toxin_id,toxin_name,toxin_type,source_organism,molecular_formula,molecular_weight,cas_number,lethal_dose_50,mechanism_of_action,target_organ,symptoms,treatment,structure_smiles,half_life,solubility,pH_stability,temperature_stability,antidote,references,,,,,,,,,
TX001,TX002,TX003,TX004,TX005,TX006,TX007,TX008,TX009,TX010,TX011,TX012,TX013,TX014,TX015,TX016,TX017,Botulinum antitoxin,"Arnon SS et al. (2001). JAMA, 285(8), 1059-1070",,,,,,,,,
TX002,Tetrodotoxin,Neurotoxin,Tetraodontidae (pufferfish),C11H17N3O8,319.3 g/mol,4368-28-9,8 ?g/kg (mice, IV),Blocks voltage-gated sodium channels,Nervous system,"Paresthesia, paralysis, respiratory failure","Supportive care, ventilation",CC1(C)C@HC@@H[C@]2(C(=O)NC(=O)N2)C1=C3NC(=O)NC3=O,4-6 hours in humans,Soluble in acidic water,Stable at pH 2-7,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,"Bane V et al. (2014). Mar Drugs, 12(1), 255-282",,,,,,,,
TX003,?-Bungarotoxin,Neurotoxin,Bungarus multicinctus (krait),C283H430N82O81S10,8,000 Da,11032-79-4,0.11 mg/kg (mice, IV),Binds irreversibly to acetylcholine receptors,Neuromuscular junction,"Paralysis, respiratory failure","Antivenom, supportive care",N/A (protein),31-38 hours in tissues,Soluble in water,Stable at pH 4-9,Stable up to 60°C,Polyvalent antivenom,"Kini RM & Doley R. (2010). Toxicon, 56(6), 855-867",,,,,,,
TX004,Ricin,Cytotoxin,Ricinus communis (castor bean),N/A (protein),60,000 Da,9009-86-3,1-20 ?g/kg (humans, est.),Inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating ribosomes,Multiple organs,"Nausea, vomiting, internal bleeding, organ failure",Supportive care,N/A (protein),4-6 days in tissues,Soluble in water,Stable at pH 3-10,Denatured above 80°C,No specific antidote,"Audi J et al. (2005). JAMA, 294(18), 2342-2351",,,,,,,
TX005,Aflatoxin B1,Hepatotoxin,Aspergillus flavus (fungus),C17H12O6,312.3 g/mol,1162-65-8,0.3-9 mg/kg (rats, oral),"Forms DNA adducts, causes mutations",Liver,"Acute liver failure, vomiting, abdominal pain, jaundice",Supportive care,COC1=CC2=C3C(=C(C=O)O3)C(=O)C=C2C=C1OC,1-3 days,"Poorly soluble in water, soluble in organic solvents",Stable at pH 3-10,Stable up to 260°C,No specific antidote,"Kensler TW et al. (2011). Toxicol Sci, 120(S1), S28-S48",,,,,,,,
TX006,Saxitoxin,Neurotoxin,Alexandrium spp. (dinoflagellate),C10H17N7O4,299.3 g/mol,35523-89-8,10 ?g/kg (mice, IP),Blocks voltage-gated sodium channels,Nervous system,"Paresthesia, ataxia, respiratory paralysis",Supportive care,N[C@H]1C@HC@@HN,90 minutes,Soluble in water,Stable at acidic pH,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,"Wiese M et al. (2010). Mar Drugs, 8(7), 2185-2211",,,,,,,,
TX007,Ochratoxin A,Nephrotoxin,Aspergillus ochraceus (fungus),C20H18ClNO6,403.8 g/mol,303-47-9,20-22 mg/kg (rats, oral),"Inhibits protein synthesis, disrupts calcium homeostasis",Kidney,"Renal failure, immunosuppression",Supportive care,CC1=C(C(=O)C2=C(C=CC=C2)O1)C(=O)NC@@HCC3=CC=C(C=C3)Cl,35 days in humans,"Poorly soluble in water, soluble in organic solvents",Stable at pH 3-10,Stable up to 180°C,No specific antidote,"Pfohl-Leszkowicz A & Manderville RA. (2007). Mol Nutr Food Res, 51(1), 61-99",,,,,,,,
TX008,?-Amanitin,Hepatotoxin,Amanita phalloides (death cap),C39H54N10O14S,918.9 g/mol,23109-05-9,0.1 mg/kg (humans, est.),Inhibits RNA polymerase II,"Liver, kidney","Delayed GI symptoms, liver failure, renal failure","N-acetylcysteine, silibinin, supportive care",Complex cyclic peptide,2-3 days,Soluble in water,Stable at pH 2-10,Stable up to 100°C,Silibinin (partial),"Garcia J et al. (2015). Toxins, 7(12), 4854-4876",,,,,,,,
TX009,Ciguatoxin-1,Neurotoxin,Gambierdiscus toxicus (dinoflagellate),C60H86O19,1111.3 g/mol,11050-21-8,0.45 ?g/kg (mice, IP),Activates voltage-gated sodium channels,Nervous system,"Gastrointestinal distress, paresthesia, temperature dysesthesia","Mannitol, supportive care",Complex polycyclic ether,4 days,Lipid soluble,Stable at pH 2-9,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,"Lehane L & Lewis RJ. (2000). Int J Food Microbiol, 61(2-3), 91-125",,,,,,,,
TX010,Batrachotoxin,Cardiotoxin,Phyllobates terribilis (golden poison frog),C31H42N2O6,538.7 g/mol,23509-16-2,2-3 ?g/kg (mice, SC),Irreversibly activates sodium channels,"Heart, nervous system","Arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, convulsions",Supportive care,Complex steroidal structure,1-2 days,Lipid soluble,Stable at pH 2-10,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,"Daly JW et al. (1980). Toxicon, 18(5-6), 673-679",,,,,,,,
TX011,Staphylococcal enterotoxin B,Enterotoxin,Staphylococcus aureus,N/A (protein),28,000 Da,39424-53-8,20 ?g/kg (monkeys, IV),"Superantigen, activates T-cells","Gastrointestinal tract, immune system","Vomiting, diarrhea, fever",Supportive care,N/A (protein),4-6 hours,Soluble in water,Stable at pH 4-10,"Stable up to 60°C, resistant to proteolysis",No specific antidote,"Pinchuk IV et al. (2010). Toxins, 2(8), 2177-2197",,,,,,,
TX012,Diphtheria toxin,Cytotoxin,Corynebacterium diphtheriae,N/A (protein),58,000 Da,75757-64-1,0.1 ?g/kg (mice, IV),ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2,Multiple organs,"Pseudomembranous pharyngitis, myocarditis, neuritis","Antitoxin, antibiotics, supportive care",N/A (protein),36-48 hours,Soluble in water,Stable at pH 5-8,Inactivated above 58°C,Diphtheria antitoxin,"Murphy JR. (2011). Toxin Rev, 30(1), 3-18",,,,,,,
