr><tr><td>Q</td><td>Q</td><td>Q</td><td>Q</td><td>Q</td><td>Q</td><td>Q</td><td>Q</td><td>Q</td><td>Q</td><td>Q</td><td>Q</td><td>Q</td><td>Q</td><td>Q</td><td>Q</td><td>Q</td><td>Q</td><td>Q</td><td>Q</td><td>Q</td><td>Q</td><td>Q</td></tr><tr><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>S</td><td>S</td><td>S</td><td>S</td><td>S</td><td>S</td><td>S</td><td>S</td><td>S</td><td>S</td><td>S</td><td>S</td><td>S</td><td>S</td><td>S</td><td>S</td><td>S</td><td>S</td><td>S</td><td>S</td><td>S</td><td>S</td></tr><tr><td>T</td><td>T</td><td>T</td><td>T</td><td>T</td><td>T</td><td>T</td><td>T</td><td>T</td><td>T</td><td>T</td><td>T</td><td>T</td><td>T</td><td>T</td><td>T</td><td>T</td><td>T</td><td>T</td><td>T</td><td>T</td><td>T</td><td>T</td></tr><tr><td>U</td><td>U</td><td>U</td><td>U</td><td>U</td><td>U</td><td>U</td><td>U</td><td>U</td><td>U</td><td>U</td><td>U</td><td>U</td><td>U</td><td>U</td><td>U</td><td>U</td><td>U</td><td>U</td><td>U</td><td>U</td><td>U</td><td>U</td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td>V</td><td>V</td><td>V</td><td>V</td><td>V</td><td>V</td><td>V</td><td>V</td><td>V</td><td>V</td><td>V</td><td>V</td><td>V</td><td>V</td><td>V</td><td>V</td><td>V</td><td>V</td><td>V</td><td>V</td><td>V</td><td>V</td></tr><tr><td>W</td><td>W</td><td>W</td><td>W</td><td>W</td><td>W</td><td>W</td><td>W</td><td>W</td><td>W</td><td>W</td><td>W</td><td>W</td><td>W</td><td>W</td><td>W</td><td>W</td><td>W</td><td>W</td><td>W</td><td>W</td><td>W</td><td>W</td></tr><tr><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a large grid, resembling a confusion matrix, with letters A through Y labeling both the columns and rows. Each cell in the grid contains a percentage value, with the cells along the diagonal from top-left to bottom-right showing high percentages (often 80-100%) and most off-diagonal cells showing 0%. Cells with non-zero percentages are lightly shaded in purple.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_6_tab_14.png\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[422,928,744,959],\"text\":\"Figure 5. Per-user-trained model confusion matrix. Mean\\naccuracy is 95.2 % across 25 activities and 12 users.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 338\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/results/markdown/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300568/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300568", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/results/output_json/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,744,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[71,79,391,320],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A confusion matrix displays classification results for letters A through Y, with row labels representing true classes and column labels representing predicted classes. Each cell contains a percentage, where values along the main diagonal (correct classifications) are generally high and often highlighted in green. Off-diagonal cells show misclassifications, with most being 0% but some showing non-zero percentages.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,327,393,358],\"text\":\"Figure 6. Post-watch removal confusion matrix. Mean\\naccuracy is 88.3 % across 25 activities and 12 users.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,376,395,424],\"text\":\"participants and 25 hand activities, our system achieved a\\nmean per-user accuracy of 95.2 % (SD=4.1, max=98.8 % ,\\nchance=4 % ). See Figure 5 for the confusion matrix.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,438,244,455],\"text\":\"9.2 Accuracy Post-Removal\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,459,396,608],\"text\":\"Too often, worn sensing systems are trained (or calibrated)\\nand then tested having never been removed from the user.\\nThis is artificial, as most wearables are removed daily. Ow-\\ning to placement sensitivity for most worn sensors, it also\\ntends to lead to artificially impressive results. This experi-\\nmental effect can be allayed by explicitly including a post-\\nremoval collection round, which not only offers for a more\\nrealistic estimate of accuracy, but also lets one assess the\\naccuracy drop-off.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,616,396,799],\"text\":\"Using the same model as before ( i.e., trained on laps one\\nand two), we evaluated accuracy using data collected from\\nlap 4 ( i.e., post removal). Overall, our system achieved an\\naverage accuracy of 88.3 % (SD=16.5, max=98.9 %\\nchance=4 % ). The confusion matrix is offered in Figure 6 . The\\n6.9 % drop in accuracy from pre-to-post watch removal was\\nmuch less than we expected and suggests that our signals\\nand approach are fairly robust to placement variation. We\\nstrongly suspect that if additional laps of data were col-\\nlected following a similar watch removal/replacement pro-\\ncedure, accuracy would rebound.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,811,216,829],\"text\":\"9.3 All-Users Accuracy\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,833,396,950],\"text\":\"To answer the central question of whether a commodity\\nsmartwatch accelerometer provides sufficient information\\npower to distinguish between a variety of hand activities,\\nwe ran a lap-fold, cross validation study. For example, we\\ntrained a model on all user data from on laps 1, 2 and 3, and\\nthen tested on lap 4 ( i.e. , 90,000 train, 30,000 test instances).\\nWe repeated this process for all lap combinations and\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,376,745,424],\"text\":\"averaged the results. Across all participants, this \\\"all users\\\"\\nmodel achieves a mean accuracy of 90.7 % (SD=2.2,\\nchance=4 % ). Figure 7 shows the confusion matrix.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_011.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[421,79,743,320],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A large grid, resembling a confusion matrix, displays percentages in cells corresponding to rows and columns labeled with uppercase letters A through Y. Most values are zero, with higher percentages visible along the diagonal and some off-diagonal percentages, many highlighted in orange.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,327,744,358],\"text\":\"Figure 7. Across-user performance confusion matrix. Mean\\naccuracy is 90.7 % across our 25 activities and 12 users.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,438,719,455],\"text\":\"9.4 Leave-One-User-Out Accuracy (Across User)\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,459,746,608],\"text\":\"Finally, we ran a leave-one-user-out analysis to investigate\\nperformance across users. Here, data from one participant\\n(laps 1-4) served as a hold-out set, while data from all re-\\nmaining participants are used for training. We repeat this\\nprocess for all users and average the results. Across all par-\\nticipants, mean leave-one-out accuracy was 79.2 % (SD=6.4,\\nmax=84.8 % ). This is a 10 % drop compared to the previous\\nresult (90.7 % ), which simulated a general model seeded with\\nsome per-user calibration data ( i.e., 1/12th of corpus).\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,621,593,638],\"text\":\"9.5 False Positive Rejection\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,642,746,909],\"text\":\"In a worn input system – especially one that is hand-centric\\n– it is vital to consider mechanisms for rejecting false posi-\\ntive events. For this, we take advantage of the per-class con-\\nfidence scores output from our classifier's softmax layer.\\nWhen participants performed a (known) hand activity, the\\ntop ranked class had an average confidence of 98.0 % , while\\nthe second highest ranked class had a mean confidence of\\n2 % . This significant drop-off suggested that confidence\\ncould be a good predictor of \\\"unknown-ness\\\". For example,\\nour software could label events as unknown if the most con-\\nfident class was below 50 % . To identify a reasonable confi-\\ndence threshold, we ran a simulation using our study data\\nvarying this threshold from 0 to 100 % . The results, plotted\\nin Figure 8 , suggest rejecting events when the top-ranked\\nclass is under 90 % confident, offering a balance between\\nfalse positive rejection and missed detections.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[419,916,745,950],\"text\":\"In addition to the simulation above, we ran another ex-\\nperiment where we trained a model with \\\"negative\\\"\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 338\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300568/results/markdown/3290605-3300568_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300569/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300569", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/results/output_json/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,39,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[210,119,604,176],\"text\":\"Human-Computer Insurrection\\n\\nNotes on an Anarchist HCI\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[115,193,261,258],\"text\":\"Os Keyes'\\n\\nUniversity of Washington\\nSeattle, WA, USA\\nokeyes@uw.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[336,193,480,258],\"text\":\"Josephine Hoy,\\nUniversity of Washington\\nSeattle, WA, USA\\njoeyhoy@uw.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[552,193,698,258],\"text\":\"Margaret Drouhdad*\\nUniversity of Washington\\nSeattle, WA, USA\\nmdrouhdad@acm.org\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,268,141,284],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,289,395,528],\"text\":\"The HCI community has worked to expand and improve our\\nconsideration of the societal implications of our work and\\nour corresponding responsibilities. Despite this increased\\nengagement, HCI continues to lack an explicitly articulated\\npolitic, which we argue re-inscribes and amplifies systemic\\noppression. In this paper, we set out an explicit political\\nvision of an HCI grounded in emancipatory autonomy — an\\nanarchist HCI , aimed at dismantling all oppressive systems\\nby mandating suspicion of and a reckoning with imbalanced\\ndistributions of power. We outline some of the principles and\\naccountability mechanisms that constitute an anarchist HCI.\\nWe offer a potential framework for radically reorienting the\\nfield towards creating prefigurative counterpower — systems\\nand spaces that exemplify the world we wish to see, as we\\ngo about building the revolution in increment.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,538,172,555],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,559,394,625],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → HCI design and eval-\\nuation methods; HCI theory, concepts and models. •\\nSocial and professional topics → Political speech; Cul-\\ntural characteristics; Race and ethnicity; Gender;\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,635,148,652],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,657,394,705],\"text\":\"anarchism; anti-capitalism; autonomy; power; intersectional-\\nity; oppression; social change; prefigurative politics; design;\\ntheory\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,709,204,725],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,725,393,771],\"text\":\"Os Keyes, Josephine Hoy, and Margaret Drouhard. 2019. Human-\\nComputer Insurrection: Notes on an Anarchist HCI. In CHI Con-\\nference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,270,746,300],\"text\":\"2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. ACM, New York, NY,\\nUSA. 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300569\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,317,550,334],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[469,339,700,420],\"text\":\"\\\"You are ultimately—consciously or uncon-\\nsciously—salesmen for a delusive ballet in\\nthe ideas of democracy, equal opportunity\\nand free enterprise among people who haven’t\\nthe possibility of profitting from these.\\n\\\" [74]\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,423,746,535],\"text\":\"The last few decades have seen HCI take a turn to examine\\nthe societal implications of our work: who is included [10, 68,\\n71, 79] , what values it promotes or embodies [56, 57, 129] , and\\nhow we respond (or do not) to social shifts [93] . While this is\\npolitically-motivated work, HCI has tended to avoid making\\nour politics explicit [15, 89] . The result has not been the\\nabsence of a politic, but an “ implicit neoliberalism ” [41, 47] .\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,535,746,695],\"text\":\"In this paper, we offer an explicitly political HCI—an anar-\\nchist HCI—that reorients the field around the central prin-\\nciples of autonomy and the justification or elimination of\\npower, with the aim of eliminating oppression. We explore\\nthe consequences that such a reorientation would have for\\nour field's norms in relation to the wider systems of the\\nworld and the communities in which we engage. Finally, we\\npresent some mechanisms to move the field forward and\\nhold ourselves and each other accountable for the impacts\\nof our work.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,707,598,724],\"text\":\"2  CRITICAL WORK IN HCI\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[469,728,701,953],\"text\":\"\\\"A critical technical practice will, at least for\\nthe foreseeable future, require a split identity\\n—one foot planted in the craft work of design\\nand the other foot planted in the reflexive\\nwork of critique. Successfully spanning these\\nborderlands...will require [work to] support\\nthe exploration of alternative work practices\\nthat will inevitably seem strange to insiders\\nand outsiders alike. This strangeness will not\\nalways be comfortable, but it will be produc-\\ntive nonetheless, both in the esoteric terms of\\nthe technical field itself and in the esoteric\\nterms by which we ultimately evaluate a\\ntechnical field's contribution society.\\\" [2]\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,778,393,805],\"text\":\"\\\"All authors contributed equally to this work and consider it a collective\\ncreation. Intellectual property is theft.\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,816,394,897],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are\\nnot made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies\\nbear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-\\nparty components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact\\nthe owner/author(s).\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,898,277,953],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\\n\\n© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s).\\nACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19-05.\\n\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290653.3300569\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_num\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 339\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":26,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/results/markdown/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300569/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300569", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/results/output_json/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,252],\"text\":\"As part of the \\\"third wave\\\" of HCI, our field is engaged\\nin an ongoing \\\"turn to the social,\\\" described by Rogers as\\nan increasing consideration of the social implications of our\\nwork [118] . The depth of our engagement with this has been\\nlimited by our position: HCI straddles both the academy\\n(which frequently shies away from explicitly political po-\\nsitions [23] ) and industry (often driven by principles and\\npractices that contraindicate positive social change [135] ).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,252,395,587],\"text\":\"One potential path through these problems is a critical ap-\\nproach to HCI using theories that feature social, ethical and\\ncultural considerations, along with mechanisms to critique\\ninteraction designs and expose their consequences [118] .\\nBardzell and Bardzell present such an approach in an overview\\nof humanistic HCI, which they define as “any HCI research or\\npractice that deploys humanistic epistemologies...and method-\\nologies (e.g., critical analysis of designs, processes, and im-\\nplementations; historical genealogies; conceptual analysis;\\nmanicipatory criticism) in service of HCI processes, theories,\\nmethods, agenda setting, and practices” [16] . Referencing\\nMarxist, feminist, postcolonial and psychoanalytic methods\\nof analysis, the Bardzells include within humanistic HCI an\\n“emancipatory HCI,” one which is “oriented toward exposing\\nand eradicating one or more forms of bondage and oppres-\\nsion, including structural racism, poverty, sexual repression,\\ncolonialism, and other forces/effects of the hegemonic status\\nquo” [15] . This work draws from components of Shaowen\\nBardzell’s earlier work on feminist HCI, in particular her\\noriginal conceptualisations of “pluralism, participation, ad-\\nvocacy, ecology, embodiment, and self-disclosure” [17] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,587,395,825],\"text\":\"Another approach, postcolonial HCI, is exemplified by\\nthe works of Lilly Irani [78] . Postcolonial HCI considers and\\ndeconstructs how colonialism's cultural legacy appears and\\npersists in computing after the termination of colonialism's\\nformal structures [111] . In contrast to HCI's traditional focus\\non \\\"ubiquitous\\\" methods, theories and technologies [7, 42] ,\\npostcolonial HCI includes critiques of the way actions taken\\nto help the \\\"developing\\\" world often follow the path of capital\\nand private interests. Additionally, it explicitly and actively\\nconcerns itself with power relations [78] . In contrast to capi-\\ntalism and ubiquity, postcolonial HCI researchers propose\\napproaches based on social justice [139] , the centering of in-\\ndigenous knowledge and users [8] , and the development of\\ndesign paradigms explicitly made, rooted and deployed in\\nlocal communities, contexts and knowledge [127, 150] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,826,395,955],\"text\":\"Along similar lines, Ayle et al. push back strongly against\\nthe idea of “ universal ” or “ rational ” design methods, express-\\ning particular concern for how these models may reinscription\\ncolonial relationships [13] . Rosner considers how similar\\ntypes of design models (hackathons, IDEO, etc.) may limit\\nconsideration around design culture by enforcing the idea\\nof the design process as the “ producer of certain kinds of de-\\nsigners: creative, self-sufficient individuals ” [120] . Not only\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,380],\"text\":\"do these conceptions of design challenge popular narratives\\nof the types of artifacts design should produce; they also\\ncall into question the way the methods and pedagogy of\\ndesign have been bounded. Irani's work on IDEO's “design\\nthinking” model notes how it “articulates a racialized under-\\nstanding of labor, judgment, and the subject and attempts\\nto maintain whiteness at the apex of global hierarchies of\\nlabor” [77] . Luiza Prado de O. Martins presents a related cri-\\ntique, feminist speculative design, calling out the risk inher-\\nent in claiming an “apolitical” position, namely, contributing\\nto the status quo of hierarchies and oppressions, and she cites\\nthe particular classiam, elitism, and racism that have been\\npropagated through speculative and critical design (SCD).\\nAs an alternative, Prado proposes approaching SCD from an\\nintersectional feminist lens in order to explicitly critique and\\nchallenge oppressive power structures [100] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,380,747,523],\"text\":\"There are myriad other movements: queer HCI [92] , post-\\ncapitalist HCI [47] , and anti-oppressive design [136] , each\\nproviding their own critiques of HCI's dominant “ technocha-\\nvism ” [29] and neoliberal ideology. This critical scholarship\\nhas sometimes resulted in practical applications and tools,\\nincluding Dimond's work on \\\"Hollaback!\\\" (and “ feminist\\nHCI for real\\\") [39, 40] , Alsheikh et al 's exploration of post-\\ncolonial technology contexts [9] , and Fox and Le Dantec's\\n“ Community Historians\\\" project [51] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,523,747,619],\"text\":\"Along with many activists on the ground, these researchers\\nand others have applied their respective critical lenses to\\nnurture, support, and hold themselves accountable to the\\ncommunities in which they live and work. Nevertheless, as\\nwith most HCI scholarship, the politics in almost all of these\\ncritical works are implicit rather than directly explicated.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,619,748,859],\"text\":\"Allowing our political stances to remain unspoken has\\nconstrained our ability to question and challenge the con-\\nsequences of the work we put into the world. Further, this\\nsilence creates stumbling blocks for critique and accountabil-\\nity mechanisms. We argue it is imperative that members of\\nthe HCI community articulate the respective political foun-\\ndations of their work, explicitly addressing (a) what state of\\nthe world is necessary for the work to realize its intended\\neffect, and (b) what worlds are advanced by its execution.\\nWe believe such articulations would strengthen the founda-\\ntion of these and other critical works, weaving them into\\na coherent and explicit politic of HCI. Building on Linehan\\n& Kirman's “ anachCHI ” paper [95] , along with Asad et al. 's\\n“ prefigurative design ” [12] , we outline our vision of one such\\nexplicit articulation: an anarchist HCI .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,885,590,902],\"text\":\"3   WHAT IS ANARCHISM?\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[469,913,699,946],\"text\":\"\\\"Love labour, hate mastery, and avoid rela-\\ntionship with the government\\\" [128]\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 339\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/results/markdown/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300569/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300569", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/results/output_json/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,347],\"text\":\"A person confronted with the term \\\"anarchist\\\" may find\\nthemselves thinking of black-clad, bomb-throwing radicals\\nseeking the destruction of society, an image stemming from\\nthe campaigns of \\\"propaganda of the deed\\\" in the 1880s [103].\\nBut anarchism is far broader than that brief Eurocentric mo-\\nment in time, constituting a diverse field (not school) of\\nthought aiming to \\\"root out and eradicate all coercive, hier-\\narchical social relations, and dream up and establish consen-\\nsual, egalitarian ones in every instance\\\" [105]. Speaking gen-\\nerally, anarchism concerns itself with power and autonomy .\\nTwo core principles of anarchist thought are that autonomy\\ncan only be attained through ensuring a consensual basis for\\npower relations, and that human dignity is fundamentally\\ncompromised in the absence of autonomy.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,347,395,571],\"text\":\"So what does this mean in practice? As with any political\\nmovement, the answer varies from person to person: anar-\\nchist thought covers a broad range of perspectives, philoso-\\nphies and approaches to autonomy, an appropriate choice\\ngiven the value of autonomy. In this paper we focus on so-\\ncial anarchism, also known as libertarian socialism, 1 both\\nbecause of its long theoretical history and the way in which\\nits central principles align with the power-critical and anti-\\ncapitalist nature of the HCI works from which we draw. In\\ncontrast, individualist anarchism (which sees complete in-\\ndividualism without social responsibilities as the ultimate\\nsource of dignity) has often been critiqued specifically for\\nfailing to engage with power and the “free market,” leading\\nultimately to the resumption of the status quo [24, 64, 107].\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,571,395,778],\"text\":\"One of the major components of social anarchist thought\\nrelates to capitalism. As mentioned, anarchism is centred\\non autonomy and dignity—and is consequently concerned\\nwith the distribution of power. To social anarchists, capital-\\nism’s existence fundamentally undermines autonomy and\\nhuman dignity by embodying unfair power relations [14] .\\nDue to its dependence on the commodification, exchange\\nand accrual of goods, capitalism guarantees both inequality\\nbetween people and a lack of essential resources for some.\\nThis is not just an incidental or occasional side-effect of a\\ncapitalist system—it is both inevitable and by design , because\\none cannot have a purchaser without an unmet need, or\\naccrual without disparity [59] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,778,395,874],\"text\":\"At first glance, then, social anarchism appears to simply\\nbe Marxism. And, indeed, social anarchism has a long history\\nof drawing from Marxist thought (and vice versa) since the\\nFirst International [124] . But there is a crucial difference:\\nMarxism assumes the neutrality of the state, and that the\\noppression that stems from it is a consequence only of the\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,746,172],\"text\":\"social class that runs it. A \\\"dictatorship of the proletariat\\\",\\nas opposed to one of the landowning classes, is all that is\\nneeded to turn it towards the good of humanity [105].\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,172,747,411],\"text\":\"But anarchists, as discussed, require that every system\\nof power—not just capital—justify the ways it compromises\\nindividual autonomy for collective autonomy. While some\\nforms of social anarchism discuss shallow hierarchies as an\\nexample of such a justified compromise, social anarchists are\\nunanimous in seeing the state as fundamentally dangerous.\\nA state is inherently coercive and involuntary [151] , neces-\\nsarily (by creating a distinction between those vested with\\npower and those giving power) creates an underclass, and\\nultimately and inevitably shifts towards centring its own sur-\\nvival over that of any individual citizen under it [138] . Once\\nagain, this is not incidental; it is inherent [125] . This coercion\\nand guarantee of oppression does not change if the state is or-\\nganised with a purportedly communist economy interwoven,\\nor premised on a different kind of dictatorship [66] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,411,747,523],\"text\":\"Instead social anarchists advocate, as Cindy Milstein puts\\nit, \\\"consensual, egalitarian [social relations] in every in-\\nstance\\\" [105] , particularly in the form of communalism, self-\\ngoverning voluntary associations [28] , and autonomous\\nzones [80] . The product of a person's work should be owned\\nby oneself [94] ; the tools used to undertake this work should\\nbe shared by the community in which it takes place.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,523,747,955],\"text\":\"Forming these relations, and toppling unjust power struc-\\ntures, is the path towards autonomy and dignity. This work\\ntranscends the elimination of state and capital. Imperial-\\nism, racism, sexism, atheism, transphobia and other systems\\nof oppression—systems which underlie and buttress more\\nformal structures—do not just vanish when the more for-\\nmalised structures that weaponise them do [53] . There is\\nno dignity in a world that lacks capitalism but still fea-\\ntures ubiquitous bigotry. For this reason, anarchism has a\\nlong historical integration with feminist thought [14, 58, 61] ,\\nqueer liberation [1, 85] , anti-racist and anti-imperialist ide-\\nologies [87, 142] and the intersection thereof [43, 80, 119] . De-\\nspite its stereotype as a static form of European thought [99] ,\\nanarchism has provided part of the theoretical basis for the\\nwork of Krishnavarma and Gandhi in India [48] , the Zapatis-\\ntas in Mexico [96] , and the political philosophy underpinning\\nthe Democratic Federation of Northern Syria (commonly\\nknown as Rojava) [91] . In the current era of late-stage capi-\\ntalism and globalisation, a resurgent anarchism (integrated\\nwith other locally-contingent political philosophies across\\nAfrica [102] , Asia [73] , and the Americas [62, 96] ) has acted\\nto bring together those to whom existing mechanisms of\\nsocial order have lost legitimacy [83] , and encouraged the\\ncreation of small-scale collectives as well as large-scale polit-\\nical action [116] . As these examples demonstrate, anarchism\\nis easily hybridised; with its focus on autonomy comes a fo-\\ncus on community-appropriate and community-determined\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,884,395,952],\"text\":\"1 We would love to discuss other approaches to anarchism, but self-declared\\nanarcho-capitalists “should be given no more consideration than [other]\\noxymorons such as ‘free slave or the living dead’ [14], and the only\\nmeans of exercising our freedom in the last 15 years is to remain silent\\nin maximum security prisons since 1998 [15].\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 339\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/results/markdown/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300569/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300569", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/results/output_json/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,204],\"text\":\"approaches to change and governance. In many respects,\\nanarchism is merely \\\"the newest member of a global family\\nthat includes numerous historical and present day communal\\nsocieties and struggles against authority\\\" [145] ; even Hobbes\\nsaw it as the natural state of human society [114] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,205,394,460],\"text\":\"To many, a world lacking states or capitalism sounds\\nutopian—but anarchists trend towards the pragmatic and\\napplied, away from deep theory. The focus on human digi-\\ndity and autonomy means that the application of anarchist\\nprinciples to the organisation of day-to-day life cannot wait\\nfor some far-off revolution: it must be enacted in the here and\\nnow, through prefigurative politics [75, 147] . The revolution\\ncomes not on a single day but through the creation of au-\\ntonomous spaces and forms of organisation, wherever they\\ncan take root, both to provide what limited respite they can\\nand because it is through creating these zones—through in-\\nvalidating the claim that hierarchies of power are necessary,\\nand through building the counterpower of institutions that\\noffer alternatives to non-consensual power relations—that\\nwe go about “forming the structure of the new society within\\nthe shell of the old” [152] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,472,283,489],\"text\":\"4 TOWARD AN ANARCHIST HCI\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[115,494,368,573],\"text\":\"\\\"Any significant attempt to decentralize ma-\\njor political and technological institutions...could\\nonly happen by overcoming what would surely\\nbe powerful resistance to any such policy. It\\nwould require something of a revolution.\\\" [149]\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,578,394,609],\"text\":\"In summary, then, a social anarchist view of the world is\\nthat:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[80,613,395,884],\"text\":\"(1) Human dignity is greatest when human autonomy is\\ngreatest, and consequently when social relationships\\nare entered into consensually;\\n(2) Any relationship of power should be held in suspicion\\nand continuously justified, and both a capitalist eco-\\nnomic system and a state system of governance fail to\\njustify their excesses;\\n(3) The solution is the dissolution of both in favour of sys-\\ntems which maximise human autonomy, in a way that\\ncentrally recognises all forms of power, including the\\nimplicit systems of power such as race, gender, disabil-\\nity and class which underlie formal power structures,\\nand seeks to eliminate them;\\n(4) This work must be done in a way responsive to local\\nconditions, and in a fashion that is incremental, seek-\\ning to build the revolution by creating spaces in the\\nhere and now that embody those values.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,888,394,954],\"text\":\"So what would a field of HCI that is responsive to and\\nbuilt around these principles look like? Primarily, it would\\nbe dedicated to building prefigurative counterpower: creat-\\ning constantly-justified spaces that embody autonomous,\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,746,251],\"text\":\"anti-oppressive values as a means to build the revolution\\nin increment. This work requires that we, the HCI commu-\\nnity, re-examine our core values and radically alter the ways\\nwe enact these values in our relationships with each other\\nand the world. While we do not wish to prescribe a single\\npath toward this revolution, we elaborate three intercon-\\nnected threads where we see a need for these relations to be\\ntransformed.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,252,747,364],\"text\":\"The first and broadest area of scope is our relation with the\\nworld , defined as the ecological (in the traditional sense) and\\ninfrastructural aspects of human existence. Here we would\\nbe expected to centre concerns of sustainability, autonomy\\nand control, particularly with regards to how we understand\\nthe full range of impacts of our work and the nature of the\\nsystems we support.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,364,747,571],\"text\":\"Secondly, we will need to reshape our inter-community\\nrelationships. Over the course of our work, HCI researchers\\nengage with various individuals and communities—our “ par-\\nticipants.” An anarchist HCI would approach these sorts of\\ninteractions with the intent of allowing appropriate methods\\nand tools to derive from a particular context [44] . We recog-\\nnize that communities and environments are best understood\\nfrom within, rather than through a technoculturistic lens\\nor “ view from nowhere ” [69] . We would rely on methods\\nthat are aware of how design and technology have been used\\nto marginalise, and the oppressive nature of the systems we\\nparticipate in—methods that actively work to unpick that\\nuse and participation [35, 136] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,571,747,826],\"text\":\"The last area, though first in terms of the work we have to\\ndo, is intra-community relations: how we as HCI researchers\\nand practitioners relate to each other, and the structures we\\nhelp develop and in which we participate. An anarchist HCI\\ncentres power and self-determination: correspondingly, it\\nwould necessitate a re-evaluation of inclusivity in our field\\nand of the voices privileged in the processes of design and\\nresearch. It would require that we demonstratively exam-\\nine systems of oppression and work to undermine them,\\nincluding those relating to gender [71] , colonisation [79] ,\\nracism [68] , disability [130] , and class. An anarchist HCI\\nrequires an intersectional lens to avoid flattening the experi-\\nences of marginalized peoples [37, 123] . It would also likely\\nproduce new ways of organising, communicating and meet-\\ning that are governed by and accessible to the communities\\nconcerned.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,826,746,954],\"text\":\"An anarchist HCI is not merely a conceptual frame. Given\\nits emphasis on prefigurative counterpower, it demands to be\\nbrought into being. It demands mechanisms for accountabil-\\nity and justification, adapted to our local context. It demands\\nexplicit demonstration that our work is conducted as accom-\\nplices rather than overseers and does not act to reinforce\\nsystems of power and oppression; and that we came “ with\\nempty hands and a desire to unbuild walls ” [90] .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 339\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/results/markdown/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300569/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300569", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/results/output_json/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,125,169,141],\"text\":\"Global relations\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,144,394,255],\"text\":\"Given HCI's global reach, a political approach to our work\\nmust consider the world : the rest of the planet and the (of-\\nten out of sight) communities and systems that comprise it.\\nSpecifically, we need to address how HCI's working prac-\\ntices often presume the universalism of our perspectives,\\nand depend on structures that necessitate the exploitation\\nof labour and resources.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,256,395,557],\"text\":\"An anarchist HCI is premised on autonomy, not only at\\nthe person-to-person level but also of different communi-\\nties, cultures and contexts. A base requirement of this is an\\nassumption of inherent legitimacy—that differing ways of\\nbeing are valid ways of being. One cannot have both auton-\\nomy and the exclusive centring of one particular epistemic\\nposition. Yet dishearteningly, even within areas of HCI that\\nfeature liberatory rhetoric, we find a universalist stance. By\\nthis we mean that researchers assume their epistemic fram-\\nings or their experiences within their communal and cultural\\ncontexts are \\\"the\\\" human experience. As an example we can\\ntake Gender HCI [19] , a subfield concerned with the ways\\nthat gendered differences in socialisation make themselves\\nknown in technology being more- or less-accessible for differ-\\nently gendered populations. In theory an anarchist approach\\nto HCI would easily take root here: we care about power and\\noppression, and differences in technological access which\\nreplicate pre-existing inequalities are a quintessential exam-\\nple of that oppression.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,558,394,813],\"text\":\"But in practice, Gender HCI is constrained by a particu-\\nlarly narrow vision of gender, and one it treats as univer-\\nsal; with few exceptions [9, 27, 117, 144] , gender is seen\\nas an essentialist binary in which there are two categories,\\nmale and female, with corresponding social and anatomical\\ncategories, to which research on gendered differences per-\\nformed in a Western, academic context is broadly applicable.\\nThis approach fundamentally ignores, amongst other things,\\nnon-Western models of gender [20, 21, 108] , and the exis-\\ntence of transgender people [71, 82] . Gender HCI research is\\nalso frequently undertaken within corporate working envi-\\nronments that assume (or sometimes depend on) top-down\\naction and hierarchy [30, 31] , then assumed to be gener-\\nalisable to “ software ” or “ gender ” . In both cases the result\\nis the same — research premised on universalism that, as a\\nconsequence, implicitly delegitimises other ways of being.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,814,394,942],\"text\":\"An anarchist HCI must shrug off this implicit universal-\\nism, not just in relation to gender but in relation to any\\nattribute of a context or individual, in favour of a pluralis-\\ntic approach in which we interact with other communities\\non their terms, with an expectation that their members are\\nthose best-equipped to define and describe the difficulties\\nbeing faced. In the case of gender, there are several examples\\nof this approach being done—in particular Alsheikh et al.'s\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,172],\"text\":\"work on intimacy in Arab contexts, and Alex Ahmed's work\\non trans-inclusive interaction design [4, 9]. Nonetheless, we\\nhave (as other papers note) much progress to make [84, 123]\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,172,747,379],\"text\":\"HCI's dependence on exploitative global structures can be\\nseen if we examine the predominant cultural conception and\\npractices of making, which often feature an emancipatory\\nrhetoric of enabling people to autonomously identify their\\nneeds and respond to them. Gone are (or will be) the days of\\nmass-produced, industrialised consumer products and tools;\\ninstead, every home will feature a 3D printer that allows\\nits inhabitants to construct items adapted to their specific\\nuse. In theory one might think an anarchist HCI would grab\\nmaking with both hands as an example of emancipation;\\nafter all, don't we have self-determination? A reduction in\\nthe inequality of power relations? A reduction in the power\\nof capitalism?\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,379,747,730],\"text\":\"But the problem comes with making's relation to the rest\\nof the world : one must ask how emancipatory a technol-\\nogy is, how much autonomy it induces when, for example,\\nit overwhelmingly remains the preserve of those who are\\nalready most free. One must also take an ecological and an-\\nticolonial bent, as parts of both HCI and anarchism have\\nalready done [126, 134] and look at the work practices on\\nwhich making is premised: if a 3D printer is in every house,\\na truly inhumane amount of copper must have been ex-\\ntracted. And “inhumane” and “extracted” are the right words,\\nbecause mining is a literally exploitative activity and one\\nthat, under capitalism, promotes and perpetuates vast in-\\nequalities and injustices. In Chile, which produces a vast\\namount of the world's copper, the power structures that\\nunderpinned mining — some literally originating in colonial\\nslave labour — were trivially adapted to solidify Pinochet's\\nmilitary dictatorship [54] . There is no separating out our\\nadvocacy and development of making from the costs that\\nmaking entails — from the ways that, whatever the emancipa-\\ntory rhetoric around it, it demands the legitimisation and use\\nof exploitative systems that, beyond their already inhumane\\nday-to-day cost, are so easily twisted into acts of genocide.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,731,747,953],\"text\":\"This is not specific to making — indeed, one could argue the\\ncomputer in Human-Computer Interaction means that some\\namount of exploitation or practical scarcity is inevitable [36] ,\\nwhatever improvements transpire in ecologically-friendly\\nmining [60] . Nor is our concern solely about ecology: we\\nare simply using copper mining as an example of the global\\ninfrastructures that our technology plugs (idiomatically and\\nliterally) into. Our point is that our field's existence fuels\\noppressive systems [86] . This is an inevitable outcome of\\ninfrastructures under capitalism, and even absent capital-\\nism, infrastructure enacts control and hegemony [26, 109] ;\\nthis is nowhere more apparent than in the infrastructures\\nHCI researchers actively help build [98, 141] . Consequently\\nfrom both an anti-oppressive and autonomous perspective,\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 339\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/results/markdown/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300569/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300569", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/results/output_json/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,253],\"text\":\"an anarchist HCI is at least highly suspicious of and at most\\nactively opposed to centralised infrastructure. We should\\navoid making it; we should, wherever possible, avoid partic-\\nipating in it; we should, wherever necessary, actively seek\\nto unmake it. Winner is right when he says that, absent\\ncentralisation, infrastructure and the lopsided benefits that\\ncome along with it will be harder to attain, or in some cases\\nimpossible [149] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,274,232,290],\"text\":\"Inter-community relations\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,294,394,470],\"text\":\"Despite the pessimistic note above, we do not mean to sug-\\ngest that an anarchist HCI inherently opposes all infras-\\ntructures. Our goal is simply to avoid centralised infras-\\ntructure, and challenge systems that accrue power at the\\nexpense of human dignity: Given how infrastructures perpet-\\nuate their existences and amplify the values encoded within\\nthem [67]— and so are often weaponised for the purpose of\\nhegemony and cultural imperialism [141]— an anarchist HCI\\nrequires the constant mapping and justification of infras-\\ntructures' power dynamics. Systems that cannot be justified\\nshould be supplanted.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,470,394,582],\"text\":\"In practice this may initially result in a reduction in infras-\\ntructure, with associated reductions in the easy transmission\\nof information and goods, but that is largely because of how\\nfar (as Winner notes) the pendulum has swung in the direc-\\ntion of centralisation [149] . As a prominent example, Ashwin\\nMathew has tracked how the internet itself is not only cen-\\ntralised but designed to be centralised [101] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,582,394,868],\"text\":\"In the long term, there are other ways of running things.\\nOur concern is not organisation but who gets to define the\\nterms under which things are organised, and how consen-\\nsual participation in and departure from systems is; with\\nautonomy and decentralisation . Rather than an absence of\\ntechnologies, we are talking about technologies built in a\\nway that centres the communities using them and avoids\\nreserving for some third party the powers to modify, adapt,\\nand repair; about design processes in which the members of\\nthat community are treated not as participants but as accom-\\nplies . In infrastructural terms, that could (to continue the\\nexample of the internet) look like distributed replacements,\\nwhich are already being prototyped [11, 106, 122] ; more gen-\\nerally, it would include open source appropriate technologies\\n(OSATs) – technologies designed to be low-cost (financially\\nand ecologically), ethically sound, and based around open\\nsource software and hardware so that local communities can\\nadapt them to their needs [110] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,868,394,949],\"text\":\"But design processes in such an environment have to focus\\non the needs of the communities as defined by those commu-\\nnities: the world contains too many examples of what Mered-\\nith Broussard calls \\\"technochauvinism\\\" [29] — the deployment\\nof technical solutions against the will or desire of the people\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,746,410],\"text\":\"subject to them—for us to be anything but cynical of a top-\\ndown approach, even absent an anarchist framework [29, 38] .\\nOur relationship with local communities should be one in\\nwhich we defer , recognising the centrality of local knowledge\\nin developing local solutions. This consists not only of stan-\\ndalone approaches such as co-design [50] , which has been\\nused for large-scale community engagement [12, 51] , but\\nalso the adoption of frameworks that recognise pre-existing\\npower relationships and oppression. An example of such a\\nframework is Costanza-Chock's Design Justice (which, in-\\nterestingly, draws on the example of Zapatismo, a politic\\nthat synthesises anarchist principles with indigenous philos-\\nophy [34] ). Design Justice prioritises “projects that challenge\\nthe matrix of domination” [35] , focusing on addressing op-\\npression in an intersectional manner (as do many strains\\nof anarchism [19] ). Design Justice also aligns with social\\nanarchist principles of autonomy and self-determination due\\nto its focus on local and contextual solutions.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,411,747,635],\"text\":\"Whether rooted in design theory or anarchist theory,\\nlocalism-based approaches to design and infrastructure pose\\ntheir own challenges: aside from efficiencies of scale, issues\\nsuch as privacy and harassment are potentially harder to\\nhandle in infrastructure without centralised oversight [65] .\\nAnd there is always the question of who writes the standards\\nthat underpin this infrastructure: how easy it is to reconfig-\\nure nodes of, say, a distributed internet, to organise a new\\nnetwork based on new principles. While these (and myriad\\nother) challenges should not be downplayed and must be\\nconfronted head-on, distributed and localised infrastructure\\npresents an opportunity to build counterpower by creating\\nautonomous spaces not subject to the centralised control\\nthat is inherent to much of modern computing [112] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,647,585,662],\"text\":\"Intra-community relations\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,665,747,826],\"text\":\"But building this counterpower requires us to engage in pre-\\nfigurative work: to first organise our own community in\\nalignment with the values of self-determination and con-\\nsensual, self-organised relations and interactions. We must\\nnot only reckon with our contributions to power imbalances\\nin the wider world, but also look unceasingly inward, in-\\nterrogating how power manifests in our own relationships\\nwith each other. It is not possible for us to participate in the\\nmaking of meaningfully different spaces if we are replicating\\nthe same dynamics that have brought us to this point.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,826,747,955],\"text\":\"We must recognise that our community does not begin any\\nof this work from a “ neutral ” position (as if that were even\\npossible). From a queer, feminist, anticolonial or critical race\\nperspective, our field's norms and methods are inherently\\nlaced through with patriarchal, cisnormative, heteronorma-\\ntive beliefs that assume a white and western view of the\\nworld. Consider Ahmed et al.'s reflective piece on writing\\nfor an ACM magazine, in which the ACM, while accepting\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 339\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/results/markdown/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300569/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300569", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/results/output_json/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,283],\"text\":\"ad revenue from the U.S. National Security Agency, censored\\nthe phrase \\\"sex worker\\\" from an accepted piece about tech-\\nnologies for sex workers , with the argument that \\\"ACM is not\\na political organization\\\" [5] . Consider the demographics of\\nsex work, and so who, precisely, experiences the most harm\\nfrom the ACM's deliberate refusal to discuss the existence\\nand rights of sex workers, and sex as a topic. Consider how\\ndecisions around language marginalise already-vulnerable\\npeople, and that our field already features critiques of its\\napproach to such issues [22, 137] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,283,395,635],\"text\":\"More broadly, an examination of our community's pri-\\norities, as communicated by the SIGCHI strategic initia-\\ntives [133] , raises some difficult questions. For example: if\\ndistributing our work beyond our community is a “ core part ”\\nof our values, how do we reconcile that with the ACM charg-\\ning $ 1,700 to make a paper “ Open Access ” ? With community\\ntandards under which making this paper available costs as\\nmuch as one of the laptops on which it was written? If we\\ncare about “ local and global HCI ” , what does it say that even\\nCHI Indonesia publishes its schedule and proceedings in Eng-\\nlish [33] ? What does it say that our annual plan dictates a\\nminimum of 3 of the next 5 CHIs be held in Europe and North\\nAmerica [140] ? How do we reconcile an initiative aimed at\\n“ supporting and promoting diversity in all its forms ” , with\\nspending $ 14,000 on inclusion events at our conferences in\\n2017 [131] , and the same year, $ 24,000 on a communications\\nconsultant for “ messaging ” [104] ? A possible explanation for\\nthe gap between stated ideals and outcomes can be found in\\na survey of conference steering committee representatives,\\nwhere respondents ranked inclusion programming as 5th of 8\\npossible priorities, estimating an investment of 12 volunteer\\nhours to achieve the steering committees' expectations [132] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,635,395,858],\"text\":\"An anarchist HCI would demand a reconfiguration of\\nthese failed states, centring access and inclusion. This is\\nnot work that will be completed simply by declaring our-\\nselves anarchists — see the (often justified) critiques of “ ma-\\nnarchism ” [25, 72]— but an anarchist perspective, with its\\nfocus on power and dignity as first-order principles of anal-\\nysis, gives us a stronger basis from which to build. This is\\nnot work that can justifiably be placed on the shoulders of\\nthose who need it. We cannot accept diversity initiatives\\nthat take the form, as they do in so much of the academy,\\nof demanding marginalised scholars shoulder the burden of\\nrepairing the structural inequities that permeate our institu-\\ntions [6] , or tokenise us in surface-level diversity initiatives\\nthat primarily exist for the purpose of public relations [3] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,858,395,955],\"text\":\"This must be about more than just bodies; it is not diver-\\nsity if we only accept marginalised people who are stripped\\nof the epistemic models that underpin experiences of be-\\ning Other, or have the work they draw from those models\\nheld to an unequal standard of legitimacy [55] . This must\\nbe about plural ways of contributing: plural ways of being\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,381],\"text\":\"present. We would explore different ways of structuring how\\nwe gather and conference — whether expensive and exclu-\\nsive gatherings of researchers who (speaking practically)\\nhave either the employment benefits to attend, contributed\\na grant-supported paper, or both, act fundamentally as barri-\\ners to inclusion and as inducements to inequality. We might\\nlook at distributing conferences in their entirety, enabling\\nparticipation from disparate locations and disparate contexts;\\nwe could reorient conferences from closed spaces to open\\nones, with scholars travelling to talk to the public about their\\nwork. We could create avenues for publishing that do not\\noperate on the premise that only in English can legitimate\\nscience be performed. And if those outside are not interested\\nin participating, when allowed to define the terms of that\\nparticipation, HCI can hardly argue its work is emancipatory\\nor empowering.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,395,592,411],\"text\":\"5 ACCOUNTING FOR HCI\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[469,416,701,530],\"text\":\"\\\"We must recognize that ethics requires us\\nto risk ourselves precisely at moments of un-\\nknowing, when what forms us diverges\\nfrom what lies before us, when our willing-\\nness to become undone in relation to oth-\\ners constitutes our chance of becoming hu-\\nman.\\\" [32]\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,536,747,663],\"text\":\"If we want our work to challenge structures of oppression\\nand support human dignity, we are obligated to continually\\ninterrogate ways in which our practices and outputs require,\\nperpetuate, or amplify power inequalities. We must work\\nto ensure our technologies actively contribute to (rather\\nthan detract from) human autonomy and dignity. Toward\\nthese ends, we propose some accountability processes for an\\nanarchist HCI.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,663,747,872],\"text\":\"An anarchist HCI necessarily rejects the premise of a\\n“ neutral technology ” [63] . Like many HCI and critical theo-\\nrists [45, 46, 88, 143, 148] , an anarchist HCI seeks to surface\\nthe implicit and explicit politics of HCI contributions. While\\nwe often expect HCI work to include a researcher stance or\\nreflexive statement in relation to the work, anarchist HCI\\ndemands a robust and critical accounting of how we and our\\nwork relate to any power structures that oppress people or de-\\nprive them of agency. This might manifest as comprehensive,\\npublicly accessible documentation of requirements, inten-\\ntions, and methods for novel designs — documentation that\\nproactively demonstrates that the proposed interventions,\\nat a minimum , do not reinforce oppressive power structures.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,872,747,953],\"text\":\"We propose that anarchist HCI should actively contribute\\nto the building of counterpower. Rather than yielding “re-\\nsponsibility for enabling human flourishing [to] state and\\ncorporate actors” [93] , we argue that it is necessary to ac-\\ntively build systems that undermine such actors, recognising\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 339\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/results/markdown/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300569/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300569", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/results/output_json/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,221],\"text\":\"the way that technology metastases capitalism and\\nthe state's worst intentions and vice versa [49, 97, 98] . Some\\npromising recent work toward these ends include Baumer\\n& Silberman's proposal not to design [18] , or Pierce's sug-\\ngestion that we “ undesign ” — inhibit or foreclose — particular\\ncapabilities of technology [113] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,220,394,380],\"text\":\"Given the inevitability of exploitation under capitalism\\nand the state, all work should affirmatively show that it\\nprefigures autonomy and dignity. In other words, that the\\nmethods and outputs were driven by the interests and de-\\nsires of the individuals and communities impacted by the\\nwork—not by funders' implicit or explicit expectations. We\\nuse \\\"desires\\\", with its implications of subjective, internally-\\nknown and validated truth, intentionally: work cannot be\\nundertaken without the active consent and participation of\\nthese communities.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,380,394,699],\"text\":\"One way to incorporate this active consent and participa-\\nction could be a \\\"right of participant response\\\" to research\\nfindings and design interventions. In other words, researchers\\nhave the ongoing responsibility to provide the research to\\nparticipants in a comprehensible form. Participants' responses\\nto the work will be considered inherently valid (i.e., they\\ndo not require the affirmation of academics), and these re-\\nsponses should be included in whatever form(s) and venue(s)\\nthe research is disseminated. Through such an accountability\\nmechanism we might remake HCI to privilege impaired com-\\nmunities. This remaking would contribute to more equitable\\ninter- and intra-community distribution of both participa-\\ntion and the benefits and burdens of design [35] . A related\\naccountability practice could be to alter the peer review\\nprocess to include community reviewers who can evaluate\\nwork intended for publication based on their experiences and\\ncomment on the appropriateness of the work's methods, out-\\ncomes and consequences. Equitable distribution of benefits\\nand burdens would also necessitate that those community\\nreviewers be compensated fairly for their labour.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,699,394,955],\"text\":\"These mechanisms would also necessitate that we produce\\nand share knowledge in formats and settings that are appro-\\npriate for a given context. It would no longer be considered\\nlegitimate for knowledge to be cloistered in the academy,\\nlocked behind paywalls or gates, or for academic scholars\\nto be perceived as the sole or primary sources of knowl-\\nedge production and arbiters of human experience. Rather,\\nin alignment with feminist epistemologies, anarchist HCI\\nwould consider knowledge to be situated in particular con-\\ntexts [69, 70] , and would require that the outputs of any\\nknowledge-producing activities or HCI interventions be cre-\\nated in collaboration with and in forms accessible to the com-\\nmunities concerned. Fox and Rosner have put forward one of\\nthe forms that dissemination of research might take [52] , but\\nwe would argue that when the community is truly the locus\\nof power, the idea of “ dissemination ” of knowledge may no\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,173],\"text\":\"longer have coherence at all. Instead, communities would\\ndetermine how to articulate the shared meanings produced\\nduring knowledge-making work.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,172,747,284],\"text\":\"We wish to reiterate that these accountability mechanisms\\nare only part of the work: we have an obligation to institute\\nthem but also, as stated, to move beyond them, actively col-\\nlaborating with communities to break existing systems of\\ninjustice and build the world we wish to see. These mecha-\\nnisms are necessary because they are prefigurative; they are\\nnot, in and of themselves, sufficient.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,304,525,321],\"text\":\"6 DISCUSSION\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[469,329,707,409],\"text\":\"\\\"We're setting out from a point of extreme\\nisolation, of extreme weakness. An insurrec-\\ntional process must be built from the ground\\nup. Nothing appears less likely than an in-\\nsurrection, but nothing is more necessary.\\\" [76]\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,421,747,549],\"text\":\"A number of movements within HCI have been working\\ntoward situating communities as the locus of power and\\nthe arbiters of meaning and value in HCI. We argue that\\nour failure to realize these ideals stems from an inability\\nto reconcile our political rhetoric and critical lenses with\\nthe power structures under which we operate. The most\\npromising solution to this dissonance is a rededication of\\nour field towards building prefigurative counterpower.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,549,747,741],\"text\":\"The justifications, principles, and mechanisms of an an-\\narchist HCI can be used to guide our work and determine\\nwhether we are, as a field or individuals, in concordance\\nwith our ideals. In outlining these tenets, we do not claim\\nto have created this work out of whole cloth; as discussed,\\nmuch of this work is already being done . What we offer is an\\narticulation of where this work overlaps — what principles\\nunderlie much of it — and an articulation of processes towards\\naccountability. Most importantly, we are drawing a line in\\nthe sand, and offering a vision of a present in which nothing\\nis treated as fixed, and by consequence, everything is treated\\nas possible .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,741,747,868],\"text\":\"This is an anarchist vision, but it is not the anarchist vi-\\nsion, nor the only political vision HCI could take. In her com-\\nments on Linehan & Kirzman's “ anarCHI ” alt.chi paper, Lilly\\nIrani raised rhetorical questions which we would, slightly\\nrephrased, replicate: what kind of research would you do if\\nyou were doing socialist CHI, or libertarian CHI [95] ? What\\nkinds of research or practice would feature in a different\\nanarchist HCI?\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,868,747,950],\"text\":\"While we have our own biases, believing in a particular\\npolitical vision centred on autonomy and then mandateing\\nits adoption would be the height of hypocrisy. In our view, it\\nwould violate the anarchist principles we have outlined to\\ndictate either specific implementations or specific practices\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 339\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300569/results/markdown/3290605-3300569_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300572/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300572", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/results/output_json/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[67,118,746,215],\"text\":\"Dynamics of Visual Attention\\nin Multiparty Collaborative Problem Solving using\\nMultidimensional Recurrence Quantification Analysis\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[145,229,338,313],\"text\":\"Hana Vrzakova\\n\\nInstitute of Cognitive Science\\nUniversity of Colorado Boulder\\nBoulder, Colorado\\n\\nhana.vrzakova@colorado.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[148,326,337,406],\"text\":\"Angela E. B. Stewart\\n\\nInstitute of Cognitive Science\\nUniversity of Colorado Boulder\\nBoulder, Colorado\\n\\nangela.stewart@colorado.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[475,233,667,313],\"text\":\"Mary Jean Amon\\nInstitute of Cognitive Science\\nUniversity of Colorado Boulder\\nBoulder, Colorado\\nmary.amon@colorado.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[475,325,667,405],\"text\":\"Sidney K. D'Mello\\n\\nInstitute of Cognitive Science\\nUniversity of Colorado Boulder\\nBoulder, Colorado\\n\\nsidney.mello@colorado.edu\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,416,140,433],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,436,395,742],\"text\":\"Multi-party collaborative problem solving – an increas-\\ningly important context in the 21st century workforce –\\nsuffers from a degradation of social and behavioral sig-\\nnals when attempted remotely, resulting in suboptimal\\noutcomes. We investigate teams' multidimensional pat-\\nterns of visual attention during a collaborative problem-\\nsolving task with an eye for leveraging insights to im-\\nprove collaborative interfaces. Fifty-seven novices (form-\\ning 19 triads) engaged in a challenging programming\\ntask (Minecraft Hour of Code) using videoconferenc-\\ning software with screen sharing. To discover patterns\\nof individual-level gaze-UI coupling (coordination of a\\nteammee's attention with respect to changes in the user\\ninterface) and team-level gaze-UI regularity (dynamics\\nof teams' collective attention in context with changes in\\nthe user interface), we applied cross- and multidimen-\\nsional recurrence quantification analyses, respectively.\\nIndividuals' eye gaze was significantly coupled with\\nthe ongoing screen activity whereas teams displayed\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,417,748,578],\"text\":\"significant patterns of gaze regularity, suggesting repet-\\nitive patterns in teams' attention. These measures pre-\\ndicted expert-coded collaborative processes of construct-\\ning shared knowledge and negotiation and coordination\\n(but not maintaining team function) and correlated with\\ntask score ( $r=.425$ ). They also predicted individually as-\\nsessed subjective perceptions of team performance and\\nthe collaboration process, but not individual's learning\\nor team's task scores. We discuss implications of our find-\\nings for the design of intelligent collaborative interfaces.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,588,524,605],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[420,609,747,674],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing Collaborative con-\\ntent creation: Computer supported cooperative\\nwork: Empirical studies in collaborative and social com-\\nputing .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,684,502,701],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,703,746,737],\"text\":\"CSCL, CSCW, Eye-Tracking, MdRQA, Regularity, Syn-\\nchrony\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,741,555,755],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,756,749,860],\"text\":\"Hana Vrzakova, Mary Jean Amon, Angela E. B. Stewart, and Sid-\\nney K. D'Mello. 2019. Dynamics of Visual Attention in Multi-\\nparty Collaborative Problem Solving using Multidimensional\\nRecurrence Quantification Analysis. In CHI Conference on Hu-\\nman Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May\\n4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland Uk . ACM, New York, NY, USA,\\n14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300572\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,777,395,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work\\nfor personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that\\ncopies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage\\nand that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.\\nCopyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM\\nmust be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy\\notherwise, or post on servers or redistribute to lists,\\nrequires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions\\nfrom permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[67,898,285,952],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\\n© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.\\nACM ISBN 978-1-4803-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300572\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 342\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/results/markdown/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300572/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300572", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/results/output_json/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,123,197,140],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,143,394,301],\"text\":\"\\\"Look here!\\\" — \\\"Where? In the Minecraft?\\\" — \\\"No, here.\\nIn the code! Can you see it?\\\" — \\\"No!\\\" Referencing objects\\nand regions on a shared screen during remote collabora-\\ntions can be frustrating. Some teams, however, perform\\nsurprisingly well under the constraints of the virtual\\nenvironment. Here, we test what gaze-UI coupling and\\nregularity—the alignment and collective patterns of team-\\nmates' attentional focus in conjunction with changes in\\na user interface—reveal about the collaboration process\\nand outcomes.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,302,395,511],\"text\":\"Effective collaboration relies on communication skills,\\nwhich underlie and support mutual sharing of concepts,\\nchecking assumptions, calibrating intentions, and mon-\\nitoring progress. Collaboration in computer-mediated\\nsettings, however, changes communication processes\\nand generated and transmitted signals compared to face-\\nto-face scenarios [50] . Thus, collaborators have to alter\\ntheir style of communication to compensate for the lower\\nquality social and behavioral signals. Here, we study pat-\\nterns of visual attention when small groups engage in\\ncollaborative problem solving in a computer-mediated\\ncontext and their relationship to quality of collaboration\\nand its outcomes.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,532,139,549],\"text\":\"Motivation\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,552,395,793],\"text\":\"Good interpersonal and communication skills are crucial\\nin digital environments, particularly those that require\\ncollaborative problem solving [1] . Groups can outper-\\nform an individual in problem-solving tasks, but more\\noften than not demonstrate “ process loss ” by failing to\\nlive up to their potential [21, 26, 51] . One type of process\\nloss — coordination loss [18, 36, 58]— occurs when key\\nsocio-affective-cognitive (SAC) processes, such as con-\\nversation grounding, turn taking, emotion co-regulation,\\nand joint attention, which contribute to overall collabo-\\nration quality [3, 15, 20, 26, 27, 32] are disrupted. Further,\\nSAC processes are often muted during remote collabo-\\nrations [2, 48] , and current computer-supported coop-\\nerative work (CSCW) or cooperative learning (CSL)\\nenvironments rarely provide supports for them.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,793,395,955],\"text\":\"In terms of visual attention, which is the focus of this\\nwork, previous research demonstrates that coupling of\\nan individual's attention with others is indicative of how\\nhe or she follows the conversation, interaction, and their\\nintentions (e.g., [50] ). However, most of the work has\\nbeen done in the context of dyads engaged in a conver-\\nsation [23, 42, 46] . Furthermore, a significant portion of\\nresearch focuses on the extent to which dyadic eye gaze is\\naligned when individuals are attending to the same stim-\\nuli [23, 42, 43] . However, this work does not recognize\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,747,283],\"text\":\"that tasks often require team members to adopt different\\nroles and attend to different features of the task in or-\\nder to promote performance. As a result, we know little\\nabout multiparty visual attention, how it emerges over\\nthe course of an interaction, and how it influences the\\nquality of collaboration. Accordingly, we extend prior\\nwork on dyadic gaze alignment by investigating collec-\\ntive patterns of gaze in context with the activity on a\\nshared screen during computer-mediated collaborative\\nproblem solving.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,283,747,604],\"text\":\"The landscape drastically changes when small groups\\nare considered. Decades of research on small group in-\\nteractions has concluded that fundamentally different\\nphenomena emerge when one goes beyond dyads be-\\ncause “ dyads are not groups ” [33] . Dyads are largely\\nlimited with respect to the team dynamics they can af-\\nford, whereas complexity rapidly scales up when teams\\nexpand. While dyads afford three interacting units (two\\nindividuals and one pair), triads involve multiple and\\nmore complex interacting units (three individuals, three\\ndyads, and one triad), thus increasing demands on group\\ncoordination. In addition, a range of interesting dynam-\\nics arise when triadic eye gaze is coupled with the inter-\\naction context, as in this paper. In that case, the analysis\\nconsiders four simultaneous multivariate signals (eye\\ngaze of three team members (A,B,C) and changes to the\\nuser interface (I)), resulting in 11 possible interacting\\ncomponents (AB, AC, BC, AI, BI, CI, ABC, ABI, ACI, BCI,\\nBCI). In this work, we investigate gaze-LI coupling (AI,\\nBI, CI) and gaze-LI regularity (ACI).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,614,614,631],\"text\":\"Research questions and novelty\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,634,747,778],\"text\":\"To understand these complex collaborative interactions,\\nwe model visual attention as a nonlinear and interlocked\\nprocess with spontaneously emerging spatio-temporal\\npatterns situated within the unfolding interaction. Using\\ncross- and multidimensional- recurrence quantification\\nanalyses (CRQA and MdRQA, respectively), we investi-\\ngate whether groups exhibit systematic patterns during\\ncollaborative problem solving and whether these pat-\\nterns predict collaborative processes and outcomes.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,778,747,922],\"text\":\"Our work is novel by providing a computational as-\\nsessment of complex computer-mediated collaboration\\nfrom the lens of triadic visual attention. Our approach is\\ngrounded in the theory that teams can self-organize into\\ninterpersonal synergies [11, 17] , which allows interact-\\ning individuals to function as a single unit, reducing the\\nnumber of degrees of freedom (dimensional compres-\\nsion) and allowing individual components to rapidly\\nreact to changes in others (reciprocal compensation) [44] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,922,747,955],\"text\":\"Our main research question centers on how group-\\nlevel gaze-UI regularity, defined as the dynamics of teams\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 342\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/results/markdown/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300572/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300572", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/results/output_json/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,427],\"text\":\"collective attention aligned with changes in the UI, pre-\\ndicts collaborative problem-solving processes and out-\\ncomes after accounting for individual-level gaze cou-\\npling with the UI and other covariates (e.g. verbosity).\\nSpecifically, we expand on previous research investigat-\\ning visual attention during collaborative tasks in three\\nkey ways. We are the first to establish a measure of\\ntriadic visual attention in computer-mediated collab-\\norative problem solving. Second, combining two dis-\\ntinct variants of RQA, we quantify spatial-temporal pat-\\nterns between intra-individual's gaze and UI changes\\n(individual-level gaze-UI coupling via CRQA) and inter-\\nindividuals’ gaze along with UI changes (group-level\\ngaze-UI regularity via MdRQA). Third, we show that our\\nRQA measures of predict measures of collaboration qual-\\nity in terms of objective (i.e., task scores and expert-coded\\nmeasures of effective collaborative problem solving) and\\nsubjective assessments of the quality of the collaboration\\nand its outcome.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,426,395,588],\"text\":\"Our results indicate that not only do teams align eye\\ngaze with the changing environment and produce regu-\\nlar group-level patterns of gaze, the extent to which they\\ndo so positively predicts collaboration quality and out-\\ncomes. Thus, patterns of visual attention within teams\\naligned with a UI might be a key instrumental variable\\nto consider in next-generation intelligent user interfaces\\nthat aim to improve collaborative outcomes by monitor-\\ning the unfolding collaborative process and dynamically\\nintervening as needed.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,609,188,626],\"text\":\"2 BACKGROUND\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,630,334,646],\"text\":\"Visual attention in collaborative interaction\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,649,395,809],\"text\":\"Research examining eye gaze during collaborative tasks\\noften focuses on joint attention, or the alignment between\\npartners' locus of attention. Joint attention underlies suc-\\ncessful communication [3] and is crucial for active en-\\ngagement and participation in conversation [24, 41]. Con-\\nversely, the lack of joint attention has been linked to mis-\\nunderstandings [7]. Indeed, attending to the same areas\\nof interest promotes collaborative flow and mutual un-\\nderstanding [26] and has been associated with improved\\nproblem solving and higher learning gains [40].\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,808,395,956],\"text\":\"To foster joint attention during computer-mediated\\ntasks, researchers have experimented with gaze visu-\\nalizations and real-time sharing of gaze between two\\nremote partners in a number of domains, including re-\\nmote pair programming [5, 13, 24] , collaboratively solv-\\ning puzzles [14] , collaborative learning of neuroscience\\nconcepts [46] , and visual search tasks [6, 35, 60] . In these\\nstudies, the gaze of one team member is shown to their\\npartner in near-real time. Gaze sharing allows for implicit\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,746,172],\"text\":\"referencing without the need of verbal cues, improving\\nawareness of partner's locus of interest [60] , action coor-\\ndination [13] , and mutual understanding of stimuli [46]\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,172,747,348],\"text\":\"Thus far, research on visual attention has mainly been\\nrestricted to studies on dyadic gaze synchrony and on\\nhow joint visual attention is associated with performance\\n[23, 42, 43] . It is unclear how findings will generalize to\\nsmall groups of three or more and whether going be-\\nyond gaze alignment to collective patterns of gaze will\\nprovide new information about the collaborative pro-\\ncess and outcomes. Here, we adopt a dynamical systems\\nframework and associated analytic techniques to under-\\nstand visual attention during triadic problem solving in\\na computer-mediated setting.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,358,724,376],\"text\":\"Dynamical systems to analyze human interactions\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,379,747,553],\"text\":\"Dynamical systems frameworks view human interac-\\ntion as a continuous and mutually adaptive process\\n[8, 19, 29, 45] . Synergies are one type of nonlinear dy-\\nnamical system that occur when interacting components\\nfunction as a single unit. A synergy arises as the sys-\\ntem’s degrees of freedom become loosely coupled and\\nmutually constrain each other. Thereby, the shared set\\nof possibilities gets temporarily reduced and allows for\\nmore stable and regular behavior [44, 50] . In addition, syn-\\nergies adaptively re-organize to create novel or irregular\\nbehaviors in order to meet shifting task demands.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,553,747,843],\"text\":\"From the perspective of synergies, effective collabo-\\nration is supported by team members' ability to coor-\\ndinate and coregulate one another. Coordination refers\\nto the functional organization of interacting parts and\\nprocesses that give rise to spatial and temporal order [25] .\\nRelatedly, coregulation refers to the process by which\\nresponses of one component change based on those of\\nanother component. Coordination and coregulation give\\nrise to emergent patterns of behavior that are not re-\\nducible to the activity of its individual components, such\\nthat the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. In\\nthe context of teamwork, coordination and coregulation\\nmay occur across multiple interacting channels in order\\nto promote task performance [38, 53] . Here, we focus on\\none interacting channel-pattern of eye gaze as an index\\ninto visual attention, and employ an analytic method\\nfrom dynamical systems theory, called RQA, to uncover\\nsynergistic patterns at the team-level.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,853,597,870],\"text\":\"Recurrence in joint attention\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,873,747,955],\"text\":\"Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) is a nonlinear\\ntime series analytic technique for studying dynamic pat-\\nterns over time [30] and can be used to capture activity\\ncommon to synergies, including adaptive shifts between\\nregular and irregular patterns of behavior. Contrary to\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 342\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/results/markdown/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300572/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300572", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/results/output_json/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,475],\"text\":\"traditional linear approaches to time series analysis, RQA\\nrelaxes requirements of signal linearity and stationar-\\nity, which are limits of many (but not all) traditional\\ntime series analysis techniques [49] . Cross-RQA (CRQA)\\nis one type of RQA that quantifies coupling between\\ndyadic signals, or the extent to which two signals con-\\nverge on the same state across time. Multidimensional-\\nRQA (MdRQA) is another and more recent extension of\\nRQA [56, 57] that can accommodate numerous signals\\nwhich may be from different individuals and/or modali-\\nties. Unlike CRQA, MdRQA captures the extent to which\\ncollective organization of the system exhibits regular or\\nirregular patterns of behavior, where regularity refers to\\nperiods during which the multidimensional system revis-\\nits a particular state, though the individual signals may\\nnot match one another. In the context of team eye gaze,\\na stable state may correspond to Participant A monitor-\\ning changes in the code while Participant B focusing on\\nanother portion of the screen where they view the anima-\\ntion that results from the code. Thus, CRQA can be con-\\nsidered a measure of coupling between two time series,\\nwhile MdRQA is a measure of system-level regularity.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,475,395,699],\"text\":\"While MdRQA is a novel analytic tool, CRQA has been\\nused to investigate joint attention, or mutual gaze cou-\\npling, between speaker and listener [43] , pair program-\\nmers [23] , and medical experts and novices [55] . CRQA\\nmeasures have been shown to be indicative of various\\ninteraction outcomes. Gaze coupling between program-\\nmers, for example, has been associated with better divi-\\nsion of labor, mutual participation, and strategy agree-\\nment [23] . This study also found that gaze coupling was\\nhighest during moments of verbal references, suggesting\\nthat verbal interaction was associated with a focusing of\\neye gaze toward particular aspects of the task. Further-\\nmore, [42, 43] found that coupling between speaker and\\nthe listener was predictive of listener's comprehension.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,699,395,890],\"text\":\"Despite showing promise in predicting and assessing\\nvarious aspects of collaboration quality, prior research\\nutilizing CRQA has been limited to analyzing the joint\\nattention between dyads. However, measures of joint\\nattention neglect the fact that team members may need\\nto focus on different features of the task environment.\\nThis may be evident in systematic group-level patterns\\nof eye gaze that may not include attending to the same\\narea of interest at the same time. To our knowledge, we\\npresent the first study of the dynamics of team's visual\\nattention aligned with changes in the user interface (UI)\\nand its influence on collaboration quality.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,900,290,917],\"text\":\"3  DATA SOURCE: HOUR OF CODE\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,921,395,955],\"text\":\"We used data collected as part of a larger project on col-\\nlaborative problem solving [52] . In this work, teams of\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,254],\"text\":\"students used a video-conferencing tool to collabora-\\ntively solve a challenging task in a Minecraft themed\\nHour of Code 1 . The interface uses a visual programming\\nlanguage where each code chunk is represented as a\\nsyntactically correct interlocking blocks available in the\\nblock library (Figure 1 b). The participants were tasked\\nwith building a brick building in the Minecraft world\\n(Figure 1 a) using the code blocks (Figure 1 c).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,269,498,286],\"text\":\"Participants\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,289,747,400],\"text\":\"Participants were 111 undergraduates from a medium-\\nsized private Midwestern university. Participants were\\n74.8% Caucasian, 9.9% Hispanic/Latino, 8.1% Asian,\\n0.9% Black, 0.9% American Indian/Native Alaskan, 2.7%\\nother, and 2.7% did not report ethnicity. The average age\\nwas 19.4 years and 63.1% of the participants were female.\\nParticipants were compensated with course credit.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,400,747,466],\"text\":\"Participants were assigned to 37 teams of three. The\\nonly inclusion criterion was no previous experience with\\ncomputer programming and none of the participants\\nwere excluded on this basis.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,482,624,500],\"text\":\"Experimental task and procedure\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,503,747,631],\"text\":\"Participants were randomly assigned to one of three\\ncomputer-enabled rooms in a lab. Each computer was\\nequipped with a webcam and microphone for video con-\\nferencing with screen-sharing through Zoom 2 . Partici-\\npants’ eye movements were recorded with the EyeTribe\\neye-tracker, with binocular sampling at 30Hz, mounted\\non a tripod below the screen. The screen content was also\\nrecorded using Zoom’s built-in features.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,631,747,838],\"text\":\"Upon arrival in the lab, participants completed in-\\ndividual surveys gathering basic demographic data as\\nwell as self-reported standardized test score (ACT/SAT),\\nwhich strongly correlate with actual test scores [10] . Then,\\nparticipants were randomly assigned to their task roles.\\nOne team member controlled the group's interaction\\nwith the environment. The other two team members\\nviewed the controller's screen via screen sharing and\\nactively provided suggestions throughout the collabora-\\ntion. In order to learn basic programming principles and\\nfamiliarize them with the Minecraft environment, teams\\ncompleted five lessons and watched three accompanying\\nvideos within the first 20 minutes.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,838,747,887],\"text\":\"After completing the introductory tasks, participants\\nindividually (i.e., screen sharing was turned off) rated\\ntheir level of satisfaction with their team's \\\"performance\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,924,560,938],\"text\":\"1 https://code.org/minecraft\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,938,508,952],\"text\":\"2 https://zoom.us\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 342\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/results/markdown/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300572/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300572", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/results/output_json/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[178,123,642,436],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A computer screen displays an educational programming interface with three labeled sections: a Minecraft-themed game area (a), a palette of programming blocks (b), and a workspace for block assembly (c). A video call with three participants is visible on the right, and the image is annotated with pixel measurements for margins and section widths.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,451,746,482],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Virtual environment of Minecraft Hour of Code. Areas of Interest (AOI) (with overlap) refer to areas of Minecraft\\nanimation (blue), Code (green), and teammates (magenta).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,503,395,582],\"text\":\"at completing the lessons\\\", how well their team \\\"commu-\\nnicated with each other\\\", how well their team \\\"cooper-\\nated to complete the lessons\\\", and how \\\"agreeable my\\nteammates are\\\" using a scale ranging from very dissat-\\nisfied (1) to very satisfied (6).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,582,395,661],\"text\":\"Teams then collaborated on the main task where they\\nhad 20 minutes to build a four by four brick building\\nwith the following constraints: use at least one if state-\\nment; use at least one repeat loop; build at least three\\nbricks over water; and use 15 blocks of code or less.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,661,395,806],\"text\":\"After completing this challenging task, participants\\nindividually rated their subjective assessments of their\\nteam's performance, communication, cooperation, and\\nagreeableness using the same items and scales as above.\\nThen, participants individually completed a ten-item\\nmultiple-choice test to assess their conceptual knowl-\\nedge of coding concepts. Finally, participants rated the\\nextent to which they knew each of their teammates (prior\\nto the study) on a scale of 1 (not at all) to 5 (very well).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,853,130,869],\"text\":\"Measures\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,872,395,953],\"text\":\"We analyzed a number of personal, interpersonal, sub-\\njective, and objective aspects of the collaborative process\\nand its outcomes. The following measures of interest\\nwere obtained for the challenging task and not for the\\nintroductory tasks.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,503,754,614],\"text\":\"Expert-coded measures. We obtained expert codings\\nof each participant's collaborative problem-solving com-\\npetencies characterized by construction of shared knowl-\\nedge, negotiation and coordination, and maintaining\\nteam function. These three facets were derived from\\na theoretically-grounded and empirically-validated model\\nof collaborative problem-solving competencies [53] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,615,748,837],\"text\":\"Construction of shared knowledge is defined as team\\nmembers expressing their ideas and working to under-\\nstand others' ideas. Negotiation and coordination per-\\ntains to teams discussing and arriving at a solution and\\nthen executing it. Maintaining team function is related\\nto sustaining productive dynamics. Each of these facets\\nhas subfacets which in turn have a set of behavioral in-\\ndicators. For example, constructing shared knowledge\\nis composed of two subfacets: 1) shares understanding\\nof problems and solutions and 2) establishes common\\nground. Proposing a specific solution is one positive in-\\ndicator of the first subfacet, whereas a team member\\ninterrupting or talking over others is a negative indicator\\nof the second subfacet.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,837,750,950],\"text\":\"We used a thin slicing approach from [34, 37] . Specif-\\nically, each 20-minute video of the challenging program-\\nming task was split into four five-minute windows. Within\\neach five-minute window, we selected a random 90-\\nsecond interval for coding, where a coder counted the\\noccurrence frequency of each indicator per participant.\\nThus, 360 seconds (30 % ) of each video was coded.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 342\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/results/markdown/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300572/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300572", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/results/output_json/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,124,394,251],\"text\":\"Through iterative processes of coding and discussion,\\nthree coders reached an agreement of 0.92 (Spearman\\ncorrelation) on a random sample of three videos. The re-\\nliability was obtained by first computing indicator-level\\nreliability across the three pairs of coders and then aver-\\naging across indicators. Then, the three coders divided\\nthe videos among themselves and individually coded\\ntheir assigned videos.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,251,395,426],\"text\":\"We aggregated the indicator-level codes across the\\nfour 90s segments to obtain participant-level facet scores.\\nWe first z-scored the frequency counts by coder to ac-\\ncount for variation among the coders. The z-scores were\\naveraged across segments within each participant for a\\nparticipant-level score. Then, we z-scored each indicator\\nacross all participants in order combine indicators to com-\\npute sub-facet scores. We multiplied negative indicators\\nby -1, averaged indicator scores within each subfacet,\\nand then averaged subfacet scores to the appropriate\\nfacet.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,426,394,538],\"text\":\"Objective Measures. Two independent raters scored\\neach team's solution on the five challenge criteria, with\\neach criterion being worth one point. Task scores could\\nrange from 0 to 5 (M = 2.86, SD = 1.06). The two raters\\nreconciled any disagreements via discussion. We also\\naveraged the 10 individual post-test items to obtain a\\nmeasure for individual learning (M = 43 % , SD = 15.7).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,538,394,665],\"text\":\"Subjective Measures. Participants' self-reports of their\\nteams' performance was taken as their subjective mea-\\nsure of collaboration outcomes. We averaged each par-\\nticipant’s self-reports of communication, cooperation,\\nand agreeableness because ratings were highly corre-\\nlated (Cronbach's alpha = .89), thereby obtaining a single\\nmeasure of their subjective perceptions of their team's\\ncollaboration process.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,665,394,733],\"text\":\"Verbosity. We used the IBM Watson Speech to Text\\nservice 3 to generate transcriptions of each participant's\\naudio recordings. We summed all the words in the tran-\\nscript to obtain a participant-level measure of verbosity.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,744,188,762],\"text\":\"Data preprocessing\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,764,395,924],\"text\":\"We focus on eye gaze behavior in relation to interac-\\ntion on the screen. We processed the eye gaze data as\\nfollows. First, the raw gaze points were categorically\\nassigned to one of the following four areas of interest\\n(AOIs): Minecraft animation, Code, Partners and Out\\nof bounds (Figure 1 ). We chose to work with raw gaze\\npoints rather than fixations as this resulted in lower data\\nloss. To compensate for potential eye-tracker calibra-\\ntion errors, we enlarged AOIs by a 100px safety margin\\naround the screen and by a 50px margin between the\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,300],\"text\":\"AOIs, as illustrated in Figure 1 . Gaze points in the safety\\nmargin were assigned to both areas. Figure 2 illustrates\\ngaze distribution to the designed areas, where we note\\nthat majority of eye gaze was on the Code and then on\\nthe Minecraft area. The area with the live view of team-\\nmates was only sporadically visited, probably because\\nof its small size. Interestingly, proportions of eye gaze to-\\nwards the AOIs were quantitatively similarly distributed\\nacross roles. Next, the stream of assigned AOIs was seg-\\nmented into 1-second time windows and each segment\\nwas assigned to the majority AOI.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_010.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[426,309,742,543],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a multi-panel box plot showing the \\\"Percentage\\\" of \\\"Raw gaze points in AOIs\\\". Each of the three panels (A, B, C) displays three box plots, representing \\\"Minecraft\\\" (blue), \\\"Code\\\" (light green), and \\\"Partners\\\" (pink), with the \\\"Partners\\\" category consistently showing much lower percentages than the other two.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,555,745,587],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Distribution of raw gaze points across participants\\nand their roles. Participant A controlled the environment.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,602,747,778],\"text\":\"Because the task was hosted by a third party web-\\nsite, activity log-files were not available. Therefore, we\\nprocessed screen videos to obtain a measure of activity\\non the screen. Specifically, we used a validated motion\\nestimation algorithm [58] to compute the proportion of\\npixels that changed for each AOI and aggregated the data\\nin one-second time windows. Thus, each team was repre-\\nsented by three (one for each team member) time series\\nof gaze AOIs (Minecraft, Code, Partners, Out-of-bounds)\\nand one time series of screen AOI changes (Minecraft,\\nCode, Partners).\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,777,747,955],\"text\":\"Finally, we removed AOI data points associated with\\nmissing data caused by the eye tracker failing to register\\ngaze to ensure that RQAs were grounded in the same\\ndata sources. We decided to only include participants\\nwith at least 75 % non-missing raw data (57 participants\\nacross 19 complete triads). Data loss was expected due to\\nthe low-cost sensor with no chin rest, which was impor-\\ntant for ecological validity. We aimed to avoid spurious\\nresults due to missing data; therefore, whenever one of\\nthe partner's time series was missing an AOI value, the\\ncorresponding AOI values of the other two partners were\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,936,345,953],\"text\":\"$^{3}$https://www.ibm.com/watson/services/speech-to-text\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 342\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/results/markdown/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300572/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300572", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/results/output_json/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,205],\"text\":\"removed. Across teams, the rate of cleaned sequences\\nranged from 8.9 % to 66.5 % (M = 41.9%, SD = 16.8). We\\nincluded missing data proportions as covariates in the\\nmodels and this had no statistically significant influence\\non reported results.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,214,364,232],\"text\":\"4   RECURRENCE QUANTIFICATION ANALYSIS\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,235,395,444],\"text\":\"Recurrence Quantification Analyses unveil the tempo-\\nral organization of time series by identifying recurrent\\npatterns, or repeated values, that occur over time [30] .\\nAuto-Recurrence Quantification Analysis (ARQA) is lim-\\nited to examining patterned behavior of a single signal\\n(i.e. time series of a single participant). Cross-Recurrence\\nQuantification Analysis (CRQA) identifies patterns of\\ncoupling between two signals (e.g., a participant and\\nactivity on the screen in our case), and Multidimensional\\nRecurrence Quantification Analysis (MdRQA) can re-\\nveal collective patterns of regularity across multiple data\\nstreams—in our case, three participants' AOIs and screen\\nactivity AOIs.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,454,259,472],\"text\":\"CRQA and MdRQA in principle\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,474,395,586],\"text\":\"CRQA can identify the degree to which two time-series\\ntrajectories are in a similar state for one time point at a\\nparticular time lag, as well as uncover longer repetitive\\npatterns across a series of co-occurring sequential points.\\nIn this way, various information about interaction pat-\\nterns can be quantified by determining how often two\\ntime series co-visit one another [9] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,586,395,842],\"text\":\"We use CRQA to examine coupling between each par-\\nticipant’s eye gaze and changes in screen activity. This\\nserves as a baseline coupling measure since it is inde-\\npendent of the other teammate's eye gaze. In addition,\\nwe utilize MdRQA, an extension of RQA for multiple\\ntime series (i.e., $t\\\\geq2$ ) [57] , to assess repeated patterns of\\nteam-members' visual attention in context with screen\\nactivity (4 time series). Unlike CRQA where recurrent\\npoints correspond to matching values between two time\\nseries, recurrent points in MdRQA represent collective\\nstates across time series where the individual time se-\\nries might not be in alignment with one another but the\\noverall configuration of the system is repeated (e.g., a\\nstable configuration might include system A being \\\"on\\\"\\nand system B being \\\"off\\\"). Thus, we utilize MdRQA to\\nmeasure group-level gaze regularity.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,841,395,955],\"text\":\"For CRQA, the two time series are first transformed\\ninto a distance matrix representing the pairwise Euclidean\\ndistances between elements of each series. The axes of\\nthe resulting distance matrix correspond to the two time-\\nseries, such that each cell in the distance matrix is the\\ndistance between time points from time series x and y at\\na particular time lag. For MdRQA, the distance matrix\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,236],\"text\":\"reflects the Euclidean distances between elements within\\neach time series at different time lags. In other words, the\\ndata is treated as a multidimensional times and the ma-\\ntrix represent distance between multidimensional time\\nseries elements at various time lags [57] . Figure 3 illus-\\ntrates an example how a color-coded MdRQA recurrence\\nplot is created from gaze-UI time series.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,235,747,380],\"text\":\"In both CRQA and MdRQA, the diagonal of the ma-\\ntrix is the line of identity (LOI), or the distance between\\nelements of time series that occur at the same time point.\\nDiagonal lines parallel to the LOI represent points that\\noccur at a particular time lag, with lines further from the\\nLOI representing greater time lags between x and y time\\npoints. Because MdRQA compares each time series to\\nitself across various lags, the LOI (lag 0) is always 0 and\\nis excluded from analyses.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,380,747,523],\"text\":\"Finally, for both CRQA and MdRQA, a radius is ap-\\nplied in order to transform the distance matrix into a re-\\ncurrence matrix. The radius defines whether two points\\nare sufficiently similar to one another enough to consti-\\ntute a \\\"match\\\". If the distance in a given cell of the dis-\\ntance matrix is less than the radius, the cell is identified as\\na recurrent point and is assigned a value of 1 in the recur-\\nrence matrix. Distances between x and y time points that\\nare equal to or exceed the radius are assigned a value of 0.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,532,599,549],\"text\":\"CRQA and MdRQA measures\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,552,747,698],\"text\":\"A variety of measures are used to quantify patterns in a\\nrecurrence matrix [42, 56] . Since the measures are highly\\ncorrelated, we focus on two here. Recurrence rate (RR) is\\nthe percentage of recurrent points in the recurrence ma-\\ntrix points [40, 54] . We use CRQA recurrence rate to index\\nthe degree of coupling between individual participants'\\neye gaze and the UI activity, and we use MdRQA recur-\\nrence rate to index group-level gaze regularity among\\ntriads and the UI.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,697,747,891],\"text\":\"Entropy of diagonal line lengths (ENTR) is calculated\\nbased on the distribution of diagonal lines on the recur-\\nrence matrix where two or more sequential diagonal\\npoints are considered to form a “line.” These lines cor-\\nrespond to periods of time where the system repeats se-\\nquences of activity and longer lines correspond to longer\\nsequences. Entropy is an index of complexity where de-\\nterminate systems yield less complex dynamics and\\nhave lower levels of entropy, such that the trajectory of a\\nsystem is more predictable [29]. On the other hand, less\\ndeterministic systems have greater entropy, as they are\\nmore disordered and exhibit greater complexity [28].\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,901,599,918],\"text\":\"RQA parameters and analysis\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,920,747,955],\"text\":\"Both CRQA and MdRQA were set with default parame-\\nters for categorical input [9, 49]: delay = 1, radius = 0.0001,\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 342\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/results/markdown/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300572/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300572", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/results/output_json/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[105,123,706,366],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The figure displays three plots: a set of stacked bar charts showing gaze and interaction activities (Off-screen, Minecraft, Code, Partners) for four subjects over 50 seconds; a grayscale distance matrix with time lag on both axes; and an MdRQA recurrence matrix highlighting black, blue, and green recurrence points over time.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,379,746,469],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Construction of MdrQA recurrence matrix. Time series of UI changes and gaze of participants A, B, and C are\\nassigned to Areas of Interest (Minecraft, Code, Partners). The distance matrix is computed using the 4-dimensional Euclidean\\ndistance between the time series elements across different time points. For example, cell [1, 5] corresponds to the distance\\nbetween gaze-UI elements at time points 1 and 5. A radius is applied to the distance matrix to produce a recurrence plot. The\\ncolored points illustrate when the focus of all participants is both recurrent and aligned in the same AOI, either for the Code\\n(green) or Minecraft animation (blue). Points in black illustrate to other AOI combinations is recurrence but not aligned gaze.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,489,395,587],\"text\":\"embedding = 1, norm = 0 (Euclidean distance). Data pre-\\nprocessing was performed in Python using Pandas [31] .\\nThe RQA measures were computed using R packages\\n'crqa' [9] and 'mdrqa' [56] . Further analyses were con-\\nducted using R packages 'lme4' [4] , 'car' [16] , and ’gg-\\nplot2’ [59] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,597,150,614],\"text\":\"5  RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,617,395,714],\"text\":\"We examined the predictive value of gaze synchrony on\\nthe three expert-coded collaboration quality measures\\n(construction of shared knowledge, negotiation coordi-\\nnation, and maintaining team function), subjective (per-\\nceptions of team performance and collaboration), and\\nobjective (post-test scores and task score) outcomes.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,726,358,744],\"text\":\"Gaze-UI coupling and regularity versus baseline\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,745,395,906],\"text\":\"We first compared observed CRQA measures to the av-\\nerage of five baselines. Each baseline was created by\\nrandomly shuffling the observed gaze time series while\\nkeeping the series of screen activity unchanged, before\\nsubmitting the shuffled time series to CRQA. The aver-\\nage recurrence rate and entropy across the repetitions\\nwas used as baselines [56] . This baseline method is bene-\\nficial because shuffling maintains the distributional char-\\nacteristics of the original time series while breaking the\\ntemporal dependencies [12] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,905,395,955],\"text\":\"Overall observed vs. chance recurrence are expected\\nto be identical since every recurrent point will reoccur\\nwith every other point, just not systematically. Although\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,488,747,618],\"text\":\"the total number of recurrent points in the plot will be\\nthe same, the points should not be systematically pat-\\nterned in the shuffled baseline, which the entropy mea-\\nsure should detect. Accordingly, we conducted paired-\\nsamples t-tests to compare observed vs. baseline entropy\\nand found higher entropy of diagonal line lengths for\\nthe observed ( $M=1.47$ , $SD=0.20$ ) vs. the baseline ( $M=$\\n1.00, $SD=0.17$ ) time series, $t(72)=23.55$ , $p<.001$ .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,617,747,761],\"text\":\"Baseline MdRQA was computed from gaze AOIs of\\nall three participants and the screen activity AOIs so that\\nconcurrent values remained together but the temporal\\norder was shuffled. Similarly to the CROA baseline, over-\\nall recurrence rate of the baseline MdRQA will be same\\nto the observed MdRQA. However, entropy of diagonal\\nline lengths of observed behavior ( $M = 0.95$ , $SD = 0.19$ )\\nwere significantly higher than the shuffled baseline ( $M\\n= 0.32$ , $SD = 0.07$ ); $\\\\{18\\\\} = 17.80$ , $p < 0.001$ .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,761,747,938],\"text\":\"Figure 4 illustrates diagonal recurrence rates (i.e., the\\npercentage of recurrence points on a particular diagonal)\\nfrom MdRQA recurrence matrices in comparison to shuf-\\nfled baselines for 10 lags (i.e., 10 lines parallel to the diag-\\nonal). While baseline diagonal recurrence rates fluctuate\\nbetween 0.05 and 0.1, observed diagonal recurrences\\nshows a systematic pattern that are lowest at the farthest\\nlag of 10 seconds, but gradually increase for smaller lags,\\nuntil they peak around the line of identity. Thus, team\\ngaze in the context of screen activity exhibits greater\\nregularity during relatively short 1-2 second time lags.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 342\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300572/results/markdown/3290605-3300572_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300573/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300573", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/results/output_json/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[97,118,717,183],\"text\":\"Upside and Downside Risk in Online Security for\\nOlder Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[84,200,287,280],\"text\":\"Helena M. Mentis\\nDepartment of Information Systems\\nUniv. of Maryland Baltimore County\\nBaltimore, MD\\nmentis@umb.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[301,200,509,281],\"text\":\"Galina Madjorff\\n\\nManagement of Aging Services\\n\\nUniv. of Maryland Baltimore County\\n\\nBaltimore, MD\\n\\ngalina@umbc.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[525,200,727,281],\"text\":\"Aaron K. Massey\\n\\nDepartment of Information Systems\\nUniv. of Maryland Baltimore County\\nBaltimore, MD\\n\\nakmassey@umbc.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,291,141,307],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,311,395,647],\"text\":\"Older adults are rapidly increasing their use of online ser-\\nvices such as banking, social media, and email — services\\nthat come with subtle and serious security and privacy risks.\\nOlder adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are par-\\nticularly vulnerable to these risks because MCI can reduce\\ntheir ability to recognize scams such as email phishing, fol-\\nlow recommended password guidelines, and consider the\\nimplications of sharing personal information. Older adults\\nwith MCI often cope with their impairments with the help\\nof caregivers, including partners, children, and professional\\nhealth personnel, when using and managing online services.\\nYet, this too carries security and privacy risks; sharing per-\\nsonal information with caregivers can create issues of agency,\\nautonomy, and even risk embarrassment and information\\nleakage; caregivers also do not always act in their charges'\\nbest interest. Through a series of interviews conducted in the\\nUS, we identify a spectrum of safeguarding strategies used\\nand consider them through the lens of `upside and downside\\nrisk' where there are tradeoffs between reduced privacy and\\nmaintaining older adults' autonomy and access to online\\nservices.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,662,173,680],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,683,394,735],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Empirical studies in\\ncollaborative and social computing: Accessibility theory,\\nconcepts and paradigms .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,291,502,307],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,311,685,328],\"text\":\"Dementia, cybersecurity, scams, risk, discussion\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,335,555,351],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,351,748,438],\"text\":\"Helena M. Mentis, Galma Madjajroof, and Aaron K. Massey. 1919.\\nUpside and Downside Risk in Online Security for Older Adults\\nwith Mild Cognitive Impairment. In CHI Conference on Human\\nFactors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019) , May 4–9, 2019,\\nGlasgow, Scotland UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 13 pages. https:\\n//doi.org/10.1145/3290653.300573\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,454,549,471],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,475,748,954],\"text\":\"Although physical security, such as fall prevention, is regu-\\nlarly discussed within the gerontology literature, addressing\\nsafe and secure access to cyber systems, particularly for older\\nadults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), remains a sig-\\nnificant challenge. MCI describes a level of cognitive decline\\ntypically associated with aging-related illnesses that requires\\ncompensatory strategies and accommodations to help main-\\ntain autonomy and perform activities of daily living. This\\ndemographic is acutely vulnerable as they are progressively\\nat risk to malicious cybersecurity acts due to their contin-\\nued functional decline [20] . Yet, when the human-centric\\naspects of secure cyber systems are considered, significantly\\nlimiting or removing one's online access due to cognitive\\ndecline is neither practical, nor advisable. For one, continued\\nengagement in the online world offers many benefits, includ-\\ning independence and social and emotional wellbeing [9] .\\nBy recognizing that an aging population will continue to\\nwant and need engagement with the online world, we ne-\\ncessitate a rethinking of the relationships among security,\\nprivacy, and trust in cyberspace for older individuals. The\\nchallenge is to design technology that acknowledge the trade-\\noffs between the practical needs of society and the human\\nvalues of privacy and autonomy [16] . Strategies in related\\nareas, such as parental disclosure management for parent-\\nchild negotiations [2] and post-mortem stewardship of social\\nmedia profiles [8] , may give us a small clue as to the feasi-\\nbility of new user interaction mechanisms that may allow a\\nonce-independent adult to maintain access to their online\\naccounts while also coordinating safe user practices through\\ntheir caregivers.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,778,394,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute, requires prior special\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\\nC 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,900,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,926,264,953],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4053-5970-2/19-03...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3260665.3300573\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 343\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/results/markdown/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300573/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300573", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/results/output_json/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,443],\"text\":\"Cyber access for those with dementia has been facilitated\\nby the safeguard or surrogate roles family members pro-\\nvide [30] . Caregivers are already going to great lengths to\\nsupport safe online activity for their care recipients [4, 26, 30] .\\nFor instance, caregivers co-manage and assist care recipients\\nin taking care of finances [26] and regularly check the status\\nof care recipients' online bank accounts for suspicious activ-\\nity [30] . Most interesting is the recent work by Piper et al.,\\nthat has shown that caregivers for those with dementia may\\nreconfigure social media and email account preferences and\\nsettings with more restrictive security options [30] . How-\\never, the study gathered the perspective of the caregivers\\nonly with little opportunity to uncover how those protec-\\ntions came to be and what was the perception by the person\\nwith dementia to the limitations set. This is an important\\nnote as cognitive impairment in aging populations is not a\\nstatic, binary experience. Rather, it is a fluctuating illness\\nof varying stages of impairment with an ill-defined time-\\nframe from years to decades before major neurocognitive\\nimpairment may take hold.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,443,395,602],\"text\":\"The work we present here reveals many complexities that\\narise from requiring those with MCI and their caregivers\\nto decide on online access in the context of autonomy, risk,\\nand the benefits of interacting online. The success of these\\ndecisions hinges on effective shared decision-making to en-\\nsure compliance and acceptance of agreed upon security\\nmeasures. Unfortunately, how to proceed with shared and\\ninformed decision making between the parties involved in\\nthe evaluation of one's ability to engage in cyberservices is\\nunclear.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,602,395,732],\"text\":\"In this paper, we uncover some of the evolving needs to\\nenable cyber services access for older adults with mild cog-\\nnitive impairment. From these findings, we describe user\\ninteraction mechanisms that could support the decisions for\\nsafe-guarding that access. We assert that new user interac-\\ntion mechanisms can lead to better shared decision-making,\\nperceived autonomy, and in turn better cyber systems secu-\\nrity.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,752,197,769],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,773,304,791],\"text\":\"Aging and Mild Cognitive Impairment\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,792,395,954],\"text\":\"MCI is defined by a noticeable decline in cognitive function-\\ning that goes beyond normal changes seen in aging [23] but\\nhas not reached the clinical definition of dementia. It indi-\\ncates an intermediary stage where cognitive decline becomes\\nnoticeable enough to affect daily functioning, yet people can\\nstill live independently and have not progressed to dementia.\\nThe DSM-V outlines that patients or their caregivers may\\nreport symptoms of memory impairment, decline in the abil-\\nity to perform everyday activities – though patients may\\nstill be able to perform these activities without assistance –\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,746,156],\"text\":\"and difficulties with language, perceptual-motor and social\\nskills [3] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,156,747,380],\"text\":\"Mild cognitive impairment commonly presents in individ-\\nuals also diagnosed with neurodegenerative diseases such as\\nAlzheimer's disease, frontal lobar degeneration, Lewy body\\ndisease, and other forms of dementia, or disorders known\\nto impair cognitive functioning, such as Parkinson's dis-\\nease, Huntington's disease, prior disease, vascular disease,\\nor stroke [11]. Thus, the diagnosis of MCI is prevalent in a\\nlarge portion of the aging United States population, with re-\\ncent studies saying as much as 20% of the total US population\\nmay have some form of MCI [21]. The prevalence of MCI\\nincreases sharply with age, with the most significant rise\\noccurring in patients over the age of 60 [12] - approximately\\n1-2% of those aged 65 and older, and as much as 30% of those\\naged 85 and older, have been diagnosed with MCI.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,380,747,492],\"text\":\"Unfortunately, due to the progressive nature of MCI and its\\nlink to aging and other neurodegenerative disorders, symp-\\ntoms are unlikely to improve. It is important that MCI par-\\ntians remain in a life-long relationship with healthcare work-\\ners and family members to regularly evaluate their abilities\\nand discuss changes in activities to ensure their safety and\\noverall quality of life.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,517,737,534],\"text\":\"Cyber Safety and Security Concerns of Older Adults\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,537,747,873],\"text\":\"The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau considers finan-\\ncial exploitation of older adults as one of the fastest growing\\nforms of abuse. This is primarily because of the ever evolving\\nform of security challenges online that require education,\\nmaintenance and vigilance. For example, older adults who\\nutilize social media are not always cognizant of default pri-\\nvacy settings or how to make administrative changes, as\\nindicated by the small number of older individuals who ac-\\ntually adjust their privacy settings [28] . As a result, older\\nusers may accidentally divulge information pertaining to\\ntheir diagnosis, which may embarrass them and potentially\\nexpose them to cyber threats that identify seniors as targets\\nfor social engineering or phishing scams. For instance, one of\\nthe most prevalent scams is the phone call scam with regards\\nto a \\\"computer problem\\\" or a family member who \\\"needs\\nhelp.\\\" Tech support phone scams result in yearly losses in\\nthe tens of millions of dollars, costing each victim an average\\nof $290.90 [25] . Or an older adult unaware of their privacy\\nsettings may post sensitive information or geo-location data\\n(e.g., checking in at the bank or hospital) that further exposes\\nthem to social engineering threats.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,873,747,954],\"text\":\"Older adults are also more likely to engage in risky pass-\\nword practices, such as sharing passwords, using the same\\npassword over multiple platforms, and using passwords that\\ncan be easily guessed [13] . This sometimes leads to the prac-\\ntice of oversight by family members to ensure adherence\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 343\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/results/markdown/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300573/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300573", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/results/output_json/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,236],\"text\":\"to good password practices. Specifically, for married cou-\\nples, this sharing of information happens because of trust,\\nwhich places the majority of the responsibility on the partner\\nmanaging the passwords and secure information. However,\\nhaving one person responsible for all of the private informa-\\ntion in the relationship can also lead to security issues and\\nsusceptibility to fraud [33] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,236,395,571],\"text\":\"Older adults with MCI are even more susceptible and vul-\\nerable online because their continual functional decline\\nputs them progressively at risk of malicious or unintended\\nacts [1] . In general, those with lower levels of cognitive func-\\ntion, lower psychological well-being, and poorer health and\\nfinancial literacy have been shown to be most susceptible\\nto scams, independent of level of education and income [1] .\\nIn addition, if an older adult develops MCI, there becomes\\na greater need for familial caregivers to be involved in on-\\nline security due to risks from outside and inside the home.\\nFor instance, caregivers must be vigilant of online financial\\nthreats that are both adversarial or malicious (e.g., email-\\nbased phishing attempts) and accidental (e.g., overspending\\non unwanted or repeat items online). Piper et al. [29] found\\nthat there are even new and specific adverse financial threats\\nfor people with MCI such as online offers in emails that led\\nto exorbitant purchases and phishing attempts due to one's\\nmedical condition leading to the purchase of a `cure'. This\\nrequired the caregivers to employ spam filters, set restrictive\\nprivacy settings, and block inappropriate content (e.g., adult\\nwebsites) in order to protect their loved one.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,597,322,615],\"text\":\"Person-Centered Design for Older Adults\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,618,395,841],\"text\":\"The problematization of aging is a fairly prominent view-\\npoint in the HCI literature [37] [32] . Vines et al. [37] showed\\nhow this declinist view dominates much of the studies of\\nolder adults and, in turn also dominates the body of knowl-\\nedge that researchers and developers draw upon in their\\nframing of technology support. It is understandable that in\\ndevising technological solutions, focusing on one's physi-\\ncal and functional limitations provide actionable challenges\\nand a mechanism to show measurable results [24] . However,\\nVines et al. [37] also highlighted how a turn away from a\\nproblem-focused model allows for the individual to define\\nfor themselves what successful aging is and how that may\\nprovide the needed sense of worth in the face of any illness\\nor challenges.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,841,394,955],\"text\":\"More recently, Lazar et al. [ 19 ] and Madjaroff et al. [ 22 ]\\nboth argued for a turn away from a medical model of design-\\ning for those with dementia and instead engage in various\\nperson-centered models. Lazar et al. [ 19 ] put forth a critical\\ndementia perspective that recognized people with cogni-\\ntive impairment as making meaning in a contextualized and\\nsocial manner, engaging in similar physical and embodied\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,298],\"text\":\"interactions that display meaning, responding to and par-\\nticipating in the world through sensory experiences, and\\ncontinuing to engage in emotion and affective experience.