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KARMELA LIEBKIND
Antisemitism
A Multi-disciplinary Perspective on a Demonology
with Variations
doi.org/10.30664/ar.163571
he aim of this article is to synthesize exist-
‘Ti knowledge in a novel way by looking
through a social psychological lens at his-
torical manifestations of antisemitism and its
most recent variant, presented as a case study
which tracks its development and compares it
with the core demonology of antisemitism. By
reviewing literature representing many differ-
ent disciplines, focusing particularly on history,
theology and social psychology, the article aims
to bridge disciplinary gaps, making social psy-
chological insights on inter-group relations and
social identities accessible to scholars in other
fields and thus foster a cross-disciplinary dia-
logue on antisemitism. Linguistic “innovation”
has been needed whenever an existing variety
becomes politically incorrect, which, on the indi-
vidual level, may give rise to a denial that the new
variety is antisemitism. It is concluded that com-
pared to other racisms applied research is still
needed to fill the existing lacuna to find remedies
for antisemitism.
Introduction
Antisemitism is a deeply rooted preju-
dice. Its manifestations have changed over
thousands of years; they include medieval
accusations such as the blood libel, which
falsely claimed that Jews used Christian
blood in religious rituals (e.g. Teter 2023)
and modern conspiracies alleging Jewish
control over global affairs (e.g. Czimbalmos
2025), often linked to the State of Israel
Approaching Religion * Vol. 16, No.1 * March 2026
©)@ Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
\| VERTAISARVIOITU
~ KOLLEGIALT GRANSKAD
wy. PEER-REVIEWED
www.tsv.fi/tunnus
(e.g. Herf 2024). Antisemitic tropes rely
on conspiratorial thinking, a feature which
differentiates antisemitism from racism
(e.g. Stégner 2025). Contemporary vari-
ants of antisemitism can be classified into
three main forms: Rightist, Leftist and
Islamist (Herf 2024). The common factor
is that Jews are portrayed as a threat that
fuels cognitive, emotional and behavioural
responses that constitute antisemitism.
The aim of this article is to synthe-
size existing knowledge in a novel way. By
revisiting some definitions and historical
manifestations of antisemitism through a
social psychological lens, the article aims
to bridge disciplinary gaps. Integrating a
social-psychological perspective on inter-
group relations with broader multi-disci-
plinary work, focusing on how Jews and
Judaism have been imagined in inter-group
prejudice as opposed to how Jews have
defined their own identity, this article also
aims to make social psychological insights
accessible to scholars in other fields, thus
fostering cross-disciplinary dialogue and
understanding of antisemitism.
Some basic concepts and tenets of the
social psychology of inter-group relations
and social identity need to be addressed
56
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in the introduction. Next, the basics of the
social psychology of inter-group relations
and social identities, ie. the “lens” through