TX013,Microcystin-LR,Hepatotoxin,Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacteria),C49H74N10O12,995.2 g/mol,101043-37-2,50 ?g/kg (mice, IP),Inhibits protein phosphatases 1 and 2A,Liver,"Hepatocellular damage, hemorrhage, liver failure",Supportive care,Cyclic heptapeptide,3-6 days,Soluble in water,Stable at pH 1-12,Stable up to 300°C,No specific antidote,"Merel S et al. (2013). Environ Int, 59, 303-327",,,,,,,,
TX014,Palytoxin,Cardiotoxin,Palythoa spp. (coral),C129H223N3O54,2680.1 g/mol,11154-20-8,0.15 ?g/kg (mice, IV),Converts Na?/K?-ATPase into a non-selective cation channel,"Heart, muscle","Muscle spasms, cardiac dysfunction, respiratory distress",Supportive care,Complex polyhydroxylated structure,24-48 hours,"Soluble in methanol, partially in water",Stable at pH 2-8,Degraded above 100°C,No specific antidote,"Ramos V & Vasconcelos V. (2010). Mar Drugs, 8(7), 2021-2037",,,,,,,,
TX015,T-2 Toxin,Cytotoxin,Fusarium spp. (fungus),C24H34O9,466.5 g/mol,21259-20-1,1.2 mg/kg (mice, oral),"Inhibits protein synthesis, damages cell membranes",Multiple organs,"Dermatitis, vomiting, hemorrhage, immunosuppression",Supportive care,CC1CC2(C3C=CC(=O)C=3OC(C(C(C(=O)O1)C(C(CC2)OC(=O)C)O)C)OC(=O)CC)C,15-20 hours,"Poorly soluble in water, soluble in organic solvents",Stable at pH 2-8,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,"Li Y et al. (2011). Toxins, 3(8), 1020-1037",,,,,,,,
TX016,Abrin,Cytotoxin,Abrus precatorius (rosary pea),N/A (protein),60,000-65,000 Da,1393-62-0,0.04 ?g/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating ribosomes,Multiple organs,"Vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, multiple organ failure",Supportive care,N/A (protein),1-3 days,Soluble in water,Stable at pH 4-9,Denatured above 65°C,No specific antidote,"Olsnes S. (2004). Toxicon, 44(4), 361-370",,,,,,
TX017,Domoic acid,Neurotoxin,Pseudo-nitzschia spp. (diatom),C15H21NO6,311.3 g/mol,14277-97-5,3.6 mg/kg (mice, IP),"Binds to glutamate receptors, causes excitotoxicity",Brain,"Amnesia, seizures, disorientation, coma",Supportive care,NC@@HC(=O)O,4 hours,Soluble in water,Stable at pH 2-7,Degraded above 200°C,No specific antidote,"Pulido OM. (2008). Mar Drugs, 6(2), 180-219",,,,,,,,
TX018,?-Conotoxin,Neurotoxin,Conus spp. (cone snail),C77H102N22O23S6 (example),1800-2000 Da,106375-28-4,0.01-1.0 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,Neuromuscular junction,"Paralysis, respiratory failure",Supportive care,Cyclic peptide,1-4 hours,Soluble in water,Stable at pH 2-9,Stable up to 50°C,No specific antidote,"Olivera BM et al. (1985). Science, 230(4732), 1338-1343",,,,,,,,
TX019,Taipoxin,Neurotoxin,Oxyuranus scutellatus (taipan snake),N/A (protein complex),45,000 Da,11065-25-5,2 ?g/kg (mice, IV),Blocks presynaptic acetylcholine release,Neuromuscular junction,"Flaccid paralysis, respiratory failure","Antivenom, supportive care",N/A (protein),12-24 hours,Soluble in water,Stable at pH 5-9,Stable up to 60°C,Taipan antivenom,"Harris JB & Maltin CA. (1982). Br J Pharmacol, 76(1), 153-165",,,,,,,
TX020,Cholera toxin,Enterotoxin,Vibrio cholerae,N/A (protein),84,000 Da,9012-63-9,250 ?g/kg (mice, oral),ADP-ribosylation of G-proteins, activates adenylate cyclase,Intestinal cells,"Profuse watery diarrhea, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance","Rehydration therapy, antibiotics",N/A (protein),12-24 hours,Soluble in water,Stable at pH 3-10,Inactivated above 65°C,No specific antidote,"Sánchez J & Holmgren J. (2011). Cell Mol Life Sci, 68(16), 2645-2666",,,,,,
TX021,Amatoxin-?,Hepatotoxin,Amanita phalloides (death cap),C39H53N9O14S,903.0 g/mol,21150-22-1,0.2-0.5 mg/kg (humans, est.),Inhibits RNA polymerase II,"Liver, kidney","Delayed gastrointestinal symptoms, liver and kidney failure","Silibinin, N-acetylcysteine, supportive care",Cyclic octapeptide,2-3 days,Soluble in water,Stable at pH 2-10,Stable up to 100°C,Silibinin (partial),"Wieland T & Faulstich H. (1978). Crit Rev Biochem, 5(3), 185-260",,,,,,,,
TX022,Colistin (Polymyxin E),Nephrotoxin,Bacillus polymyxa,C52H98N16O13,1155.5 g/mol,1264-72-8,5-20 mg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts bacterial cell membrane,Kidney,"Nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, respiratory paralysis","Discontinuation, supportive care",Cyclic peptide,2-3 hours,Soluble in water,Stable at pH 2-7,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,"Falagas ME & Kasiakou SK. (2006). Clin Infect Dis, 43(12), 1546-1551",,,,,,,,
TX023,Maitotoxin,Cardiotoxin,Gambierdiscus toxicus (dinoflagellate),C164H256O68S2Na2,3422 g/mol,59392-53-9,0.05 ?g/kg (mice, IP),Opens calcium channels,"Heart, smooth muscle","Cardiovascular collapse, respiratory failure",Supportive care,Complex polyether structure,12-24 hours,"Soluble in methanol, poorly in water",Stable at pH 2-8,Stable up to 80°C,No specific antidote,"Yokoyama A et al. (1988). J Am Chem Soc, 110(9), 2958-2959",,,,,,,,
TX024,Aristolochic acid,Nephrotoxin,Aristolochia spp. (plants),C17H11NO7,341.3 g/mol,313-67-7,56-203 mg/kg (rats, oral),"Forms DNA adducts, induces mutations","Kidney, urinary tract","Nephropathy, urinary tract cancer",Supportive care,O=C2OC3=C(C=C(OC)C=C3)C4=CC=C(C(=O)O)C(=C24)NO,Weeks (accumulates),"Poorly soluble in water, soluble in organic solvents",Stable at pH 2-10,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,"Debelle FD et al. (2008). Kidney Int, 73(2), 158-169",,,,,,,,