\\nLikewise, Madjaroff et al. [22] argued that the design of tech-\\nnology for those with dementia are disability and change\\nfocused and in turn shape the identity of the very people\\nthey are to help — reifying their dependency and their loss of\\nself- role of technology to provide support within the dyads'\\nlife. They uncovered the desire of technology to support\\nbiopsychosocial aspects of autonomy for both the caregiver\\nand care receiver.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,299,747,444],\"text\":\"Thus, in the following work, we are motivated to find a\\nsolution to continued secure online access for older adults\\nwith MCI that is person-centered [17] [18] . For one, we will\\nnot immediately start from the perspective that old age and\\nMCI is causing a `problem' that needs to be `fixed'. Second,\\nthat there is no one right approach to be taken when faced\\nwith the conflation of autonomy and security. And third, to\\ncreate mechanisms for a person with MCI to feel they have\\na say in the approaches that are put into place.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,471,586,488],\"text\":\"Downside and Upside Risk\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,490,747,650],\"text\":\"In order to abide by a person-centered approach and better\\nunderstand the tradeoffs in ensuring an older adult with MCI\\ncan still engage in online activities while remaining secure,\\nwe turn to the gerontology literature on physical safety and\\nrisk. Focus has been given to the physical safety of older\\nadults – for example fall risk has been closely examined both\\nin practice and in research. Within that context, the concepts\\nof downside and upside risk have emerged in describing\\nhow to balance the need for safety while still maintaining a\\nsemblance of autonomy.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,650,747,857],\"text\":\"When an elder has a fall, they are considered to be unsafe\\nand are usually wheelchair bound after such an incident.\\nAlthough done with well-meaning intentions, the elder is\\ndisempowered in being physically active, which over time\\ndoes more harm than good. This is called downside risk.\\nDownside risk describes the probability of an outcome that is\\nworse than the benchmark – the benchmark in this example\\nwould be falling and breaking a hip. On the contrary, upside\\nrisk describes the probability of an outcome that is better\\nthan the benchmark. Being able to regain physical strength\\nby walking and moving around even after an accident may be\\nvaluable enough to justify taking the risk of possibly another\\nfall.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,857,747,955],\"text\":\"The bias in the aging field has historically been toward\\naccepting downside risk regardless of how much we dimin-\\nish the possibility of a better than expected outcome. The\\nrecent movement of person-centered care in aging services\\nhas instantiated a different care model that tries to balance\\nsafety and security with the older adult's need for autonomy.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 343\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/results/markdown/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300573/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300573", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/results/output_json/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,283],\"text\":\"A great deal of research has confirmed the functional im-\\npact of experiencing autonomy as opposed to heteronomy in\\nimportant life decisions. Undermining autonomy typically\\ndetracts from intrinsic motivation, creativity, self-motivation,\\nconfidence, interest, and vitality [10, 31] . Studies in nursing\\nhomes have reported that residents who were encouraged\\nto engage in decision-making were more alert, active, and\\nhappy than were residents who were treated in an infantiliz-\\ning manner, even if it was for their safety and in their best\\ninterest [30] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,283,394,412],\"text\":\"We can see this tension in the research around human-\\ncentered cybersecurity as well — particularly between the\\ntradeoffs in security and privacy [16] . In addressing cyber-\\nsecurity issues for older adults, minimizing downside risk\\nand promoting safety for older adults in online interactions\\nis clearly important, but understanding and considering the\\nupside risk of an older adult with MCI seeking to engage\\nonline as long as possible may be more important.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,429,159,448],\"text\":\"3 METHODS\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,451,394,563],\"text\":\"Our aim in this work is to first determine how a person\\nwith MCI and their caregiver are addressing cybersecurity\\nincidents and concerns, if at all. We then aimed to determine\\nif the approaches taken are engaging in downside or upside\\nrisk. From there, we further articulate what forms of support\\nand intervention might be beneficial from a person-centered\\napproach.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,582,152,600],\"text\":\"Study Design\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,602,394,651],\"text\":\"We began with a set of interviews of older adults with MCI\\nand their spousal caregivers to identify current cyber system\\naccess practices and anticipated needs.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,651,394,921],\"text\":\"In interactions with our user population, we employed\\na person-centered approach to the interview process. The\\nperson-centered approach emphasizes the following strate-\\ngies that are easily employed in studies with users who have\\ndementia [38] : (1) Engage with the person in a comfortable\\nand familiar environment (e.g., interviews or participation\\nshould be in a familiar space rather than convenience); (2)\\nConsider the elder's schedule and the culture of their resi-\\ndence (e.g., interviews should not be held before or during\\nlunch time); (3) Focus on regularity of people and events\\nto optimize memory and reduce fear of failure (e.g., care\\npartners should be involved in the process). Our experience\\nhas shown that a participant with MCI may not be able to\\nengage in a long, cognitively demanding interview session.\\nBecause of this, we kept each interview session to one hour\\nand performed a second interview if further questions were\\nneeded.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,921,394,954],\"text\":\"In addition, we aimed to interview our couples as a unit as\\nthe sense of identity of the person with cognitive impairment\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,364],\"text\":\"is a product of the dyadic caregiver-care recipient relation-\\nship. Mulvenna et al. [27] and Whittlach et al. [39] also argue\\nthat this approach actually enhances the inclusion of the\\ncare recipient's thoughts and experiences rather than dimin-\\nish the care recipient from interacting. This is because if\\nyou compromise the person-environment fit, which includes\\ntheir caregiver as a main actor, you are less likely to have a\\nrich discussion. In our case we had no evidence of the care-\\ngivers dominating the conversation – in fact, when the care\\nrecipient was at a loss for words, they would look to their\\ncaregiver as a guide to fill in the gap. This approach to tech-\\nnology studies and dementia leads to a more user-centered\\nmethod that focuses on the individuals suffering from the\\ndisease and uncovering both their experiences as well as the\\nexperiences of those caring for them.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,375,498,391],\"text\":\"Participants\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,395,746,635],\"text\":\"The first phase of our study included participants from the\\nIntegrase Institute, which helps families and patients deal\\nwith a dementia diagnosis. The participants were part of the\\nInstitute's outpatient clinic and do not live on the premises as\\nresidents, but rather at home with a family member. Partici-\\npants were recruited with the help of the Institute's Director\\nof Research. The inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of mild\\ncognitive impairment by an on-staff neurologist at the clinic.\\nIn total, six couples were interviewed. The sample size was\\nconstrained due to (1) the narrow inclusion criteria of a di-\\nagnosis of MCI (2) saturation was quickly reached by six\\ndyads. Applicable demographics are presented in Table 1 .\\nAlthough we did have a variety of background, overall, our\\nparticipants are middle-class and so some of our findings\\nwill be idiographic.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,646,486,662],\"text\":\"Procedure\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,665,746,841],\"text\":\"A flyer was distributed to all of the applicable clinic patients\\ndirecting them to call the Dementia Research and Education\\nAssociate at the Integrase Institute if they were interested\\nin participating in the study. Those who indicated an inter-\\nest in being involved would then schedule a visit with the\\nsecond author of this paper through telephone or email. The\\ninterviews occurred on the Institute's premises (D1, D2) in a\\nprivate conference room or in the participant's homes (D3,\\nD4, D5), if they preferred. Participants had to have the abil-\\nity to provide informed written or verbal consent to being\\ninvolved in the research.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,841,746,954],\"text\":\"A strong ethical framework was essential in guiding our\\nresearch [23] , particularly because we were working with\\na vulnerable population. This framework focuses on sev-\\neral aspects: respect of the individual with impairment and\\ntheir caregiver (not looking at our participants through the\\nmedical model lens, or as disabled or sick); making sure the\\nopportunities for research participation are available in the\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 343\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/results/markdown/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300573/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300573", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/results/output_json/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[266,122,548,137],\"text\":\"Table 1: Care Receiver and Caregiver Demographics\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[70,152,743,294],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Dyad ID</td><td>CR gender (age)</td><td>CG relationship (age)</td><td>MCI Dx</td><td>CG Employment status</td><td>CR Previous employment</td><td>Socio-economic background</td></tr><tr><td>D1</td><td>Male (74)</td><td>Wife (72)</td><td>18 mo.</td><td>retired</td><td>scientist</td><td>upper/middle</td></tr><tr><td>D2</td><td>Male (78)</td><td>Wife (76)</td><td>6 mo.</td><td>retired</td><td>teacher</td><td>upper/middle</td></tr><tr><td>D3</td><td>Female (64)</td><td>Husband (65)</td><td>12 mo.</td><td>employed</td><td>horse rancher</td><td>middle</td></tr><tr><td>D4</td><td>Female (76)</td><td>Husband (77)</td><td>24 mo.</td><td>self-employed</td><td>nurse</td><td>middle</td></tr><tr><td>D5</td><td>Female (72)</td><td>Husband (72)</td><td>16 mo.</td><td>retired</td><td>worked for NIH</td><td>upper/middle</td></tr><tr><td>D6</td><td>Male (74)</td><td>Wife (70)</td><td>3 mo.</td><td>retired</td><td>IT</td><td>upper/middle</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This table presents demographic and background information for six dyads (D1-D6). The columns detail each dyad's ID, the CR's gender and age, the CG's relationship and age, MCI diagnosis duration, CG employment status, CR's previous employment, and socio-economic background.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_4_tab_3.png\"},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,316,395,508],\"text\":\"least intrusive and restrictive way [23] and assuring that all\\nconfidentiality protocols have been followed closely, includ-\\ning gathering and storing our data. We have firmly complied\\nwith our IRB's requirements to \\\"do no harm\\\" to those who\\nare considered vulnerable, particularly cognitively impaired\\nolder adults [23] . Diagnosis of a dementing illness does not\\npresume incompetence and that is why all MCI participants\\nhad to be able to provide their own consent. But, we also\\nasked that the person's caregiver or \\\"surrogate\\\" [15] provide\\nconsent for them; in all of our cases, the surrogate consent\\nwas provided by the spousal partner. Upon completion of\\nthe IRB requirements we proceeded with our interview.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,508,395,811],\"text\":\"Semi-structured interviews were employed. The inter-\\nviews began by getting to know both the individual with\\nMCI and their care partner by asking them to tell us the\\nstory of how they met. We asked them to share any fam-\\nily and health history they felt comfortable with, including\\ntheir experience with the diagnosis of cognitive impairment.\\nOn more than one occasion however, we would hear about\\nlove stories, grandchildren, and be shown Bat Mitzvah home\\nvideos. All of the participants in this study were kind enough\\nto share details about their daily life, daily care and how they\\nwere coping every day. We then asked open-ended interview\\nquestions around online access and cybersecurity: (1) what\\ncyber security and safety issues have already occurred, (2)\\nwhether they have instilled any safeguarding practices to\\ndate, (3) what concerns they have regarding online activity\\nfor the future, (4) whether they have thought about how\\nthey would modify their use of online cyber services and (5)\\nif they had ever considered who would be the responsible\\nparty to manage that access as the MCI progressed.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,837,167,854],\"text\":\"Data Collection\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,857,395,954],\"text\":\"Interviews were video and audio recorded and later tran-\\nscribed for detailed content analysis. Since we were asking\\nparticipants what online interactions they enjoyed using,\\nthey sometimes showed us their smart phone or other device\\nso video recording was essential to capture these demonstra-\\ntions. We were also interested in catching those nonverbal\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,316,747,653],\"text\":\"moments of interaction that better conveyed the dynamics\\nof the couple. In particular, anything that might have con-\\nveyed that the answers being given were either coerced or\\nuntune – from the video, we were able to be confident in\\nthe validity of the experiences our participants shared. Fi-\\nnally, the video recordings allowed us to revisit important\\nelements of these conversations and pick up on cues, par-\\nticularly from the person with MCI, ensuring validity [10] .\\nBy using a semi-structured interview method, we were able\\nto elicit deep and meaningful narratives about the family's\\nlives. The primary advantage of conducting interviews in a\\nhealth-related problem space is to allow the researcher to\\nfocus on the participants' perceptions and ultimately inform\\nabout their experiences and those of their caregivers [10] . As\\nwe explore a user centered approach to security, it becomes\\nincreasingly important to look at the domestic context of an\\nindividual and shared activities in the household, particularly\\nwith the growth of online activities [34] . This perspective is\\nalso important in how we chose to conduct our interviews\\n– involving both partners in the caregiver/care-recipient\\nmarital relationship in a real-world environment.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,677,508,695],\"text\":\"Data Analysis\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,699,747,905],\"text\":\"Thematic analysis was chosen to systematically analyze the\\ndata [6] . This provided us with the ability to move beyond\\nsurface level similarities to more tacit themes. The analysis\\nfocused on how the couples spoke of their online experiences\\nand their perspective on online access now and in the future.\\nSubsequent integration of these themes with our interpreta-\\ntion of the literature, security, and risk helped us form the\\nbasis for the discussion of design implications. The analysis\\nwas primarily conducted by the first and second author –\\nthe first author would first code the data and then discuss\\nthe themes and examples with the second author. The third\\nauthor was then later engaged in the interpretation of the\\nthemes and examples.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,905,746,954],\"text\":\"After an initial thematic coding of the data, three primary\\nthemes arose: experiences with technology, safeguarding\\napproaches, and cybersecurity discussion. Further analysis\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 343\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/results/markdown/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300573/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300573", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/results/output_json/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,380],\"text\":\"and delved into these three themes. The first was a focus on\\nhow the dyads spoke of their technology experience. We un-\\ncovered themes around the prevalence of technology in their\\nlives, their comfortableness with technology, their awareness\\nof cybersecurity concerns, and security incidents that have\\noccurred. The second focus of coding the transcripts focused\\non the types of safeguarding approaches the dyads have\\ntaken. This is where the different categories of approaches\\nwe will talk about arose. Later, as we were aligning our find-\\nings with prior work, we went back and coded each approach\\nas either upside or downside risk - the second author was\\nthe expert in this regard. The third part of the coding was\\nthe way in which planning and discussions around cyberse-\\ncurity in the future were manifest. All quotes are evidence\\nof the existence of these main themes, but are not the only\\nexamples we had in our data.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,391,156,406],\"text\":\"4 FINDINGS\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,411,336,428],\"text\":\"High Digital Literacy & Security Knowledge\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,431,394,512],\"text\":\"We uncovered that our MCI participants were engaging with\\na number of web applications and some would even say\\nthey were very comfortable with using technology and the\\nInternet. For instance, one of our dyads was a relatively\\n\\\"newlyled\\\" couple that met on the Internet.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[82,514,380,544],\"text\":\"C3: It'll be 10 years May the 13th. Exactly. Guess where\\nwe met. Match.com.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[82,544,162,560],\"text\":\"P3: Absolutely.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[82,560,230,577],\"text\":\"C3: Technology all the way.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[82,577,380,609],\"text\":\"P3: That's right, I would have never found him any other\\nway. He's all Mr. Techie.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,611,393,741],\"text\":\"All of our participants have clearly integrated online en-\\ngagement into their daily lives through the use of gaming,\\nvideo-calling family members with applications like Skype,\\nkeeping in touch with grandchildren via Facebook, purchas-\\ning products online, and viewing their online banking state-\\nments. For instance, the following MCI participant was dis-\\ncussing her comfortableness with buying products online,\\nincluding shoes.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[81,743,383,855],\"text\":\"P5: One time I needed shoes for something, and I ordered\\nlike five pairs of shoes and then I had to send them all\\nback; it was very annoying because I spent more on the\\ncost of shipping for the shoes because I didn’t... what is it\\n... Zappos ...So I had to pay for them to come and I had\\nto pay for them to go. Yeah I do use [my credit card] for\\nshopping occasionally and things like that.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,857,394,954],\"text\":\"Even for those participants whose MCI was causing signif-\\nicant issues in engaging in activities they once found enjoy-\\nable, such as reading books or knitting, our MCI participants\\nwere finding ways to still engage and communicate with\\ntheir Internet-enabled devices. For instance, in the following\\nexample, P4 has experienced significant reduction in what\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,124,746,172],\"text\":\"she can do due to her MCI, yet she has found games she can\\ndownload from the Internet and Facebook to still be a part\\nof her life.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[434,179,734,225],\"text\":\"C4: The Kindle she found Solitaire. She found ... I think I\\nput a Dominoes game ... for you. You were playing Domi-\\nnoes.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[435,226,545,242],\"text\":\"P4: That's fun. Yeah.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[435,243,615,259],\"text\":\"C4: You try to get different games.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[435,260,733,291],\"text\":\"P4: I know there's more [online apps I use]. I have a Face-\\nbook page.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[435,292,512,307],\"text\":\"I: Oh, you do?\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[434,308,692,325],\"text\":\"P4: Yeah. I like to see my grandchildren grow up.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,332,746,380],\"text\":\"And in the following example, P3 also plays games and\\nuses Facebook to connect with her family even if she does\\nnot remember the interactions.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[434,388,733,419],\"text\":\"1: Are you ever interested in posting on Facebook or do\\nyou look at kids' pictures or the family photos?\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[434,420,577,435],\"text\":\"C3: She does. She forgets it.\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[434,435,734,467],\"text\":\"P3: I do on occasion. My biggest thing is the game. What's\\nmy game, honey?\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[434,467,504,482],\"text\":\"C3: Solitaire.\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[434,482,734,528],\"text\":\"P3: Solitaire, yeah. I do that, but then- it just depends.\\nSometimes I go on the Internet, but I'm not a geek like he\\nis.\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[434,530,735,722],\"text\":\"C3: She has the same phone that I do. She can log on to\\nthat phone. She doesn't know she's on Facebook, but she is.\\nShe always looks at pictures. Like [family member name].\\n[Turns to wife] How many times a day do you see [family\\nmember name] post and you always talk about her and\\n... [Turns to interviewer] She still does that. My cousin\\nin Tennessee does a monthly luncheon so there are about\\n30 cousins and family members that get together once a\\nmonth to eat and she saw that and she said,\\n\\\"Hey, we miss\\nyou guys. We wish we were closer.\\n\\\" She's always comment-\\ning. She does a lot of stuff like that without remembering\\nthe details of it.\",\"reading_order\":26,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,730,746,826],\"text\":\"Thus, our participants are already invested in their online\\naccess – it provides entertainment and socialization as well\\nas a tool for convenience – in other words, this is not a\\npopulation that can be described as technologically adverse\\nor naïve. They gain the same benefits from online access as\\nany younger generation or less impaired cohort does.\",\"reading_order\":27,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,826,746,954],\"text\":\"In addition, we cannot describe this population as techno-\\nlogically illiterate – or more to the point security illiterate.\\nThe dyads that participated in our study all had a fairly in-\\nformed understanding of the potential pitfalls of owning an\\nInternet-enabled device and sharing personal information\\nthrough the Internet or on the Web. For instance, they might\\nhave one credit card they use for online purchases (D5);\\nthey do not enter sensitive information online (D2), they get\",\"reading_order\":28,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 343\",\"reading_order\":29,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":30,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/results/markdown/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300573/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300573", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/results/output_json/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,156],\"text\":\"antivirus software on their PC (D3), and they consider the \\ntradeoff of the security of an iPad versus a PC (D4).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,156,394,206],\"text\":\"For instance, the following participant who has MCI regu-\\nlarly makes purchases online and thus has one credit card\\nfor just that purpose.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[82,208,381,290],\"text\":\"P5: I have one credit card that I keep for mainly online\\npurchase like Amazon. I'll purchase stuff or-\\nl: And so you feel safer using one specific credit card\\nbecause you can monitor and kind of make sure-\\nP5: I don't really feel safe. I just feel better.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,295,394,377],\"text\":\"So, this person is still aware of the potential dangers and\\nhas a plan to mitigate her risk. Yet, she understands that\\nthere is still a potential risk out there. This shows a nuanced\\nunderstanding of Internet security that is fairly above aver-\\nage.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,390,308,406],\"text\":\"Experience of Minor Security Incidents\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,409,394,522],\"text\":\"The families all shared at least one recent incident that\\nbrought to light safety and security concerns with online\\ninteractions. Most of these were relatively minor in terms\\nof the outcome; i.e., there was no money lost or computer\\ndata compromised. They included a spoofed email (D5), buy-\\ning a scam product online (D3), or reacting to or sharing\\nsomething on Facebook that is out of character (D4, D6).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,522,394,586],\"text\":\"Some of these incidents are understandably observed by\\nthe caregiver and are a source of concern for them. For in-\\nstance, C3 is concerned with the constant barrage of scan\\ncures that his wife may purchase without his knowledge\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[81,589,381,703],\"text\":\"C3: Every now and then, [my wife] will get on the internet\\nand she'll find somebody who's selling some magic cure\\nand she'll start playing that, I'll tell her,\\n\\\"I've already\\nheard that one. We've already bought that one. We don't\\nuse that one and it's a ripoff, so don't listen to it, because\\nwe're not buying it again.\\n\\\" Because she went on one time\\nand ordered some stuff...\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,708,394,804],\"text\":\"Some minor incidents could lead to significant embar-\\nrasment, though, if they are publicly made. For instance, a\\nnumber of our participants had mistakes on Facebook that\\nwere embarrassing and caused family tension. For instance,\\nC6 related the dramas she has had with her husband's use\\nof the Facebook like and share features.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[81,808,381,936],\"text\":\"C6: My youngest sister, I have a sister that'\\ns 56, she said,\\n\\\"if he likes Jesus one more time, I'm gonna beat the crap\\nout of him.\\n\\\"\\n...The other day...I said,\\n\\\"Did you read\\nthis that you liked, or made a comment on?\\\" [imitating\\nhusband] \\\"Well no, I just kind of liked that.\\n\\\" [own voice]\\nI said,\\n\\\"Would you please go a little deeper and read.\\nBecause this is garbage. And I know you don't think that\\nway.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[83,938,271,953],\"text\":\"P6: If it's too long to, I don't read it.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[433,125,734,172],\"text\":\"C6: If you click on\\n\\\"Impeach Nancy Pelosi\\\" one more time!\\nShe's not your Congresswoman! She's from California.\\nYou know what I mean? What are you doing?\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,175,747,285],\"text\":\"Here it is clear that, although a minor mistake, the per-\\nson with MCI is beginning to have difficulty reading longer\\narticles, as well as critically think about what to react to\\nand share on social media. It is interesting that the caregiver\\nnotes that his recent likes and shares are not reflective of\\nwhat he thought – at least before the MCI – and so are a\\nminor indication that further intervention may be needed.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,286,747,383],\"text\":\"On the other hand, our MCI participants also were aware \\nof when a decline in their cognitive abilities was beginning \\nto manifest in online interaction. For instance, P5 was well \\naware of the risk of scams and misleading emails and, yet, be- \\ncause of the following incident, does not feel she can discern \\na fake email anymore.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[434,385,734,466],\"text\":\"P5: Like I said with that Yahoo thing, I finally took it into\\nStaples because I had answered it and everything, and I\\nlove Staples, they'll talk to you about anything. The old\\nguy just looked at the email and he said, \\\"Oh no, this is\\nnot a real email.\\\" But it looked so real to me.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,469,745,501],\"text\":\"And P4 made a mistake on Facebook and now she has her \\nhusband, C4, interact with the application on her behalf.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[434,503,735,632],\"text\":\"C4: She used to actually she'd do everything, do some\\ntyping into it [Facebook]. ...One time she hit a button by\\nmistake. Our son said,\\n\\\"Why did you dislike what so-and-\\nso said?\\\" [Wife's name] said \\\"I didn't dislike it.\\n\\\" Well you\\nhit the no button\\\"\\nor something. Even I was confused once\\nby it, because I think the default had already pressed yes.\\nI guess she thought she was pressing yes, instead it was\\nno. I probably would'\\nve done that myself.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,634,747,793],\"text\":\"The `adverse event', as coined by Piper et al. [30] , might not\\nbe a significant breach of security, but rather a small incident\\nthat in and of itself might not be a huge concern. Only in\\njuxtaposition to prior behavior and the contextualization of\\nthe potential for further risky behaviors in the future, the\\nevent gives rise to a realization by the person with MCI and\\ntheir caregiver that there needs to be a solution put into\\nplace. And we can see that a population who is still fairly\\nautonomous and aware of their behavior, can contribute to\\nan assessment of that potential for further risky behavior.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,804,684,823],\"text\":\"The Spectrum of Safeguarding Approaches\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,825,747,954],\"text\":\"Once we had a better understanding of our participants and\\ntheir experiences with cybersecurity incidents to date, our\\nnext line of questioning evaluated what steps our dyads had\\ntaken in response to these incidents, if any at all. Four of our\\nsix participants articulated steps they have taken to address\\nthe concerns of continued online access for the person with\\nMCI. In the following findings, we describe the approaches\\ntaken as well as describe the care model taken in terms of\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 343\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/results/markdown/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300573/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300573", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/results/output_json/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,252],\"text\":\"upside or downside risk. Assessing upside and downside risk\\nhas to take in many facets of the situation — for instance,\\nhow significant is the illness, how often has there been an\\nincident, as well as what are the wishes of the person with\\nMCI. Our assessment of upside and downside risk is due to\\nthe overall assessment of the approach and we concede that\\nfor the particular couple, an approach we deem a downside\\nrisk, may be an upside risk for them.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,252,394,410],\"text\":\"Solutions to adverse events varied widely and seemed to\\nhave no relation to the months since the diagnosis of MCI. It\\nis interesting to note that no one had taken the steps of com-\\npletely removing all online access. However, for some of the\\nspousal caregivers we interviewed, they have begun to limit\\nautonomy and by extension the potential unsafe interactions\\ntheir spouse can have on the Internet. This limitation could\\nbe quite significant in limiting all unsupervised interactions.\\nFor example, C3 had a succinct way of addressing security\\nthreats:\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[81,418,380,452],\"text\":\"C3: Being right beside each other all the time. I know what\\nshe's doing and she knows ...\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,459,394,571],\"text\":\"In terms of upside and downside risk, this approach – the\\n‘Hover’ – is downside risk as it leads to a loss of privacy\\nand autonomy for the care recipient and seems to place all\\ndecision-making in the hands of the caregiver. There still is\\nthe positive value of continued interaction online, but the\\ncost may be seen as too much with regards to autonomy and\\nprivacy.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,571,394,619],\"text\":\"Limiting access for the care recipient was also used by this\\ncaregiver (C3) to help their wife who has MCI to continue\\nwith her chosen activities.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[81,626,381,739],\"text\":\"C3: If you go look at her desktop ... [Turns to wife], can you\\nminimize the solitaire and show her what your desktop\\nlooks like? [Turns back to interviewer] So she has two\\nicons, right? She could go find [something else], but it\\ndoesn't interest her. Whatever she wants to use is right\\nthere on the bottom, so if you look at the bottom, what's\\nthere? Internet Explorer, solitaire ...\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,745,394,873],\"text\":\"We also deem this approach – the “ Selective Access ”\\nas downside risk, but a lesser form than the “ Hover ” . This\\nis due to the person with MCI having some semblance of\\nautonomy and decision-making ability as to what, of the\\nlimited choices, they would like to do. It is important to note\\nas well that a caregiver can take multiple approaches, as we\\nsee here with C3 – although both of these approaches are\\ndownside risk.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,873,394,954],\"text\":\"In other instances, we have a caregiver who is becoming\\nthe interactor on behalf of the person with MCI who may\\nnot be able to interact with the system themselves anymore.\\nFor example, the incident explained prior regarding an odd\\nFacebook post led to mediation by C4.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[433,124,735,237],\"text\":\"C4: At one point, [wife's name] was looking at her Email,\\nbut then she asked me to check the computer now for\\nan Email or Facebook. Now, what I'll do is I'll go on the\\nFacebook page for our granddaughter and so we can see\\nour great-grandchildren. If I get an Email that there's\\nsomething, somebody is posting something, I'll let [her]\\nknow and I'll go to the page so she can see it.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,243,746,433],\"text\":\"In this case we are seeing an approach – the ‘Interactor’ –\\nas a borderline case of upside risk. It could be downside risk\\nif the person with MCI was not involved in the decision to\\nengage in an approach that removes autonomy and privacy.\\nHowever, in this case, this person with MCI was our longest\\ndiagnosed case and was beginning to have significant cogni-\\ntive issues. Due to this, as can be seen in the quote, the wife\\nasked the husband to engage in online interactions on her\\nbehalf. And so, as the person with MCI was engaged in the\\ndecision making and the steps taken were done in the hopes\\nto still retain value from online interactions, we deem this\\nupside risk.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,433,746,530],\"text\":\"We also had two approaches that were on the lightweight\\nside of the spectrum. And as can be seen in the following ex-\\namples, some participants with MCI continue to engage with\\nonline applications and websites with a minimal \\\"check\\\" on\\ntheir activities by their spousal caregiver or offset the work\\nto tools like automatic bill payments or saved passwords.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[434,534,735,617],\"text\":\"P1: Yeah, you know I used to do all the travel arrangements.\\nI used to handle a lot. Now my wife has to take on a lot\\nmore. I would book our travel and I still do, but now I go\\nthrough all the steps on Orbitz and then I ask her to check\\neverything and she finalizes and pays for it.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[435,622,733,682],\"text\":\"P1: Sure I can do online banking, I can set up most of these\\nthings, unless the password doesn't work or something or\\nthat kind of stuff...but [my wife's] taken on a lot of that\\nfor me.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[435,684,643,701],\"text\":\"I: So, she's taking on the responsibility?\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[434,702,734,735],\"text\":\"P1: The responsibility to check. Most things, you know, I\\npay bills ... just automatically, you know.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[433,739,733,788],\"text\":\"C6: He has no idea what his passwords are because he\\ndoesn't use them. Because it's on his phone, he goes right\\nin but they are in your contacts under that.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,792,746,954],\"text\":\"In the first and second quotes, P1 is explaining how his\\nwife is now a second pair of eyes on everything he is doing.\\nThis upside risk approach — the “Checker ” — was the decision\\nof the person with MCI, but more importantly allows the\\nperson with MCI to continue to be fairly autonomous and\\nretain some semblance of privacy. And then in the second\\nand third quotes, P1 and C6 are providing an example of\\nan upside risk approach — “Automation” — that using the\\ncomputer itself to provide some security by removing the\\nlikelihood of a mistake by the person with MCI.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 343\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300573/results/markdown/3290605-3300573_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300574/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300574", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/results/output_json/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,39,134],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[68,119,745,182],\"text\":\"Seekers, Providers, Welcomers, and Storytellers:\\nModeling Social Roles in Online Health Communities\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[95,200,279,264],\"text\":\"Divyi Yang\\n\\nLanguage Technologies Institute\\nCarnegie Mellon University\\ndivyi@andrew.cmu.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[320,200,492,281],\"text\":\"Robert E. Kraut\\n\\nHuman-Computer Interaction\\nInstitute\\n\\nCarnegie Mellon University\\nrobert.kraut@cmu.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[546,200,707,266],\"text\":\"Tenbroeck Smith\\n\\nBehavioral Research\\n\\nAmerican Cancer Society\\ntenbroeck.smith@cancer.org\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[206,291,388,355],\"text\":\"Elijah Mayfield\\n\\nLanguage Technologies Institute\\nCarnegie Mellon University\\nelijah@cmu.edu\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[443,292,590,357],\"text\":\"Dan Jurafsky\\nDepartment of Linguistics\\nStanford University\\njurafsky@stanford.edu\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,367,140,384],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,388,395,676],\"text\":\"Participants in online communities often enact different\\nroles when participating in their communities. For example,\\nsome in cancer support communities specialize in provid-\\ning disease-related information or socializing new members.\\nThis work clusters the behavioral patterns of users of a can-\\ncer support community into specific functional roles. Based\\non a series of quantitative and qualitative evaluations, this\\nresearch identified eleven roles that members occupy, such\\nas welcomer and story sharer . We investigated role dynamics,\\nincluding how roles change over members' lifecycles, and\\nhow roles predict long-term participation in the community.\\nWe found that members frequently change roles over their\\nhistory, from ones that seek resources to ones offering help,\\nwhile the distribution of roles is stable over the community's\\nhistory. Adopting certain roles early on predicts members'\\ncontinued participation in the community. Our methodology\\nwill be useful for facilitating better use of members' skills\\nand interests in support of community-building efforts.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,689,172,707],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,711,395,745],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing — HCI theory, concepts\\nand models: Collaborative content creation Computer\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[420,367,746,400],\"text\":\"supported cooperative work; · Computing methodologies\\n→ Cluster analysis: Discourse, dialogue and pragmatics.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,410,502,427],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,431,746,464],\"text\":\"Social Roles; Social Support; Online Health Communities;\\nNatural Language Processing; Machine Learning\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,469,553,484],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,485,749,572],\"text\":\"Diyi Yang, Robert E. Kraut, Tennbock Smith, Elijah Mayfield, and Dan\\nJurafsky. 2019. Seekers, Providers, Welcomers, and Storytellers:\\nModeling Social Roles in Online Health Communities. In CHI Con-\\nference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI\\n2019) , May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK. ACM, New York, NY,\\nUSA, 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300574\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,582,549,599],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,602,749,955],\"text\":\"A wide body of literature studying online health commu-\\nnities has developed and tested hypotheses on how these\\ncommunities differ from the internet at large, how users sup-\\nport each other, and how communities thrive over time. For\\nexample, [52] studied how social support exchange in an\\nonline cancer support group affects the length of people's\\nparticipation, and [19] examined support exchange around\\nbehavior changes in online weight loss communities. Using\\ndescriptive statistical models, this research modeled charac-\\nteristics of user behavior to show that early actions result in\\ndifferential long-term membership trends. For instance, users\\nself-disclose more personal information in online health com-\\nmunities than in parallel technical support communities, like\\nStack Overflow [5, 34] . Not all users display these behaviors,\\nthough: for instance, many users join when facing crucial\\nhealthcare events, like the start of chemotherapy, and are\\nseeking information for decision-making rather than hop-\\ning to join a community [56] . Early actions and interactions\\ncan be predictive of commitment. Newcomers looking for\\ninformational support are significantly less likely to transi-\\ntion into long-term community membership, and those who\\nreceive support are more likely to continue than those who\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,778,394,893],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\\n©2015 May 4-9, 2015 Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,893,273,899],\"text\":\"CNN 2013, May 7 - 8, 2013, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,900,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[71,925,264,953],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5790-2/19-03...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290665.3300574\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 344\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/results/markdown/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300574/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300574", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/results/output_json/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,189],\"text\":\"do not [52, 58] . Yet 10 % of support-seeking messages get\\nno replies, and many of the replies do not provide the sup-\\nport sought, as when long-time members provide emotional\\nsupport when the new user was seeking information [53] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,189,394,396],\"text\":\"Interaction in health support communities is in part the\\nproducts of the roles that members occupy [49] . For example,\\nsome members might specialize in seeking support, provid-\\ning disease-related information or socializing new members.\\nIn contrast to roles in conventional organizations, where\\nroles are often assigned and come with defined responsibil-\\nities, roles in most online communities are emergent. For\\nexample, a user can assume an “ expert ” role in the commu-\\nnity without seeking permission from others. Researchers\\nhave clustered lower-level behavior to identify roles in some\\nonline communities like Wikipedia [54, 57] . However, few\\nstudies have applied similar approaches to online health\\ncommunities [30] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,396,394,619],\"text\":\"The goal of the current paper is to study mentors' par-\\nticipation and coordination in online health communities,\\nand develop a taxonomy of the emergent roles that are ob-\\nserved in these communities, linking individual behaviors\\nwith community-level outcomes. Identifying emergent roles\\ncan be beneficial for sustaining communities. Understanding\\nthe roles that are important for a community and the roles\\nparticular people are likely to occupy can help to optimize\\nuser experiences. For example, information experts can be\\nmatched to information seekers, giving the expert fulfilling\\nwork to do while helping the seeker get timely responses;\\nwellcomers can be matched to newcomers to ensure they re-\\nceive timely support that will help them become integrated\\ninto the community.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,619,395,954],\"text\":\"To this end, we propose a framework for defining social\\nroles in online communities together with a general model-\\ning methodology. We use data from an online cancer support\\ncommunity to identify behavioral features associated with\\ndifferent facets of social roles. We then build an unsuper-\\nvised Gaussian mixture model from the data to discover 11\\nroles that members occupy. We validate these roles through\\na series of quantitative robustness checks of the modeling\\nprocedure, followed by confirmatory interviews with do-\\nmain experts in the community. To demonstrate the utility\\nof the role model, we examine how roles predict the sta-\\nbility of activities on the site and participation by users as\\nthey enter the community and evolve from being newcomers\\nto old-timers. (1) We find that occupying socially positive\\nroles, such as private communicator and story sharer, is as-\\nsociated with members staying in the community longer,\\nwhile members occupying roles such as informational sup-\\nport seeker are associated with lower long-term participation\\nin the community. (2) While the distribution of roles in the\\ncommunity is relatively stable over time, members change\\ntheir roles frequently across their participation. As members\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,332],\"text\":\"stay longer in the community, they are more likely to oc-\\ncupy the roles of emotional support provider and welcomed\\nand less likely to occupy roles such as story sharer and in-\\nformational support seeker. A closer look at members' role\\ntransitions suggests that they frequently change their roles\\nfrom seeking resources to roles that offer help to others. (3)\\nBoth the tendency of certain roles' occupants to drop out of\\nthe community and the trajectory of roles in users' lifecycle\\nin the community follow consistent patterns. These find-\\nings suggest the value of the role framework as the basis for\\nintervention in online health communities, opening a new\\nopportunity for socio-technical systems to support users and\\ncommunities in their healthcare needs.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,357,658,375],\"text\":\"2 ROLES IN ONLINE COMMUNITIES\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,380,746,554],\"text\":\"Self-organized online communities are a novel area for the-\\noretical exploration of emergent roles. In contrast to most\\nempirical studies of roles, which have looked at “formal” roles\\nlike leaders or moderators [17, 39] , our work examines mem-\\nbers’ emergent roles in online health communities, which are\\nnot structurally defined or constrained, but rather emerge\\nfrom common patterns of members’ behaviors. Theory on co-\\nordination in groups and organizations has emphasized role\\ndifferentiation along with the division of labor associated\\nwith roles as major mechanisms through which members\\ncoordinate complex activities [10, 32, 33] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,554,746,731],\"text\":\"In the Structural perspective [22] , the traditional model\\nfor describing offline organizations, roles are generally for-\\nmally assigned, often in terms of a formal job title and pre-\\nscribed activities needed to fulfill the role well. These roles\\nare mainly based on formal and informal social expectations\\nand norms along with positive and negative sanctions to\\nenforce the norms. In online environments, the structural\\nmodel sometimes applies, including moderator roles in many\\nonline discussion sites or administrator roles in Wikipedia.\\nIn these cases, members have formal assignment to those\\nroles and clear expectations of responsibilities [1] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,730,746,955],\"text\":\"However, in the vast majority of online communities, roles\\nare emergent, self-selected and are often not formally rec-\\nognized [2, 57] . As a result, although these emergent roles\\nconstitute consistent patterns of behavior, neither the role\\noccupant nor other community members may have a clear\\nunderstanding of who is occupying which role or how role\\noccupants should behave. This pattern more closely matches\\nthe interactionalist view of roles, which has built on several\\ndecades of sociological theory research [12, 25, 50] . While\\nexplicit roles have been studied in depth in online communi-\\nties [18] , the consequences of the more fluid, sociologically-\\ninformed definition of emergent roles has received relatively\\nlittle attention in studies of behavior in online communi-\\nties. The little research that does exist has largely focused\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 344\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/results/markdown/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300574/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300574", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/results/output_json/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,156],\"text\":\"on production roles in collaborative projects like Wikipedia\\n[3, 54, 57, 60] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,156,394,235],\"text\":\"To begin to fill this gap, here we define social role as a\\nset of interaction patterns regulated by explicit or implicit\\nexpectations and adopted by people in a social context to\\nachieve specific social goals. Our definition hangs on four\\ncore facets of roles:\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[84,235,397,957],\"text\":\"• Goal : Roles are associated with specific social goals.\\nGoals may serve the individual interests of the role\\noccupant, role partners or the groups in which the\\nroles are embedded [39] . For example, specific roles\\nmay be adopted to facilitate collective effort toward\\nthe completion of a task, such as a devil's advocate\\nrole in a course project team [47] . Roles can also be ori-\\nented toward the long-term functioning of the group\\nas a whole, such as \\\"Vandal Fighter\\\" in Wikipedia [54] .\\nFinally, people may take on some roles to satisfy their\\nindividual needs or desires, such as newcomers acting\\nas information seekers to understand what the group\\nhas to offer or senior members experiencing pleasure\\nin mentorship.\\n• Interaction : Roles are based on role holders' charac-\\nteristic interactions , which can happen when role hold-\\ners engage with other persons or objects, within or\\noutside the context where the role is enacted. These in-\\nteractions make up the core content of online commu-\\nnities. In discussion-oriented communities, these are\\nthe threads-starting messages and comments through\\nwhich discussion takes place. But these interactions\\nalso take place when role holders interact with the\\nuser interface of the community's website, or when\\nthey speak with their spouse or friends outside. Such\\ninteractions are observed by role holders, repeated\\nover time [50] , and whether or not each interaction is\\nexpected or approved by a role holder, each interaction\\nshapes the roles they may enact in the future.\\n• Expectation : Roles also involve expectations about\\ntypical interaction patterns of persons [25, 29] . Adher-\\nence to or departure from these understandings can\\nresult in positive or negative sanctions from others\\n[15, 37] . Expectations are bidirectional: both the role\\nholders and the others with whom they interact often\\nhave expectations about how the role holders should\\nbehave and what they should believe. In conventional\\norganizations offline where roles are assigned, they are\\ngenerally associated with strong expectations; man-\\nagers in corporations speak differently when speaking\\nto their employees than they do when speaking to\\nbosses, for instance [16] . In many online communities,\\nthough, roles are emergent. In these cases, there may\\nexist informal or implicit “ negotiated understandings ”\\nabout how role occupants should conduct themselves\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[440,123,750,431],\"text\":\"or they may come with no expectations at all. Because\\nthese understandings may be implicit or known only\\nto long-time members, they can create barriers to com-\\nmunity participation; for instance, on Stack Overflow,\\nfear of hostile feedback for improperly meeting expec-\\ntations of information seekers can prevent new users\\nfrom asking questions or joining the community in\\nthe first place [24] .\\n• Context : Roles can be very broadly applicable or lim-\\nited to specific contexts. These contexts set boundaries\\nfor role holders, i.e. delimiting the perimeter or setting\\nthe scope of roles. For example, information provider\\nis a common role in many groups, including social\\nQ & A websites, health discussion forums, and problem-\\nsolving groups; In contrast the committer role [51]\\nis limited to open-source development communities.\\nWithin a community, roles may be based on the pri-\\nvacy of the context, with people taking on a set of roles\\nin public while enacting others in private discussions.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,431,746,558],\"text\":\"Note that roles are performed by people [12] . Sometimes\\npeople's non-behavioral attributes such as their demograph-\\nics like gender or race may be related to the roles they occupy.\\nExcept in specialized cases, these characteristics may not be\\nan intrinsic part of roles, but they are often entwined with\\nexpectations. For example, although Wikipedia bills itself\\nas is the encyclopedia that anyone can edit, men are much\\nheavier contributors than women [27] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,558,746,783],\"text\":\"The current research investigates members' emergent,\\nbehavioral roles when participating in online health commu-\\nnities independently of the demographics of the people who\\noccupy them. For example, any member can assume the role\\nof emotional support provider, no matter their gender, age or\\ncancer type. Our goal is to design a model that can ultimately\\nbe deployed in online interventions, in environments where\\nboth technical constraints and user privacy dictate that de-\\nmographics should not be a factor in the technical system.\\nThus, we do not model personal attributes of members in our\\nresearch. Future studies in constrained, privacy-aware con-\\ntexts may extend this work to directly cross the behavioral\\nroles identified with some of members' personal attributes\\n(e.g., informational support provider $\\\\times$ cancer type).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,793,545,809],\"text\":\"3 RESEARCH SITE\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,815,746,925],\"text\":\"Our research was conducted on the American Cancer Soci-\\nety’s Cancer Survivor Network 1 (CSN), which is the largest\\nonline support community for people suffering from cancer\\nand their caregivers. The CSN discussions boards are public\\nplaces where registered members can participate by start-\\ning new threads or commenting on other members’ existing\\nthreads. Registered members of CSN can also communicate\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,938,525,954],\"text\":\"$^{1}$https://csn.cancer.org/\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 344\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/results/markdown/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300574/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300574", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/results/output_json/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,394,299],\"text\":\"directly with each other using a function called “CSS Email.”\\nConversations between two people are recorded in a for-\\nmat like email or private chat messages and are only visible\\nto individuals addressed in the message headers. We were\\nprovided access to all public posts and comments, private\\nchats as well as the profile information for users registered\\nbetween Dec 2003 and Mar 2018. During this period, there\\nwere a total of 66,246 registered users who exchanged 139,807\\nprivate messages, 1,080,260 comments and 141,122 threads.\\nThis work was approved by Carnegie Mellon University’s\\nInstitutional Review Board (IRB).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,311,332,329],\"text\":\"4 METHOD FOR ROLE IDENTIFICATION\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,333,394,540],\"text\":\"Our method of identifying emergent social roles in online\\ncommunities is a repeated cycle of role postulation, definition,\\nautomated processing and evaluation . When participating in\\nthe community, a user takes on one or more implicit roles\\nfor their activities. In their future interactions, they may take\\non the same roles or shift roles. To model this, we define a\\nGaussian mixture model [36] , a statistical model that clus-\\nters heterogeneous user-session representations into a set\\nof coherent, discovered user roles. Unlike traditional unsu-\\npervised learning such as $k$ -means clustering, in which an\\nobject can only be a member of a single cluster, a mixture\\nmodel allows users to occupy multiple roles during a session\\n(e.g., a newcomer and information provider).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,540,394,684],\"text\":\"The model assumes that user activities can be described\\nby a set of observable behaviors $X$ , and there exist $k$ compo-\\nnents per role $\\\\{c_i^k\\\\}$ . Each component $c_i$ has an associated\\nvector $\\\\mu_i$ of average values for each feature in $X$ . A user's\\nactivity is generated from a mixture of these components and\\na covariance matrix $\\\\Sigma_i$ , representing the likelihood of each\\nrole co-occurring with each other role. Formally, Gaussian\\nMixture models are a linear combination of Gaussians, with\\na probability density function as follows:\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"equ\",\"bbox\":[103,690,357,737],\"text\":\"$$p ( x ) = \\\\sum _ { k = 1 } ^ { K } \\\\pi _ { k } \\\\cdot N ( x | \\\\mu _ { k } , \\\\Sigma _ { k } ) , ~  w h e r e  ~ \\\\sum _ { k } \\\\pi _ { k } = 1 $$\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,744,394,955],\"text\":\"Here, $\\\\{\\\\pi_t^i\\\\}_i$ are called mixing coefficients, and each user will\\nbe assigned a coefficient $\\\\pi_t$ for each role $e_i$ . The coefficient\\nrepresents the proportion of a user that was associated with a\\nparticular role; each user unit is modeled as a mixture of roles,\\nwhich enables us to capture participants' versatility and dy-\\nnamics in the online community. When building this model,\\nwe need to learn mixing parameters $\\\\{\\\\pi_1, \\\\pi_2, ..., \\\\pi_K\\\\}$ , means\\n$\\\\{p_1, p_2, ..., p_K\\\\}$ and covariances $\\\\{\\\\Sigma_1, \\\\Sigma_2, ..., \\\\Sigma_K\\\\}$ from data\\n$\\\\{x_i\\\\}_{i=1}^N$ . Here, each $x_i$ is a heterogeneous vector of features\\nextracted from each user, while N represents the total num-\\nber of user units in our corpus. Given a large corpus of data,\\nwe can estimate the covariance matrices by positing that\\neach component has its own general covariance matrix.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,746,205],\"text\":\"This model has three key parameters that need to be set\\nby researchers: the behavior features $X$ , the length of user\\nrepresentation $l$ , and the number of implicit roles $K$ . In the\\nfollowing, we describe the procedures used to set each pa-\\nrameter and the steps taken to design robust models.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,216,653,233],\"text\":\"Operationalizing Behavioral Features\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,237,747,316],\"text\":\"To extract the emergent roles that members take on when par-\\nticipating on CSN, we identified a set of behavioral features\\nthat operationalize the four components in our definition of\\nrole definition described above: goal, interaction, expectation\\nand context .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,317,747,507],\"text\":\"Recently, deep learning based techniques have been pro-\\nposed to learn user embeddings based on their interactions in\\nan end-to-end manner [26, 28, 44] . Although that approach\\nrequires less domain knowledge and manual feature con-\\nstruction, it suffers from lack of interpretability especially\\nabout the nature of discovered roles and the people who oc-\\ncupy them. In terms of techniques for identifying social roles\\nonline, most research employed clustering analysis or princi-\\npal component analysis to cluster each user into one or more\\nclusters [54, 57] . To make the derived roles interpretable,\\nwe followed this common practice to construct explainable\\npatterns to capture members' role-relevant behaviors.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,507,747,731],\"text\":\"Goal (9 features). Many people with chronic illnesses, in-\\ncluding cancer patients and survivors, participate in online\\nhealth support groups. Ridings and Gefen found that 76 %\\nof people who joined online health groups were looking for\\ntwo types of social support [45] - informational support and\\nemotional support. Informational support contains informa-\\ntion, advice, or knowledge, and emotional support refers\\nto the provision of empathy, sympathy or encouragement.\\nBuilding on prior studies on social support [13, 52] , we op-\\nerationalized a set of goal-oriented actions that members\\nexchange in the context of support groups. This resulted\\nin 4 features of linguistic behaviors: seeking informational\\nsupport, providing informational support, seeking emotional\\nsupport, and providing emotional support.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,731,747,954],\"text\":\"We observed from our data that people tend to employ\\nvery specific language strategies when providing emotional\\nsupport to others. Some choose to show empathy, saying\\nthat they understand what the recipient is going through and\\nidentify with their emotional reactions and feelings. Some\\nexpress encouragement and hope that others' situations will\\nimprove. Others show appreciation for others' accomplish-\\nments to increase others' senses of worth, value and compe-\\ntence. To capture these nuanced intentions, we differentiated\\nthree finer-grained sub-categories of providing emotional\\nsupport: providing empathy , providing encouragement , and\\nproviding appreciation . In addition to exchanging social sup-\\nport, members also share their experiences and stories to\\nhelp others understand who they are and to provide social\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 344\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/results/markdown/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300574/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300574", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/results/output_json/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[70,121,405,289],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Goal-oriented conversational acts</td><td>ICC</td><td>Correlation</td></tr><tr><td>seeking informational support</td><td>0.91</td><td>0.73</td></tr><tr><td>providing informational support</td><td>0.92</td><td>0.79</td></tr><tr><td>seeking emotional support</td><td>0.83</td><td>0.64</td></tr><tr><td>providing emotional support</td><td>0.92</td><td>0.75</td></tr><tr><td>providing empathy</td><td>0.74</td><td>0.72</td></tr><tr><td>providing encouragement</td><td>0.68</td><td>0.64</td></tr><tr><td>providing appreciation</td><td>0.73</td><td>0.67</td></tr><tr><td>self-disclosing positively</td><td>0.90</td><td>0.72</td></tr><tr><td>self-disclosing negatively</td><td>0.90</td><td>0.71</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a table presenting data on nine goal-oriented conversational acts. The table lists each act alongside its Inter-rater Reliability (ICC) score and a Correlation value. ICC scores range from 0.68 to 0.92, and Correlation values range from 0.64 to 0.79.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_4_tab_2.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,291,393,322],\"text\":\"Table 1: The intra-class correlation and correlations between\\nhuman decisions and predictions for 9 conversational acts\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,381,394,429],\"text\":\"comparison information [21] . Thus, we also considered the\\nlanguage people use to self-disclose via two additional fea-\\ntures: self-disclosing positively and self-disclosing negatively .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,429,394,764],\"text\":\"Automatic text analysis techniques can accurately mea-\\nsure the amount members' messages contain each of these\\nnine features. Four trained nursing students rated a sam-\\nple of 1,000 messages threads and their first responses for\\ndegree they represented these nine goal-oriented conversa-\\ntional acts. Using previously developed procedures [13, 52] ,\\nwe built machine learning models to predict the students' as-\\nsessments of the nine conversational acts in messages. These\\nmachine learning models map a set of linguistic features,\\nas described in [52, 59] , to a set of continuous output val-\\nues, indicating how much informational support, emotional\\nsupport, positive self-disclosure, and negative self-disclosure\\na thread-starting message conveys as well as how much\\ninformational support, emotional support, empathy, encour-\\nagement, appreciation, positive self-disclosure, and negative\\nself-disclosure responses provided. Human annotation agree-\\nment on a training dataset was high (mean ICC= .84), and the\\nmachine learning models achieved reasonable correlation\\nwith the average of the human judgments (mean Pearson\\nr=.71; see Table 1 ). We then applied these models to estimate\\nthe nine conversational acts in all messages in our corpus.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,764,394,811],\"text\":\"Separate from these automatic annotations, we also ex-\\ntracted 2 features measuring raw activity count for users - the\\nnumber of threads initialized, and the number of comments.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,825,395,889],\"text\":\"Interaction (53 features). The actions members take toward\\nachieving their goals are essential for understanding the\\nroles they occupy. In this part we use two methodologies to\\nextract interaction features: linguistic and network-based .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,889,394,953],\"text\":\"We developed linguistic indicators of members' topical\\ninterests by comparing each person's word usage with se-\\nmantic categories provided by the psycho-linguistic lexicon\\nLIWC [42] . The presences of affective expressions such as\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,426],\"text\":\"anxiety, sadness, or anger related words, were used as in-\\ndicators of members' emotional orientation. To figure out\\nwhether members talked about their personal relationships,\\nwe counted their usage of words related to family and friends\\nvia corresponding dictionaries in LIWC. Similarly, members'\\nreligious orientations and emphasis on themselves vs others\\n(interpersonal pronouns) were calculated via related dictio-\\nnaries. In total, 16 features were extracted via using corre-\\nsponding LIWC categories. Topic modeling [14] was con-\\nducted to derive topics that members discuss with others on\\nCSN, resulting in 25 topics including prayer, surgery, radia-\\ntion, clinical trials, and chemotherapy side effects. One fea-\\nture is included for each topic. We also incorporated domain\\nknowledge from Freebase to capture 4 features counting\\nmembers' use of words related to disease, medicine, ingre-\\ndients, and symptoms in their messages when providing\\ninformation to others. To identify potentially knowledgeable\\nCSN members, we extracted two features: the number of\\nexternal links and the number of words in messages.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,427,748,763],\"text\":\"We then looked at interaction patterns that emerge from\\nusers' social networks in the online community. Previous\\nstudies demonstrated methods for revealing network struc-\\nture and people's relationships with other users [23, 54, 55] .\\nFor this purpose, we constructed a user-reply network and\\nextracted features through network analysis, where the ver-\\ntices represent members who have participated in at least one\\nmessages, and edges represent replies. For example, an edge\\nfrom user u to user v means that u replied to v 's messages.\\nFrom this graph, we extracted six network-based features: (1)\\nTo capture the centrality of members' role in the social struc-\\nture, we calculated their (1) in-degree and (2) out-degrees.\\nTo capture tenure effects we measured (3) members' ratio of\\ntalking to newcomers and (4) being talked to by old-timers.\\n(5) To measure whether users talk mainly to several specific\\nusers or broader audiences, we calculated the entropy of the\\nuser-user interaction distribution. Here, a higher entropy\\nmeans users talking to broader audiences. Finally, to mea-\\nsure a user's breadth of interests, we measured the number\\nof sub-forums a person has posted in, where each sub-forum\\nrepresents one cancer type.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,777,747,954],\"text\":\"Expectation (2 features). Emergent roles may be associated\\nwith informal implicit `negotiated understandings' among\\nindividuals about what persons should do if they seem to\\noccupy such roles. Members on CSN might indicate such\\npositive or negative evaluations of others via their language\\nchoices such as complaining to administrators or telling oth-\\ners what to do. To this end, we extracted two features: (1)\\nthe number of messages members exchanged with moder-\\nators and (2) their usage of modal words such as `should',\\n`could', and `must'. Here, modality in members' messages\\nmay convey their suggestions, request or advice to others.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 344\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/results/markdown/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300574/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300574", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/results/output_json/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,428],\"text\":\"Context (17 features). The context of communication matters.\\nFor the purposes of this study, we focused on public vs private\\nconversations as the context. Members may talk to others in\\nprivate chats to protect their personal information or interact\\nwith them on the public discussion board. To capture mem-\\nbers' potential concerns of privacy, we differentiated all 9\\nGoal features and their 6 network-based Interaction features\\ninto separate values for communication in private chats and\\nin the public forum. For example, seek informational support\\nwill have two features: seek informational support in private\\nchats $^2$ and seek informational support in the forum. Similarly,\\nbeing talked to by oldtimers becomes being talked to by old-\\ntimers in private chats and being talked to by oldtimers in the\\nforum. Note that this domain differentiation is a common\\npractice in text representation for statistical modeling [35]\\nas well as in social computing research [8, 9] . Finally, we cal-\\nculated 1 feature that measures the ratio of members' private\\ncommunication to all their private and public activities to\\ncapture their preferences for different contexts.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,441,344,460],\"text\":\"Determining the Granularity of User Activity\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,462,395,684],\"text\":\"Determining the unit of analysis for appropriately repre-\\nsenting members' activity is key decision in modeling social\\nroles. Treating users as an aggregation of all their historical\\nactions on CSN prevents one from examining the evolution\\nof roles or transitions between them. On the other hand,\\nemploying very small time intervals, such as a single user\\naction, might miss important larger constructs like a cluster\\nof actions needed to achieve a goal. In this analysis we use\\naggregated data from each user session , which is defined\\nas a time interval in which the time gap between any two\\nadjacent actions is less than a threshold (24 hours). Within\\nsessions, users' behaviors were regarded as consistent. We\\noperationalized the 83 features described above to capture\\nmembers' behaviors within each session.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,685,395,862],\"text\":\"To test the robustness of the role models, we explored\\nthe degree to which they varied across different temporal\\nunits — all activity within each calendar day, week, or month.\\nWe found that frequently-occurring roles were consistent\\nacross different settings. The roles that emerged using a cal-\\nendar day as the unit of analysis were very similar model to\\nthose emerging from session-level modeling, likely due to\\nthe similar time-scale. As the temporal unit increased from a\\nday to a week to a month, the derived roles became harder to\\ninterpret. This suggests that unlike assigned roles in offline\\norganizations (e.g., professor in a university), emergent roles\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,171],\"text\":\"in this community are more variable over time. This variabl-\\nity led us to examine transitions between roles, described in\\nmore detail below.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,172,746,332],\"text\":\"Role theory also states that role are based on multiple\\ninteractions [50] , suggesting that detection of roles based\\non only one observed action is impossible. To address this,\\nwe conducted a sensitivity analysis removing sessions that\\nhad fewer than $t$ actions ( $t \\\\in {1, 2, 3}$ ). We did not observe\\nany significant changes in the derived roles. For all analyses\\nbelow, we follow the 24-hour inactivity threshold to define\\nsessions and include all sessions, without removing ones with\\nfew actions. In total, this resulted in 517,272 user-sessions\\nfrom 66,246 users.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,345,630,362],\"text\":\"Determining the Number of Roles\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,365,746,510],\"text\":\"Quantitative Setting of Upper and Lower Bounds. The number\\nof roles $K$ in this model is a free parameter and is the element\\nmost susceptible to over-tuning [46] . We used the Bayesian\\nInformation Criterion (BIC) to select the number of compo-\\nnents in the Gaussian mixture model (GMM). We trained\\nGaussian mixture models on the user-session corpus and\\nexperimented with $K$ ranging from 2 to 20 to determine the\\noptimal number of components/roles. We found that models\\nwith $K \\\\in [10, 15]$ seemed to be a good fit.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,519,746,695],\"text\":\"Qualitative Validation of Final Setting. Validating these behav-\\nioral role components inferred from unsupervised methods\\nis challenging. Existing work on similar tasks such as LDA\\ntopic modeling has tried to validate the derived components\\nby asking people to provide summary labels for each com-\\nponent [14, 41] or by measuring the purity of the clusters or\\ncomponents [20, 38] . However, interpreting topics or compo-\\nnents by researchers themselves might introduce biases, and\\ndefining the purity of components that consist of member\\nbehaviors rather than simpler features, like bag-of-words\\nrepresentations of topics, is hard to operationalize.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,696,747,919],\"text\":\"To overcome these problems, we followed a qualitative\\nprotocol to finalize the number for user roles and their names.\\nWe ran the Gaussian mixture model with our behavior fea-\\ntures and user-session length for different values of $K$ . We\\nthen discussed the extracted components with 6 domain\\nexperts (5 moderators from CSN and a senior researcher fa-\\nmiliar with the site). We used their input to help interpret\\nthe latent components. We showed the domain experts the\\ntop ranked features associated with each role as well as three\\nusers who were most representative of each role (i.e., the\\nthree users from each role component whose behaviors were\\nclosest to the centroid representation of that component).\\nThe details about our semi-structured interview with domain\\nexperts is here $^5$ . Based on their input, we set $K=11$ .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,886,394,952],\"text\":\"2For privacy concerns, annotators are not allowed to view and annotate\\npublic messages. In these cases, we applied the trained regression models\\nfrom public forum posts to predict 9 conversation acts in private mes-\\nsages. The annotators used a single template for this prediction requires\\ntransferring the model to a slightly different domain.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,938,739,954],\"text\":\"$^{3}$http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~diyiy/docs/csn_role_interview_instruction.pdf\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 344\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/results/markdown/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300574/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300574", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/results/output_json/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[71,123,763,500],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Role Name</td><td>%</td><td>Typical Behaviors</td></tr><tr><td>Emotional support provider</td><td>33.3</td><td>Provide emo support in the forum, provide appreciation in the forum, provide encouragement in the forum, # subforums a user participated, provide empathy in the forum, provide info support in the forum</td></tr><tr><td>Welcomer</td><td>15.9</td><td>out-degree in forum, # replies in the forum, the ratio of talking to newcomers in the forum provide encouragement and provide empathy in the forum, the entropy of user-user interaction in the forum</td></tr><tr><td>Informational support provider</td><td>13.3</td><td>Provide info support in the forum, provide empathy in the forum, provide encouragement in the forum, mention symptom related words, mention drug related words, mention anxiety related words</td></tr><tr><td>Story sharer</td><td>10.2</td><td># threads in the forum, self-disclose positively in the forum, seek emo support in the forum, self-disclose negatively in the forum, seek info support in the forum, use interpersonal pronouns</td></tr><tr><td>Informational support seeker</td><td>8.9</td><td># threads in the forum, seek info support in the forum, self-disclose negatively in the forum, seek emo support in the forum, mention disease related words, mention symptom related words</td></tr><tr><td>Private support provider</td><td>5.3</td><td>Provide emo support in private chats, provide appreciation and provide empathy in private chats, provide info support and provide encouragement in private chats, self-disclose positively in private chats</td></tr><tr><td>Private communicator</td><td>5.3</td><td>Preference for using private chats, provide encouragement and provide info support in private chats, provide emo support in private chats, provide empathy in private chats, seek info support in private chats</td></tr><tr><td>All-round expert</td><td>2.5</td><td># messages in private chats, provide appreciation in private chats, provide emo support in private chats, provide encouragement in private chats, # replies in the forum, self-disclose positively in the forum</td></tr><tr><td>Newcomer member</td><td>2.4</td><td># threads in the forum, seek info support in the forum, self-disclose negatively in the forum, seek emo support in the forum, mention diagnostic test related words</td></tr><tr><td>Knowledge promoter</td><td>2.2</td><td># urls/links per message, mention ingredient related words, provide info support in the forum, mention drug related words, mention anxiety related words, mention death related words</td></tr><tr><td>Private networker</td><td>0.8</td><td>The entropy of user-user interaction in private chats, out-degree in private chats, in-degree in private chats, # messages in private chats, the ratio of being talked to by oldtimers, # private conversation initialized</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image is a table presenting various user roles, their percentage prevalence, and typical behaviors. The table has three columns: \\\"Role Name,\\\" \\\"%,\\\" and \\\"Typical Behaviors,\\\" listing roles such as \\\"Emotional support provider,\\\" \\\"Welcomer,\\\" and \\\"Story sharer,\\\" along with their defining actions.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_6_tab_2.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[114,500,699,517],\"text\":\"Table 2: Derived roles and their representative behaviors ranked by their frequency ( % ) in descending order.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,551,323,569],\"text\":\"5 DISCOVERED FUNCTIONING ROLES\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,572,395,701],\"text\":\"After final parameter tuning and validation from discussions\\nwith domain experts, we have evidence that the model is ef-\\nfective in identifying latent roles that members occupy. Once\\nthese parameters were set, we worked with the 6 domain\\nexperts to co-develop short names and interpretable descrip-\\ntions of each component in the model, describing the roles\\nthat emerged. These roles, their frequency in the corpus, and\\nhighest-probability features are described in Table 2 .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[81,714,396,952],\"text\":\"(1) Emotional Support Provider: people who respond\\nto others with empathy, encouragement and emotional\\nsupport. These active forum members participate in\\na number of sub-forums, in contrast to most users\\non CSN who only participate in one sub-forum most\\nrelevant to their cancer type.\\n(2) Welcomer: people who respond to newcomers after\\nthey first post on CSN. These higher-tenured mem-\\nbers interact with newcomers frequently and provide\\nsupportive empathy and encouragement.\\n(3) Informational Support Provider: people who of-\\nfer information and advice to others in the discus-\\nsion board. This group of members discusses cancer-\\nspecific issues by mentioning symptoms and ingredient-\\nrelated words, and provides information to others.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[433,550,749,938],\"text\":\"(4) Story Sharer : people who disclose personal informa-\\ntion and emotions in order to receive support. They\\nshare their own experiences and stories in an intro-\\nspective and verbose manner, which might help similar\\nusers and/or inform potential support providers about\\ntheir situations.\\n(5) Informational Support Seeker : people who ask ques-\\ntions and seek information from others in public fo-\\nrums. Members with this role initialize more threads,\\nand seek around 1.7 standard deviations more infor-\\nmational and emotional support than average. They\\nalso talk more frequently about metastasis and other\\naspects of their disease.\\n(6) Private Support Provider : people who use private\\nchats to provide social support to others. People in this\\nrole provide emotional support, encouragement, appre-\\nciation and information to others in private chats, as\\nwell as self-disclose in a positive manner to encourage\\nothers.\\n(7) Private Communicator : people who are protective\\nof their personal details and only choose to partici-\\npate in private chats. They seek and provide different\\ntypes of support such as informational support, empa-\\nthy and encouragement, and have strong tendency to\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 344\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/results/markdown/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300574/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300574", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/results/output_json/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[100,126,393,156],\"text\":\"communicate privately (3.7 standard deviations more\\nfrequently than the average level).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[82,156,393,266],\"text\":\"(8) All-Round Expert : people who engage in a large set\\nof support exchange behaviors in both public discus-\\nsion board and private chats. This group of members\\nactive engages and performs various kinds of actions\\nsuch as providing appreciation in private chats, re-\\nplying to others and self-disclosing positively in the\\nforums.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[81,266,393,380],\"text\":\"(9) Newcomer Member: people who ask questions and\\nseek support shortly after joining CSN. Most members\\nin this group stay at CSN for less than one month. They\\nuse the discussion board to ask for both informational\\nand emotional support, and emphasize the uncertainty\\nassociated with cancer diagnosis results (0.8 standard\\ndeviation more than average).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[77,380,394,491],\"text\":\"(10) Knowledge Promoter : users who post links and in-\\nformation from outside CSN. Those users present them-\\nselves as knowledgeable about what they are talking\\nabout and recommend external research pointers to\\nmembers in need of help. Compared to regular mem-\\nbers, knowledge promoters share two standard deva-\\ntions more links in their replies to others.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[76,491,395,587],\"text\":\"(11) Private Networker: people who seem to be network\\nhubs in private chats. Although they participate in\\nthe discussion forum and exchange social support in\\nprivate chats from time to time, they talk to a larger\\nset of members in private chats and exchange more\\nmessages compared to other members.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,591,395,671],\"text\":\"After discussion with domain experts, we obtained agree-\\nment on the name and characteristics of 10 of the 11 derived\\nroles. However, we failed to achieve consensus for all-round\\nexpert 4 . Despite this, domain experts agreed that the set of\\nbehavioral roles we identified were comprehensive:\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,675,371,725],\"text\":\"\\\"It seems very comprehensive and there are so many\\ndifferent examples, so I feel like it is covered very\\nwell with your different roles and labels.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,729,395,810],\"text\":\"Domain experts did point out roles that our model did\\nnot capture. For instance, they identified “ Guardian ” or “ De-\\nfender ” role - people who fight with spammers or violate\\nnorms on CSN, trying to regulate others' behaviors. One of\\nthe domain experts described the defender role this way:\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[100,814,372,910],\"text\":\"\\\"The one that I think did not emerge is the police-\\nman, these people complain to moderators when\\nsome people are doing things wrong or tell other\\npeople that they are violating norms. They shouldn't\\nbe diagnosing the way that they are diagnosing or\\nother sorts of problems.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[437,123,732,323],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Role</td><td>HR</td><td>Std.Err</td></tr><tr><td>Emotional support provider</td><td>0.984</td><td>0.027</td></tr><tr><td>Welcomer</td><td>0.883***</td><td>0.028</td></tr><tr><td>Informational support provider</td><td>1.060</td><td>0.034</td></tr><tr><td>Story sharer</td><td>0.872***</td><td>0.034</td></tr><tr><td>Informational support seeker</td><td>1.324***</td><td>0.023</td></tr><tr><td>Private support provider</td><td>0.842***</td><td>0.033</td></tr><tr><td>Private communicator</td><td>1.031</td><td>0.022</td></tr><tr><td>All-round expert</td><td>0.869***</td><td>0.028</td></tr><tr><td>Newcomer member</td><td>1.054**</td><td>0.025</td></tr><tr><td>Knowledge promoter</td><td>1.091***</td><td>0.028</td></tr><tr><td>Private networker</td><td>0.916*</td><td>0.035</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table displays various 'Role' categories, each with corresponding 'HR' (Hazard Ratio) and 'Std.Err' (Standard Error) values. Some HR values are marked with asterisks, indicating statistical significance.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_7_tab_11.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,325,747,384],\"text\":\"Table 3: Survival Analysis predicting how long members\\ncontinue to participate in the community. p<0.001: * *;\\np<0.01**; p<0.05**.Number of users = 66,246. Number of user-\\nsession records = 522,429\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[454,422,714,456],\"text\":\"\\\"there are not a lot of them, but they stick in your\\nmemories since they are telling others what do I do?\\\"\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,458,747,537],\"text\":\"The defender role likely does exist on CSN, but our model\\ndid not capture it, either because the behaviors that charac-\\nterize the defender role occur infrequently or the features\\nwe used to characterize user-sessions did not reflect these\\nbehaviors.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,548,708,567],\"text\":\"6 INFLUENCE OF ROLES ON COMMITMENT\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,570,747,730],\"text\":\"Members' patterns of activities and roles can influence their\\ncontribution and commitment to the community. Although\\nprevious research has investigated members' commitment to\\nboth offline and online organizations [6, 31, 58] , no computa-\\ntional research has examined how members' assumption of\\nemergent roles relates to commitment in online health com-\\nmunities. This section examines how emergent roles help\\npredict continued participation of members on CSN. Doing\\nso will allow us to better understand members' engagement,\\nas well as demonstrate the utility of our derived roles.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,731,747,955],\"text\":\"We use survival analysis to investigate how members' oc-\\ncupation of social roles correlates with the length of their\\nparticipation on CSN. Survival analysis is a type of regres-\\nsion analysis for estimating influences on the time to an\\nevent of interest, especially for censored data. In our context,\\nthe event is defined as members dropping out of CSN. We\\nused Stata survival command with a Weibull distribution of\\nsurvival times in order to perform this analysis [48] , with\\nthe unit of analysis being the user-session. Control variables\\nincluded the member's gender, whether the member had\\ncancer, and his/her tenure (i.e., how many months they have\\nstayed at CSN). Since the continuous explanatory variables\\nwere standardized, the Hazard Ratio (HR) is the predicted\\nchange in the probability of dropout from CSN for a standard\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,924,394,953],\"text\":\"$^{4}$ We urge readers to interpret our follow up analyses about all-round expert\\nwith caution.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 344\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300574/results/markdown/3290605-3300574_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300575/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300575", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/results/output_json/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[70,118,743,151],\"text\":\"AdaCAD: Crafting Software for Smart Textiles Design\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[99,168,276,234],\"text\":\"Mikhaila Friske\\n\\nDept. of Information Science\\nUniversity of Colorado, Boulder\\n\\nmikhaila.friske@colorado.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[319,168,496,234],\"text\":\"Shanel Wu\\n\\nATLAS Institute\\n\\nUniversity of Colorado, Boulder\\nshanel.wu@colorado.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[539,168,714,249],\"text\":\"Laura Devendorf\\n\\nATLAS Institute &\\nDept. of Information Science\\nUniversity of Colorado, Boulder\\nlaura.devendorf@colorado.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,259,141,274],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,279,395,519],\"text\":\"Woven smart textiles are useful in creating flexible electron-\\nics because they integrate circuitry into the structure of\\nthe fabric itself. However, there do not yet exist tools that\\nsupport the specific needs of smart textiles weavers. This\\npaper describes the process and development of AdaCAD, an\\napplication for composing smart textile weave drafts. By aug-\\nmenting traditional weaving drafts, AdaCAD allows weavers\\nto design woven structures and circuitry in tandem and of-\\nfers specific support for common smart textiles techniques.\\nWe describe these techniques, how our tool supports them\\nalongside feedback from smart textiles weavers. We conclude\\nwith a reflection on smart textiles practice more broadly and\\nsuggest that the metaphor of coproduction can be fruitful in\\ncreating effective tools and envisioning future applications\\nin this space.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,533,171,550],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[69,554,394,587],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ User interface program-\\nming .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,604,149,619],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,624,334,641],\"text\":\"Smart textiles; computer-aided design; weaving;\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,655,204,669],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[69,669,395,743],\"text\":\"Mikhaila Frieske, Shanel Wu, and Laura Devendorf. 2019. AdaCAD:\\nCrafting Software for Smart Textiles Design. In CHI Conference on\\nHuman Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May\\n4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland Uk . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 13 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300575\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,259,549,274],\"text\":\"1 Introduction\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,279,748,518],\"text\":\"By seamlessly integrating sensing and actuating capabilities\\ninto a textile at the yarn-level, smart textiles allow flexible\\nelectronics to look and feel like traditional textiles. Thus,\\nwhen designing smart textiles, one has to consider the ap-\\npearance and function of the fabric and electronic compo-\\nnents in tandem. As such, a smart textiles weaver is presented\\nwith new design considerations and challenges, such as the\\nneed to understand the connectivity of the circuit compo-\\nnents in addition to the fabric structure and pattern. Some\\nsmart textiles developers address these challenges by collab-\\norating with textile craftspeople and/or learning to translate\\ntheir designs into software that lacks fundamental support\\nfor the design decisions they must make. Additionally, it can\\nbe hard to access advanced textile design tools outside of\\nprofessional textile production contexts or institutions.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,518,747,583],\"text\":\"As this domain grows, there is a need for new tools that\\nfoster community between multiple fields of expertise and\\nare accessible to a range of skill levels (for circuit designers\\nand/or weavers). As Posch and Fitzpatrick argue, “Using\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_018.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_018.png\",\"bbox\":[434,602,730,837],\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image features a woven textile with blue, white, and some red patterns, shown from a full length with electrical connectors to a close-up of its texture. One close-up highlights a section where threads are frayed, revealing a finer weave. The bottom two panels show diagrams illustrating weaving paths, one with a green line zig-zagging across horizontal blue lines, and another with a green line traversing a grid of black circles.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,845,747,949],\"text\":\"Figure 1: AdaCAD supports the design of woven smart tex-\\ntiles by augmenting traditional weaving drafts with smart\\ntextiles specific operations and views. We used the tool to\\ncreate a prototype we developed with multiple regions of\\ntouch sensing and color change (a, b, c). AdaCAD allowed us\\nto view the design as yarn paths (d) or traditional weaving\\ndrafts (e).\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,778,394,898],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nalso be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@arm.org.\\nCPI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[67,900,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,925,265,953],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4655-5970/2-019-03..$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290665.3300575\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 345\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/results/markdown/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300575/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300575", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/results/output_json/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,172],\"text\":\"existing tools from either domain [textiles or electronics]\\nthus inherently ignores essential aspects of electronic textile\\nmaking processes\\\" [44] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,172,394,347],\"text\":\"This paper presents AdaCAD, a web-application we de-\\nveloped to support designing woven structures and circuits\\nin tandem. In departure from existing weaving tools, Ada-\\nCAD offers specific features to help overcome the unique\\nchallenges that come with designing woven circuitry, such\\nas understanding yarn connectivity and built-in support for\\ncommon smart textiles techniques. We describe our software\\nand its novel features, present examples of smart textiles\\nthat can be created using these weaving techniques and prac-\\ntices, and reflect upon feedback from interviews with five\\npractitioners in the smart textiles field.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,347,395,666],\"text\":\"Our design process combined our first-hand experiences\\nlearning to weave smart textiles with the development of\\na design tool for smart textiles. Through these concurrent\\nprocesses emerged an interesting conversation between the\\ncode, yarns, loom, and weavers past and present. We describe\\nthis process as a craft coproduction [15] to acknowledge\\nand discuss the different human and nonhuman/material\\nagencies involved in smart textiles weaving. We discovered\\nthrough our interviews that our beginner practices were not\\nentirely different from those more experienced with smart\\ntextile weaving—both being highly playful and improvisa-\\ntional. This beginner's perspective allowed us to become\\nattuned to these agencies involved in both design and fabri-\\ncation and we suggest that designing for beginner practices\\n(rather than focusing on experts as the gold-standard) may\\nbe particularly useful in textile design contexts. Lastly, co-\\nproduction puts our work in conversation with rich histories\\nof technical weaving; inspiring us to consider how these his-\\ntories, the present community, and a CAD tool could support\\none another.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[67,689,197,707],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,710,382,727],\"text\":\"Histories and Applications of Woven Smart Textiles\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,730,394,954],\"text\":\"Within HCI there has been growing interest in leveraging\\nfabric-based forms of sensing and actuation for on-body in-\\nteractions (e.g. [26, 27, 38, 51, 52, 54] ) or interactions with\\nobjects that are typically formed from textiles [9, 53] . The\\nintegrated nature of smart textiles offers designers a wide\\nrange of aesthetic and functional properties in these domains.\\nWhile techniques for smart textiles production often utilize\\nweaving [10–12, 14, 18, 33, 45, 56] , knitting [31] and embroi-\\ndering [45, 46] , our project focuses specifically on weaving\\nsmart textiles. The structure and fabrication processes of\\nweaving offer weaves control over the tension of “ smart ”\\ncomponents, which tend to be brittle and break under higher\\ntensions in knitting and embroidery. Furthermore, woven\\nfabrics tend not to stretch, allowing for more constructed\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,252],\"text\":\"and stable designs suited for tailored clothing, upholstery,\\nor housewares. Researchers in a range of fields have already\\nleveraged weaving to create textiles that sense temperature\\nand touch [38, 47, 52, 56] , change color or shape [48] , har-\\nvest energy [30] , and even reimagine logic gates [45] . These\\nprojects involve integrating \\\"smart\\\" threads such as conduc-\\ntive (e.g. [56] ), shape-changing (e.g. [52] ), or color-changing\\nyarns (e.g. [11] ) into the structures of fabrics.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,252,748,588],\"text\":\"While woven smart textiles applications like Project Jacqu-\\nuard [47] have received popular attention within HCI, there\\nhas been significant amounts of exploration conducted by\\nartists, craftspeople, and designers beginning as early as\\n1998 [37, 46] . Yet, one can look even further in history to\\nalign smart textiles with historical practices of weaving with\\nmetallic fibers, as demonstrated by Daniela Rosner's retelling\\nof the production of woven core memory [49] . This lineage\\nhelps us understand smart textiles as less of a new or ‘disrup-\\ntive’ form of technology, but as a next step along an already\\nrich history of textiles informing both the structure [17] and\\nmetaphors that define modern computing [34] . The name\\nof our software, AdaCAD, honors this lineage by taking its\\nname from Ada Lovelace. Lovelace worked with Charles\\nBabbage on the production and use of the Analytical Engine\\nwhich, as she described in 1843, \\\"weaves algebraic patterns\\njust as the Jacquard loom weaves flowers and leaves\\\" [5] .\\nAcknowledging these histories allows weavers of smart tex-\\ntiles to create innovative designs while also attending to the\\ncomplex and interwoven lineages of textile manufacturing\\nand technological innovation [17] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,597,583,614],\"text\":\"Fabricating Smart Textiles\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,618,748,955],\"text\":\"Producing smart textiles requires forms of design and fab-\\nration that accommodate the unique properties of fibers\\nand yarns. For instance, Hudson reimages 3D printing\\nin fibers by creating a 3D printer that felts fibers [20] and\\nPeng et al. explore fabric constructions that layer flexible\\nfabrics with circuitry components [39] . Other examples of\\nfabric/yarn-based CAD and fabrication tools include innova-\\ntions in knitting 3D forms, by hand [21, 35] or machine [32] ,\\nas well as novel platforms for generatively designing of silk-\\nscreen patterns [24] or gathering fabrics [16] . Yet, within\\nthis emerging field of “ hybrid ” craft (e.g. [21, 36] ), there do\\nnot yet exist CAD tools that support users in weaving cir-\\ncuitry into their fabrics. As such, smart textiles development\\noften requires collaboration between textile craftspeople and\\ntechnologists (as in [55] ) or dual skillsets in both fields (as\\nseen in practitioners such as Irene Posch, Mika Satomi, or\\nHannah Perner-Wilson). They also require the designers to\\nwork across platforms for weaving design (using software\\nlike WeavePoint, AraWeave, PointCuré, JaqCAD, etc) and\\ncircuit design (e.g. Fritzing, Eagle). The lack of unifying soft-\\nware that supports both woven design and circuitry can\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[68,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 345\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/results/markdown/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300575/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300575", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/results/output_json/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[83,129,379,321],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This educational diagram illustrates two fabric structures: Plain Weave and 3/1 Weft Facing Twill. For each, it shows the interwoven fabric, a square \\\"stitch\\\" pattern, an expanded \\\"draft\\\" (a longer grid of black and white squares), and the \\\"structure of loom\\\" with warp threads and a shuttle passing the weft thread. The \\\"structure of loom\\\" depicts how certain warp threads are raised (indicated by raised circles) according to the draft pattern.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,339,395,383],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Descriptions of how a weave draft represents a wo-\\nven structures and how a loom implements those drafts to\\ncreate those structures\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,410,395,792],\"text\":\"hinder not only how one plans and executes their designs,\\nbut also how they document and share their designs with\\na broader community, which some have argued is a core\\nvalue shared by smart textiles researchers [19, 40] . AdaCAD\\nattempts to address this by adding circuitry specific annota-\\ntions and views to traditional weaving patterns or \\\"drifts\\\".\\nOur software is designed to communicate with a TC2 Digital\\nJacquard loom [36] but the designs could also be realized by\\nhandweaving. In the words of Bauhaus weaver Anni Albers,\\n\\\"Any weaving, even the most elaborate, can be done, given\\ntime, with a minimum of equipment\\\" [8] . Digital Jacquard\\nlooms are becoming increasingly accessible, as a TC2 costs\\nroughly the same as a high-end 3D printer. Services like\\nWOVNS [2] use Jacquard looms to aid the production of\\nwoven prototypes, modeling send-out services like Shape-\\nways [6] or Pônoko [3] . Projects like Pamela Liou's Doti [29]\\nwork towards open-source kits for DIY Jacquard looms. Fur-\\nthermore, textiles specific maker spaces and programs such\\nas the \\\"textile academy\\\" [4] take up fablab logic to make\\ntextiles fabrication more accessible. We see the emergence\\nof new weaving technologies and spaces as a long-overdue\\ncontribution to the \\\"maker movement,\\\" bringing advanced\\ntextile production alongside innovations in solid modeling\\nand end-user electronics.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,804,307,823],\"text\":\"Weaving Process and Key Terminology\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,825,395,954],\"text\":\"A woven fabric is created by interlacing yarns in perpendic-\\nular directions (Fig. 2). Yarns that run the length of the fabric\\nare referred to as the warp (up and down), and yarns that\\nspan the width of the fabric are called the weft (left and right).\\nBefore any weaving takes place, the weaver must \\\"warp\\\" the\\nloom (i.e. set up the warp yarns so that they are parallel\\nand under even tension). Then, during weaving, the weaver\\nand/or loom select certain warp yarns to raise, creating a\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,268],\"text\":\"space between the yarns called the shed. Weft yarns are in-\\nserted through the shed, usually aided by a shuttle carrying\\nthe weft yarn (Fig. 2 ). The sequence in which the shuttle\\ntravels over and under the warp determines the visual and\\ntextural pattern of the fabric. This pattern is represented as\\na draft, a two-dimensional representation of fabric structure\\nwith solid/black cells representing a raised warp (i.e. weft\\ntravels under warp) and white cells representing a warp that\\nis not raised (i.e. weft travels over warp).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,286,692,303],\"text\":\"3 THE PROCESS OF DESIGNING ADACAD\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,307,747,724],\"text\":\"Friske built AdaCAD with the goal of using it to interface\\nwith a TC2 Digital Jacquard loom, which can read drafts\\nas bitmap files, interpreting each pixel in the image as a\\ncommand to raise and lower warp threads in specific com-\\nbinations. While the loom controls the warp, the TC2 still\\nrequires the weaver to throw the shuttle through the warps\\nto interlace the weft. As such, the weaver is still physically\\ninvolved in the production of the textile. In parallel to devel-\\noping the software, Friske used her own experience learning\\nto weave and implementing patterns to inform the kinds of\\noperations the software should support. Because we built\\nthe bulk of the software prior to receiving our TC2 loom,\\nwe tested our software and drafts by interpreting them by\\nhand on other kinds of looms, manually \\\"performing\\\" as\\nthough we were Jacquard looms. Friske continually tested\\ndrafts by hand-weaving them on a rigid heddle loom. Wu at-\\ntended a weeklong Jacquard weaving workshop where they\\nlearned to design weave drafts in Photoshop and produce\\nthose drafts on a TC2 loom. They later tested the software\\nby using it to design and implement several smart textiles\\nprototypes. Devendorf contributed by iteratively designing\\ndrafts and weaving prototypes on an 8-shaft loom. Our col-\\nlective experiences helped us understand, from a conceptual\\nand embodied perspective, where design tools could be most\\neffective in supporting smart textiles development. Through\\nthese process, four key principles emerged:\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,742,622,759],\"text\":\"Prioritize Drafts over Simulation\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,762,747,954],\"text\":\"The draft (Fig 2) can be understood as describing the state\\nof the loom during weaving rather than a blue-print for the\\nlook and feel of the resulting fabric. By analogy to other\\nforms of additive manufacturing, drafts may be thought of\\nas G-Code, a programming language used often by 3D print-\\ners, rather than a 3D model. The draft will specify a fabric's\\nstructure, but the aesthetic, texture, and \\\"hand\\\" is emergent\\nfrom the interplay of yarns with various colors, textures, and\\nmaterial properties. Because of the complexity of fibers, the\\nresults of weaving often differ from the weaver's intent. As\\nsuch, the process of following a draft involves a conversation\\nbetween the weaver, material, and loom. This conversation\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 345\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/results/markdown/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300575/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300575", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/results/output_json/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,283],\"text\":\"is a friendly exchange with the weaver as a participant-\\nmanaging yarn-tensions and making choices about the emer-\\ngent form of the textile. Early iterations of AdaCAD focused\\non trying to simulate the look of the final design. However,\\nwe found that this made limiting assumptions about how\\nthe user would be weaving since its accuracy still relied on\\nthe user's ability to understand how the fabric would behave\\nstructurally. We learned that the visual appearance is both an\\nintuition to be developed and an experience in the discovery\\nof what happens at weaving time.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,294,282,311],\"text\":\"Support Smart Textiles Techniques\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,316,395,444],\"text\":\"Through our practice and surveys of related work we discov-\\nered that smart textiles weavers tend to utilize a common set\\nof techniques such as double weaving (e.g. [1, 33] ) and sup-\\nplemental warps and wefts [41] . Some of these techniques\\nare easy to represent in existing pattern drafts. Others can\\nbe understood as \\\"hacks\\\" that are not represented on present\\nforms of drafts. Thus, our software is made to more robustly\\naccommodate these practices.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,455,195,472],\"text\":\"Visualize Yarn Paths\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,475,395,619],\"text\":\"Drafts function as a set of instructions or for creating a\\nweave. They do not show the paths of the individual yarns\\nwithin the weave. When integrating circuitry, these paths\\nare especially important to view in order for the designer to\\nanalyze connectivity of \\\"smart\\\" yarns. We felt that the user\\nshould be able to augment the draft view to visualize and\\nplan the paths of \\\"smart\\\" materials (i.e. thermochromic yarn,\\nconductive material) in relation to standard yarns (i.e. cotton\\nor wool).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,630,256,647],\"text\":\"Adapt from Weaving Software\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,650,395,778],\"text\":\"We felt there to be a benefit in adapting conventions in cur-\\nrent weaving software to include circuit design instead of\\nadapting circuit design tools to include weaving design. Cur-\\nrent weaving design tools are based on designing drafts,\\nwhich are an established and entrenched way of commu-\\nnicating information between weavers or a weaver and a\\ncomputational loom. By supporting drafts, AdaCAD is better\\nable to integrate into these flows.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,788,374,821],\"text\":\"4 DESIGNING SMART WOVEN TEXTILES WITH\\nADACAD\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,825,395,955],\"text\":\"AdaCAD is a web-based tool that allows users to design\\nweave drafts for smart textiles. Our application is an Angular\\nproject. We chose Angular, a JavaScript framework written\\nin Typescript, because of its data-binding capabilities and\\nthe ease of integration with libraries from Node Package\\nManager (NPM). We chose to distribute the application on\\nthe web to make it accessible to a wider majority of people.\\nWe plan to make the code available for free on a platform\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,124,748,300],\"text\":\"such as GitHub under a GNU General Public License (GPL),\\ninviting a growing community to enhance the features of\\nAdaCAD. $^1$ Upon launching AdaCAD, a user is prompted\\nto select the number of warps and ends per inch (EPI) for\\ntheir weave, two numbers that are preset on the loom by the\\nweaver before weaving. Next, they see a two-dimensional\\ngrid of cells (an empty draft) and a set of operations for:\\ndrawing on this draft; importing images to the draft; and\\ndownloading their pattern in human and machine-readable\\nformats (Fig. 4 ). We offer more detailed descriptions of the\\ndesign operations, views, and features below.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,311,713,329],\"text\":\"Support for Standard Weave Design Operations\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,332,748,715],\"text\":\"We designed several operations which are common to our\\nsoftware as well as existing weaving design tools. Some op-\\nerations work on a single grid square. For instance, a user\\nhas options to fill, erase, or invert a single grid-square us-\\ning the point, erase and invert brushes respectively. Other\\noperations work on a larger selected area. These operations\\nbegin with selection, where a user clicks and drags to select\\na region of the weave draft. While dragging the selection,\\nthe user is informed of the total number or wefts and warps\\nin their selection (Fig. 5a ), which is helpful when working\\nwith patterns that repeat in specific intervals. Once a region\\nis selected, they can copy it into a temporary stitch. This\\ntemporary stitch can be pasted into a new or the same se-\\nlection. Users can also paste inverted or flipped versions of\\ntheir stitch (Fig. 4 ). Within a selected region, the user may\\ninsert a stitch using the fill and mask operations. A fill inserts\\nthe stitch into the selected region, repeating that stitch as\\nnecessary. Mask applies the stitch only to cells that were\\nfilled in the original selection. This operation supports users\\nin defining patterned regions to fill with a common stitch.\\nWe also offer users several \\\"row\\\" or weft-based operations.\\nUsing buttons that dynamically appear next to a row over\\nwhich the user is hovering, the user can easily insert a row,\\nclone a row, or delete a row (Fig. 5 ).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,715,748,859],\"text\":\"Lastly, weavers often utilize and repeat predefined stitches\\n(e.g. twill, double weave, sateen, etc.) to create drafts. Arah-\\nweave allows users to correlate a stitch with a specific color\\nof an imported image. Some Jacquard weavers use Photoshop\\nto do this by importing pattern brushes, making selections\\nand then filling that region with the pattern [50] . To support\\nthis common practice, we included a stitch library in our\\nsoftware, which contains stitches that can be used by the fill\\nand mask operations.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,871,686,889],\"text\":\"Novel Operations for Smart Textiles Design\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,892,747,924],\"text\":\"In addition to supporting many common features of weav-\\ning design software, the following operations offer specific\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,939,658,954],\"text\":\"$^{1}$https://github.com/UnstableDesign/AdaCAD-weaver\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 345\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/results/markdown/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300575/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300575", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/results/output_json/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[65,118,748,604],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A digital user interface, AdaCAD, displays a grid-based weave design with colored cells, alongside a graphical representation of yarn paths. Control panels for brushes, selection, shuttles (yarn colors), and stitch patterns are also visible. A \\\"Download Weave\\\" button and navigation tabs for Design, Shuttles, and Stitches are present at the top right.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,608,746,666],\"text\":\"Figure 3: An overview of AdaCAD. (a) the main view panel. (b) a download button allows users to export the draft. (c) row\\nnumbers and indications of the shuttle to be thrown at that row. (d) users can visualize their design as a draft or as yarn paths.\\n(e) design operations (e.g. fill, mask, copy, paste) associated with the draft and yarn views. (f) a list of user defined shuttles,\\nwith options to show or hide. (g) a stitch library allows users to create, edit, delete and \\\"favorite\\\" stitches.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,688,394,737],\"text\":\"support for the needs of smart textiles weavers. We begin by\\ndescribing each feature in general and will illustrate how we\\nemployed them in the “Workflows and Examples” section:\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,748,394,827],\"text\":\"Designing using Shuttles. Many weavers, in both industrial\\nand handicraft settings, use one or two types of yarn through-\\nout a design. Smart textile weavers often design with a mix of\\nconductive and non-conductive yarns to achieve the desired\\nfunctionality and structures for their pieces. While options\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,688,747,784],\"text\":\"for conductive yarns continue to improve, it is still impracti-\\ncal to weave solely with conductive yarns as they have yet to\\nmatch traditional yarns in elasticity, cost, tensile stretch, tex-\\nture, and other properties. To better accommodate designs\\nusing multiple yarns, we designed AdaCAD to distinguish\\nbetween different \\\"shuttles\\\" of yarn.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_007.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_007.png\",\"bbox\":[77,852,375,916],\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Five grid panels illustrate different copy and paste operations. The first panel shows a light gray stair-step pattern. The subsequent panels show a dark gray stair-step pattern and a second pattern demonstrating 'paste original', 'paste inverse', 'paste horizontal flip', and 'paste vertical flip' of the original shape, all on a grid.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,919,392,949],\"text\":\"Figure 4: a user can copy a section of their weave and paste\\nit as a copy, inversion, or horizontal and vertical flip\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,785,747,943],\"text\":\"Shuttles within AdaCAD represent one continuous piece\\nof yarn and correspond to the physical shuttles used in weav-\\ning to pass the yarn through the shed (Fig. 3 ). For instance,\\na user can define one section of their weave to be created\\nusing a shuttle of white cotton yarn, and other sections with\\na different shuttle of conductive yarn. When adding a shuttle\\nto one's weave, the user has the ability to define properties,\\nsuch as: yarn type to denote different “ smart ” and regular ma-\\nterials; labels to denote where the ends of the shuttle would\\nbe routed on a circuit (ground, A0); and the direction from\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 345\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/results/markdown/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300575/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300575", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/results/output_json/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,156],\"text\":\"which the shuttle first enters the weaving (e.g. from the left\\nor right side of the fabric).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,156,395,332],\"text\":\"A user can assign sections or rows of their draft to shut-\\ntles by clicking the colored circle icon to the left of each\\nrow (Fig 3c). Once draft rows are assigned to a shuttle, we\\nallow the user to show or hide multiple shuttles from the\\nview of the weave (similar to how Photoshop allows one to\\nhide layers). Hiding and revealing shuttles makes it easy to\\ncustomize the pattern or path of one yarn, say a conductive\\nyarn, independently from the other yarns in the weave. It\\nalso allows the user to focus more on individual sections or\\nrelated components within their weaves, rather than having\\nto work exclusively on the global pattern.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,342,395,501],\"text\":\"Describing Yarn Paths. AdaCAD offers two view options for\\nthe user while creating the weave draft: yarn view and pat-\\ntern view. The pattern view is used to design the draft it-\\nself, while the yarn view shows the path of each continuous\\npiece of yarn. Thus, the pattern view shows the traditional\\nweave information while the yarn view shows a schematic\\nview like one might see in Eagle or Fritzing. Jacobs suggests\\nthat linked views in CAD tools support viewing the design\\nthrough multiple lenses [23] . In our case, these lenses are\\nthose of a weaver and a circuit designer.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,501,395,661],\"text\":\"The primary purpose of the yarn view is to aid in visual-\\nizing the connectivity of the circuit components: the yarn\\nview helps a smart textiles weaver assess whether or not\\ntheir yarns are going to cross or short; it offers insight into\\nhow the human ought to execute the pattern by showing\\nthem, for instance, whether or not they should pass the shut-\\ntle into the weave on the left or right side to achieve their\\ndesired structure. And lastly, the yarn view includes labels\\non the ends of the yarn path for planning connections to\\nelements like PCBs and microcontrollers.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,671,395,896],\"text\":\"Inserting Supplemental Warp Connections. Supplemental wa-\\nrps, one of the more common smart textiles techniques, are\\nwarp-oriented yarns that do not run the entire length of the\\nfabric. They are used because conductive or other \\\"smart\\\"\\nthreads are hard to integrate into the entire warp, as they\\ntend to break under tension and may produce undesirable\\neffects in the fabric texture. Thus, smart textiles weaves use\\nhand techniques to insert small segments into the warp as\\nthey are weaving. To symbolize this procedure within a draft,\\nwe utilize the yarn view. When a user is within this view,\\nthey can create a vertical \\\"connection\\\" in the warp, define\\nwhere it lies, and what shuttle it uses. This allows the weaver\\nto encode not only machine specific operations into the draft,\\nas well as hand-modifications to realize certain designs.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,905,395,954],\"text\":\"Importing Images to Shuttles. AdaCAD supports the ability\\nto import an image when creating a new shuttle, assigning\\nthat image to a unique and continuous piece of yarn. When\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,747,267],\"text\":\"the user imports an image, the software creates a draft based\\non the image. Specifically, if maps pixels over predefined\\nthreshold as an black or raised warp within the correspond-\\ning draft cell. It inserts that image on a new shuttle, row by\\nrow, in between the existing weft rows. By assigning that\\nimage to a shuttle, it associates a design with a particular\\nmaterial. As such, one can upload an image of their conduc-\\ntive paths through a fabric, or an image that will \\\"appear\\\"\\nwhen a color-changing yarn is given power.