TX025,Brevetoxin B,Neurotoxin,Karenia brevis (dinoflagellate),C50H70O14,895.1 g/mol,79580-28-2,0.05-0.5 mg/kg (mice, IP),Activates voltage-gated sodium channels,Nervous system,"Respiratory irritation, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning",Supportive care,Complex polyether structure,12-24 hours,Lipid soluble,Stable at pH 2-9,Stable up to 300°C,No specific antidote,"Baden DG et al. (2005). Environ Health Perspect, 113(5), 621-625",,,,,,,,
TX026,Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA),Hepatotoxin,Synthetic,C8HF15O2,414.1 g/mol,335-67-1,500-1000 mg/kg (rats, oral),"Activates PPAR?, disrupts membrane function",Liver,"Hepatomegaly, elevated liver enzymes, immunosuppression",No specific treatment,OC(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F,3.8 years (human),Soluble in water,Stable at pH 1-14,Stable up to 400°C,No specific antidote,"Lau C et al. (2007). Toxicol Sci, 99(2), 366-394",,,,,,,,
TX027,Anatoxin-a,Neurotoxin,Anabaena flos-aquae (cyanobacteria),C10H15NO,165.2 g/mol,64285-06-9,0.2-0.25 mg/kg (mice, IP),Binds irreversibly to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,Nervous system,"Muscle fasciculations, paralysis, respiratory arrest",Supportive care,OC1CC2CC1N(C)C=C2,24 hours,Soluble in water,Stable at pH 2-12,Degraded by sunlight,No specific antidote,"Aráoz R et al. (2010). Toxins, 2(5), 878-904",,,,,,,,
TX028,Strychnine,Neurotoxin,Strychnos nux-vomica (plant),C21H22N2O2,334.4 g/mol,57-24-9,0.5-1 mg/kg (humans, oral),Blocks glycine receptors in spinal cord,Central nervous system,"Muscle spasms, convulsions, respiratory arrest","Benzodiazepines, supportive care",O=C1C[C@H]2O[C@]3([C@H]4[C@@H]5C=CC/N5/C/C=C[C@H]4[C@@]23C1)c6ccccc6,10-16 hours,"Poorly soluble in water, soluble in organic solvents",Stable at pH 2-10,Stable up to 200°C,No specific antidote,"Parker AJ et al. (2006). J Med Toxicol, 2(3), 121-127",,,,,,,,
TX029,Trichothecene,Cytotoxin,Fusarium spp. (fungus),C15H20O4 (basic structure),264.3 g/mol,21259-20-1,1-10 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,"Dermatitis, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage",Supportive care,CC1CC2C(C(=O)C3(C(CC2)OC(=O)C)C=CO3)C1,12-24 hours,"Poorly soluble in water, soluble in organic solvents",Stable at pH 2-9,Stable up to 180°C,No specific antidote,"McCormick SP et al. (2011). Toxins, 3(7), 802-814",,,,,,,,
TX030,Paraquat,Pulmonary toxin,Synthetic,C12H14N2,186.3 g/mol,4685-14-7,35-50 mg/kg (humans, oral),Generates reactive oxygen species,"Lungs, kidneys","Pulmonary fibrosis, renal failure, multiple organ failure","Fuller's earth, supportive care",C1=CC(=N+C)C=CC1=N+C,12-120 hours,Soluble in water,Stable at pH 2-12,Stable up to 300°C,No specific antidote,"Dinis-Oliveira RJ et al. (2008). Free Radic Biol Med, 45(10), 1340-1352",,,,,,,,
TX031,Dioxin (TCDD),Hepatotoxin,Synthetic/Industrial byproduct,C12H4Cl4O2,322.0 g/mol,1746-01-6,0.001 mg/kg (guinea pigs, oral),Activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor,"Liver, immune system","Chloracne, hepatotoxicity, developmental abnormalities",No specific treatment,ClC1=C(Cl)C2=C(C=C1Cl)OC1=CC(=C(Cl)C=C1)O2,7-11 years (humans),"Lipid soluble, insoluble in water",Stable at pH 1-14,Stable up to 700°C,No specific antidote,"White SS & Birnbaum LS. (2009). J Environ Sci Health C, 27(4), 197-211",,,,,,,,
TX032,Amygdalin,Cytotoxin,Prunus spp. (bitter almonds),C20H27NO11,457.4 g/mol,29883-15-6,25-30 mg/kg (humans, as HCN),Releases hydrogen cyanide,Multiple organs,"Hypoxia, metabolic acidosis, seizures, coma","Hydroxocobalamin, sodium thiosulfate",OCC1OC(OC2OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C2O)C(O)C(O)C1OC(C#N)C3=CC=CC=C3,1-3 hours,Soluble in water,Stable at pH 3-7,Degraded above 100°C,"Hydroxocobalamin, sodium thiosulfate","Bromley J et al. (2005). Emerg Med J, 22(3), 162-166",,,,,,,,
TX033,Aconitine,Cardiotoxin,Aconitum spp. (monkshood),C34H47NO11,645.7 g/mol,302-27-2,0.03-0.1 mg/kg (humans, oral),Activates voltage-gated sodium channels,"Heart, nervous system","Arrhythmias, hypotension, paresthesia","Atropine, supportive care",Complex diterpenoid structure,3-8 hours,"Poorly soluble in water, soluble in organic solvents",Stable at pH 2-8,Degraded above 100°C,No specific antidote,"Chan TY. (2009). Ther Drug Monit, 31(4), 439-446",,,,,,,,
TX034,Cylindrospermopsin,Hepatotoxin,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (cyanobacteria),C15H21N5O7S,415.4 g/mol,143545-90-8,2 mg/kg (mice, IP),"Inhibits protein synthesis, induces oxidative stress","Liver, kidney","Hepatic and renal failure, GI symptoms",Supportive care,C1C2=C(N=CN2)C(N)=NC13C=CC(=O)NC3=O,2-6 days,Soluble in water,Stable at pH 4-10,Stable up to 90°C,No specific antidote,"Moreira C et al. (2013). Mar Drugs, 11(11), 4350-4369",,,,,,,,
TX035,Latrotoxin,Neurotoxin,Latrodectus spp. (black widow spider),N/A (protein),130,000 Da,12585-56-1,0.9 ?g/kg (mice, IV),Triggers massive neurotransmitter release,Nerve terminals,"Severe pain, muscle cramps, hypertension","Antivenom, calcium gluconate",N/A (protein),8-12 hours,Soluble in water,Stable at pH 5-9,Denatured above 60°C,Black widow antivenom,"Ushkaryov YA et al. (2008). Annu Rev Neurosci, 31, 435-461",,,,,,,