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,278,566,295],\"text\":\"Workflows & Examples\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,299,747,381],\"text\":\"In this section, we present prototypes of smart textiles, which\\nwe realized by creating and documenting drafts using Ada-\\nCAD. To demonstrate how these features are integral to the\\nsmart textiles design process, we will describe a few of our\\nworkflows and examples in order of complexity:\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,388,747,530],\"text\":\"Woven Press Button. This first example demonstrates a com-\\nmon technique in smart textiles: creating press buttons by\\nleveraging the 2-layer structure of double weaving [1, 11] .\\nDouble weaving allows for the integration of 2-layered pock-\\nets or tunnels within the structure of a weave. By adding\\nconductive materials to these pockets one can create press\\nbuttons. Furthermore, one can insert a piece of piezoresis-\\ntive fabric between the layers to create force-sensitive resis-\\ntors [1] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,530,747,691],\"text\":\"We invite readers to carefully review Figure 5 and its cap-\\ntion in order to learn more about how we designed this\\nstructure using AdaCAD. To fabricate this draft, we could\\ninterpret each row by hand or export the design to our com-\\nputerized loom. In both cases, we would follow the “ picking ”\\norder on the left side of the draft to understand which shut-\\ntles we should throw through the shed when we reach each\\nrow. As we demonstrate in the next example, a double woven\\npress button may be used to signal change of state in the\\nsmart textiles, allowing for a transformation of appearance.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,698,747,842],\"text\":\"13-Region Touch Wave. The second design is much like\\nthe first, but is more complex in its visual patterning and\\nstructure. This weave contains 13 distinct regions that cou-\\nple a press-sensor (described above) with a region of color-\\nchanging thermochromic yarns (Fig. 1). Though this example\\nusing rectangular regions, this prototype shows how ther-\\nmochromic yarns and press-sensors can be coupled to change\\npatterns. We imagine this same coupling could be used to\\nswitch between patterns, such as paisley to polka dots.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,842,747,954],\"text\":\"The entire fabric is double woven, ensuring that the color-\\nchanging visual pattern appears on the top/visible surface\\nwhile the press pads sit on the bottom/hidden surface. Adjust-\\ning the visibility of the shuttles was critical in this example,\\nas it allowed us to draft the visual pattern on the surface in-\\ndependently from the press regions on the bottom. The yarn\\nview helped us make sure that our color-changing yarns\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 345\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/results/markdown/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300575/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300575", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/results/output_json/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[65,112,742,575],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image displays a digital interface for designing woven textile patterns, showing tools for pattern selection, filling with various weave types like twill, yarn assignment, and creating connections within the design grid. The final panel shows a physical woven textile swatch with a conductive patch, connected to a multimeter displaying \\\"3.43\\\" as a hand presses the patch.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,578,747,741],\"text\":\"Figure 5: A workflow through AdaCAD to design a smart textile press sensor. (a) The user initializes a weave, selects all cells,\\nand \\\"fills\\\" with a plain weave stitch. (b) Next, they select a region to \\\"fill\\\" with a double weave stitch. (c) They create a new shuttle\\nto signify that the top layer of the double woven pocket will be separate from the bottom. Once they create the shuttle, they\\nassign it to the appropriate draft rows. (d) They select and \\\"invert\\\" a square in the middle of the row to create a more structured\\npocket. (e) Now they are ready to integrate their conductive yarns. They duplicate the rows corresponding to the bottom layer\\nof the pocket and assign them to a new shuttle of conductive yarn. (f) They hide all shuttles except those corresponding to\\nconductive yarn. (g) Next, they clear the stitch from the right and left regions except for the last row where the yarn \\\"exit\\\"\\nthe side of the fabric (h) Then, we analyze this structure by switching to yarn view and seeing that the path of the conductive\\nelement in the base layer conforms to our needs. (i) To complete the button, they need to integrate a warp-oriented conductive\\nyarn on the top layer. They create this using the \\\"connection\\\" feature. (j) Final product is woven to create a press button. The\\ndetail shows the bottom layer stitch that integrates cotton and conductive yarn.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,761,395,922],\"text\":\"would properly interlock with our non-color changing yarns\\nto create a seamless look of integration on the surface of\\nthe fabric. The yarn view was also instrumental in ensuring\\nthat the conductive yarns to sense presses could be routed\\nto the left side of the fabric in a way that ensured that they\\nwould not cross. Documenting our pattern in this way al-\\nlows us to have a more robust representation to share with\\nother designers and researchers 7 . Previous attempts to draft\\nwith Illustrator and in Excel were unsuccessful. AdaCAD's\\nshuttles and yarn view were instrumental in capturing the\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,761,746,793],\"text\":\"complexity of the pattern and construction (which required\\nup to 12 shuttles to be in use simultaneously).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,825,747,954],\"text\":\"Multi-Component Weave. The Multi-Component Weave ex-\\nample shows how a woven smart textile can be a complete\\nembedded system, a system that handles real-time inputs\\nand outputs to achieve a specific function. The weaving inte-\\ngrates a sensor input (pressure) and an output (color change)\\ninto the fabric structure, while creating a pocket for an ex-\\nternal PCB (e.g. an Arduino microprocessor) to integrate\\nprocessing ( Fig. 6 ). This mixture of techniques and materi-\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,939,229,954],\"text\":\"$^{2}$http://unstable.design/force-fabric/\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 345\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/results/markdown/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300575/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300575", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/results/output_json/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[66,118,395,377],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A textile with a woven pattern features a white rectangular section and a small electronic device emitting a blue light, connected by a black cable. Below, three subfigures show hands interacting with the textile, with close-up insets highlighting woven patterns in purple, red, and light yellow threads.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,382,394,456],\"text\":\"Figure 6: Multi-Component woven smart textile, containing\\n(a, left to right) waffle stitch pressure sensor, color chang-\\ning strip, and pocket for PCB; (b) initial state before press;\\n(c) pressure sensor state 1, color change to red/pink; (d) pres-\\nsure sensor state 2, color change to white.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,475,394,507],\"text\":\"als demonstrates how the weaving process can be used to\\ndevelop complex, multi-functional smart textiles.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,507,394,586],\"text\":\"Rather than drafting the entire piece, AdaCAD was first\\nused to draft the repeating units of stitches used in each\\nsection. Because Wu wove this example on a frame loom,\\nthese drafts of unit blocks were then “tied up” onto the loom,\\nconfiguring it to carry out the stitches with user input.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,586,395,889],\"text\":\"To weave the pressure sensor, Wu created a draft of the\\nwaffle weave stitch in AdaCAD. Waffle weave is a stitch that\\ncreates a thick, compressible fabric. Perner-Wilson describes\\none can leverage this structure to make a robust pressure sen-\\nsor using conductive fibers and non-conductive yarns [42] .\\nSpecifically, when the two-types are yarns are combined,\\nwaffle weave's resistivity significantly changes with verti-\\ncal compression, making it effective for pressure sensing.\\nThe waffle stitch was woven in the center of the piece, sur-\\nrounded by plain weave. To control the stitches' placements,\\nWu selected sections of each row to manually pick up or de-\\npress segments of warp, mimicking AdaCAD's select and fill\\noperations on the loom itself. To create the thermochromic\\nsection, Wu loaded the double weave stitch onto the loom,\\nas though replacing waffle weave in its memory. Lastly, Wu\\nintegrated another section of double weave, left open at the\\nsides as a pocket to house a custom PCB. The pocket was\\ndivided between two separate shuttles to create a slit for easy\\naccess to the power jack on the PCB.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,890,395,954],\"text\":\"In contrast to the previous examples, this prototype demon-\\nstrates how some operations are easier to perform first by\\nhand, especially when considering integrating components\\nlike PCBs of particular sizes and shapes. AdaCAD assisted\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,432,747,560],\"text\":\"by helping manage the component stitches as opposed to\\nthe overall fabric. After weaving this prototype, Wu then\\ncreated a large draft to represent loom operations, with sev-\\neral annotations to record human operations, to revisit these\\nstructures on a TC2. While the software's operations can\\ncreate drafts of an entire fabric as machine instructions for a\\nJacquard loom, these tools can also, with some interpretation,\\nbe adapted for other loom-weaver partnerships.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_009.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[416,121,749,305],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays three close-up photographs of a woven fabric with dark, light, and red threads, appearing to show variations in a pattern. Below these, a diagram on a grid illustrates interconnected red and blue lines representing paths or patterns. An inset magnifies a section of the fabric, showing individual threads, and an arrow links it to a specific part of the diagram.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,330,746,403],\"text\":\"Figure 7: Interwoven Images smart textile, containing two\\noverlapping color-changing chevron regions; (a) left side ac-\\ntivated; (b) right side activated; (c) both sides activated; (d)\\nAdaCAD shuttle view of the two thermochromic shuttles\\nused.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,571,747,730],\"text\":\"Interwoven Images. The Interwoven Images example is a wo-\\nven fabric of two chevrons created using thermochromic\\nyarn and interlaced on the fabric design (i.e. one continu-\\nous thread of thermochromic yarn is used for each chevron).\\nEach chevron can be independently activated, thus allowing\\nthe fabric to have four visual states (Fig. 7 ). We imagine this\\ntechnique could be used to create displays that signal differ-\\nent interaction states to the user. By interlacing the images,\\none can reduce the total amount of space required to show\\nthis information.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,730,747,954],\"text\":\"The main technical challenge was sufficiently isolating\\ntwo different thermochromic yarns so that they did not heat\\neach other up when only one was active. In developing this\\nweave, Wu started in AdaCAD by creating a large canvas and\\nfilling it with the desired stitch, representing the background\\nfabric. The thermochromic yarn images were to be woven\\nas supplemental wefts, isolated regions where the pattern\\nof the base weft yarn is duplicated by another yarn, in this\\ncase a thermochromic yarn. This supplemental weft could\\nbe represented in AdaCAD by cloning particular rows and\\nassigning these cloned rows to two different thermochromic\\nshuttles. This process allowed Wu to determine the sequence\\nof shuttles to be used during weaving. Once this structure\\nwas set, Wu was able to isolate each thermochromic shuttle\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 345\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300575/results/markdown/3290605-3300575_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300577/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300577", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/results/output_json/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,157,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[2,92,39,135],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[85,118,728,184],\"text\":\"RealityCheck: Blending Virtual Environments with\\nSituated Physical Reality\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[101,200,219,249],\"text\":\"Jeremy Hartmann\\n\\nMicrosoft Research\\n\\nRedmond, WA, USA\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[268,200,380,249],\"text\":\"Christian Holz\\n\\nMicrosoft Research\\n\\nRedmond, WA, USA\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[433,200,545,249],\"text\":\"Eyal Ofek\\n\\nMicrosoft Research\\n\\nRedmond, WA, USA\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[595,201,710,249],\"text\":\"Andrew D. Wilson\\nMicrosoft Research\\nRedmond, WA, USA\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_008.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[67,277,750,477],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image presents four distinct digital or mixed-reality scenes. Subfigure (a) shows a living room with a distorted, textured floor, (b) features a white room filled with exploding red geometric shapes, (c) depicts a mountainous landscape with surreal white, shell-like structures containing a toilet and plants, and (d) displays an indoor room with an outdoor street scene projected onto a wall, with a person in silhouette. Each panel illustrates a unique virtual environment or interactive digital experience.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,476,747,535],\"text\":\"Figure 1: RealityCheck blends the VR player's real world with the virtual world. A real time 3D reconstruction of the player's\\nroom is integrated into the VR tile's rendering pipeline to allow: a) proper 3D hidden surface removal ( Walls of the Wizard ), b)\\ncollision estimation ( SUPERHOT VR ), c) a flashlight into reality using controllers ( Skyrim VR ), and d) co-located spectatorship\\nthrough projection mapping ( Fallout 4 VR ).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,536,140,553],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,557,396,735],\"text\":\"Today's virtual reality (VR) systems offer chaperone ren-\\ndering techniques that prevent the user from colliding with\\nphysical objects. Without a detailed geometric model of the\\nphysical world, these techniques offer limited possibility for\\nmore advanced compositing between the real world and the\\nvirtual. We explore this using a realtime 3D reconstruction of\\nthe real world that can be combined with a virtual environ-\\nment. RealityCheck allows users to freely move, manipulate,\\nobserve, and communicate with people and objects situated\\nin their physical space without losing the sense of immer-\\nsion or presence inside their virtual world. We demonstrate\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,537,747,635],\"text\":\"RealityCheck with seven existing VR titles, and describe\\ncompositing approaches that address the potential conflicts\\nwhen rendering the real world and a virtual environment\\ntogether. A study with frequent VR users demonstrate the\\naffordances provided by our system and how it can be used\\nto enhance current VR experiences.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,645,502,661],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,666,676,683],\"text\":\"virtual reality, depth cameras, 3D compositing\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,693,549,710],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,713,748,954],\"text\":\"Today's virtual reality (VR) systems such as the Oculus Rift,\\nHTC Vive, and Windows Mixed Reality, aim to completely\\nimmerase the user in a virtual environment. However, such\\nimmersion comes at the cost of the user's awareness of their\\nphysical surroundings. Simple tasks, such as picking up small\\nobjects, moving within a physical space, or communicating\\nwith someone in the room become difficult if not impossible.\\nCurrent systems render a 3D grid that appears whenever the\\nuser comes into close proximity to a predefined boundary.\\nThis is seen in both the Oculus Rift's \\\"guardian\\\" and the HTC\\nVive's \\\"chaperone\\\" systems. Equipped with a color camera,\\nthe HTC Vive offers a variant of the grid chaperone where\\nan outline of the real world is rendered (composed) on\\ntop of the virtual environment (see Figure 2 ). Though these\\napproaches help prevent unintended collisions, they employ\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[69,741,224,754],\"text\":\"* Also with University of Waterloo.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,764,394,885],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@arm.org.\\nCIP 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,886,394,911],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,913,266,941],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970/2-019-... $15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300577\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 347\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/results/markdown/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300577/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300577", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/results/output_json/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,282],\"text\":\"a very simple 3D model of the room which is assumed to be\\nstatic, with the floor clear of obstructions such as furniture,\\npeople and pets. We speculate that many VR users would\\noften choose some other form of entertainment rather than\\nclear their living room of obstacles. Meanwhile, late 2017 saw\\nwhat is perhaps the first VR-related death, as reported by\\nTASS: “ According to preliminary information, while moving\\naround the apartment in virtual reality glasses, the man\\ntripped and crashed into a glass table, suffered wounds and\\ndied on the spot from a loss of blood ” 4 .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,283,395,522],\"text\":\"We introduce RealityCheck , a system that exploits a real-\\ntime 3D reconstruction of the user's environment to enable\\nthe combination of the real and virtual worlds that goes be-\\nyond state of the art chaperone systems. With RealityCheck ,\\nthe real world is embedded inside the virtual world as if the\\napplication rendered the physical world natively within the\\nscene (Figure 1 ). The live reconstruction of the physical envi-\\nronment is obtained through two different approaches. In the\\nfirst, we equip the physical environment with eight RGB-D\\ncameras (Microsoft Kinect v2) that are positioned inside a\\nphysical environment to reconstruct a geometric represen-\\ntation of the world in real-time. In the second, we equip a\\nRGB-D camera (Intel RealSense) directly onto the HMD and\\nreconstruct a live view of the physical environment from the\\nuser's perspective.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,522,395,746],\"text\":\"RealityCheck modifies the graphics rendering pipeline of\\nexisting VR titles that rely on OpenGL. Once reference to\\nthe back buffer and z-buffer are acquired, multiple means of\\nblending the real with the virtual are possible. For example,\\nthe player's couch may appear around them, correctly oc-\\ncluding virtual objects, allowing the player to safely take a\\nseat during gameplay. Meanwhile, a non-player character\\n(NPC) may correctly appear in front of the player's ottoman\\nas it approaches. Since the rendering of the physical envi-\\nronment is dynamically updated, people or objects placed\\ninside the environment will also appear inside the virtual\\nscene. This allows for ad hoc manipulation of objects and\\nfor communicating with someone else in the room without\\nremoving the headset.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[81,746,348,762],\"text\":\"RealityCheck makes the following contributions:\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,764,396,910],\"text\":\"• A new approach to blending the real world with the virtual\\nworld in VR, in which a 3D reconstruction of the real world\\nis composited with the virtual world in the usual graphics\\nrendering pipeline\\n• A prototype implementation that works with existing VR\\ntitles, without modification\\n• Several variations of the basic compositing technique that\\nexplore the interaction between real and virtual world\\ngeometry\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[419,348,746,429],\"text\":\"• Demonstration of the approach with multiple hardware\\nconfigurations: external and internal cameras, and external\\ndisplay (projection mapping) for spectators\\n\\n• A user study that compares our system to state of the art\\nchaperone techniques\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_1_figure_008.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_1_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[421,121,747,282],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The figure presents two virtual reality scenes: panel 'a' displays a minimalist gray grid environment with a floating translucent color picker interface and a virtual controller, while panel 'b' shows a darker, more complex scene with glowing cyan outlines defining futuristic structures and a floating purple sphere.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,286,746,332],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Current chaperone system implemented by HTC\\nVive: a) grid chaperone (TilBrush) , and b) line overlay chap-\\nerone (Waltz of the Wizard) .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,443,549,460],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,463,747,669],\"text\":\"The main idea of RealityCheck lies in the merging of the\\nreal and the virtual. Milgram and Kishino describe various\\nversions of this blending in their virtuality continuum [25] .\\nMany extensions to this have been proposed, usually through\\nthe addition of axes orthogonal to the AR-VR continuum\\nthat provide new insights into aspects of human computer\\ninteraction [11, 20, 24] . A variation on this is Virtualized\\nReality [14] , which involves creating a virtual copy of the\\nreal world. Our work pushes this further and explores the\\napplication of blending in the context of situated physical\\nreality. Here we discuss work in blending in VR that relate\\nto the dimensions of interaction, communication, and object\\navoidance.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,681,526,699],\"text\":\"Blending Reality\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,702,747,877],\"text\":\"A number of recent works explore a variety of ways to com-\\nbine the real and virtual worlds, where it is often advan-\\ntageous to manipulate either the virtual world or the real\\nworld representation. In the reconstruction of the physical\\nspace for the purpose of scene generation, Reality Skins [33]\\nuses the real world as a blueprint to build up a virtual scene,\\nmatching the real world against predefined geometric objects.\\nGenerating procedural worlds is explored by Sra et al. [36] ,\\nconverting large spaces into 3-D environments. Meanwhile,\\ndirect manipulation of a scene reconstruction is explored in\\nRemixed Reality [18] .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,877,747,942],\"text\":\"Several works investigate the transition of the user's at-\\ntention between the real world and the virtual. McGill et\\nal. [23] identified several usability challenges with VR users\\ninteracting with object in the real world, such as typing on a\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,916,209,929],\"text\":\"$^{1}$http://tass.com/society/982465\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 347\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/results/markdown/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300577/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300577", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/results/output_json/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,396],\"text\":\"real keyboard, or being aware of someone entering the room.\\nThey contribute a prototype that uses green screen composi-\\nting to blend the keyboard into VR. As in the present work,\\nthey demonstrate multiple blending techniques, including\\nthe area around the user's hands. In another study, they use a\\ndepth camera to segment video of people in the room, which\\nis then composited in VR. ShareVR [8] enables communica-\\ntion and interaction between non-HMD wearing users and a\\nvirtual environment. The systems described here offer some\\naffordances related to communication and interaction, how-\\never they implement pre-defined experiences and cannot\\nintegrate with arbitrary virtual worlds. Jackn Space [16] in-\\nvestigates the transition between third and first person views\\nin the context of telepresence. OneReality [32] describes a\\nholistic design space, blending the user's presence across\\nmany levels of virtuality, while Steptoe et al. investigated the\\neffects of non-photorealistic rendering on immersion [37] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,396,394,507],\"text\":\"The blending of haptics with virtual environments can\\nenhance interaction with a virtual space, making it feel more\\n\\\"real\\\". For examples, the use of real world proxies as substi-\\ntutes for virtual objects [9, 34] . Haptic redirection is explored\\nin work by Azmandian et al. [1] , while Zhoua and Follmer\\ndemonstrate continuous retargeting between virtual and real\\nobjects [45] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,518,179,534],\"text\":\"Object Avoidance\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,538,394,681],\"text\":\"One goal of our system is to allow the user to freely move\\nwithin their virtual environment without fear of unintended\\ncollisions with external objects. Current chaperone systems\\nassume that the space is free from obstacles. There will al-\\nways be some conflict between the physical and virtual world,\\nand several works look at ways to diminish this. For exam-\\nple, Virtual Space [21] creates a set of design guidelines and\\nan API in order to share a physical space with multiple VR\\nusers.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,681,394,809],\"text\":\"Redirected walking is one way to resolve conflict with\\nthe physical world [27, 39] . The goal of these systems is\\nto create virtual spaces that feel larger through the subtle\\nmanipulation of the virtual scene. Recent work uses saccades\\nto make the user oblivious to these changes [38] . Avoidance\\nof other co-located user is explored by Lacoche et al. [17] ,\\nwhere different in-game representations of the player are\\ncompared.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,821,218,838],\"text\":\"Room-scale experiences\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,841,394,938],\"text\":\"Room-scale experiences have been explored in the context\\nof spatial augmented reality (SAR) [12, 13, 28] and in VR [3,\\n18] . These systems provide the user with custom interactive\\nexperiences tailored to a large interactive space. Our system\\nalso works at room scale, but seeks to integrate a pre-existing\\nvirtual space with the real space.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,124,546,140],\"text\":\"3 REALITYCHECK\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,143,747,271],\"text\":\"VR systems are able to render highly detailed environments\\nthat allow users to explore vast worlds. While VR technology\\nwill continue to improve, providing ever more immersive ex-\\nperiences, problems relating to the isolation of the user from\\nthe real world will remain. RealityCheck investigates these\\nissues along three dimensions: 1) mitigating risk through\\nincreased awareness, 2) communication and spectatorship,\\nand 3) physical manipulation.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,282,615,300],\"text\":\"Mitigating the Risk of Collision\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,302,747,557],\"text\":\"RealityCheck enables an enhanced chaperone system by in-\\ntegrating parts of the user's real world into their virtual\\nworld in various ways (Section 5 ). When the blending is\\nbased on the distance to the user's head and controllers, a\\nminimal chaperone is possible that only shows the physical\\nenvironment when the user is at risk of collision to both\\nstatic and dynamic objects. Current VR environments also\\nuse a chaperone system to help guide the user (Figure 2 ).\\nHowever, current solutions require a sufficiently large play\\narea (e.g. minimum area for the HTC Vive room-scale ex-\\nperience is 1.5m $\\\\times$ 2m) where the perimeter of the space\\nmust be manually defined. While a grid is shown when the\\nuser is within a certain distance, any obstacles intruding or\\nwithin its static and predefined border are not considered. In\\ncontrast, our chaperone is dynamic and does not need to be\\nmanually defined as the real world is used directly.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,570,573,586],\"text\":\"Outside Communication\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,590,747,846],\"text\":\"A VR user is physically present but removed from their im-\\nmediate context, making interpersonal engagement difficult\\nto initiate. RealityCheck provides a mechanism to merge\\ndynamic objects into the virtual context of the user to help\\neliminate these kind of communication barriers. We use a\\nmethod of background-subtraction to render salient objects\\nsuch as a person crossing the room (section 5 ). Recent works\\nhave explored the use of vibro-tactile sensors to alert the VR\\nuser of a nearby presence [19] , or use 2D blending techniques\\nto bring a stenciled video of a person to the foreground [23] .\\nIn contrast, we explore communication under two contexts.\\nFirst, from the perspective of the VR user, and second, from\\nthe perspective of a co-located person. Further, our approach\\nhas the advantage of rendering real people in the room as if\\nthey were part of the virtual environment, while not requir-\\ning the VR application developer to add special support.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,857,560,874],\"text\":\"Physical Manipulation\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,877,747,942],\"text\":\"We tend to interact with the physical items around us. Re-\\nsearch into the manipulation of real objects while in VR\\nhas largely come in the forms of haptics [1, 22] , substitu-\\ntion [9, 34] , or input [15, 23] . Supporting everyday physical\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 347\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/results/markdown/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300577/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300577", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/results/output_json/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[73,121,386,311],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This block diagram illustrates a VR system architecture, showing data flow between components like \\\"VR Application,\\\" \\\"OpenVR API,\\\" \\\"SteamVR,\\\" and \\\"VR HMD.\\\" It highlights the integration of \\\"RealityCheck,\\\" which performs 3D Compositing and Enhanced Chaperone functions, receiving input from \\\"OpenVR API\\\" and \\\"RoomAlive TK,\\\" and pre-empting parts of \\\"SteamVR.\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[100,315,361,331],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Overview of the RealityCheck system.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,347,395,460],\"text\":\"interaction around the user has not been fully explored, for\\nexample the VR user could simultaneous grab a plate of\\nsnacks, a drink, move from their desk, and sit down on a\\nnearby couch. RealityCheck provides mechanisms for these\\nkind of interactions to take place. By bringing in part of the\\nreal world at appropriate moments, the user's virtual envi-\\nronment can become easier to use and be more enjoyable.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,460,394,618],\"text\":\"Overall, RealityCheck looks to address issues of safety,\\ncommunication, and the physical manipulation of objects by\\nmerging the real world inside a virtual one. This allows for\\nproper 3D hidden surface removal, blending, interactions,\\nand integration within a virtual environment. We demon-\\nstrate compositing techniques that are agnostic to the under-\\nlying game implementation, in fact, no development require-\\nments or API integrations are required to use our system;\\nand showcase their use in the transition between real and\\nvirtual worlds.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,629,378,646],\"text\":\"4 COMPOSITING REAL AND VIRTUAL WORLDS\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,651,395,857],\"text\":\"In describing our system, we take as a starting point the prob-\\nlem of compositing a 3D model of the user's real physical\\nenvironment into the rendered 3D graphics of a VR appli-\\ncation. Such a 3D model may be collected from an array\\nof depth cameras arranged around the user's space ( “ out-\\nside in ” ), or from a depth camera mounted on the user's\\nhead mounted display ( “ inside out ” ), for example. In either\\ncase, we presume that the 3D model of user's real physical\\nenvironment has been calibrated to align with the native\\ncoordinate system of the VR system. In practice, this can\\nbe accomplished by a procedure in which the tracked VR\\ncontrollers can be located in the reconstructed model of the\\nroom.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,857,394,939],\"text\":\"Given the 3D nature of both the virtual and real worlds, it is\\nnatural that a real object should appear in front of any virtual\\nobjects that are further away, and vice versa. In a traditional\\n3D graphics pipeline, occlusion of one object by another is\\naccomplished during rendering by updating the z-buffer , a\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,205],\"text\":\"texture which records at each pixel location the distance\\nof the nearest surface rendered thus far. In the rendering\\nprocess, a given pixel's color is updated only if the currently\\nrendered geometry falls at a point nearer than the value\\nrecorded in the z-buffer.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,205,746,299],\"text\":\"To perform our own rendering of real world geometry in\\na running VR tile, we require access to its final rendered\\noutput for each eye, as well as the z-buffer, view and pro-\\njection matrix used in the rendering process. Additionally,\\nsome modifications may make use of other information such\\nas the pose of each VR controller.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,299,747,493],\"text\":\"Furthermore, we would like to demonstrate the broad ap-\\nplicability of our approach by using it with games that are\\npopular with VR users today. To this end we developed a soft-\\nware framework (Figure 3 ) that allows the modification of\\nthe rendering process of an existing VR application without\\nrequiring the application's source code. It uses well-known\\ntechniques to replace or “ hijack ” calls to system APIs in-\\nvolved in rendering and VR compositing. Such techniques\\nare popular with the game hacking and modding community,\\nand have also been a useful tool in building research proto-\\ntypes on otherwise unmodified software systems [10][31] .\\nWe plan to open source this part of the RealityCheck system.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,502,542,520],\"text\":\"Exploiting OpenVR\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,522,746,682],\"text\":\"OpenVR is an API that VR applications use to communi-\\ncate with SteamVR 3 . An application obtains HMD and con-\\ntroller pose from SteamVR via OpenVR calls, and provides\\nSteamVR with final rendered frames for each eye by call-\\ning IVRCompositor: $\\\\backslash$ Submt t . To add our own graphics to\\nthe VR's final rendered graphics, we replace OpenVR's dy-\\nnamic link library (DLL) with a custom DLL, which similarly\\nimplements the OpenVR's Submt t call but includes additional\\nroutines to render our real world geometry. This is done by\\nmodifying and recompiling OpenVR's open source.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,682,746,857],\"text\":\"The calls to OpenVR's Sub it provide a convenient means\\nof injecting our own code to render onto each eye's final\\noutput, but it does not provide access to the z-buffer. In a typ-\\nical frame, the application will call ID3D11DeviceContext::\\nOMSetRenderTarget}s many times throughout its rendering\\nprocess. Some of these calls will be to set the color back-\\nbuffer and z-buffer that we require for our own rendering.\\nTo find the application's z-buffer, we first obtain the appli-\\ncation's DirectX device by examining a texture passed to\\n\\nSubmit it and then modify its C++ vtable to intercept all calls\\nto OMSetRenderTarget}s.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,857,747,906],\"text\":\"Unfortunately there is no direct means to determine which\\nof the render targets provided to OMSetRenderTargets is\\nthe final rendering and z-buffer we require. Furthermore, the\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,913,607,925],\"text\":\"2 https://github.com/ValveSoftware/opencv\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,925,593,939],\"text\":\"3 https://steamcommunity.com/steamvr\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 347\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/results/markdown/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300577/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300577", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/results/output_json/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[70,111,395,305],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A flow diagram illustrates three distinct scenarios, labeled 'a', 'b', and 'c', each with two numbered paths (1 and 2). A horizontal timeline across the top marks \\\"Start\\\", \\\"Submit(Left)\\\", and \\\"Submit(Right)\\\". Various lines connect points on the numbered paths to events on the timeline, with small circular images and some black rectangles indicating specific occurrences.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,304,394,351],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Three likely rendering pipelines used by VR appli-\\ncations. a) single eye textures, b) single texture shared be-\\ntween each eye, and c) stereo texture.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,367,395,511],\"text\":\"application may use render targets in different ways: 1) each\\neye may be rendered to separate textures, 2) each eye may be\\nrendered separately but to the same texture which is reused,\\nand 3) both eyes may be rendered into the same texture,\\nside by side (Figure 4 ). When each eye is rendered separately,\\nthere is similarly no direct way to determine whether a given\\nrender target corresponds to the left or right eye. When both\\neyes are rendered into the same texture, there is no direct\\nway to determine if both eyes have been rendered.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_005.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_005.png\",\"bbox\":[63,517,399,709],\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The figure displays two panels: panel (a) shows a circular greyscale image with three highlighted horizontal red rectangular regions, and panel (b) presents three corresponding horizontal bar charts. Each bar chart in panel (b) features a prominent red bar on its far right, with the ensemble of these red bars labeled \\\"Impulse\\\".\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,709,394,754],\"text\":\"Figure 5: A compute shader analyzes the render target re-\\nceived through OWSetRenderTargets. a) the raster lines tested\\nin the analysis, b) the impulse used in eye identification.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,767,395,942],\"text\":\"We employ a variety of heuristics and image processing\\ntechniques to resolve these ambiguities and find our render\\ntargets. For example, a compute shader is used to classify can-\\ndidate z-buffers as left or right eye views based on the stencil\\npattern (Figure 5 ). When both eyes are rendered into the\\nsame texture, symmetry of the image is a reliable indication\\nof whether both eyes have been rendered. Once determined,\\nreferences to the correct render targets are cached, and no\\nfurther analysis is performed. In the case where the appli-\\ncation renders eyes separately but reuses the render target,\\ncopies are made during rendering.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,747,380],\"text\":\"To perform our rendering, we also require the view and\\nprojection matrices used by the VR application in its own\\nrendering of each eye. The view matrix is easily obtained\\nfrom OpenVR, which provides the position and rotation of\\nthe user's HMD. This must be updated every frame to match\\nthe user's head pose in game. Obtaining the projection matrix\\nis more difficult. OpenVR provides the projection matrix\\nfor each eye via a function call that takes the near and far\\nplane values used by the application. Presently, we determine\\nthe application's near and far plane values empirically and\\nretrieve each eye's projection matrix through OpenVR. With\\nthe view and projection matrix, we render the real world\\ninside the virtual scene and make a submission on behalf of\\nthe game to SteamVR. This allows us to take advantage of\\nadvanced post-rendering techniques such as asynchronous\\nreprojection and motion smoothing.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_009.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[432,393,735,492],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A virtual reality headset with an oblong sensor array, highlighted in red, on its top surface is shown on the left. To its right is a partial view of a room, featuring a white sofa, a wooden desk, and a plant, suggesting a mixed or virtual reality environment.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,492,746,536],\"text\":\"Figure 6: HTC Vive with Intel RealSense highlighted in\\nred (left). The composited depth image with a virtual scene\\n(right).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,560,624,578],\"text\":\"Data Acquisition and Calibration\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,581,747,660],\"text\":\"The RealityCheck system is agnostic to what can be ren-\\ndered on a submitted frame. In our implementation, we use\\nthe RoomAlive Toolkit [43] for both the room scale recon-\\nstruction and for the RealSense $^4$ head mounted camera (see\\nFigure 6 ).\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,660,747,788],\"text\":\"Our room scale deployment uses eight Kinect v2 depth\\ncameras calibrated using the RoomAlive [43] calibration pro-\\ncedure, where five projectors display Gray codes onto the\\nphysical surfaces to resolve the poses and positions of all\\nprojectors and cameras. The depth and color data is com-\\npressed using RVL [42] and JPEG compression respectively\\nand sent over a local Ethernet connection to the client. The\\nRoomAlive RealSense server works similarly.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,789,746,852],\"text\":\"The compressed data is received by the RoomAlive client,\\nin which the depth and color data is decompressed and\\nsmoothed with a bi-lateral filter. The depth image is then\\nconverted into a DirectX vertex buffer for rendering.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,862,628,880],\"text\":\"5 COMPOSITING TECHNIQUES\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,883,747,931],\"text\":\"We use the system described in Section 4 to create a variety of\\ngame-agnostic compositing techniques that demonstrate the\\nflexibility of our approach across the categories of blending.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[423,938,545,952],\"text\":\"4 https://realsense.intel.com/\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 347\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/results/markdown/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300577/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300577", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/results/output_json/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[66,119,749,427],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The composite image displays eight panels showcasing various virtual and mixed reality scenes. Several panels depict immersive first-person views within detailed virtual environments, some featuring weapons or outdoor landscapes. Other panels illustrate a blend of real-world elements, such as white sofas and room walls, integrated with virtual projections of forests, indoor settings, or tearing through virtual outdoor terrains.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,428,746,474],\"text\":\"Figure 7: Techniques implemented with the RealityCheck system. a) alpha blending, b) salient objects (no Walls), c) full envi-\\nronment, d) texture abstraction (mesh outlines), e) polygon manipulation (floating polygons), f) collision estimation, g) mesh\\nerasing, h) flashlight into reality.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_004.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[74,485,386,623],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This two-panel display shows a virtual reality or augmented reality art application. The left panel features a color palette, a circular container with swirled orange paint, and a tool, all overlaid on a real-world background. The right panel presents a brush selection menu, a virtual object outlined in orange, and a similar tool, also integrated into a real-world environment.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,624,394,668],\"text\":\"Figure 8: Real world guides: a) an ottoman being used to cre-\\nate a circle, and b) a chair being used as a reference ( Tilt\\nBrush ).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,685,394,750],\"text\":\"texture and geometry manipulation, and interaction. We test\\nthese techniques within seven different VR titles available\\non Steam: Accounting, Waltz of the Wizard, SUPERHOT VR,\\nTilt Brush by Google, Blocks, Fallout 4 VR, and Skyrim VR,\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,762,128,780],\"text\":\"Blending\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,782,394,815],\"text\":\"We explore blending in the context of the full environment,\\nonly salient objects, and objects that are nearby.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,821,394,950],\"text\":\"Full environment blending. All available real world geometry\\nis composited into the virtual environment (figure 7 c). While\\nin a room, walls and furniture will occlude everything out-\\nside the physical environment. Applications that are more\\nproductivity focused may benefit from this level of blend-\\ning, such as Tilt Brush and Blocks . Users are able to navigate\\nthe real world while simultaneously able to design, draw,\\nor build within it. This offers some interesting affordances,\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,490,746,523],\"text\":\"such as using a physical object as a reference while modeling\\na 3D object (Figure 8).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,528,747,689],\"text\":\"Salient object blending. Objects that are important to a room's\\ncomposition, such as furniture, people, or pets (Figure 7 b).\\nThis level of blending allows a user to freely move around\\nthe space with minimal amount of hidden surface removal\\non the virtual scene, and can be implemented through the\\nremoval of predefined objects (i.e. walls) or by showing only\\nobjects that have changed from one frame to the next (i.e.\\nbackground-subtraction). Small tasks, such as manipulating\\nobjects on a desk, eating food, or drinking can easily be\\nperformed.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,697,747,827],\"text\":\"Proximity blending . Objects are selectively blended based\\non proximity to the user's head and hand positions (Fig-\\nure 7 a). This level of blending has minimal impact on the\\nvisual coherence of the virtual scene, since only portions of\\nthe physical world appears within a certain distance (1m).\\nProximity blending can act like an advanced chaperone sys-\\ntem with the added benefit of also showing dynamic objects\\n(e.g., people, pets, chairs, etc.).\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,837,471,853],\"text\":\"Texture\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,857,746,905],\"text\":\"Changes to the underlying physical texture can be used to\\nmake the rendering of the real world more similar or different\\nthan the virtual world (Figure 7d).\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,911,746,944],\"text\":\"Color Transfer. When compositing real world geometry into\\na virtual world, it may be desirable to light the real world to\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 347\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/results/markdown/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300577/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300577", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/results/output_json/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[73,118,387,257],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two side-by-side panels display an outdoor scene at night, featuring a large, light-colored sofa on overgrown ground with dark hills in the background. The left panel shows the scene in its original colors with a striped cushion on the sofa, while the right panel overlays the scene with a semi-transparent blue tint and a green oval highlighting the sofa's base.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,258,393,289],\"text\":\"Figure 9: The real world environment before color transfer\\n(left) and after the transfer (right) in the game Skyrim VR .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,301,394,413],\"text\":\"match that of the virtual world (see Figure 9 ). For example,\\nif the player enters a dark cave, the rendering of their couch\\nshould be similarly dark. We use an approach that is both fast\\nand effective in modulating the color of real world geometry\\nto match that of the virtual rendering. We adapt the statistical\\nmethods by Reinhard et al. [30] using parallel reduction\\ntechniques on a compute shader.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,413,394,526],\"text\":\"Color statistics are calculated in the CIEL*AB* color space.\\nThe method uses the global illumination ( $\\\\mu$ ) and standard\\ndeviation ( $\\\\sigma$ ) from a source image ( $I_s$ ) to transform a target\\nimage ( $I_t$ ) to match the distributions found in each L*A*B*\\ncolor channel. Every pixel in $I_t$ is scaled by a ratio between\\nthe standard deviation of the target ( $\\\\sigma_t$ ) and the standard\\ndeviation of the source ( $\\\\sigma_s$ ), giving:\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"equ\",\"bbox\":[174,527,390,555],\"text\":\"$$I _ { t } ^ { \\\\prime } = \\\\frac { \\\\sigma _ { t } } { \\\\sigma _ { s } } ( I _ { t } - \\\\mu _ { t } ) + \\\\mu _ { s } \\\\quad ~ ( 1 )$$\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,555,393,588],\"text\":\"This transformation is easily implemented on a compute\\nshader.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,595,394,691],\"text\":\"Abstraction. Rendering the real world with a very different\\nrendering style can make it clear to the user which parts of\\nthe world are real and which are virtual. Rendering the real\\nworld as a wireframe or with other stylistic effects (Figure 7d )\\ncan also allow the user see through real world objects, which\\nmay be important for gameplay.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,702,133,719],\"text\":\"Geometry\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,722,394,801],\"text\":\"Manipulations of the real world geometry may be useful\\nwhen creating effects where the physical world appears to\\nreact to the virtual. Further, the abstraction of geometry can\\nbe used to incorporate artistic renderings of objects that\\napproximate the original [9, 34] .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,801,394,882],\"text\":\"We demonstrate a geometric effect based on the proximity\\nof the user (Figure 7 e). As the user moves around the space,\\nthe physical environment is reconstructed around them in\\nreal time. The user sees individual polygons float down and\\nassemble at their feet, playing with their senses of reality.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,889,393,954],\"text\":\"In-game collision Estimation. Interaction between the physi-\\ncal world and in-application content is also possible. We use\\nthe system implementation in Section 5 to detect intersec-\\ntions between the real world and the virtual scene (Figure 7 ).\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_013.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_013.png\",\"bbox\":[420,119,751,223],\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A two-panel image displays a reddish, glossy object against a light background. In the left panel, the object is smooth and oval-shaped; in the right panel, it is crumpled and appears to be higher and in motion. The bottom portion of both panels shows indistinct dark and colorful shapes.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,222,744,254],\"text\":\"Figure 10: A before (left) and after (right) shot of a barrel\\ncolliding with a composited wall ( Waltz of the Wizard).\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,269,746,333],\"text\":\"For example, when the user shoots an arrow or throws a bar-\\nrel, the real world will react by breaking apart around the\\npoint of impact (Figure 10). These kinds of interactions make\\nthe real world seem alive and part of the virtual world.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,334,746,428],\"text\":\"We estimate collisions between the application and the\\ncomposite live mesh data by comparing the real world depth\\nof a rendered pixel against the corresponding z-buffer point.\\nZ-buffer values are normalized by the application's projec-\\ntion matrix and may be converted back to world coordinate\\ndepths by inverting part of the projection matrix:\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"equ\",\"bbox\":[532,430,747,466],\"text\":\"$$z ^ { \\\\prime } = \\\\frac { n f } { f - z f + z n } \\\\quad( 2 )$$\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,466,746,611],\"text\":\"where $n$ and $f$ are near and far plane values, respectively.\\nWith the z-buffer projected into the system's coordinate\\nspace, collision with the applications geometry is approxi-\\nmated by computing the distance between the depth buffer's\\npoint and the corresponding point in the live mesh data.\\nThe rendering process may use this distance to appropri-\\nately modify the rendering of the real world geometry. For\\nexample, it may move the real world geometry out of the\\nway.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,621,497,637],\"text\":\"Interactions\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,642,746,705],\"text\":\"Giving the user full control over aspects of blending, object\\nsaliency, or recoloring may be useful when insufficient in-\\nformation is available to infer correct parameters or when\\ngreater control over compositing is desired.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,706,746,850],\"text\":\"Aspects of the real world can be dynamically shown and\\nhidden to the user as they are inside their virtual world,\\nbut there are times when giving control over what objects\\npersist and what do not is important. For example, a user may\\nalways want to know where their computer desk is within\\nthe virtual world. Our system realizes this by allowing users\\nto bring in or remove the real world by drawing over them\\nwith their controllers, giving them a granularity of control\\nover what is seen and what is not (Figure 7g ).\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,851,746,928],\"text\":\"A flashlight into reality (Figure 7 h) can be used as portal\\ninto the real world. A user moves the controller, like a flash-\\nlight, to reveal sections of the real world. All geometry in the\\nreal world that reside within the solid angle emitted from\\nthe controller is revealed to the user.\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 347\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/results/markdown/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300577/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300577", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/results/output_json/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[64,117,396,391],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image illustrates a virtual environment and its projection in a physical space. Panels (a) and (b) show a cartoon-style virtual office featuring a door, a plant, and a filing cabinet, with (a) being a fisheye view and (b) a magnified section. Panel (c) depicts a person wearing a VR headset in a dimly lit room, where the virtual office scene is projected onto the walls and surfaces around them, creating an immersive experience.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,390,394,450],\"text\":\"Figure 11: The HMD user's in-game view projection mapped\\nonto physical surfaces from a co-located spectators point of\\nview, a) the left eye view, b) the companion window view,\\nand c) the projection mapped content.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,466,155,485],\"text\":\"Spectatorship\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,487,395,646],\"text\":\"As part of RealityCheck, we implemented a projection map-\\nping system where a view from the game is projected onto\\nreal physical surfaces from the perspective of a co-located\\nviewer (Figure 11 ). For immersion, it is important that the\\nmapping from the game to the physical surface is spatially\\nstable, where a point in the game corresponds to a single\\npoint on the surface during rotation. This is accomplished\\nby obtaining the rotation matrix from the HMD, the head\\nposition of the co-located user, and an adjusted field-of-view\\n(FOV) for the projected content.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,646,395,711],\"text\":\"The HMD's orientation is retrieved from OpenVR. The\\nhead position of the co-located user is determined by a mean\\nshift method [6] on the aggregated skeletal data from the\\neight Kinect sensors in the room.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,711,395,854],\"text\":\"During a VR session the game displays a companion win-\\ndow on the users desktop (Figure 11 b). The window is a sub-\\nregion of the left-eye texture sent to the HMD (Figure 11 a).\\nSince the companion window is free of stencil marks, this is\\nused as the projection mapped content. The FoV for the pro-\\njection mapped content is then a ratio between the width of\\nthe companion window and the width of the left eye texture,\\nensuring that points in the game correspond to points in the\\nreal world.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,864,213,882],\"text\":\"6   USER EVALUATION\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,885,395,951],\"text\":\"This within-subject experiment evaluates immersion, safety,\\nphysical manipulation, and communication between our pro-\\nposed 3D compositing techniques and the Vive's built in\\nchaperone system. We chose three techniques outlined in\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,362,747,458],\"text\":\"Section 5 that are representative points along a continuum\\nof blending (i.e. little to all of reality): 1) full reality (FULL)\\nwhere all of physical reality is blended, 2) salient objects\\n(SALIENT) where the furniture and dynamic objects are re-\\ntained, and 3) proximity blending (PROXIMITY) where only\\na portion of reality around the user is retained.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_011.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[464,121,703,313],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a floor plan of a rectangular room, measuring 5.5 meters by 4.5 meters, containing various furniture arrangements. Three distinct areas are highlighted in blue with labels and dimensions: area 'a' (1.5m x 2m), area 'b' (2.5m x 2m), and area 'c' (2m x 3.5m). Furniture includes seating groups, a sofa, and a desk area.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,315,746,346],\"text\":\"Figure 12: Room layout used in user study. a) office space, b)\\nrecreational area, and c) living room area.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,458,747,586],\"text\":\"Each blending level is assigned a virtual environment,\\nphysical space, and task in order to replicate realistic VR\\nscenarios. The baseline for comparison is Vive's chaperone\\ngrid (GRID) and line overlay (LINE) where the outline of\\nobjects are rendered on top of the scene. Ordering of the\\ntasks were counter balanced with a Latin square. In summary,\\nthree blending levels ( PROXIMITY , SALIENT , and FULL ) and\\ntwo baselines ( GRID and LINES ).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,586,747,665],\"text\":\"We recruited 12 participants, ages 28 to 40, 2 female. All\\nparticipants were right-handed, and most of them use a VR\\ndevices a few times a year. The study lasted for approximately\\n60 minutes: 15 minutes per blending level and an additional\\n15 minutes of surveys.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,665,747,889],\"text\":\"The RealityCheck system described in Section 4 is used in a\\nroom environment that is approximately 4.5m × 5.5m × 2.5m\\n(Figure 12 ). The room is split into three sections to replicate\\ncommon VR configurations. Dimensions were determined\\nby examining Steam's annual hardware surveys. The first\\nroom-scale environment (Figure 12 a) replicates a home-of-\\nfice containing an area of 1.5m × 2m. The factors FULL and\\nGRID are compared. The second replicates a medium recre-\\national area (Figure 12 b) containing two sofa chairs and a\\nsmall table, room-scale dimensions are 2.5m×2m. The factors\\nPROXIMITY and GRID are compared. The third area repli-\\ncates a large living space (Figure 12 c), with a full couch, foot\\nstool, cabinets, and TV stand. Room-scale dimensions are\\n3.5m × 2m. The factors SALIENT and LINES are compared.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,899,543,917],\"text\":\"Task and Procedure\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,920,746,953],\"text\":\"We asked participants to play a VR application within each\\nof the three mock environments outlined in previous section.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 347\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300577/results/markdown/3290605-3300577_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300578/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300578", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/results/output_json/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,39,134],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[124,118,689,182],\"text\":\"Lost in Style:\\nGaze-driven Adaptive Aid for VR Navigation\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[115,201,261,251],\"text\":\"Rawan Alghofaili\\nGeorge Mason University\\nFairfax, Virginia\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[316,203,497,251],\"text\":\"Yasuhito Sawahata\\n\\nJapan Broadcasting Corporation\\n\\nSetagaya, Tokyo, Japan\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[526,203,727,248],\"text\":\"Haikun Huang\\n\\nUniversity of Massachusetts-Boston\\n\\nBoston, Massachusetts\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[97,261,278,308],\"text\":\"Hsueh-Cheng Wang\\n\\nNational Chiao Tung University\\n\\nHsinchu, Taiwan\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[332,263,480,310],\"text\":\"Takaaki Shiratori\\nFacebook Reality Labs\\nPittsburgh, Pennsylvania\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[553,262,698,310],\"text\":\"Lap-Fai Yu\\nGeorge Mason University\\nFairfax, Virginia\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_010.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[65,325,762,461],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays a simulated urban street scene viewed from a first-person perspective, featuring buildings, roads, and traffic lights. An inset diagram shows a person wearing a headset, looking at a virtual overlay of a blueprint with a blue path on the street scene. The street view is shown twice, once with a yellow traffic light, and a second time with a red traffic light and a large yellow arrow pointing right in the sky.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,466,746,498],\"text\":\"Figure 1: (a) While navigating a scene in virtual reality, (b) the user's gaze sequence can indicate his/her need for navigation\\nhelp and (c) an aid is displayed accordingly.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,504,141,521],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,525,395,604],\"text\":\"A key challenge for virtual reality level designers is striking\\na balance between maintaining the immersiveness of VR and\\nproviding users with on-screen aids after designing a virtual\\nexperience. These aids are often necessary for wayfinding\\nin virtual environments with complex paths.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,605,395,780],\"text\":\"We introduce a novel adaptive aid that maintains the ef-\\nfectiveness of traditional aids, while equipping designers\\nand users with the controls of how often help is displayed.\\nOur adaptive aid uses gaze patterns in predicting user's need\\nfor navigation aid in VR and displays mini-maps or arrows\\naccordingly. Using a dataset of gaze angle sequences of users\\nnavigating a VR environment and markers of when users\\nrequested aid, we trained an LSTM to classify user's gaze\\nsequences as needing navigation help and display an aid.\\nWe validated the efficacy of the adaptive aid for wayfinding\\ncompared to other commonly-used wayfinding aids.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,503,525,521],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[420,525,714,541],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Virtual reality.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,551,502,568],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,572,720,589],\"text\":\"Games/Play, Virtual/Augmented Reality, Eye Tracking\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,594,554,609],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,611,747,697],\"text\":\"Rawan Alghofuhi, Yasuto Sawahata, Haikun Huang, Huseh-Cheng\\nWang, Takaaki Shiratori, and Lai-Fai Yu. 2019. Lost in Style: Gaze-\\ndriven Adaptive Aid for VR Navigation. In CHI Conference on Hu-\\nman Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019) . May 4–9,\\n2019. Glasgow, Scotland Uk : ACM, New York, NY, USA. 12 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300578\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,709,550,726],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,730,747,841],\"text\":\"With the introduction of relatively inexpensive virtual re-\\nality (VR) head mounted displays that have eye-tracking\\ncapabilities like the FOVE, the barrier of entry to utilizing\\neye-tracking data for virtual reality applications has been\\nlowered significantly. Conducting eye-tracking experiments\\nin virtual reality becomes significantly simpler, fast tracking\\nbehavioral and cognitive studies.\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,842,747,921],\"text\":\"Additionally, the availability of these devices and their\\ncorresponding data sets provide researchers and develop-\\ners with ample opportunities for creating more immersive\\nexperiences for VR game players by utilizing eye-tracking\\ntechnologies.\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,922,746,954],\"text\":\"In virtual experiences, users often face difficulties in ex-\\nploring and navigating a virtual environment. This often is\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,790,395,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not\\nmade or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear\\nthis notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components\\nof this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with\\ncredit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to\\nredistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request\\npermissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,900,273,952],\"text\":\"CIR 1919, May 4-9, 1919, Glasgow, Scotland UK\\n\\n© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery,\\nACM ISBN 978-1-4003-3970-2/19-05...$15.00\\n\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3296095.3303878\",\"reading_order\":26,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 348\",\"reading_order\":27,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":28,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/results/markdown/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300578/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300578", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/results/output_json/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,282],\"text\":\"frustrating and weakens the immersive factor that makes\\nvirtual experiences so enticing. These feelings of 'needing\\nnavigation aid' often go unnoticed by developers until the\\nuser issues a complaint about the navigation difficulty. This\\nleads developers to make difficult design choices to incorpo-\\nrate permanent navigational guides to their interfaces, which\\nmay come in forms like mini-maps, arrows or overlaid paths.\\nAll of these navigational guides may take up considerable\\nscreen space and could be visually unappealing or distracting\\nto embed in the VR interface.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,283,394,522],\"text\":\"We propose a novel approach to predict VR users' need\\nfor navigation aid by analyzing their gaze patterns. Figure 1\\nshows an illustration. To experiment with our approach, we\\ncollected gaze and head motion data from subjects recruited\\nto complete a challenging search task in a virtual environ-\\nment. This dataset was used to train a gaze sequence classifier\\nto predict the player's need for navigation aid when navigat-\\ning a virtual environment. We discuss the model's prediction\\naccuracy and present several applications of the model as\\nadaptive navigation aids. We explore our adaptive navigation\\naids' abilities in effectively guiding the player to navigate a\\nvirtual environment, as well as using gaze heatmaps to com-\\npare the player's visual attention to the surroundings when\\nusing our adaptive aid versus that when using a conventional\\npermanent on-screen aid.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[82,522,331,538],\"text\":\"The major contributions of our work include:\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[88,549,395,701],\"text\":\"• Proposing a novel data-driven approach to train a se-\\nquence classifier to predict navigation aid need of users\\nin VR using their gaze and head movements.\\n• Based on the sequence classifier, adaptively displaying\\na navigation aid to users when their gaze sequences\\nindicate that they are feeling in need of aid.\\n• Validating the effectiveness of our adaptive aids com-\\npared to permanent aids via a number of human user\\nexperiments conducted in virtual environments.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[67,720,197,738],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,743,152,760],\"text\":\"Eye-Tracking\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,761,394,954],\"text\":\"Eye-tracking and gaze patterns have been employed for clas-\\nsifying human behavior and cognition in addition to im-\\nproving user experience. For example, Sanches et al. [27]\\nanalyzed the gaze behavior of subjects to estimate their un-\\nderstanding of texts while reading. Lustig et al. [17] utilized\\nan LSTM to classify subjects' reading behavior as dyslexic.\\nSimilarly, we employed an LSTM to classify gaze sequences\\nof a user feeling in need of guidance while navigating a vir-\\ntual environment. Gaze patterns have also been analyzed for\\nimproving user experience. For example, Turner et al. [30]\\ndemonstrated how gaze could be used for manipulating ob-\\njects on a display.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,747,252],\"text\":\"The relationship between gaze fixation flow and spatial\\nnavigation was studied in [29, 32] with a focus on Alzheimer's\\npatients. Burch [1] analyzed visual attraction on metro maps\\nusing gaze fixations. Piccardi et al. [24] found a relationship\\nbetween the navigational styles of subjects and their gaze\\npatterns while learning environment maps. We analyzed\\ngaze patterns for classifying navigation guidance need in\\nvirtual environments.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,263,513,279],\"text\":\"Virtual Reality\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,282,747,426],\"text\":\"Interaction: VR and AR devices have become much more\\naccessible thanks to the advancement and popularity of\\nconsumer-grade VR and AR devices such as the Oculus\\nRift, HTC Vive and Microsoft Hololens. Studying interaction\\nwithin those mediums has become a focal point and an open\\nresearch problem for the HCI community. Some of the many\\ninteractive applications in VR include VR story board design\\ntools [10] , VR/AR conferencing systems [21] and novel tools\\nfor reviewing and editing VR videos [20] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,426,747,570],\"text\":\"More specifically, VR game interactions have been a key\\ntarget of HCI researchers. Cheng et al. [3] presented a mutual\\nactuation solution by using one VR players' actions in a\\nVR game as haptic feedback for another player. Lopes et\\nal. [16] introduced a haptic feedback solution to VR games\\nby simulating physical impact while playing a video game\\nusing an electronic bracelet the authors designed. Like these\\nworks, our approach aims to improve the interactivity of VR\\nby the use of an adaptive navigation aid.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,571,746,698],\"text\":\"Navigation : Our approach aims at enhancing navigation in\\nvirtual environments. Previous works [7, 8, 19, 25] explored\\nadaptively expanding a virtual scene to facilitate VR loco-\\nmotion in small physical spaces. Gandrud and Interrante [6]\\nutilized a user's gaze and head motion to infer his navigation\\ndirection in VR, while Lee et al. [14] compared the visual\\nattention of players navigating in a first person perspective\\nwith players playing in a third person perspective as avatars.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,698,747,954],\"text\":\"Saha et al. [26] conducted a VR experiment to study sub-\\njects’ negative emotions when presented with the wrong\\nservice in a virtual supermarket. They guided the subjects\\nto their destination with a navigation assistant, which was\\nrealized in the form of an embedded path similar to the path\\nwe used in our data collection experiments (see Figure 3 ).\\nMoller et al. [18] utilized an on-screen arrow navigation\\naid much like ours in their AR and VR indoor navigation\\napplication. Darken et al. [4] studied the performance of a\\nvariety of VR navigation tools including: arrows, mini-maps,\\nlandmarks and embedded paths. They concluded that arrows\\nare ineffective on their own as navigation aids and should\\nbe complemented with additional hints like landmarks. We\\nadded landmarks in our virtual space to ensure that the con-\\nclusion of our user study is not skewed by the inability of\\narrows to guide users.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 348\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/results/markdown/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300578/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300578", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/results/output_json/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[71,113,389,543],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This flowchart illustrates an adaptive navigation aid system. Eye-tracking data over a street scene is used to train a \\\"Navigation Aid Need Classifier.\\\" Based on the classification, the system adaptively displays either a plain street scene or a street scene with a navigation aid (e.g., a red arrow), with continuous eye-tracking feedback from a user wearing a VR headset.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[131,549,329,566],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Overview of our approach.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,584,395,776],\"text\":\"Eye-tracking in HMD: Several attempts have been made to\\nenable eye-tracking in head-mounted displays. Pai et al. [22]\\nexperimented with using gaze depth for interaction. They\\nused an Oculus Rift HMD with an added eye-tracker de-\\nsigned by Pupil Labs. Shimizu et al. [28] modified the Google\\nCardboard by using an Electrooculography (EOG) module\\nextracted from an AR device to pair the Cardboard with eye-\\ntracking capabilities. We used an eye-tracking VR headset\\nin conducting our experiments. Our HMD (FOVE), however,\\nwas pre-designed with an IR eye-tracker. Please refer to Vel-\\nloso et al. [31] for several gaze-based game mechanics based\\non the FOVE.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,788,164,804],\"text\":\"3  OVERVIEW\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,808,395,955],\"text\":\"Figure 2 shows an overview of our approach. By using eye-\\ntracking data collected from subjects navigating a virtual\\nenvironment, we trained a classifier to predict user's need\\nfor a navigation aid as a result of navigating a convoluted\\nvirtual environment. Essentially, our classifier learned gaze\\npatterns indicating users will most likely request help in\\nfinding their way. Using this classifier, we experimented\\nwith adaptively displaying navigation aids to users. Finally\\nwe demonstrated the effectiveness of our aid by conducting\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,346,746,378],\"text\":\"a user study comparing traditional navigation aids to our\\nadaptive approach.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_008.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[417,117,748,228],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A virtual reality urban street scene, featuring buildings, a crosswalk, a yellow navigation path, and a red waypoint marker, is displayed alongside a person wearing a white VR headset.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,234,746,338],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Participants of our data collection experiment com-\\npleted missions while wearing the (b) FOVE eye-tracking\\nvirtual reality headset. Their position and gaze data were\\nrecorded and later used to train our LSTM. (a) The red\\ndot — not shown to the participant during gameplay — depicts\\nthis participant's gaze point, and the yellow navigation aid\\nshows the closest path to the destination.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,391,638,407],\"text\":\"4 TRAINING DATA COLLECTION\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,411,747,506],\"text\":\"In order to train a time-series classifier to classify gaze pat-\\nterns of users as \\\"needing\\\" or \\\"not needing \\\" navigation\\nhelp, we collected gaze data from participants navigating\\na VR space. We preprocessed this data set to remove noise\\nand used a windowing approach to produce labeled gaze\\nsequences to feed the classifier.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,507,746,554],\"text\":\"Participants: We recruited 22 college and graduate students\\nwith ages ranging from 18 – 30 to participate in our IRB-\\napproved experiments.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,554,747,730],\"text\":\"Setup: To navigate in the environment, each participant\\nwore a FOVE virtual reality headset which tracks his/her\\nhead orientation and gaze. The FOVE had a built-in infrared\\neye-tracking system that operates with a frame rate of 120\\nfps. An Internal Measurement Unit (IMU) was used to track\\nthe head orientation and an infrared sensor was used to track\\nthe user's gaze. It displayed visuals at a frame rate of 70 fps,\\nwhile our program sampled data at 50 fps. Users controlled\\ntheir locomotion using a game controller. Figure 3 shows\\nthe FOVE headset and an example of the display shown to\\nparticipants.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,730,747,826],\"text\":\"Tasks: To collect the data set for training our classifier, we\\ndesigned a 3D virtual city ( VR City ) in Unity complete with\\nmock supermarkets, auto-repair shops, gas stations, etc. The\\nlayout of VR City is shown in Figure 4 . Each participant\\ncompleted a total of 4 tasks by navigating the city in virtual\\nreality. The participant needed to find a fruit in each task.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,826,747,922],\"text\":\"In the first half of each task, we placed each participant\\nat a randomly selected starting point from a pool of 5 pre-\\nspecified locations and asked him/her to find a fruit (apple,\\nstrawberry, banana or kiwi on each). Note that the closest\\npath to the fruit is shown to the participant to help him/her\\nfind the fruit, as depicted in Figure 3 .\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,922,747,954],\"text\":\"After becoming familiar with the route by completing the\\nfirst half (from the starting point to the fruit) which served as\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 348\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/results/markdown/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300578/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300578", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/results/output_json/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,744,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[95,115,364,391],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A top-down view shows a grid-like map resembling a city layout with paths and building blocks. Four blue stars are positioned at the corners and near the center-left of the grid. Various fruit items, including a banana, an apple, a strawberry, and a kiwi, are scattered across the map, along with a small green rectangular object.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,393,394,452],\"text\":\"Figure 4: VR city 's layout. The participants were asked to\\nnavigate the virtual city in the training data collection ses-\\nsions. The stars show the stating points' locations, while the\\nother icons show the fruits' locations.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,457,395,695],\"text\":\"a training task, in the second half of each task, the participant\\nwas asked to return to the same starting point selected in the\\nfirst half. However, this time, the path was not shown to the\\nparticipant unless it was triggered it by pressing a button\\non the controller. If the path was triggered to be shown, the\\nparticipant needed to wait for at least 30 seconds before\\nhe/she could trigger the path again. This time constraint was\\ndesigned to avoid participants abusing the hint button, and to\\nensure that the hint was most likely displayed only when the\\nparticipant needed it, reducing the likelihood of adding false\\npositives to the training set. To further push participants to\\nfeel confused, we placed a barrier in a random location on\\nthe path they followed in the first half of the session while\\nlooking for the fruit. Figure 5 provides an overview of our\\ntasks.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,696,394,776],\"text\":\"VR City was designed to be maze-like and difficult to nav-\\nigate because we intentionally wanted participants to feel\\nconfused, thus pressing the hint button intermittently and\\nproviding us with positive samples (corresponding to navi-\\ngation aid needs) to train our classifier.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,787,327,802],\"text\":\"5 NAVIGATION AID NEED PREDICTION\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,806,169,824],\"text\":\"Data Processing\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,827,394,892],\"text\":\"In each task a participant completed, we collected a time\\nseries of gaze angles, along with markers of whether the\\nnavigation aid was shown to the participant or not. We com-\\nputed the gaze angle as follows:\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"equ\",\"bbox\":[180,897,392,916],\"text\":\"$$\\\\theta_{t}=acos(\\\\hat{g}_{t} \\\\bullet \\\\hat{h}_{t}),\\\\quad(1)$$\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,922,395,954],\"text\":\"where the the gaze angle $\\\\theta_t$ at time $t$ is computed using\\nthe inverse cosine of the dot product of the normalized gaze\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,585,747,699],\"text\":\"direction vector $\\\\hat{g}_t$ and normalized head forward direction\\nvector $\\\\hat{h}_t$ at time $t$ . Figure 6 shows an illustration of our gaze\\nangle computation. In our experiments, we found that the\\ngaze angle was sufficient to predict navigation aid need using\\nour model. To better generalize our approach, we avoided in-\\ncluding any features that could be scene specific (e.g., looking\\nat buildings, turns, ground).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_012.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_012.png\",\"bbox\":[425,118,740,428],\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Four panels depict a cartoon-style 3D urban environment featuring streets lined with low-rise buildings. Each panel highlights different street elements, including a yellow light beam, a marked yellow path on the road, an oversized apple on a sidewalk, and a metal barrier blocking a street.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,430,747,564],\"text\":\"Figure 5: We asked participants to finish tasks during the\\ndata collection phase. (a) The participants were dropped at\\nthe starting point. (b) They were asked to follow the path\\nto (c) a fruit. After finding the fruit, participants were asked\\nto find their way back to the starting point. The path was\\nhidden from the participants unless triggered by pressing\\na button. (d) Barriers were randomly placed along the path\\nback to the starting point to intentionally confuse the par-\\nticipants.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,699,549,876],\"text\":\"The series of gaze\\nangles computed for\\na participant's session\\ncomprise a gaze ses-\\nsion instance. We stan-\\ndardized our gaze ses-\\nsion instances by sub-\\ntracting their mean and\\nscaling them to unit\\nvariance. We padded\\ngaze instances that are\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,876,744,954],\"text\":\"shorter than the longest Figure 6: Computing the gaze angle.\\ngaze instance with zero\\npadding. This padding was only done for normalizing our\\ndata set and was removed before advancing to any of our\\nother preprocessing steps.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_016.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_016.png\",\"bbox\":[550,698,748,866],\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A line drawing shows a person wearing a VR headset, with two rays labeled `h` (red) and `g` (blue) emanating from it towards a flat gray plane. An angle `θ` is indicated between these two rays. A small inset eye icon is connected by a dashed line from the bottom of the plane.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[551,875,744,891],\"text\":\"Figure 6: Computing the gaze angle.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 348\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/results/markdown/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300578/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300578", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/results/output_json/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[65,117,396,221],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The figure shows a gaze signal waveform over time, synchronized with a timeline indicating periods of \\\"no aid\\\" and \\\"aid-shown,\\\" alongside a marker for a \\\"help request (button press).\\\" Below this, a \\\"sliding window\\\" technique is illustrated, using red bars to label segments as \\\"need help\\\" and blue bars as \\\"no need help\\\" relative to the help request event.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,225,395,257],\"text\":\"Figure 7: Windowing and labeling of gaze angle sequences.\\nMore details are provided in the Data Processing section.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,277,396,375],\"text\":\"Noise Reduction: Due to calibration errors for some partici-\\npants, the FOVE eye-tracker produced some noisy sequences.\\nThus, it was necessary to smooth the sequences after stan-\\ndardization. We used a moving average filter with a window\\nsize of 50 time frames (1 second) to smooth out any noise in\\nthe gaze sequences.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,375,395,486],\"text\":\"Windowing : After preprocessing the gaze samples we used\\na sliding window to produce the final sequences for classifi-\\ncation. We found that using a window of size 550 time frames\\nprovided us with the best trade-off between accuracy and\\nthe shortest possible window for prediction. Each 350 sized\\nsequence gave us data from about 7 seconds of game-play.\\nFigure 7 illustrates our windowing and labeling method.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,486,396,630],\"text\":\"Labeling: We labeled the windowed gaze sequences ac-\\ncording to the navigation aid marker previously mentioned.\\nSubjects likely felt a need for directional help prior to press-\\ning the hint button, i.e., before the navigation aid marker\\nindicated that the path was shown (see Figure 7 ). Consequen-\\ntially, we labeled all the windowed gaze sequences within\\na window's width (or 350 time frames) before a navigation\\nmarker as `positive' (need for navigation aid). The remaining\\nwindowed gaze sequences were labeled as `negative' .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,630,396,804],\"text\":\"Data: We collected a total of 88 gaze sequences, one for each\\nof the four tasks our 22 participants completed. The labeling\\non these gaze sequences produced an unbalanced data set\\nwith 540, 409 negative samples and 48, 033 positive samples.\\nTo create our training set, we extracted 76, 852 samples to\\ncreate a balanced data set (containing 80 % of the number of\\npositive samples and the same number of negative samples).\\nThe test set was created by using the remaining 20 % of the\\npositive samples not included in the training set, as well as\\nthe same number of randomly-selected negative samples\\nthat were not included in the training set.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,820,223,837],\"text\":\"Prediction Model Details\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,841,396,955],\"text\":\"Topology: We employed Lustig et al.'s Long-short Term\\nMemory (LSTM) topology [17] in our approach considering\\nthe similarities between our problem statements. Lustig et al.\\nsuccessfully applied an LSTM [11] recurrent neural network\\n– which can effectively identify patterns in large amounts\\nof sequence data compared to rule-based approaches – to\\nclassify 2D gaze patterns of readers, while we attempted to\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,266],\"text\":\"classify gaze patterns of users navigating a virtual environ-\\nment. Similar to their network structure, our network's outer\\nlayer had 512 hidden units of LSTM blocks. Furthermore, we\\nused hyperbolic tangent as our output activation function\\nand a hard sigmoid for our input (recurrent) activation func-\\ntion in these LSTM blocks. Finally, our outer layer consisted\\nof one output unit with a sigmoid activation function. A\\nvisualization of our network's topology is provided in the\\nsupplementary material.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,267,747,316],\"text\":\"Training: We optimized our network using Adam [12] ,\\na gradient-based stochastic optimizer, with binary cross-\\nentropy as our loss function.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,316,747,396],\"text\":\"In order to select the best performing model, we extracted\\n10 % of our training data to be used as validation data while\\ntraining. This validation data was held-out and used to mea-\\nsure the accuracy of the model at each epoch. In other words\\nit was unchanged throughout training.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,396,747,554],\"text\":\"The training data was shuffled before each epoch. It did\\nnot contain any sample from the validation or test sets. The\\noptimizer iterated over the training data in batches of 100\\nsamples. We trained our model for 500 epochs and selected\\nthe network that had the best accuracy (100 % ) on the val-\\nidation data at the 237th epoch as our classifier. Figure 8\\nshows the validation and training accuracy achieved at each\\nepoch. Beyond the 237th epoch the validation and training\\naccuracies generally begin to drop, we halted training the\\nLSTM at the 500th epoch.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,554,747,682],\"text\":\"Implementation: We used the Python library Keras with\\na TensorFlow GPU back-end to set up and train our net-\\nwork. We trained our network in a GPU-based high perfor-\\nmance computing cluster node, which had two 4-core Intel(R)\\nXeon(R) CPUs with a processor base frequency of 2.40GHz\\nand 32GB of RAM. We utilized two GeForce GTX 670 GPUs\\nin our training. We trained our model for 500 epochs which\\ntook approximately 75 hours on the GPU node.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,694,693,710],\"text\":\"6 EVALUATION OF MODEL PREDICTIONS\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,714,747,792],\"text\":\"The sigmoid function on the final layer of the LSTM produces\\na $\\\\sigma \\\\in [0,1]$ score ranging from 0 to 1. Using a decision threshold and this score, we can classify samples as negative (< $\\\\sigma$ )\\nor positive ($\\\\geq \\\\sigma$). In the evaluation of the LSTM, we set the\\nthreshold $\\\\sigma$ to be 0.5.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,793,747,889],\"text\":\"Our model can predict users' need of navigation aid with\\nhigh accuracy as evidenced by the accuracy, precision, recall\\nand F-score of our classifier shown in Table 1 . We achieved\\na 99.94 % accuracy on our 19, 214 sample test set. Please refer\\nto the Data Processing section for more details about how\\nwe created this test set.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,890,747,955],\"text\":\"We show the confusion matrix as further evidence of\\nour model's performance in Figure 9 . The confusion matrix\\nshows a comparison between the numbers of positive and\\nnegative samples in the test set that were predicted correctly.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 348\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/results/markdown/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300578/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300578", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/results/output_json/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[65,118,396,361],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A line chart displays \\\"Accuracy\\\" on the y-axis (from 0.60 to 1.00) against \\\"Epoch\\\" on the x-axis (from 0 to 500). A blue line shows the accuracy fluctuating across epochs, and a dashed red vertical line is present around epoch 230.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,364,395,420],\"text\":\"Figure 8: Validation accuracy of our model at every epoch of\\ntraining. The accuracy was computed using the held-out val-\\nidation data. The network corresponding to the $237$ th epoch\\nwas selected as our classifier.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_004.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[90,420,369,643],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a confusion matrix showing the performance of a classification model. The matrix has \\\"Predicted\\\" labels (\\\"no need\\\", \\\"need\\\") on the x-axis and \\\"Ground truth\\\" labels (\\\"no need\\\", \\\"need\\\") on the y-axis. The cells contain counts: 9599 for true negative, 8 for false positive, 4 for false negative, and 9603 for true positive.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,643,394,701],\"text\":\"Figure 9: Confusion matrix showing the result of classifying\\nthe test set using our model, where \\\"no need\\\" and \\\"need\\\"\\ndenote prediction as negative (no need for navigation aid)\\nand positive (needing navigation aid) respectively.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[106,701,353,738],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Accuracy</td><td>Precision</td><td>Recall</td><td>F-score</td></tr><tr><td>99.94%</td><td>99.92%</td><td>99.96%</td><td>99.94%</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table presents four performance metrics. The metrics are Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F-score, with corresponding values of 99.94%, 99.92%, 99.96%, and 99.94% respectively.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_5_tab_6.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[108,739,351,753],\"text\":\"Table 1: Classification metrics on our test set\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,765,395,894],\"text\":\"We observed that our model correctly predicted the exis-\\ntence of navigation aid need (positive samples) more than\\n99 % of the time, while erroneously predicted that a user did\\nnot need navigational aid less than 1 % of the time. Similarly,\\nour model correctly predicted that a user did not need aid\\n(negative samples) more than 99 % of the time, while mistak-\\nenly predicted that he/she needed navigation aid less than\\n1 % of the time.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,904,272,920],\"text\":\"7 ADAPTIVE NAVIGATION AID\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,922,395,954],\"text\":\"Anticipating when users need navigation is useful in design-\\ning interactive navigation tools. Using our navigation aid\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,747,267],\"text\":\"classifier, we were able to determine if a user needed naviga-\\ntion aid with only 7 seconds (350 time frames) of gameplay\\nusing his/her gaze. After gathering more than 7 seconds of\\ndata, we can slide our 7-second window to continuously\\nclassify new gaze points. Once we classified a user's gaze\\npatterns as needing navigation aid, we displayed a tool to\\nguide him/her to the destination. In our experiments, we re-\\nalize this tool in the form of an adaptive arrow or a mini-map\\nwhich are commonly used.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,268,580,443],\"text\":\"Designers and end users of\\nvirtual experiences can select\\nthe level of navigation help\\nthey want using the “aid sen-\\nsitivity control bar” shown\\nin Figure 10 . Users can select\\nhow sensitive the adaptive\\naid is with regard to classify-\\ning gaze patterns as needing\\nnavigation aid. Each level of\\nsensitivity chosen on the UI\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,443,747,603],\"text\":\"times per minute the gaze must be classified as positive be-\\nfore the aid is shown. For example, Figure 10 shows a user\\nselection that displays the aid only if 3 or more windowed\\ngaze sequences in a minute have been classified as positive —\\npertaining to someone who would need navigation aid. Each\\nwindowed gaze sequence refers to data collected from 7 sec-\\nonds (350 time frames) of navigation. In our user study, we\\nset the sensitivity to 1 (i.e., we display the adaptive aid any-\\ntime a participant's gaze indicates he/she needs navigation\\nhelp).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_014.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_014.png\",\"bbox\":[582,270,748,360],\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A user interface element, \\\"Aid sensitivity: 3\\\", is displayed above a horizontal slider with a green circular knob. The background is a blurred scene of a city street with buildings and traffic lights. The number \\\"3\\\" for sensitivity is highlighted in green.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[582,373,746,418],\"text\":\"Figure 10: Users can set the\\nsensitivity of the adaptive\\nnavigation aid.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,614,525,631],\"text\":\"8   USER STUDY\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,634,747,745],\"text\":\"Our adaptive navigation aid was designed to enhance navig-\\nation in VR. We conducted a user study to validate the\\neffectiveness of our adaptive aid for guiding users to their\\ndestinations fast and with little frustration. We also com-\\npared our adaptive aid with conventional permanent aids\\n(arrows and mini-maps) with regards to user satisfaction and\\nimmersiveness.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,746,747,809],\"text\":\"Participants: Fifteen healthy college and graduate students\\nwhose ages ranged from 18 - 30 were recruited to participate\\nin this study, akin to [3, 16, 23] . Participants gave written\\nconsent to participate in the IRB-approved user study.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,809,747,841],\"text\":\"Setup: We used the virtual reality headset setup same as\\nthat of our data collection experiment.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,842,747,954],\"text\":\"Tasks: To conduct the user study, we used the VR City scene\\nthat had been employed in the data collection experiment\\nwith some minor modifications. Because the VR City lay-\\nout was designed to be maze-like, and we did not intend to\\nfrustrate participants with the wayfinding task, we opted to\\nfacilitate navigation in this scene by slightly modifying it.\\nFigure 11 shows the modified layout. We highlighted certain\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 348\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/results/markdown/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300578/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300578", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/results/output_json/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[87,118,370,396],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A stylized 3D top-down city map, divided into four distinct color zones (yellow, green, turquoise, and grey), features blue stars labeled 1 through 4 at its corners. In the center, a magnified inset shows a dial surrounded by various fruits (apple, kiwi, strawberry, banana), with a further inset below it displaying a photograph of a tall tower against a cloudy sky.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,396,394,454],\"text\":\"Figure 11: The VR City scene modified for our user study. A\\ntower was added as a landmark to the scene. Neighborhoods\\nof VR City were given different colors to help participants\\ndeduce their locations in the scene.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,460,394,492],\"text\":\"regions of the scene using different colors to make it easy\\nfor participants to localize their positions in the scene.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,492,394,538],\"text\":\"As landmarks play an important role in navigation [2, 4,\\n13] , we added a tower to the scene, which was tall enough\\nto be viewed from any location in the scene.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,538,395,634],\"text\":\"We asked the participants to complete tasks similar to the\\ntasks designed for our data collection experiment. In the first\\nhalf of each task, the participant was assigned to a starting\\npoint and was asked to follow a path to a specific fruit. In\\nthe second half, he/she was asked to return to the starting\\npoint under an aid condition.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,634,395,777],\"text\":\"In our user study, we specified a total of 80 tasks, each\\none being a combination of a starting point, a fruit and an\\naid condition (Figure 11 shows the starting points and fruit\\nlocations). Our 5 aid conditions are defined as: no aid, per-\\nmanent arrow, adaptive arrow, permanent mini-map and\\nadaptive mini-map. Figure 15 shows screenshots of the aids\\nused. Every participant in our study was exposed to all of\\nour aid conditions, to allow for a within-subject comparison\\nbetween aids.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,778,395,955],\"text\":\"We cycled through all of these 80 tasks giving each partic-\\nipant 5 distinct tasks, such that he/she completes one task in\\neach of our 5 aid conditions. The participant may complete\\na task with the same fruit or same starting point twice, but\\nnever the same fruit and starting point pairing. For example,\\nparticipant A was given task 1 which asks him/her to find\\nthe apple from starting point 1, using the adaptive arrow on\\nhis/her way back. In task 5, participant A may be dropped\\nin starting point 1 to find the kiwi using a permanent mini-\\nmap or dropped in starting point 3 to find the apple using\\na permanent min-map on the way back. Because we had 15\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,387,747,658],\"text\":\"participants in total we were able to cycle through all of our\\ntasks giving each participant a unique task. In the previous\\nscenario, for example, other participants will not complete\\ntask 1 and task 5 since they were already assigned to partici-\\npant A. This task design was created to prevent participants\\nfrom being biased towards an aid condition due to the or-\\nder it was given (e.g., the participant might find it easier to\\ncomplete the task under the final condition, after becoming\\nfamiliar with the scene in early tasks under other conditions)\\nor its pairing with a starting point and fruit (e.g., partici-\\npants might find it easy to return to starting point 3 from\\nthe apple because blue might be the most memorable color;\\nand starting point 3 is in the blue neighborhood). To pre-\\nvent the aid from biasing the participant's post-navigation\\nsurvey decisions, he/she was not explicitly informed about\\nwhich aid condition was present in the task prior to taking\\nits corresponding survey.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_010.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[424,125,741,325],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This box plot displays user ratings for \\\"Frustrated?\\\" (blue) and \\\"Timely pop-up?\\\" (green) across five different aid conditions: \\\"No aid,\\\" \\\"Perm. arrow,\\\" \\\"Perm. mini-map,\\\" \\\"Adaptive arrow,\\\" and \\\"Adaptive mini-map.\\\" The Y-axis represents the \\\"Rating\\\" from 1 to 5, with diamonds indicating outliers.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,336,745,381],\"text\":\"Figure 12: Participants of our user study answered the ques-\\ntions with a rating of 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly\\nagree). The questions are listed in the user survey section.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,658,747,753],\"text\":\"User Survey: Participants were asked to complete a survey\\nafter each task to evaluate the performance of the aid given\\nunder the condition. We opted to use a 5-point Likert scale\\nto evaluate the aids similar to [23] . The participants were\\nasked to answer the following questions with a rating of 1\\n(strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree):\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[441,756,716,791],\"text\":\"• You often feel frustrated during the navigation?\\n• The aid popped up-up when you needed it?\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,804,469,821],\"text\":\"Results\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,825,747,954],\"text\":\"Adaptive Aid's Effects on Navigation. Figure 12 visualizes par-\\nticipants’ answers to the question “ You often feel frustrated\\nduring the navigation? ” as a boxplot. A Friedman test revealed\\na significant effect of aid condition on frustration reported\\n( $\\\\chi^2(4) = 13.11$ , $p = 0.01$ ). A post-hoc test using Wilcoxon\\nsigned rank-test with Bonferroni correction showed that\\nthe median of navigation using our adaptive arrow (Md-1\\nstrongly disagree) was reported to be less frustrating than\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 348\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/results/markdown/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300578/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300578", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/results/output_json/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[66,118,399,302],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a bar chart displaying \\\"Time (sec)\\\" on the y-axis, ranging from 0 to 150. The x-axis shows four categories: \\\"Perm. arrow\\\", \\\"Adaptive arrow\\\", \\\"Perm. mini-map\\\", and \\\"Adaptive mini-map\\\". Each category has a green bar with associated error bars.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,304,394,336],\"text\":\"Figure 13: Average time taken by participants to complete\\nour user study tasks.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,366,394,462],\"text\":\"navigation without an aid (Md=2 disagree) $(W=11, p<0.01$,\\n$r=0.33)$. Figure 12 also shows a larger range of frustra-\\ntion level reported for users navigating with no aid, with\\nsome participants who reported a rating of 4 (agree). Com-\\nparatively, participants reported at most neutral frustration\\n(rating of 3) after navigating using our adaptive arrow.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,462,395,655],\"text\":\"Our Wilcoxon signed rank-tests with Bonferroni correc-\\ntion did not find any significant difference in the frustration\\nreported between navigation without an aid (Md=2) and\\nnavigation with our adaptive mini-map (Md=2) ( $W=34.5$ ,\\n$p=0.14$ ). We did not find a significant difference in frus-\\ntration reported between navigation without an aid (Md=2)\\nand with a permanent mini-map (Md=2) ( $W=35$ , $p=0.15$ ).\\nThis could indicate that the mini-map is generally frustrat-\\ning by nature as a navigation tool, contrasted with its arrow\\ncounterpart which received a lower frustration rating (Md=1,\\nstrongly disagree) when compared to navigation without an\\naid (Md=2) ( $W=0$ , $p<0.001$ , $r=0.4$ ).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,665,395,922],\"text\":\"Comparing Adaptive Aids with Permanent Aids. Figure 12\\nshowed that participants generally reported smaller frustra-\\ntion ratings after navigation with a permanent arrow (Md=1,\\nstrongly disagree) compared to our adaptive arrow (Md=1,\\nstrongly disagree) ( $W=0$ , $p<0.01$ , $r=0.39$ ). The majority\\nof participants reported that they either disagreed (rating of\\n2) or strongly disagreed (rating of 1) that navigation with\\nour adaptive arrow was frustrating. At most participants\\nreported feeling neutral (rating of 3) frustration after navi-\\ngating with our adaptive aid. This indicates that our adap-\\ntive arrow did not cause participants to feel frustrated, it\\ndid however increase frustration compared to permanent\\narrows. This suggests that there is a slight trade-off between\\nthe lowest possible level of frustration and immersiveness\\nthat the designer needs to consider while selecting a proper\\nnavigation aid to provide.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,922,394,954],\"text\":\"The post-hoc Wilcoxon rank-test with Bonferroni correc- \\ntion showed no significant difference between the frustration\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,352,747,495],\"text\":\"level reported by participants after navigating using the per-\\nmanent map (Mdl=2) compared to the adaptive map (Mdl=2)\\n( W = 46, p = 0.43). Similar to our comparison of navigation\\nwith no aid and adaptive mini-map, the lack of significance\\ncould be attributed to the abstruse nature of the mini-map.\\nShowing the map when it was not necessary might have\\ncaused participants to second-guess themselves and to stop\\nto look at the map, instead of relying on their intuition to\\nwhere the destination might be.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_009.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[423,118,740,280],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A cartoon-style city street scene, viewed from a low angle looking down the road, is overlaid with a heatmap. The heatmap shows a strong concentration of red and yellow in the center of the street receding into the distance, indicating high attention, while blue areas of lower attention are distributed across the buildings and sides of the road.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,284,746,329],\"text\":\"Figure 14: Participants' gaze when navigating without an aid\\nin the user study. They looked at the top of the screen antic-\\nipating an aid to appear.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,495,747,638],\"text\":\"Participants generally agreed that our adaptive aids ap-\\npeared when needed, with our adaptive arrow receiving a\\nscore of (Md=4, agree) and our adaptive mini-map receiv-\\ning a score of (M=4, agree) with regard to timely pop-up\\nin Figure 12 . We conducted a Wilcoxon signed-rank test\\nwith Bonferroni correction to compare the timeliness of our\\nadaptive arrow and mini-map and found that the difference\\nbetween these two aids followed a symmetric distribution\\naround zero ( $W=39.5$ , $p=0.67$ ).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,638,747,862],\"text\":\"Figure 13 shows the average times taken by participants\\nto complete our user study tasks. There was no significant\\ndifference in terms of task completion time when using the\\nadaptive aids compared to when using their permanent coun-\\nterparts. Participants completed the task in an average of\\n( M = 51.15, SD = 23.65) seconds using the permanent arrow,\\nnot significantly different than and the average completion\\ntime ( M = 81.33, SD = 61.68) of the participants while using\\nthe adaptive arrow ( W = 30.5, p = 0.09). The Wilcoxon\\nSigned-rank test with Bonferroni correction did not show a\\nsignificant difference ( W = 55, p = 0.78) in the average com-\\npletion time of participants using the permanent ( M = 93.72,\\nSD = 61.11) and adaptive mini-map ( M = 80.46, SD = 51.97)\\nneither.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,873,747,954],\"text\":\"Gaze Patterns under Different Conditions. To visualize par-\\nticipants’ visual attention under different conditions, we\\nshowed heatmaps of their average gaze points. Particularly,\\nwe analyzed the participants' gaze points inside and outside\\nthe aid's region under different aid conditions. The arrow\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 348\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300578/results/markdown/3290605-3300578_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300579/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300579", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/results/output_json/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[118,107,692,162],\"text\":\"\\\"If It's Important It Will Be A Headline\\\": Cybersecurity\\nInformation Seeking in Older Adults\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[85,176,291,243],\"text\":\"James Nicholson\\n\\nNorthumbria University\\nNewcastle, UK\\n\\njames.nicholson@northumbria.ac.uk\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[310,176,506,243],\"text\":\"Lynne Coventry\\n\\nNorthumbria University\\nNewcastle, UK\\n\\nlynne.coventry@northumbria.ac.uk\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[532,176,707,243],\"text\":\"Pam Briggs\\n\\nNorthumbria University\\nNewcastle, UK\\np.briggs@northumbria.ac.uk\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,252,149,268],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,272,394,506],\"text\":\"Older adults are increasingly vulnerable to cybersecurity attacks\\nand scams. Yet we know relatively little about their understanding\\nof cybersecurity, their information-seeking behaviours, and their\\ntrusted sources of information and advice in this domain. We con-\\nducted 22 semi-structured interviews with community-dwelling\\nolder adults in order to explore their cybersecurity information\\nseeking behaviours. Following a thematic analysis of these inter-\\nviews, we developed a cybersecurity information access framework\\nthat highlights shortcomings in older adults' choice of information\\nresources. Specifically, we find that older users prioritise social\\nresources based on availability, rather than cybersecurity expertise,\\nand that they avoid using the Internet for cybersecurity information\\nsearches despite using it for other domains. Finally, we discuss the\\ndesign of cybersecurity information dissemination strategies for\\nolder users, incorporating favoured sources such as TV adverts and\\nradio programming.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,516,180,533],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[69,537,393,568],\"text\":\"• Security and privacy → Social aspects of security and pri-\\nvacy.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,578,156,595],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,599,393,629],\"text\":\"Cybersecurity, digital literacy, information seeking; older adults;\\nsocial aspects of security.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,633,190,646],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,647,394,714],\"text\":\"James Nicholson, Lyle Coventry, and Pam Briggs. 2019. \\\"If It's Important\\nIt Will Be A Headline\\\". Cybersecurity Information Seeking in Older Adults.\\nIn CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings\\n(2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290603.3300787, New York, NY, USA,\\n11 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290603.3300787\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,724,211,742],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,746,394,819],\"text\":\"Citizens are increasingly exposed to personal cybersecurity threats,\\nyet many people struggle to protect themselves online and usually\\nrequire external support. This support is typically drawn from\\nonline sources, professionals, work colleagues, and/or friends and\\nfamily [12, 37, 43, 44] . In addition to obtaining support from the\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,254,746,297],\"text\":\"aforementioned sources, news reports can play an important role\\nin raising user awareness of cybersecurity threats and appropriate\\nmitigating action [ 12 ] .\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,298,746,503],\"text\":\"Sources of cybersecurity information are thus diverse, but a\\ndigital divide also operates that can affect access to good quality\\ninformation and advice for certain individuals. Recent work has\\nstarted to explore these populations. For example, those with lower\\ntrends in education will turn to less authoritative sources, typi-\\ncally asking friends and family for guidance rather than seeking\\nexpert advice [44] . Older adults also comprise an interesting group,\\nas they are actively targeted for specific cyberattacks such as pen-\\nsion scans [1, 30] and romance scans [25] in addition to threats\\nalso facing the general population [1, 8] . They also lose more money\\nfrom compromises when compared to their younger counterparts\\n[25] . Older adults are unwilling to report cyber incidents which\\nmeans that they may be even more vulnerable than official figures\\nshow [26] .\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,504,746,604],\"text\":\"Prior work has briefly suggested that older adults may exhibit\\ndifferent habits from younger adults when it comes to cybersecurity\\ninformation seeking and awareness [12, 44] . Yet research on the\\ntrusted sources of cybersecurity information and advice in the older\\npopulation is sparse. This is despite the fact that older adults have\\nbeen found to exhibit high fear of crime [21, 24] – which is likely\\nto translate to online environments [47] .\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,605,746,707],\"text\":\"In this paper, we explore cybersecurity information seeking be-\\nhaviours in older adults. Our aim is to understand what lifestyle\\nand digital literacy factors affect an older adult's ability to obtain\\nand assess good quality information and advice. We explore this\\nthrough semi-structured interviews with 22 community-dwelling\\nolder adults who regularly use the internet for communication and\\ninformation.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[436,708,657,723],\"text\":\"The contributions of this paper are threefold:\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[435,725,747,885],\"text\":\"(1) Firstly, we believe this is the first paper to address in depth\\nolder users' cybersecurity information-seeking behaviours\\nand their decisions about which sources to trust;\\n(2) Secondly, we introduce a cybersecurity information access\\nframework focusing on older users, describing the cyberlit-\\neracy and information resource factors that influence their\\ncapacity to find relevant advice and information;\\n(3) Finally, we show how poor cyberliteracy can affect trust in\\ndigital sources, making older adults uncomfortable using the\\nInternet to search for cybersecurity information, even if they\\nuse it freely to search for material in other contexts.\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,826,393,902],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or\\nclassroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed\\nfor profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation\\non the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the\\nauthor(s) must also be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post an servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission\\nand/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,902,385,945],\"text\":\"CIR 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\\n\\nc 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM\\nACM ISBN 978-1-503-59570-2/19.05 - $15.00\\n\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300579\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 349\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":26,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/results/markdown/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300579/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300579", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/results/output_json/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,112,199,129],\"text\":\"2 BACKGROUND\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,132,353,165],\"text\":\"2.1 Cybersecurity vulnerabilities of older\\nadults\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,169,394,390],\"text\":\"Older adults show a number of distinct cybersecurity vulnerabilities.\\nThey are more vulnerable to spam and take fewer defensive actions\\nthan younger adults [20] , they have a more limited knowledge of\\ncomputer-based privacy and security threats [20] , and they are\\noften more willing to trust those they encounter through digital\\ntransactions [19] . If we add to this the fact that some have significant\\nretirement savings, then it is not surprising to discover that older\\nadults are disproportionately targeted for internet crime and fraud\\n[30] . Older adults are also more likely to be more socially isolated\\n[3] and some experience problems with digital literacy. This is\\nimportant as those with relatively weak social ties and/or poor\\ndigital literacy are less able to share in the peer learning that occurs\\nwithin social networks, are more likely to be more trusting and\\nvulnerable to fraud (e.g. [3] ), and less able to assess the quality of\\nadvice they receive [35] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,413,386,431],\"text\":\"2.2 Older Adults and the Cybersecurity Threat\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,434,394,654],\"text\":\"There are two ways to think about the response citizens make to the\\nthreats they experience in their everyday lives. The first is to con-\\nsider the knowledge and interpretation of that threat: how severe it\\nis, how vulnerable or susceptible they are to that particular threat.\\nThe second is to consider the extent to which they can mitigate that\\nthreat, by taking effective evasive or protective action. These two\\ndimensions are used to explain a wide range of health and other\\nbehaviours and form the basis of a number of behaviour change\\nmodels, one of the most salient being Protection-Motivation Theory\\n(PMT – [48]) . PMT is a well-established model that describes the\\nlikelihood that people will be able to make an effective behavioural\\nresponse to a threat. It has been used to account for the uptake\\nof protective behaviours in a wide variety of contexts, including\\ndecision to be vaccinated, adoption of a healthier lifestyle and, more\\nrecently, cybersecurity [23] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,654,394,786],\"text\":\"The first element of PMT is the awareness and understanding of\\nthreat. In this regard, older adults form an interesting group. It is\\nwell known that older adults differ from their younger counterparts\\nin being risk averse, in part because they are more worried about\\nthe underlying threats (e.g. [46] ). In the cybersecurity context, the\\nlack of expertise in older adults is associated with a higher percep-\\ntion of security threat [18] and the likely response to this elevated\\nthreat perception is that older adults sometimes avoid using digital\\ntechnologies (e.g. [7] ).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,786,394,948],\"text\":\"The literature on older adults' understanding of cyber threats\\nis slight, but there is a parallel literature that shows that older\\nadults exhibit a particularly high fear of crime [21] . Fear of crime\\nis interesting, as it is likely to translate to an online environment,\\nespecially in relation to cyber identity threats [47] . Again, we see\\nthat a high perceived susceptibility to cyber threat is likely to lead to\\na defensive response in terms of disengagement with cybersecurity\\nmeasures [9] and/or lower interactions with online services. We\\nshould note, however, a recent study reporting that whilst older\\nadults are aware of cybersecurity attack vectors such as phishing,\\nthey somewhat paradoxically report low awareness of their own\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,113,746,142],\"text\":\"susceptibility to threats [39] which means that they often fail to\\nunderstand the ways that their own behaviours put them at risk.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,142,747,348],\"text\":\"The other element in PMT describes the coping response that can\\nbe made in the face of threat. Again, there is extensive literature that\\nshows that the ability to respond meaningfully to threat, coupled\\nwith a belief in one's ability to make that response (self-efficacy) is\\ncritical. Indeed, recent meta-analyses in the health domain show\\nthat the coping rather than the threat elements of the PMT model\\nare those that predict successful behaviour change [55] . In cyber-\\nsecurity terms, this implies that cybersecurity literacy – knowing\\nwhich protective responses are effective and having the necessary\\nexpertise and confidence to make those responses – is vital. How-\\never, older adults tend to have lower levels of digital literacy than\\ntheir younger counterparts [50] and can struggle to protect them-\\nselves online, although some evidence suggests that well-informed\\nolder users can distinguish between safe and unsafe websites [28] .