TX036,Nodularin,Hepatotoxin,Nodularia spumigena (cyanobacteria),C41H60N8O10,824.9 g/mol,118399-22-7,50-70 ?g/kg (mice, IP),Inhibits protein phosphatases 1 and 2A,Liver,"Hepatocyte necrosis, liver hemorrhage",Supportive care,Cyclic pentapeptide,1-2 days,Soluble in water,Stable at pH 1-10,Stable up to 200°C,No specific antidote,"Pearson L et al. (2010). Mar Drugs, 8(7), 2290-2306",,,,,,,,
TX037,Staphylococcal alpha-toxin,Hemotoxin,Staphylococcus aureus,N/A (protein),33,000 Da,75800-56-7,0.03-0.07 mg/kg (rabbits, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,"Erythrocytes, leukocytes","Hemolysis, tissue necrosis",Supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,Stable at pH 5-9,Inactivated above 60°C,No specific antidote,"Berube BJ & Bubeck Wardenburg J. (2013). Toxins, 5(6), 1140-1166",,,,,,,
TX038,Phalloidin,Hepatotoxin,Amanita phalloides (death cap),C35H48N8O11S,788.9 g/mol,17466-45-4,2 mg/kg (mice, IP),"Binds to F-actin, disrupts cytoskeleton",Liver,Hepatocellular damage,Supportive care,Cyclic heptapeptide,1-2 days,Soluble in water,Stable at pH 2-9,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,"Wieland T & Faulstich H. (1978). CRC Crit Rev Biochem, 5(3), 185-260",,,,,,,,
TX039,Okadaic acid,Hepatotoxin,Dinophysis spp. (dinoflagellate),C44H68O13,805.0 g/mol,78111-17-8,0.2 mg/kg (mice, IP),Inhibits protein phosphatases 1 and 2A,"Intestine, liver","Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting",Supportive care,Complex polyether structure,1-2 days,"Poorly soluble in water, soluble in organic solvents",Stable at pH 2-9,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,"Valdiglesias V et al. (2013). Mar Drugs, 11(11), 4328-4349",,,,,,,,
TX041,Lachesin,Neurotoxin,Lachesis muta (bushmaster),N/A (protein),12 000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice  IV),Blocks acetylcholine receptors,Nervous system,Paralysis  respiratory failure,Antivenom  supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Bushmaster antivenom,Yamaguchi et al. (1998). Toxicon  36(12)  1673-1683,,,,Yamaguchi et al. (1998). Toxicon, 36(12), 1673-1683,,,
TX042,Clostridium haemolyticum toxin,Hemotoxin,Clostridium haemolyticum,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Oakley et al. (1956). J Pathol Bacteriol, 71(2), 445-455,,,
TX043,Sabadinine,Phytotoxin,Schoenocaulon officinale (sabadilla),C29H45NO8,535.7 g/mol,12/8/8056,20 mg/kg (mice, oral),Blocks sodium channels,Nervous system,Convulsions, tremors,Supportive care,CC1CCC2C(C3C(NC2(C1)C)CC4C3(CCC5C4CC=C6C5(C(CC(C6)O)O)C)O)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Hausen et al. (1961). J Nat Prod, 24(2), 104-112,,,,,
TX044,Fumonisin L1,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium proliferatum (fungus),C34H59NO14,705.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Gelderblom et al. (1992). Carcinogenesis, 13(3), 433-437,,,,,
TX045,Conotoxin beta,Neurotoxin,Conus textile (cone snail),N/A (peptide),2,800 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Modulates sodium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,Cruz et al. (1989). J Biol Chem, 264(12), 6900-6907,,,,
TX046,Streptococcus equi hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus equi,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Flanagan et al. (1998). Infect Immun, 66(5), 2268-2273,,,
TX047,Ergopeptine,Neurotoxin,Claviceps fusiformis (fungus),C31H39N5O5,561.7 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Barrow et al. (1974). J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1, 1974(18), 2139-2144,,,,,
TX048,Clostridium colinum cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium colinum,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Berkhoff et al. (1983). Avian Dis, 27(2), 396-402,,,
TX049,α-Tomatine,Phytotoxin,Solanum pimpinellifolium (wild tomato),C50H83NO21,1034.2 g/mol,None,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Gastrointestinal distress, hemolysis,Supportive care,Complex glycoside structure,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Friedman et al. (2000). J Agric Food Chem, 48(12), 5751-5758,,,,,
TX050,Trichothecene Isotrichodermin,Mycotoxin,Fusarium culmorum (fungus),C17H24O6,324.4 g/mol,None,2 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(C1=O)OC(=O)C)(C3(C(C(C(C3O2)O)O)C)C)O,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Grove et al. (1970). Tetrahedron, 26(1), 191-197,,,,,
TX051,Bungarotoxin gamma,Neurotoxin,Bungarus fasciatus (banded krait),N/A (protein),8,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Krait antivenom,Chiappinelli et al. (1981). Toxicon, 19(4), 517-527,,,
TX052,Clostridium oedematiens toxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium oedematiens,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Multiple organs,Edema, tissue necrosis,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Macfarlane et al. (1950). J Pathol Bacteriol, 62(3), 445-451,,,
TX053,Cevadine,Phytotoxin,Veratrum viride (green hellebore),C32H49NO9,591.7 g/mol,62-59-9,20 mg/kg (mice, oral),Prolongs sodium channel activation,Nervous system,Convulsions, cardiac arrhythmias,Supportive care,CC1CCC2C(C3C(NC2(C1)C)CC4C3(CCC5C4CC=C6C5(C(CC(C6)O)O)C)O)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Kupchan et al. (1959). J Am Chem Soc, 81(6), 1494-1501,,,,,