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,368,696,403],\"text\":\"2.3 Cybersecurity skills and the general\\npopulation\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,405,747,596],\"text\":\"To interact effectively in the digital world, digital literacy skills need\\nto be developed. Digital literacy refers to a multiplicity of literacies\\nassociated with the use of digital technologies and incorporates\\nnot only having the ability to use the technology, but associated\\ncognitive, social, and emotional issues [33] . While younger peo-\\nple are perceived as being digital natives, in fact digital literacy\\nis reliant on other factors including culture and university educa-\\ntion [2] . Older adults in general understand their limitations with\\nregards to digital literacy, and therefore rely on family and peers\\nfor support [50] . It is important to note that digital literacy also\\nincludes developing the ability to select and use the necessary tools\\nto complete activities online while protecting oneself from harm in\\ndigital environments [33] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,596,746,771],\"text\":\"While digital literacy training may be provided for those in ed-\\nucation or work [2] , not much is known about where older users\\nobtain their cybersecurity information, or the reasons behind these\\nchoices. However, prior work has hinted that older adults exhibit\\ndifferent habits to those of younger adults when it comes to cyber-\\nsecurity awareness and information seeking. For example, there\\nappears to be a difference in sources of cybersecurity advice be-\\ntween users aged 18-39 and those 40 and over – where family and\\nfriends are sought more by the latter [42] . Indeed, older users also\\nappear to hear about security news predominantly on television,\\nunlike younger adults who generally have various sources such as\\nonline articles and social media [12] .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,771,747,948],\"text\":\"The sources of cybersecurity information for the `general popu-\\nlation’ are plenty and diverse. Public media, security prompts, pro-\\nfessionals, colleagues, friends, and family are all important sources of\\ninformation and advice [42, 44] , although patterns of use across\\nthese sources differ. Broadcast news media are more likely to act\\nas key sources of information on topical threats, such as large-\\nscale security breaches that carry personal data implications, or\\nransomware attacks that affect public resources [56] . Social media\\nand other personal networks also have a role in communicating\\nimmediate or novel threats [12] . For day-to-day threats, personal\\ncontacts – such as work colleagues, friends, and family – are more\\nlikely to offer advice about personal cybersecurity protection and\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 349\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/results/markdown/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300579/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300579", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/results/output_json/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,114,394,142],\"text\":\"within these networks, those with IT expertise, are particularly\\nimportant [36, 37, 44] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,142,394,289],\"text\":\"Different information sources employ different tactics for infor-\\nmation dissemination. Experts tend to describe the specific attack\\nvectors (e.g. phishing, viruses, malware) using a more technical\\nlanguage. Non-experts tend to focus on who is initiating the attack\\n(e.g. hackers) using everyday words to talk about computer security\\nconcerns, while newspaper reports focus on sensational rather than\\n'mundane' attacks [41] . Yet, news articles typically arrive everyday\\ndiscussions about security [11] , which means that citizens are more\\nlikely to talk about large-scale attacks rather than focus on their\\nown everyday problems.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,289,394,392],\"text\":\"Users must assess what information and advice to accept and\\nwhat to reject [44] . Yet, the sheer volume of information is in itself\\nproblematic, with many users experiencing 'security fatigue' [17] .\\nInevitably, social processes come into play [37] and behavioural\\nnorms perpetuate in this space. For example, simply having friends\\nand family adopt a particular security tool makes it much more\\nlikely that an individual will go on to explore that tool [10] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,392,394,551],\"text\":\"Recently, cybersecurity advocates have been identified as security\\nprofessionals who can offer security expertise in the language of ev-\\neryday use [22] . This is in contrast to Digital Champions proposed\\nby digitalauta.com or Barclays bank's Digital Eagles 1 who skill\\nup non-security experts to serve as points of advice for the general\\npopulation. These individuals, present across several contexts in-\\ncluding industry and higher education, play the role of motivating\\nusers to be secure and making cybersecurity less boring. Very lit-\\ntle is known about what populations these advocates encompass\\nand inform, or whether these are self-selecting or based on social\\ncharacteristics or demographics.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,551,394,596],\"text\":\"With this in mind, we endeavour to understand where older\\nusers obtain their cybersecurity information and, crucially, why\\nthey prioritise those sources.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,610,209,628],\"text\":\"3 METHODOLOGY\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,631,394,689],\"text\":\"The study consisted of semi-structured interviews with older in-\\nternet users that focused on the construction of a sociogram (see\\nFigure 1 ) and discussions about information gathering amongst and\\noutside that social group.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,689,394,836],\"text\":\"The primary purpose of the sociograms – a graphic representa-\\ntion of social links that a person has – was to place participants in\\nthe right state of mind for critically thinking about their interactions\\nand information-seeking behaviours. Prior work has found that sim-\\nply asking participants about experiences often leads to erroneous\\nand incomplete recalls [29] . Thus, by priming participants about\\ntheir support network prior to discussing their information-seeking\\nbehaviours, we hoped to improve the accuracy of their recalled in-\\nteractions. Sociograms were constructed using the methodology of\\nMcNeil et al. [31] and this process typically lasted 10-15 minutes.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,836,394,909],\"text\":\"All interviews took place at the University and lasted on average\\n90 minutes, but the overall length was guided by the participants\\n(range: 70 minutes to 120 minutes). As a consequence, the precise\\ntopics discussed varied on a per-participant basis depending on\\ntheir experiences.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_011.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[427,108,741,396],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A hand-drawn diagram on paper shows multiple concentric circles. Small, rectangular orange and green sticky notes with handwritten text are arranged in clusters, primarily within the inner circles, with some extending to the outer circles. Hand-drawn lines connect some of the sticky note clusters and various handwritten labels are also present on the paper.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,406,746,480],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Example of a sociogram created by a participant.\\nPink sticky notes indicate very close people while green\\nones indicate close acquaintances. People placed in the\\nsmall inner ring indicate those that the participant feels\\nclosest to.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,513,745,543],\"text\":\"All participants were offered a £20 shopping voucher for their\\ntime. This study was approved by the Faculty's ethics committee.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,555,537,574],\"text\":\"3.1 Participants\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,576,746,662],\"text\":\"We recruited a total of 22 participants for the interviews. Our sample\\nconsisted of 15 females and 7 males, with a mean age of 72 years (S.D.\\n7.39 years) and was made up of community-dwelling internet users\\nwho were both socially well connected and more socially isolated\\nin order to elicit information about a wide range of communicative\\nexperiences.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,663,746,766],\"text\":\"Participants were recruited using emails and communications\\nbroadcasted by organisations and charities working with older\\nadults. Some participants were recruited via word of mouth and\\nsnowball sampling. Recruitment criteria included adults aged 65\\nor over (largely to avoid individuals who could still get sources of\\ninformation and advice from workplace training) with experience\\nusing the internet.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,766,746,855],\"text\":\"The interviews were advertised as 'interactive interviews' to\\ndiscuss sources of information, lasting up to two hours. Potential\\nparticipants were not told initially about the focus on cybersecurity\\ninformation to prevent self-selection bias, but once participants\\nagreed to take part they were given more information before con-\\nsent to taking part was sought.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,867,525,885],\"text\":\"3.2 Procedure\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,888,746,947],\"text\":\"All interviews were carried out face-to-face and on a one-to-one\\nbasis by a postdoctoral researcher with expertise in cybersecurity.\\nParticipants were briefed upon arrival and were encouraged to\\nask questions both before commencing the study and throughout.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,932,281,947],\"text\":\"$^{1}$https://www.barclays.co.uk/digital-confidence/eagles/\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 349\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/results/markdown/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300579/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300579", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/results/output_json/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,114,394,157],\"text\":\"Participants were also told that all questions and activities were vol-\\nuntary, therefore if they were uncomfortable answering anything\\nthey could simply refuse.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,157,394,377],\"text\":\"During the initial 10 ~ 15 minutes, participants were asked to\\ncreate a 'Friends and family map' (sociogram) to then be used as a\\nprobe to help them consider the roles of others in their network.\\nFollowing the creation of the sociogram, participants were asked\\nabout their experiences of internet security problems and further\\ninformation on how they rectified these problems. Where partici-\\npants did not have prior experience with a security issue, they were\\ngiven concrete scenarios of breaches and asked to recount step-by-\\nstep how they would approach the situation, leading to information\\nabout help sources and sources of advice. Participants were also\\nasked how they heard about cybersecurity incidents and how they\\nkept themselves informed and up-to-date. Finally, participants were\\nasked about their online information seeking behaviours. As the\\ninterviews were semi-structured, the order of the topics varied on\\na per-participant basis depending on their experiences.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,396,162,412],\"text\":\"3.3 Analysis\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,415,394,650],\"text\":\"All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Then, all tran-\\nscribed data was analysed using framework analysis [45] . Frame-\\nwork analysis is useful for applied research of this kind as it seeks\\nanswers to four types of question: (i) Contextual: What is the nature\\nof people's experiences? What needs does the population of the\\nstudy have? (ii) Diagnostic: Why are decisions or actions taken,\\nor not taken? Why are services or resources not being used? (iii)\\nEvaluative: How effective are existing systems and resources in\\nachieving objectives? And (iv) Strategic: What new services, ac-\\ntions, or resources are needed to overcome the problem? As with\\nother types of thematic analysis, (e.g. [5] ) the analysis proceeds in\\nfive stages involving familiarization, the identification of a thematic\\nframework, indexing, charting, and interpretation. The first pass\\nwas conducted by the first author, and then the research team en-\\ngaged in the process of 'researcher triangulation' whereby themes\\nand subthemes were vetted by team members [35] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,650,394,693],\"text\":\"Two members of the research team worked on the data and\\nensured agreement on the framework and subthemes before they\\nwere finalised.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,711,157,728],\"text\":\"4  RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,731,394,865],\"text\":\"We describe our resulting framework in terms of the interplay of\\ntwo constructs. These are captured in the framework shown in Ta-\\nble 1 and are unpacked below. The first addresses the cybersecurity\\nliteracy of an individual and includes both contextual (knowledge\\nand experience) and evaluative (assessment of competence) ele-\\nments. The second describes the resources that are available to\\nthat individual and includes contextual (their social network and\\navailable resources), diagnostic (why and when certain sources are\\nused), and evaluative (trustworthiness of those resources) elements.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,882,255,900],\"text\":\"4.1    Cybersecurity Literacy\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,902,394,947],\"text\":\"We identified four subthemes in relation to cybersecurity literacy:\\nlegacy knowledge, interest in IT, language, and previous experi-\\nence.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,110,746,153],\"text\":\"Table 1: Proposed framework capturing the cyberliteracy\\nand resource factors that influence access to cybersecurity\\ninformation and advice.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[482,171,684,264],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Cyberliteracy</td><td>Resource</td></tr><tr><td>Legacy Knowledge</td><td>Social</td></tr><tr><td>Interest in IT.</td><td>Community</td></tr><tr><td>Language</td><td>Commercial</td></tr><tr><td>Past Experience</td><td>Broadcast Media</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Internet Media</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A two-column table lists concepts under \\\"Cyberliteracy\\\" and \\\"Resource.\\\" Under \\\"Cyberliteracy\\\" are Legacy Knowledge, Interest in I.T., Language, and Past Experience. Under \\\"Resource\\\" are Social, Community, Commercial, Broadcast Media, and Internet Media.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_3_tab_12.png\"},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,304,746,365],\"text\":\"4.1.7 Legacy Knowledge. Legacy knowledge refers to information\\nthat has been retained from previous formal or informal employ-\\nment. This might simply refer to information absorbed from col-\\nleague discussions during the workday:\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,372,746,444],\"text\":\"Female 002: \\\"I suppose going back to when I was at work and people\\nwould mention things, I mean, we used computers all the time. So then,\\nyes, people mentioning things and something possibly coming onto\\nyour computer and like 'what do you think this is?' or just generally\\njust by talking to people I think.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,452,746,511],\"text\":\"In such cases, we should note that that `shadow security' prac-\\ntices operate in organisations, such that employees develop group\\nnorms that are not always appropriate [27, 34] . In other words, this\\nknowledge may be unreliable.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,511,746,613],\"text\":\"Cybersecurity information could have also been obtained from\\nthe IT support team at the organisation. This legacy information\\ncan take several forms, including communications from the IT\\nteam broadcast to the organisation as a whole, e.g. \\\"the phishing\\nlooks like this, it has hit our system, please don't do it\\\" (Female 009),\\nor face-to-face information and advice when the IT department is\\nlocal:\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,620,746,679],\"text\":\"Female 005: \\\"I worked in <location> which is where the IT depart-\\nment was. So I would have been able to ask them then, but I then got\\nmoved out of <location>. So once I moved out of <location> I couldn't\\nreally phone them up.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,685,746,731],\"text\":\"Finally, users adopted knowledge from their organisation's secu-\\nrity policies as personal 'best practice', including password compo-\\nsition strategies and templates of phishing emails:\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,738,746,796],\"text\":\"Female 005: Well, I used to work for the <location> government, so I use their formal, if you will, that I used for them. Which is random letters, so two of which form, next to each other, would form a word...with numbers and, uhm, what are they called... symbols.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,803,746,907],\"text\":\"It is not surprising that older users hold onto legacy knowledge\\nacquired from the workplace, given organisations' push to ensure\\nemployee security compliance [52] . Ultimately, this amassed legacy\\nknowledge influences older users' mental models of cybersecurity.\\nHowever, legacy knowledge may be inaccurate, as noted above, or\\nsimply out of date (e.g. the password composition advice change in\\n2015 [32] ).\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,917,746,947],\"text\":\"4.1.2 Interest in I.T. Interest in I.T. refers to both the user's own\\ninterest in learning more about I.T. as well as the interest of the\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 349\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/results/markdown/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300579/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300579", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/results/output_json/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,114,394,143],\"text\":\"user's surrounding social group. It partially reflects their motivation\\nto learn more about cybersecurity:\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,149,395,209],\"text\":\"Male 908: \\\"I've always been interested in technology – I've never\\nhad any training on it but I've always been interested, uhm, and it's\\njust reading any relevant articles or subscribing to various information\\nsources about technology of any sort.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,216,394,260],\"text\":\"This interest in IT is sometimes manifested in following up\\ncybersecurity information to understand the threats or solutions in\\nmore detail:\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,266,395,341],\"text\":\"Female 903: \\\"It would be something online that I read, perhaps\\nthere was a virus with a name and I Googled the name and that's\\nwhere I got it from. It was one that had affected big firms or a big firm\\nbut it said it also had possibility to creep down the line to ordinary\\npeople's computers so I was a little worried about that.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,348,395,465],\"text\":\"It is important to note here that there is likely to be a knowledge-\\naction gap. In other words, just because a user has an interest in IT,\\nand therefore is engaged, it does not necessarily mean that they\\nwill act more securely [16] . That said, when a user is surrounded\\nby people who understand and discuss IT – both physically and\\ndigitally – they are more likely to follow the behaviours of the\\ngroup and absorb cybersecurity information casually, rather than\\nhaving to specifically seek this information when needed.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,472,395,545],\"text\":\"Female 003: \\\"...about a month ago my son came 'round and he\\nwas looking up something like a hotel and he said mum you haven't\\ndownloaded the latest download or update or whatever. He said do\\nyou ever update?\\\"I said occasionally, and he said you need to update-\\nso he updated it...\\\"\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,552,394,626],\"text\":\"In the quote above, our participant explains how she learned\\nabout the value of keeping her devices up to date despite not actively\\nseeking that information. This valuable unsolicited cybersecurity\\ninformation could be key to preventing future breaches, yet she\\nonly learned about it because her son volunteered that information.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,627,394,743],\"text\":\"Previous work has identified that older users are less likely to\\nhear about security and privacy information through conversa-\\ntion [12] , and throughout our interviews it became clear that this\\nstatement was true. We learned that most of our older users had\\na very limited IT literate social network where friends “aren’t\\nbothered with computers and that” (Male 006), thus cybersecurity\\ninformation was unlikely to be discussed with peers under normal\\ncircumstances.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_3\",\"bbox\":[69,763,394,866],\"text\":\"4.1.3 Language. Language is a vital concept in user literacy given\\nthat if a user is unable to communicate using the correct vocabulary,\\nthen this will affect their ability to obtain new cybersecurity infor-\\nmation. Understanding information plays a key role in knowledge-\\nacquisition, given that the use of jargon or unfamiliar language\\nwill mean that users will not be able to process new cybersecurity\\ninformation:\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,873,395,947],\"text\":\"Female 909:\\n\\\"It'\\ns just... I don\\n't have the language to understand\\nwhat they\\n'\\nre saying, I think that'\\ns a good idea but if I have tried it in\\nthe past and they start giving words out I do not know and then end\\nup giving up. I know one should just look them up in the dictionary,\\nbut it gets more confusing.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,114,746,172],\"text\":\"If a user is unable to formulate a recognisable query, they may\\nnot receive the appropriate help. Similarly, if a user is unable to com-\\nprehend and use the correct cyber language when communicating\\nwith others, this might inhibit useful conversations:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,178,746,238],\"text\":\"Male 902: \\\"So that is a great help to me, but the only downside is\\nthat I ring them up and try to explain it but I don't feel that I am\\nexplaining myself properly and I'm not sure if they will understand\\nover the telephone.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,245,746,288],\"text\":\"There is also a relationship between a user's language level and\\ntheir confidence in communicating about cybersecurity and poor\\nconfidence can undermine their ability to act effectively:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,294,746,384],\"text\":\"Female 913: Yes. I would feel completely out of my depth looking\\ninto that. And I wouldn't have the confidence to go into my iPad\\nand.... uh... I mean I was going to the security settings and things on\\nFacebook – I'm always checking the security settings. But I wouldn't,\\nlike, go in and alter anything. I would like to have that confidence to\\nknow what I was doing.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,391,747,466],\"text\":\"The language situation for cybersecurity is not dissimilar to\\nthat in the health domain where specialized language alienates the\\ngeneral population and confuses their understanding of key terms,\\nresulting in calls for simplifying the language used by professionals\\nand the media [51] .\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,491,747,580],\"text\":\"4.1.4 Past Experience Finally, past experience refers to how both\\npositive and negative experiences shape an older user's perceptions\\nof cybersecurity and affects their motivation to seek additional\\ninformation. Bad experiences can affect cybersecurity hygiene (e.g.\\nupdates) and thus open them up to vulnerabilities and poor mental\\nmodels:\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,586,747,675],\"text\":\"Male P091: \\\"\\n...the latest update really slowed it down and I was\\nreally not happy. Because before the latest update I was still doing\\nthe job which I needed to do faster and with some efficiency and\\nif something would upset that why on earth would you need to do\\nthat when you don't need it, you know? And that is why I am really\\ncautious ever since then.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,682,746,756],\"text\":\"In effect, this bad experience changed his updating habits for\\nthe worse – opening him up to new cybersecurity vulnerabilities.\\nIndeed, it has previously been reported that changes to the soft-\\nware’s user interface can render previous experience useless [54] ,\\nthus dissuading older users to update software on a regular basis.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,756,746,785],\"text\":\"When users hear about the experiences of others, it can also\\ncreate mistrust:\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,792,746,881],\"text\":\"Female 906: \\\"I don't do online banking and I won't do online bank-\\ning because I don't think, no matter how safe they say it is, I don't\\nbelieve them. Because things keep happening, the NHS happened, the\\nTSB fiasco happened, and my bank is TSB. Uh, so I don't do anything\\nlike – there's no financial anything on my computer except for doing\\n- for buying things and I do that because it's cheaper...\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,887,746,947],\"text\":\"As Female 906 articulates above, this lack of trust arising from\\nbad experiences can be problematic by disengaging users rather\\nthan encouraging them to seek solutions. However, conversely,\\ngood experiences can work as gateways to more experimentation:\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,125,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 349\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/results/markdown/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300579/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300579", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/results/output_json/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,114,394,202],\"text\":\"Female 007: \\\"For a long time, I wouldn't buy anything online be- \\ncause I didn't trust any payment method. Even when people would \\nsay if I had a little lock on it, it should be alright. I just didn't like \\nbuying anything over the internet at all. But, since I've got the Kindle \\nand I'm fanatical on reading books, I buy a lot of books. And, so I've \\nstarted, uh, very occasionally, I'll buy something other than a book.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,209,393,239],\"text\":\"Finally, taking up new roles can introduce older users to new\\ntechnology, and, with it, new cybersecurity threats:\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,246,394,334],\"text\":\"Female 903: \\\"I'\\nve I'm a completely self-tught computer user, I've\\nnever been to any classes. At the point I joined I had just taken on\\nediting a magazine, I'm only the editor I don't actually write it but I\\nhave to put it all together and in order to do this, I bought the latest\\nWord and I had to learn how to use it and until then I had really only\\nused the internet, I suppose, for emails.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,341,393,429],\"text\":\"The role of past experience is thus vital and well recognised\\nin the learning community. Good early experiences can facilitate\\nthe adoption of technology for older users but poor experience\\ncan alienate users for good, particularly older users who have es-\\ntablished non-technical patterns of interaction in their daily lives\\n[4] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,445,256,462],\"text\":\"4.2 Information Resources\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,466,394,537],\"text\":\"Under normal circumstances, cybersecurity information was not\\nactively sought by older users – this occurred almost exclusively\\nwhen the need arose to fix problems. It was more common for\\nthis information to be obtained passively throughout normal daily\\nactivities.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,538,393,583],\"text\":\"We identified five themes describing the information resources\\nan individual might draw upon in the cybersecurity context: Social,\\nCommunity, Commercial, Broadcast Media, and Internet Media.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,595,394,698],\"text\":\"4.2.1 Social Resources. Social resources consist predominantly of\\nfamily and friends close to the user. In many cases, social resources\\ntend to be the first point of call for cybersecurity information and\\nadvice. While users may not expect their social resources to pro-\\nvide the required information or to fix the issue, they serve as a\\nsense-making and sanity check first stop before continuing on their\\ninformation-seeking journey:\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,704,394,778],\"text\":\"Female 905: \\\"Uhm, again, I would probably ask <son 1> first - if\\nhe said - he might say 'ignore it', you know, it's just not true... but he\\nmight say 'oh dear, you know, someone has got into your computer\\nwhy don't you ask <son 2> and if <son 2> didn't know I would take it\\nround to my computer repair people to see if they knew what to do.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,785,393,859],\"text\":\"Older users turn to family and friends for cybersecurity knowl-\\nedge, and in theory will prioritise people who have some experience\\nusing IT. This includes people who are currently working in IT,\\nthose that have previously worked in IT, those who use computers,\\nand young people:\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,866,393,910],\"text\":\"Male 001: <name> specifically, he knows so much about computers,\\nhe has set them up for his firm and what have you. So he is computer\\nliterate I would say...\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,917,394,947],\"text\":\"While older users generally prioritise the skills of their social\\nresources in that order, ultimately it comes down to availability and\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,114,746,172],\"text\":\"what social resources are at hand to deal with queries. This means\\nthat in practice, an older user may end up approaching someone\\nwith less expertise within their social circles simply due to the fact\\nthat they are able to obtain an answer more promptly:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,179,747,282],\"text\":\"Female 905: I would probably first of all ring <son> and say\\n'the\\ntablet is doing so and so'\\n– and he would nearly always say\\n\\\"\\nwell,\\nswitch it off and switch it on\\n\\\"\\nand I would do that and if it didn\\n't work,\\nhe would say either\\n\\\"\\nyou can ring <son 1>\\n\\\"\\nor\\n\\\"I'll look at it when\\nI come around some time.\\n\\\" So I might then send a message to <son\\n1>\\nsaying\\n\\\"\\nmy tablet is doing this and that\\\"\\n, and he might know the\\nanswer or he might not.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,289,746,450],\"text\":\"This is an important consideration, as even older users with ac-\\ncess to IT experts may default to the least appropriate person sim-\\nply due to being local or contactable. While the intent of older users\\nreflects that of the general population [37] - in that competence\\nof source is valued over other factors including trust, availability,\\ncost, and closeness - in practice they prioritise the availability of\\nsource given their limited relevant social options and given their\\nlimited literacy. Again, we see a parallel with the development of a\\nlocal, non-expert 'shadow security' culture within an organisation,\\nwhere colleagues that work in the immediate vicinity develop their\\nown norms and beliefs [27] .\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,450,746,509],\"text\":\"In addition to providing direct knowledge, social resources also\\nplay the role of brokers. That is, an older user may approach a friend\\nor family member with the aim of obtaining a recommendation for\\nsomeone else to provide the desired information or help:\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,516,747,603],\"text\":\"Male 006: \\\"He's a social friend, really. I might, umh, mention in\\npassing. I've got a problem I would ask him... but no, I wouldn't discuss\\ncomputers with him, really... But if I've got a problem, because he's\\ngot his own business and he's got to be up to date, he knows people\\nwho, uhm, to sort things out for him, so I ask his advice on people,\\nthat's what I do.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,611,746,656],\"text\":\"Social resources can also serve as an encouragement for older\\nusers to engage with new technology, either actively or passively\\n(e.g. [40] ):\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,662,746,736],\"text\":\"Female 905: \\\"So I had an Australian friend come, and she had an\\niPad and she said how fantastic it was and it was driving her poor\\nhusband barmy because she was on it all the time. But I got interested\\nand she persuaded me that it was a good idea so I went and bought\\none. We went together and bought it.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,743,746,817],\"text\":\"While it is a positive outcome that older users are encouraged to\\ntake up new technology, it is important that they are appropriately\\nbriefed about new cyber threats and countermeasures. A particular\\nproblem occurs when well-meaning friends introduce individuals\\nto new threats, for example, by gifting second-hand devices:\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,824,746,882],\"text\":\"Female 005: \\\"Well, it was my brother's cast off, he gives me so much\\nof his cast offs. So, he was there, but he's one of these, he says 'it is very\\nintuitive, you work it out'\\n. So, every now and then I'll be,\\n'I cannot\\nget' or 'what do I do'.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,889,746,920],\"text\":\"This highlights an important issue associated with hand-me-\\ndown devices: the lack of ongoing support and the assumption\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 349\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/results/markdown/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300579/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300579", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/results/output_json/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,114,394,143],\"text\":\"that the recipient is able to make sense of the device. This issue is\\nexplored further in Commercial Resources (see subsection 4.2.3).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,191,394,294],\"text\":\"4.2.2 Community Resources. Communities can be considered an\\nextension of the social resource or they might be formal organisa-\\ntions and informal interest groups. In both cases, older users can\\nbe exposed to cybersecurity information, and provide an oppor-\\ntunity for information dissemination and advice seeking. These\\ncommunities can also serve as brokers for older users to find peers\\nor professionals to remedy problems:\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,300,395,346],\"text\":\"Male 902: \\\"\\n...I was a member of an organisation at the time and\\nshe said that this was someone – the firm that she used, and it was\\ngeographically close to me...\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,352,394,412],\"text\":\"Special interest groups can happen both formally within organi-\\nsations and also informally outside, with both offering an outlet for\\nthose interested in IT, to discuss and learn more about the subject,\\nincluding cybersecurity:\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,417,394,479],\"text\":\"Female 903: \\\"Yes I used to belong to their LT group and this was one\\nof the things we were told about, that passwords, that crooks relied on\\npeople being lazy about their passwords and would be easy prey at\\nthe slightest opportunity.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,484,393,515],\"text\":\"Being part of a community means older users have 'colleagues'\\nwho may be able to help with issues that arise:\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,521,394,582],\"text\":\"Female 904: \\\"She gave it to me and said 'here, it may need charging\\nup'\\n. I didn't have a clue so luckily there was a bell in the charity shop\\nwho was a wiz with computers and things like this, so <name> set it\\nup for me and he set it up so it would be easy for me.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,587,394,631],\"text\":\"Again, here we see the opportunistic nature of information seek-\\ning in older users and how having a community available supports\\ntheir information needs.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,632,394,720],\"text\":\"Community-organised courses also contribute to older users'\\nIT and cybersecurity information. Despite their value, however,\\nolder users explained their difficulties in finding relevant courses,\\nand specifically how finding courses that were pitched at the right\\nliteracy level – and at their age group in particular – were very\\ndifficult to find:\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,726,394,787],\"text\":\"Female 905: \\\"Well, I have looked but, see, the thing is, I haven't\\nfound anywhere that I can get lessons for my age group -- you know,\\nbecause it's not as easy as you think it is, just go and do a class when\\nyou reach a certain age.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,792,394,881],\"text\":\"While the content of courses is important, the mode of delivery\\nis equally important. Older users reported having attended face-to-\\nface courses, and while acknowledged that online courses may be\\nmore convenient due to time constraints, they would most likely\\nnot complete online courses, supporting previous work on factors\\nfor disengagement with formal learning online [14] :\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,887,394,948],\"text\":\"Female 91: \\\"A course probably. If it was online and I was doing\\nit myself, I wouldn't do it... I think it would be too complicated and I\\nthink it would be too dry. I think I would start it, but, whether I would\\nfinish it would be a different proposition.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,113,746,187],\"text\":\"Ultimately, communities and events facilitated by communities\\ngive older users an outlet for improving their cybersecurity knowl-\\nedge. In fact, these can be seen as replacements for the workplace\\ninformation exchange with the caveat that experts providing the\\nadvice are likely to be less trained than those in the workplace.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,206,746,265],\"text\":\"4.2.3 Commercial Resources . Commercial resources consist of en-\\ntities with expert knowledge on cybersecurity. These resources\\nconsist of large national stores, local shops, and professional free-\\nlaners, while covering both setup support and aftersales support\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,271,747,361],\"text\":\"Female 008: \\\"I wanted the personal touch. Somebody who knows\\na little, knows enough about whatever you're doing, doesn't have to\\nbe a computer expert, but knows enough about your bid to be able to\\nsort you out and if there's a problem I can go to the local shop, I like\\nto support local businesses anyway, and I just wanted to spend £250\\nbecause I don't intend to be working for a lot longer.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,367,746,440],\"text\":\"The quote above emphasise the expectations that older users\\nput on commercial resources, explicitly the requirement for local\\nafter-sales support. The quote also emphasises older users' need\\nfor availability, once again prioritising availability over expertise\\nas with social resources.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,441,746,529],\"text\":\"That said, it is also important to highlight the official structures\\nthat are put in place by these commercial resources. The best ex-\\nample is Apple, who provide a range of user-friendly structures for\\nusers and are heavily utilised by older users when required. These\\nstructures include telephone, web, and face-to-face professional\\nsupport, as well as a clear focus point for troubleshooting:\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,535,747,625],\"text\":\"Female 911: \\\"Because, I find them really good. I found them very\\nhelpful. You can ring them up, they give you an appointment straight\\naway. Um, and if there's any problems going on, generally, we tend to\\nknow about them first. Obviously, with people going in so they will be\\nable to say I'll look 'it' this or it's that or maybe do something over\\nthe phone, as well, that I could put it right.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,631,747,763],\"text\":\"Perhaps it is not surprising that older users rely heavily on\\ncommercial resources when available, given their predisposition to\\nseek – and trust – advice from professionals [13] in other contexts.\\nHowever, we should bear in mind that older adults have limited\\nfinancial resources and, as we have seen, do not always buy their\\ndevices new. This means access to good quality information and\\nadvice can be restricted. Financial limitations play out in other\\ncybersecurity decisions, such as the way older adult users may\\nchoose to install free antivirus software:\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,770,747,830],\"text\":\"Male 006: \\\"So, I try not to pay – I'm on my pension, that type of\\nthing. And I don't believe in spending money unnecessarily. But, I'm\\nquite happy with Awast. It's very intrusive and it's always got pop-ups,\\nbut you can limit them.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,836,746,895],\"text\":\"Sometimes these money-saving measures directly led to secu-\\nrity issues, with one prominent example detailing her experiences\\nof being compromised due to not paying to renew her antivirus\\nsoftware:\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,902,747,947],\"text\":\"Female 960: \\\"Because I hadn't paid anything. It was well past the\\nfirst three months or whatever it had free, so I had at that point yes...\\nbeing a tight wad...\\\"\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 349\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/results/markdown/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300579/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300579", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/results/output_json/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,114,394,186],\"text\":\"Financial constraints are not exclusive to older users, but we\\nshould perhaps start to consider that some older users share com-\\nmonalities with low socioeconomic status groups and recognise\\nthat finances can limit their access to commercial and professional\\nresources.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,197,394,269],\"text\":\"4.2.4 Broadcast Media Resources . Broadcast Media resources con-\\nsist of television, radio, magazines, newspapers, and, to a lesser\\nextent, the internet. Cybersecurity information is usually absorbed\\npassively via the news (specifically via headlines), general interest\\nprogramming, and television adverts:\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,277,394,322],\"text\":\"Male 001: \\\"Well I get a daily paper and if something was in the\\npaper you know I would be aware of it, assuming that the headline was\\nbig enough to catch your attention - I don't read every paragraph.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,329,394,401],\"text\":\"Radio is a particularly interesting medium in this age group, and\\none that has been neglected in other studies describing the role\\nof broadcast media [12, 42, 44] . Older users report relying heavily\\non radio information as they can listen over long periods whilst\\ncarrying out other tasks:\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,408,394,482],\"text\":\"Female 002: \\\"I mean, I do have Radio Four on quite a lot during the\\nday when I'm indoors or even possibly out in the garden – I'll have my\\nearphones plugged in and not particularly discriminating what I'm\\nlistening to. So, I don't put myself out to listen to those programmes,\\nbut frequently I don't turn them off.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,489,394,533],\"text\":\"Television advertisements are another interesting resource, given\\nthat few older consumers – especially those 65 and over – watch\\ncontent 'on demand' [38] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,541,394,600],\"text\":\"Female 009: \\\"When you look on a TV we are all told about looking\\nfor the symbol for safe websites, aren't we - you look for the safe\\naddress... Well, it's the TV adverts, isn't it - it's regularly in the\\nadvertising slot between the programmes...\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,607,394,798],\"text\":\"The segmentation of the media is interesting. We already know\\nthat older adults are heavily reliant on the media for cybersecurity\\nawareness [12] , but we see here the different qualities of print,\\nradio, and broadcast media. Returning to our discussion of threats\\nearlier, news media can be sensationalist, focusing on major threats\\nrather than everyday events (e.g. [41] ) thus it is not surprising that\\nexposure to television news has been shown to increase fear of\\ncrime [49] . On the other hand, TV ads are more likely to take a\\ncampaign focus, describing the kinds of coping strategies that might\\nkeep people safe online. We would also suggest here, that older\\nadults' reliance on radio – and in fact a self-reported preference\\nfor radio – could be better exploited in order to supply older users\\nwith relevant and important cybersecurity information.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,806,394,910],\"text\":\"4.2.5 Internet Media Resources . The Internet is a particularly in-\\nteresting resource when it comes to older users. Whilst younger\\nusers turn primarily to the internet for security information, and\\ninformation more generally, (e.g. [12, 15, 42, 44] ), older users appear\\nto be more reserved when it comes to seeking security information\\nusing this resource and tend to avoid using the internet for this\\npurpose:\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,917,394,948],\"text\":\"Female 002: \\\"I've got an induction hob where I live now and its not\\ngot a manual - what am I supposed to do with this! And the underfloor\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,113,746,172],\"text\":\"heating has a Honeywell control that there are no instructions for, so\\nI've had to go online and look up things like that. So I will use it – but\\nif it's something about something that's on the internet then usually I\\nwill ask questions first and that would be definitely a second resort.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,179,746,266],\"text\":\"This aversion is also true for social media, a resource that many\\nof our participants avoided altogether. Those that did engage with\\nsocial media used it predominantly for keeping in touch with family\\nand did not report seeking cybersecurity information on these\\nplatforms, although may have come across this information while\\nbrowsing.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,266,746,384],\"text\":\"There appear to be two main reasons why older users avoid using\\nthe internet for security information seeking. The first reflects the\\nlanguage barriers reported earlier (see subsection 4.1.3 ). This is\\nsimilar to eHealth literacy, where older users report not feeling\\nvery confident when evaluating online advice [53] . The second\\nis simply a lack of trust about the quality of cybersecurity advice\\navailable online. Older users seemed sceptical of anything they read\\nthat may in fact compromise their devices and services:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,391,746,465],\"text\":\"Female 009: \\\"I Google quite a lot, uh, I probably haven't Goofed\\nIT security and I think I would be sceptical about what I was seeing\\nbecause I'm presuming that people who are anti-IT security who want\\nto breach it will also be on the same search.\\\" Join me, I will protect\\nyour computer r- but who are you? So I have a scepticism about it...\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,472,746,575],\"text\":\"This scepticism reflects recent observations that users are be-\\ncoming increasingly anxious about cybersecurity notifications. In\\na recent study, users were reluctant to report a cybersecurity inci-\\ndent, for fear that the notification itself was a form of attack [6] . For\\nolder users, particularly those who are more socially isolated and\\nless digitally literate, this level of uncertainty makes it particularly\\ndifficult to access good quality advice.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,593,531,609],\"text\":\"5 DISCUSSION\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,614,746,716],\"text\":\"This paper set out to explore what resources were favoured by older\\nusers for obtaining cybersecurity information, and crucially to un-\\nderstand the reasoning behind these choices. Below we present\\na summary of our main findings, followed by reflections on our\\ncybersecurity information access framework, and finally recom-\\nmendations for disseminating cybersecurity information to older\\nusers.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,736,599,754],\"text\":\"5.1 Summary of Findings\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,757,746,902],\"text\":\"Our study finds that older adults who are regular internet users do\\nnot feel confident using the internet for finding security information\\nor for troubleshooting security/technical situations. This is despite\\nusing the internet for a variety of other purposes, including seeking\\nhelp in other domains. This paradox can be partially explained\\nby a language disparity, where some older users are unable to\\narticulate their problems or understand the information on offer.\\nAs a consequence, older users turn to family members or friends for\\nadvice and help, using a more opportunistic rather than strategic\\napproach.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,902,746,947],\"text\":\"Unsurprisingly, older users did not seek cybersecurity informa-\\ntion unless there was a proactive need, yet we show how informa-\\ntion can be absorbed under the right circumstances to help mitigate\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 349\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300579/results/markdown/3290605-3300579_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300583/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300583", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/results/output_json/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,39,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[94,117,720,213],\"text\":\"\\\"I was really, really nervous posting it\\\":\\nCommunicating about Invisible Chronic Illnesses\\nacross Social Media Platforms\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[184,223,304,288],\"text\":\"Shruti Sannon\\nCornell University\\nIthaca, New York\\nss3464@cornell.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[180,302,305,365],\"text\":\"Natalya N. Bazavarova\\nCornell University\\nIthaca, New York\\nmb8@cornell.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[502,223,642,288],\"text\":\"Elizabeth L. Murnane\\n\\nStanford University\\nStanford, California\\n\\nemurnane@stanford.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[518,302,624,366],\"text\":\"Geri Gay\\n\\nCornell University\\nIthaca, New York\\n\\ngkg1@cornell.edu\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,377,141,393],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,397,395,654],\"text\":\"People with invisible chronic illnesses (ICIs) can use social\\nmedia to seek both informational and emotional support,\\nbut these individuals also face social and health-related chal-\\nlenges in posting about their often-stigmatized conditions on-\\nline. To understand how they evaluate different platforms for\\ndisclosure, we interviewed 19 people with ICIs who post on\\ngeneral social media about their illnesses, such as Facebook,\\nInstagram, and Twitter. We present a cross-platform anal-\\nysis of how platforms varied in their suitability to achieve\\nparticipants' goals, as well as the challenges posed by each\\nplatform. We also found that as participants' ICIs progressed,\\ntheir goals, challenges, and social media use similarly evolved\\nover time. Our findings highlight how people with ICIs select\\nplatforms from a broader ecology of social media and suggest\\na general need to understand shifts in social media use for\\npopulation with chronic but changing health concerns.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,662,173,680],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,683,394,718],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Collaborative and so-\\ncial computing\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,728,150,745],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,749,394,766],\"text\":\"Health; social media; media ecology; invisible chronic illness\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,379,553,391],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[423,394,747,481],\"text\":\"Shruti Sannon, Elizabeth L. Murnane, Natalia N. Bazarova, and Geri\\nGay. 2019. \\\"I really, really nervous posting it\\\": Communicating\\nabout Invisible Chronic Illnesses across Social Media Platforms. In\\nCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings\\n(CHI 2019), May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK . ACM, New York,\\nNY, USA, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3296605.330583\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,501,549,518],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,521,747,713],\"text\":\"Invisible chronic illnesses (ICIs) are illnesses that cause chronic\\nphysical impairments that are not visibly apparent, such as\\nLyme disease, lupus, and fibromyalgia [14] . An estimated\\n10 % of all adults in the United States have an ICI [56] , which\\nmeans they often face two challenges that compound each\\nother. First, since their health conditions are chronic rather\\nthan temporary, people with ICIs have to come to terms with\\na new self-identity that involves living with illness [14] . Sec-\\nond, ICIs are invisible – that is, the symptoms cannot be easily\\nseen and verified by others, and thus can be delegitimized.\\nConsequently, people with ICIs face both physiological and\\nsocial challenges because of their illnesses [26] .\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,713,747,873],\"text\":\"As a result, people with ICIs can struggle with a \\\"dilemma\\nof disclosure\\\": talking about their ICIs with others can risk\\nstigmatization, but concealing their ICIs can harm their psy-\\nchological well-being [60] . Social media can provide a valu-\\nable way to communicate about ICIs with a variety of audi-\\nences for a range of goals, such as receiving informational\\nand emotional support [12, 40] . ICI-related communication\\nnot only occurs on illness-specific forums, such as Patients-\\nLikeMe [64] , but also on general social media platforms in-\\ncluding Facebook [25] and Tumblr [23] .\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,873,747,953],\"text\":\"In this study, we are interested in how people disclose\\nabout their ICIs across multiple social media platforms and\\nhow the particular goals and challenges of ICIs influence\\ntheir choice of platform. Prior work establishes that, in gen-\\neral, people use many platforms in everyday life, where each\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,777,393,883],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,886,274,898],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,900,393,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,927,265,936],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,941,244,951],\"text\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300583\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 353\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":26,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/results/markdown/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300583/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300583", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/results/output_json/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,395,331],\"text\":\"platform is part of a broader social media ecosystem [66] ;\\nconsequently, disclosure choices reflect what a given plat-\\nform has to offer within the context of other available options\\n[65] . We suspect that the social and health-related challenges\\naround ICIs influence how people select platforms to disclose\\nabout their ICIs. To this end, we conducted semi-structured\\ninterviews with 19 people who use social media to talk about\\ntheir ICIs. Our participants were diagnosed with a range of\\nICIs and used an average of three social media platforms\\nto talk about them. We were therefore able to conduct a\\ncross-comparative analysis of how they made ICI-related\\ndisclosures across many platforms, including Facebook, In-\\nstagram, Tumblr, Twitter, and personal blogs.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,332,395,508],\"text\":\"We found that people with ICIs select platforms based on\\nan evaluation of various platforms' suitability to fulfill spe-\\ncific ICI-related goals (such as information-seeking) and the\\nICI-related challenges on each platform (such as cognitive\\nburden). Moreover, we saw how people's goals and social\\nmedia use change over time as their illness progresses. We\\ndiscuss how ICI-related goals and challenges map onto dif-\\nferent platforms, how time is a useful lens through which to\\nunderstand the social media use of people with chronic but\\nchanging health issues, and how ICI-related challenges on\\nsocial media might be mitigated through technology design.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,525,198,541],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,546,308,563],\"text\":\"ICI as an Evolving but Chronic Identity\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,566,395,758],\"text\":\"Living with an ICI is often an evolving process marked by sev-\\neral milestones in a broader illness trajectory [10] : accepting\\nthe illness, renegotiating one's self-concept, and reframing\\none's identity [37] . This process has a fundamentally social\\ncomponent because the meaning people assign to their ICIs\\nis based on how they are viewed by others [22] . The acquired\\nsocial meaning of the ICI then shapes how people negotiate\\ntheir identity and the strategies they use to either disclose\\nor conceal their ICIs. Thus, living with an ICI goes beyond\\nmanagement of a clinical condition; it involves changes in\\none's self-concept and identity as people accept and integrate\\ntheir illnesses into their daily lives [14] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,758,395,951],\"text\":\"According to Goffman [21] , people actively construct their\\nidentities and social worlds through interaction. Today, on-\\nline spaces introduce additional contexts for interaction and\\ncan provide psychosocial benefits by giving more control\\nand flexibility over how people with ICIs present themselves\\n[41] . This is similar in many ways to the experiences of other\\ngroups that leverage social media to navigate identity transi-\\ntions. For example, people who undergo gender transitions\\nuse social media to explore their new identity in a safe space\\n[27] . Similarly, students transitioning into college life from\\ndisadvantaged backgrounds use social media to receive social\\nsupport to help affirm their new identities as college students\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,189],\"text\":\"[43] . Social media can also be a way to raise awareness dur-\\ning a person's transition, as well as to find camaraderie with\\npeers and a safe space to vent, as seen in research on military\\nveterans transitioning into civilian life [52] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,189,746,347],\"text\":\"People undergoing transitions also face many challenges\\nwhen assessing benefits and risks around disclosure. For\\nexample, navigating a gender transition on Facebook is com-\\nplicated by the digital traces of one's previous gender iden-\\ntity (e.g., name, pictures) that persist after the transition\\n[28] . Impression management also plays a role in posting\\nabout transitions; for example, some disadvantaged and low-\\nincome students transitioning into college life avoid asking\\nfor college advice on social media because they do not want\\nto be judged by their social network [43] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,348,746,554],\"text\":\"While identity transition is challenging for all of these\\nand other populations, it takes on a slightly different form\\nfor people with ICIs. Instead of managing a painful past (as\\nin gender transitions, e.g., [28] ), the transition for people\\nwith ICIs is about reconciling a healthy past with a current\\nand future self that lives with illness, and requires evolving,\\nlong-term management [14] . To pursue these evolving needs,\\npeople with ICIs may select different social media platforms\\nat different stages of their illness, and a cross-comparative\\nstudy of platforms is needed to understand how participants\\nmap the various goals and challenges that emerge as part\\nof the identity transition process onto different platforms in\\ntheir broader social media ecology.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,566,687,583],\"text\":\"Communicating about ICIs on Social Media\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,586,747,955],\"text\":\"ICIs fall in the class of stigmatizing chronic conditions be-\\ncause they become central to one's identity but have symp-\\ntoms that others find hard to interpret, and cause long-term\\nsocial consequences [19] . The stigma around ICIs is further\\ncomplicated by the fact that healthy people can also tem-\\nporarily experience some of the symptoms of ICIs, such as\\nfatigue or headaches. As discussed by Lonardi [37] , this cre-\\nates dominant stereotypes about these symptoms – e.g., that\\nheadaches are mild and temporary. Such thinking can dis-\\ncredit people with ICIs who experience more severe forms of\\nthese symptoms and can render their ICIs as even more invis-\\nible. This stands in contrast to well-known health conditions\\n(e.g., cancer), which are not experienced by healthy people.\\nSome ICIs, such as chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyal-\\ngia, are also “ contested illnesses ”– that is, both physicians\\nand the public often question the validity of these illnesses,\\nwhich further stigmatizes people's illness experience [9] .\\nConsequently, stigma around ICIs can hold people back from\\nseeking support from their social networks [29] . The stress\\nfrom dealing with a stigmatized health condition can be\\nparticularly burdensome, as it can cause individuals to de-\\nvelop other stress-related illnesses, as well as worsen clinical\\noutcomes and make it harder to live a “ regular ” life [35] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 353\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/results/markdown/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300583/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300583", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/results/output_json/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,364],\"text\":\"The Internet can facilitate communication and education\\naround stigmatized illnesses [5] and provide visibility to in-\\nvisible illnesses [8] . People with ICIs can use social media to\\nintegrate illness into their lives and to feel 'normal' by so-\\ncializing with others [36] . People with ICIs can also reframe\\ntheir illnesses through humor, for example by drawing on\\nchronic illness memes on Tumblr [23] . The visual nature of\\nsome social media platforms, such as Flickr, can make ordi-\\nnarily invisible pain visible, and elicit empathy from others\\nby depicting daily life with an ICI [24] . Similarly, people\\ncan find blogging about ICIs therapeutic, as it allows them\\nto share and reflect on their illness experience [49] . Finally,\\nforums such as PatientsLikeMe can provide an invaluable\\nsource of informational support, which in some cases can\\nlead to less inpatient care [64] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,364,395,635],\"text\":\"However, stigma complicates identity negotiation and\\nposes additional risks for disclosures in social media because\\npeople with stigmatized identities fear being misunderstood,\\nstereotyped, blamed, and rejected [38, 55] . People mitigate\\nthese risks by engaging in various impression management\\nstrategies, for example, by making ambiguous and indirect\\ndisclosures on social media [2] . Furthermore, those with ICIs\\ncan feel hesitant to share negative health-related disclosures\\ngiven the prevalent norm to post positive content on social\\nnetwork sites [48] , and they can even receive hateful com-\\nments when they do decide to disclose [30] . These challenges\\nmay be more problematic on some platforms rather than oth-\\ners; for example, Facebook is commonly perceived to pose\\nimpression management concerns in general [3] . It remains\\nto be seen how the many motivations and challenges around\\nposting about ICIs on social media vary by platform and how\\nthis variation drives platform choice.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,655,312,673],\"text\":\"Considering Multiple Platforms for ICIs\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,675,395,949],\"text\":\"Many people use multiple social media platforms, and they\\nchoose them by evaluating their options within a broader\\nsocial media ecology [66] . Such platform choices are influ-\\nenced by a person's sense of how well a site's characteristics\\nmight satisfy their intended goals [51] in comparison to other\\navailable communication resources. When a platform is not\\nconducive to achieving a particular goal, people switch to\\nalternative media that may be a better match [53] . Presented\\nwith various platform choices, people simultaneously con-\\nsider content (what to share) and audience (with whom to\\nshare) when choosing a platform for disclosure [66] . People\\nalso choose communicative media based on the degree to\\nwhich they need to constrain the privacy boundaries of their\\ncommunication [18] . In order to reduce risks of disclosure\\n(e.g., social rejection), people may also switch to other com-\\nmunication media that afford more targeted audiences, such\\nas email over Facebook [61] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,364],\"text\":\"Navigating a broad ecology of social media and selecting\\nplatforms based on their suitability for disclosure goals is\\nlikely to be particularly complicated for people with ICIs\\ncompared to the general population, since they have to bal-\\nance the need to disclose for emotional well-being with the\\nchallenges of managing a chronic, stigmatized identity. How-\\never, existing work on ICIs has focused on specific platforms\\n(e.g., [23] ); it remains to be understood how people with\\nICIes choose platforms for their disclosures, as well as how\\ntheir social media use changes with the evolving needs of\\ntheir ICIs. Moreover, focusing on only one platform at a time\\nobscurs the many combinations in which people might be\\nusing different social media platforms to talk about various\\naspects of their ICIs. Therefore, we pose these two research\\nquestions:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,364,746,410],\"text\":\"RQ1: How do people's various motivations to post about\\ntheir ICIs online affect how they choose social media plat-\\nforms for disclosure?\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,411,746,461],\"text\":\"RQ2: How do the challenges people face in posting about\\nICIs vary by social media platform, and how do they navigate\\nthese challenges?\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,477,505,495],\"text\":\"3 METHOD\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,499,591,515],\"text\":\"Recruitment and Procedure\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,519,747,678],\"text\":\"We conducted semi-structured interviews with 19 people\\nwho use social media to talk about their ICIs. We recruited\\nparticipants by posting advertisements on Twitter, Instagram,\\nand Tumblr that contained two popular ICI-related hashtags,\\n#chronicpain and #sponzes [23] . Participation was restricted\\nto people over 18 years of age who had an ICI. The adver-\\ntisements included a link to a Qualtrics form for potential\\nparticipants to sign up for an interview. We chose to recruit\\non these three public platforms so as not to intrude on the\\ncommunity's safe spaces, such as closed Facebook groups.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,679,747,950],\"text\":\"Interviews focused on participants' experiences living\\nwith an ICI and their use of various social media to talk\\nabout and manage their ICIs. We began by asking partici-\\npants about their age, employment status, health condition(s),\\nthe length of time since diagnosis and symptom onset, the\\nperceived severity of symptoms, and the daily life challenges\\nthey face due to ICI. We used participants' terms for their\\nillnesses, taking care to avoid stigmatizing or negative termi-\\nnology. Next, we asked about participants' goals in talking\\nabout ICI on various platforms, and the challenges they en-\\ncountered. While some participants looked through their\\nsocial media posts during the interviews, we made a con-\\nscious decision not to personally access and analyze their\\ncontent to respect their privacy, particularly since they were\\nalready sharing such sensitive stories with us. Two coau-\\nthors met regularly to discuss emerging findings, and we\\nconducted interviews until data saturation.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 353\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/results/markdown/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300583/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300583", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/results/output_json/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[301,122,513,139],\"text\":\"Table 1: Participant Demographics\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[125,154,689,484],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>ID</td><td>Age</td><td>ICI Diagnosis</td><td>Employment</td><td>Social Media$^{a}$</td></tr><tr><td>P1</td><td>41</td><td>Cauda Equina Syndrome</td><td>Part-time</td><td>FB, TW, TB, B</td></tr><tr><td>P2</td><td>18</td><td>Ulcerative Colitis</td><td>Part-time</td><td>TW(2), TB</td></tr><tr><td>P3</td><td>36</td><td>Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Chronic Fatigue Syn.</td><td>Self-employed</td><td>FB, IN, TW</td></tr><tr><td>P4</td><td>40</td><td>Mixed Connective Tissue Disease</td><td>Full-time</td><td>FB, IN(2)</td></tr><tr><td>P5</td><td>27</td><td>Endometriosis</td><td>Full-time</td><td>FB, IN</td></tr><tr><td>P6</td><td>32</td><td>Lyme disease, Fibromyalgia, Chronic headaches</td><td>Unable to work</td><td>TW(2), FB, IN</td></tr><tr><td>P7</td><td>24</td><td>Endometriosis</td><td>Unable to work</td><td>FB, IN, TW</td></tr><tr><td>P8</td><td>46</td><td>Klippel Feil Syndrome</td><td>Unable to work</td><td>FB, TW, YT, IN, B</td></tr><tr><td>P9</td><td>55</td><td>Rheumatoid Arthritis</td><td>Full-time</td><td>FB, P, IN</td></tr><tr><td>P10</td><td>39</td><td>Sciatica, Fibromyalgia, Depression, Anxiety</td><td>Unemployed</td><td>IN(3), FB, TW, P, B</td></tr><tr><td>P11</td><td>23</td><td>Lyme disease</td><td>Unable to work</td><td>IN, B, TW, FB</td></tr><tr><td>P12</td><td>24</td><td>Fibromyalgia</td><td>Unable to work</td><td>IN, TB, R</td></tr><tr><td>P13</td><td>24</td><td>Lyme disease, Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syn.</td><td>Unable to work</td><td>IN, FB, B</td></tr><tr><td>P14</td><td>24</td><td>Crohn&#x27;s Disease, Celiac Disease, Bronchiectasis</td><td>Part-time</td><td>TB, FB, IN</td></tr><tr><td>P15</td><td>25</td><td>Lupus, Spondylitis, Fibromyalgia</td><td>Self-employed</td><td>IN, TW, FB</td></tr><tr><td>P16</td><td>30</td><td>Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome</td><td>Full-time</td><td>IN(2), YT, TW, FB</td></tr><tr><td>P17</td><td>25</td><td>Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome</td><td>Full-time</td><td>FB, IN, YT</td></tr><tr><td>P18</td><td>28</td><td>Lupus, Fibromyalgia, Heart palpitations</td><td>Self-employed</td><td>IN, FB</td></tr><tr><td>P19</td><td>36</td><td>Fibromyalgia, Degenerative Disc Disease</td><td>Full-time</td><td>IN(2), TW</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table presents data for 19 individuals (P1-P19) across five columns: ID, Age, ICI Diagnosis, Employment, and Social Media. Each row details a person's age, specific medical diagnoses, employment status (e.g., full-time, unable to work), and a list of social media platforms they use. The social media column often includes abbreviations like FB, TW, IN, and YT.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_3_tab_3.png\"},{\"label\":\"anno\",\"bbox\":[69,494,744,508],\"text\":\"$^{a}$Facebook (FB), Instagram (IN), Twitter (TW), Tumblr (TB), Reddit (R), Blog (B), YouTube (YT), Pinterest (P); numbers in parentheses denote multiple accounts.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,528,394,671],\"text\":\"All interviews were audio-only to protect our participants'\\nprivacy. With consent, we recorded interviews; one partic-\\nipant did not consent to be recorded, and we instead took\\nextensive notes. On average, interviews lasted 73 minutes,\\nand participants received $20 USD (or equivalent) for their\\ntime. No identifying data was collected, and email addresses\\nwere not stored or connected to the data. All procedures\\nwere approved by Cornell University's Institutional Review\\nBoard.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,701,123,718],\"text\":\"Analysis\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,721,395,945],\"text\":\"We conducted a thematic analysis of our interview tran-\\nscripts [6] . Two authors read all the transcripts and con-\\nducted all the analyses. First, both authors independently\\nassigned open codes to half of the transcripts and then met\\nto discuss emergent codes. Similar concepts were grouped\\nto understand the themes in our data. For example, codes\\nrelated to online negativity and impression management\\nwere both categorized as challenges in posting about ICIs.\\nBased on these groupings, we developed a codebook that\\nboth authors used to recode the entire dataset. Throughout\\nthe development and analysis of codes and themes, both\\nauthors met in a series of face-to-face meetings to address\\nquestions. After both authors coded half of the final dataset\\neach, they reviewed and discussed the entire coded dataset,\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,528,746,594],\"text\":\"identifying and resolving points of disagreement and en-\\nsuring consistent agreement over every applied code. This\\nfunctioned as a systematic check on the process, as advocated\\nby Lincoln and Guba [34] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,608,495,625],\"text\":\"Limitations\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,628,747,883],\"text\":\"Our study has several limitations that we outline here to\\nhelp contextualize and interpret our findings. First, our sam-\\nple is limited to people with ICIs who were comfortable\\nbeing interviewed, who also use common social media plat-\\nforms to talk about their ICIs. Our participants also did not\\nuse illness-specific forums, though extensive research has\\ncovered these venues (e.g., [42, 64] ), and we were primarily\\ninterested in the use of general social media platforms for\\nICI-related communication. In terms of demographics, ICIs\\ndisproportionately affect women [20] , and we were only able\\nto interview one male participant. While this participant's\\nresponses were similar to the rest, other men with ICIs may\\nexperience concerns that we could not uncover. Similarly,\\nwhile we did not restrict our sample by location, the majority\\nof our participants were from North America; we did not\\nfind cultural differences within our sample.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,898,503,916],\"text\":\"4  RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,919,746,952],\"text\":\"After describing our participants, we present our findings,\\nwhich are organized into three categories: 1) the goals people\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 353\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/results/markdown/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300583/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300583", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/results/output_json/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,206],\"text\":\"had for posting about ICIs online and how these influenced\\ntheir choice of social platform, 2) the challenges posed by\\neach platform and how these drove platform choice, and 3)\\nhow participants' social media use evolved as the goals and\\nchallenges around their ICIs changed over time.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,218,145,235],\"text\":\"Participants\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,239,394,494],\"text\":\"Participants ranged in age from 18 to 55 years; 18 of our 19\\nparticipants were female. They were located in the U.S. (14),\\nCanada (3), the U.K. (1), and South Africa (1). They had expe-\\nrienced ICI-related symptoms for a median time of 10 years\\nand posted about their ICIs on an average of 3 platforms; 32 %\\nhad multiple accounts on the same platform. The majority\\nposted about their ICIs on Instagram (89 % ), Facebook (in-\\ncluding closed and secret groups) (84 % ), and Twitter (58 % ). A\\nfew also used Tumblr (16 % ), Pinterest (11 % ), YouTube (16 % ),\\nand blogs like WordPress (21 % ). Participants did not regu-\\nlarly use illness-specific forums; some had discovered forums\\nearly into their diagnoses but found the amount of available\\ninformation to be overwhelming, while others preferred to\\nuse social media they were already familiar with. Participant\\ndemographics are shown in Table 1 , along with the social\\nmedia platforms they used to post about ICIs.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,506,285,524],\"text\":\"Matching Motivations to Platforms\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,528,394,592],\"text\":\"In this section, we present participants' reasoning for select-\\ning one platform over another in service of three common\\ntypes of goals: 1) finding informational support, 2) finding\\nemotional support, and 3) distraction and reminiscence.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,602,394,760],\"text\":\"Finding Informational Support. Almost all participants used\\nsocial media to find information about their ICIs, in terms of\\ndiagnoses, medications, and strategies for condition manage-\\nment. Facebook groups were perceived as particularly useful\\nfor information-seeking, as they provided access to others'\\nrich experiential knowledge about ICIs: \\\"There's women who\\nhave had surgery after surgery. There's women that are going\\nto the best specialist in the world, and so it's really great to be\\nable to throw out, 'Hey, this is what's happening to me. Anyone\\nelse have this?'\\\" Or, \\\"What did you do?\\\" (P7).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,761,394,904],\"text\":\"Moreover, Facebook allowed for more detailed discussions\\ncompared to other popular platforms, such as Instagram:\\n\\\"Even though I post a lot on Instagram in terms of pictures,\\nwhen I'm talking or discussing anything Fibro, that's always\\non Facebook\\\" (P10). Facebook was perceived as aiding more\\norganized discussion compared to other platforms: \\\"with my\\nLyme disease group I talk to more on Facebook [...] , it's hard\\nto tweet about that many different things if they're all talking\\nat once\\\" (P6).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,905,394,953],\"text\":\"However in some cases, the content delivery styles of\\nmedia-heavy, hashtag-oriented sites like Instagram were ap-\\npreciated over Facebook, as they enabled participants to\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,236],\"text\":\"quickly skim through and ingest greater amounts of infor-\\nmation: \\\"the different hashtags on Instagram seem to have a\\nlot more information. So I've been searching a lot on things\\nlike functional impairment or physiotherapy, and Instagram\\nhas diagrams and video tutorials that you can usually watch\\nwhile you're scrolling through instead of clicking on links, so\\nthat was a more intuitive and interactive platform\\\" (P19).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,237,747,491],\"text\":\"While the more elaborate, threaded conversations on Face-\\nbook and Reddit could be a strength over sites like Insta-\\ngram or Twitter, sometimes participants desired informa-\\ntional feedback from a more intimate network than a large,\\nseemingly impersonal Facebook group or Reddit thread. In\\nsuch cases, they turned to platforms that felt more personal,\\nsuch as Instagram: \\\"I feel like Instagram is a little more in-\\ntimate, and the people you follow and the people who follow\\nyou maybe have a better idea of who you are and what your\\nlife is in general, and they might be able to say, 'Oh, well, you\\ndid such and such the other day, and maybe that made an\\nimpact.' If I post something like that on Reddit, that person\\ndoesn't know necessarily unless we talked before\\\" (P12). This\\nis in line with prior work on social media that suggests that\\nreceiving more intimate comments on posts is associated\\nwith higher user satisfaction [50] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,492,747,634],\"text\":\"Balancing informational and emotional needs could also\\ninfluence intra-platform selection choices, such as deciding\\nbetween different types of Facebook groups: “With Lyme\\ndisease, there's just so much documentation that you need. So\\nI'll go into the [Lyme-specific] groups when I need that stuff.\\nBut if I am more so looking for tips on how to cope and that kind\\nof thing, I would 9 times out of 10 rather go to a generalized\\ngroup, because people are less focused on the negative and more\\nfocused on healing solutions” (P13).\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,635,747,794],\"text\":\"In general, when participants wanted to gain information\\nthrough a detailed discussion, they sought out platforms\\nthat enabled such threaded conversations (such as Reddit or\\nFacebook), and when they wanted to skim large amounts of\\ninformation, they often preferred platforms that delivered\\ninformation in short or media-heavy formats (such as Insta-\\ngram). Platform choice could also be influenced by network\\ncomposition, such as when participants wanted information\\nfrom a more intimate or familiar network (such as a smaller\\nFacebook group, or Instagram).\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,806,747,951],\"text\":\"Finding Emotional Support. Participants connected with oth-\\ners with ICs for emotional support and community-building\\non many platforms. Instagram, Twitter, and Tumblr were all\\nconsidered good platforms to find new people with ICs and\\nto tap into a broader community by using popular hashtags:\\n“I am able to find so many different people on Instagram by\\neither going on the search or via hashtag...while Facebook is\\noften people you know. I’m just able to find more people on\\nInstagram” (P3).\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,997,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 353\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,997,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/results/markdown/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300583/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300583", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/results/output_json/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,396,298],\"text\":\"Once they had established these networks, it was easier to\\nbuild an emotional connection using platforms that allowed\\nfor greater disclosure: \\\"The 140 character limit on Twitter\\ncan be kind of limiting to getting to know someone. So I think\\nTumble is more personal...Twitter is better for quick updates of\\npeople you have already gotten to know through this kind of\\nthing\\\" (P2). Similarly, P19 perceived Instagram to be more\\nintimate because of its visual nature: \\\"the images [on Insta-\\ngram] also do help to maybe make it feel a bit closer... It's\\nthe same as Twitter in terms of connectivity but it feels more\\nreliable.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,299,395,523],\"text\":\"Even though Twitter limited lengthy disclosures due to its\\ncharacter constraints, participants found value in using hash-\\ntags to socialize with the platform's ICI community. Prior\\nwork finds that illness-related hashtags can allow people to\\ninteract and bond with unstructured illness communities on\\nTwitter [44] . Similarly, while our participants did not see\\nTwitter as well-suited for deep conversations, they used it\\nto interact with others with ICIs over shared recreational\\nevents. For example, P6 described using hashtags on Twitter\\nas a way to organize an informal community event and foster\\nneeded emotional engagement: “ A lot of us unintentionally\\nbecame isolated, because you don't have the energy to do stuff.\\nSo I started a movie night where we would all watch Netflix at\\nthe same time and live-tweet about it together ” .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,524,395,699],\"text\":\"Finally, an affective connection was also easier to build\\nwith like-minded peers, with participants' demographics\\ninfluencing the community with whom they felt an affinity.\\nFor example, P17 primarily used Instagram over Facebook\\nbecause she perceived Instagram to have a younger base of\\nusers: \\\"A lot of the people in the support groups are my mom's\\nage, in their forties, which is fine, but in terms of being able to\\ncommunicate with someone who's my age, who's going through\\nthe same things I am at the same time, it's very difficult on\\nFacebook. Then once I got into Instagram, I'm finding a lot of\\npeople who are in their early twenties [like me]\\\" (P17).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,699,395,858],\"text\":\"In general, participants described developing strong emo-\\ntional connections with people on most social media plat-\\nforms. Some platforms were seen as particularly well-suited\\nfor connecting with new people because of features such as\\nhashtag searches (e.g., Twitter), while platforms that enabled\\ngreater disclosure were seen as better for developing a deeper\\nrelationship (e.g. Tumblr or Facebook). Finally, where one\\nsought emotional support was influenced by perceptions\\nof audience, as participants preferred to get support from\\npeople who were similar to themselves.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,881,395,947],\"text\":\"Distraction and Reminiscence. Using social media was also a\\nway to stay entertained when sick, and simply browsing oth-\\ners' ICI-related content could serve as a distraction: \\\"There\\nwere some days where...If I was in a really, really bad spot, I\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,237],\"text\":\"wouldn't post it—I would kind of just browse through Insta-\\ngram and read other people's stories and see how they're doing\\nand kind of take my mind off of what I'm feeling\\\" (P16). This\\ntype of increased passive engagement on social media dur-\\ning periods of sickness is consistent with social media use\\npatterns in the general population during declines in mental\\nand physical health [7] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,237,747,443],\"text\":\"Prior work finds that video logs can be a way to document\\nICIs and help others [30] ; we find that other platforms can\\nalso serve as a tool for documentation and reminiscence.\\nInstagram was seen as especially valuable in creating a visual\\nnarrative of the journey with ICI: “(Instagram is mainly just\\nlike a picture diary for me. To look back and say) 'look at how\\nmuch I've overcome' ” (P18). In contrast, participants did not\\nuse Facebook for such journaling, given they felt a greater\\nneed to curate ICI-related content on Facebook as compared\\nto Instagram or blogs: “On YouTube, you know, I can do a vlog\\ndescribing what my day is like with dysautonomia and things\\nlike that. Facebook, since I have a lot more family on there, I\\nkind of don't want to worry people on there.” (P16).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,444,746,603],\"text\":\"Overall, social media served as an effective way for par-\\nticipants to distract themselves from their ICIs and to remi-\\nnice about their journey with the ICI, though participants\\npreferred platforms with lower impression management con-\\ncerns when using social media as an ICI Journal. Apart from\\nimpression management concerns, participants were rela-\\ntively audience-agnostic with distraction and reminiscence\\ngoals because achieving these goals was less tied to specific\\naudiences as compared to goals around informational and\\nemotional support.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,624,597,641],\"text\":\"Challenges Across Platforms\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,644,746,756],\"text\":\"Participants perceived four main types of challenges in post-\\ning about their ICIs on social media: constraints posed by\\ntheir health conditions, negativity within the ICI commu-\\nnity, impression management to manage audiences without\\nICI, and concerns about privacy and risk. In this section,\\nwe discuss how these challenges varied by platform, and\\nconsequently influenced platform selection.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,773,747,950],\"text\":\"Health Considerations. Our participants experienced several\\nphysical constraints or cognitive impairments due to their\\nICIs, and their social media activity was influenced by the\\nseverity of their symptoms. Some platforms were seen as\\ntime- and labor-intensive, such as text or video blogs. Partici-\\npants noted these platforms' utility for sharing more in-depth\\ncontent, but often limited their use because of their health\\nchallenges: \\\"I really struggle with the reading and writing from\\nday to day. And then even if I can [post on my blog], you know,\\nI kind of have a couple hour maximum and then that's it. And\\nthen I'm done for a couple days after. And I'm done in a way\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 353\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/results/markdown/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300583/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300583", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/results/output_json/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,125,394,155],\"text\":\"that I'm lost in my own house kind of thing. So I have to be\\ncareful not to do too much\\\" (P13).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,156,394,380],\"text\":\"Instead, a platform's ease and convenience could enhance\\nits appeal. Some platforms were perceived as requiring very\\nlittle effort, such as Instagram: \\\"I like to take a nice photo-\\ngraph and put how I'm feeling on that image and share it on\\nInstagram...That's a quick social media thing that I can do that\\nmakes me feel better, to create\\\" (P8). Twitter was also easier\\nto use in the face of health challenges because of its limited\\ncharacter count, which was seen as a less burdensome way\\nto receive social support: \\\"When I got ill, [Twitter] was nice\\nbecause it was short and you didn't have to interact as much\\\"\\n(P3). Despite the low effort involved in such posts, this type\\nof social media activity can be rewarding and lead to a sense\\nof empowerment, as noted by previous research on online\\nparticipation by people with chronic illnesses [59] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,380,394,506],\"text\":\"The ease of such platforms allowed participants to use\\nthem even during symptom flare-ups. For example, P13 was\\nable to use Instagram even when she was experiencing cog-\\nnitive impairment, compared to Facebook and blogs: “(Insta-\\ngram) is the easiest of the three, just because if I post an image,\\neven if the words – like on brain fog days – even if my words\\naren't really making sense, it's okay, because all I'm doing is a\\nsmall hashtag ” (P13).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,507,394,603],\"text\":\"Overall, we found that the decision to use social media to\\nimprove emotional well-being had to be balanced with the\\ntells it could take on physical wellness. In general, time- and\\nlabor-intensive platforms (e.g., blogs) posed cognitive and\\nhealth burdens for people with ICIs, compared to platforms\\nthat required little effort (e.g., Instagram).\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,615,394,744],\"text\":\"Negativity Within the ICI Community. Almost all of our par-\\nticipants had encountered some form of negativity within\\nthe ICI community online, which could detract from their\\nexperience. They described these disagreements as occur-\\nring most often in Facebook groups, where there could be\\n“a weird sense of competition... the whole ‘who has it worse’\\nsituation” (P2) or that some members were “just coming [into\\nthe Facebook group] to dump or purge their issue” (P8).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,744,394,887],\"text\":\"These negative interactions were less common on plat-\\nforms such as Twitter, Tumblr, and Instagram, which were\\nseen as well-suited for lighthearted content: “ [My] Twitter\\n[posts] will be more of a joke. 'Before moving to LA, I had to\\nbreak up with my CVS pharmacist' - jokes like that ” (P15). This\\nis consistent with findings from a content analysis of cancer-\\nrelated hashtags on Twitter that positive emotions like hope\\nwere more frequently expressed than negative emotions like\\nfear [44] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,887,394,951],\"text\":\"Instead, participants felt that negativity was most common\\n\\non Facebook: \\\"You never see negative stuff on Instagram, you\\n\\nfind humor and you find pictures of stuff. Facebook on the\\n\\nother hand is where the talons come out, I say. You can open\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,205],\"text\":\"up your page in the morning or you go onto your landing\\npage and it's just one depressing thing after another\\\" (P10). In\\ngeneral, social media users see Facebook as most appropriate\\nfor sharing negative emotions, followed by Twitter, and then\\nInstagram [63] ; we find this holds true for people with ICIs.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,205,747,459],\"text\":\"The differences in tone on Facebook compared to other\\nplatforms may be due to the level of interactivity afforded\\nby the platform, given it allows extensive conversations,\\nwhich may become heated: `There is just a lot of negativity\\non Facebook, and I found Instagram was... it's a picture, and\\nyou can like it or you can move on, or you can like it and\\ncomment. It doesn't have to be a big discussion, which I find\\nFacebook turns into' (P3). Moreover, participants felt that they\\ncould be more selective about their audiences on Instagram\\nversus in Facebook groups, thus avoiding conflict: `If it's a\\nFacebook group that has a ton of people in it, like thousands,\\nthen everyone's going to have differing opinions on what's good\\nand what's not. Instagram not as much, because it's not such\\na public platform, it's a little more personal. You don't follow\\npeople on Instagram that you don't really agree with usually'\\n(P11).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,459,747,635],\"text\":\"However, Facebook groups can be invaluable in meeting\\nboth informational and emotional needs [4] , and participants\\ndid use them despite the negativity. For example, P17 stated\\n(Instagram) just seems really positive. I don't get the negative\\nkind of judgmental response that I would in a Facebook group. ”\\nYet, she also stated, “ there have been some times where I won't\\nInstagram as much because I feel like I really need to just sit\\nand talk to someone, so I'll go into a Facebook group and post\\nsomething and that will result in a two hour threaded conver-\\nsation. ” In this way, the benefits of extensive discussions in\\nFacebook groups could outweigh their challenges.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,647,747,854],\"text\":\"Impression Management . While participants wanted to share\\nabout their ICIs online, impression management was a key\\nconcern for them. This was particularly true on Facebook,\\nas this was where most participants connected with offline\\nfriends and family, creating a situation of context collapse\\n[39] : “ My boyfriend is on my Facebook, of course, and my close\\nfriends and my political community... so that's why I try not to\\nbe like 'oh, wee is me' every day. It's just preserving my image\\nbecause I know people don't want to read me complaining\\nabout my pain every day ” (P7). This is in line with prior work\\nthat finds that Facebook functions as a place for people to\\nsocialize with their network and feel \\\"normal\\\", rather than\\nto discuss their illnesses [58] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,854,747,952],\"text\":\"To post unfiltered content about ICL participants gravi-\\ntated towards spaces where they had less overlap between\\ntheir offline and online worlds. For example, the majority of\\nparticipants sought out closed Facebook groups with con-\\ntrolled access, and were careful to ensure that content did not\\nspill into their personal Facebook Timeline. One participant\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 353\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/results/markdown/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300583/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300583", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/results/output_json/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,221],\"text\":\"was a moderator for a closed Facebook group for ICI, and\\nreceived many messages about the visibility of content from\\nmembers: \\\"When you post in a private [Facebook] group, it\\ncomes up on your feed. So it looks to you like everyone can see\\nit...then [they] send me a note saying 'This showed up on my\\nfeed? Can my whole family see this?'\\\" (P8)\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,221,395,571],\"text\":\"For most participants, impression management was less\\nof a concern on platforms like Twitter and Instagram, where\\nthey were less likely to be connected to people they knew\\noffline. This was partly due to the widespread practice of\\nmaintaining several accounts on Instagram [15] , with one\\naccount being designated for ICI communication: \\\"I have\\nmultiple Twitter accounts, and I have one that is more like\\npeople I've known from high school and personal friends like\\nthat, so I don't really talk about [ICI] much on [that account]\\\"\\n(P2). As explained by Duffy and Chang [16] , people have al-\\nternative accounts on the same platform as a way to manage\\nconnections to their identities; accounts with pseudonyms\\n– linked from one's real persona – are used for sharing a\\nless filtered version of daily life with a select group of people.\\nLikewise, for our participants, having a separate account for\\nICI content allowed them to be more open, in a similar way\\nto other populations undergoing transitions [27] : \\\"Most peo-\\nple have a personal Instagram account, and then they'll have\\nthe chronic pain account just to connect with other chronic\\nillness people, and they can be very real, which is nice to see\\nthe unscripted version of how people actually feel and what\\nthey're actually going through\\\" (P11).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,571,395,778],\"text\":\"However, some participants found using multiple accounts\\nto be burdensome: \\\"Ideally, I would have two [Instagram ac-\\ncounts]...I don't know though, it's stressful having more than\\none account, and I don't want to overwhelm myself with tech-\\nnology\\\" (P11). In contrast, these participants liked that Face-\\nbook provided them with more granular control in sharing\\nindividual posts, as compared to Instagram and Twitter: \\\"You\\neither have to have a private [Instagram] account, or a public\\naccount. It would be really nice to be able to post certain things\\nand just have them private, so it's just me that can see them...\\nOn Facebook, for example, I do the same thing where occasion-\\nally I'll post something, or repost something, that I want to\\nread later, but I can set it as private to just myself\\\" (P17).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,778,395,890],\"text\":\"Overall, platforms posed less of a challenge for impression\\nmanagement when they allowed participants to separate\\ntheir audiences, such as their online and offline networks\\n(e.g., through Facebook's privacy settings). While partici-\\npants still used platforms that did not allow for nuanced\\ncontent control (such as Instagram), the workarounds they\\ndeveloped were often seen as less than ideal solutions.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,902,395,952],\"text\":\"Privacy and Risk. Given participants were posting sensitive\\nhealth-related content, they were concerned about maintain-\\ning their privacy online. As they wanted to communicate\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,252],\"text\":\"with the broader ICI community, they mostly set their Insta-\\ngram and Twitter accounts as public; however, this raised\\nissues about who could view their content: `I'm scared of\\nstalkers...you just find your inbox full of really creepy men.\\nThey would see a post about how much pain you're in and\\nthey'd be like, `Hi, I saw your post. I'm so sorry you're in pain.'\\nThen the next thing you knew it was, `Oh, can I get your num-\\nber? Can I meet you?' That was really creepy' (P10).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,252,751,396],\"text\":\"In contrast, closed Facebook groups could provide a safe\\nspace for participants, where they could discuss sensitive\\nhealth information without certain risks, such as being stalked.\\nHowever, Facebook groups could also be risky, since they\\ncould be infiltrated by outsiders: \\\"We had a situation where a\\nwoman saw that a bunch of us were on a site...for a fetish of\\nwomen wearing [neck] braces...several of us, myself included,\\nhad been posted. Our photos had been taken from that [closed\\nfacebook] group and posted on this awful site\\\" (P8).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,396,748,554],\"text\":\"In the face of these risks, participants engaged in differ-\\nent strategies to protect themselves, based on the platform.\\nSince they wanted to have public accounts on Instagram and\\nTwitter to reach new ICI connections, they restricted the\\namount of personal information (especially their full names)\\non their public profiles: \\\"I already have Facebook which is\\nobviously very personal, so all of the other websites that I have,\\nespecially that I don't have a lot of people that I actually know,\\n[those details were] just never something that I really needed\\nto include for any reason\\\" (P2).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,554,747,793],\"text\":\"Since people used their full names on Facebook (and by\\nextension, in closed or secret Facebook groups), participants\\nused alternate strategies to stay safe. These groups were of-\\nten policed by moderators and vigilantly restricted access\\nto outsiders to protect members from harm: “ We're pretty\\nstrict about letting people in. Some of them you may have to\\nanswer a question or some of them just an admin will mes-\\nsage you first. They like to keep it to only women who have\\nbeen diagnosed with endometriosis ” (P7). Prior work finds\\nthat Facebook groups contain informational and emotional\\nsupport for health conditions, but that there is also a lot\\nof personal data in these groups [25] . We find that people\\nare aware of the risks that come with disclosing sensitive\\ninformation in such groups, but that they use strategies to\\nmitigate risks, such as strict moderation.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,804,724,823],\"text\":\"Evolving Goals, Challenges, and Social Media Use\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,825,747,955],\"text\":\"We found that participants' goals, and the challenges they\\nfaced, changed over time as their ICIs progressed. We also\\nsaw several transitions in their social media use that aligned\\nwith their illness trajectories. When first diagnosed with an\\nICI, the majority of participants turned to social media with\\nthe goal of seeking information, as opposed to connecting\\nwith others. Their initial strategy was to do so by using plat-\\nforms they were already using for other purposes, primarily\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 353\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300583/results/markdown/3290605-3300583_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300584/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300584", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/results/output_json/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,47,157,58],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[73,118,740,182],\"text\":\"The Effect of Field-of-View Restriction on Sex Bias in\\nVR Sickness and Spatial Navigation Performance\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[85,201,236,266],\"text\":\"Majed Al Zayer\\nDept. of Computer Science\\nUniversity of the\\nmalazayer@ece.unm.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[248,201,400,266],\"text\":\"Isayas B. Adhiamon\\n\\nDept. of Computer Science\\n\\nUniversity of Nevada\\n\\niadhiamon@cse.unr.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[429,201,553,267],\"text\":\"Paul MacNeilage\\n\\nDept. of Psychology\\nUniversity of Nevada\\n\\npmacneilage@umn.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[578,201,727,265],\"text\":\"Eelke Folmer\\n\\nDept. of Computer Science\\n\\nUniversity of Nevada\\n\\nefolmer@unr.edu\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,275,141,292],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,295,395,535],\"text\":\"Recent studies show that women are more susceptible to\\nvisually-induced VR sickness, which might explain the low\\nadoption rate of VR technology among women. Reducing\\nfield-of-view (FOV) during locomotion is already a widely\\nused strategy to reduce VR sickness as it blocks peripheral\\noptical flow perception and mitigates visual/vestibular con-\\nflict. Prior studies show that men are more adept at 3D spatial\\nnavigation than women, though this sex bias can be mini-\\nmized by providing women with a larger FOV. Our study\\nprovides insight into the relationship between sex and FOV\\nrestriction with respect to VR sickness and spatial navigation\\nperformance which seem to conflict. We find the use of an\\nFOV restrictor to be effective in mitigating VR sickness in\\nboth sexes while we did not find a negative effect of FOV\\nrestriction on spatial navigation performance.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,545,173,564],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[69,567,396,602],\"text\":\"• Human-centereded computing → Virtual reality; • Com-\\nputing methodologies → Virtual reality;\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,613,148,630],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,633,396,679],\"text\":\"Virtual Reality, Field-of-view manipulation, virtual locomo-\\ntion, VR Sickness, Sex differences, spatial navigation perfor-\\nmance\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,689,204,703],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[70,705,392,765],\"text\":\"Majel Al Zayer, Iasayas B. Adhemon, Paul MacNeilage, and Relleen\\nFolmer. 2019. The Effect of Field-of-View Restriction on Sex Bias in\\nVR Sickness and Spatial Navigation Performance. In CHI Conference\\non Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019) .\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_021.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_021.png\",\"bbox\":[417,270,749,468],\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The figure illustrates a scenario from the paper \\\"Learning to Navig in Cluttered Environments with Deep Reinforcement Learning.\\\" It depicts a robot navigating through a cluttered environment, specifically a warehouse. The robot is equipped with a camera and sensors to perceive its surroundings. The environment is divided into two parts by a black vertical line, indicating a separation or a boundary within the warehouse.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,472,746,561],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Popular VR apps like Google Earth reduce the field-\\nof-view during locomotion (e.g., tunneling) to block periph-\\neral motion perception as to mitigate visual-vestibular con-\\nflict and to reduce VR sickness. However, prior studies sug-\\ngest that reducing the field-of-view can impede spatial nav-\\nigation performance in women.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,586,746,616],\"text\":\"May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. ACM, New York, NY, USA,\\n12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3296605.3300584\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,630,549,647],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,650,747,953],\"text\":\"Virtual Reality (VR) holds a significant promise to transform\\nand define the way we interact with computers [67] , but mass\\nmarket adoption of VR is threatened by VR sickness [52] . VR\\nsickness (also known as cybersickness or simulator sickness)\\nmay involve a suite of symptoms including nausea, pallor,\\nsweating, stomach awareness, increased heart rate, drows-\\nness, disorientation, and general discomfort [37] . While up to\\n67 % of adults may experience mild to severe symptoms [15] ,\\nthere is substantial evidence that women are more likely to\\nexperience VR sickness than men [25, 27, 30, 51, 55] . Games\\nhave been a significant driver of innovation in VR and though\\ngaming demographics have shown a near sex parity for a\\ndecade (48 % of gamers were women in 2014 [2] ), a recent sur-\\nvey [3] of 2,500 HTC Vive owners (a popular consumer VR\\nheadset) revealed that fewer than 5 % of them were women.\\nThis low adoption rate of VR technology among women sug-\\ngests that VR is currently less accessible to women than it\\nis to men [14] , and sex differences in the incidence of VR\\nsickness are likely contributing to this problem.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,776,394,884],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,884,273,898],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland Uk\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,898,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto the Association for Computing Machinery.\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,925,265,937],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,939,244,951],\"text\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300584\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 354\",\"reading_order\":26,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":27,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/results/markdown/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300584/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300584", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/results/output_json/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,124,395,299],\"text\":\"Though there are various theories that aim to explain VR\\nsickness, vection [44] , i.e., the visually-induced illusion of\\nself-motion, is currently considered the most likely trigger of\\nVR sickness [11] . Self-motion typically involves inputs from\\nthe visual and vestibular systems and usually these inputs are\\nin agreement. From a perceptual standpoint, natural walking\\nin VR with the viewpoint updated by positional tracking\\nshould not generate VR sickness [46] because it generates\\nvestibular and proprioceptive afferents (i.e., sensory signals)\\nthat match the perceived optical flow (i.e., full-field visual\\nmotion).\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,299,395,603],\"text\":\"Unfortunately, the use of natural walking in VR is bounded\\nby available positional tracking space, which in most con-\\nsumer home environments is limited [23] . To navigate be-\\nyond the confines of limited available tracking space, users\\nmust switch from walking to using a controller-based ar-\\ntificial locomotion technique (ALT). Popular ALTs include\\ntarget selection techniques, the most common of which is\\nteleportation: or steering-based techniques (e.g., using a con-\\ntroller). The optical flow generated using steering-based lo-\\ncomotion generates vection, which in the absence of any\\nvestibular proprioceptive afferents confuses the senses and\\nmay lead to VR sickness [11] . Teleportation circumvents\\nsensory conflict because it instantly translates the virtual\\nviewpoint which avoids any optical flow generation. Though\\nit is a standard ALT in many VR experiences, there are signifi-\\ncant concerns with using teleportation such as low presence\\nand disorientation [13, 34] . The discontinuous locomotion\\noffered by teleportation is also a challenge for multiplayer\\ngames.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,603,394,778],\"text\":\"To reduce vection-induced VR sickness, various solutions\\nhave been proposed (see [19] for an overview). Motion from\\noptical flow is primarily detected by the rods on the periph-\\nery of the retina [71] . Blocking the perception of peripheral\\nmotion by reducing the user's field-of-view (FOV) during\\nlocomotion [45, 64] is therefore considered an effective strat-\\negy to reduce VR sickness. FOV restriction -also known as\\n\\\"tunneling\\\" -is already widely used in popular VR experiences\\nlike Google Earth VR and is recommended by both Google's\\n[1] and Oculus [4] VR design guidelines as a feasible strategy\\nfor reducing VR sickness.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,778,394,955],\"text\":\"However, these design guidelines seem to conflict directly\\nwith results from prior studies [17, 68] that found that women\\nbenefit from spatial navigation using a larger FOV. Sex differ-\\nences in spatial cognition have been well documented [73] .\\nWomen navigate predominantly using landmarks where men\\nrely mostly on geometric information, such as distance and\\nvestibular cues [63] . These differences affect spatial naviga-\\ntion performance in real [18] and virtual 3D environments\\n[20] . Studies have shown that men are more adept at 3D\\nspatial navigation [18] , but this sex bias can be reduced by\\nproviding women with a larger FOV – which improves their\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,746,205],\"text\":\"ability to perceive landmarks [17, 68] . Though prior studies\\nused desktop environments, their findings seem relevant to\\nVR given that the FOV of consumer VR headsets (up to 110°)\\nis still well below the human binocular FOV (up to 190°)\\n[31] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,205,747,460],\"text\":\"Existing studies on the effectiveness of an FOV restrictor\\nto reduce VR sickness [24, 45, 64] have not explored sex as a\\nvariable (i.e., not enrolled an equal number of women/men)\\nnor evaluated the effect of this strategy on spatial naviga-\\ntion performance in women. Given that women were found\\nto have significantly higher thresholds for motion percep-\\ntion [28] and fewer rods in their retinas to detect peripheral\\nmotion [7] , one can question whether FOV restriction is an\\neffective strategy for reducing VR sickness in women, given\\nthat they likely impede their spatial navigation performance\\n[17, 68] . This paper makes the following contributions: (1)\\nwe investigate if FOV restriction impedes spatial navigation\\nperformance in women; and (2) we investigate whether an\\nFOV restrictor is equally effective in reducing VR sickness\\nsymptoms in both sexes. Both contributions provide insight\\ninto how to make VR more accessible to women.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,470,540,488],\"text\":\"2 BACKGROUND\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,490,747,955],\"text\":\"Motion sickness (MS) is experienced as a result of motion\\npatterns of an organism that result in symptoms that include\\ndizziness, cold sweating, headache, increased salivation, and\\nnausea [38] . Visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) is\\na related phenomena that has induced symptoms similar\\nto those of MS without being subject to physical motion\\n[40] . VIMS is a common adverse effect that results from\\nthe exposure to computer simulations in general and VR\\nexperiences in particular. Several terms have been given\\nto VIMS in the literature [38] , the most common of which\\nare: simulator sickness, cybersecurity, and VR sickness. We\\nchoose to use the term “ VR sickness ” to refer to VIMS from\\nthis point forward. Several theories attempted to explain the\\ncause of VR sickness. Some theories attribute VR sickness\\nsymptoms to a sensory conflict [58] while others believe\\nthat it is a result of a failure to maintain postural stability\\nwhile being immersed in the virtual environment [60] . Other\\nless prominent theories include the eye movement theory\\n[22] and the poison theory [70] . of these theories is\\ncomplete, though the sensory conflict theory is the most\\naccepted [38, 40] . Another body of research on VR sickness\\naimed to show the influence of individual differences on\\nthe susceptibility to VR sickness [29, 40, 43, 65] . Sex was\\namong these investigated differences, with women being\\nmore susceptible to VR sickness [51, 58, 65] . Theories that\\nattempt to explain such sex difference include the under-\\nreporting of VR sickness symptoms by men [9] , hormonal\\ndifferences [16] , evolutionary differences [29] , and wider\\nfield of view of women [40, 43] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 354\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/results/markdown/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300584/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300584", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/results/output_json/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,125,290,140],\"text\":\"VR Sickness restriction Mechanisms\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,144,395,415],\"text\":\"Several medical and behavioral countermeasures to VR sick-\\nness have been proposed [38, 43] . Medical interventions\\nsuffer from adverse effects that limit their applicability [29] .\\nBehavioral countermeasures, on the other hand, focus on\\nmutating the course of interaction between the user and the\\nvirtual stimuli. Some of these countermeasures aim to modify\\nthe behavior of the user (e.g., by reducing head movements\\nor by regulating breathing) to minimize the incidence of VR\\nsickness while others manipulate the visual or vestibular\\nstimuli without counting on the user's involvement for the\\ncountermeasure to work [38] . Relevant examples of the lat-\\nter to this research are ones that involve manipulations of\\nthe visual stimulus such as the restriction of field of view\\n[10, 12, 24, 39, 45] , the use of independent virtual back-\\ngrounds and fixed reference frames [21, 57, 75] , the dynamic\\ncontrol of travel velocity [26, 69] , freezing head rotations\\n[35] , and non-salient objects blurring [54] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,428,334,445],\"text\":\"FOV Manipulation in Virtual Environments\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,449,395,657],\"text\":\"Manipulation of FOV is the most relevant intervention to our\\nstudy. Several studies investigated the effects of manipulation\\nof both the horizontal display field of view, defined as the\\nangle that extends from the eye to the left and right edges\\nof the display, and the horizontal geometric field of view,\\ndefined as the angle that extends from the virtual camera\\nto the left and right edges of the viewpoint frustum [12,\\n17] . Many of these studies revealed positive effects of FOV\\nmanipulation on VR sickness [12, 24, 39, 45, 64] and presence\\n[41, 45, 64] . Other studies, on the other hand, showed the\\nnegative effect of FOV manipulation on task performance on\\nvirtual environments [53, 56, 74] and the magnitude of such\\neffect was shown to be more significant on women [17, 68] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,667,173,684],\"text\":\"3 USER STUDY\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,688,394,752],\"text\":\"The goal of this study is to examine the effect of dynamic\\nFOV restriction on sex differences in VR sickness and spatial\\nnavigation performance in the context of a triangle comple-\\ntion task.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,765,145,781],\"text\":\"Participants\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,784,395,913],\"text\":\"We recruited 30 participants, two women of whom exited\\nduring the first session due to severe discomfort $^1$ , leaving us\\nwith 28 participants (14 women) whose data is used in this\\nstudy. Participants age ranged from 18 to 33 years (average\\n= 23.04, SD = 3.59). Participants were recruited by flyers and\\nword-of-mouth and they were affiliated with the local higher\\neducation institutions. Participants were asked to rate their\\nfrequency of using VR and their tendency to get motion or\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,490,747,554],\"text\":\"VR sick on a scale of 1 (never) to 5 (very frequently). The\\nresults are summarized in Table 1 . All participants were\\ncompensated with a $15 Amazon gift card. The user study\\nwas approved by an IRB.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_2_tab_11.png\",\"bbox\":[426,124,754,355],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image displays two tables of survey results, segmented by gender (Women, Men, Total) across a 5-point Likert scale ranging from \\\"Never\\\" to \\\"Very frequently.\\\" The first table shows VR usage frequency, and the second table shows the frequency of motion or VR sickness. Each data point in the tables includes a percentage and the corresponding count in parentheses.\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,371,747,453],\"text\":\"Table 1: Summary of participants ratings of their fre-\\nquency of using VR and their tendency of getting mo-\\ntion or VR sick on a scale of 1 (never) to 5 (very fre-\\nquently). The results are reported in the form of per-\\ncentage (count).\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,566,541,583],\"text\":\"Experiment Design\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,586,748,842],\"text\":\"Our study is a 2x2 mixed factorial design with sex as the\\nbetween-subject factor and the FOV condition as the within-\\nsubject factor. The latter factor has two levels: no FOV restric-\\ntion (RN) and dynamically changing FOV (RY). We inspect\\nthe effect of these factors on seven dependent variables: (1)\\nthe home position estimation error (HPE), (2) the Simulator\\nSickness Questionnaire [37] (SQ) total severity score (TS),\\n(3) the SSQ-Nausea score (N), (4) the SSQ-Oculomotor dis-\\ncomfort score (O), (5) the SSQ-Dorsilertation score (D), (6)\\nthe average discomfort score (ADS) [24] , and (7) the ending\\ndiscomfort score (EDS) [24] . To account for order effects,\\nhalf of the participants started with the RN condition (Group\\nA) while the remaining half started with the RY condition\\n(Group B). To ensure that each group contained an equal\\nnumber of men and women, we alternated the assignment\\nof men and women across the two groups.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,853,550,869],\"text\":\"FOV Test Conditions\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,873,747,954],\"text\":\"In the RN condition, no FOV restriction was applied and par-\\nticipants were consequently exposed to the full visual field\\nprovided by the HMD's FOV. In the RY test condition, on\\nthe other hand, we followed the strategy of Bolas et al. [10]\\nand Fernandes and Feiner [24] who proposed to manipulate\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,924,394,953],\"text\":\"1One of these women exited while experiencing the full FOV condition\\nwhile the other was experiencing the dynamically changing FOV condition\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 354\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/results/markdown/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300584/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300584", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/results/output_json/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[75,120,387,266],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two panels display a simulated forest landscape. The left panel shows a circular, vignetted view of a grassy area with evergreen trees under a cloudy blue sky. The right panel presents a wider, rectangular perspective of the same environment, featuring a prominent red vertical gradient bar in the foreground amidst the trees.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,276,393,322],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Left: the FOV restrictor we used in the RY condition\\nat its maximum FOV restriction. Right: the waypoint used in\\nthe triangle completion task\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,344,394,473],\"text\":\"the FOV as a function of the user's current state. We ma-\\nnipulated the FOV according to changes of the participant's\\nlinear and angular velocities [24] . In other words, the FOV\\nwas decreased as the participant's virtual speed (linear or an-\\ngular) increases. To restrict the FOV, we used a black texture\\nwith a transparent circular cut-off, shown in Figure 2 -left,\\nwhose radius $(FOV_{r,t})$ is controlled according to following\\nequation $^2$ :\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"equ\",\"bbox\":[76,484,392,515],\"text\":\"$$F O V _ { r , t } = F O V _ { r - 1 , t } \\\\times [ 1 - ( t R _ { m a x } \\\\times m a x ( \\\\frac { v t } { 2 \\\\pi } , \\\\frac { \\\\omega _ { m a x } } { \\\\omega _ { m a x } } ) ) ] ( 1 )$$\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,515,394,801],\"text\":\"$FOV_{r,t-1}$ is the radius of the circular cut-off at time $t-1$ .\\n$RF_{max}$ is the amount of restriction applied to $FOV_{r,t-1}$ at the\\nmaximum virtual speed. $v_t$ and $\\\\omega_t$ are the virtual linear and\\nangular virtual speeds, respectively, at time $t$ . $v_{max}$ and $\\\\omega_{max}$\\nare linear and angular virtual speeds, respectively, at which\\nthe maximum FOV restriction is applied. We set $RF_{max}$ to\\n0.75. This is equivalent to a minimum FOV of 50° on the\\nHTC Vive with a horizontal FOV of around 100°, which we\\nempirically found close to the max FOV restriction applied\\nby popular VR experiences such as Google Earth VR [5] . The\\nvalue of $v_{max}$ was set to 1.4 m/s, a value that matches the\\naverage preferred walking speed of humans [50] . We empiri-\\ncally found 180°/sec worked best as a maximum angular\\nspeed to ensure a frequent FOV restriction as a response\\nto the dynamics of head movement expected from our task.\\nThe FOV restriction was applied gradually over time and the\\nedges of the circular cut-off were feathered as these factors\\nwere found to reduce participants' distraction [24] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,813,140,830],\"text\":\"Equipment\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,833,394,929],\"text\":\"The artificial stimuli, both visual and aural, were delivered\\nvia the HTC Vive HMD with a diagonal FOV of 110°, refresh\\nrate of 90Hz, a combined resolution of 2160x1200 pixels,\\nsix degrees of freedom (DoF) for position and orientation\\ntracking, and adjustable interpupillary (IPP) and focal dis-\\ntances. The headset was powered with a 2.8GHz Intel Core\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,453,747,644],\"text\":\"17 processor with 16GB of memory and NVIDIA GeForce\\nGTX 1070 graphics card running Windows 10. Participants\\nprovided input using an XBox controller that we preferred\\nover the Vive's motion sensing controller because partici-\\npants were likely to be more familiar with this controller and\\nthe profile of the thumbstick used for navigation provides\\nbetter tactile feedback than the Vive's touchpad. We used\\nUnity3D engine and the SteamVR plugin to develop the arti-\\nficial stimuli. We used the tunneling effect implementation\\nof SixWays $^3$ to dynamically manipulate the FOV as per the\\nspecifications mentioned in Section 3 . Participants' IPD was\\nmeasured using the PD Meter app $^4$ that runs on Android.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_010.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[447,119,718,386],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A top-down view depicts a verdant landscape with scattered trees, rocky outcrops, and three reddish-brown rectangular buildings. The terrain features varying shades of green, suggesting hills and valleys, with a faint grid overlay visible in the lower right section.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,396,745,426],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Top-down view of the virtual environment we used\\nin the experiment sessions\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,656,549,673],\"text\":\"Virtual Environment\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,677,747,885],\"text\":\"For both experiment sessions, we adapted the Rocky Hills\\nEnvironment - Light Pack asset $^5$ from the Unity Asset Store.\\nWe mapped the environment's measurement system from\\nUnity units to Metric units such that three Unity units are\\nequivalent to one meter. Such mapping was important for de-\\nsign decisions that involved knowledge about distance such\\nas target travel distance for a given task and appropriate\\ntravel speed. The environment (Figure 3 ) is a 200m × 200m\\nforest-like space that consists of trees, rocks and hills that\\ncan be used as subtle spatial cues. Three forest cabins were\\ndistributed over the hills of the environment to be used as\\nsalient landmarks during the task. Some parts of the terrain\\nwere made uneven in order to expose participants to optic\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,939,283,954],\"text\":\"$^{2}$https://github.com/SixWays/UnityVRTunnelling\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,898,634,913],\"text\":\"3 https://github.com/SixWays/UnityVrfTunnelling\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,913,726,926],\"text\":\"4 https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=techpositive.glassifyme\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,926,745,953],\"text\":\"https://assetstore.unity.com/packages/3d/environments/landscapes/rocky-\\nhills-environment-light-pack-89939\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,997,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 354\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,997,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/results/markdown/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300584/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300584", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/results/output_json/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,299],\"text\":\"flow at the vertical axis. For the training session, we used\\nthe Mecanian Example Scene 6 from the Unity Asset Store.\\nFive-meter high red posts (Figure 2 right) were used as way-\\npoints, each representing a triangle vertex that participants\\nnavigate to, one after the other. Unity's UI panels, text, and\\nsliders were used to communicate the task instructions and\\nto collect the discomfort score from participants during trials.\\nParticipants used the controller's thumbstick to control the\\nrate of travel at a speed that varied between 0 and 1.4 m/s.\\nThe same thumbstick was used for steering in a direction\\nrelative the head's forward vector.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_003.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_003.png\",\"bbox\":[122,311,335,434],\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a directed graph with five nodes labeled E, S, W1, and W2, arranged in an approximate diamond shape. Solid black arrows connect W1 to W2, W2 to E, and W1 to S. A dashed blue arrow labeled \\\"W2S\\\" points from W2 to S, and a dashed red arrow labeled \\\"SE\\\" points from S to E.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,448,394,524],\"text\":\"Figure 4: The triangle completion task we use in this study.\\nS = starting position, E = estimated position, $W_{1}$ = first way-\\npoint, $W_{2}$ = second waypoint, $W_{2}S$ = the vector from the sec-\\nond waypoint to the starting position, and $\\\\vec{SE}$ = the vector\\nfrom the starting position to the estimated position\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,558,101,575],\"text\":\"Task\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,580,394,659],\"text\":\"Humans use several fundamental skills to achieve effective\\nnavigation such as spatial updating, spatial cognitive map-\\nping, and constrained route planning [61] . In this study, we\\nexamine the effect of FOV restriction on participants' spatial\\nupdating abilities.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,659,394,914],\"text\":\"Spatial updating can be achieved through (1) path integra-\\ntion, where users update their current position based on an\\nestimate of the direction and distance travelled obtained from\\nvisual, vestibular and proprioceptive senses [71] ; and (2) land-\\nmark navigation, where users update their current position\\nwhen a known landmark is identified [47] . Humans use the\\ninformation collected from path integration and landmark\\nnavigation to form a survey representation that captures the\\ndistances and directions of the traversed trajectory to help\\nthem plan future navigation tasks [48] . To examine the qual-\\nity of participants' survey knowledge, we used a “ triangle\\ncompletion ” task that was described in early work on spatial\\nnavigation [48] and that has been used for assessing spa-\\ntial navigation performance in VR [34] . This task required\\nparticipants to travel from a starting position to two consec-\\nutive waypoints ( Figure 4 ) shown one after the other, which\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,380],\"text\":\"are non collinear with the starting position and which form\\ntwo adjacent legs of a triangle. After arriving at the second\\nwaypoint, participants were then asked to navigate back to\\nthe starting position and confirm their selection using the\\ncontroller's (A) button. Being able to navigate back to each\\nstarting location relies on a combination of path integration\\nand landmark based navigation. Participants' ability to navi-\\ngate back to the starting position requires them to compute a\\nnew trajectory; an ability that is contingent on the quality of\\ntheir survey representation [48] . As the focus of our study is\\nto examine the effect FOV restriction (a visual manipulation\\nintervention) on forming an effective survey representation,\\nwe aimed to limit the spatial updating cues to optical flow and\\nminimize the interference from proprioceptive and vestibu-\\nlar cues. We achieved this by having participants navigate\\nthe virtual environment using joystick-control locomotion.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,380,746,635],\"text\":\"Similar to Loomis et al. [48] , a total of 27 triangles were\\nproduced as a result of varying the distance of the first two\\ntriangle legs ( A and B , respectively) and the turning angle\\n$\\\\alpha$ that corresponds to 180° minus the angle between the\\ntwo legs. Leg A was one of three values (10, 15, or 20m)\\nas well as Leg B (8, 12, 18m) and $\\\\alpha$ (60, 90 or 120°). These\\ndistances and angles were selected such that the total ex-\\nposure time after completing the 27 triangles is 25 minutes\\nper session. To minimize learning effect, we varied the start-\\ning position of participants. The triangles were distributed\\nover three selected zones and the starting vertex was var-\\nied across triangles that belong to the same zone. The order\\nof the produced triangles was randomized to minimize the\\nchance of having two consecutive triangles that have the\\nsame zone and starting vertex. Two sequences of triangles\\nwere produced for each experiment session.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,646,487,662],\"text\":\"Procedure\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,666,747,954],\"text\":\"The experiment was conducted in a room that is free of noises\\nand physical obstacles. Participants were greeted and seated\\nto be given a short presentation at which the experimenter\\nexplained the goal the study, the sequence of the experiment,\\nthe risks involved, the collected data, and the details of the\\ntraining and experiment sessions. Participants were then\\nasked to fill the first SDT [37] to provide a baseline input\\nof their relevant symptoms. The participants' IPD was then\\nmeasured and the measurement was used to set the IPD of the\\nVR headset accordingly. If a participant's measured IPD was\\nlower than the headset's minimum (60.8mm for the Vive), the\\nheadset's IPD was set to its minimum. Participants were then\\nasked to stand at a marked position in the tracking space and\\nwere assisted to wear the VR headset and hold the controller\\nso that they could start the training session. We chose to\\nhave participants standing in order to rotate with their body.\\nStanding and rotating in place do generate some vestibular\\nand proprioceptive cues. While the magnitude of these cues\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[68,924,329,953],\"text\":\"\\\"https://assetstore.unity.com/packages/essentials/tutorial-\\nprojects/mechanism-example-scenes-5328\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,997,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 354\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,997,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/results/markdown/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300584/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300584", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/results/output_json/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,411],\"text\":\"while standing and rotating in place is significantly lower\\nthan that of walking, these cues might interfere with the goal\\nof our study that aims to limit spatial updating cues to optical\\nflow. However, we made this choice since viewpoint rotation\\nusing a controller was found to cause unnecessary discomfort\\n[24] , aside from being uncommon to rotate with a controller\\nin common VR experiences. The goal of the training session\\nwas to familiarize the participants with the controls needed\\nto provide input and to give them an opportunity to practice\\nthe experiment task. To satisfy the former goal, participants\\nwere asked to move in each of the four directions (right,\\nleft, forward, and backward) one after the other and move\\nthe slider all the way to the right and then all the way to\\nthe left. They were then asked to complete three triangle\\ncompletion tasks after which the training session concludes.\\nTo give participants a sense of their performance during\\nthe training session only, an arrow was shown at the actual\\nstarting position after they provided their estimation.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,411,394,666],\"text\":\"Participants then took part in two experiment sessions;\\none for each condition. Group A participants started with the\\nRN condition while Group B participants started with the RY\\ncondition. In each session, participants performed a total of\\n27 trials, each involving one triangle completion task. After\\neach trial, participants were prompted with a slider [24] to\\nprovide their level of discomfort from 1 to 10, with level 10\\nsignifying the highest level of discomfort [59] . Similar to\\nFernandes and Feiner [24] , participants were told that when\\na value of 10 is selected, the experiment will be terminated,\\nbut they were assured that they will be fully compensated\\nanyway. Participants were encouraged to strike a balance\\nbetween time and accuracy. After each session, participants\\nwere asked to fill a post-exposure SSQ. A mandatory ten-\\nminute break was given to each participant after the first\\nsession.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,667,394,778],\"text\":\"Upon the completion of both sessions, participants were\\nasked to fill a post-experiment questionnaire at which they\\nprovided their demographic information that included sex,\\nage, frequency of exposure to VR (five-point Likert scale), and\\ntendency of being motion and/or VR sick (five-point Likert\\nscale). The total duration of the study took approximately\\none hour and a half.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,792,161,807],\"text\":\"Measurements\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,810,392,829],\"text\":\"In order to calculate HPE, we use the following formula [34]:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"equ\",\"bbox\":[193,842,389,880],\"text\":\"$$H P E = \\\\begin{array} { r } { \\\\frac { | S \\\\overline { { E } } | } { W _ { S } } . } \\\\end{array} \\\\quad( 2 )$$\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,885,394,953],\"text\":\"where $|\\\\vec{SE}|$ is the magnitude of a 2D vector whose initial\\nand terminal points are the horizontal plane coordinates of\\nthe starting and estimated positions, respectively, and $|\\\\vec{W_{SE}}|$\\nis the magnitude of a 2D vector whose initial and terminal\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,462],\"text\":\"points are horizontal plane coordinates of the second way-\\npoint and the starting position, respectively (see Figure 4 ).\\nWe use the vector $|SE|$ as it captures errors in both heading\\nand distance while we use the vector $|\\\\hat{W_2}S|$ to normalize the\\ndifferences across triangle designs. We also collected the 2D\\ntrajectory at the horizontal plane produced by each triangle\\ncompletion task for all participants for further analysis, if\\nneeded. We use the data collected from the SSQs along with\\nthe self-reported discomfort scores in order to measure VR\\nsickness. Data collected from the SSQ is used to calculate four\\nassociated scores, namely: TS, O, and N, and D scores. These\\nscores were calculated as per the conversion formulas by\\nKennedy et al. [37] . The calculated scores of the baseline SSQ\\nwere subtracted from those of the first post-exposure SSQ to\\nobtain the latter's relative SSQ scores. Similarly, the calcu-\\nlated scores of the first post-exposure SSQ were subtracted\\nfrom those of the second post-exposure SSQ to obtain the lat-\\nter’s relative SSQ scores. We averaged the discomfort scores\\nfor each participant per FOV condition to calculate ADS and\\nwe used the last discomfort score for each participant per\\nFOV condition to calculate EDS.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,474,502,491],\"text\":\"4 RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,494,746,542],\"text\":\"Table 2 shows the mean and the standard deviation of the\\nHPE, ADS, EDS, and SSQ results. We analyze the results in\\nthe remainder of this section.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,555,618,573],\"text\":\"Spatial Navigation Performance\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_013.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_013.png\",\"bbox\":[459,593,703,793],\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This line plot displays \\\"Home Position Estimation Error\\\" on the Y-axis against \\\"FOV Condition\\\" (RN and RY) on the X-axis, with separate lines for \\\"Men\\\" and \\\"Women\\\". Women consistently show higher estimation error compared to Men across both FOV conditions, and error bars indicate variability for each data point.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,807,746,869],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Spatial navigation performance measured in HPE.\\nResults are aggregated per sex and FOV condition. RN = No\\nFOV restriction; RY = Dynamically changing FOV. Error bars\\nrepresent the standard deviation.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,888,746,952],\"text\":\"The HPE was used as a measure of spatial navigation\\nperformance of the 28 participants in this study. Figure 5\\nshows a summary of the results. A 2-way mixed-model\\nANOVA did not find an interaction between sex and FOV\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 354\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/results/markdown/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300584/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300584", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/results/output_json/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[71,127,388,544],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Condition</td><td colspan=\\\"3\\\">No restrictor (RN)</td><td colspan=\\\"3\\\">FOV restrictor (RY)</td></tr><tr><td>Sex</td><td>Women</td><td>Men</td><td>Total</td><td>Women</td><td>Men</td><td>Total</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"7\\\">Spatial Navigation Performance</td></tr><tr><td>HPE</td><td>0.44 (0.2)</td><td>0.37 (0.1)</td><td>0.40 (0.2)</td><td>0.47 (0.3)</td><td>0.33 (0.1)</td><td>0.40 (0.2)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"7\\\">Discomfort Scores</td></tr><tr><td>ADS</td><td>1.93 (1.6)</td><td>1.36 (1.4)</td><td>1.64 (1.5)</td><td>1.11 (1.1)</td><td>0.85 (1.1)</td><td>0.98 (1.1)</td></tr><tr><td>EDS</td><td>3.07 (2.1)</td><td>2.64 (2.8)</td><td>2.86 (2.4)</td><td>2.36 (2.8)</td><td>1.29 (1.4)</td><td>1.82 (2.1)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"7\\\">Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (Relative)</td></tr><tr><td>SSQ-TS</td><td>32.32 (32.9)</td><td>28.85 (29.6)</td><td>30.59 (30.7)</td><td>3.74 (39.2)</td><td>15.49 (27.1)</td><td>9.62 (33.6)</td></tr><tr><td>SSQ-D</td><td>31.82 (42.4)</td><td>37.78 (43.8)</td><td>34.80 (42.4)</td><td>8.94 (48.7)</td><td>12.92 (33.0)</td><td>10.94 (40.9)</td></tr><tr><td>SSQ-N</td><td>29.98 (38.3)</td><td>24.53 (24.5)</td><td>27.26 (31.7)</td><td>3.41 (40.2)</td><td>11.58 (28.3)</td><td>7.50 (34.4)</td></tr><tr><td>SSQ-O</td><td>24.36 (17.6)</td><td>18.41 (21.6)</td><td>21.39 (19.6)</td><td>0 (26.7)</td><td>15.16 (18.6)</td><td>7.58 (23.6)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\\\"7\\\">Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (Absolute)</td></tr><tr><td>SSQ-TS</td><td>52.89 (34.0)</td><td>49.69 (46.6)</td><td>51.29 (40.0)</td><td>41.14 (25.9)</td><td>29.92 (19.8)</td><td>35.53 (23.4)</td></tr><tr><td>SSQ-D</td><td>56.67 (38.8)</td><td>56.67 (58.4)</td><td>56.67 (48.7)</td><td>44.74 (29.5)</td><td>28.83 (27.6)</td><td>36.79 (29.2)</td></tr><tr><td>SSQ-N</td><td>42.25 (39.4)</td><td>42.25 (42.1)</td><td>42.25 (40.0)</td><td>34.75 (34.0)</td><td>26.58 (21.9)</td><td>30.66 (28.4)</td></tr><tr><td>SSQ-O</td><td>42.77 (23.9)</td><td>36.28 (33.3)</td><td>39.52 (28.5)</td><td>31.40 (15.1)</td><td>23.82 (16.8)</td><td>27.61 (16.1)</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table presents experimental data across two conditions, \\\"No restrictor\\\" and \\\"FOV restrictor,\\\" categorized by sex (Women, Men, Total). It includes metrics for Spatial Navigation Performance (HPE), Discomfort Scores (ADS, EDS), and Simulator Sickness Questionnaire scores (Relative and Absolute, comprising TS, D, N, and O subscales).\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_6_tab_2.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,547,395,645],\"text\":\"Table 2: Quantitative measures of the spatial navi-\\ngation performance, discomfort scores, and relative\\nSimulator Sickness Questionnaire in terms of mean\\n(standard deviation) . For the sake of completeness, we\\nalso include the absolute Simulator Sickness Question-\\nnaire results.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,690,395,840],\"text\":\"$(f_{1,26} = 3.11, p = .09, \\\\eta_p^2 = .11)$. No significant effects of sex\\n$(f_{1,26} = 2.13, p = .16, \\\\eta_p^2 = .076)$ or FOV $(f_{1,26} = 0.09, p =$\\n$.77, \\\\eta_p^2 = .004)$ were found either. Spearman's rank correla-\\ntion did not find a significant association between HPE and\\nfrequency of using VR $(r_s = -.20, p = .31)$. The correlation\\nbetween HPE and motion/VR sickness tendency, however,\\nwas significant $(r_s = .52, p < .05)$, indicating a positive\\nassociation between spatial error and motion/VR sickness\\nhistory.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,851,145,868],\"text\":\"VR Sickness\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,872,395,953],\"text\":\"VR sickness was measured in terms of the self-reported dis-\\ncomfort score, from which we measured ADS and EDS; and\\nthe SSQ questionnaire, from which we calculated the SSQ's\\nTS, N, O and D scores. Using the EDS score, we found that 6\\nout of the 28 participants (4 men) were asymptomatic. Unlike\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,382,747,575],\"text\":\"other studies [24] that used the ADS as a criteria to deter-\\nmine which participants were asymptomatic, we use the EDS\\ndue to its significant positive correlation with the SSQ-TS\\nresults (EDS: $r_{s} = .52, p < .05$ ; ADS: $r_{s} = -.04, p = .77$ ) and\\nbecause both EDS and SSQ results capture the participant's\\ndiscomfort level at the end of a session. As visual acceleration\\ncan affect the incidence of VR sickness [42] , we analyzed the\\namount of time at which participants were travelling at a\\nfixed speed. Both men and women travelled at a fixed speed\\nmore than .87% of the time (women: 87.60%, men: 87.56;\\n$F_{1,22} = .001, p = .97, \\\\eta_{p}^{2} = 0$ ) $^7$ . We report the VR sickness\\nresults of our 28 participants as follows.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_008.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[421,118,746,283],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two line charts display discomfort scores (Average Discomfort Score on the left, Ending Discomfort Score on the right) against FOV Condition (RN and RY). Both charts show two lines, one solid blue for Men and one dotted red for Women, with error bars indicating variability. In both plots, the dotted red line (Women) is generally above the solid blue line (Men), and both lines show a downward trend from RN to RY.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,297,746,357],\"text\":\"Figure 6: Average and ending levels of discomfort. Results\\nare aggregated per sex and FOV condition. RN = No FOV re-\\nstriction; RY = Dynamically changing FOV. Error bars repre-\\nsent the standard deviation.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,581,747,846],\"text\":\"Discomfort Score. A 2-way mixed-model ANOVA did not\\nfind an interaction effect between sex and FOV condition\\non both the ADS (F1,26 = .5, p = .49, ηp2 = .019) and the\\nEDS (F1,26 = .70, p = .41, ηp2 = .026). While no signifi-\\ncant difference between sexes was found with respect to\\nboth $\\\\eta_p^2 = .32$ ADS (F1,26 = .85, p = .37, ηp2 = .032) and EDS (F1,26 =\\n.90, p = .35, ηp2 = .033), FOV restriction resulted in signifi-\\ncantly lower ADs (F1,26 = .93,0 p < .05, ηp2 = .26) and EDS\\n(F1,26 = .72, p < .05, ηp2 = .22). Figure 6 summarizes the\\nresults of the average and ending discomfort scores. Spear-\\nman's rank correlation did not find a significant association\\nbetween the reported frequency of using VR and neither\\nADS (rs = -.24, p = .22) nor EDS (rs = -.25, p = .20). Simi-\\nlarly, the reported tendency of motion/VR sickness was not\\nfound to be correlated with neither ADS (rs = .36, p = .061)\\nnor EDS (rs = .36, p = .059).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,852,746,901],\"text\":\"Simulator Sickness Questionnaire Scores. A 2-way mixed-\\nmodel ANOVA did not find an interaction effect between sex\\nand FOV condition on all SSQ scores: TS ($F_{1,26} = .66, p = .001$)\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,911,746,952],\"text\":\"$^{7}$ Due to a tracking error, we lost the speed data of the first 4 male participants,\\nnot during in conducting this analysis using the speed data of the remaining\\n24 male participants.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 354\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/results/markdown/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300584/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300584", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/results/output_json/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[108,123,710,324],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Four line graphs display measures of \\\"Total Severity,\\\" \\\"Nausea,\\\" \\\"Oculomotor Discomfort,\\\" and \\\"Disorientation\\\" on the y-axis, ranging from -40 to 90. Each graph plots data for \\\"Men\\\" (solid teal line) and \\\"Women\\\" (dashed red line) across two \\\"FOV Conditions\\\" (RN and RY) on the x-axis, with error bars indicating variability.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,338,746,368],\"text\":\"Figure 7: Relative Simulator Sickness Questionnaire results aggregated by sex and FOV condition. RN <No FOV restriction; RY\\n= Dynamically changing FOV. Error bars represent the standard deviation.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[67,388,395,761],\"text\":\"$42,p_1^2=.025$ ), N $(F_{1,26}=.45,p=.51,p_2^2=.017)$ , O $(F_{1,26}=$\\n$3.52,p=.072,p_1^2=.12)$ , and D $(F_{1,26}=.006,p=.94,p_2^2=0)$ .\\nNo significant differences between men and women were found in any of the SSQ scores either: TS $(F_{1,26}=.27,p=.61,p_1^2=.010)$ , N $(F_{1,26}=.032,p=.86,p_1^2=.001)$ , O $(F_{1,26}=$\\n$.64,p=.43,p_1^2=.024}$ ), and D $(F_{1,26}=.27,p=.61,p_2^2=.010)$ . FOV restriction resulted in lower TS $(F_{1,26}=.5.04,p<$\\n$.05,p_1^2=.16)$ and O $(F_{1,26}=.6.01,p<.05,p_1^2=.19)$ scores\\nwhile no significance was found for the D $(F_{1,26}=.3.46,p=.074,p_1^2=.12)$ and N $(F_{1,26}=.3.80,p=.062,p_1^2=.13)$\\nscores. Spearman's rank correlation did not find a significant association between the reported frequency of using VR and\\nany of the SSQ scores: TS $(r=-.26,p=.18)$ , N $(r=-.28,$\\n$p=.15)$ , O $(r=-.23,p=.23)$ , D $(r_s=-.30,p=.12)$ .\\nA significant positive correlation was found between the SSQ-TS score and the tendency of getting motion/VR sick\\n( $r_s=.39,p<.05$ ) while no significant correlation between\\nmotion/VR sickness tendency and the rest of the SSQ scores\\nwas found. N $(r_s=.35,p=.066)$ , O $(r_s=.33,p=.081)$ ,\\nD $(r_s=.36,p=.060)$ . As shown in Figure 7 , both sexes\\nexperienced an SSQ symptom profile [65,66] of D >N >O in\\nthe RN condition. While women maintained the same profile\\nin the RY condition, men's profile changed to O <D >N.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,773,308,790],\"text\":\"5 DISCUSSION AND FUTURE WORK\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,793,395,952],\"text\":\"Unlike our expectation, no significant sex difference was\\nfound in spatial navigation performance, contradicting with\\nprevious studies that suggested otherwise [6, 8, 20, 62, 63] .\\nThe experimental conditions of these studies, however, were\\ndifferent, e.g., they used a virtual water maze task in desktop\\nenvironments [8, 20, 63] , a path following task in CAVE\\nenvironment with children [6] , or a search task with an HMD\\nhaving $48^\\\\circ$ FOV [62] . Aside from using a different FOV that\\nranged between $50^\\\\circ$ to $100^\\\\circ$ , our study differs fundamentally\\nfrom previous evaluations in terms of the target navigation\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,389,747,548],\"text\":\"skill. Our study aimed to focus on the evaluation of the\\nspatial updating skill which relies on survey representation\\nthat is affected by both landmark-based navigation and path\\nintegration [48] . Since women heavily rely on landmarks\\nfor navigation while men navigate mostly using geometric\\ninformation [63] , we designed a virtual environment that\\ncontains both subtle and salient landmarks to give men and\\nwomen a fair chance to form a quality survey representation.\\nThis might have resulted in finding no significant gender\\ndifference in spatial updating.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,548,747,803],\"text\":\"Regardless of sex, we did not find a significant effect of\\nFOV restriction on spatial navigation performance. This is\\ndifferent from what was reported in earlier studies [53, 56,\\n74] . Some of these studies used desktop VR [53, 56] . To eval-\\nuate spatial navigation performance, some studies used a\\nsearch task [53, 56] while others used an obstacle avoid-\\nance task [74] . This is different from our study at which we\\nused an HMD and a triangle completion task. The restriction\\nmechanism used in our study can be another contributing\\nfactor. Unlike previous studies that restricted FOV through-\\nout the virtual experience, our restrictor only restricts FOV\\nas a response to linear and angular speeds. This dynamic\\nbehavior of the restrictor might have given participants an\\nopportunity to frequently gain a full view of the virtual en-\\nvironment while they were stationary, which might have\\ncaused them to perform efficiently in both FOV conditions.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,804,747,948],\"text\":\"Due to the physiology of women's eyes [7] along with their\\nvision perception [28] as we explained earlier, we expected\\nthat FOV restriction would not be an effective intervention\\nto reduce the VR sickness symptoms in women. However,\\nFOV restriction was shown to be effective in mitigating VR\\nsickness symptoms in both sexes as shown in the ADS, EDS,\\nand SSQ results, agreeing with the results of previous studies\\n[12, 24, 39, 45, 64] . Our analysis did not find a significant sex\\ndifference in any of the VR sickness measures. This seems\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 354\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300584/results/markdown/3290605-3300584_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300585/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300585", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/results/output_json/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,95,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[178,101,637,166],\"text\":\"Implementing Multi-Touch Gestures\\nwith Touch Groups and Cross Events\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[79,173,202,252],\"text\":\"Steve Oney\\n\\nSchool of Information\\nUniversity of Michigan\\n\\nAnn Arbor, MI, USA\\n\\nsoney@unich.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[215,175,409,252],\"text\":\"Rebecca Krosnick\\n\\nComputer Science and Engineering\\nUniversity of Michigan\\nAnn Arbor, MI, USA\\nrkros@unich.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[426,173,555,252],\"text\":\"Joel Brandt\\n\\nAdobe Research\\n\\nAdobe\\n\\nSanta Monica, CA, USA\\njoel.brandt@aobe.com\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[584,173,733,252],\"text\":\"Brad Myers\\n\\nHCI Institute\\n\\nCarnegie Mellon University\\nPittsburgh, PA, USA\\n\\nbam@cs.cmu.edu\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,276,141,293],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,298,399,649],\"text\":\"Multi-touch gestures can be very difficult to program cor-\\nrectly because they require that developers build high-level\\nabstractions from low-level touch events. In this paper, we\\nintroduce programming primitives that enable programmers\\nto implement multi-touch gestures in a more understandable\\nway by helping them build these abstractions. Our design of\\nthese primitives was guided by a formative study, in which\\nwe observed developers' natural implementations of custom\\ngestures. Touch groups provide summaries of multiple fin-\\ngers rather than requiring that programmers track them\\nmanually. Cross events allow programmers to summarize the\\nmovement of one or a group of fingers. We implemented\\nthese two primitives in two environments: a declarative\\nprogramming system and in a standard imperative pro-\\ngramming language. We found that these primitives are ca-\\npable of defining nuanced multi-touch gestures, which we\\nillustrate through a series of examples. Further, in two user\\nevaluations of these programming primitives, we found that\\nmulti-touch behaviors implemented in these programming\\nprimitives are more understandable than those implemented\\nwith standard touch events.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,657,171,672],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[69,672,375,689],\"text\":\"• Human-Centered Computing → User interface programming\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,696,147,712],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,712,376,727],\"text\":\"multi-touch; programming; software development; frameworks\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[70,735,185,747],\"text\":\"ACM Reference format:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[70,747,398,815],\"text\":\"Steve Onye, Rebecca Kromnick, Joel Janda, Brad Myers, 2019. Implementing\\nMulti-Touch Gestures with Touch Groups and Cross Events. In 2019 CHI\\nConference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019) .\\nAssociation for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Paper 355, 12\\npages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300585\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"author\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_016.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_016.png\",\"bbox\":[464,278,701,472],\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A diagram illustrates a two-finger swipe gesture moving from a dashed starting hand on the left to a solid hand on the right. A dashed red vertical line, labeled \\\"crossPath,\\\" is positioned between the hands, indicating a boundary that the gesture crosses. A code snippet below explains that crossing this path triggers a \\\"twoFingerRightSwipe\\\" event.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[417,475,746,597],\"text\":\"Figure 1: An illustration of a two-finger swipe-right gesture\\nimplemented with touch groups and cross events . Touch\\ngroups summarize properties of groups of touch events\\nthat move in synchrony. Cross events fire when a touch\\ngroup crosses a given path. In this gesture, a `twoFin-\\ngerRightSwipe' event fires after a two-finger touch group\\ncrosses a path 10 pixels to the right of where the touch\\ngroup started.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[418,607,514,625],\"text\":\"1 Introduction\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,630,746,712],\"text\":\"For end-users, multi-touch user interfaces (UIs) can be more\\nintuitive and direct than their mouse-keyboard counterparts.\\nFor developers, however, implementing multi-touch UIs can\\nbe counter-intuitive and error-prone, particularly when the\\nUI involves custom gestures [13,15,16] .\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,713,746,846],\"text\":\"Researchers have proposed new gestures and have\\nshown that allowing users to define their own gestures can\\nhave usability benefits [22,30] . For example, a drawing ap-\\nplication might include a custom gesture to allow artists to\\nquickly switch between brushes. Although there are libraries\\nthat allow developers to re-use pre-existing multi-touch ges-\\ntures, programming multi-touch gestures is still a funda-\\nmental problem in human-computer interaction.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[418,857,664,876],\"text\":\"1.1 Programming Multi-Touch Gestures\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,880,746,945],\"text\":\"Multi-touch behaviors are traditionally programmed using\\nthe event-action framework and three events: touchstart,\\ntouchmove, and touchend . In most multi-touch program-\\nming frameworks, programmers define custom gestures as-\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,844,399,922],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or\\nclassroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed\\nfor profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation\\non the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM\\nare retained for personal use by the owner. To copy otherwise, or republish, to\\npost on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a\\nfee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,921,250,931],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,931,238,943],\"text\":\"© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,942,237,954],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00.\",\"reading_order\":26,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,954,238,965],\"text\":\"DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300585\",\"reading_order\":27,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 355\",\"reading_order\":28,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":29,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/results/markdown/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300585/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300585", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/results/output_json/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,99,398,282],\"text\":\"ing callbacks in response to these events. These callbacks\\nthen handle the specifics of each touch event by referencing\\nunique touch identifiers. In this paper, we refer to such\\nframeworks as \\\"touch\\\" frameworks. However, there are\\nseveral challenges that developers face when working with\\ntouch\\\" frameworks. Correctly programming a multi-touch\\ngesture requires building high-level abstractions from low-\\nlevel touch events by tracking the movement of multiple\\nfingers and maintaining consistency across a potentially\\nlarge number of intermediate gesture states, and managing\\nconflicts among multiple gestures [14,16] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,294,293,311],\"text\":\"1.2 Designing New Touch Primitives\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,316,397,432],\"text\":\"In this paper, we approach the challenges of multi-touch\\ngesture programming with the goal of simplifying the un-\\nderlying events by introducing higher-level abstractions that\\ncan be used to program multi-touch gestures. We introduce\\nprogramming primitives that help developers write and test\\nmulti-touch gestures by abstracting away some of the chal-\\nlenging aspects of building these behaviors.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,432,398,734],\"text\":\"To design our new touch primitives, we adopted natural\\nprogramming techniques [20,21] . We asked four developers\\nto write pseudo-code for four multi-touch gestures while\\ndefining any high-level events that they found helpful in or-\\nder to do so. From these pilot studies, two design features\\nwere clear. First, when a multi-touch gesture involved mul-\\ntiple touches moving in synchrony (such as a two-finger tap\\nwhere both fingers will be pressed and released around the\\nsame time and in the same area) participants naturally\\ngrouped them into a single event. This is in contrast with\\nthe mechanics of conventional touch $^*$ frameworks, where\\ntouch events are limited to the individual touches. Second,\\nparticipants often drew annotations on their sketches to\\nmark interaction areas and paths. These annotations were\\nnot meant to be visible in the user interface, but to mark ges-\\nture boundaries. Defining the position of these annotations,\\ntheir dynamics, and their interactions with touch $^*$ events\\ncan be challenging.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,734,397,800],\"text\":\"We defined touch group and cross event primitives to\\naddress the design needs we observed in our pilot studies.\\nWe implemented these primitives both in regular JavaScript\\nand in the InterState programming framework [23] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,813,183,830],\"text\":\"1.3 Contributions\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,834,318,850],\"text\":\"This paper makes the following contributions:\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[76,851,399,948],\"text\":\"• Introducing \\\"touch groups\\\" as a way to enable more ex-\\npressive multi-touch gestures by summarizing one or\\nmultiple fingers.\\n• Introducing \\\"cross events\\\" as a primitive component of\\nmulti-touch gestures that help developers by summariz-\\ning the movement of a touch group and by allowing de-\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[422,99,746,228],\"text\":\"velopers to define custom shapes and produce an event\\nif a touch group crosses them.\\n\\n• Introducing primitives to help developers manage con-\\nflicts between multi-touch gestures implemented with\\ntouch groups and cross events.\\n• Evaluations of these touch primitives that show that\\nthey can be more effective than traditional (touch*) pro-\\ngramming mechanisms.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,233,746,415],\"text\":\"In this paper, we first discuss related work, which focuses on\\nprevious multi-touch event models, gesture recognition\\ntechniques, and other UI programming techniques. After re-\\nlated work, we detail our new primitives, touch groups and\\ncross events. We then discuss our evaluations of the reada-\\nbility and writability of these primitives compared to a tradi-\\ntional multi-touch event model. We subsequently illustrate\\nthe effectiveness of these primitives by describing examples\\nof custom gestures and their implementations with touch\\ngroups and cross events. Finally, we conclude with a discus-\\nsion of our scope and future work.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[417,427,523,445],\"text\":\"2 Related Work\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,449,746,566],\"text\":\"Previous research has shown that custom multi-touch ges-\\ntures are pervasive [5,7] , as developers invent new multi-\\ntouch gestures [22] or mix and match previous gestures [9] .\\nResearchers have proposed a number of systems to help de-\\nvelopers define multi-touch gestures. The following sections\\nwill review a few of the previous approaches researchers\\nhave taken.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[417,577,712,594],\"text\":\"2.1 Multi-Touch Abstractions and Event Models\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,599,746,681],\"text\":\"Several other researchers and projects have proposed alter-\\nnative event models and multi-touch abstractions. Different\\nabstractions make different assumptions about which as-\\npects of a behavior are important and which can be abstract-\\ned away.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,682,746,832],\"text\":\"Several projects have proposed declarative event models\\nwhere developers specify the features of the gestures in\\nwhich they are interested rather than how to classify them\\n[6] . These systems are built to help abstract away the low-\\nlevel code to track and maintain a gesture's state. GDL [11] ,\\nProton [14] , and Proton++ [13] all introduce various declara-\\ntive syntaxes for defining multi-touch behaviors that are\\nbuilt on touch ” events. Similar syntaxes could be built with\\ntouch groups and cross events.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,832,746,950],\"text\":\"CoGest [4] , GeForMT [8,10] , and Midas [26] propose al-\\nternative syntaxes for declaring or modeling custom ges-\\ntures that are more abstracted away from touch-* events\\nthan our proposed primitives (for example, linear movement\\ngestures are built-in primitives). Although this level of ab-\\nstraction can help to greatly simplify how one describes ges-\\ntures, they come at the cost of flexibility and expressiveness.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 355\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/results/markdown/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300585/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300585", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/results/output_json/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,99,397,148],\"text\":\"To the best of our understanding from reading these papers,\\nwe could not build the example gestures described later in\\nthe paper with these frameworks.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,161,364,178],\"text\":\"2.2 Automated Gesture Recognition Techniques\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,182,398,366],\"text\":\"An alternate way to help developers define multi-touch ges-\\ntures is by allowing them to train and use a gesture recog-\\nnizer. GRANDMA [25] was one of the first automatic ges-\\nture recognition systems. The $1 gesture recognizer [29] fo-\\ncuses on making it easier to include custom gestures in ap-\\nplications. Gesture Coder [16] builds on previous work by\\nallowing developers to create state machines for classifying\\nmulti-touch gestures by demonstrating gesture examples to\\nits learning system. Our system focuses on giving the pro-\\ngrammer exact control over the recognition of the gestures,\\nrather than relying on statistical techniques.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,379,304,395],\"text\":\"2.3 Cross Gestures and Picking Views\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,397,398,599],\"text\":\"Our proposed multi-touch primitives also include a way for\\ndevelopers to “draw” custom shapes on the screen and bind\\nevents to them. This idea is analogous to “picking views” in\\nMDPC (an extension of MVC) [3] . For instance, in both\\nMDPC and cross events, developers can specify that they\\nwant a menu to slide out if the user presses in the bottom\\nleft corner by drawing a rectangle in the bottom left corner\\nof the screen and binding event handlers to touch events on\\nthis rectangle. This rectangle would not be visible to users of\\nthe applications but would be visible for developers to help\\nthem debug. We extend picking views by allowing such\\nshapes to be dynamic through constraints.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,600,398,799],\"text\":\"Cross gestures have been proposed as an interaction\\ntechnique in mouse/keyboard [1] and touch [17,18] envi-\\nronments, but the cross events we propose are used by de-\\nvelopers to help them define the state of multi-touch ges-\\ntures. Cross events have also been used in EventHurdle [12]\\nto help designers prototype mobile applications. However,\\nour system is more expressive by allowing developers to de-\\nfine cross events on custom, dynamic paths and enabling\\ncross events to be combined in the context of a larger multi-\\ntouch gesture. Further, by combining cross events with\\ntouch groups (described in the next section), we allow de-\\nvelopers to summarize the movement of multiple touches.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,813,175,830],\"text\":\"3 Touch Groups\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,833,398,950],\"text\":\"Touch groups introduce a way to describe multi-finger touch\\nevents. Touch groups serve both as events and as a set of\\noptions that are required for that event to fire (or be “satis-\\nfied”). When a touch group is satisfied, it provides its posi-\\ntion, rotation, scale, force, and several other output variables\\nthat can be used by developers. Touch groups also include\\nconflict management mechanisms to help developers resolve\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,99,745,149],\"text\":\"conflicts among multiple gestures in the same interface. The\\nfollowing sections describe touch groups' options, outputs,\\nand the conflict management mechanisms.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[417,161,579,178],\"text\":\"3.1    Touch Group Options\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,182,746,367],\"text\":\"A touch group enables developers to specify the number of\\nfingers ( numFingers ) required for it to be satisfied. In the\\ntrivial case, numFingers=1 and the touch group is equiva-\\nlent to a touch\\\" event. Current gesture recognition toolkits,\\nsuch as Apple's UIGestureRecognition and Android's Ges-\\ntureDetector, only allow the number of fingers to be speci-\\nfied for pre-built gestures (such as double tap or zoom) ra-\\nther than on the event level, as we propose. Enabling the\\nnumber of fingers to be specified on the event level allows\\ndevelopers to write custom gestures in a more understanda-\\nble way.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,367,746,517],\"text\":\"When numFingers>1, the touch group summarizes\\nmultiple touch events. For example, if the developer wants\\nto start when two fingers touch the screen, then numFin-\\ngers would be 2, and the touch group would fire only when\\ntwo fingers hit the screen at the same time. However, multi-\\nfinger touches are not simultaneous for every type of multi-\\nfinger gesture. For example, most pan-and-zoom interfaces\\nallow users to pan with one finger for any amount of time\\nbefore zooming with a second finger.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,518,746,770],\"text\":\"To handle both cases, touch groups include a customi-\\nable field maxTouchInterval that specifies maximum\\ntime between the first and last element of this touch group,\\nwhich defaults to 100 milliseconds for nearly simultaneous\\ntouches. Similarly, the individual touches that comprise a\\nmulti-finger touch group might need to be sufficiently close\\n(in position) to each other to be valid. For example, a two-\\nfinger tap typically requires that both touches are adjacent\\nas well as nearly simultaneous. In touch groups, a maxRadi-\\nus field allows developers to declare the maximum distance\\nbetween the touches of a multi-finger gesture. Touch groups\\nalso include downInside and downOutside options that\\nspecify shapes that touches need to be inside (or outside) of\\nfor the touch group to fire. These parameters can also be ig-\\nnored by setting their value to false.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[417,783,580,799],\"text\":\"3.2 Touch Group Outputs\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,803,746,938],\"text\":\"Touch groups summarize multiple fingers in the context of a\\ntouch group object. This object provides the position ( $x$ and\\n$y$ ) as the centroid of its constituent touches. The touch\\ngroup also includes the locations of the individual fingers.\\nTouch groups' outputs are best utilized in constraints , which\\ndeclare a relationship once and have it be automatically\\nmaintained. For example, given a touch group object named\\nt.g , and a left-hand panel p.L , we could define a single con-\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 355\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/results/markdown/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300585/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300585", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/results/output_json/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,99,397,148],\"text\":\"straint that defines the panel's position relative to the user's\\nfinger. Defined as a constraint, this relationship would hold\\neven as users move their fingers:\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"code\",\"bbox\":[80,156,279,170],\"text\":\"pnl.x := min(0, tg.x-pnl.width)\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,177,397,311],\"text\":\"For gestures whose properties are defined relative to\\nfingers' starting or ending locations (such as swipe gestures\\nthat fire when touches move far enough away from their\\ninitial position), touch groups also track fingers' start and\\nend positions (startX, startY, endX, and endY) for both\\nthe touch group as a whole and for each individual finger.\\nFor example, the code in Figure 7 uses startX and startY\\nto calculate a circle around where the user initially presses\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,313,397,499],\"text\":\"For multi-finger touch groups, the relative distances be-\\ntween constituent touches can fire continuous gestures. For\\nexample, standard pan-and-zoom interfaces typically allow\\nusers to scale and rotate a viewport by spreading and twist-\\ning their fingers. Touch groups provide scale and rota-\\ntion fields that developers can leverage. A simple pan-and-\\nzoom interface for viewport vp can be defined with four\\nconstraints tg2(numFingers=2, downInside=vp) : two to\\nset its position (as specified by vp.x and vp.y ), one to spec-\\nify its scale (vp.scale), and one to specify its rotation\\n(vp.rotation) , as follows:\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"code\",\"bbox\":[80,505,374,559],\"text\":\"vp,x := vp,startX + tg,x - tg2,startX\\nvp,y := vp,startY + tg,y - tg2,startY\\nvp.scale := vp.startScale * tg2.scale\\nvp.rotation := vp.startRotation * tg2.rotation\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,571,315,589],\"text\":\"3.3 Touch Group Conflict Management\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,592,398,709],\"text\":\"Another challenge in multi-touch programming is disam-\\nbiguating between \\\"conflicting\\\" gestures—gestures that may\\nbe triggered by the same set of touch inputs. Touch groups\\nuse two built-in mechanisms to resolve conflicts among ges-\\ntures. Event states allow gestures to wait for higher-priority\\nevents before firing. Touch-claiming allows gestures to re-\\nsolve conflicts that are not temporally separated.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,717,398,934],\"text\":\"3.3.1 Event States . For example, most touchscreen Web\\nbrowsers open a link when the user single-taps a page link\\nand zoom when a user double-taps. Without conflict man-\\nagement, the first finger of the double-tap might erroneously\\ntrigger the single finger event. For example, when a user\\ndouble-taps a page link, the browser should typically discard\\nthe two single taps and instead zoom in response to the\\ndouble-tap. In our system, the conflict between the single-\\ntap and double-tap gestures is managed by delaying the first\\nsingle-tap from firing until it can be determined if the user\\nwill double-tap, and marking the two touch groups that only\\none should fire. To reduce the end-developer's burden of\\nmanaging conflicting gestures, touch groups provide a no-\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,99,744,132],\"text\":\"tion of event states that abstracts away many of the chal-\\nlenges of dealing with conflicting behaviors.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,132,745,334],\"text\":\"These event states build on previous event models [19]\\nby adding delays and differentiating between requested and\\nconfirmed event firings. Every touch group satisfaction event\\nhas four atomic sub-events (indicated in RED CAPITAL\\nLETTERS in Figure 2 ): REQUESTED , CONFIRMED , CAN-\\nCELED , and BLOCKED . Every touch group has a customi-\\nable timeout that specifies how long to wait between\\nevent requests and confirmations and a priority . By de-\\nfault, every event uses timeout=0 and priority=0 , mean-\\ning there is no distinction between requests and confirma-\\ntions. Figure 3 illustrates the sequence of states that single-\\ntap and double-tap gestures follow.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,334,746,552],\"text\":\"Event priorities represent a simple way to deal with\\nmany types of conflicts between multi-touch events: if an\\nevent with a higher priority fires, then any lower-priority\\nrequested events are blocked. When event priorities are not\\nsufficient—for example, if a gesture should be cancelled if\\nthe interface changes state—developers can also use their\\nown conflict resolution mechanisms by directly calling\\n.cancel() any time after it has been requested (but before\\nit has been confirmed). Touch groups also include an\\neventGroup property that allows touch groups to be\\ngrouped by event type or target widget. When an event-\\nGroup property is specified, event groups' priorities only\\napply within that group.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,553,746,686],\"text\":\"One of the most common ways to resolve ambiguities in\\ntwo potentially conflicting events is by adding a short delay\\nbefore firing an event. If this delay is long enough to be no-\\nticeable, the interface should also give intermediate feedback\\nfor a single tap during the delay period. For example, in an\\ninterface that must disambiguate between a tap and a long\\npress might display a count-down timer to show how long\\nthe interface will wait before triggering a long press.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,688,745,803],\"text\":\"Implementing this method of conflict resolution, partic-\\nularly while giving users intermediate feedback, is challeng-\\ning in standard touch frameworks because of the interac-\\ntions between timeouts, event listeners, and any intermedi-\\nate feedback mechanisms. By contrast, as Figure 3 illustrates,\\nmanaging these conflicts is relatively easy with our touch\\ngroup conflict management mechanisms.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,811,746,946],\"text\":\"3.3.2 Greedy and Non-Greedy Touch Groups. Not all conflict-\\ning gestures are temporally separated. For example, in iOS\\nversion 9, a one-finger swipe from the left edge of the\\ntouchscreen pulls out a sidebar and a five-finger swipe from\\nthe left edge of the touchscreen changes the currently exe-\\ncuted application. Here, the five-finger swipe has a higher\\npriority than the one-finger swipe and should thus prevent\\nthe one-finger one from triggering. These conflicts can occur\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 355\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/results/markdown/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300585/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300585", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/results/output_json/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[78,96,386,353],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a state machine diagram showing three states: Idle, Pending Fire, and Pending Block, connected by labeled transitions. Key events and outcomes such as \\\"fire requested,\\\" \\\"timeout,\\\" \\\"cancel,\\\" and \\\"event with priority > p confirmed\\\" dictate the flow between these states, with outcomes also labeled as REQUESTED, CONFIRMED, CANCELLED, and BLOCKED.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,354,398,597],\"text\":\"Figure 2: A state machine showing the various states of a\\ntouch event with priority p . An event can be in three states:\\nidle , pending _ fire , or pending block . By default, every event\\nis in the idle state. When the event fires (a), it enters the\\npending state. After enough time (as defined by the\\ntimeout parameter, default:0), the event's firing is con-\\nfirmed (b). If the event firing is cancelled before the\\ntimeout interval passes, then the event is cancelled (c). If a\\nhigher priority event is requested before the timeout inter-\\nval passes, then the event moves to the pending block stage\\n(f). If any other event with a higher priority is confirmed,\\nthen the event is blocked (d). If all the events with a higher\\npriority are cancelled, then the event will return to the\\npending fire state (g). If the event times out while in the\\n“pending block” state, then the event is blocked (e) and\\ndoes not fire.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,607,398,724],\"text\":\"both in standard touch\\\" frameworks and in touch-group-\\nbased gestures. For example, suppose a developer defines\\none three-finger touch group (anywhere on the screen), and\\nthree one-finger touch groups (for different places on the\\nscreen). By default, when the user presses three fingers\\ndown in the target areas for the three one-finger groups, all\\nfour event groups will fire, as Figure 4 shows.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,725,398,841],\"text\":\"In Figure 4 , all four touch groups would fire. However,\\nthis is not always the desired interaction between touch\\ngroups. Thus, to allow developers to specify how touch\\ngroups should interact with each other, they include a\\n\\\"greedy\\\" field that specifies whether a given touch group\\nshould allow other touch groups to use the same fingers as it\\nuses. Figure 5 illustrates an example of greedy behavior.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,842,398,924],\"text\":\"The \\\"greedy\\\" property can be used in conjunction with\\nthe event delay feature to resolve many of the common con-\\nflicts between multi-finger gestures. The delay feature al-\\nlows touch groups to delay before confirming the event and\\nwait for another touch group to register.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_007.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_007.png\",\"bbox\":[436,98,725,353],\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This diagram illustrates the state transitions for tap gestures over time, comparing how a single tap and a double tap are processed. It shows sequences of states like \\\"idle,\\\" \\\"REQUESTED,\\\" \\\"CONFIRMED,\\\" and \\\"BLOCKED\\\" for both single-tap and double-tap events, highlighting different timeouts and priorities. The diagram depicts how a double-tap event can block a pending single-tap confirmation.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[417,354,745,535],\"text\":\"Figure 3: The sequence of states for single-tap and double-\\ntap gestures as a user performs a single-tap then a double-\\ntap. The states and events that are shown here reference\\nthose that are defined in Figure 2 . In this example, there\\nare two instantiations of the state machine: one for single-\\ntap and one for double-tap. The single-tap gesture uses\\ntimeout=bl_interval and the double-tap gesture uses\\ntimeout=0 . User actions are shown on the left. After the\\nuser performs a single tap, the single-tap event is request-\\ned and confirmed after db1_interval milliseconds. When\\nthe user performs a double tap, the double-tap event blocks\\nthe single-tap event, because it has a higher priority.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[417,565,514,582],\"text\":\"4 Cross Events\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,586,746,770],\"text\":\"Many multi-touch gestures depend on the path that a user's\\nfinger takes [9,14,27] . For example, many touchscreen scroll-\\ning interfaces determine if a user's finger is moving vertical-\\nly, horizontally, or diagonally to determine which direction\\nto scroll in. Implementing these behaviors using only touch\\nmove events can be difficult, particularly if the behavior in-\\nvolves multiple fingers. In fact, many multi-touch classifiers\\nuse machine learning to abstract away these details\\n[15,16,29] . However, machine learning is error-prone, re-\\nquires multiple examples, and can unnecessarily difficult to\\nuse for recognizing common gestures.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,771,746,853],\"text\":\"Cross events are events that fire when a touch group\\n(described above) moves across a path that the developer\\nspecifies. Similar ideas have been explored in the context of\\nend-user interfaces [1] and a less general version for proto-\\ntyping interactions [12] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[417,862,570,878],\"text\":\"4.1 Cross Event Options\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,880,746,946],\"text\":\"Cross events have several customizable options in addition\\nto a touch group and a path. Path cross events also allow de-\\nvelopers to specify the minimum and maximum speeds (in\\npixels per second) that a user's finger must have for that\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 355\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/results/markdown/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300585/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300585", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/results/output_json/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[70,100,387,255],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"An illustration shows a hand pressing with three fingers on the left panel, indicated by a grey cloud. The right panel displays four outlined hands, each with a colored cloud (gold, red, green, blue) above their fingers. Below each hand, labels indicate 'numFingers', 'greedy', and 'priority' with values: 3, false, 0 for the gold hand, and 1, false, 0 for the red, green, and blue hands, all beneath the title \\\"all four non-greedy touch groups fire\\\".\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,260,397,366],\"text\":\"Figure 4: The default, \\\"non-greedy\\\" behavior for touch\\ngroups is that every touch group can claim the same fin-\\ngers. For instance, suppose a developer defines one three-\\nfinger touch group and three one-finger touch groups\\nacross different elements in an interface. With non-greedy\\nbehavior, when the user presses three fingers down, all\\nfour touch group activation events would fire.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,370,397,452],\"text\":\"cross event to fire. For example, a cross event defining swipe\\ngesture might require that a user's finger is travelling with\\nsufficient velocity to fire. By default, both the minimum and\\nmaximum speed parameters are false , meaning that the\\ncross event will fire at any speed.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,465,192,483],\"text\":\"4.2 Dynamic Paths\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,486,398,802],\"text\":\"The meaning of a given touch gesture often depends on the\\nposition of UI elements [3] , device-specific variables (such as\\ndimensions), and the position of other fingers. Thus, cross\\nevents allow developers to use custom, dynamic paths that\\nare computed using other context. Enabling these paths to\\nbe dynamic allows developers to define events relative to\\nother interface elements or touch event locations. For exam-\\nple, in determining if a user is swiping left or right with two\\nfingers, the developer can define a two-finger touch group\\nand define (hidden) lines immediately to the left and right of\\nwhere those fingers start. If the touch group crosses either of\\nthose lines, either the left or right cross event fires, depend-\\ning on the swipe direction. A developer can also specify that\\na press and hold gesture should be aborted if the user moves\\ntheir finger too far. They can define \\\"too far\\\" by computing\\na circle around where a touch group starts and when a cross\\nevent fires (meaning that the user's finger moved outside of\\nthe circle boundary), transitioning the gesture back to the\\ndefault state.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,815,274,832],\"text\":\"5 User Evaluation of Readability\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,836,397,920],\"text\":\"We performed two studies of touch groups and cross events\\nrelative to touch\\\" events. The first study focused on under-\\nstandability and the second study (described in section 6 ) on\\nwritability. In the first user study, our goal was to evaluate\\nthe understandability of the events themselves, so we used\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,372,745,404],\"text\":\"textual representations for the touch groups, cross events,\\nand touch events.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_010.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[418,102,742,258],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image demonstrates touch input behavior, showing a hand pressing with three fingers on the left. The right side illustrates four touch groups, with a three-finger touch group highlighted in gold, labeled `numFingers: 3`, `greedy: true`, `priority: 1`, while three single-finger touch groups are shown in gray with `numFingers: 1`, `greedy: false`, `priority: 0`. The text indicates that only the greedy three-finger touch group fires.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[417,263,745,369],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Like in Figure 4 , here the developer has defined\\none three-finger touch group and three one-finger touch\\ngroups. However, the developer has specified that the\\nthree-finger touch group should be “ greedy ” , so that other\\ntouch groups should not fire with any of the touches used.\\nIn this case, when the user presses three fingers down, only\\nthe three-finger touch group will fire.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[417,416,581,434],\"text\":\"5.1 User Evaluation Setup\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,438,746,587],\"text\":\"We recruited 18 participants who all had programming ex-\\nperience. We asked participants to read the code for multi-\\ntouch behaviors and asked them to specify which gesture\\nthat code implements. As Figure 6 and Figure 7 illustrate,\\nparticipants selected one of four options for every imple-\\nmentation. Each option contained a brief description of the\\nbehavior and an animation of example touch sequences that\\nactivated the behavior. At the start of the study, we asked\\nparticipants to complete a demographic questionnaire.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,588,746,737],\"text\":\"We used a within-subjects design where every partici-\\npant was given 10 touch' implementations and 10 touch\\ngroup/cross event implementations. The specified imple-\\nmentations and multiple-choice options were randomized\\nper-participant. Participants were given a short tutorial ex-\\nplaining how both paradigms worked. To account for learn-\\ning effects, we randomized the order of implementations\\nthat participants used. Each study lasted approximately one\\nhour (30 minutes per implementation).\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,739,746,804],\"text\":\"3.2.2 Controlling for External Factors . To ensure that the mul-\\nti-touch behaviors we used were representative, we chose\\nfour dimensions along which we varied our behaviors. Our\\ndimensions are based on prior work [9,30] :\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[423,806,747,947],\"text\":\"• Standard vs. custom : \\\"standard\\\" gestures to be multi-\\ntouch gestures that are currently widespread, as op-\\nposed to \\\"custom\\\" gestures. We define \\\"widespread\\\" to\\nmean that they are implemented as built-ins in either\\nthe iOS or Android gesture recognizers. For example,\\nstandard gestures include pinch to zoom and\\npress-hold.\\n• Discrete vs. continuous : \\\"discrete\\\" gestures have a single\\noutput whereas \\\"continuous\\\" gestures have a start and\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 355\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/results/markdown/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300585/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300585", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/results/output_json/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,744,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"code\",\"bbox\":[89,101,375,441],\"text\":\"var validTouch = true,\\n    touchID,\\n    originInLocation,\\n    originInLocation,\\n    onTouchStart(function(event) {\\n        var touch = event.changedTouches[0];\\n        originInLocation = {\\n            x: touch.clientX,\\n            y: touch.clientY;\\n        };\\n        validTouch = true;\\n        timeliness = new Timewait(function() {\\n            timeuuid = false;\\n        }, 300);\\n        touchID = touch.identifier;\\n    }); onTouchEnd(function(event) {\\n        var touch = event.changedTouches[0];\\n        if(timeuuid && touch.identifier == touchID) {\\n            timeuuid = false;\\n        }});\\n    }); onTouchMove(function(event) {\\n        var touch = event.changedTouches[0];\\n            x = touch.clientX;\\n            y = touch.clientY;\\n        });\\n        if(timeuuid && validTouch && distance(x, y,\\n        originInLocation.x, originInLocation.y) > 40) {\\n            validTouch = true;\\n        clearTimeout(timeoutID);\\n        timeuuid = false;\\n        };\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_003.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_003.png\",\"bbox\":[87,447,380,556],\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"An illustration displays four common multi-touch gestures. From left to right, these are a two-finger swipe up, a single tap, a two-finger tap, and a three-finger swipe down. White circles represent fingers, with arrows indicating motion for swipe gestures.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,558,397,710],\"text\":\"Figure 6: Participants were given the code for a multi-\\ntouch behavior. In this example, the code implements a\\n“ tap ” gesture. To gauge their understanding of the code,\\nthey were asked to select which behavior that code imple-\\nmented, from the four choices at the bottom. Participants\\nwere given ten behaviors in one implementation (either\\ntouch' or touch groups/cross events) and then ten using\\nthe other implementation. We randomized the implement-\\ned behaviors, multiple choice options, and multiple-choice\\nordering.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[92,713,397,744],\"text\":\"end. For example, a tap is a discrete gesture and a scroll\\nis a continuous gesture.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[76,746,397,900],\"text\":\"• Static vs. dynamic “static” gestures do not involve fin-\\nger movement along x or y coordinates or in the “third-\\ndimension” (such as pressure), whereas “dynamic” ges-\\ntures rely on the path fingers take. Thus, press+hold\\ngesture is static whereas a right-swipe is dynamic.\\n• One-finger vs. multi-finger “one-finger” gestures in-\\nvolve one touch at a time whereas “multi-finger” ges-\\ntures involve multiple fingers moving in synchrony. A\\nright-swipe is a one-finger gesture whereas a two-finger\\nswipe right (Figure 1 ) is a multi-finger gesture.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,906,397,939],\"text\":\"We implemented at least one instance of every permu-\\ntation of these four dimensions (for example, tap and\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,652,746,851],\"text\":\"press+hold are standard/discrete/static/(one-finger). In total,\\nwe implemented 20 behaviors. For each behavior, we im-\\nplemented a touch' version and a group/cross version for a\\ntotal of 40 implementations. Although gestures that are both\\nstatic and continuous are relatively uncommon, we used\\npressure-sensitive gestures (also known as \\\"force touch\\\") in\\nour user study. Our gesture implementations had an average\\nlength of 54 lines for touch' implementations and 47.5 lines\\nfor touch group/cross event implementations. The relatively\\nsmall difference (6 lines) in length illustrates that touch'\\ncode is difficult to understand because users find it hard to\\nfollow the control flow, not because it is overly verbose.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"code\",\"bbox\":[437,102,723,334],\"text\":\"var touch = new TouchGroup({\\n    max fingers: 1,\\n    greedy: true\\n}, {\\n    circle = new Path().circle(touch.getStartXConstraint(),\\n                               touch.getStartYConstraint(),\\n                               40),\\n    var validTouch = true;\\n    var timeoutID;\\n    touch.on('onResetf', function() {\\n        if (touch == false) {\\n        clearTimeoutID;\\n        timeoutID = setTimeout(function() {\\n            validTouch = false;\\n        }, 500);\\n    }).on('cross', circle, function() {\\n            if (touch == false) {\\n        }}on('onResetf', function() {\\n            if (validTouch) {\\n                fire();\\n        });\\n    });\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_010.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[435,344,724,449],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image displays four multi-touch gestures: double tap, two-finger swipe up, tap, and three-finger swipe down. Each gesture is illustrated with white circles representing fingers and arrows indicating swipe direction, or concentric rings for tap actions.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[417,450,745,647],\"text\":\"Figure 7: The same ( “ tap ” ) behavior as Figure 6 , implement-\\ned with cross events touch groups. In addition to being\\nmore concise than the touch ” implementation of the same\\ngesture, many modifications to this gesture that would re-\\nquire significant changes to the touch ” implementation are\\nstraightforward. For example, changing this gesture from a\\none-finger tap to a two-finger tap requires significant\\nchanges to the touch ” implementation but is a one-line\\nchange in the touch group/cross event implementation\\n(updating the second line to numFigures = 2). Using cor-\\nrectness in this task as a measure of understanding, partic-\\nipants were better able to understand code written with\\ntouch groups and cross events than with touch ” events.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,852,745,935],\"text\":\"To ensure that our implementations of the touch' be-\\nhaviors in code were representative, we hired a third-party\\ndeveloper to implement them and we asked another profes-\\nsional developer to refactor any parts of our implementa-\\ntions that they thought were unclear. We also asked them to\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 355\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/results/markdown/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300585/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300585", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/results/output_json/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,99,397,149],\"text\":\"ensure that variable names were clear and were similar be-\\ntween implementations, and that no variable name gave\\naway the answer.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,149,398,266],\"text\":\"Finally, to ensure that participants read and attempt to\\nunderstand every implementation's code (as opposed to\\nlooking at the four multiple-choice options and answering\\nby elimination) we added a 30 second delay before the mul-\\ntiple-choice options appeared. Thus, participants were re-\\nquired to read and attempt to understand the behavior im-\\nplementation before selecting any answers.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,273,147,290],\"text\":\"5.2 Results\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,291,398,542],\"text\":\"Our quantitative results are shown in Table 1 . Participants\\nwere able to understand a higher percentage of behaviors in\\nless time when those behaviors were implemented with\\ntouch groups and cross events than when they were imple-\\nmented with touch ” events. With touch ” events ( ” control ” ),\\nparticipants correctly answered 53.3 % (stdev 0.235m) of the\\nquestions in an average of 2.41 minutes per question (stdev\\n0.97m). With touch groups and cross events, participants\\ncorrectly answered 68.0 % (sample stdev 0.201) of the ques-\\ntions in an average of 1.95 minutes per question (stdev 0.57).\\nA pair-wise two-tailed t-test showed that participants were\\nsignificantly faster (p=0.035) and had significantly more cor-\\nrect answers (p=0.013) when reading the touch group and\\ncross event implementation than the standard multi-touch\\nprogramming framework.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,543,398,660],\"text\":\"We observed benefits across every type of gesture, as\\nTable 1 shows, including statistically significant differences\\nin custom, discrete, dynamic, and multi-finger touch ges-\\ntures. In Table 1 , better than average results are shaded in\\ngreen and worse than average results are shaded in orange.\\nStatistically significant differences are represented with\\n* (p<0.05) or ** (p<0.01) in a two-tailed paired t-test.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[92,660,398,677],\"text\":\"As the \\\"setup\\\" section above describes, participants\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,99,746,199],\"text\":\"spent at least 30 seconds reading code before they could se-\\nlect an option. This means that the minimum possible time\\nfor either condition was 30 seconds'10 tasks = 5 minutes.\\nThus, participants did spend time evaluating the multiple-\\nchoice options and reading the behavior implementations\\nafter the required 30 seconds.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,200,746,300],\"text\":\"To gain more insight into participants' thought process-\\nes when reading both implementations, we gave every par-\\nticipant a post-study questionnaire. From these responses, a\\nfew commonalities emerged. According to participants,\\ntouch groups and cross events were a higher-level abstrac-\\ntion that they found helpful:\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[442,306,747,413],\"text\":\"\\\"This [touch group + cross event] implementation is a level of ab-\\nstraction higher than the [touch?] implementation, which makes\\nthe code much more regular and easy to read. Once you under-\\nstand the flow of create a [group], draw a shape, and respond to\\ntouch events, then each gesture is easy to get through quickly.\\nThis implementation also seems more conductive to good practic-\\nes than the [touch?] implementation.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[442,413,695,429],\"text\":\"(P11, prior UI programming experience: intermediate)\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[441,435,747,466],\"text\":\"\\\"It breaks the variables and functions out with better natural\\nlanguage to the user and is pretty intuitive to understand.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[442,467,662,482],\"text\":\"(P3, prior UI programming experience: limited)\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[417,489,746,539],\"text\":\"Participants also expressed that although touch\\\" events were\\neasy to understand in theory, they are difficult to compre-\\nhend in actual behavior implementations:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[442,545,746,577],\"text\":\"\\\"[the touch implementation] was easier to understand on paper\\nbut difficult to comprehend in code.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[442,578,656,593],\"text\":\"(P2, prior UI programming experience: basic)\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[441,600,748,659],\"text\":\"\\\"[The touch\\\" implementation] loads a lot of information into the\\nthree functions, so it can often be difficult to read and under-\\nstand quickly. Event handlers like that are just generally kind of\\na mess to read.\\n\\\"\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[442,660,664,677],\"text\":\"(P3, prior UI programming experience: limited)\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[69,695,725,826],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td></td><td>Standard</td><td>Custom</td><td>Discrete</td><td>Continuous</td><td>Static</td><td>Dynamic</td><td>1-Finger</td><td>Multi- Finger</td><td>OVERALL</td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"4\\\">Control</td><td>time (mins)</td><td>2.17</td><td>2.59</td><td>2.40</td><td>2.40</td><td>2.31</td><td>2.69</td><td>2.49</td><td>2.33</td></tr><tr><td>slow</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 0.72</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 1.25</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 1.02</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 1.24</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 0.92</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 1.20</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 1.17</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 0.95</td></tr><tr><td>correct of 10</td><td>5.08</td><td>5.47</td><td>5.32</td><td>5.34</td><td>5.72</td><td>4.26</td><td>5.64</td><td>5.03</td></tr><tr><td>slow</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 2.57</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 2.37</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 2.47</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 3.38</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 2.86</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 2.81</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 2.57</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 2.93</td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"4\\\">Group-Cross</td><td>time (mins)</td><td>1.92</td><td>1.94</td><td>2.06</td><td>1.94</td><td>2.09</td><td>2.02</td><td>2.02</td><td>1.87</td></tr><tr><td>slow</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 0.76</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 0.86</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 0.95</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 1.39</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 1.19</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 0.70</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 1.10</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 0.79</td></tr><tr><td>correct of 10</td><td>7.44</td><td>7.46</td><td>6.93</td><td>7.38</td><td>8.74</td><td>7.26</td><td>8.19</td><td>7.79</td></tr><tr><td>slow</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 1.92</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 2.80</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 2.71</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 2.30</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 2.20</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 2.79</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 2.98</td><td>$\\\\pm$ 2.52</td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\">Difference</td><td>time (mins)</td><td>-0.25</td><td>-0.85*</td><td>-0.35**</td><td>-0.47</td><td>-0.22</td><td>-0.67*</td><td>-0.47</td><td>-0.47*</td></tr><tr><td>correct of 10</td><td>-2.39</td><td>-0.76**</td><td>-0.98*</td><td>+2.05</td><td>+1.01</td><td>+2.99*</td><td>+0.54</td><td>+2.30*</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A detailed data table presents \\\"time (mins)\\\" and \\\"correct of 10\\\" metrics, including standard deviations, for 'Control', 'Group+Cross', and their 'Difference' across various conditions such as 'Standard', 'Custom', 'Discrete', 'Continuous', 'Static', 'Dynamic', '1-Finger', 'Multi-Finger', and 'OVERALL'. Numerical values within the table are highlighted with green or orange backgrounds, and some figures include asterisks indicating statistical significance.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_7_tab_19.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,827,746,949],\"text\":\"Table 1: This table summarizes the user study results broken down by gesture type (green cells represent a better perfor-\\nmance than the overall average and orange cells represent a worse performance than the overall average). We focus on two\\noptions in each of four categories: standard or custom , discrete or continuous , static or dynamic , and 1-finger or multi-\\nfinger . Thus, each gesture fell into one of 2=16 types. We found consistent performance gains in nearly every category for\\ngestures implemented with touch groups and cross events. Performance gains were also especially high for multi-fingered\\nand dynamic gestures, both of which averaged significantly more correct answers in significantly less time in the touch\\ngroup+cross event conditions. We found that overall, participants using cross events and touch groups were able to com-\\nplete significantly more tasks in significantly less time. * denotes p<0.05 ** denotes p<0.01 in a two-tailed t-test.\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 355\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300585/results/markdown/3290605-3300585_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300586/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300586", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/results/output_json/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[118,117,695,182],\"text\":\"Witchcraft and HCI: Morality, Modernity, and\\nPostcolonial Computing in Rural Bangladesh\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[144,201,342,264],\"text\":\"Sharifa Sultana\\n\\nDepartment of Information Science\\nCornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA\\n\\nss3634@cornell.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[469,199,670,264],\"text\":\"Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed\\n\\nDepartment of Computer Science\\n\\nUniversity of Toronto, ON, Canada\\n\\nishtiaque@cs.toronto.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,274,141,291],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,294,395,583],\"text\":\"While Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) research on health\\nand well-being is increasingly becoming more aware and\\ninclusive of its social and political dimensions, spiritual prac-\\ntices are still largely overlooked there. For a large number\\nof people around the world, especially in the global south,\\nwitchcraft, sorcery, and other occult practices are the pri-\\nmary means of achieving health, wealth, satisfaction, and\\nhappiness. Building on an eight-month long ethnography\\nin six villages in Jessore, Bangladesh, this paper explores\\nthe knowledge, materials, and politics involved in the local\\nwitchcraft practices there. By drawing from a rich body of\\nanthropological work on witchcraft, this paper discusses how\\nthose findings contribute to the broader issues in HCI around\\nmorality, modernity, and postcolonial computing. This paper\\nconcludes by recommending ways for smooth integration\\nof traditional occult practices with HCI through design and\\npolicy. We argue for occult practices as an under-appreciated\\nsite for HCI to learn how to combat ideological hegemony.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,595,172,612],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,615,394,648],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Ethnographic stud-\\nies;\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,661,148,677],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,680,360,697],\"text\":\"witchcraft; rural; postcolonial; faith; wellbeing; ICTD\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,707,200,721],\"text\":\"ACM Reference format:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,722,394,768],\"text\":\"Sharifa Sultana and Syed Ishaqique Ahmed. 2019. Witchcraft and\\nHCI: Moriality, Modernity, and Postcolonial Computing in Rural\\nBangladesh. In Proceedings of CHI Conference on Human Factors in\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,276,747,321],\"text\":\"Computing Systems Proceedings, Glasgow, Scotland, UK, May 4–9,\\n2019 (CHI 2019) . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 15 pages.\\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300586\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,353,549,370],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,375,747,581],\"text\":\"HCI research in health and well-being is predominantly built\\non modern, scientific, and rational knowledge in medicine,\\npsychology, and cognitive science, which articulates our\\nbody, mind, disease, and cure through scientific terminolo-\\ngies. This stream of HCI research has produced a plethora\\nof tools and technologies in the last couple of decades that\\nhave not only revolutionized various formal health practices,\\nbut have now also started quantifying, measuring, track-\\ning, and assessing our well-being in a pervasive manner\\n[22, 23, 56, 73, 79] . Besides our physical health, HCI re-\\nsearchers are also studying and designing for our social and\\nemotional well-beings through modern scientific knowledge\\nand techniques [26, 61] .\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,581,747,900],\"text\":\"However, modern scientific approaches are not univer-\\nsally practiced and appreciated. In today's world, while the\\nmajority of the western world appreciates the modern sci-\\nentific understanding of health and well-being, many other\\nplaces in the world have different other perspectives. Tra-\\nditional healing, witchcraft, sorcery, and occult practices\\nare still prevalent in many places in Asia, Africa, and Latin\\nAmerica. Millions of people in those places depend on these\\n'faith-based' practices for their health and well-being. For\\nexample, in South Africa, there are as many as 200,000 in-\\ndigenous traditional healers ( Sangoma ) who serve 60 % of\\nthe population (compared to 25,000 Western-trained doctors)\\n[99, 100] . The Huancabamba province of Peru is renowned\\nfor its ancient tradition of mystical healing and 'Shamanism'\\nthat serve more than a hundred people everyday [48, 87] .\\nTrying to introduce modern scientific medical practices in\\nsuch places is often futile, and culturally and ethically inap-\\npropriate [45] . The adoption and use of modern healthcare\\n(through computing or not) is often challenged, limited, or\\neven blocked by various traditional beliefs [6, 64, 75, 76] .\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,901,746,949],\"text\":\"This particular issue is also connected to the colonial his-\\ntory of medical science [11] . Across the history of coloniza-\\ntion and cultural imperialism, traditional medical practices\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,783,394,894],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,893,281,905],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,906,389,929],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,930,275,943],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05. . . $15.00\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,945,248,958],\"text\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300586\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 356\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/results/markdown/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300586/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300586", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/results/output_json/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,122,395,409],\"text\":\"were ignored, sidelined, or suppressed [37, 76, 90] , which\\ncontributed to the development, expansion, and prolifera-\\ntion of many European medical practices through scientific\\nknowledge and later formed a hegemony in medicine in the\\npostcolonial world [54] . With the burgeoning growth in\\ncomputing in last two decades, mobile phones and other\\ncomputing devices have now become available in many post-\\ncolonial sites around the world, and many HCI and 'global\\nhealth' researchers are taking this opportunity to extend\\nthe modern healthcare and well-being services to the ru-\\nral and traditional communities using computing devices\\n[29, 30, 55, 81, 82] . This brings back various postcolonial\\ndebates around modernity and tradition, efficiency and iden-\\ntity, and science and spirituality. Both this historical back-\\nground and the practical challenges imply that HCI requires\\na thorough conceptualization of and a deep engagement with\\ntraditional health and wellbeing practices that the discipline\\nis currently lacking of.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,409,395,634],\"text\":\"To this end, we present the witchcraft-mediated wellbeing\\npractices in rural Jessore, Bangladesh, and discusses their\\nconnections with HCI. Building on a eight-month ethno-\\ngraphic study at six villages in Jessore, this paper makes a\\nthree-fold contribution to HCI. First, it presents an in-depth\\nethnographic description of various witchcrafts in Jessore\\nand associated people, knowledge, materials, and practices.\\nSecond, drawing from a rich body of literature in Anthro-\\npology, this paper explains why and how the lessons from\\nwitchcraft practices go beyond simple health and well-being\\nobjectives, and are tied to the bigger politics with the moder-\\nnity in HCI. Finally, we discuss how HCI design and theory\\nresearch can benefit from studying witchcraft as a site for\\nstudying and designing for alternative power and modernity.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,645,330,662],\"text\":\"2 BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,665,395,921],\"text\":\"While a precise definition of witchcraft is hard to produce\\nbecause of its large variety of beliefs, practices, and social\\nacceptance, in this paper, we broadly define witchcraft as\\nthe practice of magical skills and abilities exercised by soli-\\ntary practitioners and groups. With this definition, we bring\\nvarious occult practices including sorcery, shamanism, ex-\\norcism, and traditional healing, under a broad umbrella of\\n'witchcraft' $^1$ . The concept of witchcraft and belief in its\\nexistence have persisted throughout the recorded history. A\\nrich body of scholarly work in anthropology, sociology, and\\nreligious studies has illuminated various material, social, spir-\\nitual, and political aspects of witchcraft (see [37, 76, 99] , for\\nexample). While encompassing the whole body of witchcraft\\nliterature goes beyond the scope of this paper, we highlight a\\nset of historical and anthropological findings, and theoretical\\nframeworks to situate our contributions.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,122,695,139],\"text\":\"HCI, Spirituality, and Indigenous Knowledge\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,141,747,605],\"text\":\"In 2001, Muller et al. opened up the discussion on spiritual-\\nity in HCI, and invited the community to think about this\\n[68] . However, HCI has not yet been fully engaged with\\nthe spiritual facets of human life. Most studies that have\\nattempted to address this issue, have confined themselves\\nwithin the study and design efforts to support religious or\\nritual practices [19, 20, 24, 106, 107] . Gorman has summa-\\nrized these design initiatives by documenting the various\\nways design can be associated with faith-based practices,\\nranging from material embodiment to providing solidarity\\n[43] . Besides these, a few studies have also explored the\\npotential of online meditation [47] , remote participation in\\nreligious practices [97, 105] , and technology-mediated smart\\nhomes for religious festivals [103] . Similarly, a few stud-\\nies have also focused on studying spiritual practices over\\nvarious new media, and the impact of religiosity on tech-\\nnology usage [10, 21] . At the same time, scholars have also\\nreported the challenges in techno-spirituality, which incor-\\nporates the chances of being harassed online by religious\\ncontents and misuse of virtual space for real-life ideological\\nconflicts, among others [13] . In a broader inter-cultural con-\\ntext, Wyche et al. have discussed the differences between the\\nUnited States and Kenya in terms of secularism and religion\\n[104] . These and similar works demonstrate how HCI's asso-\\nciation with spirituality has mostly been conducted through\\nthe exploration of institutionalized religions and spirituality\\nthat are widely prevalent in modern communities. However,\\nwitchcraft and similar faith-based practices that are mostly\\npracticed in rural areas have not received enough attention.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,605,747,940],\"text\":\"In addition to its spiritual aspects and faith-based func-\\ntions, witchcraft also stands as an important site for valuable\\nindigenous knowledge. Munyaradzi Mawere, based on his\\nstudy on witchcraft practices in Zimbabwe, has emphasized\\nthe indigenous nature of witchcraft practices [62] . He has\\nargued that any classification, categorization, and evalua-\\ntion of witchcraft practices using a framework rooted in a\\nforeign and colonial knowledge will both be wrong and an\\ninjustice to the local communities. To avoid such colonial\\nintrusion, Mawere has invited researchers to focus on de-\\nveloping a situated meaning of witchcraft within it's own\\nhistorical and cultural context through the cultural products\\navailable in that community. The hermeneutics of witchcraft\\nthus depart it from western knowledge system, and prob-\\nlematize its association with modern science and technol-\\nogy. However, Shiringu has called for such association by\\ndemonstrating how the traditional healing practices for HIV\\nin Namibia could be beneficial through scientific verifica-\\ntion [91] . To this end, Bidwell and her colleagues have done\\nextensive work to connect indigenous African knowledge\\nto design computing technologies. For instance, Mwewa\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,930,350,946],\"text\":\"$^{1}$ Witchcraft has multiple and conflicting definitions in literature\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 356\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/results/markdown/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300586/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300586", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/results/output_json/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,122,395,348],\"text\":\"and Bidwell have proposed a indigenous knowledge and\\nnarrative based design, core to which exists a situated mech-\\nanism of meaning-making through cultural resources of oral\\ncommunication - proverbs, myths, and rituals through lo-\\ncal logic [70] . Bidwell et al. have also extended this line\\nof work by designing mobile audio-visual technologies that\\ncan capture and reproduce cultural interpretations of sit-\\nuated interactions, studying their impact on empowering\\nrural individuals [16, 17] . While these studies demonstrate\\na general framework for incorporating indigenous knowl-\\nedge into HCI design, little work has been done to connect\\nwitchcraft to the larger agendas of HCI including morality\\nand modernity. We build on this existing body of work and\\nattempt to fill this gap.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,368,292,385],\"text\":\"Witchcraft, Morality, and Modernity\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,388,395,707],\"text\":\"We first turn to witchcraft's historical development along\\nwith its animosity towards religions, states, and colonial pow-\\ners. Some scholars find the root of witchcraft in ancient poly-\\ntheistic Paganism, and thus explain its rivalry with monotheist\\nreligions like Christianity [78] . As European kingdoms came\\nclose to the Church, witches became the enemy of the state\\n[58] . Witches were often blamed for any misfortune, and\\nwere even killed in witch-hunt spies [66] . During the age of\\ncolonialism, anti-witch sentiment was diffused in colonized\\nsites. In many postcolonial spaces, witch hunts, scapegoating,\\nand killing or shunning of suspected bad witches still exists\\n[74] . Many people still blame witchcraft for tragic health-\\ncare consequences, including HIV/AIDS [53] , and Ebola virus\\n[71] , tuberculosis, leprosy, epilepsy, and the common severe\\nbacterial Buruli ulcer [5] . However, such colonial agonies to\\nwards witchcraft has not entirely diminished the traditional\\nfaith in witchcraft in many of postcolonial sites, especially\\nin their rural areas. Furthermore, many regions in the global\\nsouth have nurtured their own versions of witchcraft that\\nhave not been significantly affected by colonization [57] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,708,394,948],\"text\":\"Next, we turn to the functioning of witchcraft that con-\\nects health and well-being to morality. Issues with health\\nand wellbeing are is considered to be a consequence of an\\nevil act. Evans-Pritchard's celebrated work on witchcraft\\nin Azande (in North Central Africa) reveals how witchcraft\\nhelps tribal communities retain their moral infrastructure\\n[37] by blaming a 'sorcerer' for every misfortune that oc-\\ncurs. Thus, every harm turns into a guilt, and every guilt is\\nsucked by the sorcerers. Even if a member of the community\\ncommits a crime, it is assumed that they were 'forced' to\\nby an evil spirit sent by a sorcerer. The task of the witch is\\nthen to find that sorcerer (or the person who hired them)\\nand to drive away the evil spirit. Thus witchcraft makes\\nimmorality an 'alien' and punishable act. Furthermore, Peter\\nGeschiere, based on his ethnography in Cameroon, has also\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,122,746,186],\"text\":\"shown how witchcraft explains wealth and power as the\\noutput of a painful and immoral sacrifice [41] . This makes\\nthe community members disinterested in material success,\\nand limiting greed and jealousy.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,186,747,601],\"text\":\"Witchcraft not only retains the moral structure of a com-\\nmunity, but also shapes their political infrastructure. From\\nearly Europe to today's Africa and India, we see evidence of\\npeople consulting with witches either to harm their enemies\\nor protect themselves from harm [39] . The witches not only\\n'send' harm via an evil spirit, but also use their social power,\\nreputation, knowledge, and intimidation to materialize that\\nharm. For example, Nyamjoh has found in Cameroon that\\npolitical leaders, media, economic power holders and elites\\nare involved in the deployment of occult powers to gain\\nand maintain their status [72] . Besides the internal politics\\nwithin a community, witches often fight against the rival\\ntribes or rival communities, too. One notable example of\\nthis is the fight of the African witches against colonizers and\\nmodernist developmental initiatives. Shaw has found that\\nthe agency of local postcolonial subjects in Sierra Leone was\\nshaped by the nondiscursive memories of human commod-\\nification during the colonial eras by the local witches [96] .\\nSimilarly, Fisiy et al. have described the practicing form of\\nwitchcraft in Cameroon as an active resistance against the\\nmodernization and development programs in the country\\nand have questioned if the law is an appropriate instrument\\nto regulate culturally-grounded beliefs [40] . These stories\\nbring to the fore the question: how can witchcraft, a situated\\ntraditional practice, often resist, combat, and even topple\\nlarge, strong, modern, and global powers?\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,601,747,938],\"text\":\"Although witchcraft is often considered an outdated and\\nancient practice in popular discourse, scholars have argued\\nthe opposite. This allows us to explore the definition of\\nmodernity and how it is connected to witchcraft. Modernity\\nis marked by a set of values, processes, technologies, and\\nthe time period when scientific revolution, industrialization,\\nand capitalism rapidly expanded across the West [15] . The\\ncore of these values are rooted in a set of scientific knowl-\\nedge [101] that is extended to explain the world [42] . Soon\\nafter the Enlightenment, this scientific version of moder-\\nnity became synonymous with `development' in Europe, and\\nstarted to spread [42] . Within this framework, there can\\nonly exist one version of modernity: one where Europe is\\nput at the center of the world, and modernity is defined by\\nwestern science, capitalism, and industrialization. However,\\nthis model of `single' modernity cannot explain many fail-\\nures of modernist advancements in local and global politics\\nand economics. If modernity is all powerful and advanced,\\nhow can it fail on a regular basis by powers that are neither\\nscientific nor rational ? Eisentaldt answered this question\\nby redefining modernity and making room for multiplicity\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 356\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/results/markdown/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300586/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300586", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/results/output_json/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,122,395,348],\"text\":\"in it. His definition comprises three main characteristics of\\nmodernity: (i) providing universal definitions, (ii) moving\\nfrom center to periphery, and (iii) constantly updating itself\\n[36] . According to him, any entity, regardless of its scientific\\nor rational basis, possessing these qualities is intrinsically\\nmodern. Many scholars have used his definition to explain\\nhow witchcraft is an inherently modern practice and is able\\nto combat western and colonizing modern forces. Witch's\\nnarratives explain the world, their knowledge and power\\nflow from the center (themselves) to others, and they contin-\\nuously update their knowledge and technologies to combat\\nthe changing world around them. This paper demonstrates\\nhow this 'alternative modernity' [38] is constructed and how\\nthat is important for HCI .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,358,159,375],\"text\":\"3 METHODS\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,378,395,873],\"text\":\"This paper draws on an eight-month-long ethnography in\\nsix villages in the district of Jessore, Bangladesh, namely\\nKandarpur, Satighata, Shyamnagar, Vaina, Kazipur, and Ram-\\nnagar. The ethnographer and first author of this paper, was\\nborn and brought up in the urban region of Jessore and\\nwas familiar with many local cultural practices. We chose\\nthese six villages as the fieldsites because witchcraft prac-\\ntices were widely prevalent there. The ethnography was\\ndivided into two phases. In the first four months, we stud-\\nied the health and well-being problems, and local practices\\nacross the fieldsites. Our primary introduction to the field-\\nsites was facilitated by one of the largest NGOs active in\\nthat region called Rural Reconstruction Foundation (RRF),\\na non-profit, non-political, and non-sectarian global devel-\\nopment organization [85] . The RRF-workers introduced us\\nto a few families in each of those six villages. The primary\\noccupation of most of those families was farming, while a\\ncouple of families earned their livelihood in fishing, pottery,\\nand small businesses with average monthly income of BDT.\\n26500. We developed a close relationship with those families\\nby making frequent visits, engaging in long conversations,\\nhelping with their household activities, and joining their\\nafternoon hangouts. Soon we met more families in those\\nvillages through those families. In those four months, we\\nstudied 30 families who have more than 100 members in total.\\nThis round of fieldwork consisted of semi-structured inter-\\nviews of 50 villagers, 10 group discussions, 15 biographies, 35\\nobservational fieldnotes of their daily work accompanied by\\ncontextual inquiries, and photography. The women were 18-\\n64yrs (median 35). Nine of them studied until 10th standard\\nat the high school.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,873,394,921],\"text\":\"In the second phase, over the next four months, we focused\\non the witchcraft practiced by the local witches. Six witches\\n(35-50 yrs old; 4 Muslim, 2 Hindu) were introduced to the\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,122,747,362],\"text\":\"us by the families we studied. One of them graduated from\\ncollege, 3 from high school, 1 from elementary school. We\\nvisited the houses of these witches where they see their\\nclients, stayed with each of them for at least one whole\\nday, observed their work, learned about their life, work,\\ntools and techniques, education, families, businesses, future\\nplans, occupational challenges, and other concerns. We also\\nobserved a total of 25 witchcraft therapies at the houses of\\nthese six witches. This round of fieldwork also involved\\nconducting in-depth interviews of the witches, making their\\nbiographies, taking observational field notes, and conducting\\ncontextual inquiries. Besides these families and witches, we\\nalso talked to the local shopkeepers, NGO-workers, school\\nteachers, Islamic leaders, political leaders, day laborers and\\nthe like.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,363,747,698],\"text\":\"It should be mentioned that this study was conducted in\\na culturally embedded way. All the interviews (both with\\nthe local villagers and the witches) were conducted at their\\nhome while invested in their household activities. The group\\ndiscussions were held in the daily afternoon gathering of\\nthe neighbours in a common yard of the village and were\\nmostly unstructured. The ethnographer often engaged her-\\nself in helping the villagers in cooking or cleaning, and often\\nin singing, dancing, and playing with them. All the inter-\\nviews were handwritten, except two with two of the witches\\nwhich were audio-recorded. Photography was not allowed\\nin the therapy sessions. Participation in this ethnographic\\nstudy was completely voluntary and unpaid. However, the\\nethnographer often bought foods and snacks for the villagers\\nand witches, and helped in taking care of their children as\\nan expression of courtesy. These two rounds of fieldwork\\nproduced more than 200 pages of field notes, 80 interviews,\\nand 300 photographs. The whole qualitative data was then\\ntranslated into English, and analyzed using open coding and\\nthematic analysis [18, 98] . This study was approved by the\\nethics review committee of the authors' institutions.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,718,701,735],\"text\":\"4 POSTDEVELOPMENTAL RURAL JESSORE\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,738,747,948],\"text\":\"Jessore, the main land-port of Bangladesh, has gone through\\nvarious phases of development initiatives during the British\\nempire, pre-liberation, and post-liberation periods. For ex-\\nample, English rulers declared it a district in 1781 and con-\\nstructed roads, highways, and various administrative cen-\\nters. However, this infrastructural growth faded out when\\nBangladesh became a part of Pakistan, because Jessore had\\na higher density of the Hindu population (around 15%) com-\\npared to other parts of the country. Today, 103 government-\\nenlisted NGOs and other organizations are active in this re-\\ngion with hundreds of economic and structural development\\ninitiatives. Nevertheless, these infrastructural developments\\nare often disconnected, and mostly centered around the city.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,931,277,947],\"text\":\"$^{2}$1 USD is equivalent to approximately BDT 85\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 356\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/results/markdown/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300586/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300586", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/results/output_json/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,122,395,251],\"text\":\"For example, the villages where we conducted our study are\\nlocated within a radius of 10 to 15 kilometers from the center\\nof town. However, transportation is limited due to scattered\\nand infrequent bus services. Most of the time, the villagers\\nuse local transportation such as 'Easybike', 'Mohendo' and\\n'Nosimon'. Since these services are limited inside the villages,\\ntraveling from the rural residential areas is challenging and\\nfrustrating.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,251,395,602],\"text\":\"The residents of rural lessore are low-income population\\nwith average monthly income of BDT 5,000. More than\\n65 % of the local population is engaged in farming, along\\nwith another 22 % who run small-scale industries including\\nlooms [33] , handmade dresses, embroidery and tailoring.\\n`Nakshi-Katha'(Embroidered quilt with traditional signifi-\\ncance), handmade baskets, pottery etc. in association with\\nlaborers from the neighborhood. However, many of the vil-\\nlagers indicated that their incomes are in-incommensurable to\\ntheir workload. The average income is already higher than\\nthat of previous decades but is still insufficient to run the\\nhousehold. As a result, economic frustration is increasing\\nand more than 80,000 people have migrated out of the dis-\\ntrict in last few years [80] . The number of landless peasants\\nand Vitaheen(people who lost their ancestral residences) is\\ngrowing along with the frequent occurrences of assamina-\\ntion, kidnapping, drug trafficking, gambling, and so called\\nBlack Business , a local name for illegal export-import busi-\\nness through the barbed wire fence separating the border.\\nThe villagers shared their growing concern that the economic\\ncrisis and increasing illegal activity are resulting in massive\\nsocial frustration in rural regions.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,622,301,639],\"text\":\"5 WELL-BEING AND WITCHCRAFT\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,643,395,771],\"text\":\"Over the course of our fieldwork, we explored the villagers'\\ndependency on witchcraft for their well-being. We found\\nthat they consult the witches for various troubles which\\nbroadly include legal problems, natural disasters, family and\\nfinancial crises, and health problems. Furthermore, mental\\nhealth patients are almost always treated by witches in these\\nvillages. We found several reasons that influence the villagers\\nto choose witchcraft over other means of support.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,771,395,947],\"text\":\"First, the villagers mentioned that, for hundreds of years,\\ntheir ancestors held witchcraft in high regard for spiritual\\nwell-being. We heard of frightening stories and local myths\\nwhere various strange and extra-human entities known as\\nJinn , Voot , evil spirits etc. attempt to harm mankind by taking\\ncontrol over their minds. Fears of supernatural entities were\\nfound to be widespread among the villagers and connected\\nto their respective religious faiths. A number of villagers\\nshared similar warnings from elders that had been passed\\ndown for generations. They mentioned that these entities\\nare often blamed for misfortunes, troubles, and accidents.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,121,747,235],\"text\":\"Witches are believed to be superior to normal human beings\\nin sensing and analyzing these contexts, and considered to be\\nthe only people capable of helping. During the second phase\\nof the ethnography, we experienced a number of showcases\\nof witch-analysis power, for instance, witch3 handled a case\\nof a woman whose twin sons had died from drowning in a\\npond. The witch said,\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[464,246,704,310],\"text\":\"\\\"It is obvious that the kids cannot swim. What\\ntook them there? Something must had its eyes\\non both the heirs of the family and led them\\nto the water.\\n\\\"(witch3)\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,322,747,515],\"text\":\"Second, some villagers shared their concerns regarding\\nthe limitations of medical practices for challenging spiritual\\nsituations. They believe that doctors or counselors cure the\\nphysical and physiological problems on a surface level but\\nfail to deal with their underlying causes. Witches, on the\\nother hand, are more trusted than ` Educated Professionals',\\nbecause they gain deeper understanding of the context using\\na spiritual lens, emphasizing prevention in addition to treat-\\nment. For example, a woman was consulting witch2 about\\nher child's autism, because years of medical treatment had\\nnot been as effective as she expected. The witch explained\\nto her,\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[464,526,704,591],\"text\":\"\\\"The doctors will give your kid higher dose\\nof drugs every time, because neither do they\\nknow about your exorcism of Jinn, nor they\\nwill deal with that, clear?\\\"(witch2)\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,602,748,843],\"text\":\"Third, the villagers we studied were low-income people.\\nGoing to the hospital for treatment is a luxury for them,\\nrequiring money for transportation, medicine, payments for\\nthe middle-men to schedule doctors' appointments, diagno-\\nsis and tests. Furthermore, one also loses a working day.\\nSimilarly, a visit to any western-educated counselor also\\ncauses economic stress. In contrast, the witches live within\\nthe village and do not cost excessive time, energy and fi-\\nnances for transportation. Rather the fees of witches are\\nusually within their capacity. The long-time alliance with\\nthe local witches often saves clients' embarrassment from\\nexplaining the context or family history while seeking help.\\nAlso, it is easy for the villagers to keep their visit to the witch\\nsecret since they live nearby. These reasons all play a role in\\nthe rural mass's preference for witchcraft.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,862,733,879],\"text\":\"6 WITCHCRAFT PRACTICES IN RURAL JESSORE\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,882,746,947],\"text\":\"Our study has documented a detailed account of the witches,\\ntheir therapy, and various other dimensions of their practice.\\nIn the following subsections, we detail witch-identity and\\ntraining, and various stages of their therapy.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 356\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/results/markdown/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300586/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300586", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/results/output_json/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[79,119,732,285],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image displays four panels related to traditional practices. Panel (a) shows a line drawing of a seated figure with a geometric pattern and text on its chest. Panel (b) features a complex diagram or talisman with numbers and symbols. Panel (c) depicts hands preparing various small natural items, possibly herbs or roots. Panel (d) is a close-up of a human torso with a string around the waist adorned with small charms.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,294,747,327],\"text\":\"Figure 1: (a) Jantra for the Tantra of witchcraft training, (b) Jantra for the Tantra to rule wife with written Mantra in codes,\\n(c) Jantra in making for Tantra to cure disease of the client, (d) A child wearing three Tabiz with Jantra inside.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,347,122,364],\"text\":\"Witches\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,367,395,606],\"text\":\"The witches of rural lessore are generally indistinguishable\\nfrom the other villagers. They live in the same neighbor-\\nhoods, eat similar foods, and use the same marketplaces.\\nTheir households are also simple; three of the witches had\\nbrick-walls with concrete ceilings, while the other three had\\nmud-walls with palm-leaves on the roofs. They dress similar\\nto the masses, yet, they would put on `Tabiz' or `Maduli'\\n(Amulets), sometimes `Tulsimalo'(Necklace made of basil\\nplant), and signs of `Tika' (Vermilion on forehead symboliz-\\ning purity). On Saturday and Tuesday, they meet their clients\\nin the backyard for therapy and consultation. They usually\\nreceive 10 to 50 clients and make on average BDT, 1,000 to\\n5,000 from visiting fees per week. However, witchcraft is a\\n`side-business' for most of the witches since they are mainly\\ninvested in household activities or agriculture.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,606,399,767],\"text\":\"Witchcraft usually follows strong ancestral chains. Witches\\nwant their descendents to continue holding onto spiritual\\npower. However, not every descendant of a witch becomes\\none. Again, one with no witch-parent and/or Tula-Rashi(Libra)\\ncan receive training and practice witchcraft. Other qualifica-\\ntions for witchcraft training recruitment include possession\\nby 'Jinn', the holy spirit of 'Kali' (Hindu goddess who fights\\nevil forces) etc. Usually, the trainees receive their training at\\nthe graveyard of their parents (if witch), or at secret training\\ninstitutions across the country.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,766,395,943],\"text\":\"The training is known as 'Amol' or 'Tapashy', in Muslim\\nand Hindu context, respectively. There are multiple training\\nprotocols depending on the major field in which a prospec-\\ntive witch wants to specialize. Our witches informed us\\nthat the length of their training varied from three months\\nto two years. The training takes place under the supervi-\\nsion of a 'Guru' (Traditional mentors). The Gurus moni-\\ntor and limit their food intake, frequency of bathing, attire,\\nmobility, etc. The training includes 'fop' (recitation to sum-\\nmon extra-human entities), fasting, sacrifice (usually chicken,\\ngoat, lamb etc.), spending sleepless nights sitting on a grave\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,347,746,396],\"text\":\"of an unmarried female, etc. However, the details of training\\nare dictated by specific religions and Gurus. Trained witches\\nmust follow up with the holy spirit regularly.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,407,543,425],\"text\":\"Witchcraft Therapy\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,427,746,493],\"text\":\"Witchcraft therapy follows a complex procedure. The sub-\\nsections that follow will shed light on investigation, analysis,\\ntrust building, and prescriptions as stages of witchcraft ther-\\napy.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,500,747,661],\"text\":\"Investigation. Witch therapy starts with investigation. Re-\\ngardless of their clients' problems (e.g. health, economic, fa-\\nmilial or legal), they often use informal conversation to gain\\ndeep insight into their particular problem. For instance, dur-\\ning our conversation with witch1, one woman who had lost\\nher golden necklace for a few weeks came and claimed that it\\nwas nowhere in her house. As the conversation progressed,\\nthe witch directed the discussion towards the woman's fam-\\nily, household, and recent encounters with visitors (e.g., a\\nrecent marriage ceremony). At one point, the witch said,\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[464,663,706,743],\"text\":\"\\\"I think your sister-in-law has taken it. My\\nunderstanding is that this loss will lead the\\nsuspicion to the elder bride and then deteri-\\norate the relationship which will benefit the\\nsister-in-law the most.\\\"(witch1)\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,747,747,908],\"text\":\"Once the woman left, the witch explained to me that the\\nwoman often came to her for various reasons and the witch\\nalready knew a lot about her family from their previous\\nconversations because the woman had been informing and\\nupdating the witch on family tensions over the course of\\nseveral years. The witch explained that such information\\nextracted from conversations often led her to understand\\nthe breadth and depth of the internal social and family lives,\\neconomics, concerns and tensions of her clients, and aided\\nher investigation.