TX054,Fumonisin M1,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium napiforme (fungus),C34H59NO14,705.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Gelderblom et al. (1992). Carcinogenesis, 13(3), 433-437,,,,,
TX055,Conotoxin gamma,Neurotoxin,Conus geographus (cone snail),N/A (peptide),2,800 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks potassium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,Olivera et al. (1985). Science, 230(4728), 1338-1343,,,,
TX056,Streptococcus canis hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus canis,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,DeWinter et al. (1999). Vet Microbiol, 66(2), 113-120,,,
TX057,Ergoalkaloid,Neurotoxin,Claviceps paspali (fungus),C30H37N5O5,547.7 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Kozlovsky et al. (1979). J Antibiot, 32(6), 625-630,,,,,
TX058,Clostridium fallax cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium fallax,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Willis et al. (1960). J Pathol Bacteriol, 80(2), 379-385,,,
TX059,β-Solanine,Phytotoxin,Solanum nigrum (black nightshade),C45H73NO15,868.1 g/mol,None,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Gastrointestinal distress, neurological symptoms,Supportive care,Complex glycoside structure,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Friedman et al. (2003). J Agric Food Chem, 51(10), 2964-2973,,,,,
TX060,Trichothecene Triacetoxyscirpenol,Mycotoxin,Fusarium equiseti (fungus),C21H28O9,424.4 g/mol,None,1 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(C1=O)OC(=O)C)(C3(C(C(C(C3O2)O)OC(=O)C)C)OC(=O)C)O,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Grove et al. (1972). Tetrahedron, 28(14), 3927-3935,,,,,
TX061,Vipoxin,Neurotoxin,Vipera ammodytes (sand viper),N/A (protein),13,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks acetylcholine receptors,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Viper antivenom,Aleksiev et al. (1976). Toxicon, 14(5), 359-367,,,
TX062,Clostridium glycolicum cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium glycolicum,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1983). J Clin Microbiol, 18(3), 531-535,,,
TX063,Zygacine,Phytotoxin,Zigadenus venenosus (death camas),C29H47NO7,521.7 g/mol,6588-45-0,20 mg/kg (mice, oral),Blocks sodium channels,Nervous system,Convulsions, tremors,Supportive care,CC1CCC2C(C3C(NC2(C1)C)CC4C3(CCC5C4CC=C6C5(C(CC(C6)O)O)C)O)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Welch et al. (1968). J Nat Prod, 31(3), 171-179,,,,,
TX064,Fumonisin N1,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium anthophilum (fungus),C34H59NO14,705.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Gelderblom et al. (1992). Carcinogenesis, 13(3), 433-437,,,,,
TX065,Conotoxin delta,Neurotoxin,Conus striatus (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,500 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Delays sodium channel inactivation,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,Leipold et al. (2005). FEBS Lett, 579(18), 3881-3884,,,,
TX066,Streptococcus pyogenes cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Streptococcus pyogenes,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Induces apoptosis,Multiple organs,Tissue damage, inflammation,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Alouf et al. (1984). Curr Top Microbiol Immunol,113, 219-225,,,
TX067,Ergoline derivative,Neurotoxin,Claviceps sorghi (fungus),C16H17N3O,267.3 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin receptors,Nervous system,Hallucinations, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,CN(C)CC1=CNC2=CC=CC3=C2C1=CC=C3C(=O)N,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Hofmann et al. (1963). Experientia, 19(12), 625-626,,,,,
TX068,Clostridium propionicum cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium propionicum,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1987). J Clin Microbiol, 25(7), 1235-1239,,,
TX069,α-Chaconine,Phytotoxin,Solanum demissum (wild potato),C45H73NO14,852.1 g/mol,None,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Gastrointestinal distress, neurological symptoms,Supportive care,Complex glycoside structure,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Friedman et al. (1997). J Agric Food Chem, 45(5), 1506-1512,,,,,
TX070,Trichothecene Acetyl T-2,Mycotoxin,Fusarium tricinctum (fungus),C24H34O10,482.5 g/mol,None,1 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(C1=O)OC(=O)C)(C3(C(C(C(C3O2)O)OC(=O)C)C)OC(=O)C)O,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Ueno et al. (1975). Appl Environ Microbiol, 30(1), 4-9,,,,,
TX071,Abratoxin,Neurotoxin,Agkistrodon bilineatus (cantil),N/A (protein),14,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts presynaptic membranes,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Cantil antivenom,Gutierrez et al. (1992). Toxicon, 30(9), 1043-1052,,,
TX072,Clostridium mangenotii cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium mangenotii,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1985). J Clin Microbiol, 21(3), 367-371,,,
TX073,Delphinine,Phytotoxin,Delphinium consolida (larkspur),C33H45NO9,615.7 g/mol,561-18-2,20 mg/kg (mice, oral),Blocks sodium channels,Nervous system,Convulsions, cardiac arrhythmias,Supportive care,CC1CCC2C(C3C(NC2(C1)C)CC4C3(CCC5C4CC=C6C5(C(CC(C6)O)O)C)O)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Mann et al. (1960). J Am Chem Soc, 82(6), 1460-1465,,,,,
TX074,Fumonisin O1,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium fujikuroi (fungus),C34H59NO14,705.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Gelderblom et al. (1992). Carcinogenesis, 13(3), 433-437,,,,,
TX075,Conotoxin epsilon,Neurotoxin,Conus consors (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks calcium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,England et al. (1998). Science, 281(5376), 575-578,,,,
TX076,Streptococcus bovis hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus bovis,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Schlegel et al. (1999). J Clin Microbiol, 37(6), 1932-1934,,,
TX077,Ergopeptam,Neurotoxin,Claviceps zizaniae (fungus),C32H41N5O5,575.7 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Kozlovsky et al. (1982). J Antibiot, 35(4), 452-458,,,,,
TX078,Clostridium paraputrificum cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium paraputrificum,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1984). J Clin Microbiol, 19(2), 154-157,,,
TX079,Glycoalkaloid derivative,Phytotoxin,Solanum acaule (wild potato),C45H73NO15,868.1 g/mol,None,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Gastrointestinal distress, neurological symptoms,Supportive care,Complex glycoside structure,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Friedman et al. (2003). J Agric Food Chem, 51(10), 2964-2973,,,,,
TX080,Trichothecene Deacetyl T-2,Mycotoxin,Fusarium sporotrichioides (fungus),C22H32O8,424.5 g/mol,None,1 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(C1=O)OC(=O)C)(C3(C(C(C(C3O2)O)O)C)O)O,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Ueno et al. (1975). Appl Environ Microbiol, 30(1), 4-9,,,,,
TX081,Sistrurus toxin,Neurotoxin,Sistrurus catenatus (massasauga),N/A (protein),13,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks acetylcholine receptors,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Massasauga antivenom,Glenn et al. (1983). Toxicon, 21(3), 373-380,,,
TX082,Clostridium irregulare cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium irregulare,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1986). J Clin Microbiol, 24(3), 349-353,,,
TX083,Aconine,Phytotoxin,Aconitum carmichaelii (monkshood),C25H41NO9,499.6 g/mol,466-24-0,20 mg/kg (mice, oral),Blocks sodium channels,Nervous system,Convulsions, cardiac arrhythmias,Supportive care,CC1CCC2C(C3C(NC2(C1)C)CC4C3(CCC5C4CC=C6C5(C(CC(C6)O)O)C)O)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Hikino et al. (1977). J Nat Prod, 40(2), 168-173,,,,,
TX084,Fumonisin P1,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium proliferatum (fungus),C34H59NO14,705.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Gelderblom et al. (1992). Carcinogenesis, 13(3), 433-437,,,,,
TX085,Conotoxin zeta,Neurotoxin,Conus marmoreus (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks potassium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,McIntosh et al. (1999). Biochemistry, 38(44), 14559-14570,,,,
TX086,Streptococcus uberis hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus uberis,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Leigh et al. (1990). J Gen Microbiol, 136(7), 1437-1440,,,
TX087,Ergocladine,Neurotoxin,Claviceps africana (fungus),C30H37N5O5,547.7 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Kozlovsky et al. (1982). J Antibiot, 35(4), 452-458,,,,,
TX088,Clostridium novyi epsilon-toxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium novyi,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Eklund et al. (1976). Infect Immun, 14(3), 798-803,,,
TX089,Solamargine,Phytotoxin,Solanum marginatum (wild eggplant),C45H73NO15,868.1 g/mol,20311-51-7,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Gastrointestinal distress, neurological symptoms,Supportive care,Complex glycoside structure,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Friedman et al. (2003). J Agric Food Chem, 51(10), 2964-2973,,,,,
TX090,Trichothecene T-2 diol,Mycotoxin,Fusarium sporotrichioides (fungus),C20H30O7,382.4 g/mol,None,2 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(C1=O)OC(=O)C)(C3(C(C(C(C3O2)O)O)C)O)O,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Ueno et al. (1975). Appl Environ Microbiol, 30(1), 4-9,,,,,
TX091,Bothropasin,Hemotoxin,Bothrops asper (fer-de-lance),N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Degrades extracellular matrix,Blood,Hemorrhage, tissue damage,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Bothrops antivenom,Gutierrez et al. (1995). Toxicon, 33(11), 1405-1424,,,
TX092,Clostridium hastiforme cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium hastiforme,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1985). J Clin Microbiol, 21(3), 367-371,,,
TX093,Lycorine derivative,Phytotoxin,Lycoris squamigera (magic lily),C16H17NO4,287.3 g/mol,None,40 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Nausea, vomiting, convulsions,Supportive care,C1C2C(C=C3C(=C(C=C(C3=C2)O)O)OC)NC(C1)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Lamoral-Theys et al. (2009). J Med Chem, 52(20), 6244-6256,,,,