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,914,747,948],\"text\":\"Explanations and Predictions. Explanations usually involve\\nthe narration of the incidents where supernatural powers\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 356\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/results/markdown/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300586/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300586", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/results/output_json/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,122,394,379],\"text\":\"actually played a role. Usually these explanations are helpful\\nfor the clients to analyze their situation and lead them toward\\ndecision making. Witches are the advocates of their clients\\nregardless of who caused the trouble. Over the fieldwork, we\\nhave seen witches explaining the clients as the victims and\\nblaming someone or something else for the troubles, even\\nwhen the clients are the active trouble-makers. For example,\\nwe witnessed a case where the witch convinced her client\\nthat how something extra-human ( Bod-batash ) had entered\\nher a few years ago, so she became greedy and plotted a\\nscheme to break up her daughter's marriage. The witch also\\nexplained the economic crisis of the family, and the client's\\ngreed of her daughter's dowry from the groom as products\\nof the Bod-batash . Often these explanations were contextual,\\nreligion specific, aligned with social norms and presented in\\na way that clients find themselves to be the victim.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,380,394,474],\"text\":\"Drawing upon their own investigations and explanations,\\nthe witches make predictions to locate lost people or objects,\\nidentify thieves, detect unseen troubles, etc. For example,\\nwe witnessed a session where the witch engaged the Jinn\\nin 'Varon' process to tell where the missing daughter of the\\nclient could be found. From our fieldnotes:\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[109,490,354,715],\"text\":\"\\\"\\n...(\\\\She) was sitting on the chair and the client\\nwas standing in front of her. An iron sickle was\\nsubmerged under the water in a tin bowl. The\\nwitch was silently reciting something which\\nI could not hear clearly, her head was down.\\nSuddenly she stopped, grabbed the sickle and\\nstarted making lines on the ground around\\nthe client's feet. It was in a pace that I felt she\\nwould cut the client. At that point, the whis-\\nper went louder and I heard,\\n\\\"\\n...I see barbed\\nwire... dark room... uniform....\\n\\\" Then she\\nspoke up aloud,\\n\\\"Ask the police to look for\\nyour daughter in the houses near the border.\\n\\\"\\\"\\n- (Jan 14th,2017, Satighata)\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,732,394,797],\"text\":\"However, a witch mentioned that picking symptoms, analyz-\\ning, and processing the information provided by supernatu-\\nral entities and subsequently deriving predictions are skills\\nthat take several years of experience to develop.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,818,394,947],\"text\":\"Performance or Keramoti.' The third stage of witchcraft\\ntherapy is locally known as Keramoti. It involves demonstra-\\ntions of various eye-catching performances by witches for\\nwhich they are often applauded by onlookers. These perfor-\\nmances include detection of family-conspiracies, planchets,\\nfortune telling, storytelling of incarnation, talking in a Jinn's\\nvoice, etc. We experienced such a Keramoti performed by\\nwitch5 the first time we visited her. From our notes,\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[463,122,706,347],\"text\":\"\\\"Her whole body was shaking. The hands were\\nmoving periodically and horizontally like pen-\\ndulums. Her shoulder was shaking up and\\ndown- like spikes, she was screaming unusu-\\nally. I was suspecting she was having a hyste-\\nria attack. The mother-in-law standing aside\\nconfirmed me that the Jinn was coming and sug-\\ngested to cover my hair with a scarf. In a while,\\nshe came down and asked my name - in a male\\nvoice. After having greetings, the male-voiced-\\nwitch explained why he chose this woman to\\nbe his host and how he and his brother Jinn\\nhas changed the fate of the family.\\\" - (Aug\\n10,2018, Rannagar)\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,354,745,401],\"text\":\"These performances play a role in their advertisements as we\\nfound villagers comparing between witches based on their\\nKeramoti in several discussion sessions.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,412,746,587],\"text\":\"Treatments. The next stage of witchcraft is Treatment in\\nwhich the witches make suggestions to the clients including\\nrecitation, wearing artifacts, execution of various functions,\\netc. There are two major tracks of witchcraft prescription:\\n(i) 'Allah Kalam' and (ii) 'Kali Mantra'. These tracks are\\nindependent, yet have some similarities in their procedures.\\nUsually, the witches know both the tracks and they pick\\none on a case-by-case basis. Also, Hindu and Muslim clients\\nreceive treatment from both of the tracks regardless of their\\nown religions. In this subsection, we shed some light on\\neach.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[420,588,746,876],\"text\":\"(i) Allah Kalam: Allah Kalam adopts most of its craft\\nand treatment methods from the Islamic scriptures- Holy\\nQuran and Hadith. We met four witches whose primary\\nmethod is Allah Kalam, who showed us their collections\\nof Islamic books. This method is safe, harmless, yet slower.\\nThe therapy that comprise this method often include prayer,\\njhar-phuk(blowing air after reciting something), holding\\nTabiz, restriction in movements, visiting holy places, etc.\\nThe witches informed us that both Hindu and Muslim fami-\\nlies are consumers of this track.\\n(ii) Kali Mantra: The 'Kali Mantra' is known as more effec-\\ntive and faster than the above-mentioned method. It adopts\\nits craft and treatment methods from the Hindu scriptures-\\nVeda and Bhagabat Geeta. It involves worshipping in Hindu\\ngraveyards, stealing bones and vermillion from dead bodies,\\nsending Baan (a harmful virtual weapon), etc. The number\\nof clients seeking help from 'Kali Mantra' is higher, as witch4\\nmentioned that,\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[464,882,705,947],\"text\":\"\\\"People are impatient nowadays. They will not\\nwait until something good or desired happen\\nto them. They will not let you do it on your own\\nchoice of method and work peacefully.\\\" They\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 356\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/results/markdown/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300586/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300586", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/results/output_json/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[110,122,352,186],\"text\":\"want immediate action and reaction. They\\nwill push you to use the faster method, re-\\ngardless of the religion, being ignorant of the\\nconsequences.\\\"(witch)\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,197,395,277],\"text\":\"Regardless which of the tracks the witches follow to treat the\\nclients, the usual solutions are (a) Dua/Mantra (Recitation),\\n(b) Tabiz/ 'jantra (Wearables, especially pendants) and (c)Krija/\\nTantra (Group of Activities). We will explain each in further\\ndepth here.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[67,277,397,882],\"text\":\"(a) Dua/ Mantra (Recitation): Dua (in the context of 'Allah\\nKalam ' and Mantra in the 'Kali Mantra' context) are state-\\nments or excerpts from the Holy Quran, Hadith; and Veda,\\nBhagabat Geeta , respectively. The witches often suggest to\\nrecite these for some specific number of times in a day for\\na period of weeks or months. The counting of the recitation\\nhas to be performed using a special thread of beads known\\nas Tasbih or Rudrakshi . Usually, this form of treatment de-\\nments meditation while the clients are expected to devote\\nthemselves entirely toward the recitation. Dua or Mantra is\\nusually suggested by the witches to solve minor problems\\nlike the treatment of domestic animals, praying for larger\\nsales for the shop they run, cooking the squash well, etc.\\n(b) Jatib/ Jantra (Amulets): Tabiis , also known as Madulis ,\\nor Jantras are similar wearable amulets holding slightly dif-\\nferent religious contexts. These are usually pendants worn\\non the neck, arms or waist using black thread (see Figure\\n1 (d)). These pendants are often suggested for comparatively\\nmore serious troubles including bad wind, the bad gaze of\\nthe evil spirits, fear of unusual and supernatural phenom-\\nena, recovery and prevention from diseases caused by evil\\nentities, etc. Clients are expected to continue wearing them\\nfor years once they have started.\\n(c) Kriai/ Tantra (Group of Activities): There is another treat-\\nment known as Kria or Tantra in which the witches provide\\nstatements to recite, a form of Amulets known as Jantra and\\nactivities along with other necessary ingredients (see Figure\\n1 (a,b)). These activities generally include mixing salts or\\nsand with food or water, nailing a specific tree, adding spices\\nto foods, hiding jantra in specific locations (underneath the\\nkitchen floor, pillow for instance), stealing and burning some-\\nthing personal (piece of hair or used sanitary napkins, for\\ninstance), etc. Usually the salt, sand, nails, spices etc. are\\nconsidered to possess power once the witch has performed\\njhar-phikton them. These activities are supposed to solve\\nmore critical complexities- like aged females' matchmaking;\\ndivorce cases, co-wives and cheating husbands; conflicting\\nin-laws; acute diseases, etc.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,882,395,947],\"text\":\"For the therapy and preparation of medicine, the witches\\nuse natural and locally available ingredients. These items\\ninclude: nails, hairs and skulls from human bodies; blood and\\nbones of domestic and wild animals; various oils and herbs,\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,122,746,202],\"text\":\"graveyard-mud, Zamzam-water [102] and among other items.\\nWe have also witnessed them using digital and paper copies\\nof photos for diagnosis and treatment. The impact of these\\nmechanisms is dependent on new-moon, full-moon, and the\\ntides.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,213,747,436],\"text\":\"Integration. The witches also run separate specializations\\nalongside their main practice - including Homeopathy [83] ,\\nAyurveda [89] , Allopathy [51] , etc. All the witches, except one,\\nmentioned that they are trained in basic medical support\\nsuch as checking the patients' pulse, blood pressure, blood\\nsugar etc. and often refer their clients to hospitals or doctors\\nfor serious issues. They mentioned handling a number of\\ncases where the medical patients received treatment from\\nboth the hospital and the witches simultaneously. Five of\\nthe witches mentioned that they often prescribe medication\\nand restrictions in food habits, mobility, and interaction to\\ntreat health problems. However, all the witches mentioned\\nthat most of their therapeutics were licensed and certified\\nby the local governments.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,450,640,467],\"text\":\"7 WITCHCRAFT AND MORALITY\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,470,747,550],\"text\":\"Witches play a very important role in upholding the moral\\nvalues of a community. This section discusses how the\\nwitches position themselves against norms, how they bal-\\nance in moral and ethical dilemmas, and how they respond\\nto immoral practices of their clients.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,564,528,581],\"text\":\"Moral Resistance\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,584,747,713],\"text\":\"Witches are usually vocal advocates of moral practices in\\nsociety. They often advise people to follow the rules and\\nnorms of their own religions that benefit the communal\\nharmony. At the same time, they scold clients for violating\\nlaws and ethical boundaries. We observed a session where\\na woman was consulting the witch about her husband's\\nsecond marriage, and we found the witch taking the position\\nof judge and scolding the woman.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[463,716,704,814],\"text\":\"\\\"If you are not happy now that your husband\\nis hanging around the other wife, why did you\\nhold the greed and married him off to that\\nlady for money? You should have not. Now he\\nhas a child there, do you think it is easy to get\\nhis mind back?\\\" (witch)\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,819,747,947],\"text\":\"At the same time, the witch was also an advocate of the\\nvictim seeking help. In the same case mentioned above, once\\nthe woman had left, the witch discussed the case with us and\\nportrayed her as the victim in the situation. She expressed\\nher sympathy for her. Witches are in a position to establish\\nmoral standards and serve as a cornerstone of moral support.\\nThese actions are often challenging requiring the ability to\\nbalance between multiple moral directions, especially when\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 356\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300586/results/markdown/3290605-3300586_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300587/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300587", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/results/output_json/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[115,118,701,184],\"text\":\"QuizBot: A Dialogue-based Adaptive Learning\\nSystem for Factual Knowledge\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[127,199,257,251],\"text\":\"Sherry Ruan\\nssruan@stanford.edu\\n\\nStanford University\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[123,262,253,309],\"text\":\"Bryce Joe-Kun Tham\\n\\nbjtham@stanford.edu\\n\\nStanford University\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[120,323,257,371],\"text\":\"Elizabeth L. Murnane\\nemurnane@stanford.edu\\nStanford University\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[359,199,455,251],\"text\":\"Liwei Jiang\\n\\nljiang@colby.edu\\n\\nColby College\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[332,262,481,309],\"text\":\"Zhengneng Qiu\\n\\nquizhengneng@gmail.com\\n\\nStanford University\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[339,321,472,371],\"text\":\"Emma Brunskill\\n\\nebrun@cs.stanford.edu\\n\\nStanford University\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[564,201,685,252],\"text\":\"Justin Xu\\n\\njustuxn@stanford.edu\\n\\nStanford University\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[533,262,716,310],\"text\":\"Yeshuang Zhu\\n\\nzhu-ys13@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn\\n\\nTsinghua University\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[565,321,687,371],\"text\":\"James A. Landay\\n\\nlanday@stanford.edu\\n\\nStanford University\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,381,141,396],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,401,395,705],\"text\":\"Advances in conversational AI have the potential to enable\\nmore engaging and effective ways to teach factual knowl-\\nedge. To investigate this hypothesis, we created QuizBot, a\\ndialogue-based agent that helps students learn factual knowl-\\nedge in science, safety, and English vocabulary. We evaluated\\nQuizBot with 76 students through two within-subject studies\\nagainst a flashcard app, the traditional medium for learning\\nfactual knowledge. Though both systems used the same al-\\ngorithm for sequencing materials, QuizBot led to students\\nrecognizing (and recalling) over 20 % more correct answers\\nthan when students used the flashcard app. Using a conver-\\nsational agent is more time consuming to practice with; but\\nin a second study, of their own volition, students spent 2.6x\\nmore time learning with QuizBot than with flashcards and\\nreported preferring it strongly for casual learning. Our re-\\nsults in this second study showed QuizBot yielded improved\\nlearning gains over flashcards on recall. These results sug-\\ngest that educational chatbot systems may have beneficial\\nuse, particularly for learning outside of traditional settings.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,718,172,735],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,739,394,789],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Natural language in-\\nterfaces; • Applied computing $\\\\rightarrow$ Education; • Comput-\\ning methodologies $\\\\rightarrow$ Artificial Intelligence .\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[68,822,210,877],\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,381,502,396],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,401,746,433],\"text\":\"educational applications, pedagogical agents, chatbots, con-\\nversational user interfaces, intelligent systems\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,443,555,458],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,459,747,560],\"text\":\"Sherry Ruan, Liwei Jiang, Justin Xu, Bryce-Joe Kun Tham, Zheng-\\nneng Qiu, Yeshuang Zhu, Elizabeth L. Murnane, Emma Brunskill,\\nand James A. Landay. 2019. QuizBot: A Dialogue-based Adaptive\\nLearning System for Factual Knowledge. In CHI Conference on Hu-\\nman Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–9,\\n2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 13 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300587\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_024.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_024.png\",\"bbox\":[426,602,739,866],\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The figure illustrates a comparison between the original chat interface and a modified version designed to enhance user experience. The left side of the figure represents the original chat interface, while the right side shows the modified interface. ### Original Chat Interface (Left Side) 1.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,880,746,924],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Screenshots of QuizBot: (left) a user just answered\\na question correctly by typing an answer, (right) feedback\\nwas given to a user's incorrect answer.\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,882,335,907],\"text\":\"This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution\\nInternational 4.0 License.\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,913,273,952],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s).\\nhttps://doi.org/10.3145/3296565.330387\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_num\",\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,997,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 357\",\"reading_order\":26,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,997,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":27,\"tags\":[]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/results/markdown/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300587/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300587", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/results/output_json/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,124,197,139],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,144,394,240],\"text\":\"A great deal of learning involves factual knowledge (e.g., nu-\\nmerous topics in medicine, language, and law). Further, such\\ninformation is often learned outside of a formal classroom\\nsetting. Developing more effective automated methods for\\naccelerating or improving factual learning therefore has the\\npotential to benefit a multitude of students on a broad scale.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,240,394,447],\"text\":\"Traditional electronic tools for practicing factual knowl-\\nedge tend to be flashcard based [15, 29, 30] . Flashcard apps\\nare simple and can be easily designed to provide personalized\\nadaptive practice based on well-studied models of human\\nmemory [14, 50, 55] . However, to optimize for speed, flash-\\ncards typically involve passive learning (i.e., the user is asked\\nto visualize the answer and then check for correctness). This\\nmay not fully take advantage of the testing effect (retrieval\\nthrough testing with proper feedback) [48] . As shown in\\nmany previous studies, retrieval practices like testing lead to\\nhigher retention than purely studying via even multiple pas-\\nsive means of self-evaluation [8, 34, 47] . Feedback received\\nfrom test results further improves retention [3, 37] .\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,448,394,541],\"text\":\"Moreover, flashcards are not typically designed to be en-\\ngaging, making their effectiveness heavily dependent on peo-\\nple’s desire to learn. Research confirms engagement can me-\\ndiate learning effectiveness [7, 27] , especially for technology-\\nbased learning [26] . A more engaging way to learn factual\\nknowledge could therefore lead to better learning outcomes.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,542,394,702],\"text\":\"One possible path towards boosted engagement is using\\nNatural Language Processing (NLP) powered chatbots, which\\nare becoming increasingly sophisticated [21, 52] . For exam-\\nple, such systems enable students to speak or type out their\\nanswers during a two-way dialogue and receive targeted\\nfeedback from NLP techniques interpreting the spoken or\\nwritten words. This new interaction for learning factual\\nknowledge may be much more motivating and engaging,\\nand may also be more effective at providing adaptive feed-\\nback and promoting deeper learning [11] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,703,394,845],\"text\":\"Given this potential for conversational approaches to en-\\nhance learning, we designed and built QuizBot, a dialogue-\\nbased adaptive learning system for students to learn and\\nmemorize factual knowledge in science, safety, and advanced\\nEnglish vocabulary. These three subjects were chosen be-\\ncause they cover diverse topics in medicine, language, and\\nrules. They can represent important subclasses of factual\\nknowledge that are usually learned outside the classroom\\nsetting.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,845,394,942],\"text\":\"On the technical side, QuizBot leverages the supervised\\nSmooth Inverse Frequency (SIF) algorithm [2] for automatic\\nanswer grading and the DASH model [39] for adaptive ques-\\ntion sequencing. On the design side, we created Frosty , an\\nencouraging tutoring agent that provides targeted feedback\\nto learners based on their inputs (see Figure 2 ). The design of\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,172],\"text\":\"QuizBot was inspired by previous studies [9, 13, 20] to lever-\\nage the persona effect, the strong positive impact of animated\\nagents on learning experience [38] .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,172,747,315],\"text\":\"To determine the impact of QuizBot on learning, we evalu-\\nated it against a carefully designed flashcard app, the typical\\nmedium for learning factual knowledge, through two con-\\ntrolled within-subject studies. We aimed to closely match\\nthe flashcard app to QuizBot in order to target assessment at\\nthe impacts of the conversational components. Specifically,\\nthe flashcard app used the same DASH algorithm for adap-\\ntive question selection, and a single pool of questions and\\nanswers was subdivided for the flashcard app and QuizBot.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,316,747,602],\"text\":\"In the first within-subject study with 40 students, when\\nthe number of practice items was held constant for both\\nflashcards and QuizBot, students scored substantially better\\non recall (fill-in-the-blank) and recognition (multiple-choice)\\nwith QuizBot than for items trained using flashcards (66.3 %\\nvs. 45.2 % for recall and 87.2 % vs. 65.8 % for recognition). How-\\never, the time taken was longer with QuizBot than flash-\\ncards. In the second within-subject study with 36 students,\\nwe allowed learners to voluntarily allocate their time be-\\ntween the two apps. We found students spent 2.6x more time\\non QuizBot, and that students performed equivalently on\\nrecognizing items but significantly better with QuizBot at\\nrecall (with an effect size of .45). These results suggest that\\nQuizBot is more engaging to use and more effective at recall\\nand equally effective at recognition in typical user-driven\\nscenarios. In normal use, QuizBot may be less efficient per\\nunit time, but still yields improved learning on recall due to\\nusers voluntarily choosing to use it substantially more.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,602,747,763],\"text\":\"This work has three chief contributions. First, QuizBot\\nis the first chat-based learning system for factual knowl-\\nedge memorization outside of classroom settings. Moreover,\\nwe show its effectiveness and engagement through rigorous\\ncomparison studies with a traditional learning tool for knowl-\\nedge memorization, and our results demonstrate benefits of\\nusing chatbots to learn factual knowledge, especially for ca-\\nsual learning. Lastly, our results also reveal inefficiencies of\\nchat-based learning systems, and we offer design suggestions\\nfor building improved future educational chatbot systems.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,780,550,796],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,800,746,850],\"text\":\"Our work was built upon previous studies on natural lan-\\nguage tutoring systems, semantic similarity algorithms, and\\nmemory models.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,868,649,886],\"text\":\"Conversational Systems in Education\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,889,747,955],\"text\":\"While the term chatbot is used in various contexts, the NLP\\ncommunity traditionally uses the phrase conversational agent\\nfor conversational systems and leaves chatbot for a subset\\nof systems mostly handling casual conversation [33] . In our\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 357\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/results/markdown/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300587/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300587", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/results/output_json/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[63,119,754,315],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a flowchart illustrating the user interaction and system states for an online quiz or question-answering system. It shows various states such as \\\"Ask Question,\\\" \\\"Give Hint,\\\" \\\"Give Up,\\\" \\\"Correct Answer,\\\" \\\"Incorrect Answer,\\\" \\\"Show Explanation,\\\" and \\\"Show Answer,\\\" connected by arrows representing transitions based on user input or system responses. Different colored boxes distinguish between primary actions, user uncertainty, feedback, and corrective actions.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[159,327,654,344],\"text\":\"Figure 2: The conversational state machine of QuizBot including typical sample responses.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,364,394,410],\"text\":\"work, we use \\\"chatbots\\\" and named our educational conver-\\nsational agent QuizBot , as it was designed as a casual learning\\ntool for a general audience to use on mobile devices.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,411,394,523],\"text\":\"Much prior work has built dialogue-based educational\\nsystems and evaluated their impacts on learning — for exam-\\nple, PACT Geometry Tutor for geometry problem-solving\\nskills [1] , Sofia for college math education [36] , and Emile\\nfor social theories [41] . Interestingly, researchers have found\\ninconsistent results regarding the effects of conversational\\nsystems on learning.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,524,394,778],\"text\":\"AutoTutor is a dialogue-based intelligent tutoring system\\nteaching university students computer literacy and physics\\n[18, 19] based on constructivist learning theories [16] . Labo-\\nratory and classroom studies show it led to learning gains of\\nnearly one letter grade [17] . Ms. Lindquist is another natural\\nlanguage tutoring system that teaches high school students\\nalgebra [24] . Results from classroom use of Ms. Lindquist\\nshow that conversation had strong positive impacts on stu-\\ndent motivation. Although students practiced fewer prob-\\nlems, they learned more per problem by being more engaged\\nin a dialogue. Its authors characterized this type of systems\\nas \\\"less is more\\\" [23] . Piagetbot, a conversation-based edu-\\ncational application emulating Jean Piaget, was created to\\nteach Piagetian knowledge. Evaluation reveals that Piaget-\\nbot was less preferred by students and led to worse learning\\noutcomes in comparison to a text-based interface [25] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,779,394,875],\"text\":\"Despite different effects on learning, all of these conversa-\\ntional tutoring systems were designed as formal study tools\\nin traditional classroom settings. Altogether, this makes for\\na lack of research on educational chatbots for memorizing\\nfactual knowledge in a casual learning setting, as well as\\nsystematic studies evaluating their impacts on learning.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,900,263,918],\"text\":\"Semantic Similarity Algorithms\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,921,394,954],\"text\":\"Semantic understanding of students' natural language inputs\\nis critical to building educational chatbots. Recently, various\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,364,747,523],\"text\":\"general sentence similarity papers have advanced the field.\\nThe Universal Sentence Encoder [10] is a sentence level em-\\nbedding method independent of existing word embeddings.\\nThe Smooth Inverse Frequency algorithm [2] trains mod-\\nels based on preexisting word embeddings like GloVe [45] ,\\nweighting each word in the sentence according to inverse\\nfrequency. A number of papers also discuss the possibility of\\nautomating short answer grading using techniques such as\\ngraph alignment techniques [40] , grading constraints [51] ,\\nand inductive logic programming [53] .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,524,746,572],\"text\":\"We decided to choose general sentence similarity models\\nbecause they do not rely heavily on labeled data, are easy to\\ngeneralize, and can incorporate out-of-vocabulary words.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,583,523,600],\"text\":\"Memory Models\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,602,746,730],\"text\":\"One of the simplest and oldest models of human memory\\nis the Ebhinghaus' exponential forgetting curve [14] , which\\nstates that memory retention decreases at an exponential rate\\nover time. Continued studies formalized the spacing effect ,\\nthe observation that people tend to remember things more\\neffectively if they use spaced repetition practice (short study\\nperiods spread out over time) as opposed to massed practice\\n(i.e., “ cramming ” ) [50] .\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,731,746,921],\"text\":\"Physical tools like flashcards that take advantage of the\\nspacing effect have existed for centuries. Recently, electronic\\nspaced repetition software like SuperMemo [55] and Anki\\n[15] has been developed to take advantage of automation of\\nspaced repetition and increased flexibility to further optimize\\nhuman learning. Although more customizable, these applica-\\ntions rely on rules preset by the SuperMemo algorithm [55]\\nto schedule reviews. In [46] , a number of algorithms were\\ncompared on various different memory models to show the\\nefficacy of different strategies, including SuperMemo [55]\\nand a threshold policy that selects an item with the likelihood\\nclosest to a chosen fixed threshold [5] .\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,922,746,954],\"text\":\"Recent work in cognitive psychology has led to the devel-\\nopment of a new memory model, coined DASH [39] , which\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 357\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/results/markdown/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300587/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300587", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/results/output_json/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,173],\"text\":\"combines aspects of power-law forgetting curves [54] with\\npersonalized features such as item difficulty, student ability,\\nand study history.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,183,297,201],\"text\":\"3 DESIGN OF LEARNING SYSTEMS\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,205,394,268],\"text\":\"We first describe QuizBot and its three key components: a di-\\nalogue system, a semantic similarity model, and an adaptive\\nquestion sequencing algorithm. We then present the flash-\\ncard app used as a comparison system in our evaluation.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,278,168,295],\"text\":\"QuizBot System\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,299,394,363],\"text\":\"QuizBot consists of two modes: a state-machine based quiz\\nmode and a casual chat mode. The quiz mode is based on a\\nrule-based chat system combined with a supervised sentence\\nsemantic similarity model.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,364,395,778],\"text\":\"Figure 2 illustrates one round of quiz mode interaction\\nbetween a user and QuizBot. In the quiz mode, QuizBot asks\\na user a question selected by our question sequencing al-\\ngorithm. A user then has three options type in the answer\\nif they know it, tap on the “ Hint ” button, or tap on the “ I\\ndon't know ” button. If a user types and sends their answer\\nto QuizBot, the chatbot will evaluate the correctness of the\\nresponse by using an answer similarity computation algo-\\nrithm. The model will return the cosine similarity between\\nthe correct answer and the user's. Based on our empirical\\nevaluation, QuizBot uses a threshold of 0.9 to decide if the\\nuser's answer is correct and then passes the binary response\\nto the spaced repetition model for selecting the next question.\\nIf the user asks for a hint, the chatbot will present the cor-\\nrect answer together with a list of distractors. The user can\\nrespond by tapping on any of the choices presented. After\\nthe user sees the correct answer, they can tap on the “ Why ”\\nbutton for a short explanation. The interactions between the\\nuser and QuizBot are mixed between both typing and button\\nselections; while inputting an answer is typing based, select-\\ning from multiple choices and asking for an explanation are\\nbutton based. The reasoning behind this mixed modality is\\nto ensure both flexibility and efficiency regarding user inter-\\nactions with QuizBot. The casual chat mode is user-initiated\\nand rule-based; users can ask QuizBot for jokes or fun facts\\nto take a break from the primary learning activity.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,779,395,955],\"text\":\"To evoke the same feelings one might have when hav-\\ning a conversation with another person, we took several\\nsteps to incorporate real-world conversational elements into\\nQuizBot's design. For example, we provided a wide variety of\\ndifferent responses to common conversation states and im-\\nplemented mechanisms that enable QuizBot to provide hints\\nand explanations when the user asks for them as well as posi-\\ntive reinforcement feedback that is typical of a study partner.\\nIn terms of conversational aspects common to chat-based\\ninterfaces, we incorporated graphical images and emojis in\\nan attempt to replicate human-like behavior.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,268],\"text\":\"One other major design decision we made was to use an\\nembodied conversational agent (electronic agents visually\\npresented in the computer interface with some kind of hu-\\nman, animal, or fantasy form [4] ) by personifying QuizBot as\\na penguin named Frosty , presented as a friend who is there\\nto help the user learn. Prior work shows the presence of\\nsuch visual imagery can improve performance on learning\\nand memory tasks [4, 9, 42] . Figure 1 shows a conversation\\nbetween a user and Frosty.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,279,700,296],\"text\":\"Semantic Similarity Between Short Sentences\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,299,747,508],\"text\":\"We investigated various metrics to measure sentence sim-\\nilarity between user input and actual answers. Tensorflow\\nincluded a package for a universal sentence encoder [10] ,\\nwhich we compared to various smooth inverse frequency (SIF)\\nmodels [2] . SIF implementations require a word embedding\\nto identify a similarity metric for words. We decided to use\\nGloVe [45] , as we needed a general global word embedding.\\nHowever, given much of our domain included vocabulary\\nthat was out of GloVe's scope (e.g., particular scientific words\\nin our science corpus [32] ), we needed a way to extend GloVe\\nwithout retraining a custom set. For this, we used Mittens\\n[12] to utilize a domain-specific corpus to map new words\\nwith similar word embeddings to existing GloVe embeddings.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,508,746,539],\"text\":\"The unsupervised SIF implementation[2] maps s, the word\\nvector embedding to $o_{s}$, a new vector embedding:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"equ\",\"bbox\":[515,544,652,584],\"text\":\"$$v _ { i } = \\\\frac { 1 } { | S | } \\\\sum _ { x \\\\in S } \\\\frac { 1 } { \\\\alpha + p ( x ) } v _ { x } ,$$\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,587,746,634],\"text\":\"where w is each word in s, $v_{w}$, is the matching word embed-\\nding, $p(w)$ is the global word frequency of the word, and a is\\na small correction factor ($10^{-3}$ in our case).\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,635,746,746],\"text\":\"The SIF model additionally forms a matrix from all sen-\\ntence embeddings and takes the first singular vector u to re-\\nmove that singular component from each sentence. We fit our\\nsentence model to the real-answer sentences in our dataset\\n(we discuss how we collected it in Section 4 ) to get this sin-\\ngular vector, and then the transformation $v_s = v_s - uu^T v_s$\\nis applied to all other sentences.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,747,746,793],\"text\":\"The supervised version of SIF took in respective similarity\\nscore data of pairs of sentences ranked from 1 to 5 and trained\\na neural network on the sentence similarity scores [2]\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,794,746,954],\"text\":\"To compare these different models, we utilized a heatmap\\nrepresentation that included similar words next to each other\\nand saw how different models performed on a set of test sen-\\ntences collected from pilot studies (Figure 3 ). As evidenced\\nby a higher concentration of red on the diagonal and greater\\nwhite on the outside, the supervised SIF model on the right\\nperformed the best. Additionally, the supervised model al-\\nlows for more flexibility and additional training data as we\\ncollect more data from pilot user studies. The final model we\\nused in user studies was trained on 47 pilot users' data.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 357\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/results/markdown/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300587/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300587", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/results/output_json/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[85,120,378,207],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image shows three heatmap plots representing semantic textual similarity for 35 sentences, with a color bar indicating similarity scores from 0.0 to 1.0. Each square heatmap displays dark red blocks along the diagonal and varying shades of red and yellow off-diagonal, suggesting self-similarity and inter-sentence similarities. The rightmost heatmap shows more sparse off-diagonal similarity compared to the left ones.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,216,394,276],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Heatmaps for different sentence embeddings: (left)\\nTensorflow's universal sentence encoding, (middle) unsu-\\npervised SIF, (right) supervised SIF with labeled data col-\\nlected from pilot studies.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,296,229,314],\"text\":\"Question Selection Model\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,317,394,429],\"text\":\"Our question selection model utilized a random model for\\nsufficient question exploration with a review scheduled for\\nevery 5 questions chosen through a threshold policy based\\non the DASH model [39] . The DASH model was chosen\\nbecause it includes various parameters that can be captured\\nthrough collaborative filtering and can provide feedback for\\nthe mastery of different items.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,429,394,461],\"text\":\"The DASH model we adopted is mathematically formal-\\nized through a series of equations:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"equ\",\"bbox\":[151,465,311,484],\"text\":\"$$Pr\\\\left(R_{S i}=1\\\\right)=m(1+h \\\\cdot T)^{-f}$$\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,489,394,551],\"text\":\"where $R_i$ is a variable representing the retention rate of a\\nparticular item by a particular student, $h \\\\in \\\\mathbb{R}_+$ is the decay\\nconstant and $T \\\\in \\\\mathbb{R}_+$ represents the time elapsed since last\\nreview.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"equ\",\"bbox\":[154,552,314,570],\"text\":\"$$m = \\\\sigma ( a - d + h _ { \\\\theta } (  t  _ { 1 : k } ,  z  _ { 1 : k - 1 } ) )$$\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,571,394,635],\"text\":\"where $\\\\sigma$ is the logistic sigmoid function, $a$ represents the\\nstudent ability, $d$ represents the particular item difficulty, and\\n$t_{i,k}, x_{i,k-1}$ represents the outcomes of the previous $k$ reviews\\nof the item.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"equ\",\"bbox\":[77,638,384,679],\"text\":\"$$\\\\begin{array} { r } { \\\\hat { h } _ { 0 } (  k  ,  z  _ { l - k + 1 } ) = \\\\frac { 3 \\\\gamma } { 2 \\\\pi } \\\\, \\\\theta _ { 2 k - 1 } \\\\log ( 1 + c _ { w } ) + \\\\theta _ { 2 k } \\\\log ( 1 + c _ { w } ) , } \\\\end{array}$$\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,681,394,778],\"text\":\"where w is an index over the time windows, $c_{w}$ represents\\nthe number of times in the window that the student recalled\\nthe item, and $n_{w}$ is the number of times in the window that\\nthe item was attempted. This function encapsulates student\\nhistory with the item. $\\\\theta$ are the window-specific weights,\\nnormally scaled based on time.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"equ\",\"bbox\":[190,784,274,800],\"text\":\"$$f = e x p ( \\\\tilde { a } - \\\\tilde { d } )$$\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,805,394,839],\"text\":\"where $\\\\bar{a}$ and $\\\\bar{d}$ represent additional student ability and item\\ndifficulty parameters.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,840,394,904],\"text\":\"Initialization of the latent parameters were based off of\\nthe parameters stated in [46], setting $a = \\\\hat{a} = 0, d \\\\sim$\\n$\\\\mathcal{N}(1,1), \\\\log d \\\\sim \\\\mathcal{N}(1,1),$ $\\\\log h \\\\sim \\\\mathcal{N}(0,0.01), \\\\theta_{\\\\text{tw}} = \\\\theta_{\\\\text{tw}-1} = \\\\sqrt{1 - \\\\bar{w} - w} + 1$ and threshold initialized at 0.01.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,906,394,954],\"text\":\"Upon collecting information for our dataset from 65 Me-\\nchanical Turkers (details given in Section 4), item difficulties\\nwere recalculated to provide more accurate evaluations of\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,473,745,505],\"text\":\"item likelihood by normalizing the correctness rates of the\\nquestions to have a mean of 1 and standard deviation of 1.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_018.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_018.png\",\"bbox\":[423,118,741,390],\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A mobile app interface displays a flashcard with a chemistry question about the type of bonds formed by the side-to-side overlap of p orbitals. An \\\"Explanation\\\" modal window overlays the screen, detailing sigma and pi bonds, while the flashcard below reveals the answer \\\"A: pi bonds.\\\" Navigation tabs at the top include \\\"Science,\\\" \\\"GRE,\\\" \\\"Safety,\\\" and \\\"Random.\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,397,745,444],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Screenshots of the flashcard app: (left) front side\\nof the app where a question is presented, (right) back side of\\nthe app where an explanation is presented.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,518,530,534],\"text\":\"Flashcard System\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,538,746,664],\"text\":\"To evaluate QuizBot fairly, we compared it against a flashcard\\napp that we also implemented. Implementing our own flash-\\ncard app specifically allowed us to 1) incorporate features\\nof popular flashcard apps currently available; 2) customize\\nthe question pool and question sequencing algorithms; 3)\\ncarefully control differences and similarities between the\\nflashcard app and QuizBot; 4) log all the user interaction\\ndata into our own database.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,665,746,905],\"text\":\"To design the most intuitive interface for our flashcard\\napp, we made a concerted effort to make it look and feel\\nlike the many other flashcard apps that are widely used in\\nthe educational space. In particular, we drew heavy inspira-\\ntion from web and mobile-based flashcard apps like Quizlet\\n[29] , StudyBlue [30] , and Magoosh [28] . These existing flash-\\ncard apps are popular among students, and all of them use\\nthe same tap-to-flip interaction paradigm. We decided to\\ntake several aspects from each app and integrate them into\\nour own. For example, both Quizlet and StudyBlue utilize\\nsimple, functional designs that minimize possible external\\ndistracting factors. In addition, StudyBlue, as well as Ma-\\ngoosh, include self-evaluation metrics that allow users to\\nmark which cards they have mastered. We implemented all\\nthese aspects, as well as others, into our flashcard app.\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,906,746,954],\"text\":\"Our flashcard app can be seen in Figure 4 . The app features\\na tabbed interface with a large flashcard in the middle and\\nseveral buttons. The flashcard initially displays a question,\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 357\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/results/markdown/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300587/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300587", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/results/output_json/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,298],\"text\":\"and the user can tap it to \\\"flip\\\" the card and reveal the answer. \\nDepending on the side of the card, either a hint button or \\nexplanation button is accessible allowing the user to view \\na list of possible answer choices or a short justification for \\nthe correct answer respectively. Users can tap the \\\"Got it\\\" \\nor \\\"I don't know\\\" buttons below the flashcard to continue \\nto a new question, and our spaced repetition algorithm uses \\nthe response to sequence questions for individuals. The tabs \\nlocated at the top of the app give the user the ability to choose \\nbetween subjects, as well as a \\\"Random\\\" option that mixes \\nquestions from all three.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,299,395,476],\"text\":\"To keep QuizBot and the flashcard app relatively consis-\\ntent with one another, there are many features that are shared\\nbetween them. First, the question pool is the same across\\nboth apps, which means all questions and answers come\\nfrom the same source. The hint and explanation buttons in\\nthe flashcard app correspond respectively to the actions the\\nuser would take when asking for help or asking for why a\\nparticular answer is correct in Quizbot. To ensure that the\\nvolume of content consumption is about the same across\\nboth apps, we used the same question selection model and\\ndaily reminder notification system for both.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,485,222,502],\"text\":\"4 Experiment Setup\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,506,394,537],\"text\":\"In this section, we describe the experimental setup for our\\ntwo user studies. Both studies were conducted remotely.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,549,145,567],\"text\":\"Participants\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,570,395,826],\"text\":\"While building QuizBot, we iterated on the design with 47\\nuniversity students and used their data to train the super-\\nvised SIF model, tune the DASH model, and improve the\\nconversational and graphical design of QuizBot. Next, we\\nlaunched QuizBot and recruited 80 college students and\\nalumni through fliers, social networks, and mailing lists.\\nBased on the order they were recruited, 40 of them par-\\nticipated in the first within-subject study that controlled the\\nnumber of repetitions, and 40 of them (4 dropped out) par-\\nticipated in the second within-subject study that evaluated\\nthe engagement levels of the two apps. The 76 students who\\nfinished the studies came from 12 different universities and\\nover 20 different majors including computer science, math-\\nematics, biology, history, communication, psychology, and\\nmore. Study 1 users were compensated $ 75 and Study 2 users\\nwere compensated $ 50 for their participation.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,837,135,855],\"text\":\"$$\\n Apparatus \\n$$\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,857,395,955],\"text\":\"All participants used their own mobile phones to install our\\napps for the study. 51 were iPhones and 25 were Android\\nphones. The back end of our QuizBot system was imple-\\nmented in Python Flask, and the front end used Facebook\\nMessenger's chat interface, which provides a platform to\\neasily serve chatbots. The complementary flashcard app was\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,205],\"text\":\"implemented as a web app and converted to iOS and Android\\napps using Apache Cordova. We logged all the users' peri-\\ndent behaviors such as conversation logs, button clicks, and\\ncorresponding timestamps to a MySQL database for detailed\\ndata analysis at a later time.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,223,511,240],\"text\":\"Question Pool\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,243,746,402],\"text\":\"Our question pool contained factual questions in the areas of\\nscience, safety, and advanced English vocabulary. We chose\\nthree different subjects for the system's question pool be-\\ncause we wanted to study how capable the system was in\\nhelping students learn factual knowledge in different areas.\\nEvery question has three parts: a question description, a\\ncorrect fact-based answer, a set of 2 to 4 distractors ( M =3.2,\\nSD =0.8), and an explanation paragraph. On average, ques-\\ntions contained 18.2 words ( SD =10.2) and correct answers\\ncontained 2.3 words ( SD =2.6).\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,403,747,563],\"text\":\"All the questions, distractors, and explanations were drawn\\nfrom free online resources. Science questions were adapted\\nfrom the SciQ dataset [32] . Safety questions were adapted\\nfrom MySafetySign , a safety quiz website [43] . Verbal rea-\\nsoning questions were adapted from KME , a free GRE prep\\nwebsite [35] . Initially, we randomly selected 100 questions for\\neach subject. Then four different researchers from our team\\nwent through each question and discarded overly easy or\\ndifficult questions. Lastly, we refined the selected questions\\nto ensure their suitability for our learning systems.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,582,604,600],\"text\":\"Balancing Question Difficulty\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,603,746,746],\"text\":\"It was important to make sure that the questions in our\\nquestion pool had similar difficulty levels. After manually\\nfiltering the questions, we put them on Mechanical Turk and\\nrecruited 65 crowd workers to answer them. We required all\\nthe workers to have a bachelor's degree and at least a 98 %\\nHIT approval rate with at least 1000 completed HITs. We\\nalso added attention check questions to the online multiple\\nchoice quiz to ensure crowd workers answered the quiz in\\ngood faith.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,746,747,905],\"text\":\"For every question $q$ , we assigned it a difficulty rating\\n$d$ computed as $d(q) =$ number of workers who answered $q$\\ncorrectly / total number of workers. For a set of questions\\n$S$ , its set difficulty $d(S)$ was computed as the average of the\\ndifficulty ratings of all the questions in this set. We used\\ndynamic programming to select two sets of an equal number\\nof questions that had the smallest difference of difficulty,\\nbased on difficulty ratings collected from Mechanical Turk.\\nIn our studies, the set difficulty differences between all sets\\nwe used were below 0.1.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,906,746,953],\"text\":\"In addition, the difficulty parameters were fit into the\\nDASH model to provide better question sequencing as dis-\\ncussed in Section 3 .\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 357\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/results/markdown/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300587/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300587", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/results/output_json/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,124,269,139],\"text\":\"5 EVALUATION AND RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,144,394,193],\"text\":\"Effectiveness and engagement are the two most important\\nmetrics in our evaluation of QuizBot. In particular, we pro-\\nposed the following research questions:\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[81,197,395,309],\"text\":\"(1) How engaging is QuizBot to learners in comparison\\nto flashcards?\\n(2) How effective is QuizBot with helping learners in\\nrecognition and recall, both per number of practice\\nitems and per time spent, compared with flashcards?\\n(3) Given voluntary usage, which system is more effective\\non recognition and recall?\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,313,395,378],\"text\":\"We performed two within-subject user studies to answer\\nthese research questions: Study 1 answered (2) and Study\\n2 answered (1) and (3). The following commonly adopted\\nmetrics were used to report our results:\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,377,394,409],\"text\":\"Total repetitions: the total number of repetitions completed\\nby learners. One question can be repeated many times.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,409,394,442],\"text\":\"Total questions: the total number of unique questions com-\\npleted by learners.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,441,395,505],\"text\":\"Overall recognition / recall accuracy : the percentage of\\nquestions missed in the pre-test that were correctly answered\\non the multiple choice / fill-in-the-blank post-test, regardless\\nof whether they are practiced during system use or not.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,505,395,569],\"text\":\"Practiced recognition / recall accuracy : the percentage of\\nquestions missed in the pre-test, introduced by the system,\\nand were correctly answered on the multiple choice / fill-in-\\nthe-blank post-test.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,568,395,633],\"text\":\"Usage time: the total amount of time learners spent in-\\nteracting with the system in the entire learning period. A\\nthreshold of 30 seconds was used to to decide if a learner\\nwas idle during any given study session.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,633,394,664],\"text\":\"Return rate: the total number of times learners returned\\nto use the system in the entire learning period.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,664,395,745],\"text\":\"All results are presented using the sample mean (standard\\ndeviation) notation, and error bars on bar charts represent +/-\\n\\n\\n1 standard error. We use ↑ to indicate a statistical difference\\n\\nat the .05 significance level in the measure of QuizBot against\\n\\nthat of the flashcard app in the within-subject study.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,757,288,774],\"text\":\"Study 1: Evaluation of Effectiveness\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,778,394,857],\"text\":\"The first experiment we ran was a within-subject study de-\\nsigned to evaluate the effectiveness of the two learning apps.\\nWe recruited 40 university students and alumni from 11 dif-\\nferent universities. 23 were females and 17 were males. Their\\naverage age was 23.5 (SD=3.5).\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,857,395,954],\"text\":\"The question pool of each app contained 48 questions, 16\\nquestions for each subject. Questions in the QuizBot app\\nand the flashcard app were distinct and their difficulty levels\\nwere carefully balanced as described previously. Since we\\nwanted to evaluate how effective each app was with helping\\npeople memorize factual knowledge, we fixed the number\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,236],\"text\":\"of repetitions participants could perform for each question.\\nParticipants were required to use both apps to learn factual\\nknowledge everyday in a five-day study period: 20 questions\\nwithin each app in the first four days, and 16 questions in\\nthe last day, so that every question was practiced by every\\nuser exactly twice. Each app sequenced 48 questions using\\nthe same algorithm.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,236,747,537],\"text\":\"Participants were given a pre-test consisting of all 96 ques-\\ntions from the two question pools in the multiple-choice\\nformat, randomly mixed together. After the five-day study\\nperiod, they were given two post-tests that consisted of the\\nsame questions, but one requiring fill-in-the-blank and an-\\nother using multiple-choice. Post-tests were customized for\\neach participant. Only questions participants answered in-\\ncorrectly in the pre-test were included in the post-test. By\\nasking learners to only answer questions they did not know\\nbefore, we eliminated the effects of people's different prior\\nknowledge on their final learning outcome. The average\\nnumber of questions participants answered correctly in the\\npre-test of the flashcard questions pool was 19 (SD=6) and\\nin the QuizBot question pool was 21 (SD=0). Thus, the av-\\nerage length of one post-test was 56 (SD=11). All of the\\nfill-in-the-blank questions were presented to learners prior\\nto the multiple-choice questions to avoid carryover effects.\\nAfter collecting learners' answers, we manually graded their\\nanswers to the fill-in-the-blank questions.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,538,747,650],\"text\":\"To counterbalance our experiment, half of the participants\\nlearned with Quizbot first followed by the flashcard app\\nevery day, and the other half used the two apps every day\\nin the opposite order. The order of which app to use first\\nwas randomly assigned and remained the same across all\\nfive days. Our analysis of variance shows that order did not\\nexhibit any significant effect for any of our measures.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,651,747,921],\"text\":\"As shown in Figure 5 , after practicing each question twice,\\nlearners correctly answered 87.2 % (SD=10.3) of the multiple-\\nchoice questions and 66.3 % (SD=20.9) of the fill-in-the-blank\\nquestions that they did not know in the pre-test with QuizBot,\\nversus 65.8 % (SD=21.0) and 45.2 % (SD=23.4) with the flash-\\ncard app. The recognition accuracy differences of the two\\napps followed the normality assumption according to the\\nShapiro-Wilk normality test result ( $p$ = .62). A paired two-\\nsample t-test was performed and the difference was signifi-\\ncant for recognition accuracy ( $t_{30}$ = -6.94, $p$ < .0001). Effect size\\nwas 1.10 with a power of 1.00. The differences in recall accu-\\nracy did not satisfy the normality assumption ( $p$ < .01 from the\\nnormality test). Therefore, we used a nonparametric paired\\ntwo-sample Wilcoxon test. Results show that recall accuracy\\nusing QuizBot was statistically significantly higher than the\\nrecall accuracy using the flashcard app ( $Z$ = 34, $p$ < .0001). Ef-\\nfect size was 1.03 with a power of 1.00.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,921,747,954],\"text\":\"We also tested students' retained knowledge one week\\nand two months after the study. The delayed post-tests were\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 357\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/results/markdown/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300587/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300587", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/results/output_json/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[92,122,720,137],\"text\":\"Table 1: Results of Studies 1 and 2. Accuracies are in percent. F = Flashcard, Q = QuizBot. Subscripts indicate studies.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[70,153,772,264],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td></td><td>Usage time (ms)</td><td>Per question time (s)</td><td>Return rate</td><td>Total reps.</td><td>Total questions</td><td>Overall recall acc.</td><td>Practiced recall acc.</td><td>Overall recog. acc.</td><td>Practiced recog. acc.</td><td>One-week recog. acc.</td><td>Two-month recog. acc.</td></tr><tr><td>F1</td><td>14.3 (7.4)†</td><td>8.9 (4.6)†</td><td>5 (0)</td><td>96 (0)</td><td>48 (0)</td><td>45.2 (23.4)†</td><td>45.2 (23.4)†</td><td>65.8 (21.0)†</td><td>65.8 (21.0)†</td><td>64.4 (20.7)†</td><td>43.9 (28.2)†</td></tr><tr><td>Q1</td><td>46.0 (6.3)†</td><td>28.7 (4.0)†</td><td>5 (0)</td><td>96 (0)</td><td>48 (0)</td><td>66.3 (20.9)†</td><td>66.3 (20.9)†</td><td>87.2 (10.3)†</td><td>87.2 (10.3)†</td><td>83.6 (11.7)†</td><td>52.0 (31.2)†</td></tr><tr><td>F2</td><td>14.4 (12.1)†</td><td>9.9 (7.2)†</td><td>8 (6)†</td><td>181 (285)</td><td>39 (31)</td><td>38.7 (25.5)†</td><td>60.1 (26.9)†</td><td>62.4 (25.9)†</td><td>83.1 (21.2)†</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Q2</td><td>38.1 (16.9)†</td><td>37.2 (13.9)†</td><td>24 (7)†</td><td>69 (36)</td><td>30 (12)</td><td>50.8 (23.1)†</td><td>75.1 (25.0)†</td><td>67.3 (27.0)†</td><td>94.1 (13.2)†</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This table presents experimental results for four conditions (F1, Q1, F2, Q2) across thirteen different metrics. The columns include various time measurements, question and repetition counts, and several categories of recall and recognition accuracy. Many numerical values are accompanied by a second value in parentheses, and some have a dagger symbol, while specific cells indicate missing data with hyphens.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_7_tab_3.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,283,394,329],\"text\":\"Table 2: Per-subject results of Study 1. Pre-test scores are out\\nof 16 for all subjects. Accuracies are in percent. F = Flashcard,\\nQ = QuizBot.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[80,346,378,550],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td></td><td>Science</td><td>Safety</td><td>Vocabulary</td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\">Pre-test score</td><td>F</td><td>6.2 (2.5)$^{\\\\dagger}$</td><td>5.5 (2.3)$^{\\\\dagger}$</td></tr><tr><td>Q</td><td>7.1 (3.3)$^{\\\\dagger}$</td><td>6.6 (1.9)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\">Recall accuracy</td><td>F</td><td>49.0 (28.8)$^{\\\\dagger}$</td><td>50.1 (25.8)$^{\\\\dagger}$</td></tr><tr><td>Q</td><td>70.0 (26.6)$^{\\\\dagger}$</td><td>71.2 (21.9)$^{\\\\dagger}$</td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\">Recog. accuracy</td><td>F</td><td>68.7 (23.2)$^{\\\\dagger}$</td><td>66.8 (23.2)$^{\\\\dagger}$</td></tr><tr><td>Q</td><td>90.7 (12.7)$^{\\\\dagger}$</td><td>90.0 (13.0)$^{\\\\dagger}$</td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\">One-week recog. acc.</td><td>F</td><td>68.3 (23.6)$^{\\\\dagger}$</td><td>65.2 (23.7)$^{\\\\dagger}$</td></tr><tr><td>Q</td><td>90.3 (12.7)$^{\\\\dagger}$</td><td>84.8 (13.4)$^{\\\\dagger}$</td></tr><tr><td rowspan=\\\"2\\\">Two-month recog. acc.</td><td>F</td><td>47.7 (31.7)$^{\\\\dagger}$</td><td>42.1 (27.7)$^{\\\\dagger}$</td></tr><tr><td>Q</td><td>58.9 (34.7)$^{\\\\dagger}$</td><td>51.5 (30.0)$^{\\\\dagger}$</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table presents mean scores and standard deviations for different cognitive tasks and time points across three categories: Science, Safety, and Vocabulary. Data is organized into rows for Pre-test score, Recall accuracy, Recognition accuracy, One-week recognition accuracy, and Two-month recognition accuracy, each sub-divided by F and Q conditions.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_7_tab_5.png\"},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,602,395,858],\"text\":\"identical to the immediate multiple-choice post-test except\\nfor the randomized question order. All 40 users responded\\nto the one-week post-test. Results in Table 1 show that stu-\\ndents’ knowledge on the initial and delayed post-test was\\nalmost identical ( $p = .29$ for the flashcard app and $p = .12$ for\\nQuizBot) after one week. 39 out of 40 users responded to the\\ntwo-month delayed post-test. People’s recognition accuracy\\nafter two months was 52.0 % (SD=31.2 % ) for QuizBot and\\n43.9 % (SD=28.2 % ) for the flashcard app. The difference was\\nstatistically significant with a p-value of .006 and an effect\\nsize of .47. Therefore, after two months, there is a smaller\\nbut still significant beneficial effect on recognition from us-\\ning QuizBot over flashcards. These results demonstrate that\\ngiven a fixed number of items practiced, QuizBot was signif-\\nicantly more effective in helping people memorize factual\\nknowledge.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,857,395,955],\"text\":\"Looking at subjects separately, students' performance is\\nshown in Table 2 . Although people had different prior knowl-\\nedge in the three subjects, they improved more with QuizBot\\nthan with flashcards, on both recognition and recall. The\\nimprovement was statistically significant for all three sub-\\njects and for both recall and recognition. This shows that\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,470,746,501],\"text\":\"the effectiveness of QuizBot may well generalize to different\\ndomains.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_009.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[420,283,744,382],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two box plots compare \\\"Flashcard\\\" and \\\"Quizbot\\\" performance, both showing \\\"Percent (%)\\\" on the y-axis. The left box plot displays \\\"Recognition Accuracy\\\" and the right box plot shows \\\"Recall Accuracy\\\" for Study 1.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,393,745,424],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Study 1 overall (practiced) recognition (left) and\\nrecall (right) accuracy.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,501,747,710],\"text\":\"We then examined the time taken to finish all of the 96 rep-\\netitions with each of the two apps. While it took on average\\n28.7s (SD=4.0) to practice one question with QuizBot, it took\\n8.9s (SD=4.6) to practice one question with the flashcard app.\\nThe difference was statistically significant: $t_{96}=31.6$ , $p<0.001$\\nwith an effect size of 5.0. Although time per question is\\nlonger, users rated QuizBot higher in the User Engagement\\nScale (short form) [44] and the difference was statistically\\nsignificant ( $t_{96}=2.90$ , $p<0.01$ ) with an effect size of .46, based\\non a paired two-sample t-test. Users also preferred QuizBot\\nstrongly for casual learning as shown in Figure 6 (left). Our\\nsecond within-subject study evaluates student motivation\\nand performance in a casual learning setting.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,725,637,743],\"text\":\"Study 2: Evaluation of Engagement\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,746,747,955],\"text\":\"The second within-subject study was designed to evaluate\\nlearner engagement level and performance given voluntary\\nusage time. We recruited 36 users (15 female, 20 male, and 1\\nchose not to say) from 8 different universities in this experi-\\nment. The average age of these 36 users was 22.8 (SD=3.1).\\nEvery user was required to use both apps everyday over a\\nfive day period. The QuizNot app and the flashcard app had\\nthe same non-overlapping set of 48 questions, as in the first\\nwithin-subject experiment. Users chose the amount of time\\nto spend on each app of their own volition, and they were\\nadvised to spend about 10 minutes on each of the two apps in\\ntotal to ensure some basic knowledge gain. We used DASH\\nas the question sequencing algorithm in this experiment.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 357\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300587/results/markdown/3290605-3300587_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300588/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300588", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/results/output_json/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,744,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,36,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[80,101,733,155],\"text\":\"The Adventures of Older Authors: Exploring Futures through\\nCo-Design Fictions\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[167,169,646,232],\"text\":\"Aloha Hufana Ambe, Margot Brereton, Alessandro Soro, Laurie Buys, Paul Roe\\n\\nQueensland University of Technology (QUT)\\n\\nBrisbane, Queensland, Australia\\n{a.ambe,m.brereton,a.soro,l.buys,p.roe}@qut.edu.au\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,260,142,276],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,281,395,632],\"text\":\"This paper presents co-design fiction as an approach to\\nengaging users in imagining, envisioning and speculating\\nnot just on future technology but future life through co-\\ncreated fictional works. Design fiction in research is often\\ncreated or written by researchers. There is relatively little\\ncritical discussion of how to co-create design fictions with\\nend-users, with the concomitant opportunities and\\nchallenges this poses. To fill this gap in knowledge, we\\nconducted co-design fiction workshops with nine older\\ncreative writers, utilising prompts to inspire discussion\\nand engage their imaginative writing about the trend\\ntowards tracking and monitoring older people. Their\\nstories revealed futures of neither dystopia nor utopia but\\nof social and moral dilemmas narrating their wish not just\\nto \\\"maintain their independence\\\", but a palpable desire for\\nadventure and very nuanced senses of how they wish to\\ntake control. We discuss inherent tensions in the control\\nof the co-design fiction process; balancing the author's\\nneed for freedom and creativity with the researcher's\\ndesire to guide the process toward the design\\ninvestigation at hand.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,644,172,660],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,663,394,695],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → HCI design and\\nevaluation methods; Design Method: Co-Design .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,708,150,724],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,725,352,755],\"text\":\"Design fiction; co-creation; creative writers; older adults;\\nmonitoring technology.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,769,183,782],\"text\":\"ACM Reference format\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[69,782,394,813],\"text\":\"Aloha Hufana Ambe, Margot Brereton, Alessandro Soro, Laurie\\nBuys, Paul Roe. 2019. The Adventures of Older Authors:\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,252,746,328],\"text\":\"Exploring Futures through Co-Design Fictions. In 2019 CHI\\nConference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings\\n(CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK . ACM, New\\nYork, NY, USA. 16 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300588\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,353,558,370],\"text\":\"1   INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,374,746,474],\"text\":\"We present co-design fiction , an approach to creating\\ndesign fiction by engaging users to create their own\\nfictional works, anchored in their own beliefs and\\nconvictions, in order to capture how they personally\\nimagine, envision and speculate not just on future\\ntechnology but future life.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,482,747,933],\"text\":\"Design fiction in research has various purposes and\\ntakes on various forms, but often is written or made by\\nresearchers. Researchers typically create a diegetic\\nprototype - a technology that does not yet exist in the real\\nworld but is considered real and functional in the fictional\\nnarrative [64,65] . Diegetic prototypes in Human-\\nComputer Interaction (HCI) have taken on a variety of\\nforms: inspiring or reflective artefacts, such as imaginary\\nworkbooks [12] and questionable design concept cards\\n[71] ; written narrative works, such as fictitious research\\npapers and imaginary abstracts [8,28,45] ; or creative\\noutputs of the design process such as imaginary posters,\\nproduct catalogues and design workbooks inspired by\\nscience fiction [13,17,77] . Researchers play a strong role in\\nframing the topic and making the creative output itself. In\\ndesign fiction, there is a growing body of research that has\\nfostered non-researcher participants, as potential future\\ndwellers, to creatively express their own imagined futures\\n[10,37,38,49,57] . However prior works have mostly\\nemphasised the problem being addressed, rather than the\\nmethod itself, and lack an articulation of the inherent\\ntensions of involving participants in the co-creation\\nprocess. Moreover the process and outputs almost always\\ntend towards dystopian or utopian futures. Appreciating\\nthe richness of perspective that fiction can reveal, our\\nresearch investigated how to involve potential focal user\\ngroups, specifically hobbyists and in this particular case\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,833,388,908],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or\\nclassroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed\\nfor profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full\\ncitation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others\\nthan the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy\\notherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior\\nspecific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from Permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,911,385,932],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.\\n\\n© 2019 Copyright is held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,941,239,954],\"text\":\"DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300588\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 358\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/results/markdown/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300588/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300588", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/results/output_json/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,101,393,134],\"text\":\"amateur creative writers, to create personal fictional\\nworks in order to explore future life.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,141,394,344],\"text\":\"We conducted co-design fiction workshops with nine\\nolder creative writers. The aim of the workshops was to\\ncapture their perspectives about the technology trend\\ntowards supporting older people by tracking and\\nmonitoring them [5,22,26,57] . With rapid ageing\\npopulation growth, the inclusion of older adults in the\\ndiscussion and design of future technology has been\\ngaining interest [1,43] , in both co-design workshops\\n[40,60] and long-term projects [14,44] that explore their\\nperspectives for future technology and living, unearthing\\ninherent challenges in translating design into value in\\ntheir everyday lives [40,74] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,351,394,586],\"text\":\"Through the co-design fiction workshop older adults'\\nwrote individual literary works. The workshop\\ndiscussions and literary works showed that older authors\\nwere keen to engage in this form of co-creation though\\nwriting, and their stories revealed novel perspectives to\\ninform design. They did not write futures of dystopia or\\nutopia but rather of social and moral dilemmas, notably\\ntheir wish not merely to \\\"maintain their independence\\\",\\nbut demonstrating a palpable desire and hope for\\nadventure and a very nuanced sensibility to issues of\\nagency and control. We discuss the tensions inherent in\\nco-design fiction, which relate to control of the process\\nand marrying the creator's need for freedom, with the\\nresearcher's desired topic of inquiry.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,593,395,945],\"text\":\"Our research contribution is twofold: (1) The primary\\ncontribution is the co-design fiction as an alternative\\napproach to design fiction that: (1a) involves participants\\nin many stages of the approach especially during\\nworkshop planning, (in recognition of their expertise on\\ntheir own creative processes, being the best persons to\\nconsult on what 'materials' to bring and how to go about\\nthe process) and also in consultation on the research\\npaper draft that described the analysed data; (1b)\\nacknowledges and reconciles different creative processes\\nof participants to respect each participants' creative\\nprocess; (1c) attempts to mediate and balance inherent\\ntensions of co-creation of design fiction, especially the\\nparticipant's need for creative freedom in the process of\\ncreating/making/writing the design fiction, and the\\nresearch team's desire to guide the process towards the\\ninvestigation at hand. We detail the co-creation process,\\nexplicating the method, inherent tensions, engagement\\nstrategies, and illustrating the benefits through the new\\ndesign insights gained. (2) The secondary contribution is\\nthe findings from the fictional literary works that opens\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,101,746,151],\"text\":\"up a critical discourse that goes beyond the common\\nutopian and dystopian discussions around fictional\\naccounts of technology experience.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,176,551,193],\"text\":\"2 BACKGROUND\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,198,747,331],\"text\":\"Design fiction is similar to science fiction in that both\\nrepresent imagined futures with imaginary prototypes\\nfeaturing in the story [11,64,65] to foreground the role of\\ntechnology and its social and cultural implications [23,73] .\\nBruce Sterling, a science fiction author working on design\\nfiction [64] , stressed that \\\"in design fiction, one now needs\\nto be more thoughtful and to consider many factors in the\\nevent this design fiction may be used in the real world\\\" [65] .\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,343,638,360],\"text\":\"2.1 Design Fiction in HCI research\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,364,747,749],\"text\":\"Design fiction has paved a novel avenue in imagining,\\nconceptualizing and speculating future designs of\\ntechnology. There is emphasis on diegetic prototypes in\\nCHI when using design fiction. These are technologies\\nthat are still non-existent in the real world but are\\nconsidered real and functional in the fiction narrative\\n[11,36,64,65] . They serve as a concrete element for\\nspeculation, critique or reflection. The form of design\\nfiction in HCI research varies in relation to the purpose of\\nthe research – as a tool for inquiry in speculative design\\nresearch [27] or as a lens to speculate futures [12,13,71]\\ne.g. fictitious research [8,45,46] , speculative video [66] ,\\nfictitious ads [68] , or literary works [51,57] , etc. The\\n“variety of incongruent perspectives on what design\\nfiction is and how to use it” has motivated Coulton et al to\\ndisambiguate approaches and promote genre conventions,\\nin particular a genre of “world building” [20] . Others see\\nroom for greater creativity and power in design fiction,\\nwith Blythe and Encinas finding that design pictures are\\ngenerally “scientific” in a way that they are used for\\nexploration by researchers and designers. This indicates\\nuntapped possibilities of design fiction [11] such as\\nshifting the role of who creates it.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,756,747,924],\"text\":\"Fiction exposes its creator or writer's existing cultural\\nstand [23,73] and serves as a platform for presenting\\nembedded values and ideas [34] . Researchers and\\ndesigners have the prospective users' inputs and points of\\nview in mind when envisioning futures, but still bring\\ntheir own positionality based on their own background,\\nbeliefs, and world views reflected in their intended\\npurpose of the research. This was emphasised by Encinas\\net al [28] who used imaginary abstracts to show how one\\ndata source can be interpreted in very different ways,\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 358\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/results/markdown/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300588/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300588", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/results/output_json/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,101,394,136],\"text\":\"depending on the researcher's moral and ethical\\nprinciples.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,141,395,695],\"text\":\"There is a growing body of research looking at co-\\nreation of design fictions. Blythe and colleagues\\nencouraged their “magic machine” workshop participants\\nto come up with absurd futuristic designs. Breaking away\\nfrom the tradition of solution-focused research they\\nprovoked participants to build their own design fiction to\\nexpress their “anxieties, fears, hopes and desires” [10] .\\nSimilarly, Tsekleves et al’s work [69] with healthcare and\\nolder adults focused on generating design ideas for\\nassisted living and assisted death and evaluating their\\nacceptability with potential users. Prost et al engaged\\nparticipants’ in a workshop to creatively and\\ncollaboratively narrate a future with sustainable energy,\\nagreeing upon a set of story parameters. The stories\\nnarrated dystopian futures of controlled and monitored\\nenergy use that showed social practices and issues to be\\naddressed. They found interesting insights for the problem\\nat hand but did not elaborate on the group process itself\\n[57] . Markussen and Knutz engaged design students to\\nelaborate imaginary futures based on a dystopian novel,\\nand then to translate these into prototypes. [49] . See also\\n[37] . The research team of FabPod, an enclosed\\ncollaborative design space [2] , worked with creative\\nwriters to explore the space and write about their\\nexperience inside the space in an essaying activity. The\\ncreative writers wrote what the FabPod is to them and\\nwhat it could be, opening a different vantage point for the\\nresearchers. These co-created design fictions are insightful\\nhowever the emphases are on the problem and design\\nresponses rather than the method. The inherent tensions\\nof involving participants in the process are not extensively\\ndiscussed and the process and outputs lean towards\\ndystopian or utopian futures.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,702,395,903],\"text\":\"Drawing upon personal influences and lived\\nexperience, design fiction can convey the powerful\\npersonal messages of its creators. Informed by Bleeker [7] ,\\nDourish and Bell [23] and Reeve's [59] work on design\\nfiction, and basing our definition on that of Wakkary et al.\\n[73] we define design fiction as a “ powerful creative and\\nplayful ” envisioning of futures that can either be “ read or\\nproduced ” in different narrative forms that manifest\\nrelationships among people, practice, and technology ”\\nreflecting a critical understanding of the present. Our\\napproach follows that of Blythe [8,9] , expressing design\\nfiction in written narrative form.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,101,637,119],\"text\":\"2.2 Writing a Design Fiction Story\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,122,747,557],\"text\":\"A fiction is an artistic form of expression through an\\nimagined world that the writer is immersed in,\\nexperiencing their characters with all their senses, just as\\nwe experience our everyday [24] . Fiction writers operate\\nwithin a unique rhythm of engagement and reflection\\nwhen they write [61] as they move between their fiction\\nworld where imagination is limitless and the writing\\nrealm where literary concerns reside [24] . In writing\\ndesign fiction, Sterling claims “to trade imaginary\\nconstraints of writing for the imaginary constraints of\\ndesign” [65] . A consideration of design fiction is the\\naccountability of those who write it. Ann Light\\nemphasises the accountability that comes when one is\\nwriting for 'the others' involved in a design process but\\nwho are not actively involved in writing about it. She\\nasserts that writing based from a participatory design (PD)\\nmethod is often led by academic publishing models and\\nthat there is little discussion in bringing in 'the others' in\\nthis respect [42] . As designers and researchers, there is\\nhesitation to write design fiction stories, due to lack of\\nperceived skill. Collaborating with fiction writers is one\\noption but may not be always practical according to\\nBlythe (2017) . He recommends that designers and\\nresearchers develop a better understanding of the\\nstorytelling process and awareness of plot, and describes\\ncommon techniques [9] .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,564,747,698],\"text\":\"While narrative form has been used to widen\\nperspectives on a subject in question [49] there is a\\ncommon theme within research led narrative design\\nfiction of utopian futures [34] or dystopian worlds [38,49] .\\nWe were intrigued to work with older adult amateur\\ncreative writers, in order to explore the kinds of\\ntechnology enabled futures that they might envisage for\\nolder adults in their narrative design fictions.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,709,632,727],\"text\":\"2.3  Older People and Technology\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,731,747,931],\"text\":\"There is a proliferation of products and services for older\\npeople under the umbrella of smart devices, Internet of\\nThings applications [22,26,58,62] and other new forms of\\ntracking and monitoring technologies [55,63,72] , such as\\nfall detectors, pill management devices and activity\\ntrackers. The Forbes article's “ 10 Ways The Internet of\\nMedical Things Is Revolutionizing Senior Care ” [21]\\ncaught our attention as all items on the list have some\\nform of monitoring in them. This made us wonder what\\nolder people thought of these technologies envisioned for\\nthem. We took this theme as a provocation and an\\ninspiration for participants.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 358\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/results/markdown/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300588/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300588", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/results/output_json/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,101,395,387],\"text\":\"The CHI community has increasing interest in\\ninvolving older people in the design process through co-\\ndesign [14,40,44,60] although researchers have found it\\nchallenging to engage older adults [40,74] to articulate the\\nvalue of new technologies in their everyday life. Older\\npeople are encouraged to age positively [29,52] , actively\\n[19,78] and independently [55,75] , and they have shown\\ncreative ways [15,32,48,78,79] of maintaining life\\nthroughout a lifetime. The technology trend of tracking\\nand monitoring represents a perspective that\\noversimplifies old age into simply managing one's\\ndeclining physiological health. Such a perspective limits\\ntechnology innovators from envisioning a truly fulfilling\\nlife for older people. Appreciating the power of words in\\nnarrative form and inspired by prior work on design\\nfiction we collaborated with nine older creative writers to\\narticulate their perspective on future technology.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,410,344,427],\"text\":\"3 THE APPROACH: CO-DESIGN FICTION\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,430,395,750],\"text\":\"Co-design fiction is an approach that engages users by\\nforegrounding their experiences, values and convictions in\\nco-created fiction with the aim to imagine, envision and\\nspeculate futures not just on technology but on future life.\\nSpecifically, we worked with older amateur creative\\nwriters in co-design fiction workshops to investigate their\\nperspectives on the trend of monitoring and tracking\\ntechnology. In related work, Gaver engaged professionals\\nhe described as Cultural Commentators - movie\\nscreenwriters, film-makers, journalists, etc. [31] - in\\npolyphonic assessments of prototypes. In our approach\\nthe participants were neither professionals (as in Cultural\\nCommentators) nor complete laypersons (as in many\\nprobes based methods), but were both experienced\\nhobbyists of creative writing and experts in the domain of\\nbeing older adults. This being experts in both domains is\\ndistinctly different from domain experts and community\\nmembers collaborating. Our work emphasises the\\nperspective of the focal group of users.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,761,232,778],\"text\":\"3.1 Before the Workshop\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,782,395,950],\"text\":\"We engaged with potential participants by contacting the\\ninstructors of writing classes for older people and asking\\nto attend in order to discuss the prospect of them creating\\ndesign fictions with us. We were invited to attend the\\nclasses. In our first class we witnessed the students share\\ntheir story from the previous week's assignment. We also\\nlearned how the lecturer, Ted (pseudonym) imparted\\nknowledge on building characters. In our second meeting,\\nwe met another group of older women, led by Val, who\\nhave been together for several years. There is no lecturer;\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,102,746,167],\"text\":\"the group meets once a week bringing in two printed\\ncopies of their novella, play, thriller or poem for everyone\\nto read. They then discuss and constructively critique\\neach work.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,175,747,544],\"text\":\"Having got to know the two groups of writers and\\ndiscussed the project, the writers expressed interest in\\nparticipating. We proposed an initial co-design fiction\\nworkshop agenda to them for feedback. As experts in the\\ncreative writing process, we felt that they would know\\nbest how to conduct a workshop that involves creative\\nwriting. The first author consulted Ted as the class'\\nlecturer. He was happy with the proposed flow such as\\nhaving the writing session within the workshop time for\\nhis class. The women of the writing group, however,\\nrequested to be given a week's time after the workshop\\nproper before giving us their stories. They expressed that\\nit takes time to \\\"put pen to paper\\\" . Acknowledging the\\ndifferent writing preference of the Class and the Group we\\nconducted two co-design workshops with different writing\\ntimeframes. All of the writers agreed that it would be\\ndifficult for them to write a single story as a group and\\nthat they preferred writing individually. The first\\nworkshop was with Ted and one of his students. The\\nsecond workshop was with the seven members of the\\nGroup. The writers were each given a $ 25 gift card to\\nexpress gratitude for their participation.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,555,551,573],\"text\":\"3.2 The Participants\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,577,747,947],\"text\":\"We worked with a total of nine creative writers, two from\\nthe Class and seven from the Group: they are aged\\nbetween 60-86 years old with a mean age of late 60s; eight\\nare Caucasians and one is of Maori descent. The two\\nparticipants from the Class are male, Ted and his student\\nof seven months Greg (pseudonym). Greg is an avid\\nfiction reader and a novice writer who formerly worked in\\nconstruction. Ted, a poet, is a former firefighter and a\\nmilitary man before he completed a creative writing\\ndegree. The seven participants from the Group are Val,\\nJenny, Catherine, Judith, Brenda, Willie and Winnie. They\\ncome from different professional backgrounds of sales,\\nmarketing, education and even archaeology, but their\\npassion for writing led them to the group. The writers\\nhave a close-knit relationship having been together for\\nseveral years. They self-published their book Time and\\nTide a collection of their best and favourite authored short\\nstories. Their friendship and support system helped them\\nto develop their writing talent and abilities through their\\nweekly sessions. As writers they admit that they are\\nobservant and constantly curious, making anything\\naround them a potential spark for inspiration. They also\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 358\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/results/markdown/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300588/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300588", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/results/output_json/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,102,394,185],\"text\":\"expressed that their life-long experiences and social\\nrelations enable them to enrich their stories and the\\ncharacters they create. Julie said, \\\"...don't think anything\\nwill ever replace that. That's what's in us and you only\\ngather this in your world.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,193,393,244],\"text\":\"We note that in other demographics and cultures with\\ndifferent literacies we anticipate that co-design fiction\\napproaches would take different forms [35,67] .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,255,190,272],\"text\":\"3.3 The Workshop\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,275,393,325],\"text\":\"After consultation and consideration of the participants'\\npreferences, the workshops were finalised. They ran for\\nthree hours in a library conference room.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,333,394,501],\"text\":\"3.3.1 Beginning the Workshop. We introduced the project\\nof engaging older adults to imagine future technology\\nthrough design fiction by discussing current trends on\\nmonitoring and tracking. To scope the topic, we focused\\nto medication management tools, as emerging\\ntechnologies in this area are rife. We briefly explained\\ndesign fiction, anchoring its explanation, to the more\\nfamiliar genre of science fiction. Before the first activity,\\nwe asked everyone to introduce themselves and when\\ntheir love of writing started.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_007.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_007.png\",\"bbox\":[68,506,393,640],\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Eight women, primarily older adults, are seated around a light-colored rectangular table in a meeting or classroom setting. The table is covered with water bottles, papers, and pens. In the background, there are green walls, one section with patterned wallpaper, and a kitchen area with white cabinets and a colorful tiled backsplash.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,645,393,690],\"text\":\"Figure 1: (L-R) Judith, Brenda, Jenny, Winnie, Val,\\nCatherine and Julie of the creative writing group viewing\\none of the prompts.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,695,394,947],\"text\":\"3.3.2 Prompts and Group Discussion . We presented four\\nprompts/provocations relating to pill management and\\nmonitoring applications for older adults and asked our\\nparticipants to discuss their thoughts on them (Fig. 1 ). The\\nfirst prompt was two screen shots of the Google images\\nsearch result for the keywords \\\"older adult\\\" with \\\"pill\\ntaking\\\" and then \\\"pill taking device\\\" respectively. This\\nprompt allowed the group to see how this situation is\\nrepresented to wider society in the Google image search\\nand prompted them to talk about their experience or\\nknowledge of medication taking situations. The second\\nprompt was the speculative video \\\"Uninvited Guests\\\" [66]\\nabout the possible future use of the Internet of Things in\\nthe life of an older adult. This prompt depicts future home\\nlife with technology embedded into everyday objects, such\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,102,746,335],\"text\":\"as a spoon that counts calories or a walking cane that\\nmeasures activity, having agency in the home. The third\\nprompt was a video of The Messaging Kettle [316] , an\\nexisting prototype that connects an older adult with their\\nloved one through the routine of making tea. This video\\nshows the possibility of technology that fosters social\\ninteraction, reciprocity and a feeling of everyday\\ntogetherness. The last prompt was an infomercial of a\\nmedication reminder device. As an existing product, the\\ninfomercial showcased the device for an elderly mother\\nthrough the perspective of her daughter and son-in-law.\\nEach prompt showed different narratives. Group\\ndiscussion was facilitated in-between prompts to tease out\\nthe participants thoughts on the topic.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,342,746,560],\"text\":\"3.3.3 Brainstorming: storytelling, plot, characters and\\nmessage . When the last prompt discussion finished, we\\nthen proceeded to an overall discussion of the prompts as\\nwell as possible plots, settings and themes of their stories.\\nQuestions and concerns were raised such as whether the\\nfiction should have a diegetic prototype, whether there\\nshould be a technology in the story or whether the group\\nset parameters before they write. The research team gave\\nfull creative freedom to the participants by not restricting\\nthem to any parameters or requiring a diegetic prototype\\nin the story. We emphasised that what is important is that\\nthe fiction is inspired from the prompts, the discussion\\nand their personal reflections and creative imaginations.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,568,746,668],\"text\":\"3.3.4 Writing process and the reading session. Ted and Greg\\nfrom the first workshop opted to write the stories\\nimmediately, and took 30 minutes after the brainstorming\\nto finish their stories (Fig. 2). After writing, they read their\\nstory and we then discussed it including the message that\\nthe story conveyed.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_013.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_013.png\",\"bbox\":[422,673,743,838],\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two individuals with blurred faces are seated at a light-colored table, both focused on writing on papers. Various items including snacks and drinks are visible on the table between them, against a softly blurred indoor background.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[421,838,743,855],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Greg and Tom writing after the group discussion.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,863,745,946],\"text\":\"The participants of the second workshop wanted the\\nprompts and discussion to marinate before they started\\nwriting. During the reading session a week after the\\nworkshop, they shared the different moments when they\\nfound the \\\"bubble\\\" to start writing. Some got the story, the\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 358\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/results/markdown/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300588/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300588", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/results/output_json/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,101,394,436],\"text\":\"characters and even the start and end scene just after the\\nprevious week's workshop. They just needed time to\\narrange the scenes in their head. Some preferred to\\nresearch further on the topic. Some got additional\\ninspiration based on what they saw on TV or gleaned\\nthrough personal encounters. Others focused on their\\nmessage, changing the medium of output from a fiction\\nshort story to a poem and an essay. Judith preferred to\\nhandwrite her full story first before word processing for\\nprinting. Brenda used the iPad Speak application to record\\nher thoughts for the story before finally word processing\\nfrom draft to final version. For each writer, the writing\\nprocess involves their own unique method of writing,\\nreflecting and editing until they feel their story is finished.\\nThe prompts and discussions served as the \\\"bubble\\ngenerator\\\" of ideas for the writers to put pen to paper and\\nframed the topic of creative inquiry. The resulting literary\\nworks reflected rich points of view derived from personal\\nexperiences, beliefs and convictions, crystallised by their\\nwriting approach.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,443,394,594],\"text\":\"Once the stories had been created, the authors met to\\ntake turns to read them aloud. The reading session was\\nnot only fun and enlightening for everyone but it gave an\\ninsight into how the authors created their stories. The\\nstories made the audience of authors laugh and sigh,\\nsentimental as they experienced the emotional ride that\\nstories took them on. Once the reading was done, there\\nwere moments of heartfelt praise and awe by everyone.\\nEveryone then reflected and shared their thoughts.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,601,394,936],\"text\":\"3.3.5 Data Analysis . We took an inductive and iterative\\napproach to the analysis. After each encounter with the\\nwriters, the research team debriefed to unpack the\\nexperience. At the post co-design fiction workshop\\ndebriefing we discussed what had happened, interesting\\nobservations, challenges and important points made by\\nthe writers themselves. The first author transcribed the\\ndebriefing discussions, which were recorded, and field\\nnotes from writer's discussions, which included the\\nresearchers' impressions. Content analysis was\\nundertaken to draw themes from the transcriptions. The\\ninitial themes were medication issues encountered; circle\\nof support; care and distress; choices and control of own\\nlife; society's stereotype on old age; relationships with\\ntechnology; and being happy, fearless and human. The\\nnine stories were synthesised and summarised in tabular\\nform indicating the plot, characters, problem/situation,\\nresolution and their messages. With the breadth of data\\n– the literary outputs, the workshop notes and the team\\ndebriefing notes – the research team reconvened to\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,101,746,336],\"text\":\"collaboratively analyse the data again, mindful of the\\ninitial themes drawn, to highlight interesting and\\nsignificant final themes. A common theme of “desire for\\nadventure” arose in many of the stories, even though in\\ndiscussions the authors had only expressed a desire to\\n“maintain their independence”, “live life and be happy”,\\ncommon tropes describing what older people want.\\nHowever, our paper title, “Adventures of Older Authors”\\nand its findings met with a ringing endorsement from the\\ngroup of creative writers, who also read a full draft of this\\npaper. Thus, synthesising findings not only from the\\nworkshop discussions, but also from the fictions and\\nchecking back with the authors were key steps in the\\nanalysis.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,351,518,368],\"text\":\"4 FINDINGS\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,373,746,457],\"text\":\"The nine writers engaged with the co-design fiction\\nprocess and wove their raw and emotional experiences\\nand imaginings with technology into their literary works.\\nGiving creative freedom to the writers, seven of them\\nwrote compelling stories with distinct characters:\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[419,461,751,898],\"text\":\"(1) Ripening by Catherine. Margaret and Brian, an elderly\\ncouple found renewed mobility and freedom through their\\nnewly purchased driverless car. What they thought was a\\nprayer answered turned into a nightmare.\\n(2) Last Tango in Eden Gardens by Brenda. Grace and\\nDaphne, adventurous friends, trialled a time transporter\\nbuilt by Grace's grandson. What was meant to be a short\\nvisit to the 1920s might just be their last escapade.\\n(3) The Earth Dilemma by Jenny. Liberty faces a\\nseemingly difficult life decision – to live in a new world\\nwhere her body is perfectly healthy or to be in the world\\nshe knows with the struggles of an ageing body. To\\nLiberty the decision is easy.\\n(4) Family – Near and Far by Judith. Bette, an elderly\\nwoman dealing with her ageing body happily reflects her\\nliving situation and relationships.\\n(5) Waste of Space by Val. A day in the life of Zedra and\\nher mother living in a world of technological convenience\\nand breakdowns, space shuttles and chore-less home life;\\nwith the help of their companion robots.\\n(6) Untitled by Ted. Mary's journey after the loss of her\\nhusband, from being a couple to living alone in a\\nretirement village, she copes with the changes in her life.\\n(7) Untitled by Greg. John lives alone in an intelligent\\nhome. The story narrates his life once he gets inside his\\nhome and reflects on the things that matter most.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,899,746,932],\"text\":\"Two participants took a different path by writing their\\npersonal thoughts on the topic in an essay and a poem:\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 358\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/results/markdown/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300588/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300588", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/results/output_json/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,101,395,201],\"text\":\"(1) What do I really Need? by Winnie An essay of the\\nauthor's reflections on an emergency care pendant when a\\nfriend said that she is \\\"vain\\\" for refusing to have one.\\n(2) An Oldy's Lament by Julie A poem by an 86 year-old\\nexpressing her thoughts and feelings engendered by the\\ninatiable advancements of current technology.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,202,394,535],\"text\":\"The workshop discussions revealed a strong theme of\\nolder adults' need to have control, freedom and liberty\\nto choose how to live their lives. The literary outputs\\nrevealed how this need is concretised in narrative with a\\nstrong message on older people's hopes and desires for\\nadventures as they navigate a world that resembles\\nFoucault's Panopticon metaphor [30] - a world of social\\ncontrol and invisible power over a group of people. The\\nmessages are weaved into the plot, characters and themes\\nof their stories. Design fictions often have plots of `voyage\\nand return' in which characters seek answers or `a quest'\\nin which they embark on an exploration [9] . In contrast,\\nour participant's stories have characters who know what\\nthey want and who already have the answers within\\nthem. Their stories were not of hero's journeys,\\n`overcoming the monster' [9] , or coming of age, because\\nthey are already of age. Our older writers focussed on\\neveryday living, navigating the character's life in a future\\nworld and exploring the nuances of maintaining a `life' in\\nlater life. The narratives shift the focus:\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[68,543,394,694],\"text\":\"(1) from \\\"what technology can do for people\\\" to \\\"what\\ntechnology does to people and their relations\\\" through\\ntechnology's symbolism in the story;\\n(2) from \\\"maintaining independence\\\" to choosing\\nadventure shown in the characters' fearlessness of known\\nand unknown troubles; and\\n(3) from utopian and dystopian scenarios to social and\\nmoral dilemmas represented in the irony of an imperfect\\nworld.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,703,395,802],\"text\":\"We unpack these story findings, which are also\\nreflective of the group discussion, and then present\\ninsights in response to the panoptic design trends of\\ntechnology for older people, in order to show the kinds of\\nfindings that the method elicited. We illustrate these three\\nmessages by referring to the first three stories.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,814,372,848],\"text\":\"4.1 From futures of \\\"What technology can do for\\npeople\\\" to \\\"What technology does to people\\\"\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,850,395,934],\"text\":\"The authors never focus on the functionality of\\ntechnology itself but rather focus on its incidental impact\\non people's lives and relationships. Brenda, the author of\\nLast Tango in Eden Gardens, focused on how the\\ntechnology time transporter made by Grace's grandson\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,101,746,235],\"text\":\"fulfils a seemingly impossible adventure with friend\\nDaphne. As for Greg, the intelligent home of his character\\nJohn was a comfort and cognitive support, but was used\\nprincipally as a counterpoint to emphasise how John\\nvalues doing tasks, helping nature and improving his\\nskills. Val's helper robots in Waste of Space enabled Zedra\\nand mother to focus on being a family when the robots are\\nnot in an \\\"association\\\" meeting, on \\\"strike\\\" or broken.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,243,746,410],\"text\":\"Two of our four prompts were about pill management\\nbut none of the writers made this a central part of their\\nstory. When pills were mentioned, they were used to\\nintroduce relational issues; the daughter who treats her\\nmother like a child by buying her a pill device after\\nmistakenly taking three lots ( Ripening ); and, the daughter\\nwho worried about her mother being depressed after her\\nhusband had died, buying a similar device (Ted's story). In\\neach case the story focuses on people's relations rather\\nthan details of the technology.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,417,747,936],\"text\":\"4.1.1 Technology's Symbolism . Technology was often used\\nin stories as a symbol to convey an idea, an emotional\\nquality or an aspect of a human relationship. Through\\nCatherine's Ripening , we illustrate this symbolism. The\\nRipening is about a feisty woman, Margaret, with a loving\\namiable husband, Brian, and an overbearing child Alison,\\nwho used monitoring technology to compensate for her\\nabsence in her parents' life. “ You've already remembered your\\npills today Mum. We'll dose! ” audio feedback from [the pill dispenser]\\n\\\"Well done\\\" exploded Margaret, \\\"I am not a child.\\\" ” The Ripening\\ndepicts a world where advanced driverless cars are\\nalready equipped with an entertainment feature in the\\nwind shield [68] . The couple bought a driverless car in\\nsecret so as not to be reprimanded or stopped by their\\ndaughter. “ They both desperately mixed the freedom of their own car\\nand the ability to visit the bush or the beach on a whim. Now their fully\\nautomated vehicle would return that joy and spontaneity to their lives. ”\\nAlthough the couple uses walking sticks, when it comes to\\ndriving Margaret missed being in control of the wheel.\\n“ Margaret pulled over a few times to slow her breathing and calm her\\nnerves... She may not be driving, but she felt that she was in charge, and\\nthe newness of automatic driving and the loss of control were unnerving\\ner. ” The couple encountered the windscreen\\nentertainment feature accidentally and decided they did\\nnot want it as they preferred looking at the seascape,\\n“ ...Brian pushed one button too many and suddenly their windscreen\\nwas filled with musled medieval warriors brandishing futuristic\\nweapons. ... I think I've found the inflight entertainment... Do you want\\nto play \\\"Warriors to the Death\\\" while we travel?\\\" After figuring\\nout how to turn off the entertainment system, later the car\\nput the couple in a dangerous situation at a cliff edge\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 358\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/results/markdown/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300588/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300588", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/results/output_json/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,102,393,134],\"text\":\"when it wouldn't turn off and they were forced to take\\nturns continuously applying the brake:\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,134,370,150],\"text\":\"\\\"Is it trying to kill us? Warriors to the Death?\\\"\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,150,368,166],\"text\":\"'I hope not, because it would win. Where' s the driver's manual?...'\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,167,392,200],\"text\":\"\\\"There's no hard copy, it's only digital. I'll get it on my phone... [She\\nrealized she left hers.] I don't suppose you brought your phone Brian.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,201,348,217],\"text\":\"'No, I never do. I meant to check you had yours before we left.\\n'\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,218,394,518],\"text\":\"The couple's nature of relying upon each other and the\\ntendency to forget got the better of them. The\\ndependability of technology is only as good as its battery\\nlife and the owner remembering to bring it along. The\\ncouple tried many attempts to stop the car, but in the end\\nMargaret said, “ we can't look up the manual. Or maybe we can\\nusing the car's computer, but I don't know how. One of us can't go and\\nlook for help, because the other one couldn't hold the brake down... you\\ncould try to jump clear, but that's only a maybe, and that's not good\\nenough.\\\" Brian replied! \\\"Live together, die together!\\\" The couple\\nfelt hopeless and defeated, and as they decided to let go of\\nthe brake to meet their fate together, the car moved to the\\nedge but then stopped. They let out a big sigh of relief but\\nwere angry at the anxiety the car caused them, “ ...I'm not\\neven going home in it [car].. I want reliable transport. I'm walking.\\n'You poor darling. If only our legs were reliable.\\\" Margaret and\\nBrian walked back hand in hand with walking sticks to\\nlook for coffee.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,526,394,761],\"text\":\"The technologies in this story are symbols. The pill\\nmanagement device manifests both the care and control of\\nthe daughter. In the initial workshop, after viewing a pill\\ndevice infomercial, Jenny had commented \\\"I think the\\ndevice is probably alright... but the ad is really...\\ncondescending...\\\" A similar sentiment had been aired after\\nwatching the speculative video prompt Unvitted Guests\\n[66] . Then, Jenny commented, \\\"It's the taking away of the\\nchoice. You could say, 'Here's a fork dad that will help you,'\\\"\\nand he doesn't get a chance to say, 'No I don't want to use\\nthat, I don't need it.' Their daughters... are imposing this\\ntechnology, because it's making THEM feel better.\\\"\\nSimilarly, Ted said, \\\"...I would read it as the family\\nabrogating their responsibility by using the technology.\\\"\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,768,394,936],\"text\":\"The driverless car in the story was both a form of\\ndefiance of their overbearing daughter and at the same\\ntime a symbol of regaining the freedom lost when they\\nwere deemed incapable of driving. Older people are used\\nto being in-charge and once other people try to make life\\ndecisions for them they feel condescended to. They are\\nwilling recipients of new technologies that they presume\\nhave value but may struggle to keep up with their ever\\nchanging features and functionalities. Catherine put it\\nsimply, “Older people want their lives to be easier with\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,102,746,150],\"text\":\"technology but want to retain the way of life that is familiar\\nto them.\\\" It's a challenge of fully embracing the new while\\nretaining and anchoring to the old.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,159,746,377],\"text\":\"The writers express technology as a symbol of allure\\nand charisma [4] , e.g. buying a driverless car, while at the\\nsame time positioning the forces and politics [76] that\\ncome with it as hampering freedom. The driverless car is\\nalso a symbol of a technology that fails. When the body\\n`fails' through for example, declining mobility or eye-\\nsight, technologies such as the driverless car are held up\\nas solutions to compensate. Yet, when the technology fails\\nwho compensates? The writer laments “ If only our legs were\\nreliable. ” The writers artfully reveal how technology\\nbecomes enmeshed in human relationships, envisaging\\nboth how technologies will impact human relationships\\nand how relationships will respond to new technologies.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,389,733,421],\"text\":\"4.2 From \\\"Maintaining Independence\\\" to Choosing\\nAdventure\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,424,746,642],\"text\":\"The stories portray forces that steer the characters, be it\\ntheir living situation, ageing body or their relations\\n(daughter, husband or friends). Technologies also exert\\nagency over older people’s lives, as illustrated through the\\ndriverless car, the pill management device or everyday\\nobjects that monitor. The writers eloquently navigated\\ntheir characters through a world in which these different\\nforces both support and at the same time erode\\nindependence. The reader can sense the energy of the\\ncharacters, weaved throughout the stories, from Judith’s\\ncharacter who imagined skiing to Catherine’s who took an\\nadventure ride. The fictions expressed a palpable personal\\nmessage of desire for adventure.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,650,746,933],\"text\":\"4.2.1 Fearlessness of the Known and the Unknown Troubles.\\nThe writers created characters that are fearless with some\\nmeasure of a fatalistic worldview believing events are\\npredetermined and therefore unavoidable. We see this\\nadventurous spirit and fearlessness in Brenda's Last Tango\\nin Eden Gardens: \\\"Oh delicious irony. While the others are watching\\nchocolate biscuits roll down a conveyor belt, we'll be transported back to\\nthe mating twenties.\\\" Brenda wrote about Grace, a rebellious\\nresident of a nursing home, narrating a tension between\\nGrace and the home director Mrs. Bittern, \\\"I Lookout, it's\\nBitter and Twisted. She's heading straight for us and she looks angry.\\\"\\nGrace responds to Mrs. Bittern's aggression towards her\\nby fighting back. The hostile relationship between Grace\\nand the director was fuelled when her perfume, a gift from\\nher grandson Todd, was stolen, \\\"...she did steal my Number\\nFive and she even has the gall to wear it here... She might think I'm too\\nold to wear perfume but my grandson [Todd] obviously didn't.\\\" As a\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 358\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300588/results/markdown/3290605-3300588_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300589/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300589", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/results/output_json/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,157,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[110,119,705,214],\"text\":\"Beyond The Force:\\nUsing Quadcopters to Appropriate Objects and\\nthe Environment for Haptics in Virtual Reality\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[106,234,708,278],\"text\":\"Parastoo Abtahi, Benoit Landry, Jackie (Junrui) Yang, Marco Pavone, Sean Follmer, James A. Landay\\n\\nStanford University, Stanford, CA\\n\\n{parastoo.blandry, jackiey.pavone, sfolmer.landay}@stanford.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_005.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_005.png\",\"bbox\":[67,300,749,540],\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A multi-panel image depicts a person wearing a VR headset and tracking gloves interacting with a small drone-like haptic device in real-world settings. Below each real-world scene, corresponding virtual reality views show virtual hands performing tasks such as touching a garment, holding a clothes hanger, and manipulating a green box.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,548,746,580],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Haptic interactions using a quadcopter. Left: user touching fabrics attached to the quad for texture rendering. Middle:\\nuser picking up a physical hanger attached to the quad. Right: user picking up the turned off quad as a passive haptic device.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,595,140,612],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,615,396,808],\"text\":\"Quadcopters have been used as hovering encountered-type\\nhaptic devices in virtual reality. We suggest that quadcopters\\ncan facilitate rich haptic interactions beyond force feedback\\nby appropriating physical objects and the environment. We\\npresent HoverHaptics, an autonomous safe-to-touch quad-\\ncopter and its integration with a virtual shopping experience.\\nHoverHaptics highlights three affordances of quadcopters\\nthat enable these rich haptic interactions: (1) dynamic po-\\nsitioning of passive haptics, (2) texture mapping, and (3)\\nanimating passive props. We identify inherent challenges of\\nhovering encountered-type haptic devices, such as their lim-\\nited speed, inadequate control accuracy, and safety concerns.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,596,747,692],\"text\":\"We then detail our approach for tackling these challenges, in-\\ncluding the use of display techniques, visuo-haptic illusions,\\nand collision avoidance. We conclude by describing a prelin-\\ninary study (n = 9) to better understand the subjective user\\nexperience when interacting with a quadcopter in virtual\\nreality using these techniques.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,700,525,717],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,721,746,754],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Virtual reality; Hap-\\ntic devices;\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,768,502,785],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,790,746,823],\"text\":\"Quadcopter, Drone, UAV, Encountered-Type, Human-Drone\\nInteraction, Robotic Graphics, Haptics, Virtual Reality.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[69,821,208,872],\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,833,553,848],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[421,850,746,951],\"text\":\"Parasoo Abtahi, Benoit Landry, Jackie (Junrui) Yang, Marco Pavone,\\nSean Follmer, James A. Landay. 2019. Beyond The Force:. Using\\nQuadcopters to Appropriate Objects and, the Environment for Hap-\\ntics in Virtual Reality. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Com-\\nputing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow,\\nScotland .UK: ACM, New York, NY, USA, 13 pages. https://doi.org/\\n10.1145/3290605.3300589\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,878,350,905],\"text\":\"This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-\\nNonCommercial-NoDerivsInterration 4.0 License.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,912,274,954],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s).\\nACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3296065.3300589\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,125,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 359\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/results/markdown/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300589/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300589", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/results/output_json/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,124,197,140],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,144,395,383],\"text\":\"Recent advances in audio and visual renderings in Virtual Re-\\nality (VR) have made virtual experiences more immersive and\\nhave led to the proliferation of commercially available VR\\nhardware. Haptic feedback technology, however, has not kept\\nup with these audiovisual improvements, and the illusion of\\nreality often breaks upon users coming in contact with the\\nvirtual objects. Research in haptics aims to bridge this gap by\\ndesigning novel devices that simulate the sensation of force\\nand tactile feedback. The most prevalent haptic solutions\\ncan be categorized into four groups: wearable, hand-held\\n(grounded or non-grounded), mid-air, and encountered-type\\n(conventionally grounded). Wearable, hand-held, and mid-air\\nhaptics require the user to carry a device, and the interac-\\ntivity space is often limited to the users' hands, as virtual\\nobjects cannot be felt with other body parts.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,384,395,638],\"text\":\"Encountered-type haptic devices are most commonly grou-\\nnded robotic arms that move such that users encounter the\\nend-effector of the robotic arm when they make contact with\\na virtual object. These devices do not require the user to wear\\na device or hold a tool, enabling contact with all body parts.\\nMore importantly, unlike other forms of haptic solutions,\\nencountered-type haptics present a physical surface to users\\nallowing them to directly touch and manipulate objects. De-\\nspite these advantages, grounded encountered-type haptics\\nhave shortcomings that restrict their usage, such as their\\nhigh cost and limited workspace. The working volume is\\nrestricted by the space that the robotic arm spans, and even\\na mobile robot on wheels will impose a limit on the height\\nof the workspace. Moreover, robotic arms require complex\\nmotion planning to navigate around obstacles in the envi-\\nronment.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,639,395,942],\"text\":\"To address these limitations, researchers have begun to\\nexplore hovering encountered-type haptic devices that use\\nquadcopters in virtual reality. Quadcopters are capable of\\nflying quickly almost anywhere within the workspace and\\nthey may be more affordable than large robotic arms. Recent\\nefforts in this area have focused on the force feedback that\\ncan be provided by quadcopters. However, quadcopters can\\nprovide limited force feedback, lack accuracy, and impose\\nsafety concerns in VR. We address these limitations and sug-\\ngest that beyond force feedback, quadcopters can facilitate\\nrich haptic interactions by appropriating existing objects\\nand the environment. To enable these haptic interactions,\\nwe suggest three techniques shown in Figure 1 : (1) dynamic\\npositioning of passive haptics, (2) texture mapping, and (3)\\nanimating passive props. We highlight these techniques with\\nthe use of HoverHaptics , an autonomous system comprising\\nof a safe-to-touch quadcopter and an infrastructure for its\\nintegration with a virtual environment. Prior research in\\nthis space has not utilized a fully enclosed quadcopter and\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,172],\"text\":\"the exposure of the rotating propellers ultimately limits the\\ninteraction. We built a quadcopter cage with a fully enclosed\\nmesh to enable rich haptic interactions.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,173,747,380],\"text\":\"We identify inherent challenges of hovering encountered-\\ntype haptic devices that stem from competing requirements,\\nincluding high perceived comfort and safety, carrying capac-\\nity, control accuracy, and speed. For example, by increasing\\ncarrying capacity the quadcopter can lift the safe-to-touch\\ncage and other passive props; however, the added thrust may\\ncause safety concerns. Limiting the speed of the quadcopter\\nis then necessary to ensure safety and adequate control ac-\\ncuracy. We detail our approach for tackling these challenges,\\nincluding the use of display techniques for communicating\\nthe state of the quad, visuo-haptic illusions to compensate\\nfor the lack of control accuracy, and collision avoidance as a\\nsafety measure.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,380,747,553],\"text\":\"We conducted a preliminary study with 9 participants to\\nbetter understand the subjective user experience when in-\\nteracting with a quadcopter in VR using these techniques.\\nWe found that with the safety measures in place, 8 out of 9\\nparticipants felt safe interacting with the quadcopter in VR.\\nParticipants were most excited by the animation of passive\\nprops, as they were able to grasp and move objects. All partic-\\nipants reported that they were not distracted or bothered by\\nthe quad. We conclude with a discussion on the limitations\\nof our system and challenges that need to be addressed in\\nfuture work.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,566,510,583],\"text\":\"Contributions\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[434,587,749,732],\"text\":\"(1) Introducing haptic interactions mediated through quad-\\ncopters by appropriating objects and the environment.\\n(2) HoverHaptics : an autonomous safe-to-touch quadcopter\\nprototype and its integration with a VR system.\\n(3) Design considerations for overcoming inherent chal-\\nlenges in the implementation of hovering encountered-\\ntype haptics.\\n(4) A preliminary study of the user's experience when\\ninteracting with a safe-to-touch quadcopter in VR.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,742,550,759],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,762,747,875],\"text\":\"We begin by providing a brief overview of existing haptic\\nsolutions, their use cases, and their inherent limitations. We\\nthen describe the recent advances in quadcopter technology\\nthat enable the exploration of hovering encountered-type\\nhaptic devices. Finally, we review prior research investigat-\\ning the use of quadcopters in VR and highlight the advan-\\ntages of this new haptic technology.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,885,622,903],\"text\":\"Haptic Devices in Virtual Reality\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,906,747,954],\"text\":\"Haptic solutions in VR fall on a spectrum from passive, uti-\\nlizing existing physical objects [20, 24] to active [54] . Passive\\nhaptics are limited as the shape, position, and properties of\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 359\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/results/markdown/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300589/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300589", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/results/output_json/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,252],\"text\":\"the physical prop have to closely match their virtual counter-\\nparts. Researchers have explored the use of pseudo haptics,\\na form of haptic illusions, to manipulate the perception of\\npassive haptic devices [12, 36] . However, certain virtual el-\\nements such as dynamic objects can only be represented\\nusing an active device. Active haptic devices can be broadly\\ncategorized into four groups: wearable, hand-held (grounded\\nor non-grounded), mid-air, and encountered-type.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,259,395,387],\"text\":\"Wearable Haptics. Wearable haptics consist of devices that\\nare placed on the user's body and provide a large working\\nvolume. These could be glove-style devices with vibrotactile\\nactuators [37] , wrist grounded exoskeleton [17, 33] , exoskeletal-\\nton for grasping objects [9] , or full body suits [30, 48] . These\\ndevices require the user to wear an apparatus and the feed-\\nback is often limited to the area on the user's body that is in\\ncontact with the wearable.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,395,395,554],\"text\":\"Hand-Held Haptics. Hand-held haptic devices may or may\\nnot be grounded. Non-grounded hand-held devices include\\ncontrollers with movement actuation [10] , vibrotactile actua-\\ntion [29, 47, 50] , shape displays [6] , and propeller propulsion\\n[18] . Grounded pen-based hand-held devices [15, 25, 49] ex-\\nert an accurately controlled force vector and are used for\\nvirtual manipulation tasks that require high precision. Hand-\\nheld devices require the user to hold the device during inter-\\naction and, similar to wearable interfaces, do not allow the\\nusers to feel virtual objects with all parts of their body.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,561,395,723],\"text\":\"Mid-Air Haptics. Mid-air solutions do not require the user to\\nwear an additional device and are capable of providing hands-\\nfree haptic feedback. A class of mid-air devices manipulate\\nair pressure directly and use compressed air pressure fields\\nin the form of air jets [45] or air vortices [43] . An example\\nof indirect air pressure manipulation is ultrasonic haptic\\nfeedback, in which arrays of ultrasound transducers create\\nair pressure waves [55, 39, 52] . These solutions are well suited\\nfor providing tactile feedback for user-interface elements,\\nbut does not provide kinesthetic force feedback.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,730,395,955],\"text\":\"Encountered-Type Haptics. Encountered-type haptic devices\\nmove such that when users make contact with a virtual ob-\\nject they encounter the haptic device. McNeely introduces\\nthe term Robotic Graphics to describe these solutions, and\\ndraws an analogy between graphics displays simulating the\\nappearance of an object and a robot simulating its feel [31] .\\nConventional encountered-type haptic devices are grounded\\nrobotic arms with end-effectors that enable rendering of\\nvarious object characteristics. For example, Active Environ-\\nment Display [46] , Surface Display [21] , and ShapeShift [42]\\nare designed to render surfaces and shapes, while Snake\\nCharmer [4] demonstrates rendering surface textures and\\ntemperatures. Encountered-type solutions present a physi-\\ncal surface to users as opposed to creating the sensation of\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,252],\"text\":\"force or tactile feedback; however, the high cost and small\\nworkspace limits the use of these devices, motivating the use\\nof quadcopters as hovering encountered-type haptic devices.\\nNote that in our categorization of haptic solutions, mid-air\\nhaptics are distinct from hovering encountered-type haptics;\\nmid-air solutions only manipulate air pressure to create the\\nsensation of tactile feedback and users do not encounter any\\nphysical objects.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,263,569,280],\"text\":\"Quadcopter Technology\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,283,747,603],\"text\":\"Personal drones (or quadcopters) are becoming increasingly\\nprevalent. Some quadcopter designs are completely safe-to-\\ntouch [3, 13] and others have increased safety by adding a\\nprotective cage [7, 14] or propeller guards [11, 38] . These\\nsafe-to-touch designs motivate the exploration of new forms\\nof human-drone interaction using touch. In a prior study it\\nwas shown that 90 % of participants felt comfortable touching\\na safe drone and 58 % instinctively used touch as a means of\\ninteracting with such drones [2] . Safe-to-touch drones enable\\na new set of applications based on direct touch. For example,\\nHoverBail is a ball-shaped quadcopter that can hover and\\nchange its behavior and location based on the context [34] .\\nGomes et al. use nano-quadcopters as 3D tangible displays\\nand present input techniques, such as touching, dragging,\\nthrowing and resizing [16] . In this work, we use safe-to-touch\\nquadcopters as hovering encountered-type haptic devices in\\nvirtual reality. Since fully safe-to-touch quadcopters are not\\ncommercially available, we have built a custom quadcopter\\nto eliminate the possibility of the user coming in contact\\nwith the propellers.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,613,679,632],\"text\":\"Quadcopters for Haptics in Virtual Reality\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,634,746,699],\"text\":\"Prior literature has used quadcopters for haptics in VR, both\\nas hand-held and encountered-type haptic devices, and it\\nhas been shown that quadcopters increase users' sense of\\npresence in VR compared to hand-held controllers [22] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,706,747,850],\"text\":\"Hand-Held . LevioPole is a rod-like hand-held haptic device\\nwith two quadcopters mounted on each end of the rod that\\ncan generate controlled rotational and linear forces [40] .\\nThor's Hammer is a hand-held haptic device that can pro-\\nduce up to 4N of force using propeller propulsion [18] . De-\\nspite being a hand-held device, the preliminary evaluation\\nof Thor's Hammer provides insights relevant to hovering\\nencountered-type haptics, such as users' concerns about the\\nnoise generated by the propellers.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,857,747,954],\"text\":\"Encountered-Type . Yamaguchi et al. attach a piece of paper to\\na quadcopter and allow users to make contact with the paper\\nusing a prop [53] . TactileDrones are quadcopters with sharp\\nend-effectors that poke users to simulate sensations such as\\nthe feeling of a bug bite in a virtual environment [27] . In both\\nexamples due to the absence of a safe quadcopter, users are\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 359\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/results/markdown/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300589/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300589", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/results/output_json/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,364],\"text\":\"unable to directly touch the end-effector and the interaction\\nis limited to probing. Abdullah et al. introduce HapticDrone,\\na commercially available drone with a safe cover on top that\\nflies below the user's hand and provides 1D vertical force\\nfeedback [1] . HapticDrone can exert up to 2.97N downwards\\nforce for weight simulation (Figure 2a ) and 1.53N upwards\\nforce for surface stiffness simulation (Figure 2b ). However,\\nquadcopters are unable to provide sufficient lateral force\\nfeedback due to their under-actuated nature (Figure 2c ). The\\nability to provide highly accurate force feedback at relatively\\nlarge magnitudes is crucial for the use of quadcopters as\\nhaptic devices in VR. We build on this work and argue that\\nquadcopters can mediate a variety of rich haptic interaction\\nbeyond force feedback by appropriating physical objects and\\nthe environment.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_003.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_003.png\",\"bbox\":[70,374,388,460],\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image illustrates three hand gesture controls for a drone: (a) a drone descending towards an open palm, (b) a drone ascending with a hand hovering above it, and (c) a drone moving horizontally away from a hand.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,471,394,517],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Affordances of quadcopters as haptic devices in VR,\\nfocused on force feedback: (a) weight simulation (b) surface\\nstiffness simulation (c) lateral force feedback.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,540,364,557],\"text\":\"3 HOVERING ENCOUNTERED-TYPE HAPTICS\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,561,395,738],\"text\":\"Safe-to-touch quadcopters (or quads) can be used as encount-\\nered-type haptic devices in virtual reality. Quadcopters can\\nfly quickly to almost anywhere within the workspace and\\nland on various surfaces. Moreover, compared to grounded\\nencountered-type haptic devices with a large working vol-\\nume, quadcopters may be more affordable. Prior research\\nhas demonstrated the use of quadcopters for force feedback\\nin virtual reality [1] . In this work, however, we present hap-\\ntic interaction techniques mediated through quadcopters\\nthat animate existing physical objects and appropriate the\\nenvironment.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,749,340,767],\"text\":\"Appropriating Objects and the Environment\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,769,395,883],\"text\":\"We introduce three affordances of quadcopters that enable\\nhaptic interactions beyond force feedback. First, we use the\\nquadcopter as a moving passive haptic device (Figure 3 a). We\\nthen show how properties such as textures can be rendered\\nby attaching various end-effectors to the quad (Figure 3 b).\\nFinally, we animate passive props, by augmenting the quad-\\ncopter with existing physical objects (Figure 3 c).\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,889,395,955],\"text\":\"Dynamic Positioning of Passive Haptics. Passive haptics can\\nbe used to provide haptic feedback in virtual reality, how-\\never repositioning passive props remains a challenge. Prior\\nwork has suggested techniques for mapping virtual objects\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,309,747,517],\"text\":\"to passive objects in the environment, based on their form\\nfactor in real-time [19] . Due to the limitations of passive\\nhaptics, previous research has also investigated the use of\\nhaptic illusions for mapping multiple virtual objects to a sin-\\ngle passive box [5] . We suggest that a quadcopter enclosed\\nin a safe-to-touch cage can also be used as a passive haptic\\ndevice in virtual reality. To represent a virtual object, the\\nquad can quickly fly and land on any surface in the envi-\\nronment. Once the user's haptic exploration of that virtual\\nobject is complete, the quad can fly to a different location\\nto represent another virtual object. In our user evaluation,\\nwe use this technique to provide haptics for shoeboxes in a\\nvirtual boutique.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_011.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[425,121,741,228],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A series of three diagrams illustrates a drone encased in a protective grid. Diagram (a) shows the encased drone being moved onto a table. Diagram (b) shows the encased drone hovering above textured blocks. Diagram (c) shows the encased drone hovering with a circular object suspended by a string below it.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,241,746,286],\"text\":\"Figure 3: We present three techniques for appropriating ob-\\njects and the environment: (a) dynamic positioning of pas-\\nsive haptics (b) texture mapping (c) animating passive props.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,527,747,751],\"text\":\"Texture Mapping. Rendering other object characteristics, be-\\nyond geometric shapes, has been an active topic of research\\nin haptics. Haptic revolver is a hand-held controller with\\na wheel attachment that can render multiple physical tex-\\ntures [51] . SnakeCharmer is a grounded encountered-type\\nhaptic device with multiple end-effectors for simulating dif-\\nferent textures, temperatures, or airflow [4] . Similarly, we\\ncan attach multiple end-effectors to the quad for rendering\\nobject characteristics, such as textures. For example, distinct\\npieces of fabric can be placed around the quad, as shown in\\nFigure 3 b. These materials can then be mapped to different\\nvirtual objects by rotating the quad. We demonstrate this\\nconcept in a virtual shopping experience by allowing users\\nto feel the texture of various clothing items.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,760,747,954],\"text\":\"Animating Passive Props. Dynamic positioning of passive\\nhaptics, as described earlier, is limited by the quadcopter's\\nform factor: if the quadcopter is a cube it is most suited as\\na proxy for a cubic virtual object. This limitation motivates\\nanimating existing physical objects using the quadcopter\\n[41] . Our safe-to-touch cage has a 3D printed slot for attach-\\ning physical props to the quad. In our user evaluation we\\nfasten a hanger to the quad, such that users can pick up the\\nvirtual shoebox that they would like to purchase and place\\nthem in their shopping cart. More generally, the quad can\\nbe equipped with a grasping mechanism capable of picking\\nup various light-weight objects.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 359\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/results/markdown/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300589/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300589", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/results/output_json/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,125,210,141],\"text\":\"Design Considerations\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,144,394,415],\"text\":\"Designing quadcopter interactions in VR is notably different\\nfrom designing other forms of human-drone interactions.\\nHigh control accuracy is required to position the quad ex-\\nactly where the virtual object is located. High speed as well\\nas prediction algorithms are needed to reduce response time\\nand to fly the quad near the next potential target. Once the\\nquad is present at the target, users need to be informed that\\nthe virtual object is ready for haptic exploration. In order\\nto carry the safe-to-touch cage and other passive props, a\\nquadcopter with high thrust-to-weight ratio is necessary.\\nFinally, safety is particularly crucial in this setting, as users\\nare wearing a VR headset and are unable to see the quad.\\nThese requirements are inherently dependent and cannot\\nbe satisfied simultaneously. For example, a quad with high\\nthrust-to-weight ratio travelling at a high speed may pose\\nsafety concerns. Below we summarize our approach to opti-\\nmizing these requirements in the design of HoverHaptics .\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,422,394,695],\"text\":\"Using Touchable Regions. Using quadcopters as haptic\\ndevices enables haptic exploration of various components of\\nthe virtual scene. However, not all virtual elements can be\\nphysically rendered with the quad. We first mark all virtual\\nobjects that can be touched in the scene. For texture render-\\ning, we mark all patches on the virtual clothes that can be\\ntouched by excluding the edges of fabrics and the areas with\\nhighly varying curvature. To predict the region of interest,\\nwe compute the intersection of the extension of the user's\\nhand trajectory with the virtual scene. We then highlight\\nthe closest renderable patch to that predicted region, shown\\nin Figure 4 . We use a heuristic algorithm to determine if the\\nuser is moving towards the predicted object and lock the\\nmarked patch based on two conditions: (1) if the user's right\\nhand travels 10 $cm$ closer to the highlighted patch, while the\\nprediction target remains inside that patch (2) or if the user's\\nhand is less than 10 $cm$ away from the patch.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_005.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_005.png\",\"bbox\":[64,705,393,841],\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two panels depict a black long-sleeved shirt hanging on a hanger. A transparent hand cursor moves from a rectangular highlighted area on the lower chest of the shirt in the left panel to a similar area on the upper left chest in the right panel.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,849,393,880],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Based on the prediction algorithm, the closest ren-\\nderable patch is shown to the user.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,889,394,954],\"text\":\"Control Accuracy. At all times during the interaction the\\nexact location of the quad in the workspace is known, as\\nhighly accurate position tracking can be obtained from an\\nexternal motion capture system. On the other hand, due\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,283],\"text\":\"to the heavy weight of the quad and the uneven weight\\ndistribution from the passive props, it is difficult to position\\nthe quad accurately at the target location. Prior work has\\nshown that the accuracy of an interactive quad with a frame\\ncan deviate up to 5 $cm$ along each axis [16] . However, in\\nthe context of hovering encountered-type haptic devices, an\\nexceptionally high control accuracy is required. Since the\\nuser is unable to see the quad in the virtual environment,\\neven slight deviations from the position of the virtual object\\nwill prevent the user from making contact with the quad.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,283,746,427],\"text\":\"To overcome the lack of control accuracy, we use visuo-\\nhaptic illusions based on the visual dominance effect, the\\nconcept that vision often dominates when our sensory inputs\\nare at conflict. We use haptic retargeting, similar to Sparse\\nHaptic Proxy [8] , to correct for the offset between the quad\\nand the position of the virtual object of interest. As the user\\nreaches out to touch a virtual object, their hand is retargeted\\nsuch that upon contacting the virtual object, their real hand\\nmakes contact with the quadcopter, as shown in Figure 5b .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_010.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[426,429,733,615],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image illustrates a human-computer interaction concept involving virtual and real hands. Panel (a) shows a virtual hand moving towards a target on virtual clothing hanging from a hanger, connected to a real hand. Panel (b) depicts the real hand being retargeted towards a quadcopter, with virtual hands interacting with a target on the clothing.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,628,746,704],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Visuo-haptic illusions are used to compensate for\\nlack of control accuracy. (a) Quad is accurately positioned\\nand no illusion is needed. (b) To correct for the position off-\\nset, as the virtual hand touches the virtual target, body warp-\\ning is used to retarget the hand towards the quad.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,714,746,874],\"text\":\"In the retargeting on-the-fly technique [8] , the user's hand\\nis retargeted towards a static physical prop; however, in our\\nscenario the physical target (the quad) constantly moves\\nduring retargeting. We slightly modified this technique to\\napply retargeting based on the movements of the quad and\\nthe movements of the user's hand in two consecutive frames.\\nGiven the real target which is the quad ( $t_c$ ), the virtual target\\n( $t_v$ ), the real hand position in two consecutive frames ( $h_r$ and\\n$h_r'$ ), and the previous virtual hand position ( $h_v$ ), the current\\nvirtual hand position can be calculated using\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"equ\",\"bbox\":[453,885,745,906],\"text\":\"$$h_{v}^{\\\\prime}=h_{v}+\\\\left(h_{r}^{\\\\prime}-h_{r}\\\\right)+\\\\alpha\\\\left[\\\\left(t_{v}-t_{r}\\\\right)-\\\\left(h_{v}-h_{r}\\\\right)\\\\right]\\\\quad(1)$$\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"equ\",\"bbox\":[505,920,746,958],\"text\":\"$$\\\\begin{array} { r } { \\\\alpha = \\\\left\\\\| \\\\frac { \\\\| h _ { r } - h _ { t } \\\\| } { \\\\| h _ { r } - h _ { t } \\\\| } \\\\right\\\\| + \\\\left\\\\| \\\\frac { \\\\| h _ { t } - h _ { r } \\\\| } { \\\\| h _ { t } - h _ { r } \\\\| } \\\\right\\\\| } \\\\end{array} \\\\quad( 2 )$$\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 359\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/results/markdown/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300589/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300589", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/results/output_json/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,130,395,355],\"text\":\"This modification ensures that when the user's hand is\\nstationary, the virtual hand does not move as a result of\\nthe quadcopter's movements. However, as the user reaches\\nout to touch the virtual object the retargeting direction and\\nmagnitude continuously changes due to the constant move-\\nments of the quad. We found in our experimentation that\\nwith relatively accurate control accuracy (position errors\\n< 7cm ) these continuous changes do not hinder the user's\\nability to make contact with the virtual object. Moreover,\\nto avoid the accumulation of retargeting offset, we pause\\nthe retargeting algorithm once the user makes contact with\\nthe virtual object, by keeping the existing offset between\\nthe virtual and the real hand, and resume it when the next\\nrenderable patch is activated.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,364,394,587],\"text\":\"Safety . During the interaction, the user is wearing a head-\\nmounted display and the quadcopter is invisible in the virtual\\nenvironment. Ensuring users' safety is challenging, as they\\nare isolated from the real world. We implemented four safety\\nmechanisms, addressing both physical and psychological\\nsafety. The goal of physical safety measures is to reduce the\\nchance of unwanted contact and to diminish physical discom-\\nfort or injury in the unlikely event of collision [28] . To lower\\nthe likelihood of unwanted contact we implemented (1) a\\ncritical landing mode and (2) a collision avoidance algorithm.\\nFor reducing the exerted impact force, (3) we limited the\\nspeed of the quadcopter. As a psychological safety measure\\n(4) we created an emergency scene to better communicate\\nthe state of the system to users.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,588,394,715],\"text\":\"The first safety mechanism is the critical landing mode.\\nIf at any point during flight communication to the quad-\\ncopter fails, the critical mode is activated causing it to land\\nimmediately. Throughout the interaction, we ensure that\\nthe quadcopter never flies above the user's head. We also\\nactivate critical landing mode if the motion capture camera\\nstreaming stops for a period longer than a safe threshold\\n( $2sec$ in our system).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,716,395,906],\"text\":\"For the second safety measure we leverage an obstacle\\navoidance scheme equivalent to the well-established poten-\\ntial fields approach [26] . Our algorithm is implemented as a\\nfilter applied to the quad's position waypoints. If the current\\nposition of the quad $x_q$ is found to be within some radius $R$\\nof the user's position $x_u$ , the desired position $x_d$ is modified\\ntemporarily by projecting it outside of a cylinder around the\\nuser. The closer the quad is to the user, the more aggressively\\nthe waypoint is adjusted. We also guarantee progress toward\\nthe true desired position by biasing the resulting waypoint\\nslightly towards the goal. When the quad is inside the safety\\nradius, the adjustment of the waypoint can be written as\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"equ\",\"bbox\":[88,920,391,953],\"text\":\"$$\\\\tilde { x } _ { d } = w _ { g } ^ { \\\\prime } \\\\left( \\\\frac { x _ { d } - x _ { q } } { \\\\| x _ { d } - x _ { q } \\\\| } \\\\right) + ( 1 - w _ { g } ) R ^ { 2 } \\\\frac { x _ { q } - x _ { u } } { \\\\| x _ { q } - x _ { u } \\\\| } + x _ { q } \\\\quad( 3 )$$\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,188],\"text\":\"where $x_d$ is the adjusted waypoint sent to the quadcopter\\nand $w_q$ is a weight between 0 and 1. In the user study we set\\n$w_q$ to 0.3 and $R$ to 0.25m such that users could reach outside\\nthe safety region and voluntarily interact with the quad.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,189,747,426],\"text\":\"The third safety measure is to reduce potential impact\\nforces from a collision by limiting the maximum velocity\\nof the quadcopter. Other design strategies to reduce impact\\ninclude reducing the weight, adding soft materials for absorb-\\ning impact forces, or shape alterations for reducing impact\\nstress [23] . The quadcopters used as haptic devices are rel-\\natively heavy due to the added weight of the safe-to-touch\\ncage and the passive props. It is also challenging to introduce\\nsoft materials or to modify the shape of the quad, as airflow\\nproblems are likely to arise. Therefore, to reduce impact\\nforces during collision, it is necessary to limit the velocity of\\nthe quadcopter. We empirically chose a maximum velocity\\nof 0.5 $m/s$ through pilot testing and out of concern for our\\nusers, taking into account the relatively heavy weight of our\\nquadcopter (638 $g$ ) and the sharp corners of the quad's cage.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,427,747,666],\"text\":\"Finally to ensure psychological safety, we communicate\\nthe state of the system to the user during an emergency.\\nWe activate an emergency mode that turns off the virtual\\nscene and shows a virtual representation of the quad to the\\nuser instead. If the user is facing away from the quad, we\\nplace warning signs in the virtual world that point to where\\nthe quad is located, shown in Figure 6 . This allows the user\\nto locate the quad and prevent crashes. We put in place\\ntwo conditions for detecting unexpected behavior. The first\\ncondition is used to detect dangerous jerking motions and\\nit is triggered if the quad travels away from the target and\\ntowards the user for more than $10cm$ in $0.5sec$ . The second\\ncondition is used for gradual deviation from the target and\\nis triggered when the quad flies away from the target and\\ntowards the user for more than $30cm$ throughout the path.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_010.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[421,676,743,790],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Three warning signs instruct \\\"TURN LEFT,\\\" \\\"LOOK BEHIND YOU!\\\", and \\\"TURN RIGHT,\\\" each accompanied by an exclamation mark in a triangular hazard symbol. Below the central sign, a fourth sign reads \\\"DANGER\\\" with two hazard symbols, placed on a dark, trapezoidal object with a striped pattern and an arrow. All text is red, and the signs are white with black borders.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,802,746,849],\"text\":\"Figure 6: The emergency scene: the box in the center rep-\\nresents the current position of the quadcopter and warning\\nsigns pointing towards the quad are placed around the user.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,857,747,954],\"text\":\"Delays. The speed limit imposed as a safety measure results\\nin delays from when the next target is detected to when\\nthe quad is present at the target location. To communicate\\nto the user when the virtual object is ready to be touched,\\nwe highlight the marked patch in green when the quad is\\nstabilized at the target, as shown in Figure 7 .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 359\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/results/markdown/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300589/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300589", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/results/output_json/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[69,120,395,191],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two panels show a grey garment hanging on a black clothes hanger, with other dark garments visible on the sides. The left panel features a light grey rectangular label with a white outline on the grey garment, while the right panel highlights the same rectangular area with a green outline.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,201,394,233],\"text\":\"Figure 7: Upon the quad's arrival the patch is highlighted in\\ngreen, indicating that the user can touch the virtual object.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,239,395,350],\"text\":\"Noise. Prior research has shown that the noise generated by\\nthe quad can be distracting in a virtual environment [18] .\\nTo reduce the perceived noise we use the HTC Vive in-ear\\nheadphones that connect to the HMD, as well as the 37dB\\nNRR protective earmuffs. We found protective earmuffs to\\nbe more effective than active noise cancelling headphones\\nfor our quad.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,362,216,379],\"text\":\"System Implementation\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,382,394,429],\"text\":\"In the following section we describe the implementation\\nof HoverHaptics , an autonomous safe-to-touch quadcopter\\nintegrated with a virtual reality environment.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,438,395,711],\"text\":\"Safe-To-Touch Quadcopter. The quadcopter used needed to\\nhave two main characteristics. First, it needed to be pro-\\ngrammable so that it could be integrated with the rest of the\\nsoftware. Second, to provide flexibility in the design of its\\nprotective cage, it needed to have a relatively high thrust-to-\\nweight ratio. We opted to use racing quad parts along with\\nan STM32-based autopilot running PX4 that together ful-\\nfilled those requirements. The quad frame used has a 180mm\\nwheelbase, is equipped with four 2600kV brushless motors,\\nand a 3-cell LiPo battery. The autopilot is the Pixfalcon, which\\nis a smaller form factor derivative of the popular Pixhawk\\nautopilot. We built a lightweight protective cage using car-\\nbon fiber tubes, 3D printed joints, and a Polypropylene mesh,\\nshown in Figure 8 . The propellers are fully enclosed in the\\ncage (27cm x 24m x: 5cm) such that fingers cannot come into\\ncontact with them. The weight of the caged quad is 407g\\nwithout the battery, and 599g with the battery.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_008.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_008.png\",\"bbox\":[77,726,378,813],\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A drone is shown encased in a protective mesh cage with four propellers visible inside. Labels indicate \\\"Magnet for attaching end-effectors\\\" and \\\"Slot for attaching objects\\\" on the top frame, \\\"Safe-to-touch cage\\\" for the mesh enclosure, and \\\"Landing pads\\\" at the bottom of the device.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,832,393,849],\"text\":\"Figure 8: Safe-to-touch quadcopter with the protective cage.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,857,395,955],\"text\":\"Control System. The quad stabilizes itself using a simple PID\\nposition controller that is part of the PX4 autopilot. The con-\\ntroller consists of cascaded position and attitude controllers\\nsimilar to [32] . The PID loops are tuned to accommodate for\\nthe extra inertia and loss of thrust generated by the cage. The\\nquad's position estimate is generated by feeding its position\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,189],\"text\":\"from the motion tracking system into the PX4's Extended\\nKalman Filter (EKF). In the event that interactions with the\\ndrone obstruct it from the tracking system, the EKF provides\\na level of robustness for preventing crashes.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,195,747,372],\"text\":\"Quadcopter Communication. The quad is equipped with a\\n915MHz telemetry radio that allows it to communicate with\\na ground station using a similar radio. The ground station\\nuses the Mavlink protocol to communicate with the quad.\\nIt also translates all Mavlink communications to Robot Op-\\nerating System (ROS) messages using the software package\\nMavros. ZeroMQ, a high-performance distributed messag-\\ning library is used to send target positions from the virtual\\nenvironment. Mavros manages all of the communications\\nwith the quadcopter, including motion tracking data coming\\nover ROS topics and desired positions coming over ZeroMQ.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,379,747,475],\"text\":\"Tracking. We use Vicon motion capture cameras for real-time\\nrigid-body tracking. Retro-reflective markers are placed on\\nthe user's hands, the quadcopter, and the Head-Mounted\\nDisplay (HMD). The tracking information is streamed from\\nthe Vicon Tracker software to the Unity game engine directly\\nand to the rest of the software components using ROS.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,481,747,595],\"text\":\"Virtual Environment. The virtual scene is created using Unity.\\nPath planning is done in Unity, using the current position of\\nthe drone streamed from the Vicon cameras and the target\\nposition based on the virtual scene. Each waypoint is then\\nsent to the ground station through ZeroMQ. The content of\\nthe virtual scene is presented to the participant using the\\nHTC Vive head-mounted display.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,606,606,623],\"text\":\"4 TECHNICAL EVALUATION\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,627,747,738],\"text\":\"Prior research has measured the force feedback provided\\nby different quadcopters [1, 18] . However, for appropriating\\nobjects and the environment, we are especially concerned\\nwith the responsiveness and the control accuracy of our\\nsystem. In the following section we measure the maximum\\ntime needed for our quad to travel to a target position and\\nthe control accuracy achieved once it arrives at that target.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,742,547,759],\"text\":\"Speed Measurement\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,762,747,954],\"text\":\"As described in the Design Considerations section, for safety\\nconcerns, we limited the maximum velocity of our quad to\\n0.5m/s and its horizontal acceleration to 0.5m/s $^2$ . For safety,\\nwe also capped the height of our working volume to the\\nusers' height, preventing the quad from flying above their\\nhead. For this reason we were less concerned about fast ver-\\ntical movements and set the maximum vertical acceleration\\nto 2m/s $^2$ . Since our control system consisted of two different\\ncontrollers for horizontal positioning along the x and y axes\\nand vertical positioning along the z axis, we measured the\\nhorizontal and vertical speeds separately. These measure-\\nments were averaged over 10 trials. The time taken for the\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 359\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/results/markdown/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300589/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300589", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/results/output_json/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,316],\"text\":\"quad to take off to 0.5m above the ground was on average\\n3.90s and the average landing time from that height was\\n1.48s. Due to the size of our room, the physical working\\nvolume and consequently the virtual space were constrained\\nto a $2.5m^3$ cube. The longest horizontal path possible in our\\nworking volume was 3.5m along the diagonal of a $2.5m^2$\\nsquare, and the average time taken to travel this distance\\nwhile hovering was 8.79s. The average time taken for the\\nquad to travel 1m vertically was 3.21s while flying up and\\n2.57s while flying down. We also limited the maximum angu-\\nlar speed to $45^\\\\circ/s$ , and the average time for a $180^\\\\circ$ rotation\\nover 10 trials was 4.54s.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,329,215,345],\"text\":\"Accuracy Measurement\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,349,394,701],\"text\":\"In order to evaluate the accuracy of our control system, we\\nmeasured the average distance and the average rotational\\ndifference between the quadcopter and the target. Once the\\nquad arrived at the target, we recorded its position and ori-\\nentation at 60Hz for 10 seconds. We repeated this process 10\\ntimes and computed the mean distance and rotational differ-\\nence during each 10 second interval. Note that we define \\\"ar-\\nriving at the target\\\" as the point in time where the quad is less\\nthan 10cm away from the target position and the rotational\\ndifference is less than 30°. The results showed that on aver-\\nage the position error was less than 7cm ($\\\\mu = 6.68$, $\\\\sigma = 2.94$)\\nwhich is comparable to similar interactive drone systems\\nwith a frame (bitDrones error = 8.5cm [16]). The average\\nrotational difference between the quad and the target was\\naround 3° ($\\\\mu = 3.07$, $\\\\sigma = 1.31$). Note that adding any prop\\nwith an uneven weight distribution will further increase the\\nposition error. Such errors are an inherent limitation of hov-\\nering encountered-type haptic devices, due to the relatively\\nheavy weight of the quads and the high thrust-to-weight ra-\\ntio needed. In our system, we use dynamic retargeting, a type\\nof visuo-haptic illusion described by [5, 8], to compensate\\nfor the lack of control accuracy.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,721,213,737],\"text\":\"5 USER EVALUATION\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,741,394,949],\"text\":\"We conducted a study to better understand what users expe-\\nrience when interacting with a safe-to-touch quad in virtual\\nreality. We integrated HoverHaptics with a virtual boutique\\nscene, shown in Figure 9 . We included three interactive com-\\nponents in this virtual experience to demonstrate the concept\\nof appropriating physical objects and the environment. We\\nfirst allow users to feel the material of different clothing\\nitems to showcase texture mapping . We then enable users\\nto pick up an item of clothing by the hanger and place it\\nin their shopping basket, an example of animating passive\\nprops . Finally, we let users pick up a shoehoe that they would\\nlike to purchase and ask them to place it in their shopping\\nbasket, highlighting dynamic positioning of passive haptics .\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_007.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_007.png\",\"bbox\":[419,119,747,285],\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A modern, minimalist closet features an L-shaped white shelving unit with hanging black and white clothes, black sandals, white slippers, and various storage items like baskets and cubes. The wall displays framed monochrome art and a hanging light, with plant shadows falling on the floor and wall.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[493,295,673,311],\"text\":\"Figure 9: Virtual boutique scene.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,314,497,330],\"text\":\"Participants\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,334,746,478],\"text\":\"We recruited 9 participants (4 female, 5 male), ages 22 to\\n29 ($μ = 25$) from our institution and nearby companies. All\\nparticipants had previously experienced virtual reality and\\n3 people were regular VR users. All participants had seen\\na quad before, but only 2 had flown a quad before. Those 2\\nparticipants flew quads frequently and had touched a quad\\nduring flight before; one had touched a miniature quad and\\nthe other had an accident in which she cut her hand. Each\\nperson received a $15 gift card for an hour of their time.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,489,543,506],\"text\":\"Experimental Setup\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,509,746,653],\"text\":\"Our setup, shown in Figure 10 , consisted of a safe-to-touch\\nquadcopter, Vicon motion capture cameras, two HTC Vive\\nlighthouses, and the HTC Vive Head-Mounted Display (HMD).\\nThe tracking space was constrained to a 2.5 $m^3$ cube and a\\nsmall table was placed in this tracking space. Retro-reflective\\nmarkers were used to track the quadcopter, the HMD, and\\nthe user's hands. HTC Vive in-ear headphones connected to\\nthe HMD and Protective earmuffs (37dB NRR) were used for\\nnoise cancellation.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_013.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_013.png\",\"bbox\":[419,660,748,773],\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A person wearing an HTC Vive VR headset, protective earmuffs, and hand-tracking gloves is shown, surrounded by various labeled equipment. This includes Vicon motion capture cameras, an HTC Vive lighthouse, and a safe-to-touch quadcopter.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[497,783,668,799],\"text\":\"Figure 10: Experimental Setup.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,804,486,821],\"text\":\"Procedure\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,825,746,954],\"text\":\"At the beginning of the study, participants were informed\\nabout the technology that was being studied: a safe-to-touch\\nquadcopter used for haptics in virtual reality. They were\\nthen presented with a photo of the virtual boutique and\\nwere briefed that during the study they will be touching\\ndifferent virtual objects in the scene: clothing items, hangers,\\nand shoeboxes. They were instructed that virtual objects\\nwill turn green once the quad is present at that location,\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 359\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300589/results/markdown/3290605-3300589_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300590/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300590", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/results/output_json/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,39,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[100,117,714,152],\"text\":\"Using Presence Questionnaires in Virtual Reality\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[83,167,237,234],\"text\":\"Valentin Schwind\\n\\nUniversity of Stuttgart\\nStuttgart, Germany\\n\\nvalentin.schwind@acm.org\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[251,167,398,235],\"text\":\"Pascal Knierim\\n\\nLMU Munich\\nMunich, Germany\\npascal.knierim@ifl.mu.de\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[424,168,553,235],\"text\":\"Nico Haas\\n\\nUniversity of Stuttgart\\nStuttgart, Germany\\nnicohaasna1@gmx.de\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[581,167,724,233],\"text\":\"Niels Heinz\\n\\nUniversity of Regensburg\\n\\nRegensburg, Germany\\n\\nniels.heinz@ur.de\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,243,141,260],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,264,396,567],\"text\":\"Virtual Reality (VR) is gaining increasing importance in sci-\\nence, education, and entertainment. A fundamental charac-\\nteristic of VR is creating presence , the experience of `being'\\nor `acting', when physically situated in another place. Mea-\\nsuring presence is vital for VR research and development.\\nIt is typically repeatedly assessed through questionnaires\\ncompleted after leaving a VR scene. Requiring participants to\\nleave and re-enter the VR costs time and can cause disorien-\\ntation. In this paper, we investigate the effect of completing\\npresence questionnaires directly in VR. Thirty-six partici-\\npants experienced two immersion levels and filled three stan-\\ndardized presence questionnaires in the real world or VR. We\\nfound no effect on the questionnaires' mean scores; however,\\nwe found that the variance of those measures significantly\\ndepends on the realism of the virtual scene and if the subjects\\nhad left the VR. The results indicate that, besides reducing\\na study's duration and reducing disorientation, completing\\nquestionnaires in VR does not change the measured presence\\nbut can increase the consistency of the variance.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,579,172,597],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[69,600,394,633],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing - HCI design and eval-\\nuation methods; Virtual reality; User studies;\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,645,150,661],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,664,350,681],\"text\":\"Virtual reality; presence; questionnaire; evaluation.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,686,202,702],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[70,704,395,778],\"text\":\"Valentin Schwind, Pascal Knaierm, Nico Haas, and Niels Henze. 2019.\\nUsing Presence Questionnaires in Virtual Reality. In CHI Conference\\non Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019),\\nMay 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK . ACM, New York, NY, USA,\\n12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300590\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,244,550,261],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,264,747,456],\"text\":\"The key characteristic of virtual reality (VR) is the ability to\\ncreate a sense of presence [11, 26, 43] , the feeling of being\\nor acting in a place, even when one is physically situated in\\nanother location [1, 24] . To create immersive VR experiences\\nand to study the interaction in VR, it is, therefore, crucial to\\nreliably measure presence . Previous work developed increas-\\ningly sophisticated approaches to assess presence. While\\nmultiple physiological measures have been proposed [18] ,\\nvalidated questionnaires are still the most common method\\nfor measuring this construct [10] . Using different items and\\nsubscales such questionnaires provide scores, which reflect\\nthe level of felt presence in the virtual world (cf. Table 1 ).\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,456,747,712],\"text\":\"The use of validated presence questionnaires is omnipre-\\nsent in research and industry. These standardized question-\\nnaires are filled in using pen and paper. Typical studies re-\\npeatedly assess presence, especially when multiple VR ex-\\nperiences are compared. As current VR experiences are pre-\\nsented through head-mounted displays (HMDs), users must\\nremove the headset and leave the VR before completing the\\nquestionnaire. In doing so, the person has to re-orientate in\\nthe real-world which causes a so-called \\\"break-in-presence\\n(BIP)\\\" [11] . Slater and Steed describe it as a moment when\\n\\\"a report can be given that a break has occurred without this\\nin itself disturbing the sense of presence, which of course\\nhas already been disturbed\\\" [36] . This means that surveying\\nsubjects about their feeling of presence potentially causes\\nthe BIP and compromises the phenomenon that the ques-\\ntionnaire is supposed to be measuring [26, 34, 36] .\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,712,747,806],\"text\":\"Leaving VR can cause BIPs which distort the phenomenon\\nthat presence questionnaires measure [26, 34, 36] . Further-\\nmore, leaving and re-entering the VR takes time not only\\nbecause it requires removing and putting on the HMDs but\\nalso reorientation in the real-world and when entering the\\nVR experience again.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,806,747,886],\"text\":\"Instead of requiring participants to leave the VR to fill in\\nquestionnaires, we propose to survey participants directly\\nwithin the VR using existing questionnaires. Surveying par-\\nticipants during the VR experience have a number of poten-\\ntial advantages:\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[440,889,747,954],\"text\":\"• Assessing their sense of presence becomes easier for\\nparticipants when BIPs are reduced.\\n• Staying in VR reduces study duration and avoids the\\nneed to adjust after a BIP.\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,789,395,896],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not\\nmade or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear\\nthis notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components\\nof this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with\\ncredit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to\\nredistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request\\npermissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,899,273,952],\"text\":\"CIR 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\\n\\n© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery,\\nACM ISBN 978-1-4305-3970-2/19/5 . $15.00\\n\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145%3F906053.3005590\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_subject\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 360\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/results/markdown/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300590/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300590", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/results/output_json/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[88,124,394,156],\"text\":\"• Distracting or biasing cues from the real-world, such\\nas the experimenter, are avoided.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,172,394,299],\"text\":\"Recent work has already started to assess presence by survey-\\ning people directly within the VR [29, 30] . However, existing\\npresence questionnaires have been developed and validated\\nover more than two decades by asking participants to fill\\nthem after leaving the VR. Therefore, the effect of filling\\nquestionnaires within the VR is unclear, and it is unknown\\nif existing questionnaires provide meaningful results when\\nfilled without leaving the VR.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,299,394,572],\"text\":\"In this paper, we investigate if answering questionnaires\\nin VR has an effect on three standardized presence question-\\nnaires, originally developed to be answered in the real world.\\nWe conducted a mixed-design study with 36 participants\\nwho experienced two different immersion levels. We found\\nno significant differences between the mean scores of the\\nthree questionnaires, which we measured inside or outside\\nthe VR. However, we found that the variance of those scores\\nsignificantly depends on the realism of the scene when the\\nparticipants answered the questionnaires after leaving the\\nVR. Furthermore, the variance is consistent when presence\\nscores are recorded in VR. This indicates that the feeling of\\npresence depends on the contrast in the visual realism of the\\nvirtual environments (VEs) and where the BIP occurred. We\\nargue to use presence questionnaires in VR, provide design\\nimplications, and provide directions for optimizing presence\\nquestionnaires for in-situ use.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,594,197,611],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,615,394,806],\"text\":\"In 1980, Minsky introduced the concept of telepresence de-\\nscribing human operators interacting through a remote video\\nrobot [19] . Convinced that this is technically feasible, re-\\nsearchers and engineers developed systems that creating\\nan immersive illusion of being somewhere else and it be-\\ncame evident that the concept of presence also exists for\\nVR systems [15, 25, 37] . Over more than two decades, previ-\\nous work developed, refined and validated questionnaires to\\nmeasure presence created by VR which we summarize in the\\nfollowing. Afterward, we discuss initial work that used ques-\\ntionnaires for measuring presence within the application\\ncausing the experience.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,831,194,848],\"text\":\"Measuring Presence\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,851,394,948],\"text\":\"Barfield and Weghorst proposed one of the earliest appro-\\naches to measuring presence for VEs [3] . They investigated\\nthe effect of varying the update rate of a computer-generated\\nsimulation on the sense of presence within stereoscopic\\nVEs [3] . They developed a 6-item questionnaire to mea-\\nsure presence and a 7-item questionnaire to measure the\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,124,746,172],\"text\":\"fidelity of the interaction [3] . Some items, however, con-\\ntained experiment-specific questions and, thus, had to be\\nfurther refined.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,172,747,427],\"text\":\"Based on previous work and a theoretical approach by\\nSheridan [31] , who determined the underlying factors of\\npresence (sensory information, sensor control, motor con-\\ntrol), Wittmer and Singer [42, 43] developed a 32-item pres-\\nence questionnaire. The authors identified three subscales\\nwhich they labeled: involvement/control , natural , and inter-\\nface quality . They also developed the immersive tendency\\nquestionnaire (ITQ) to determine characteristics of subjects,\\nwhich potentially cause biases and affect subsequent judg-\\nments of presence [7] . However, the questionnaire by Wit-\\nmer and Singer was criticized for the subjectively defined\\nfactors and the low number of items directly assessing pres-\\nence [27, 33] . Nevertheless, the presence questionnaire by\\nWitmer and Singer (in the following referred to as WS) is\\ncurrently the most cited presence questionnaire on Google\\nscholar ( cf. Table 1 ).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,427,747,682],\"text\":\"Another approach to measuring presence was developed\\nby Slater et al. [35, 39] and Usoh et al. [38] in multiple stud-\\nies. The Slater-Usoh-Steed (in the following referred to as\\nSUS) questionnaire is based on questions that are variations\\nof one of the three themes: (1) the sense of being in the VE,\\n(2) the extent to which the VE becomes the dominant reality,\\nand (3) the extent to which the VE is remembered as a `place'.\\nThe current version of the questionnaire has six items and is\\nthe second most cited presence questionnaire applicable for\\nVEs. A study by Usoh et al. revealed that WS and SUS are not\\nable to discriminate between presence in a VE and physical\\nreality [39] . Furthermore, Sanchez-Vives and Slater argued\\nthat using questionnaires causes a “methodological circu-\\nlarity” as surveying about presence in VR might one bring\\nabout the phenomenon of presence that the questionnaire is\\nsupposed to be measuring [26] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,682,747,921],\"text\":\"Slater stated that a scientific basis for presence could not\\nbe established on the basis of post-experience presence ques-\\ntionnaires [34] . He concluded that “presence researchers\\nmust move away from questionnaires in order to make any\\nprogress in this area” [34] . It is conceivable that behav-\\nioral or physiological measures are the more reliable mea-\\nsures of presence. While there has been little research into\\nwhether behavioral measures are reliable enough [10] , there\\nare promising results with physiological measures such as\\nheart rate [18] . However, physiological measurements re-\\nquire a baseline comparison for each participant, which\\nmeans a considerable effort in some study designs. Further-\\nmore, it has been shown that additional equipment to mea-\\nsure physiological responses can be “the greatest cause of\\nbreaks in presence” [18] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,921,746,953],\"text\":\"Subjective questionnaires are currently the most common\\nmethod for measuring presence and have been shown to be\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 360\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/results/markdown/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300590/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300590", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/results/output_json/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,122,393,155],\"text\":\"Table 1: Overview and comparison of 15 published\\npresence questionnaires\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[70,171,390,388],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Authors</td><td>Year</td><td>Citations$^{*}$</td><td>Items</td><td>Usage</td></tr><tr><td>Banos et al. [2]</td><td>1998</td><td>146</td><td>77</td><td>VE</td></tr><tr><td>Barfield &amp; Hendrix [3]</td><td>1995</td><td>186</td><td>5+1</td><td>VE</td></tr><tr><td>Cho et al. [4]</td><td>2003</td><td>34</td><td>4</td><td>VE</td></tr><tr><td>Dinh et al. [6]</td><td>1999</td><td>365</td><td>13+1</td><td>VE</td></tr><tr><td>Jarhar et al. [9]</td><td>2001</td><td>201</td><td>19+1</td><td>SVE</td></tr><tr><td>Kim &amp; Bissau [12]</td><td>1997</td><td>664</td><td>8</td><td>VE</td></tr><tr><td>Krebs et al. [13]</td><td>2001</td><td>8</td><td>42</td><td>VE</td></tr><tr><td>Lombard &amp; Ditton [16]</td><td>2000</td><td>205</td><td>103</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Lombard &amp; Weinstein (TPI) [17]</td><td>2009</td><td>120</td><td>4-8</td><td>CM</td></tr><tr><td>Lesiter et al. (ITC-SOP) [14]</td><td>2001</td><td>861</td><td>44</td><td>CM</td></tr><tr><td>Nichols et al. [20]</td><td>2000</td><td>158</td><td>9</td><td>VE</td></tr><tr><td>Nowak &amp; Frank [21]</td><td>2003</td><td>569</td><td>9</td><td>SVE</td></tr><tr><td>Schubert et al. [23, 27, 28] (IPQ)</td><td>2001</td><td>758</td><td>14</td><td>VE</td></tr><tr><td>Ussoh/Slater et al. [36, 39] (SUS)</td><td>1994/2000</td><td>853/466</td><td>3/6</td><td>VE</td></tr><tr><td>Witmer &amp; Singer [43] (WS)</td><td>1998</td><td>3569</td><td>32</td><td>VE</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a table summarizing research papers, featuring columns for Authors, Year, Citations*, and Items Usage. Each row provides details for a specific author or group, including publication year, citation count, and a usage code (e.g., VE, SVE, CM, NA).\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_2_tab_3.png\"},{\"label\":\"anno\",\"bbox\":[73,390,329,427],\"text\":\"VE - Virtual Environment, CM - Cross-Media, D - Digitalisation, V - Virtualisation, N -\\nNetwork, O - Online, E - Entertainment, A - Entertainment, B - Virtual, C - Virtual not listed,\\nD - determined using Google Scholar, Sept. 2017\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,450,394,626],\"text\":\"sensitive enough to find differences in presence [10]. Schu-\\nbert et al. investigated the cognitive processes leading to a\\nmodel of presence and explored each component of the con-\\nstruct [27]. They identified spatial-construction, attention,\\nand judgments of realness as distinct components of pres-\\nence. Building on these results the authors developed and\\nverified a 13-item presence scale consisting of three indepen-\\ndent components called: spatial presence, involvement, and\\nexperienced realism. One item with a mild double loading on\\ninvolvement was added in their final version of the iGroup\\npresence questionnaire (IPQ) $^1$ .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,626,394,769],\"text\":\"Further presence questionnaires have been developed fo-\\ncusing on specific applications. Examples include the ITC-\\nSense of presence inventory (ITC-SOPI) [14] and the temple\\npresence inventory (TPI) [17] for non-interactive media as\\nwell as questionnaires focusing on social environments [9,\\n21] . Particularly the concepts of social or co-presence were\\ninvestigated using a considerable number of measurement\\nmethods and questionnaires [5, 22, 41] , but they are beyond\\nthe scope of our work.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,781,231,797],\"text\":\"Integrated Questionnaires\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,800,394,930],\"text\":\"The idea to integrate questionnaires directly into the appli-\\ncation causing the experience has already been facilitated\\nin other domains. Shute, for example, recommended less\\nobtrusive methods for computer-based video games to gain\\nfeedback during the runtime of the game [32] . This was fur-\\nther investigated by Frommel et al., who determined how\\npresence in video games for PCs could be maintained for self-\\nreports [8] . They compared presence measures of the Witmer\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,124,746,221],\"text\":\"and Singer presence questionnaire (WS) in games obtained\\nusing simple user interfaces with active game elements rep-\\nresenting the questionnaire items (e.g., a 7-lane road instead\\nof Likert-items). The presence scores were measured with\\ndesktop computers and were higher for questionnaires rep-\\nresented by interactive gaming elements.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,221,747,444],\"text\":\"Previous work already used presence questionnaires in\\nVR: To investigate the effects of gender and the avatar hand\\nappearance on presence in VR, Schwind et al. used integrated\\nquestionnaires, which were presented on virtual walls [30] .\\nUsing the gesture recognition of the Leap Motion sensor,\\nthe subjects answered the questions using the virtual hands\\nwhose effect was measured. The underlying assumption was\\nthat having the manipulated aspect, the appearance of the\\nhands, in view when measuring its effect would lead to more\\nreliable results. Similarly, the same procedure was used in a\\nstudy by Schwind et al. [29] to examine the effect of having\\nfewer fingers in VR. Unfortunately, both studies did not com-\\npare their measures to the established approach for filling\\nout presence questionnaires in the real-world [29, 30] .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,466,484,483],\"text\":\"Summary\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[\"paper_conclusion\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,486,747,613],\"text\":\"Previous research highlights the importance of presence\\nas an outcome of immersive virtual environments [3, 31,\\n43] and multiple approaches to measuring presence have\\nbeen suggested [27, 33, 35, 38, 39, 43] . Researchers have se-\\nrious concerns that presence questionnaires are not able\\nto discriminate between presence in VE and the real-world\\nand there have been vigorous debates over measuring pres-\\nence [33, 34, 36] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_conclusion\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,613,747,758],\"text\":\"Presence questionnaires used today have been carefully\\ndesigned and refined over more than two decades. While\\nasking participants to fill our questionnaires directly in VR\\nmight have advantages, work on video games suggests that\\nmeasuring presence within the application causing the expe-\\nrience might lead to different results [8, 32] . Recent work has\\nalready used questionnaires in VR [29, 30] without consider-\\ning its potential effects. It is unclear if measuring presence\\nin VR differs from measuring presence in the real-world.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_conclusion\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,779,504,796],\"text\":\"3 METHOD\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,799,504,817],\"text\":\"Study Design\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,820,747,949],\"text\":\"To investigate the effect of presence questionnaires inte-\\ngrated into VR, we conducted a study with the two indepen-\\ndent variables (IVs) Environment NVIRONMENT and Virtualirtual RALM .\\nEnvironment NVIRONMENT has the two levels inside and outside the VR\\nVirtualirtual RALM has the two levels abstract and realistic\\nscene . We measured presence through three different Ques-\\ntionnaires: Slater-Ushof-Steel questionnaire (SUS) [36, 39] ,\\ngroup presence questionnaire (IPQ) [23, 27, 28] , and the\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,938,211,954],\"text\":\"$^{1}$http://www.icgroup.org/pq/ipq/\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 360\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/results/markdown/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300590/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300590", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/results/output_json/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[67,119,397,344],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A computer monitor centrally displays a survey question about a \\\"sense of being there\\\" in a virtual environment, along with a Likert scale and a \\\"Progress 1%\\\" indicator. A hand holding a black VR controller is visible on the right. The entire image is vertically split, with the left half appearing darker and the right half brighter.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,348,394,380],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Virtual (l) and real (r) environment with question-\\nnaire and input controller.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,454,396,615],\"text\":\"questionnaire by Witmer and Singer (WS) [43] . As the par-\\nticipants should not experience the abstract or realistic scene\\ntwice, the Environment in which the questionnaires were\\ncompleted was a between-subject variable. To prevent any\\norder effects we counterbalanced the questionnaires using\\na $3\\\\times3$ Latin Square, doubled by the conditions in- or out-\\nside the VR , doubled by the two possible sequences of the\\nabstract and realistic scene, which resulted in a total of 12\\nconditions, which were covered in triplicate by the number\\nof our participants (N=36).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,639,222,656],\"text\":\"Virtual Scenes and Tasks\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,660,395,819],\"text\":\"To study the effects of Environment on the three ques-\\ntionnaires, we developed a first-person drone shooter game\\nwith two levels of Virtual Realism (see Figure 2 ). In both\\nconditions, the participants were located in an open space\\nequipped with a weapon to strike drones that exploded\\nand disappeared when hit. Drones served as moving tar-\\ngets and flew a predefined route. Enlarged hitboxes encasing\\nthe drones remained the same for both scenes to keep the dif-\\nficulty of striking drones equal among the conditions. They\\nappeared in three to four waves of three drones each.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,819,396,947],\"text\":\"To induce different feelings of presence, we varied the\\nvisual and auditory fidelity of the scenes (see Figure 1 ). The\\nabstract environment included only simple untextured cubes\\nof different sizes forming walls and a blue floor. Flat cubes\\nrepresented the drones while simple octagon rods served as\\na weapon. Further, only a simple explosion effects without\\nsound, smoke, and sparks was displayed when a drone was\\nhit. In contrast, the realistic scene was based on the high\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,124,746,156],\"text\":\"fidelity Adam Exterior Environment 2 with detailed drones 3\\nas targets.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,157,747,380],\"text\":\"For the inside the VR condition, we designed a virtual rep-\\nresentation of the laboratory in our institution. Using the\\nvirtual replica of a real world laboratory was already pro-\\nposed for smooth transitions between the real world and\\nimmersive environments in order to reduce the state of con-\\nfusion [40] . Real and virtual laboratory scene included an\\niMac for displaying and answering the presence question-\\nnaires (see Figure 1 ). Similar to the game scenes, the Oculus\\nTouch controller was used as an input device since it gave\\nvisual cues for natural interaction within the VR. This con-\\ntroller was also utilized in the outside the VR condition with\\nthe distinction that the participant was not immersed in VR\\nand filled in the questionnaires sitting in front of a real iMac,\\nwhich displayed the questions.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,380,746,493],\"text\":\"All VR scenes were designed to be explored in a seated sit-\\nuation and presented to the participants using an Oculus Rift\\nCV1. To ensure fluent VR experiences and that the refresh\\nrate remained constant for the HMD (90 FPS) in all scenes,\\nwe used state-of-the-art gaming hardware using an NVIDIA\\nGeForce GTX 1060 - 6 GB video card, an Intel i7-4790 CPU\\nrunning at 3.60 GHz, and 16 GB of memory.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,507,482,524],\"text\":\"Measures\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,527,747,686],\"text\":\"Presence scores of the three questionnaires were obtained\\nusing a total of 52 items (6 SUS, 14 IPQ, 32 WS) on 7-point\\nscales (see Figure 1 ). All items were presented as described\\nin the original work. Response times were recorded by our\\nsoftware. As we hypothesized that the ability to recall the\\npresence state after BIP decreases the consistency between\\nour measures, we also used the absolute difference from the\\nmeans as the measure of variability. To assess the perceived\\nworkload using VR and the real-world questionnaires, we\\nused the NASA TLX with 6 items.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,703,486,720],\"text\":\"Procedure\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,723,747,868],\"text\":\"After welcoming the participants, we asked them to sign the\\nconsent form and take a seat. We explained the course of the\\nstudy to the participants and gave them a brief introduction\\ninto VR. We further explained how to interact within the\\ndesigned scenes to strike drones and navigate through the\\nquestionnaires using the Oculus Touch controller. Then, we\\nadjusted the HMD to the participant's head and calibrated\\nit to the participant's inter-pupil distance for best visual\\nresults.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,898,719,923],\"text\":\"2https://assetstore.unity.com/packages/essentials/tutorial-projects/\\nadam-exterior-environment-74969\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,924,691,950],\"text\":\"https://assetstore.com/mic.com/packages/3d/characters/ robots/\\ndrone-controller-pc-joystick-mobile-61327\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 360\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/results/markdown/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300590/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300590", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/results/output_json/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[67,118,747,310],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A side-by-side comparison shows two first-person shooter game environments, both featuring drones in the sky and a weapon in the foreground. The left panel depicts a minimalist, blocky environment with basic geometry and lighting. The right panel presents a highly realistic landscape with detailed textures, complex structures, and advanced graphics.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[92,322,721,340],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Abstract and realistic scene of a first person shooter game developed to induce different levels of presence.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,361,395,649],\"text\":\"Then participants entered the VR and explored either the\\nimmersive or abstract scene first. After spending approxi-\\nmately 2.5 minutes in VR striking drones, we asked them\\nto answer the presence questionnaires. Depending on the\\ncondition, they filled the questionnaire in the VR scene rep-\\nresenting our lab on a virtual iMac, or the participant was\\nasked to exit the VE and answer the question outside the VR .\\nAll questionnaires were presented in a counterbalanced order\\nto prevent any sequence effects. Progress between the items\\nwas shown in percent. After the first condition, the process\\nwas repeated with the other level of Virtual Realism . After\\nexperiencing both scenes and answering all questionnaires\\ninside or outside the VR, we asked participants to answer\\nthe NASA TLX questionnaire concerning filling the previous\\nquestionnaires, not the drone game. The NASA TLX was al-\\nways presented on paper. Finally, we collected demographic\\ndata and debriefed the participants. On average, participants\\ncompleted the study in 24.2 minutes (SD = 6.7).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,664,144,681],\"text\":\"Participants\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,684,395,828],\"text\":\"We recruited 36 participants (24 male, 12 female) via our\\nuniversities/mailing lists with ages ranging from 19 to 32\\nyears (M = 23.81, SD = 2.81). All of them had a technical\\nbackground in computer science or engineering. Participants\\nreceived either 5 EUR or course credits as compensation for\\ntheir participation. A number of 13 participants wore glasses,\\n20 had previous VR experience. The study received ethics\\nclearance according to the ethics and privacy regulations of\\nour institution.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,845,150,862],\"text\":\"4  RESULTS\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,866,200,883],\"text\":\"Questionnaire Scores\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,886,394,952],\"text\":\"We obtained the presence scores for each of the three ques-\\ntionnaires by averaging their 7-point scores. As the ques-\\ntionnaires originate from ordinal scales, we performed non-\\nparametric tests for statistical evaluation. We used linear\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,361,746,423],\"text\":\"mixed-model analysis using ARTools by Wobbrock et al. [44]\\nto perform non-parametric tests with the two independent\\nvariables Virtual Realism and Environment . Participant\\nwas entered as a random factor.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,422,747,648],\"text\":\"We found a main effect of Virtual Realism , $F(1,34) =$\\n11.518, p = .002; however, not of Environment , $F(1,34) =$\\n.002, p = .958, and no interaction effect of Virtual Real-\\nism $\\\\times$ Environment , $F(1,34) = .007, p = .933$ on the scores\\nof the SUS. Similarly, there was a main effect of Virtual Re-\\nalism , $F(1,34) = 15.552, p < .001$ ; however, not of Environ-\\nment , $F(1,34) = .013, p = .909$ , and no interaction effect of\\nVirtual Realism $\\\\times$ Environment , $F(1,34) = .004, p = .946$\\non the scores of the IPQ. Furthermore, there was a main\\neffect of Virtual Realism , $F(1,34) = 17.078, p < .001$ ; how-\\never, not of Environment , $F(1,34) < .001, p = 1.000$ , and\\nno interaction effect of Virtual Realism $\\\\times$ Environment ,\\n$F(1,34) < .001, p = .759$ on the scores of the WS presence\\nquestionnaire.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,648,746,727],\"text\":\"Thus, the results did not reveal that leaving the VR sig-\\nnificantly influenced the mean scores of the questionnaires.\\nThe mean scores between the questionnaires only showed\\nsignificant differences when VIRTUAL REALISM changed. All\\nmeans of the questionnaire scores are shown in Figure 3 .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,751,514,767],\"text\":\"Score Variance\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,771,746,898],\"text\":\"The absolute difference from the means was taken as a mea-\\nsure of variance. Means of the scores' variance are shown\\nin Figure 3 . Figure 4 shows the Gaussian distribution curve\\nfits of those differences. We performed a multivariate anal-\\nysis of variance (MANOVA) to assess the overall effect on\\nthe scores' variance and to determine if the variance mea-\\nsures are independent. As the statistical results are based on\\nparametric data ARTool was not used.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,898,746,949],\"text\":\"We found no statistically significant differences for Vir-\\ntual Realism, $F(1,68) = 1.897, p = .138$. Wilk's $\\\\lambda = .920$,\\n$\\\\eta_p^2 = .016$, or Environment, $F(1,68) = .148, p = .930$.Wilk's\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 360\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/results/markdown/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300590/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300590", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/results/output_json/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[77,126,737,325],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The figure presents two sets of bar charts: \\\"Presence Scores\\\" (mean ratings from 1 to 7) and \\\"Score Variance\\\" (absolute deviation from mean ratings from 0.00 to 1.50). Each set shows data for SUS, IPQ, and WS metrics, comparing 'abstract' (red) and 'realistic' (blue) conditions within 'inside the VR' and 'outside the VR' environments, accompanied by error bars. In \\\"Presence Scores,\\\" realistic conditions generally show higher mean ratings, while \\\"Score Variance\\\" exhibits mixed patterns across conditions and metrics.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,350,745,396],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Means and score variances of the presence measures. While presence scores of the three questionnaires did not differ\\nsignificantly between in- and outside the VR, variance measures show significant interaction effects between the questionnaire\\nenvironment and the realism during the VR experience. Error bars show 95 % confidence intervals (CI95)\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,414,394,545],\"text\":\"$\\\\lambda = .993, \\\\eta_p^2 = .061$; however, there was a significant interac-\\ntion $F(1, 68) = 2.826, p = .045$. effect of Virtual Realism X Environment, Wilks's $\\\\lambda = .866, \\\\eta_p^2 = .133$. Univariate anal-\\nysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed no main or interaction\\neffect on the variance of the SUS score, a significant interac-\\ntion effect of Virtual Realism X Environment on the IPQ,\\n$F(1, 34) = 6.792, p = .015$, and a significant interaction effect\\non the variance of the WS, $F(1, 34) = 10.981, p = .002$.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,545,394,608],\"text\":\"To determine if there were significant differences between\\nthe variance measures of the three questionnaires, we used\\nQuestionnaire as additional IV and performed a three-way\\nANOVA.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,608,394,768],\"text\":\"We found significant main effects of QUESTIONNAIRE,\\n$F(2, 204) = 11.860, p < .001$ , VIRTUAL REALISM, $F(1, 204) =$\\n$7.199, p = .007$ , and a significant interaction effect of Vir-\\ntual REALISM $\\\\times$ ENVIRONMENT, $F(1, 204) = 8.762, p = .003$ .\\nThere were no further significant main or interaction ef-\\nfects (all with $p > .045$ ). Bonferroni-corrected pairwise com-\\nparisons revealed a significant difference between the SUS\\n( $M = .848, SD = .576$ ) and the WS ( $M = .451, SD = .318$ ),\\n( $p < .001$ ), as well as the IPQ ( $M = .679, SD = .562$ ) and the\\nWS ( $P = .013$ ).\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,768,394,897],\"text\":\"Overall, the results show that the variance of the three\\nquestionnaires increased when participants left the VR after\\nan abstract scene and decreased when they left the VR after a\\nrealistic scene. This was not the case when participants filled\\nin the questionnaires in VR . As there were no interaction\\neffects of the other factors with Questionnaires , we showed\\nthat the variance of the WS was generally lower than for the\\nSUS or the IPQ questionnaire.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,415,483,432],\"text\":\"Subscales\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,435,746,501],\"text\":\"The IPQ and WS questionnaires use subscales, which allow\\na more nuanced analysis and focusing on more components\\nof presence. The means of those subscales are shown in\\nFigure 5 .\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,516,747,821],\"text\":\"IPQ subscales. Considering general presence (GP) of the\\nIPQ, there was a significant main effect of Virtual Real-\\nism, $F(1,34) = 10.206, p = .003$ ; however, net of Environ-\\nment, $F(1,34) = .040, p = .842$ , and no interaction effect\\nof Virtual Realism $\\\\times$ Environment, $F(1,34) = .008, p =$\\n.927 . Spatial presence (SP) of the IPQ was neither affected\\nby Virtual Realism, $F(1,34) = 2.093, p = .157$ nor by\\nEnvironment, $F(1,34) = .062, p = .804$ , and there was\\nno interaction effect of Virtual Realism $\\\\times$ Environment,\\n$F(1,34) = .087, p = .768$ . Involvement (INV) was affected by\\nVirtual Realism, $F(1,34) = 6.851, p = .013$ ; however, not\\nof Environment, $F(1,34) = .279, p = .600$ , and no interac-\\ntion effect of Virtual Realism $\\\\times$ Environment, $F(1,34) =$\\n$3.030, p = .090$ . And, for the realism (REAL) measure of\\nthe IPQ, there was a significant main effect of Virtual Re-\\nalism, $F(1,34) = 24.082, p < .001$ , and on Environment,\\n$F(1,34) = 1.010, p < .001$ and a significant interaction effect\\nof Virtual Realism $\\\\times$ Environment, $F(1,34) = 1.033, p <$\\n.001$ .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,836,747,949],\"text\":\"WS subscales. Considering the subscales of the WS presence\\nquestionnaire, there was a significant main effect of Vir-\\ntual Realism , $F(1, 34) = 6.963, p = .012$ ; however, not of\\nEnvironment , $F(1, 34) = .055, p = .814$ , and no interac-\\ntion effect of Virtual Realism $\\\\times$ Environment , $F(1, 34) =$\\n1.051, $p = .312$ on involvement (INV). On the natural (NAT)\\nsubscale of the WS questionnaire, there was also a main\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 360\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[704,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/results/markdown/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300590/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300590", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/results/output_json/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,43,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[71,129,741,376],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image displays a 2x3 grid of density plots showing score distributions. The columns represent SUS, IPQ, and WS measures, while the rows differentiate between \\\"inside the VR\\\" and \\\"outside the VR\\\" contexts. Each plot compares \\\"abstract\\\" (red) and \\\"realistic\\\" (blue) conditions, with overlaid smoothed density curves, histograms, and vertical lines indicating their means along a \\\"score distribution\\\" x-axis.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,398,746,445],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Histogram, means, and fitted Gaussian distribution using the average scores of all questionnaires. While the distribu-\\ntions remain nearly constant when the questionnaires are used in VR, there is a significant difference between the variances\\nin the real-world responses after BIP using abstract and after BIP using a realistic virtual scene.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,465,395,799],\"text\":\"effect of Virtual Realism , F (1, 34) = 14.908, p < .001; how-\\never, not of Environment , F (1, 34) = .209, p = .650, and\\nno interaction effect of Virtual Realism $\\\\times$ Environment ,\\nF (1, 34) = .448, p = .507. The auditory (AUD) scale of the WS\\nwas significantly affected by Virtual Realism , F (1, 34) =\\n20.104, p < .001, and Environment , F (1, 34) = .637, p <\\n.001. We also found an interaction effect of Virtual Reali-\\nsms $\\\\times$ Environment , F (1, 34) = .412, p < .001. Haptics\\n(HAPTIC) was neither significantly affected by Virtual Real-\\nism , F (1, 34) = .307, p = .582, nor Environment , F (1, 34) =\\n.542, p = .466. There was no interaction effect of Virtual\\nRealism $\\\\times$ Environment , F (1, 34) = 1.692, p = .202. Res-\\nolution (RES) of the WS was neither affected by Virtual\\nRealism , F (1, 34) = 0.255, p = .582, nor Environment ,\\nF (1, 34) = .542, p = .466, and no interaction effect of Vir-\\ntual Realism $\\\\times$ Environment , F (1, 34) = 1.692, p = .202.\\nInterface quality (IQUAL) of the WS was neither affected\\nby Virtual Realism , F (1, 34) = .671, p = .582; however, not\\nof Environment , F (1, 34) < .001, p = .993, and no interac-\\ntion effect of Virtual Realism $\\\\times$ Environment , F (1, 34) =\\n.012, p = .911.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,800,395,912],\"text\":\"In sum, we observed that most of the subscales within\\nthe IPQ and WS were not affected by the environment of\\nthe questionnaires. Scores of realism of the IPQ and auditory\\nfeatures of the WS showed main and interaction effects with\\nvirtual realism and environment, implying that those mea-\\nsures depend on the virtual scene presented beforehand and\\non the environment in which the sample was taken.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,465,545,483],\"text\":\"Reliability Analyses\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,486,748,677],\"text\":\"Cronbach's alpha estimates of reliability were used to deter-\\nmine correlations between the questionnaires' items and to\\nassess internal consistency of each questionnaire. Internal\\nconsistency was acceptable for SUS (α = .75), good for IPQ\\n(α = .87), good for WS (α = .82), and excellent when all\\nitems were used (α = .91). The questions with the highest\\ninter-correlations considering all questionnaire items were\\nfound in the IPQ questionnaire: IPQ6 with “I feel present in\\nthe virtual space” (ρ = .786), IPQ1 with “In the computer\\ngenerated world I had a sense of `being there'” (ρ = .735), and\\nIPQ10 with “I was completely captivated by the virtual world”\\n(ρ = .719).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,690,485,706],\"text\":\"Workload\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,710,747,871],\"text\":\"To investigate if virtual questionnaires cause higher work-\\nload than questionnaires in the real-world, we performed\\na one-way ANOVA on the NASA-Task Load Index (TLX)\\nscores, which were 33.16 ( SD = 20.96) in VR and 37.77 ( SD =\\n19.26) outside the VR. There were no significant effects, nei-\\nther on the overall workload. F (1, 34) = .472, p = .497 , nor\\non its sub-scales (mental, physical, temporal, performance,\\neffort, and frustration, all with p > .11). This indicates that\\ncompleting the virtual questionnaire in VR had a negligible\\neffect on the participants' perceived workload.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,884,626,901],\"text\":\"Questionnaire Completion Times\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,904,747,953],\"text\":\"As the three questionnaires had different numbers of items\\n(SUS=6, IQP=14, WS=32), a three-way ANOVA showed sig-\\nnificant main effects of QUESTIONNARE on the completion\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[68,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 360\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/results/markdown/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300590/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300590", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/results/output_json/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[70,135,744,593],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image displays four bar charts arranged in a 2x2 grid, showing mean ratings from 1 to 7 for IPQ and WS subscales. The top row presents IPQ subscales (\\\"GP\\\", \\\"SP\\\", \\\"INV\\\", \\\"REAL\\\") and the bottom row presents WS subscales (\\\"INV\\\", \\\"NAT\\\", \\\"AUD\\\", \\\"HAPTC\\\", \\\"RES\\\", \\\"IFQUAL\\\"), both split into \\\"inside the VR\\\" and \\\"outside the VR\\\" conditions. Within each subscale, \\\"abstract\\\" (red bars) and \\\"realistic\\\" (blue bars) conditions are compared, with error bars indicating variability.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,613,747,659],\"text\":\"Figure 5: Subscales of the IPQ and WS presence questionnaires. IPQ: General Presence (GP), spatial presence (SP), involvement\\n(INV), and realism (REAL); WS: Involvement (INV), natural (NAT), auditory (AUD), haptics (HAPTC), resolution (RES), and\\ninterface quality (IFQUAL).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,679,394,839],\"text\":\"times as shown in Figure 6 , $F(2,203) = 150.608$ , $p < .001$ .\\nBonferroni-corrected pairwise comparisons showed signif-\\nicant $SD = .440$ differences between the SUS ( $M = 1.107ms$ , , the IPQ ( $M = 2.449ms$ , $SD = 1.054$ ), and the WS\\n( $M = 5.982ms$ , $SD = 2.733$ ), all with $p < .001$ . However,\\nthere were no further main or interaction effects of Virtual\\nRealism or Environment , all with $p > .275$ . This means\\nthat the speed with which the participants completed the\\nquestionnaire did not significantly change through leaving\\nthe VR.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,839,394,904],\"text\":\"To determine potential effects of gender and previous VR\\nexperience, all analyses were repeated considering both fac-\\ntors as between-subject variables. of the tests revealed\\nstatistically significant effects.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,679,525,696],\"text\":\"5 DISCUSSION\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,699,747,940],\"text\":\"We found a systematic increase of the questionnaires' vari-\\nance when the participants filled in the questionnaires in\\nthe real-world after experiencing an abstract scene and a\\ndecrease after they experienced a realistic scene. This vari-\\nance remained constant when the participants filled in the\\nquestionnaires in VR. The mean variance of the question-\\nnaires was higher after experiencing a realistic scene than\\nafter an abstract scene; however, the questionnaire variance\\nin VR delivered similar results to the real-world and did not\\ndiffer significantly. Thus, all presence questionnaires used\\n(SUS, IPQ, WS) were still reliable tools to measure presence\\neven when participants were surveyed in VR. However, as\\nthe interaction effects of the variance measures show, the\\nincreased variability after experiencing an abstract scene\\nand after leaving the VR indicates that, potentially, more\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 360\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300590/results/markdown/3290605-3300590_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300595/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300595", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/results/output_json/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,45,157,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,93,38,132],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[138,107,674,134],\"text\":\"ZeRONE: Safety Drone with Blade-Free Propulsion\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[98,149,275,215],\"text\":\"Wataru Yamada\\n\\nResearch Labs, NTT DOCOMO\\n\\nYokusoka, Kanagawa, Japan\\nwataruyamada@acm.org\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[319,148,495,214],\"text\":\"Hiroyuki Manabe\\n\\nResearch Labs, NTT DOCOMO\\nYokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan\\nmanabehiroyuki@pac.org\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[539,148,714,213],\"text\":\"Daizo Ikeda\\n\\nResearch Labs, NTT DOCOMO\\nYokusoka, Kanagawa, Japan\\nikedai@nttdocomo.com\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_mail\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_007.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_007.png\",\"bbox\":[65,232,756,443],\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A large, reflective, spherical balloon is shown in two indoor settings. In panel (a), the balloon floats near a high ceiling with overhead lighting, while in panel (b), it is held by a person, its mirrored surface reflecting the surroundings and the person. The balloon has small electronic components attached to its underside.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[79,453,735,469],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Our prototype: (a) ZeRONE is flying indoors. (b) The user can touch our blade-less drone without fear or injury.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,474,150,492],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,495,394,656],\"text\":\"We present ZeRONE, a new indoor drone that does not use rotating\\nblades for propulsion. The proposed device is a helium blimp type\\ndrone that uses the wind generated by the ultrasonic vibration of\\npiezo elements for propulsion. Compared to normal drones with\\nrotating propellers, the drone is much safer because its only moving\\nparts are the piezo elements whose surfaces vibrate at the order\\nof micrometers. The drone can float for a few weeks and the ultra-\\nsonic propulsion system is quiet. We implement a prototype of the\\ndrone and evaluate its performance and unique characteristics in\\nexperiments. Moreover, application scenarios in which ZeRONE\\ncoexists with people are also discussed.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,667,180,685],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[69,689,393,719],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Ubiquitous computing; • Com-\\nputer systems organization → Robotics;\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,731,155,748],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,752,229,766],\"text\":\"Drone, Microblower, Blade-Free\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[70,774,185,786],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,787,396,842],\"text\":\"Wataru Yamada, Hiroyuki Manabe, and Daiso Iieka. 2019. ZeRONE: Safety\\nDrone with Blade-Free Propulsion. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in\\nComputing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow,\\nScotland, USA . ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 4, 8 pages.\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3290665.3300595\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,857,391,927],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom\\nuse is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to\\ncommercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page\\nis required. To make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or\\ncommercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page\\nis honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on\\nservers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request\\npermission from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,928,238,938],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\",\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,939,346,959],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright is held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to\\nACM.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,960,241,981],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19-03...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3296065.3300595\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 365\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,475,560,492],\"text\":\"1 INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,495,746,612],\"text\":\"Technological improvements such as better batteries, greater pro-\\ncessing power and advanced sensors have dramatically cut the\\nprices of drones and made them a popular consumer product. Their\\nability to fly freely in three-dimensional (3D) space and the wide-\\nness of their applications including transportation [1] , structural\\ninspection [26] , construction [9] , rescue [11] and entertainment\\n[18] have further accelerated the development and adoption of\\ndrones in the past ten years.\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,612,747,861],\"text\":\"Given their popularity, the research field of \\\"human-drone inter-\\naction (HDI)\\\" [4] , which focuses on people-drone communication\\nhas become active. Various studies have tackled subjects such as\\ngesture input [2] , creating legible drone motion [24] , and ensuring\\nproper drone-user separation distances [3, 10] . Experience to date,\\nhowever, has revealed serious barriers to the closer integration of\\ndrones into public spaces. Key problems are the severe injuries pos-\\nsible with propeller strikes and drones falling from high altitudes.\\nAlthough many drones use propeller guards to prevent propeller\\nstrikes, complete protection remains elusive as propeller guards that\\ncan adequately block fingers and hair are too heavy and degrade\\nflight performance. Even if the drone is reliable, the loud roar gen-\\nerated by the rotating propellers and the strong winds tend to scare\\npeople nearby. Besides, generally speaking, flight time of a small\\ndrone is less than about 20 minutes. Therefore, the drone's flight\\nenvironment is strongly restricted and it is virtually impossible to\\nprovide constant flight programs in enclosed public spaces.\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,861,746,921],\"text\":\"In this paper, we propose “ ZeRONE,\\\" see Figure 1 (a) and (b),\\na new drone that can fly without mechanically driven parts such\\nas a propellers or a flapper mechanism. The proposed device is a\\nhelium lamp type drone for indoor spaces. To realize propulsion,\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 365\",\"reading_order\":26,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1013],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":27,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/results/markdown/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300595/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300595", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/results/output_json/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,114,394,288],\"text\":\"microblowers, which generate weak winds by the ultrasonic vibrina-\\ntion of ceramic surfaces, are attached to the drone. These devices\\nprovide propulsion force in the vertical, yaw and forward direc-\\ntions, so this drone can move freely in 3D space. The proposed\\ndevice has several advantages over conventional drones (e.g. multi-\\ncopter, plane and ornithopter). The microblowers vibrate with very\\nsmall amplitude so there is no possibility of personal injury. In ad-\\ndition, their vibration in use is visually imperceptible. Furthermore,\\nbecause the vibration frequency is in the ultrasonic range, they\\ngenerate only a slight wind noise. While the micro blowers are not\\nactivate, the drone simply floats in the air without generating noise\\nor consuming power unlike normal drones.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,289,394,419],\"text\":\"Traditional drones for applications such as carrying cargo and\\ntaking professional photos are so dangerous and noisy that only\\nhuman-free spaces can be used. Although there are drones designed\\nto implement aggressive interaction [4, 18] with a human, it is still\\ndifficult to fly it in spaces occupied by people because the user must\\nmonitor the dangerous drone while flying and it generates a lot of\\nnoise. ZeRONE with its superior safety, quietness, and long flight\\ntime makes it possible to build new spatial platforms for human\\nliving spaces.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,420,394,568],\"text\":\"Our work provides three contributions: First, we outline and\\ndiscuss the unique benefits and possible applications of ZeRONE.\\nSecond, we reveal the method used to implement ZeRONE. Third,\\nwe implement a prototype and evaluate its performance. The re-\\nmaining sections of this paper discuss the following: First, we in-\\ntroduce previous research on 3D space interaction including HDI.\\nSecond, we describe the principles and design parameters of Ze-\\nRONE. Third, we introduce the ZeRONE prototype and confirm\\nits characteristics and performance. Finally, we discuss possible\\napplications, limitations, and the key attributes of our proposal.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,585,212,603],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,607,394,781],\"text\":\"Devices that can move freely in real 3D space have been attracting\\nsignificant attention for a long time. Realizing such devices would\\nmake it possible to create input/output interfaces at arbitrary places\\nin real space, and the possibility of interaction-oriented applications\\nwould greatly increase. Programmable Matter, a concept by Tof-\\nfoli and Margolus [28] , is well known in this field. They assumed\\nmaterial that had controllable physical properties such as shape,\\ndensity, texture and position. Their concept is to form objects in\\nthe real world by controlling it. Radical Atoms [8] , Tangible Au-\\ntonomous Interfaces [20] and Claytonics [5] are also well known as\\nconcepts that embody various tangible objects by using computer\\ncontrollable materials or robots in the real world.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,782,395,944],\"text\":\"Numerous studies have attempted to realize the concept of con-\\ntrolling the physical properties of things. Their aim is to create\\na new spatial platform that can gather or output information at\\narbitrary places in the real world. There are two main approaches\\nto controlling the 3D position of physical objects that appear to\\nhover. One uses external systems that generate invisible tethers\\nto levitate physical objects. Examples include acoustic-potential\\nfields [21] and magnetic fields [15] . The other assumes the use of\\nself-levitating objects. This latter approach is gathering a lot of\\nattention because the invisible tethers impose too many limitations.\\nThe most popular drone in this area is the multi-copter, basically\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,114,746,259],\"text\":\"a rotorcraft with more than two rotors. Multi-opters have higher\\nmobility, robustness against winds and significant payloads and\\nthese characteristics allow various rich interaction interfaces to be\\ndesigned. For example, Szafr et al. [25] proposed a multi-copter\\nwith LED strip to present direction. iSphere [29] combines a drone\\nwith a persistence of vision display. Flybles [13] allow users to\\ninteract with tangible objects in mid-air. BitDrones [6], is a pro-\\ntotype of interactive programmable matter that uses a swarm of\\nsmall drones equipped with small flexible high-resolution thin-film\\ntouch screens or RGB LEDs.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,260,746,479],\"text\":\"Although multi-copters are a promising technology for realizing\\nrapid movement to any spatial location, they also have many limi-\\ntations. For example, people are at risk of serious injuries, because\\nthey may be hit propellers of the falling or miss-operated drones.\\nThe very strong noise caused by drones in flight is also a problem.\\nGrace et al. revealed that the maximum noise of DJI Phantom II\\nquadcopter is about 80 dBA, on par with a freight train passing\\n15 m away [7] . Moreover, the big noise and danger of drones can\\ndisturb and create fear in people. Duncan et al. investigated a com-\\nfortable drone-participant separation threshold and reported that\\nat least 0.6 m is necessary [3] . Cauchard et al. also reported that\\nusers accustomed to a drone can bring it within their intimate space\\n(1.5 ft) [2] . Unfortunately, the small drones used in the field of HDI\\nhave short flight times, just a few tens of minutes, and it is difficult\\nto maintain operation as a spatial platform for long periods.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,479,747,655],\"text\":\"Thus, studies that use balloons that are lighter than air and can\\ngenerate buoyancy without creating noise or consuming electric\\npower have been published. Kuznetsov et al. proposed a fixed bal-\\nloon that can sense air quality and visualize the results by altering\\nthe color of its surface [14] . PrOp is a plimp-based drone that uses\\npropellers to move in air and the user can browse remote spaces\\nby controlling it via the Internet [23] . Airjolly and Ollie are plimp-\\nbased, autonomous and ambient robots that fly around by flapping\\ntheir wings [12, 22] . Dirt is an autonomous helium balloon with\\na propeller mechanism designed to document activity in spaces\\n[19] . Tolita et al. proposed a telepresence system using blimps onto\\nwhich the remote user's face is projected [27] .\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,668,591,686],\"text\":\"3  PROPOSED METHOD\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,690,747,792],\"text\":\"We propose a safe drone, ZeRONE, which develops thrust by the\\nimperceptible vibration of surfaces. It eliminates the need for pro-\\npellers and flapping mechanisms. As the thrusters available produce\\nvery weak forces, we mount them on a blimp type drone that has\\nvirtually zero weight. This section uses the example of the most\\nsimple configuration to explain the principle and architecture of\\nZeRONE.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,806,541,825],\"text\":\"3.1 Microblower\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,828,747,944],\"text\":\"It is well known that a piezo element vibrates mechanically when\\nan AC voltage is applied. The microblower [16] is a new pump\\ninvented by Murata Manufacturing Co. that uses piezo elements\\nas actuators, see Figure 2 . Although the microblower is superior\\nin terms of safety and silence, it generates very slight thrust. We\\nmeasured the reaction force of a microblower driven by an AC\\nsignal (22.2 Vp, 26 kHz, square wave) using a precision balance.\\nWhile the microblower weighs about 1.4 g, it produces a reaction\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 365\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,746,1013],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/results/markdown/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300595/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300595", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/results/output_json/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[70,108,373,307],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image presents a microblower from its front and back sides, alongside a schematic diagram of its internal mechanism. The physical device is a small, square component showing an exhaust port on the front and a circular piezoelectric element on the back, connected to wires. The accompanying diagram illustrates how a piezoelectric element oscillates within a pump room to create airflow, drawing air in through an admission port and expelling it through an exhaust port.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,318,395,363],\"text\":\"Figure 2: (a) The front side of microblower. (b) The back side.\\n(c) The mechanism of microblower. The piezo element set in\\nthe pump room vibrates at ultrasonic frequencies.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[85,381,375,396],\"text\":\"Table 1: Driven blower(s) according to each direction.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[141,411,319,506],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Direction</td><td>Driven blower</td></tr><tr><td>Forward</td><td>2, 2'</td></tr><tr><td>Upward</td><td>1, 3'</td></tr><tr><td>Downward</td><td>1', 3</td></tr><tr><td>Yaw turn (Right)</td><td>2'</td></tr><tr><td>Yaw turn (Left)</td><td>2</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a two-column table titled \\\"Direction\\\" and \\\"Driven blower.\\\" It lists five directions: Forward, Upward, Downward, Yaw turn (Right), and Yaw turn (Left), along with specific blower numbers (e.g., 2, 2', 1, 3', 1', 3) associated with each direction.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_2_tab_5.png\"},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,528,393,588],\"text\":\"force of about 0.04 g. ZeONE uses the microblowers as thrust\\ngenerators. Our approach assumes a vehicle with neutral buoyancy\\nand the simultaneous use of multiple microblowers, which increases\\nthrust and generates thrust venturing.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,599,229,617],\"text\":\"3.2 Parts arrangement\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,619,389,635],\"text\":\"The basic ZeRONE mainly consists of four components as below.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[83,637,338,696],\"text\":\"(1) A helium gas balloon to create neural buoyancy\\n(2) Microblowers to produce thrust\\n(3) Control and energy-supply circuit.\\n(4) Structural parts: frame, weights, etc.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,698,393,814],\"text\":\"There are several component arrangements. The simple example\\nshown in Figure 3 is prototyped and tested; others forms are de-\\nscribed later. Microblowers are installed on the left and right sides\\nof the drone. One blower module consists of four microblowers\\nand six modules are used (total of 24 microblowers). Each module\\nis labeled in Figure 3 . The balloon is set at the center of ZeRONE\\nand provides the buoyancy needed. The soft body of the balloon\\neliminates the fear of collision injuries.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,815,393,887],\"text\":\"The control circuit, battery and weights are attached to the bot- \\ntom of the balloon. This weight is adjusted so that the entire drone \\nis neutrally buoyant in the air. Because of the center of gravity is \\nset some distance under the center of lift, ZeRONE is rotationally \\nstable (in roll and pitch not yaw).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,888,393,947],\"text\":\"While the prototype cannot smoothly replicate arbitrary flight\\npatterns, it has enough degree of freedom (DoF6) to move to any\\nplace in 3D space. Since the microlowers used provide no re-\\nverse thrust, the prototype cannot move backwards. Table 1 shows\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,425,746,529],\"text\":\"how ZeRONE moves when driving different pairs of microblower\\nmodules. Pairs of modules are activated simultaneously, eight mi-\\ncroblowers, to move upward, downward, and forward. Roll move-\\nment is theoretically possible by driving pairs of microblower mod-\\nules (1 and 1', or 3 and 3'): but the prototype is too stable to permit\\nthis. These module pairs develop thrust in opposite directions to\\ncancel pitch movement direction when going up or down.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_014.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_2_figure_014.png\",\"bbox\":[429,109,739,359],\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A diagram illustrates a spherical balloon equipped with two side modules containing multiple microblowers, admission ports, and exhaust ports. A frame, control circuit, and battery are attached below the balloon, with arrows indicating its 2.5 degrees of freedom for movement.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[453,368,713,385],\"text\":\"Figure 3: One example architecture of ZeRONE.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,543,581,561],\"text\":\"3.3 Possible structures\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,564,746,608],\"text\":\"We can easily increase the DoFs of movement of ZeRONE by in-\\nstalling more microblowers. In this section, we discuss the possible\\nstructures and their DoFs in flight.\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,609,746,725],\"text\":\"Figure 4 (a) shows a type of drone with microblowers on more\\naxes. It has 32 micro blowers in total; four are directed in each of\\neight different directions. This drone would be heavier than the\\none in Figure 3, but could move in any direction without changing\\nits orientation by driving various combinations of microblowers.\\nAlthough it can rotate around the yaw axis, rotation around the\\npitch and roll axes would require careful alignment of the gravity\\ncenter.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,726,747,945],\"text\":\"The second structure sets all microblowers in one direction on a\\ngreat circle as shown in Figure 4 (b). This structure uses internally\\nmounted servo motors to drive the pitch and roll axes inside the\\nballoon. Since the gravity center is below the servo motors, when\\nthe servo motors rotate, the center of gravity changes and the\\nballoon and microblowers rotate. Take rising for example. Changing\\nthe center of gravity viewed from the microblower can drive the\\ngreat circle horizontal with the microblowers facing downwards\\nas shown in Figure 4 (b). The drone can also be rotated in the\\nyaw axis direction by driving only the microblowers on one side.\\nUnlike the structures in Figure 4 (a), (c), the configuration includes\\nmovable parts; however, all mechanical parts are contained within\\nthe balloon so there is no possibility of them hitting people. Note\\nthat since all microblowers are facing the direction of movement, it\\nhas higher thrust and speed than the other types in Figure 4 (a), (c).\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 365\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/results/markdown/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300595/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300595", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/results/output_json/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[99,101,715,314],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays a spherical robot design with different configurations for propulsion and control. Panel (a) shows 32 microblowers arranged in four flat arrays on the sphere's surface, while panel (c) features tilted microblowers in similar positions. Panel (b) illustrates an internal carbon pipe with two servo motors that adjust the gravity center for movement and rotation, alongside eight perimeter microblowers.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[80,322,733,339],\"text\":\"Figure 4: Examples of possible architectures. (a) Omnidirectional type. (b) Servo motor type. (c) Tilted microblower type.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,363,394,392],\"text\":\"Moreover, by combining Figure 4 (a) with Figure 4 (b), it is possible\\nto make a drone capable of moving and rotating in all directions.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,393,394,510],\"text\":\"Figure 4 (c) shows a microblower drone structured like a multi-\\ncopter. The current microblowers can't produce reverse thrust or\\na torque reaction force unlike motor-driven propellers. This omis-\\nsion can be offset by installing contra-tilted microblowers on both\\nsides of each arm as shown in Figure 4 (c). Although this structure\\ncan achieve movement in all directions, their off-axis orientation\\nreduces thrust efficiency. For that reason, more microblowers or\\nhigher power ones are required for realization.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,522,226,538],\"text\":\"4 IMPLEMENTATION\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,542,394,585],\"text\":\"This chapter explains how we implemented our prototype. Figure\\n5 shows an overview of the prototype and Table 2 shows all parts\\nand their weights.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,585,394,646],\"text\":\"The balloon is a 24 inch aluminum-metalized film balloon from\\nS.A.G.Balloons. The maximum gas capacity of the balloon is 140\\nL and when filled with helium gas the balloon can lift about 100 g\\naccording to the maker's catalog. The 100 g lift capacity includes\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,363,746,405],\"text\":\"the weight of the balloon itself. Thus, the actual payload of the\\naircraft is 89.4 g (106.4 g - 27.0 g) i.e. weight that can be lifted by\\nthe balloon.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_010.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_010.png\",\"bbox\":[76,665,385,901],\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A silver, spherical balloon-like device is shown with various components labeled. It features 24 micro blowers around its top, carbon rods forming a horizontal frame, and a control circuit, battery, and weight assembly attached to its bottom.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,909,394,939],\"text\":\"Figure 5: An overview of prototype. The diameter of the\\ndrone is about 60 cm.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,405,746,480],\"text\":\"The aluminum-metalized film is strong against helium gas leak-\\nage and can maintain buoyancy for a longer time than rubber bal-\\nloons. Besides, it is also harder to rupture and safer than a rubber\\nballoon. Even if a small hole opens on its surface, it slowly falls\\nwhile the gas gradually leaks out.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,480,746,641],\"text\":\"The drive circuit, receiver, battery and weight to adjust buoyancy\\nare installed at the bottom of the body. A 3S Lithium-polymer (Li-\\nPo) battery (11.1 V, 180 mAh) was used since a high voltage is\\nrequired to drive the piezo elements. The drive circuit has an H-\\nbridge, microcontroller, and linear regulator generating 5 V for\\nthe microcontroller and receiver. The microcontroller alters the\\nH-bridge according to the receiver's signal. Piloting is realized by\\na FESS compatible transmitter using 2.4 GHz band radio waves.\\nAlthough advanced sensors such as an inertial measurement unit\\n(IMU) and laser range finder were available, we did not use them\\nin this initial prototype.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,641,746,715],\"text\":\"The 24 microlowenders, six modules, are connected to the circuit\\nand individually activated at the activation level indicated. They\\nare driven by a 26 kHz square wave of 22.2 $V_{p-p}$ and activation\\nlevel (16 steps) is adjusted by 30 Hz PWM. Strictly speaking, each\\nmicroblower has a slightly different resonance frequency and it is\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,752,746,782],\"text\":\"Table 2: All parts without weights to adjust buoyancy in-\\ncluded in the prototype.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[423,798,745,939],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Part</td><td>Overview</td><td>Num.</td><td>Total weight</td></tr><tr><td>Balloon</td><td>24 inch balloon</td><td>1</td><td>27.0 g</td></tr><tr><td>Microblower</td><td>MZRB1001T02</td><td>24</td><td>31.4 g</td></tr><tr><td>Carbon rods</td><td>0.8 x 1.2 x 1000 mm</td><td>4</td><td>5.3 g</td></tr><tr><td>Drive Circuit</td><td>6CH H-Bridge</td><td>1</td><td>8.0 g</td></tr><tr><td>Receiver</td><td>KingKong RX800-PRO</td><td>1</td><td>1.2 g</td></tr><tr><td>Battery</td><td>3S 180 mAh Li-Po</td><td>1</td><td>18.9 g</td></tr><tr><td>Others</td><td>Joint, Screw, Velcro, etc.</td><td>-</td><td>14.6 g</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>106.4 g</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table displays a bill of materials for a project, listing various parts such as Balloon, Microblower, Carbon rods, Drive Circuit, Receiver, Battery, and Others. For each part, it provides an overview, the number of units, and the total weight in grams. The table concludes with a total weight of 106.4 g.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_3_tab_16.png\"},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 365\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/results/markdown/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300595/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300595", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/results/output_json/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[77,109,386,336],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A 2D line plot displays elapsed time in seconds on the y-axis against distance in meters on the x-axis. Two data series, \\\"Upward\\\" (black squares) and \\\"Downward\\\" (red circles), show a nearly linear increase in elapsed time as distance increases, with the lines closely overlapping.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,346,393,377],\"text\":\"Figure 6: The speeds of ZeRONE when moved upward and\\ndownward.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,406,394,540],\"text\":\"possible to increase overall thrust by careful selection of the mi-\\ncroblowers or tuning the frequency to each microblower. When\\nmodulation by 30 Hz PWM is used to decrease the output, some\\nslight bass sound is generated in the audible range. However, be-\\ncause the microblower gradually reduces its output as the driving\\nAC shifts from the resonance frequency of 26 kHz and no drive\\nis created with the shift reaches several kHz, we believe that it is\\npossible to control the force output of the microblowers such the\\nultrasonic range is maintained.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,540,394,585],\"text\":\"Mechanical parts excluding balloon, carbon rods, etc. were 3D \\nprinted. We did not use any expensive parts, the proposal can be \\neasily implemented at a low price.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[67,596,187,614],\"text\":\"5 EVALUATION\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,618,243,636],\"text\":\"5.1 Kinetic performance\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,638,394,726],\"text\":\"ZeRONE has a quite different kinetic performance from propeller-\\nbased drones since the actual weight of ZeRONE is virtually zero\\nand its thrust is also very small. We moved ZeRONE in each direc-\\ntion in a room with no wind and confirmed that we could control\\nZeRONE as expected. Compared with regular drones, its movement\\nand response are slow and inertial effects are very prominent.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,726,394,843],\"text\":\"Its kinetic performance was evaluated. We measured the time\\ntaken by ZERONE to move up and down five meters in the experi-\\nment. Before the experiment, neutral buoyancy was set by adjusting\\nthe weight. The micro blowers used to move were same as Table 1\\nshows. Thus, eight microblowers were used to move up and down\\nand four were used to rotation in the yaw axis. In the experiment,\\nthe drone started in the stationary state and the microblowers were\\nthen driven at maximum to the end.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,843,394,916],\"text\":\"Figure 6 shows the results of the two experiments. As the num-\\nber of micro blowers used for rising and falling are the same, the\\nresults were almost the same. In both directions, the prototype\\ntook approximately 28 seconds to move five meters. The maximum\\nspeed of about 20 cm/s was attained at the two-meter point.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,916,394,946],\"text\":\"The next experiment measured the rotation speed around the\\nyaw axis. In this experiment we rotated the drone for 20 seconds,\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,398,746,428],\"text\":\"see Figure 7 . The rotation speed continued to rise gradually and\\nreached about 80°/s.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_013.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_013.png\",\"bbox\":[430,109,740,323],\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A line graph shows rotation angle in degrees on the y-axis plotted against elapsed time in seconds on the x-axis. The data points, marked by squares, illustrate that the rotation angle increases with elapsed time, exhibiting an upward curving, non-linear trend. The angle starts at zero and reaches approximately 1000 degrees at 20 seconds.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[471,332,695,350],\"text\":\"Figure 7: The rotation speed of ZeRONE.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,446,594,464],\"text\":\"5.2 Energy consumption\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,466,747,671],\"text\":\"Although ZeRONE doesn't consume electricity to provide lift, con-\\ntrolling the microblowers does. The drive circuit continuously con-\\nsumes about 50 mA even if the microblowers are not activated. This\\nis mainly due to the receiver and the microcontroller. When the\\ndrive circuit receives the control signal via the transmitter holding\\nby a user, it activates the microblowers. When the microblowers\\nare activated, the current dynamically changes and the average\\nvalue increases. While the current required depends on the number\\nand the activation level of microblowers, about 220 mAh flows on\\naverage when eight microblowers are driven at maximum level.\\nThe capacity of the current battery is 180 mAh and we confirmed\\nthat the prototype continued to work for more than thirty minutes\\nwith eight microblowers driven at maximum. Note that ZeRONE\\ndoes not crash but keeps drifting if the battery becomes empty.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,689,529,707],\"text\":\"5.3 Noise level\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,710,747,826],\"text\":\"If drones are to be used in public spaces, the noise problem is a\\nparticular concern. ZeRONE generates only a light sound of wind\\nwhile moving. To confirm this, the volume at the time of maxi-\\nmally driving the eight forward microblowers was measured. The\\nenvironment in which we conducted the measurements was an\\noffice with average environmental noise of 45.7 dBA. We measured\\nthe noise from a total of 15 different places in this environment as\\nshown in Figure 8 .