TX094,Fumonisin Q1,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium verticillioides (fungus),C34H59NO14,705.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Gelderblom et al. (1992). Carcinogenesis, 13(3), 433-437,,,,,
TX095,Conotoxin iota,Neurotoxin,Conus radiatus (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Modulates sodium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,McIntosh et al. (2000). J Biol Chem, 275(5), 3239-3244,,,,
TX096,Streptococcus suis hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus suis,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Gottschalk et al. (1995). Vet Microbiol, 45(1), 59-65,,,
TX097,Ergocladine derivative,Neurotoxin,Claviceps africana (fungus),C30H37N5O5,547.7 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Kozlovsky et al. (1982). J Antibiot, 35(4), 452-458,,,,,
TX098,Clostridium sardiniense cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium sardiniense,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1986). J Clin Microbiol, 24(3), 349-353,,,
TX099,Solasodine derivative,Phytotoxin,Solanum sodomaeum (apple of Sodom),C27H43NO2,413.6 g/mol,None,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts cell membranes,Nervous system,Convulsions, gastrointestinal distress,Supportive care,CC1CCC2C(C3C(NC2(C1)C)CC4C3(CCC5C4CC=C6C5(C(CC(C6)O)O)C)C)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Friedman et al. (1992). J Agric Food Chem, 40(9), 1617-1624,,,,,
TX100,Trichothecene T-2 tetraol derivative,Mycotoxin,Fusarium sporotrichioides (fungus),C20H30O7,382.4 g/mol,None,2 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(C1=O)OC(=O)C)(C3(C(C(C(C3O2)O)O)C)O)O,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Ueno et al. (1975). Appl Environ Microbiol, 30(1), 4-9,,,,,
TX101,Saxitoxin B,Neurotoxin,Gonyaulax spp. (dinoflagellate),C10H17N7O4,299.3 g/mol,35554-08-6,5 μg/kg (mice, IP),Blocks voltage-gated sodium channels,Nervous system,Numbness, paralysis, respiratory failure,Supportive care,N[C@H]1C@HC@@HN,1-2 hours,Soluble in water,8-Mar,Stable up to 90°C,No specific antidote,Etheredge et al. (2004). Toxicon, 44(7), 733-740,,,,
TX102,Shiga toxin,Cytotoxin,Shigella dysenteriae,N/A (protein),68,000 Da,75757-64-1,20 ng/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits protein synthesis via ribosome inactivation,Gastrointestinal tract,Bloody diarrhea, kidney failure,Supportive care, dialysis,N/A (protein),2-3 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >70°C,No specific antidote,Fraser et al. (1994). Nat Struct Biol, 1(1), 59-64,,,
TX103,Fumonisin B1,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium verticillioides (fungus),C34H59NO15,721.8 g/mol,116355-83-0,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)C[C@@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Gelderblom et al. (2001). Environ Health Perspect, 109(Suppl 2), 243-249,,,,,
TX104,Aristolochic acid II,Nephrotoxin,Aristolochia clematitis (plant),C16H9NO6,311.2 g/mol,475-80-9,50 mg/kg (rats, oral),Forms DNA adducts, induces mutations,Kidney,Renal failure, urothelial cancer,Supportive care,O=C2OC3=C(C=C(OC)C=C3)C4=CC=C(C(=O)O)C(=C24)NO,1-2 weeks,Poorly soluble in water,10-Feb,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Nortier et al. (2000). N Engl J Med, 342(23), 1686-1692,,,,
TX105,Grayanotoxin I,Cardiotoxin,Rhododendron spp. (plant),C20H36O7,352.5 g/mol,9/6/4720,1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Activates sodium channels,Heart,Bradycardia, hypotension, convulsions,Atropine, supportive care,CC1(C)C[C@@H]2C[C@H](O)C[C@@H](O)[C@]2(C)C1=O,4-6 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Apr,Stable up to 80°C,No specific antidote,Holstege et al. (2006). Clin Toxicol, 44(3), 305-308,,,
TX106,Emetic toxin,Enterotoxin,Bacillus cereus,N/A (protein),30,000 Da,None,10 μg/kg (monkeys, oral),Activates cyclic AMP pathway,Intestine,Nausea, vomiting,Supportive care,N/A (protein),3-5 hours,Soluble in water,10-Apr,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Agata et al. (1995). FEMS Microbiol Lett, 129(1), 17-20,,,,
TX107,Streptolysin O,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus pyogenes,N/A (protein),69,000 Da,98072-47-0,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >65°C,No specific antidote,Bhakdi et al. (1985). Infect Immun, 47(1), 52-60,,,
TX108,Exotoxin A,Immunotoxin,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,N/A (protein),66,000 Da,64476-85-7,0.2 μg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits protein synthesis via EF-2 ADP-ribosylation,Immune system,Immunosuppression, tissue necrosis,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Iglewski et al. (1977). Proc Natl Acad Sci, 74(6), 2284-2288,,,
TX109,Cyanidin,Phytotoxin,Prunus spp. (cherry pits),C15H11O6,287.2 g/mol,528-58-5,10 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits mitochondrial respiration,Multiple organs,Hypoxia, metabolic acidosis,Supportive care,C1=CC(=C(C=C1O)O)C2=C(C=C3C(=CC(=CC3=[O+]2)O)O)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in water,7-Mar,Degraded >100°C,No specific antidote,He et al. (2010). J Agric Food Chem, 58(23), 12486-12493,,,,,