\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,826,747,943],\"text\":\"As shown in Figure 8 , the noise of the drone depends on the\\ndirection; the sound is lowest at the exhaust port side. The high-\\nest noise level in this experiment was 57.7 dBA, which is much\\nlower than the 80 dBA noise (15 meter separation) yielded by a\\nDJI Phantom II [7] . Although it was still slightly audible at eight\\nmeters distant, the noise level was almost the same as ordinary\\nbackground noise. From the above, we regard ZeRONE as having\\nexcellent quietness.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 365\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/results/markdown/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300595/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300595", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/results/output_json/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[75,111,386,434],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This top-view polar plot displays noise levels in dBA around a central drone. Concentric circles represent distances of 1m, 3m, and 8m, while radial lines indicate angles from 0° (front) to 180°. Numerical values are distributed across the plot, showing measured noise levels at various distances and angular positions.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[119,443,342,460],\"text\":\"Figure 8: The noise levels in each places.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,490,219,508],\"text\":\"5.4 Operational time\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,510,394,744],\"text\":\"Considering the intended daily use of ZeRONE, its flotation time\\nis an important factor. Long operating time leads to lower mainte-\\nnance costs and encourages applications such as long-term sensing.\\nWe investigated how the buoyancy of the balloon changed over\\na 5 week period. The temperature varied between 26 and 29 de-\\ngrees and the atmospheric pressure also changed between 992 and\\n1007 hPa in the period. The balloon was the same type as the one\\nused in the prototype. Figure 9 shows the change in buoyancy. The\\ninitial buoyancy was 88 g; however, helium gas gradually escaped\\nfrom the balloon and it fell to 63 g in 5 weeks. The measurement\\nenvironment was a normal home environment so pressure and\\ntemperature were not controlled. Therefore, the rate of decrease\\nwas not perfectly linear. The current prototype can float for about 2\\nweeks; however, as the buoyancy of the balloon changes, the ballast\\nweight must also be changed to ensure constant buoyancy over\\nlong periods.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,756,180,775],\"text\":\"6 DISCUSSION\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,779,238,796],\"text\":\"6.1 Possible application\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,798,394,872],\"text\":\"First, we conducted experiments to confirm the practicality of Ze-\\nRONE. Its features of safety and quietness are not offered by regular\\ndrones. We confirmed that the prototype could fly for long periods\\nand be manually controlled as expected This section discusses the\\npotential of our proposal by introducing sample applications.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,872,394,946],\"text\":\"Figure 10 (a) is an image of it used for advertising. Though\\nthe prototype used a spherical balloon, any form of balloon is\\npossible if its buoyancy is sufficient. For example, ZeRONE units\\nthat form logos or words can fly above the crowd at events or halls\\nas shown in Figure 10 ; they offer good advertising opportunities\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,390,746,507],\"text\":\"and entertainment. It is also possible to show videos by projecting\\nimages on the surfaces of the balloons. Currently, it is necessary\\nto use external projectors given their weight and power concerns;\\nhowever, we consider that mounting a projector on a ZeRONE is\\npossible by adopting lighter projectors or larger balloons. Guiding\\napplications that directly lead people to their destinations are also\\npossible if stronger microblowers are equipped. Sensing is also a\\npotential application.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_011.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[431,110,740,328],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a line graph showing buoyancy in gram-force (gf) versus elapsed days. The buoyancy starts near 90 gf and generally decreases over 35 days, ending around 63 gf. The data points are marked with squares.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[498,340,666,357],\"text\":\"Figure 9: Change in buoyancy.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,507,746,653],\"text\":\"ZeRONE has the potential to become a new spatial platform for\\nenvironment sensing applications. For example, it can fly a camera\\nover a crowd to monitor their movements. The current prototype is\\nalready able to carry a camera, see Figure 11 . ZeRONE, which can\\nfly safely over people, can take pictures everywhere, unlike drones\\nthat are prohibited from flying over people due to safety concerns.\\nThe data collected by a swarm of ZeRONE units would be valuable\\nfor human flow analysis and security. Obviously, it can be used not\\nonly for video, but also for collecting various environmental data\\nstreams such as temperature, humidity and sound.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,653,746,901],\"text\":\"Figure 10 shows applications that use the mirrored surface of\\nthe currently-used balloon. As Figure 1 , 3 shows, the aluminum-\\nmetalized film balloon filled gas has a specular surface and reflects\\nlights. Examples of applications using this mirrored surface are\\nshown in Figure 10 (b). It is possible to capture omnidirectional\\nimages from an arbitrary point in the air by using the convex\\nmirror surface of the balloon and a high performance camera on\\nthe ground. Although omnidirectional imaging tends to require a\\nhigh resolution camera that is difficult to mount on the balloon, this\\nmethod needs a camera on the ground. Moreover, it is possible to\\nnot only capture but also project an image anywhere by using the\\nmirror-like surface of the balloon and a projector with sufficient\\nbrightness and resolution. For example, an object can be projected\\nonto a desk from a hidden projector and the user can cast a spotlight\\non the desk without a desk light. ZeRONE has the potential to\\novercome the limitations posed by the occlusion of cameras and\\nprojectors.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,901,746,945],\"text\":\"The flying telepresence application proposed by Tobita et al. [27]\\nis also supported by ZeBONE. This application allows a remote user\\nto communicate using a drone on which his/her face is displayed.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 365\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/results/markdown/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300595/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300595", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/results/output_json/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[102,108,715,295],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"An illustration depicts a spherical balloon-like device equipped with cameras and projectors interacting with human figures. The device projects images, such as text (\\\"CHI\\\", \\\"Here!\\\") or a remote user's silhouette, either onto its own surface or onto the ground, and also features mirrored surfaces.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,307,746,340],\"text\":\"Figure 10: Possible applications. (a) Advertising and sensing, (b) Utilizing the mirrored surface, such as video capturing and\\nprojection, and (c) Tele-communication\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_004.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[74,360,386,593],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A top-down view shows a light-colored tiled floor with a white sign displaying \\\"CHI 2019\\\" and a logo in the upper left. Several white cables crisscross the floor, with a small black electronic device visible among them.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,605,394,636],\"text\":\"Figure 11: View provided by ZE'RONE. This picture was cap-\\ntured by a camera mounted on the prototype.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,664,395,767],\"text\":\"The flying telepresence system has the benefit of avoiding obstacles\\nunlike traditional wheel-mounted telepresence systems. Moreover,\\nit is possible to realize a higher presence by using balloons in the\\nshape of the user's face like the system of Misawa et al. [17] . Users\\ncan casually touch or move it since ZeRONE is safe. Not only com-\\nmunication but also games and education are possible application\\nfields.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,780,182,797],\"text\":\"6.2 Limitations\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,799,395,947],\"text\":\"Although ZeRONE has many unique advantages such as safety,\\nquietness, and long flight times, it also has some obvious disad-\\nvantages. First, the thrust is so slight that its movement is very\\nslow and it takes a lot of time to move and to stop. However, the\\nmicroblower was originally designed for device cooling and not for\\ngenerating propulsive power. Therefore, we believe there is room\\nto improve thrust by optimizing the microblower architecture. A\\nhigher thrust microblower would allow the use of larger balloons\\nwith greater payload or higher speeds. If the drone can follow a\\nwalking user by improving the thrust and/or decreasing the air\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,364,746,406],\"text\":\"resistance, for example, interactive applications that lead users di-\\nrectly to their destinations and a flying telepresence system capable\\nof communicating with a walker would become available.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,407,747,538],\"text\":\"The key problem is its weakness against winds. Since ZeRONE\\nhas high air resistance and weak thrust, it is moved easily by air\\nconditioner winds or by humans walking past it. This makes it diffi-\\ncult to use ZeRONE outdoors and indoors if strong air conditioning\\nis present. As suggested for the previous problem, solutions include\\nadopting more microblowers, higher power blowers, or lower air\\nresistance balloons. In addition, the high aerodynamic inertia of\\nZeRONE demands high speed feedback control of the blowers to\\nprevent course deviation.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,539,747,861],\"text\":\"Finally, there is the short time available for controlled flight.\\nAlthough the balloon can float for several weeks, it uses a lot of\\nelectricity to move and consume the battery in about 30 minutes\\nat maximum thrust. This is longer than the flight time of most\\nsmall drones; however, it should be extended assuming the need\\nto provide interaction continuously in everyday life. Since general\\nenergy saving techniques, such as use of sleep mode or DC/DC\\nconverter, is not applied in this current implementation, there is\\nstill a room to decrease the energy consumption. In particular, sleep\\nmode would be effective because the response of the prototype is\\nnot quick. Further reductions in energy consumption or extending\\nbattery life are possible, for example, developing higher efficiency\\nmicro-blowers, greater battery efficiency, or balloons with lower\\nair resistance. The easier way is to obtain more buoyancy by using\\nlarger balloon, thus supporting the use of larger batteries. Simply\\nincreasing the diameter to 80 cm would yield about 100 g of addi-\\ntional buoyancy. This makes it possible to install not only larger\\nbatteries, but also more advanced sensors such as IMU, laser range\\nsensor, or wide angle camera. Moreover, speaker units and laser\\nprojectors are being rapidly made much lighter and smaller than\\nconventional DLP or liquid crystal projectors and so can also be\\ninstalled.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,887,557,905],\"text\":\"7 FUTURE WORK\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,908,746,939],\"text\":\"We aim to evolve our proposal for building new practical platforms\\nthat can sense and present information in the real world. First of all,\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 365\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/results/markdown/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300595/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300595", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/results/output_json/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,157,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,633,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, GI\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,114,394,288],\"text\":\"we will enhance our drone so that it can sense and present infor-\\nmation via advance sensors and displays. Although it may depend\\non external devices such as motion capture cameras and projectors\\nbecause of payload limits, we aim to achieve systems intended for\\ndrone application in the future. Next, we will develop a ZeRONE\\nthat automatically moves to a gas station and recharges itself when\\nit detects a gas shortage. Moreover, we will simultaneously control\\nmany ZeRONE units by using swarm control technology as in Fig-\\nure 10 (a). Furthermore, we will combine data analysis technology\\nwith ZeRONE swarms to build a new spatial platform that can\\nautomatically collect and analyze data and present information to\\nenhance the ubiquitous environment.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,288,394,363],\"text\":\"We will also investigate the human perception of ZeRONE. Issues\\ninclude psychological resistance and discomfort to an object floating\\nabove them or what parameter values, such as speed and direction,\\nare most comfortable. We intend to make it a practical platform\\nthat can always operate in the human living space.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,387,189,402],\"text\":\"8 CONCLUSION\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"paper_conclusion\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,405,394,598],\"text\":\"We presented ZeRONE, a blimp type drone based on a blade-free\\npropulsion mechanism. As ZeRONE is a safe, light and quiet drone\\nthat uses a blade-free mechanism, it can fly freely in the human\\nliving space. We explained the principle and construction of the\\nproposed method. A prototype was built to confirm the implemen-\\ntation practicality of ZeRONE. We also investigated its fundamental\\ncharacteristics such as kinetic performance and energy consump-\\ntion in experiments. We also discussed the unique characteristics\\nand benefits of ZeRONE and described possible applications includ-\\ning motoring, guiding and telecommunication. The results gained\\nconfirm that ZeRONE has the potential to become a new spatial\\nplatform for ubiquitous environments. Its current limitations and\\nfuture research directions were elucidated.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"paper_conclusion\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,619,164,636],\"text\":\"REFERENCES\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[73,640,391,660],\"text\":\"[1] Amazon.com. 2016. Amazon Prime Air. Retrieved September 21, 2018 from\\nhttps://www.amazon.com/Amazon-Prime-Air/?ie=UTF8&qid=5037720014 .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[74,661,391,714],\"text\":\"[2] Jessica R. Cautchard, Jane L. E. Kevin Y. Zhao, and James A. Landay. 2015. Dreamer:\\nme: An Exploration into Natural Human-dron-Interaction. In Proceedings of the\\n2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing\\nin Human-Current, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 361–365. https://doi.org/10.1145/\\n2758054.2965552\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[73,715,391,745],\"text\":\"[3] B. A. Dineen and R. R. Murphy. 2013. Comfortable approach distance with small\\nUnmanned Aerial Vehicles. In 2013 IEEE RO-MAN-766-792 . https://doi.org/10.\\n1109/RO-MAN-766-792.2013.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[74,747,392,768],\"text\":\"[4] Markus Funk. 2018. Human-drone Interaction: Let’s Get Ready for Flying User\\nInterfaces. Interactions 25, 3 (April 2018), 78–81. https://doi.org/10.1145/3194317.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[74,769,392,789],\"text\":\"[5] Seth C. Goldstein and Todd C. Mowry. 2004. Claytronics: A Scalable Basis For\\nFuture Robots. In Proceedings of RoboSphere .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[74,790,392,832],\"text\":\"[6] Antonio Gomes, Calvin Rubens, Sean Braley, and Roel Verteaug. 2016. Bit\\nDrones: Towards Using 3D Nanocopper Displays as Interactive Self-Levitating\\nProgrammable Matter. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors\\nin Computing Systems (CHI’16) . 770–780.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[74,832,392,875],\"text\":\"[7] Nanyaport Intarapet, William N. Alexander, William J. Deavenport, Sheryl M.\\nGrace, and Amanda Dropkin. 2016. Experimental Study of Dequator Acoustics\\nand Performance at Static Thrust Conditions. American Institute of Aeronautics\\nand Astronautics. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2873\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[74,875,391,906],\"text\":\"[7] Hiroshi Iida, David Lakatos, Leonard Bonatum, and Jean-Pierre Labrune. 2018\\nTrends in non-tangible bits, toward transferable materials. International\\nEn. 19, 1 (2018): 32-45.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[74,907,392,938],\"text\":\"[9] Masoud Gheizavi Jayary and Bruce W. Walker. 2012. Usability assessment of\\nDecision Support systems for radiation risk. In Journal of Information Technologies\\nin Construction, Vol. 12: 194-216.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[422,116,633,169],\"text\":\"[10] Walther Jensen, Simon Hansen, and Hendrik Koestner.\\nSeeing Me: Investigating User Preferences in En-\\nters. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference\\non User Experience (New York, NY, USA),\\nhttp://doi.org/10.1145/3185744.3173948 .\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[423,169,632,223],\"text\":\"[11] Yunus Karaca, Mustafa Çizek, Ozgur Talp,\\nMuhammad Fatt Meser, and Suman Turedir.\\nunmanned aircraft vs drone (drone) in montic\\npeak, https://tursunet.com.tr/its/news/2022/03/26/our-\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tursunet.2021.09.002\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[422,223,632,244],\"text\":\"[12] Festa AG & Co. KG. 2008. 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J. of Computer and Image Processing 27:1069-1084\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[423,371,632,392],\"text\":\"[16] Murata Manufacturing. 2009. Retrieved September\\nmurata.com/products/mechanetics/fluid.\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[423,392,633,434],\"text\":\"[17] Kana Misawa and Jun Mokimoto. 2015. Wearing An\\nsurrogate System with a Telepresence Face. In\\nInternational Symposium on Wearable Computers\\nNY, USA, 125-132. https://doi.org/10.1145/28020\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[423,434,633,478],\"text\":\"[8] Rei Nitta, Keita Higuchi, and Jun Rekimoto. 2014.\\nwith a Flying Ball. In Proceedings of the 5th Annual\\nConference (AH ’14) . ACM, New York, NY, USA.\\ndoi:10.1145/2650153.2582064\",\"reading_order\":24,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[423,478,633,530],\"text\":\"[9] Diana Novacka, Nils Y. Hammerla, Chris Elden.\\n2015. Diri - the Actuated Helium Balloon: A System\\nin Interfaces. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM Inter-\\nnational Conference on User Interface and Design , pp.\\n349–360. https://doi.org/10.1145/2790858.2808542\",\"reading_order\":25,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[422,530,633,574],\"text\":\"[20] Diana Nowacka and David Kirk. 2013. Tangible:\\nExploring Autonomous Behaviours in TUs. In Proc.\\nConference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied IoT .\\nYork, NY, USA, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1145/2547401\",\"reading_order\":26,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[422,574,633,605],\"text\":\"[21] Yoichi Ochiai, Tadayuki Hoshi, and Jun Takemoto.\\n\\\"GraphS: A Social Graph Database for Social Networks.\\\" http:\\n//arxiv.org/abs/1805.12031 , 2018.\",\"reading_order\":27,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[422,605,634,615],\"text\":\"[22] Ollie, 2011. Retrieved September 21, 2018 from ht\",\"reading_order\":28,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[422,616,632,659],\"text\":\"[23] Eric Paulos and John Camay. 1998. PBoP: Personal life\\nof the SAGCH Conference on Human Factors in Com-\\npress/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., New York:\\nhttp://doi.org/10.1145/2744647.274686\",\"reading_order\":29,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[422,659,633,702],\"text\":\"[24] Daniel Szaliz, Birge Multe, and Terence Fong. 2011\\nAssistive Free Flyers. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM\\non Human-robot Interaction (HRI ’14) . ACM, New\\nYork, http://doi.org/10.1145/2559636.255672\",\"reading_order\":30,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[422,702,633,743],\"text\":\"[28] Daniel Szafar, Bilby Molta, and Terry Fox. 1997 Hub-5e Eval System\\nEvaluation. http://isl.speech.lv.uka.edu/ISL.speech.lvcsr.html?doc=ISL.speech.lv.\\nConference on Human Robot Interaction (HRI I).\",\"reading_order\":31,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[422,743,633,785],\"text\":\"[26] J. M. Teixeira, R. Ferrer, M. Santos, and V. Teichreit,\\nGoogle Glass and AR, Drone for Structural Inspired\\non Virtual and Augmented Reality (SVR) , Vol. 00. 2018.\\nSVR. 2014.42\",\"reading_order\":32,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[422,785,632,828],\"text\":\"[27] Hirasaki Tobita, Shagefu Maruyama, and Takuya\\nTelepresence System Using Blimps for Communication.\\nCHI '11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing .\\nACM, New York, NY, USA, 541–550. https://doi.org/10.1145/3069610.3081720\",\"reading_order\":33,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[422,829,632,849],\"text\":\"[28] Tofoli Tommasse and Norman Margolais. 1991. Pro-\\nand realization. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena\",\"reading_order\":34,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"reference\",\"bbox\":[422,849,633,892],\"text\":\"[29] Wataru Yamada, Kazuhira Yurida, Hiroyuki Matsui\\nIsphere Self-Lamrous Spherical Drome Display. In\\nACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Tech-\\nnology , NY, USA, 635–643. https://doi.org/10.1145/\",\"reading_order\":35,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,125,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 365\",\"reading_order\":36,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[595,996,633,1012],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":37,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300595/results/markdown/3290605-3300595_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300597/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300597", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/results/output_json/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,38,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[97,118,717,212],\"text\":\"Can Privacy Be Satisfying? On Improving Viewer\\nSatisfaction for Privacy-Enhanced Photos Using\\nAesthetic Transforms\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[85,226,729,244],\"text\":\"Rakibul Hasan$^{1}$, Yifang Li$^{2}$, Eman Hassan$^{1}$, Kelly Caine$^{2}$, David J. Crandall$^{1}$, Roberto Hoyle$^{3}$, Apu Kapadia$^{1}$\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[266,243,543,273],\"text\":\"1 Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA\\n{ rakhasan,emhasan,diran,kapadia } @indiana.edu\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[294,273,519,306],\"text\":\"2 Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA\\n{yifang2,caine}@clemson.edu\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[305,306,508,338],\"text\":\"3 Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA\\nhoyle@oberlin.edu\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,348,140,365],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,370,395,640],\"text\":\"Pervasive photo sharing in online social media platforms can\\ncause unintended privacy violations when elements of an\\nimage reveal sensitive information. Prior studies have iden-\\ntified image obfuscation methods (e.g., blurring) to enhance\\nprivacy, but many of these methods adversely affect view-\\ners’ satisfaction with the photo, which may cause people to\\navoid using them. In this paper, we study the novel hypothe-\\nsis that it may be possible to restore viewers’ satisfaction by\\n'boosting' or enhancing the aesthetics of an obscured image,\\nthereby compensating for the negative effects of a privacy\\ntransform. Using a between-subjects online experiment, we\\nstudied the effects of three artistic transformations on images\\nthat had objects obscured using three popular obfuscation\\nmethods validated by prior research. Our findings suggest\\nthat using artistic transformations can mitigate some nega-\\ntive effects of obfuscation methods, but more exploration is\\nneeded to retain viewer satisfaction.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,654,172,671],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,676,394,709],\"text\":\"• Human-centered computing → Collaborative and social\\ncomputing theory, concepts and paradigms;\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,723,150,740],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,745,312,761],\"text\":\"Privacy; Image Obfuscation; Image Filtering\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,349,554,364],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,367,747,467],\"text\":\"Rakulbhai Hasan, Yifang Li, Eman Hassan, Kelly Caine, David P.\\nCrandall, Roberto Hoyle, Apu Kapadia. 2019. Can Privacy Be\\nSatisfying? On Improving Viewer Satisfaction for Privacy-Enhanced\\nPhotos Using Aesthetic Transforms. In CHI Conference on Human\\nFactors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019,\\nGlasgow, Scotland .UK: ACM, New York, NY, USA, 13 pages. https:\\n//doi.org/10.1145/3290695.3300597\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,480,549,497],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,502,747,757],\"text\":\"Photo sharing provides a natural mechanism for people to\\nexpress themselves and interact with one another [19] , and\\nonline social media has dramatically increased the volume\\nof photo sharing activity [7, 8] . Such sharing has, in turn, led\\nto a rise in accidental privacy violations [46] , for example by\\nrevealing embarrassing moments of photos. To address this\\nrisk, social media users engage in self-censoring measures\\nranging from restricting their sharing, to controlling access\\nto their photos through privacy settings, to withdrawing\\nfrom social media platforms altogether [40, 41, 47] . People\\nalso have to exercise control offline to avoid sharing co-\\nowned photos with undesired audiences [42] or embarrass-\\nment by photos captured and shared by other people [37] .\\nUnfortunately, these measures seem to be as inadequate as\\npervasive photo sharing on social media continues to gener-\\nate major privacy concerns [37, 42] .\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,757,747,902],\"text\":\"To reduce the privacy risks of online photo sharing, recent\\nstudies have proposed using privacy-enhancing image ob-\\nfuscations to obscure sensitive regions of photos [14, 15, 25] ,\\nwhile trying to preserve the `utility' (i.e., the viewer's ex-\\nperience) of the photos. These studies identify a set of obfusca-\\ntions that can effectively obscure objects (or their properties)\\nin a photo while minimizing the impact on the viewer's\\noverall satisfaction $^7$ . However, the set of such useful ob-\\nfuscations is relatively small; most obfuscations reduce the\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,788,394,894],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not\\nmade or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear\\nthis notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components\\nof this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with\\ncredit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to\\nredistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request\\npermissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,896,273,951],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\\n© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery\\nACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145%2F960605.330597\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,909,746,951],\"text\":\"$^{3}$ As described later, \\\"satisfaction,\\\" \\\"information sufficiency,\\\" and \\\"aesthetics\\\"\\nare measured as dependent variables based on questions derived from prior\\nwork [14, 25].\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 367\",\"reading_order\":22,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":23,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/results/markdown/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300597/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300597", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/results/output_json/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,235],\"text\":\"perceived \\\"information sufficiency\\\" or aesthetics to the point\\nof negatively impacting people's satisfaction in viewing the\\nimage. Since one of the primary motivations for sharing\\nphotos is to convey information and seek acceptance, ap-\\npreciation, and validation from peers [30, 35] , preserving\\nthe utility (satisfaction) of obfuscated images is important if\\nobfuscation methods are to be widely accepted.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,236,394,506],\"text\":\"At a high level, obfuscation imposes a trade-off that is\\neasy to understand: mild obfuscations may not negatively\\naffect viewer satisfaction but may also not remove private\\nimage content effectively, while aggressive obfuscations may\\npreserve privacy but cause obvious visual changes that re-\\nduce viewer satisfaction. Prior work identified three use-\\nful variables in measuring the viewer experience – infor-\\nmation sufficiency, satisfaction, and aesthetics – and mea-\\nsured how obfuscations affect each of these variables in iso-\\nlation [14, 25] . Those studies, however, do not examine the\\ninter-relationships among these dependent variables. Fur-\\nther, in addition to direct effects, obfuscations might have\\ncascading effects on these variables (i.e. affecting one vari-\\nable through another). Understanding these relationships\\nwould greatly benefit in designing novel obfuscation meth-\\nods that can improve privacy without adversely impacting\\nviewers' experience.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,506,394,746],\"text\":\"Using data from our previous study [14] , we conduct a\\npath-model based analysis which suggests that the effects\\nof the obfuscations on information sufficiency and visual\\naesthetics are much greater than the direct effects on sat-\\nisfaction, but information sufficiency and visual aesthetics\\nare significantly associated with satisfaction. This observa-\\ntion inspires our novel hypothesis that it may be possible\\nto compensate for the reduction in information sufficiency\\nfrom obfuscations by increasing visual aesthetics, thus actually\\nmaintaining or improving overall satisfaction of the obfuscated\\nimage . This approach is illustrated in Figure 1 , where an ob-\\nject within the photo may be redacted with pixelation while\\nthe rest of the image is aesthetically `improved' using an\\nartistic transformation, resulting in satisfaction similar to\\nthe original image.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,746,394,954],\"text\":\"To test our hypothesis, we conduct a new online experi-\\nment with three obfuscation and three beautification trans-\\nformations across a variety of photo types and scenarios. The\\nexperiment follows a between-subjects design that extends\\nour previous experiment [ 14 ] by adding the beautification\\ncondition. Thus our design seeks to ascertain a causal re-\\nlationship between the manipulation of aesthetics and the\\nviewer's overall satisfaction with various obfuscations. From\\nthe photo aesthetics literature [34] , we know that colors and\\ntones play an important role in aesthetics: pure and high\\nsaturation colors tend to be more appealing to viewers than\\ndull colors, for example [5] . We pick three particular beau-\\ntifications to represent different levels of abstraction: (1) a\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,377,746,520],\"text\":\"low-level abstraction using color correction [10] to produce\\nan effect similar to highly popular Instagram filters [31] , (2) a\\n`cartooning' effect similar to a watercolor painting that mod-\\nerately changes the appearance of the original image, and (3)\\na deep learning-based algorithm to render the photo in an\\nbright, colorful style, inspired by the popular Prisma app [23] ,\\nthat produces a highly abstract and unrealistic version of the\\nimage. We refer to these three beautification transformations\\nas `colors', `cartoons', and `abstract', respectively.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_1_figure_007.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_1_figure_007.png\",\"bbox\":[419,130,767,235],\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Three horizontally arranged panels display a man sitting at a table with food and drinks. The first panel (a) is an unaltered photograph, the second panel (b) shows the scene with a pixelated effect, and the third panel (c) presents the scene with both pixelation and a cartoon-like stylization.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,249,746,338],\"text\":\"Figure 1: An example illustrating how obfuscation and beau-\\ntification change the utility aspects of an image: (a) an image\\nwithout any alteration, (b) the image after a pixel obfusa-\\ntion, and (c) the image after a pixel obfuscation applied to\\nthe food plate and a cartoon beautification on the other parts\\nof the image.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,521,746,649],\"text\":\"Our results verify interactions among information content,\\naesthetics, and satisfaction, confirming that it is worthwhile\\nto investigate whether satisfaction can be increased by in-\\ncreasing the other two variables. Although the gain in satis-\\nfaction was not statistically significant for our sample data\\nusing off-the-shelf artistic transforms, we hope our findings\\nwill inspire designing new transforms taking into account\\nthe negative effects of privacy obfuscations.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,660,550,677],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,681,746,745],\"text\":\"Prior work on mechanisms to reduce privacy risks in images\\nmainly fall into two broad categories: controlling access, and\\nlimiting information content (see Li et al. [25] for a detailed\\nreview).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,746,747,953],\"text\":\"Access control mechanisms allow only authorized users to\\naccess a photo in its original form, while others either see a\\nfully or partially scrambled version, or do not have any access\\nat all. These methods are, however, not always effective in\\nsocial media contexts, since managing access control using\\nthe ever-changing privacy settings of social media platforms\\nrequires substantial time and effort [27, 29] . Even if users can\\nmanage their own privacy by limiting sharing or using access\\ncontrol mechanisms, photos taken in public places may pose\\nprivacy treats to people who are not subjects of the photo.\\nFinally, these methods defeat one of the primary motivations\\nfor using social networking platforms — reaching out and\\nmaking new connections [35] .\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 367\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/results/markdown/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300597/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300597", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/results/output_json/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,714],\"text\":\"Controlling photo content, such as obscuring part of a\\nphoto to protect privacy, has been widely studied and adopted\\nby many existing applications. For example, people's faces\\nand vehicle license plates are blurred in Google Street View [15]\\nBlurring and pixelation are commonly used obfuscations in\\nexisting research and applications (e.g., [13, 17, 25] ), but\\nare often ineffective [14, 25] . From the viewer experience\\nperspective, more effective obfuscations, such as silhouette,\\nmasking, and point-light, are unable to retain enough infor-\\nmation, destroy visual aesthetics, and cause dissatisfaction\\nfor viewers [14, 25] . These utility variables affect photo ow-\\ners’ willingness to adopt and photo viewers' willingness to\\nview an obscured photo, since a major motivation to use on-\\nline social networks is information gathering [44] . Moreover,\\nusers tend to upload aesthetically-pleasing photos to their\\nsocial networks in order to manage the impression that they\\nleave on others [39] . Research has shown that more visually\\npleasing images are shared with larger crowds [19] by their\\nowners, and also re-shared more frequently by viewers [45] .\\nWe thus need image transformations that are able to ob-\\nscure parts of a photo without destroying important content\\nor negatively affecting visual aesthetics. The balancing of\\nprivacy-utility trade-offs are hoped to inspire widespread\\nadoption of these transformations, both as standalone pri-\\nvacy enhancing techniques, as well as complementing other\\ntechniques. For example, in the context of privacy conflicts\\naround sharing photos with multiple owners, Such et al.\\nfound that an `all-or-none' approach to resolve the conflicts\\nis dominating [42] . While the privacy-concerned co-owner(s)\\nof a photo might restrain from sharing it (i.e. adopting a self-\\nregulation strategy), privacy violation might occur if any of\\nthe other co-owner(s) chose to share it with others. Shar-\\ning a transformed version of the photo will complement the\\nprivacy preserving behavior of the concerned owner(s) and\\npreserve their privacy, at the same time will allow other co-\\nowner(s) to enjoy the photo sharing activity with negligible\\nreduction in utilities.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,715,394,954],\"text\":\"Of course, it is challenging to measure subjective proper-\\nties of an image such as creativity, aesthetics and memora-\\nbility. Isola et al. [18] define sets of image features such as\\ncolors, scene semantics, objects statistics, etc., and correlate\\nthem with image memorability. In the context of art analysis,\\nElgammal and Saleh [9] develop a computational model to\\nestimate the creativity of a work of art based on historical\\ncontext. Aydin et al. [1] analyze how perceived image aes-\\nthetics are related to lower-level image attributes, such as\\nsharpness, depth, clarity, tone, and colorfulness, and develop\\na metric to quantify these values. Deep learning techniques\\nthat attempt to estimate aesthetic attribute values have also\\nbeen introduced, as in Lu et al. [28] and Kao et al. [21] using\\nthe AVA dataset [33] . While useful for quantifying image aes-\\nthetics, these systems to do not attempt to measure viewer\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,156],\"text\":\"satisfaction or the effect of image transformations in the\\ncontext of preserving privacy, as we do here.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,157,747,411],\"text\":\"A wide variety of techniques has been proposed for adding\\nartistic effects to images, as well as for removing noise and\\ncorrecting other defects. These effects are popular on social\\nphoto sharing platforms such as Instagram and Snapchat.\\nIn the academic literature, there is much work in computer\\nvision, image processing, and computational photography on\\nproblems like creating panoramas [11] , generating High Dy-\\nnamic Range (HDR) images [20] , and performing color cor-\\nrection and enhancement [10] . Recent work in deep learning-\\nbased image style transfer has created beautifications that\\nmimic the style of particular artists [12, 48] . Other systems\\nalso attempt to generate images with specific artistic effects\\nlike cartooning [16, 24] or water-coloring [2] . We draw on\\nseveral of these beautification techniques, studying them\\nhere in the context of how they affect perceived visual aes-\\nthetics and viewer satisfaction for obfuscated images.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,429,502,443],\"text\":\"3 METHOD\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,450,747,689],\"text\":\"In earlier work, we studied the privacy-protecting and utility-\\npreserving qualities of four obfuscation methods (i.e., image\\nfilters) [14] . There we applied these filters on people and\\nother objects to obfuscate properties or attributes (such as the\\nage of a person, the organization of a room) that were iden-\\ntified as privacy sensitive in prior work. We experimented\\nwith 20 attributes, and analyzed how effective each of the\\nfilters was in obscuring these attributes and how they af-\\nfected the utility variables (i.e., information content, aesthet-\\nics, and viewers’ satisfaction). In this work We conducted\\nadditional analysis of that data using path models to study\\nthe inter-dependencies of the utility variables. The next two\\nsubsections describe the procedure and results of this analy-\\nsis. We then provide details of our new experiment, which\\nwas inspired by the results of the path model analysis.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,706,547,721],\"text\":\"Path Model Analysis\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,727,746,886],\"text\":\"We constructed separate path models using data from our\\nprevious experiment [14] for each of the 20 attributes (e.g.,\\nactivity, gender, document class, document type). In these\\npath models the exogenous variable was obfuscation type\\n(such as blur and pixel) and the endogenous variables were\\ninformation sufficiency, photo aesthetics, and photo satis-\\nfaction. We excluded data about identification accuracy and\\nand confidence from our model since we focus on the utility\\nvariables. For each attribute, we began with the initial model\\nshown in Figure 2 , and then trimmed insignificant effects.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,888,746,952],\"text\":\"In this graph representation the vertices represent vari-\\nables, and arrows represent relationships between the vari-\\nables. Further, the blue rectangular vertices are the exoge-\\nnous variables (e.g., different obfuscations), and the orange\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 367\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/results/markdown/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300597/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300597", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/results/output_json/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[102,122,360,230],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A conceptual model illustrates \\\"Privacy-enhancing Transformations\\\" influencing \\\"Information Sufficiency,\\\" \\\"Aesthetics,\\\" and directly \\\"Satisfaction.\\\" \\\"Information Sufficiency\\\" also impacts \\\"Aesthetics\\\" and \\\"Satisfaction,\\\" while \\\"Aesthetics\\\" further influences \\\"Satisfaction.\\\"\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[152,240,308,257],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Initial path model.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[69,295,395,520],\"text\":\"ellipses are the dependent variables measured (e.g., informa-\\ntion content). The directional edges in this graph express\\ncausal relationships, where changing the variable denoted\\nby the starting vertex of an edge 'causes' a change in another\\nvariable denoted by the finishing vertex of the same edge\\n(e.g., changing the obfuscation method causes a change in\\n'satisfaction'). This model also captures indirect causal ef-\\nfects, such as obfuscation methods' effects on 'satisfaction'\\nthrough 'information content'. The causal effects between\\nthe endogenous variables are speculative, but we describe\\nthe rationale for this particular arrangement of the vertices\\nand the directions of the edges, e.g., why we think ‘informa-\\ntion content' causally affects 'satisfaction' and not the other\\nway around.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,520,395,824],\"text\":\"An important motivation for people to use online social\\nnetworks is to gather information, such as by observing\\nother people's photos [44] . This means that for high satis-\\nfaction, viewers need to be able to see important content\\n( sufficient information ) in the photo. Aesthetics also con-\\ntributes to satisfaction; in fact, users often edit their photos\\nbefore sharing to improve aesthetics and to help control\\nthe impressions conveyed to others [39] . Our initial path\\nmodel thus assumes there are causal relationships (and our\\nexperiment seeks to test such causality) from information\\nsufficiency and aesthetics to satisfaction. For example, in-\\ncreasing aesthetics or information sufficiency may improve\\nsatisfaction when viewing the photo. From a photo com-\\nposition perspective, we expect that displaying sufficient\\ninformation improves photo aesthetics. Finally, based on\\nprevious work that shows that obfuscations affect informa-\\ntion content sufficiency, photo aesthetics, and satisfaction\\nin most scenarios, our initial model includes causal arrows\\nfrom transformations to each dependent variable [14] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,836,189,853],\"text\":\"Path Model Results\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,856,395,953],\"text\":\"As expected, our findings generally indicate that obfusca-\\ntions have negative effects on information sufficiency, while\\ntheir effects on aesthetics vary based on attribute types. For\\nexample, in the laundry scenario (Fig. 3 ), applying obfusca-\\ntion has no effect on image aesthetics ($\\\\chi^{(2)}(1) = 12.87$, $p =$\\n0.30). A possible explanation is that laundry is typically not\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,124,747,252],\"text\":\"an appealing or important visual element, so obscuring it\\ndoes not affect the aesthetics of the overall photo. Addition-\\nally, in half of the scenarios (age, document type and text,\\ndress, ethnicity, expression, food, hair, indoor general and\\nspecific, and messy room), there is no direct effect on photo\\nsatisfaction by different types of obfuscations, although there\\nare indirect effects mediated by information sufficiency and\\naesthetics.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,252,747,587],\"text\":\"For example, consider the path model for dress (Figure 3 ),\\nwhich has a good model fit ( $\\\\chi^2(11) = 13.02$ , $p = 0.29$ . $CFI$\\n$= 0.998$ , $TLI = 0.994$ , $RMSEA = 0.018$ ). Overall, there is a\\ndifference in information sufficiency between different trans-\\nformation conditions ( $\\\\chi^2(11) = 106.36$ , $p < 0.001$ ) compared\\nto the baseline condition; most of the transformations (blur-\\nmedium, blur-high, pixel-medium, pixel-high, edge-low, edge-\\nmedium, edge-high, masking, and silhouette) decrease infor-\\nmation sufficiency (all $p < 0.01$ ) while blur-low and pixel-low\\ndo not have any effect. On the other hand, obfuscations also\\nhave a generally negative effect on aesthetics ( $\\\\chi^2(11) = 31.79$ ,\\n$p < 0.001$ ). Photos on which blur-low, edge-low, and edge-\\nmedium have been applied have lower aesthetics compared\\nwith the original photos (all $p < 0.05$ ). Meanwhile, infor-\\nmation sufficiency appears to have a significant effect on\\naesthetics ( $p < 0.001$ ), with a one-point difference in infor-\\nmation sufficiency associated with a 0.491-point difference\\nin aesthetics ( $SE = 0.037$ ). Furthermore, aesthetics appears\\nto positively affect satisfaction ( $p < 0.001$ ), and information\\nsufficiency also appears to have a direct effect on satisfaction\\n( $p < 0.001$ ).\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,587,747,778],\"text\":\"More generally, in all scenarios, controlling for manip-\\nulations, information sufficiency has a highly significant\\npositive association with aesthetics (all $p < 0.001$ ). Addition-\\nally, aesthetics (all $p < 0.001$ ) and information sufficiency (all\\n$p < 0.001$ ) have a direct positive association with satisfac-\\ntion. These results indicate that increasing either information\\nsufficiency or aesthetics may boost image satisfaction, and\\nbeautification on the remaining (non-obfuscated) part of\\nthe image could make up for the viewers' satisfaction lost\\nthrough obfuscation. To test this causal effect, we conducted\\na new online experiment; the design and methodology of\\nthis experiment is described in the following sections.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,789,552,805],\"text\":\"Experimental Design\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,809,747,953],\"text\":\"In this experiment, we presented participants with photos\\nthat had been manipulated using various combinations of\\nprivacy-enhancing obfuscation and beautification transfor-\\nmations, and collected their ratings on utility variables. The\\nprivacy-enhancing obfuscations were applied on specific re-\\ngions of a photo (to obscure attributes of people/objects) and\\nthe beautification transforms were applied on the rest of the\\nphoto. With 3 obfuscations and 3 beautification transforms,\\nour study had 13 between-subjects experimental conditions\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 367\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/results/markdown/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300597/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300597", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/results/output_json/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[111,147,683,381],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays two structural equation path models, labeled (a) for Dress and (b) for Laundry, each showing a rectangular variable \\\"Privacy-enhancing Obfuscations\\\" influencing oval variables \\\"Information Sufficiency\\\" and \\\"Aesthetics\\\", which then influence \\\"Satisfaction\\\". Arrows indicate paths with coefficients, standard errors, and positive or negative signs, and text annotations list specific filter effects on Information Sufficiency, Aesthetics, and Satisfaction for each model.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[295,396,518,412],\"text\":\"Figure 3: Example path model diagrams.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[70,433,395,501],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Privacy enhancing obfuscations</td><td>Beautification transformations</td></tr><tr><td>Masking</td><td>Abstract</td></tr><tr><td>Pixelation</td><td>Cartoon</td></tr><tr><td>Edge</td><td>Color</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table lists two categories of image transformations. Under \\\"Privacy enhancing obfuscations\\\" are Masking, Pixelation, and Edge, while \\\"Beautification transformations\\\" include Abstract, Cartoon, and Color.\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_4_tab_4.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,505,395,595],\"text\":\"Table 1: Obfuscations and transformations used in this\\nstudy. Each obfuscation was combined with each transfor-\\nmation, resulting in nine conditions. In addition, we in-\\ncluded 3 obfuscation-only conditions, as well as a condition\\nwith the original, unaltered image, totaling 13 experimental\\nconditions.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,633,395,808],\"text\":\"(3 obfuscations + 3 obfuscations $\\\\times$ 3 beautifications + 1 un-\\nfiltered) (see Table 1 ). The baseline (i.e. unfiltered) condition\\nincluded images without any alteration. The other conditions\\nhad only an obfuscation or an obfuscation combined with a\\nbeautification. Participants were randomly assigned to one\\nof these conditions (between subjects), but each participant\\nviewed images for all six object attributes (described below).\\nSimilar to our prior study [14] , each participant viewed an\\nimage for each attribute and then answered five questions\\ncorresponding to the five dependent variables that we mea-\\nsured, as described below.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,821,145,837],\"text\":\"Participants\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,841,395,955],\"text\":\"For our previous study [14] , the number of participants per\\ncondition was calculated using a power analysis based on\\ndata from a pilot study. We planned a similar number of con-\\nditions and analysis for this new study, hence we used the\\nsame number of participants (48) for each condition. With\\nthirteen conditions, we needed at least 13 * 48 = 624 parti-\\ncipants in total. We advertised our experiment on Amazon\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,432,747,641],\"text\":\"Mechanical Turk $^2$ and hosted it on Qualtrics $^3$ , restricting par-\\nticipation to MTurk workers with a high reputation (above\\n95 % approval rating on at least 1000 completed HITs) to en-\\nsure data quality [32] . We also required workers to be at\\nleast 18 years old and living in the United States for at least\\nfive years to help control the cultural variability [22] . We\\nincluded three attention check questions to maintain data\\nquality [26] . After removing the responses from participants\\nwho provided wrong answers for one or more attention\\nchecks, we were left with 653 responses (out of a total of\\n780) that we used for analysis. Each participant was paid\\n$ 1.50, whether or not we used their response. The study was\\napproved by Indiana University's ethics board.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,653,545,668],\"text\":\"Selecting Attributes\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,672,747,833],\"text\":\"From the set of twenty privacy-sensitive attributes used in\\nour earlier experiment [14] , we selected six to include in this\\nstudy (see Table 2 ). We chose these six attributes to balance\\nthe size of the private image regions, since the sizes of obfus-\\ncated regions may otherwise vary dramatically depending on\\nthe size of the object to be obfuscated and/or the attribute it-\\nself. For example, we did not include any scenarios where the\\nwhole image needed to be obfuscated (e.g., hiding whether a\\nphoto was taken indoors or outdoors), since we wanted to\\nstudy our hypothesis in the context of object obfuscations.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,845,509,862],\"text\":\"Image dataset\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,865,746,914],\"text\":\"We used the same image set we previously used in [14] ,\\nwhich allowed us to isolate and measure the effects of beau-\\ntifications on the filtered images in this experiment. The\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[422,924,533,938],\"text\":\"2 https://www.mturk.com\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[421,938,544,952],\"text\":\"$^{3}$https://www.qualtrics.com\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 367\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/results/markdown/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300597/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300597", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/results/output_json/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"bbox\":[149,124,668,239],\"text\":\"<table><tr><td>Attribute</td><td>Question</td></tr><tr><td>Document class</td><td>What is the object inside the green rectangle?</td></tr><tr><td>Dress</td><td>What type of clothing is the person inside the green rectangle wearing?</td></tr><tr><td>Gender</td><td>What is the gender of the person inside the green rectangle?</td></tr><tr><td>Laundry</td><td>What is the object inside the green rectangle?</td></tr><tr><td>Computer app.</td><td>What application is displayed on the computer monitor inside the green rectangle?</td></tr><tr><td>Monitor text</td><td>What is the text inside the green rectangle?</td></tr></table>\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A table presents two columns, \\\"Attribute\\\" and \\\"Question.\\\" The \\\"Attribute\\\" column lists categories like \\\"Document class,\\\" \\\"Dress,\\\" \\\"Gender,\\\" \\\"Laundry,\\\" \\\"Computer app.,\\\" and \\\"Monitor text.\\\" The \\\"Question\\\" column provides a question for each attribute, mostly asking about an object, clothing, gender, application, or text within a hypothetical \\\"green rectangle.\\\"\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_5_tab_2.png\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[173,241,640,258],\"text\":\"Table 2: The six attributes and corresponding detection questions used in the survey.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,294,394,389],\"text\":\"dataset contains sets of five images for each attribute, all col-\\nlected from online sources. Care was taken to ensure that all\\nimages in each set were consistent with each other in terms\\nof the number of objects and people, the shapes and sizes of\\nthese objects, the overall image quality and brightness, and\\nthe effort required to infer a certain attribute.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,404,364,438],\"text\":\"Privacy-enhancing Transformations and Artistic\\nTransformations\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,441,393,521],\"text\":\"We identified three main obfuscations: masking, pixelation,\\nand edge. Previous work applied each of these transforma-\\ntions with three strength levels (high, medium, and low) and\\nfound that the `high' level was most effective at obscuring\\nsensitive attributes [14] , so we use only that level here.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,521,394,887],\"text\":\"We chose three different beautifications that abstract scene\\ncontent to different degrees. Our most conservative trans-\\nformation, which we call No-abstraction or 'Colors', applies\\nthe color correction technique of Finlayson et al. [10] , which\\nmodifies colors but does not affect the semantic content of\\nthe image. Mid-abstraction or 'Cartoons' applies a simple\\ntechnique for \\\"cartooning\\\" the image, by applying bilateral\\nfilter-based blurring (Tomasi and Manduchi [43] ), detecting\\nedges from image gradients and highlighting them in black,\\nand performing luminance quantization to 8 levels. This\\nbeautification abstracts some image content, since the blur-\\nring reduces resolution and the luminance quantization and\\nadded edges create an artistic effect. Finally, Max-abstraction\\nor 'Abstract' applies deep-learning based artistic style trans-\\nfer [48] for Henri Matisse's famous painting Woman with\\na hat . Using artistic transforms that abstract photo content\\nto compensate for lost information (due to the application\\nof privacy obfuscations) might seem counter intuitive; we\\nhypothesize that, since the abstraction happens at the global\\nlevel, local information loss due to obfuscations may be less\\nnoticeable. Further, the abstracted form of the photos may\\nhelp viewers absorb the high level story of a photo more\\neasily, thus creating a sense of complete information.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,888,394,952],\"text\":\"Our experiment used 13 versions of each image as shown\\nin Table 5 : unaltered, obscured (3 versions), and obscured and\\nbeautified (3x3 versions), resulting in the thirteen experimen-\\ntal conditions. For privacy-enhancing transforms, we used\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,294,747,454],\"text\":\"the same transformation size, position, and other parameters\\nreported in [14] . For the obscured and beautified versions,\\nwe first applied the obfuscations on the specific image re-\\ngions, and then the artistic transform to the rest of the image\\nusing one of the three beautifications. The obscured areas\\nwere not beautified to hold the degree of privacy constant\\nwhen comparing the obscured version with the obscured\\nand beautified version; otherwise a higher satisfaction score\\ncould be attributed to lower privacy through first obscuring\\nand then beautifying a sensitive object.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,471,513,488],\"text\":\"Measurements\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,492,746,557],\"text\":\"For each attribute, we asked five questions from two per-\\nspectives: obfuscation effectiveness and utility to the viewer.\\nWe note that all these questions and response options were\\nadapted from our previous study [14] .\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[432,566,748,950],\"text\":\"(1) Identification. Participants first saw an image with\\na green bounding box overlaid on an object of interest.\\nThey were asked to identify the object in the box by\\nanswering a multiple-choice question, \\\"What is the ob-\\nject (or property of the object) depicted in the image?\\\"\\nThe specific questions were slightly different based\\non the attribute, as shown in Table 2 . For this ques-\\ntion, we provided a list of options (including \\\"Cannot\\ntell\\\") to select from as an answer. The green bounding\\nboxes surrounding the objects/attributes of interest\\nwere shown only in this question and not for the fol-\\nlowing ones.\\n(2) Identification Confidence. Participants answered\\n\\\"How confident do you feel that you correctly answered\\nthe previous question?\\\" on a seven-point Likert scale\\nfrom 1 'Completely unconfident' to 7 'Completely con-\\nfident' [36] .\\n(3) Information Content Sufficiency. We asked partic-\\nipants to rate their agreement with \\\"The photo pro-\\nvides sufficient information,\\\" on a 7-point Likert from\\n'Strongly disagree' to 'Strongly agree.' This item was\\nadapted from the 'information quality scale' [6] , which\\nmeasures \\\"the satisfaction of users who directly inter-\\nact with the computer for a specific application.\\\" Our\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 367\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/results/markdown/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300597/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300597", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/results/output_json/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,59],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"tab\",\"text\":\"\",\"figure_path\":\"tables/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_6_tab_2.png\",\"bbox\":[151,134,664,469],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A 3x4 grid presents variations of an indoor scene featuring a person seated at a table. The rows illustrate three base visual styles: \\\"Pixel\\\" (original-like), \\\"Edge\\\" (showing outlines with a white box), and \\\"Masking\\\" (covering a central area with a white box). Each column then applies a further artistic transformation to these base styles, including \\\"abstract,\\\" \\\"cartoon,\\\" and \\\"color\\\" filters.\"},{\"label\":\"table_cap\",\"bbox\":[192,469,620,486],\"text\":\"Table 3: Results of applying different obfuscations and beautifications.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[101,523,392,554],\"text\":\"item loads into the \\\"content\\\" factor and is strongly\\ncorrelated with \\\"is the system successful?\\\" [6]\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[82,555,394,603],\"text\":\"(4) Visual Aesthetics. To measure photo aesthetics, we\\nused \\\"This photo looks visually appealing\\\" from the\\nimage appeal scale [4] , again on a 7-point Likert scale.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[82,605,394,700],\"text\":\"(5) Satisfaction. Similarly, \\\"The photo is satisfying\\\" was\\nadapted from the image appeal scale [4] , which has\\nalso been used when measuring satisfaction of face\\nand body obfuscation [25] . This item measures partic-\\nipants’ overall satisfaction with the photo and again\\nwas rated on a 7-point Likert scale.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,722,134,738],\"text\":\"Procedure\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,743,258,759],\"text\":\"The experiment flowed as follows:\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[81,772,395,869],\"text\":\"(1) Consent form detailing the experiment, estimated time\\nto finish, and compensation.\\n(2) Questions about social media usage and frequency of\\nimage sharing activities, along with demographics.\\n(3) Instructions on how to respond to the survey questions\\nwith a sample image and questions.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"list\",\"bbox\":[434,523,748,636],\"text\":\"(4) Six blocks of questions corresponding to the six at-\\ntributes, in random order. Each block showed the five\\nquestions corresponding to the five measurements for\\neach attribute. One of the five photos for each attribute\\nwas randomly selected to be presented to the partici-\\npant with the assigned condition ('unaltered', 'obfus-\\ncated', or 'obfuscated plus beautified').\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,666,572,683],\"text\":\"Data Analysis Procedure\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,688,748,944],\"text\":\"We used non-parametric versions for all of our statistical\\ntests as our data do not meet the assumptions of parametric\\ntests, such as normality and equal variance of errors. For each\\ndependent variable (information content, visual aesthetics,\\nsatisfaction), we first conducted an overall Kruskal-Wallis\\ntest across all conditions to see if there was any significant\\ndifference in the measured variables among the conditions.\\nWe followed this with a Dunn's post hoc test with Bonferroni\\ncorrection, where we compared between specific pairs. For\\neach dependent variable, we selected the pairs to compare as\\nfollows: for each of the three obfuscation conditions (mask-\\ning, pixel, edge) was compared with the three corresponding\\nobfuscation plus beautification conditions. Therefore, for each\\nof the three obfuscations, we had three pairwise tests, for a\\ntotal of nine. This set of pairwise tests allowed us to study\\nwhether combining beautification transforms with privacy\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 367\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/results/markdown/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300597/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300597", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/results/output_json/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,43,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,43,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,124,395,348],\"text\":\"obfuscations increases the utility of photos. Next, we con-\\nducted additional pairwise tests to see how combinations\\nof privacy obfuscations and beautification transforms pre-\\nserve utility when compared with the original (i.e. unaltered)\\nphotos. To do this, for each of the three obfuscations, we\\npicked one beautification transform that performed best (i.e.\\nhighest mean value of the measured variable) when com-\\nbined with it, yielding three obfuscation plus beautification\\nconditions. Then these obfuscation plus beautification con-\\nditions were compared with the unfiltered condition. This\\nresulted in three additional comparisons, or twelve in total.\\nWe present results of these pairwise tests in the supplemen-\\ntary document, where, in addition to the test statistics, we\\nreport the Pearson's product moment correlation ( $r$ ) [3] .\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,348,396,681],\"text\":\"As an example of the process, for the dress attribute and\\nthe information content dependent variable, we first con-\\nducted an overall Kruskal-Wallis test for any difference in\\ninformation content across the experimental conditions. If\\nthe p-value was not significant, we did not conduct any\\nfollow-up. If the p-value was significant ( $p < 0.05$ ), then\\nthere were significant differences involving at least two dif-\\nferent conditions. To find the pairs of conditions having\\ndifferences, we followed up with Dunn's post hoc test for\\npairs of only obfuscation and obfuscation plus beautification .\\nFor example, for the masking obfuscation, we compared the\\nmasking condition with each of masking + abstract , masking\\n+ cartoon , and masking + color applied on the dress attribute.\\nAlso, if for example masking + abstract retained more in-\\nformation among these three obfuscation plus beautification\\nconditions, we compared it to the unfiltered condition for\\nthe same measured variable (i.e., information content). This\\nsetting allowed us to test the effects of beautifications on ob-\\nfuscated images, and also study the behavior of obfuscation-\\nbeautification combinations compared with the unfiltered\\ncondition.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[68,694,156,711],\"text\":\"4 FINDINGS\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,714,324,731],\"text\":\"We now present the results of our experiment.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,742,363,760],\"text\":\"Demographic Characteristics of the Participants\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,761,395,955],\"text\":\"Out of 653 participants, 436 (66.7%) identified themselves as\\nmale and 216 (33%) as female. Our participants were typi-\\ncally under 49 years of age, with 351 (53.7%) between 18 and\\n29 years, 250 (38.3%) between 30 and 49 years, 54 (6.7%) be-\\ntween 50 and 64 years, and eight (1.2%) participants 65 years\\nor older. Three hundred and thirty five (51.3%) participants\\nwere white, 152 (23.2%) were Asian, and 43 (6.5%) were black\\nor African American. For the highest level of education, 320\\n(49%) participants reported an undergraduate degree, 172\\n(26.3%) high school, 145 (22.2%) a Master's degree, and 16\\n(2.4%) a professional degree. All participants reported hav-\\ning at least one social network account, while 512 (78.3%)\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,124,746,172],\"text\":\"reported sharing photos online with frequency ranging from\\nseveral times a day to a few times a week, and only 25 (3 % )\\nparticipants reported never posting photos online.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,183,733,201],\"text\":\"Effects of Transformations on Information Content\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,204,747,460],\"text\":\"For all attributes, perceived information content was the\\nhighest for the unfiltered condition (Table 4 ). The abstract\\ntransform, when combined with privacy obfuscations re-\\nsulted in the lowest information content for most of the\\nattributes (Table 4 ). Surprisingly, the color transform, which\\nalters the image content the least, reduced more informa-\\ntion than the cartoon transform, which, when combined with\\nedge and pixelation privacy obfuscations, actually increased\\nperceived information content for most of the attributes\\n(Table 4 ). We conducted an overall Kruskal-Wallis test and\\ndetected significant differences in perceived information con-\\ntent among different obfuscated, obfuscated plus beautified,\\nand unfiltered conditions ( document: $\\\\chi^2(11) = 54.75$ , dress:\\n$\\\\chi^2(11) = 55.55$ , gender: $\\\\chi^2(11) = 57.55$ , computer applica-\\ntion: $\\\\chi^2(11) = 81.00$ , monitor text: $\\\\chi^2(11) = 45.26$ , laundry:\\n$\\\\chi^2(11) = 39.07$ , all: $\\\\rho < 0.01$ ).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,460,747,746],\"text\":\"Next, we conducted Dunn's post-hoc pairwise tests with\\nBonferroni correction to detect any significant differences in\\ninformation content (see supplementary document). For all\\nattributes, pairwise Dunn's tests comparing the only obfus-\\ncation and obfuscation plus beautification conditions revealed\\nno significant difference in information, meaning that com-\\nbining beautification with obfuscation does not reduce any\\nmore information. When compared with the unfiltered con-\\ndition, we found that for gender , computer application , and\\nmonitor text , all obfuscation plus beautification transforms\\nresulted in significant reduction in information content with\\nmedium to high effect sizes ( $45 \\\\leq r \\\\geq .75$ , all $p < .01$ ). For\\ndocument and dress , except for edge + cartoon and pixelation\\n+ cartoon respectively, all other obfuscation plus beautifi-\\ncation transforms significantly reduce information content\\n( $.43 \\\\leq r \\\\geq .6$ , all $p < .05$ ). Finally, for laundry , only the pixe-\\nlation + cartoon transform results in reduction in information\\nwith medium effect size ( $r = .42$ , $p < .05$ ).\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[422,746,746,808],\"text\":\"Overall, despite being a source of additional abstraction,\\nthe beautification transforms do not cause any significant\\nadditional reduction in information content to an obscured\\nimage.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[422,820,709,837],\"text\":\"Effects of Transformations on Visual Aesthetics\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,840,747,955],\"text\":\"Overall Kruskal-Wallis tests indicated that there are signifi-\\ncant differences in perceived image aesthetics across condi-\\ntions for all attributes except monitor text ( gender ; $\\\\chi^2(11) =$\\n21.26, dress ; $\\\\chi^2(11) = 37.75$ , document ; $\\\\chi^2(11) = 21.54$ , com-\\nputer application ; $\\\\chi^2(11) = 23.88$ , laundry ; $\\\\chi^2(11) = 24.36$ ,\\n$p < 0.01$ for dress , $p < 0.05$ for other attributes). For the\\ndocument and dress attributes, the unfiltered condition has\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 367\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300597/results/markdown/3290605-3300597_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300599/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300599", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_0.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/results/output_json/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_0.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[70,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"icon\",\"bbox\":[0,92,39,133],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[\"cross_marker\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_0\",\"bbox\":[89,119,725,180],\"text\":\"Geppetto: Enabling Semantic Design of Expressive\\nRobot Behaviors\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[108,193,268,259],\"text\":\"Ruta Desai\\nCarnegie Mellon University\\nPittsburgh, PA, USA\\nrutad@cmu.edu\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[319,194,494,257],\"text\":\"Fraser Anderson\\n\\nAutodesk Research\\nToronto, ON, Canada\\n\\nfraser.anderson@autodesk.com\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[542,193,710,260],\"text\":\"Justin Matejka\\n\\nAutodesk Research\\nToronto, ON, Canada\\njustin.matejka@autodesk.com\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[131,270,246,334],\"text\":\"Stelian Coros\\n\\nETH\\n\\nZurich, Switzerland\\nscoros@inf.ethz.ch\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[328,270,484,335],\"text\":\"James McCann\\n\\nCarnegie Mellon University\\nPittsburgh, PA, USA\\n\\njmccann@cs.cmu.edu\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[529,270,722,336],\"text\":\"George Fitzmaurice\\n\\nAutodesk Research\\nToronto, ON, Canada\\n\\ngeorge.fitzmaurice@autodesk.com\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"author_information\",\"bbox\":[323,347,491,410],\"text\":\"Tovi Grossman\\n\\nAutodesk Research\\n\\nToronto, ON, Canada\\n\\ntovi.grossman@autodesk.com\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[\"author\",\"author_affili\",\"author_mail\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_011.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_0_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[71,429,747,623],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"A process diagram illustrates how a parameterized motion dataset is used to create a guided, semantic motion design tool. Crowdsourcing rates the emotional expressiveness of various motion designs (e.g., happiest, saddest), and regression is applied to this data. The final tool features a 3D model of a robotic object with controls for designing expressive movements.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[69,634,747,694],\"text\":\"Figure 1: Overview of the semantic motion design framework – It consists of four main building blocks: (a) a dataset of param-\\neterized expressive robot motions, (b) a crowd-powered framework for estimating the emotional perception of motions in the\\ndataset, (c) regression analysis for establishing relationships between motion parameters and the emotional perception of the\\nresultant motion, and (d) an intuitive design tool backed by these data-driven parameter-emotion relationships.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[70,700,141,716],\"text\":\"ABSTRACT\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[70,721,394,769],\"text\":\"Expressive robots are useful in many contexts, from indus-\\ntrial to entertainment applications. However, designing ex-\\npressive robot behaviors requires editing a large number\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,700,747,892],\"text\":\"of unintuitive control parameters. We present an interac-\\ntive, data-driven system that allows editing of these complex\\nparameters in a semantic space. Our system combines a\\nphysics-based simulation that captures the robot's motion\\ncapabilities, and a crowd-powered framework that extracts\\nrelationships between the robot's motion parameters and\\nthe desired semantic behavior. These relationships enable\\nmixed-initiative exploration of possible robot motions. We\\nspecifically demonstrate our system in the context of design-\\ning emotionally expressive behaviors. A user-study finds the\\nsystem to be useful for more quickly developing desirable\\nrobot behaviors, compared to manual parameter editing.\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"paper_abstract\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,777,394,885],\"text\":\"Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for\\npersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies\\nare not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that\\ncopies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights\\nfor components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must\\nbe honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or\\nrepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific\\npermission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,886,273,898],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[69,900,394,924],\"text\":\"© 2019 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed\\nto ACM.\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[70,925,266,954],\"text\":\"ACM ISBN 978-1-4603-5970-2/19/05...$15.00\\nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3209605.3305099\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\"]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 369\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 1\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/results/markdown/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_0.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300599/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300599", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_1.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/results/output_json/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_1.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,123,172,140],\"text\":\"CCS CONCEPTS\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,143,397,210],\"text\":\"• Computer systems organization → Robotics; • Human\\ncentered computing → User interface design; • Comput-\\ning methodologies → Interactive simulation; Computer\\ngraphics.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,219,148,236],\"text\":\"KEYWORDS\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,240,394,257],\"text\":\"Semantic editing; semantic design; robots; expressive robots\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[\"paper_keywords\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,261,202,275],\"text\":\"ACM Reference Format:\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,275,395,363],\"text\":\"Ruta Desai, Fraser Anderson, Justin Matejka, Stelian Coros, James\\nMcCann, George Fitzmartinez, and Tovi Grossman. 2019. Geppetto:\\nEnabling Semantic Design of Expressive Robot Behaviors. In CHI\\nConference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings\\n(CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK . ACM, New York,\\nNY, USA, 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290653.330599\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,374,197,392],\"text\":\"1  INTRODUCTION\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,396,395,603],\"text\":\"As robots become more prevalent in human environments,\\nfrom factory floors to personal homes, enabling robots to\\nexpress themselves can enhance and enrich our experiences\\nand interactions with them. The paradigm of enabling robots\\nto express intent and emotions via movements is particularly\\npowerful [19, 34, 38, 46] . Instead of relying on anthropomor-\\nphic features or morphology, this paradigm leverages the\\nhuman ability to identify emotion and intent from behav-\\nior to establish meaningful communication during interac-\\ntions [1, 22, 60] . For instance, a robotic arm that collaborates\\nwith human workers on a factory floor could communicate\\nits confusion about a task, or alert human workers if needed,\\nby moving in a specific manner.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,603,395,841],\"text\":\"However, creating such expressive behaviors for robots\\nis highly challenging [8] . Similar to digital character ani-\\nmation, creating behaviors for robotic characters requires\\ntremendous skill and effort [15] . Apart from the inherent task\\ncomplexity and domain knowledge requirements, robot be-\\nhavior design also suffers from a lack of suitable design tools.\\nExisting animation tools such as Blender [7] and Maya [3]\\nenable design with absolute human control but offer lim-\\nited options for integration with physical hardware. On the\\nother hand, conventional robot control tools (e.g., ROS [42] )\\nhave extensive support for a robot's physical simulation and\\ncontrol, but do not allow for expressive behavior design. In\\ncomparison, our goal is to facilitate easy and intuitive design\\nof expressive movements for robotic systems over a wide\\nvariety of applications ranging from art to social interactions.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,841,395,955],\"text\":\"Guided by feedback from a systematic survey of experts\\nfrom animation, art, and robotics, we aim to fill this gap in\\nexisting robot behavior design tools. We present Geppeto ,\\na simulation-driven robot motion design system that en-\\nables the design of expressive behaviors using high-level and\\nsemantic descriptions of behavior properties. Geppeto ex-\\nplores the creation of behaviors that convey emotions,which\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,124,747,298],\"text\":\"is an important and challenging problem within Human-\\nRobot Interaction (HRI) [26, 52] . While in this paper the\\nframework is used to explore emotional expression, it could\\neasily be extended to support other semantic descriptions re-\\nlated to how a robot behaves, or what its movements should\\nlook like. Apart from physics-based motion simulation, Gep-\\npetto builds upon two recent advances in HCI and graphics\\nresearch: Crowd-powered Parameter Analysis [30] and Se-\\nmantic Editing [63] . These techniques are synthesized into a\\nnovel data-driven framework for the domain of robot behav-\\nior design.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,299,747,491],\"text\":\"Inspired by the work of Koyama et al. [ 30 ] , crowdsourcing\\nis used to obtain subjective scores pertaining to the percep-\\ntual quality of emotional expression for a generated dataset\\nof parameterized robot motions. Using regression, functional\\nrelationships are inferred between robot motion parameters\\nand the corresponding emotional expressions. Using these\\nrelationships, a semantic interface is developed to enable\\nguided intuitive editing and visual exploration of the space\\nof possible robot motions (Figure 1 ) $^1$ . A mixed-initiative ap-\\nproach is used for handling the unique properties of our\\ndata, e.g., the noise from crowdsourcing, and the inherent\\nsubjectivity of emotional behaviors.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,491,747,618],\"text\":\"This is the first system that enables casual users, without\\nany domain knowledge of animation or robotics, to design\\nsemantically meaningful robotic behaviors. The system's\\nutility is shown with a user-study, which indicates that users\\nare able to create high-quality expressive robot motions. The\\ngeneralizability of the framework is demonstrated by using it\\nfor two distinct robotic systems: walking robots and robotic\\narms.\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,633,550,651],\"text\":\"2 RELATED WORK\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,655,746,686],\"text\":\"This work builds upon prior work on semantic editing, crowd-\\npowered editing, and robot motion design.\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[420,702,712,719],\"text\":\"Semantic Editing and Design Space Exploration\",\"reading_order\":17,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,722,747,884],\"text\":\"Editing using semantic or context-specific attributes has been\\nexplored for many complex design domains such as 3D mod-\\nels [9, 63] , images [28, 32, 44] , and fonts [41] . Each of these\\napproaches extract relevant and human-understandable at-\\ntributes for their design domain, and learn a mapping be-\\ntween the design parameters and these attributes. With this\\nmapping, they enable intuitive, attribute-based editing at\\ndesign time. We wish to extend this methodology to the\\ndomain of robotics. Unlike the domain of 3D models and\\nimages, there is no existing large dataset of expressive robot\",\"reading_order\":18,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fnote\",\"bbox\":[420,912,747,954],\"text\":\"2 Figures 1 and 6 of this paper have been added as looping flash animations,\\nviewable in Adobe Acrobat. If you experience any difficulties, please see\\nour static version of the paper, in the supplementary material.\",\"reading_order\":19,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 369\",\"reading_order\":20,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,995,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 2\",\"reading_order\":21,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/results/markdown/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_1.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300599/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300599", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_2.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/results/output_json/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_2.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[474,44,746,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,393,156],\"text\":\"motions. We therefore parameterize and synthesize a wide\\nvariety of such motions using a physics-based simulation.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,157,394,282],\"text\":\"Along with semantic editing, visual design space explo-\\nration is another useful approach. Researchers have proposed\\nintuitive low-dimensional control spaces for predictable edit-\\ning and design space exploration of complex design prob-\\nlems such as editing material appearance [49] or 3D mod-\\nels [35, 63] . Instead of finding a low-dimensional control\\nspace, we expose the current parameter space in a more\\nvisual and meaningful manner.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,283,394,427],\"text\":\"This work builds on Koyama et al.'s crowd-powered frame-\\nwork, which enabled intuitive and visual editing of con-\\ntinuous parameters corresponding to freely available dig-\\nital content such as images [30] . Specifically, Geppetto deals\\nwith design spaces that consist of both continuous and dis-\\ncrete parameters and is particularly suited to design spaces\\nrepresented by low fidelity or noisy data. Geppetto also al-\\nlows users to combine their individual preferences with the\\ncrowdy's preferences at design time.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[68,455,300,472],\"text\":\"Designing Expressive Robotic Motion\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,475,395,954],\"text\":\"Many data-driven or model-based approaches have been ex-\\nplored for motion synthesis. In particular, motion capture\\nand video data have been extensively used for increasing\\nthe style and expressiveness of anthropomorphic charac-\\nters [2, 43, 50] . But it is unclear how to obtain or use such\\ndata for more generic and non-anthropomorphic robots such\\nas robotic arms. A complementary user-driven approach\\nis to animate toy robots or virtual characters using pup-\\npeteing [4, 11, 24, 51] . However, it is hard to pose highly\\narticulated robots or characters to create natural looking\\nand feasible motions using puppets. Therefore, most pup-\\npetering based approaches are either limited to very sim-\\nple characters or robots [4, 51] , or they fail to account for\\nphysical feasibility [11, 24] . Similar to puppeteering are Pro-\\ngramming by Demonstration (PbD) based approaches that\\nenable novices to design robot motions by simple demon-\\nstrations [6] . While PbD enables easy creation of natural\\nmotions, designing semantically meaningful and expressive\\nmotions remain challenging with PbD. Finally, models that\\nencode animation principles [58, 61] have been leveraged\\nto improve expressiveness of robotic systems for enhanced\\nhuman-robot interaction [46, 55, 56] . Unfortunately, many\\nof these principles are abstract and generic, providing lit-\\ntle guidance toward creating specific emotive motions from\\nscratch. They are therefore typically used either as add-on\\nprimitives for pre-existing motions [55] , or as high-level\\nguides for manual design, similar to how animators would\\nuse them [46] . Instead, Geppetto enables users to design emo-\\ntive behaviors by editing parameterized robot motions in\\nsimulation.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,332],\"text\":\"Researchers have shown a strong relation between mo-\\ntion parameters and attribution of affect for robots with\\ndifferent embodiments [25, 47] . In particular, speed and ro-\\nbot pose [25, 27, 57] , acceleration and motion path curva-\\nture [5, 27, 47] , and motion timing [27, 64] have been found to\\naffect perceptions of motions. We therefore parameterize the\\nwalking robot's motion using features such as pose, speed,\\nand motion timing. The robot arm's motion is parameterized\\nin the task space instead of the joint space, inspired by how\\nabstract trajectories could convey different emotions [5] . The\\nsystem's semantically-guided parameter editing approach\\ncomplements recent research on optimization-guided and\\nkeyframe-based motion editing for animated characters [29] .\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,364,661,382],\"text\":\"Crowdsourcing in Robotics and Design\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,384,747,686],\"text\":\"Geppetto uses crowdsourcing to understand the coupled ef-\\nfect of various motion parameters on the overall emotional\\nperception. Crowdsourcing enables the use of human exper-\\ntise for tasks that are complex for computers, and has been\\nwidely used for a variety of tasks ranging from labeling to\\ngathering common-sense knowledge [62] . In robotics, crowd-\\nsourcing has been used to enable robots to recognize objects\\nor actions [21, 54] , as well as for robot control [10] . Our\\nwork is most closely related to the research on understand-\\ning visual perception, and enabling better design through\\ncrowdsourcing [18, 30, 39, 63] . Our crowdsourcing pipeline is\\ncustomized to deal with the greater difficulty and cost associ-\\nated with evaluating motion designs, which results from the\\nlength of the motion needing to be judged, and uncertainty\\ndue to the high subjectivity of the task. Notably, we use a\\nmodified Swiss-system tournament [12] approach with an\\nadded elimination step, and use TrueSkill [57] to efficiently\\ncompute the perceptual quality scores for the synthesized\\nmotions.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[420,720,652,736],\"text\":\"3   CURRENT DESIGN APPROACHES\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,740,747,789],\"text\":\"To understand the current challenges of robotic motion de-\\nsign, a survey of experts who design expressive behaviors\\nfor a variety of applications was conducted online.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,820,537,837],\"text\":\"Survey Instrument\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,841,747,954],\"text\":\"In addition to background questions about the participants,\\nthe survey consisted of 5-pt Likert-scale and free-form ques-\\ntions. The questions elicited information about the types of\\nbehaviors they designed, how and why they designed them,\\nand the time taken for the design. We also asked experts\\nabout ease of use, learnability, and suitability of the tools\\nthey used for robot behavior design tasks.\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,995,127,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 369\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,995,746,1012],\"text\":\"Page 3\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/results/markdown/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_2.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300599/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300599", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_3.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/results/output_json/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_3.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[69,125,135,140],\"text\":\"Responses\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,144,394,287],\"text\":\"The authors reached out to a set of HRI researchers and\\nartists/animators online to participate in the survey. The ex-\\nperts were selected based on their publicly available work ex-\\nperience information. A total of 8 experts (4 HRI researchers,\\n4 artists) with design experience ranging from 0.5 years -\\n27 years (average 11.3 years) responded to the survey. The\\nexperience of these experts covered a diverse range of con-\\ntexts such as 2D/3D character behavior design, industrial\\nand social robot design, and kinetic art sculpture.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,287,395,542],\"text\":\"Despite the diversity in applications, a common motiva-\\ntion behind designing expressive behaviors was to improve\\nthe communication, involvement, trust, and interaction of\\nthe technology they were developing (e.g., P3: “I want my\\nrobots to be more human-readable” , P4: “[I want] to turn view-\\ners into involved, emotionally invested participants” ). In re-\\nsponse to why would they design expressive robot behaviors,\\nexperts provided further insights (P3: “Being expressive is part\\nof being communicative, which is critical for functional and\\nfluent HRI. Emotion can be useful for communicating a ro-\\nbot’s goal” , P7: “I see a robot’s bodily motion as a lower-level\\nmeans of broadcasting complex information to surrounding\\npeople” ), to tell a story and develop relationships with users\\n(P6: “Many engineering stories do not show realistic motion\\nwhich allows the viewer to dismiss the concepts” , P2: “To de-\\nvelop relationships with users through tangible actions” ).\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,542,394,654],\"text\":\"A common theme highlighting the effort required to de-\\nsign behaviors also emerged. Experts who designed short-\\nlength behaviors of less than a minute (50 % of our partici-\\npants) reported a design time of greater than one hour. Like-\\nwise, experts who designed longer behaviors (lasting mul-\\ntiple minutes or hours) spent several days and sometimes\\nseveral weeks on their design.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,655,395,942],\"text\":\"Another common theme was the lack of tools for desig-\\nning robotic behaviors. Researchers and artists emphasized\\nthat the existing tools were not well suited for robot behavior\\ndesign (5-pt Likert score with anchor 5 = not at all suited:\\nM = 4.0, SD = 0.92). Experts typically relied on animation\\ntools or ended up developing their own software. Several ex-\\nperts reported on the difficulty of obtaining robot simulation\\nmodels (P3: \\\"Putting kinematic robot models into simulation\\ntakes a long time.\\\"). Pre-visualization of robot capabilities (P4:\\n\\\"Pre-visualization can be quite difficult. One needs to have the\\nactual robot working in a realistic setting in order to test it.\\\"),\\nand manual behavior editing (P2: \\\"Manually creating gestures\\nthrough motor position is tedious, unintuitive.\\\" P5: \\\"My chief\\nproblem is the lack of software tools for authoring dynamic\\nperformances with shared autonomy; I end up having to write\\ntoo much software.\\\"). Experts further reported that the tools\\nthey used were hard to learn and use (5-pt Likert score with\\nanchor 5 = not at all easy: M = 4.12, SD = 0.64). They also\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,746,204],\"text\":\"emphasized the consequential challenges faced by novices\\nin such design applications (e.g., P1: “ Having to learn lots\\nof different, changing software and then figuring out how to\\nconnect them is difficult for beginners ” , P3: “ The toolchain is\\ncomplicated, tedious ” ).\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,204,746,266],\"text\":\"Overall, the survey validated the need for improved sys-\\ntems for the design of expressive robot behaviors. It revealed\\ninteresting use cases and current challenges, pointing to a\\nneed for new, more intuitive, and efficient tools.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,279,678,311],\"text\":\"4 GEPPETTO: SEMANTIC EDITING FOR\\nROBOTICS\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,316,747,572],\"text\":\"Inspired by the challenges and desires found through the\\nsurvey and in the literature, Geppetto enables robot motion\\ndesign with the help of a physics-based simulation. Param-\\neters affecting the robot motion are presented to the user,\\nand the system aims to reduce the domain knowledge re-\\nquired when modifying these parameters to create desirable\\nmotions. In particular, the system supports editing based on\\nsemantic user intent, such as designing a \\\"happy-looking\\\"\\nrobot. The system currently supports semantic design for\\nsix basic emotion categories – happy, sad, angry, scared, sur-\\nprised, and disgusted, though it could be applied to other\\nsemantic aspects beyond emotions (e.g., expressing that a\\nrobot is busy, awaiting instruction, or friendly). The emotion\\ncategories are derived from Ekman's model of emotions [20] ,\\nthough we anticipate this approach can extend to other emo-\\ntion models.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_011.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_3_figure_011.png\",\"bbox\":[416,579,747,747],\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This is a software interface showing a 3D preview window in the center displaying a robot character. On the left is an editing pane containing an \\\"automatic editing slider\\\" and multiple \\\"annotated sliders for manual editing.\\\" Above the editing pane is an \\\"emotion selection\\\" panel, and at the top, there's a \\\"motion gallery\\\" showcasing several small frames of the robot.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[486,754,678,771],\"text\":\"Figure 2: Geppetto's user interface.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,805,578,822],\"text\":\"Design Process Overview\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,826,747,954],\"text\":\"The design process for creating an emotive robot behavior\\nusing Geppetto begins with users selecting a desired emo-\\ntional expression (happy, sad, etc.) for the behavior from the\\nediting pane. They can either start with a neutral default\\nmotion, or they can take advantage of the example motions\\nin the gallery by browsing through the samples to get a\\nsense of different motion alternatives, and then load a pre-\\nferred example for further editing. Such an approach of using\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 369\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 4\",\"reading_order\":16,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/results/markdown/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_3.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300599/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300599", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_4.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/results/output_json/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_4.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_num\",\"meta_pub_date\",\"author_affili\"]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,395,349],\"text\":\"example-based inspiration has been found to support creativ-\\nity in designers [33] . Gallery-based initialization is especially\\nuseful for novices who may not know what an expressive\\nrobot motion looks like. Once either a neutral or example\\nmotion is initialized, users can edit its expressiveness using\\ntwo guided editing modes, manual and automatic. The auto-\\nmatic mode enables users to quickly customize the robot's\\nmotion without worrying about low-level parameter editing.\\nAlternatively, the manual mode exposes users to parameter\\nlevel editing such that they develop an understanding of\\nwhich parameters create the necessary expressiveness, as\\nwell as how to edit them. With every user edit, the simula-\\ntion updates the robot's motion in the preview to reflect the\\ncorresponding change.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[69,406,171,424],\"text\":\"Interface Design\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[69,427,394,587],\"text\":\"The UI (Figure 2 ) consists of three main elements – a 3D pre-\\nview window, motion gallery, and guided-editing pane. The\\n3D preview window renders the main robot and animates its\\nsimulated motion in real-time. The sliders in the editing pane\\nallow users to specify the robot's motion parameters. The\\nmotion gallery displays various expressive motions of differ-\\nent styles for a user-specified emotion category. This gallery\\nis populated using the emotion-specific top-ranking motions\\nfrom our dataset, obtained using sampling and crowdsourc-\\ning analysis.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,587,395,954],\"text\":\"To design an angry robot, the user starts with the default\\nmotion, and proceeds to manually edit it using parameter\\nsliders (Figure 3 ). To understand which parameters to change\\nand how to change them, the user takes advantage of the\\nparameter-emotion perception relationship curves visualized\\non each slider (Figure 4 b). Based on these curves, the user\\nincreases the speed and tilts the robot's torso downwards\\nto make it look angrier (Figure 3 a). The user then leverages\\nthe example motions in the gallery for further editing. The\\nuser hovers over the preferred gallery motion to understand\\nwhich parameters created it, with the help of parameter\\ncomparison cursors (Figure 4 c). Inspired by the feet stomping\\nof second gallery example, the user edits the current motion's\\nfoot height to achieve the same (Figure 3 b). Finally, the user\\ncan also explore angrier motions automatically by dragging\\nthe automatic editing slider. In response, the system changes\\nmultiple parameters simultaneously to increase the motion's\\nexpressiveness. To further explore preferred motions, e.g.,\\nangrier motions with similar speed, feet stomping, and torso\\ntilt, the user activates locking of these parameters, before\\ndragging the automatic editing slider (Figure 3 c). The system\\nnow auto-updates multiple parameters except the locked\\nones, to change the motion's expressiveness.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_006.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_4_figure_006.png\",\"bbox\":[419,116,751,701],\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This figure illustrates a multi-step design process for a four-legged robotic creature, involving manual and automatic editing. Each step shows a set of parameter curves, a 3D model of the robot, and an edited version, demonstrating how modifications to parameters like speed, body angle, foot height, and emotional sliders affect the robot's design. The process progresses from an initial default design to a final edited design through different interaction methods.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[425,710,740,727],\"text\":\"Figure 3: An example workflow designing an angry robot.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,749,581,766],\"text\":\"Interface Editing Features\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,769,746,851],\"text\":\"As highlighted by the workflow, manual editing is enabled\\nby parameter-emotion perception relationship curves and\\nparameter comparison cursors. On the other hand, the auto-\\nmatic slider and parameter locking feature power automatic\\nediting.\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,857,746,954],\"text\":\"Parameter - emotion perception relationship curves. These\\ncurves accompany each slider, and show the effect of chang-\\ning the slider's parameter on the robot's resultant emotional\\nexpression. Since these relationships are extracted from sub-\\njective crowd-sourced data, the UI also shows the system's\\nconfidence in these relationships visualized as non-linear\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[70,996,127,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 369\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 5\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/results/markdown/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_4.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300599/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300599", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_5.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/results/output_json/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_5.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_5_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[66,119,396,264],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image presents a robot control interface, featuring a 3D model of a six-legged robot. It includes sliders to adjust joint angles that affect the robot's pose, alongside time-series graphs displaying parameters such as gait patterns, front hip movements, and speed. Sequential poses of the robot's leg structure are also shown, leading to corresponding gait and speed graphs.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[68,275,394,408],\"text\":\"Figure 4: UI elements. (a) Parameter information is dis-\\nplayed as tooltips, and highlighted directly on the robot.\\n(b) Parameter-emotion perception curve (in red) is visual-\\nized with an uncertainty band (shaded red) on each slider.\\nThe dotted line represents current motion's estimated emo-\\ntional perception. (c) When a user hovers over a gallery mo-\\ntion, the gallery motion's parameter values are highlighted\\non the sliders (in light gray) alongside the current motion's\\nparameters (blue).\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,450,394,545],\"text\":\"error bands around the predicted score (see Figure 4b). This\\nhelps users determine the extent to which they may want to\\nfollow the curves during parameter editing. The inclusion of\\nthese error bands brings transparency to the mixed-initiative\\nediting process, allowing the user to better collaborate with\\nthe system to achieve their goals.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,556,394,684],\"text\":\"Automatic editing slider. By dragging the automatic slider\\nusers can update multiple parameters simultaneously, rather\\nthan adjusting them individually. When the position of the\\nslider is changed, the system automatically modifies multi-\\nple parameters to achieve the corresponding change in the\\nrobot's emotional expression. This feature can be used in\\ncombination with parameter locking to achieve the desired\\nbehavior.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,698,395,954],\"text\":\"Parameter locking. As the automatic slider updates multiple\\nparameters at a time, changing the automatic slider may\\nwash out nuanced features achieved by earlier user edits.\\nTo preserve the desirable features of their current motion\\nduring automatic editing, users can lock parameters. For\\ninstance, in the example scenario of angry motion design,\\nthe user may want to maintain the speed, torso tilt, and feet\\nstomping achieved through manual editing, while exploring\\nbetter limb poses. To achieve this, the user can lock all but\\nthe pose parameters through the editing panel, and then use\\nthe automatic slider to obtain an angrier robot motion with\\nsimilar speed, feet stomping, and torso tilt (Figure 4 c). Note\\nthat this is much quicker than the alternative of manually\\nediting 6 pose parameters. Parameter locking allows users\\nto combine their design preferences with crowd-powered\\nguidance during automatic editing. The gallery motions are\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,746,220],\"text\":\"also updated to show more relevant examples after parame-\\nters are locked. To update the gallery, we sort the motions\\nin the dataset based on the similarity of parameter values\\nlocked by the user, and the quality of emotional expression.\\nThis gives users alternate motions satisfying the preferences\\nindicated by the locked features.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,220,746,267],\"text\":\"Geppetto thus supports various workflows. An optimal\\nworkflow may combine both manual and automatic editing\\nas needed. Our video shows such workflows in action.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[421,280,563,296],\"text\":\"5 IMPLEMENTATION\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_2\",\"bbox\":[421,301,680,318],\"text\":\"Motion synthesis using physics simulation\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,322,747,497],\"text\":\"Geppetto currently supports 2 robotic platforms (Figure 5 ), a\\nwalking robot and an industrial robotic arm. Walking robots\\nhave been used in interactive settings such as in animatron-\\nics [16] and consumer products [53] . As a representative from\\nthe class of walking robots, we use a small quadruped robot\\nwith 3 degrees of freedom (DOF) per leg. The robotic arm is\\nan industrial, 6 DOF KUKA arm [31] . Similar robotic arms\\nhave been used for applications requiring expressive motions\\nsuch as collaborative building [59] and interactive art [23] .\\nWe consider periodic walking motions for the quadruped,\\nand the task of moving towards a target for the robotic arm.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,506,746,698],\"text\":\"Motion synthesis for quadruped . The quadruped robot's mo-\\ntion consists of periodic coordinated limb movements (gait\\ncycle). We leverage an existing motion generation frame-\\nwork that uses constrained trajectory optimization to com-\\npute valid parameter values for achieving stable walking\\ncycles [36] . The framework achieves physical plausibility by\\naccounting for physics-based constraints such as kinematics,\\ngravity, friction, and hardware constraints such as motor\\njoint and torque limits. This framework has been previously\\ndemonstrated to work on real hardware [36] , and further\\ndetails on these aspects can be found in the supplementary\\nmaterial.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,699,747,954],\"text\":\"Based on prior research, we expose 11 parameters affecting\\nthe robot's motion style for generating a dataset of diverse\\nmotions [25, 27, 50] . Various motion styles can be created\\nby using different robot poses and gait patterns (e.g., gallop-\\ning, trotting, walking etc.). Gait patterns are defined for a\\ngait cycle. These patterns are characterized by the order of\\nlimb movements, and the relative phase of limb swing and\\nstance. The robot's pose is defined using relative joint angles\\nof the robot's limbs, as well as its global torso orientation\\nangle defined relative to the ground plane. A pose consists\\nof 7 angular values – torso angle, front and rear hip angles,\\nfront and rear knee angles, and front and rear ankle angles\\n(Figure 5a ). Apart from speed (1DOF), pose (7DOF), gait time\\n(1DOF) and pattern (1DOF), we also parameterize foot height\\n(1DOF) to create effects such as \\\"feet stomping\\\". The gait pat-\\ntern corresponding to each gait style is discretely encoded\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 369\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1012],\"text\":\"Page 6\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/results/markdown/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_5.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300599/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300599", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_6.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/results/output_json/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_6.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[68,44,159,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[\"meta_subject\",\"meta_pub_date\"]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_6_figure_002.png\",\"bbox\":[60,118,396,309],\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"This image illustrates robotics and multi-agent system concepts. Panel a shows a robotic leg demonstrating pose, speed (foot height), and a four-legged gait pattern. Panel b depicts a robotic arm interacting with a flock of boids moving towards a goal, and diagrams defining boid behaviors like separation, alignment, cohesion, and seeking.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[67,321,395,381],\"text\":\"Figure 5: (a) The quadruped's motion is parameterized us-\\ning robot pose, walking speed, foot height, gait time, and\\ngait pattern (shown in red). (b) The arm is driven by a Boids\\nflocking simulation.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,403,395,433],\"text\":\"using a graph (Figure 5a), while all other parameters are\\ncontinuous.\",\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,443,395,554],\"text\":\"Motion synthesis for robotic arm. The expressiveness of robot\\narms moving towards a goal can be affected by many features,\\nsuch as the curvature and smoothness of its path [5] , and\\nthe variability of its speed [64] . Instead of directly prescrib-\\ning the robot arm's path and speed, we use Boids flocking\\nsimulation for driving its motion – inspired by the approach\\nused in Mimus [23] .\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,554,395,714],\"text\":\"The Boids framework uses virtual agents called boids, and\\na set of simple interaction rules between them to create\\nsmooth, complex and natural emergent behaviors [45] . We\\ndefine a flock of $m$ number of boids in the 3D task space,\\nand then use the resultant average path of the flock as the\\ntarget path for the robotic arm's end-effector, to be achieved\\nthrough Inverse Kinematics (IK). The resultant motion and\\nthe path of the flock depend upon the interaction rules that\\ndecide each boid's movement, as a reaction to its nearby\\nflock-mates within a small neighborhood around itself.\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,715,395,954],\"text\":\"We use 5 interaction rules – 3 rules from the basic boids\\nmodel [45] : separation, alignment, and cohesion; and 2 addi-\\ntional rules: goal-seeking, and exploration. Each rule creates\\na unique steering force that moves and updates a boid's po-\\nsition in the space as the simulation progresses (see Figure\\n5 b). Separation steers a boid to avoid crowding with local\\nflock-mates, while alignment steers it towards the average\\nheading of the flock. Likewise, cohesion aims to move boids\\ntowards the average position of neighboring flock-mates.\\nThe seek rule complements these basic rules, by steering the\\nboids to move towards a pre-defined goal in space (e.g., the\\nblue goal point in Figure 5 b). Finally, exploration encourages\\nrandomness in the flock by steering the boids towards a ran-\\ndom goal intermittently. This rule is thus an extension of the\\nseeking rule for random goals along the flock's path.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,125,748,299],\"text\":\"Varying the strength of each interaction rule, flock speed,\\nand the neighborhood of influence for boids can generate\\ndiverse flocking behaviors. The strength of various rules is\\ncontrolled using the corresponding weight parameters. The\\nexploration rule is further parameterized by the sampling\\nfrequency and position of random goals. Finally, to achieve\\nmore diversity in motion generation, we also define a pa-\\nrameterized initialization procedure that initializes the flock\\nto move in one of $6$ specific directions for a certain period\\nof time. In total, $11$ parameters ( $10$ continuous, $1$ discrete)\\ndefine the motion of the arm.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"sec_1\",\"bbox\":[422,311,608,329],\"text\":\"Semantic mapping framework\",\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,332,748,460],\"text\":\"The semantic information about the robot motions is ob-\\ntained through our mapping framework that relates the ro-\\nbot’s motion parameter space to emotional expression space.\\nOur framework leverages the simulation to generate a dataset\\nof diverse motions, evaluates the emotional expression of\\nthe dataset motions using crowdsourcing, and then uses re-\\ngression to obtain the mapping between motion parameters\\nand emotional expression (Figure 1 ).\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,467,748,755],\"text\":\"We dataset generation. We generate a dataset of diverse\\nmotions for the quadruped and the robotic arm using sam-\\npling of motion parameters. The sampling process captures\\nthe design space of possible motion styles that can be cre-\\nated by changing various motion parameters. We empirically\\nchoose a sampling range for all the continuous variables to\\ngenerate sufficient motion variations while ensuring physi-\\ncal feasibility. The discrete parameters such as gait pattern\\nfor the quadruped and initial direction of boids motion for\\nthe robotic arm are uniformly sampled from a fixed set of\\npossible values. For each sampled motion parameter set, we\\nrecord an animation of the corresponding robot motion for\\ncrowdsourcing evaluation. For the quadruped, 2,000 motion\\nparameter sets were sampled, resulting in 2,000 unique mo-\\ntions. 1,230 motions were physically infeasible due to col-\\nlisions or instability, resulting in 670 motions for the final\\ndataset. Similarly, 1,000 motions were sampled for the robotic\\narm, all of which were physically feasible and retained.\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,761,747,825],\"text\":\"Crowdsourcing evaluation of perceived emotion. By crowd-\\nsourcing emotion perception, the system can give a relative\\nscoring to each motion, per emotion, such that a higher score\\nreflects a better expression of an emotion.\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[421,826,748,954],\"text\":\"While there is often consensus about the particular emo-\\ntion that is expressed by a motion, the degree of expressive-\\nness is highly subjective and its perception varies between\\nindividuals. Given this, we model the score as a Gaussian\\ndistribution $N(\\\\mu, \\\\sigma)$ with mean $\\\\mu$ , and uncertainty $\\\\sigma$ . To\\ncompute the score, we create a modified Swiss-system style\\ntournament [12] where each motion sample in the dataset is\\ntreated as competitor, and competes with others to obtain\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1012],\"text\":\"Paper 369\",\"reading_order\":14,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[706,996,744,1012],\"text\":\"Page 7\",\"reading_order\":15,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/results/markdown/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_6.md"}
{"file_name": "images/validation_data/3290605-3300599/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_folder": "validation_data", "document_id": "3290605-3300599", "source_image_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_7.png", "source_json_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/results/output_json/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_7.json", "annotation_json": "[{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[69,44,158,60],\"text\":\"CHI 2019 Paper\",\"reading_order\":0,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"header\",\"bbox\":[475,44,745,61],\"text\":\"CHI 2019, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK\",\"reading_order\":1,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"half_para\",\"bbox\":[68,125,394,172],\"text\":\"the highest score per emotion category. We use the TrueSkill\\nrating system [37] to convert the results of the tournament\\ninto Gaussian scores for individual samples.\",\"reading_order\":2,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,172,394,572],\"text\":\"To efficiently compute emotion ratings of motion samples\\nusing TrueSkill, we use an elimination-based tournament set-\\nup instead of exhaustively competing each sample against\\nevery other. This enables us to efficiently deal with a large\\nnumber of samples, and the inherent subjectivity in the data,\\nto get the `top' designs for each emotion. After 1 round\\nof comparisons, wherein each sample is compared 5 times\\n(against 5 different designs, by 5 different people), the de-\\nsigns ranked in the bottom half are eliminated. This process\\nis repeated over 3 rounds (with 5, 5, and 10 comparisons),\\nuntil we obtain the top motion samples for a given emotion.\\nElimination of ambiguous, high-ranking samples in earlier\\nrounds allows expressive, high-ranking samples to have a\\nhigher number of comparisons against other highly-ranked\\ndesigns, which improves the quality of their score estimate\\n(reducing the corresponding uncertainty $\\\\sigma$ of the estimate).\\nThis strategy provides more accuracy for the high-ranking\\nsamples, while minimizing resources spent on ambiguous,\\nlow-ranking samples. For the quadruped dataset there were\\na total of 3,355 comparisons to arrive at quality rankings\\nfor the top 25 % of the samples. A more naive approach of a\\npure round-robin without elimination would require twice\\nthe number of comparisons (6,700), and the quality of the\\ncomparisons would be lower as there would be more com-\\nparisons to low-ranking designs.\",\"reading_order\":3,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_004.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_004.png\",\"bbox\":[67,582,395,765],\"reading_order\":4,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"The image displays a user interface prompt asking to identify which of two identical-looking robotic figures seems \\\"happier\\\" or if they are equivalent. The left robot is enclosed in a green border, while the right robot is in a white border, with a large equals sign between them. Both robots are gray, six-legged, and appear to be rendered in a 3D environment.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[74,777,386,792],\"text\":\"Figure 6: Interface crowd-workers used to judge emotion.\",\"reading_order\":5,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[68,808,394,954],\"text\":\"To conduct the tournament, crowd workers on Amazon\\nMechanical Turk serve as judges for each comparison be-\\ntween motion samples. For each comparison, a worker is\\nshown a pair of robot motion videos, and asked \\\"Please iden-\\ntify which of the two robot motions seems ___, or, if they are\\nequivalent\\\", where _____ is one of: happier, sadder, angrier,\\nmore surprised, more scared, or more disgusted (Figure 6 ).\\nSuch a pairwise comparison approach has been preferred in\\nthe literature over asking the workers to provide an absolute\",\"reading_order\":6,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,125,747,252],\"text\":\"score for individual samples [63] . To ensure the quality of\\nthe ratings, we enforced heuristics such as a minimum-time\\nrequirement for each comparison, and excluded data from\\nworkers who choose the same response (i.e., left, right, or\\nequal) repeatedly (the supplementary material provides more\\ndetails). In addition to crowdsourcing noise, emotion percep-\\ntion is subjective, so the developed interface accommodates\\nuncertain data.\",\"reading_order\":7,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,260,747,483],\"text\":\"Mapping parameters to emotion. After the data is collected,\\na mapping between movement and perceived emotion is\\ncomputed. Specifically, given an n-dimensional motion pa-\\nrameter set $\\\\phi_{n}$ and a corresponding real-valued perception\\nscore $\\\\mu$ , our goal is to learn a function $f: \\\\phi_{n} \\\\to \\\\mu$ , that pre-\\ndicts the score for any seen or unseen motion represented\\nby its parameter set. Obtaining such a function $f$ that can\\nestimate the perceptual quality of any emotion for a mo-\\ntion allows us to (a) gauge the perceptual quality of user's\\nmotion design at a given time, on the fly, and (b) help the\\nuser understand which parameters to edit, and how to edit\\nthat parameter to achieve the desired effect. The predictor\\nfunction $f$ thus powers the slider curves and the automatic\\nslider.\",\"reading_order\":8,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"fig\",\"text\":\"![Figure](figures/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_009.png)\",\"figure_path\":\"figures/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_7_figure_009.png\",\"bbox\":[423,496,737,704],\"reading_order\":9,\"tags\":[],\"alt_text\":\"Two scatter plots compare crowdsourced values (grey, with shaded error) and predicted values (orange dots) with trendlines against \\\"happy rank\\\" and \\\"surprised rank.\\\" Both plots show \\\"TrueSkill μ Value\\\" on the y-axis, with R² values of 0.50 for happy rank and 0.12 for surprised rank. The crowdsourced values generally increase with rank, while the predicted values show a similar but less steep increasing trend.\"},{\"label\":\"figure_cap\",\"bbox\":[420,719,746,792],\"text\":\"Figure 7: Comparison of predicted emotion values using\\nlinear regression (orange) with their crowdsourced values\\n(gray) for the test samples of the quadruped motion dataset.\\nThe best (happy) and worst (surprised) fitting emotion cate-\\ngories are displayed.\",\"reading_order\":10,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"para\",\"bbox\":[420,809,747,955],\"text\":\"Regression is used to construct such predictor functions\\nthat relate parameters and emotions. Both linear regression\\n(LR) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) were explored\\nfor this purpose. Gepetto however uses LR, as LR provided\\na fit similar to ANN, and was much faster to execute. For the\\nquadruped, the best-fit emotion (happy) had an $R^2$ score of\\n0.50, and the worst-fit (surprise) had $R^2 = 0.12$ (Figure 7 ). The\\nvariation in the fit quality for different emotion categories\\nis an indication of the subjective nature of emotion ratings,\",\"reading_order\":11,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[69,996,126,1013],\"text\":\"Paper 369\",\"reading_order\":12,\"tags\":[]},{\"label\":\"foot\",\"bbox\":[705,996,745,1013],\"text\":\"Page 8\",\"reading_order\":13,\"tags\":[\"page_num\"]}]", "source_markdown_path": "validation_data/3290605-3300599/results/markdown/3290605-3300599_pdf_shortened_page_7.md"}