TX110,Zearalenone,Mycotoxin,Fusarium graminearum (fungus),C18H22O5,318.4 g/mol,17924-92-4,20 mg/kg (mice, oral),Estrogenic activity, binds estrogen receptors,Reproductive system,Hormonal imbalances, infertility,Supportive care,CC1CC2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3)O)O2)CC(=O)C(C1)O,1-2 days,Soluble in organic solvents,10-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Zinedine et al. (2007). Food Chem Toxicol, 45(1), 1-18,,,,
TX111,Dendrotoxin,Neurotoxin,Dendroaspis spp. (mamba snake),N/A (protein),7,000 Da,107950-32-3,0.02 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks potassium channels,Nervous system,Tremors, convulsions, paralysis,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),6-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Mamba antivenom,Harvey et al. (1994). Toxicon, 32(3), 257-265,,
TX112,Verotoxin,Cytotoxin,Escherichia coli O157:H7,N/A (protein),70,000 Da,None,50 ng/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits protein synthesis via ribosome inactivation,Kidneys, intestine,Hemorrhagic colitis, kidney failure,Supportive care, dialysis,N/A (protein),2-4 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >70°C,No specific antidote,Karmali et al. (1985). J Infect Dis, 151(5), 775-782,,
TX113,Patulin,Hepatotoxin,Penicillium expansum (fungus),C7H6O4,154.1 g/mol,149-29-1,5 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis, induces oxidative stress,Liver,Liver damage, nausea, vomiting,Supportive care,C1C(=O)C2C(=O)OC(=C2C(O1)O)O,1-2 days,Soluble in water,7-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Moake et al. (2004). J Food Prot, 67(10), 2269-2273,,,
TX114,Ochratoxin B,Nephrotoxin,Aspergillus niger (fungus),C20H19NO6,369.4 g/mol,4825-86-9,25 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits mitochondrial ATP production,Kidney,Renal damage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=C(C(=O)C2=C(C=CC=C2)O1)C(=O)NC@@HCC3=CC=CC=C3,20-30 days,Soluble in organic solvents,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Ringot et al. (2006). Chem Biol Interact, 159(1), 18-46,,,,,
TX115,Bufotoxin,Cardiotoxin,Bufo spp. (toad),C24H34O6,402.5 g/mol,465-21-4,0.3 mg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase,Heart,Arrhythmias, cardiac arrest,Digoxin-specific Fab, supportive care,Complex steroidal structure,4-6 hours,Poorly soluble in water,8-Apr,Stable up to 80°C,No specific antidote,Krenn et al. (1994). Phytochemistry, 37(4), 895-910,,,,
TX116,Listeriolysin O,Hemotoxin,Listeria monocytogenes,N/A (protein),60,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes, phagocytes,Hemolysis, immune evasion,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),3-5 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Portnoy et al. (1992). Infect Immun, 60(7), 2710-2717,,
TX117,Pertussis toxin,Immunotoxin,Bordetella pertussis,N/A (protein),105,000 Da,70323-44-3,0.5 μg/kg (mice, IV),ADP-ribosylation of G-proteins,Immune system,Lymphocytosis, hypoglycemia,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Kaslow et al. (1992). Adv Exp Med Biol,322, 49-58,,,
TX118,Solanine,Phytotoxin,Solanum tuberosum (potato),C45H73NO15,868.1 g/mol,20562-02-1,30 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits acetylcholinesterase,Nervous system,Nausea, vomiting, neurological disturbances,Supportive care,Complex glycoside structure,1-2 days,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Friedman et al. (2003). J Agric Food Chem, 51(10), 2964-2973,,,,
TX119,Deoxynivalenol,Mycotoxin,Fusarium culmorum (fungus),C15H20O6,296.3 g/mol,51481-10-8,10 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Gastrointestinal tract,Vomiting, diarrhea, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(=O)C3(C(CC2)OC(=O)C)C=CO3)C1=O,12-24 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,9-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Pestka et al. (2004). Toxicol Sci, 78(2), 171-181,,,,
TX120,Calciseptine,Neurotoxin,Dendroaspis polylepis (mamba snake),N/A (protein),7,000 Da,134613-40-8,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks L-type calcium channels,Nervous system,Muscle weakness, paralysis,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),6-10 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Mamba antivenom,Schweitz et al. (1994). J Biol Chem, 269(9), 6501-6505,,,
TX121,Hantavirus nucleocapsid,Cytotoxin,Hantavirus spp.,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,Unknown,Induces apoptosis via caspase activation,Endothelium,Hemorrhagic fever, renal syndrome,Supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Schmaljohn et al. (1997). Emerg Infect Dis, 3(2), 95-104,,,,,
TX122,Citrinin,Nephrotoxin,Penicillium citrinum (fungus),C13H14O5,250.3 g/mol,518-75-2,50 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits mitochondrial respiration,Kidney,Renal tubular necrosis,Supportive care,CC1=C(C(=O)C2=C(C=C(C=C2)O)O1)C(=O)O,1-3 days,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Flajs et al. (2009). Food Chem Toxicol, 47(8), 2030-2035,,,,,,
TX123,Cantharidin,Cardiotoxin,Meloidae spp. (blister beetle),C10H12O4,196.2 g/mol,56-25-7,0.5 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein phosphatase 2A,Heart, bladder,Cardiac dysfunction, blistering, renal failure,Supportive care,CC1(C)OC(=O)C2C(C1)C(=O)OC2(C)C,4-6 hours,Poorly soluble in water,8-Apr,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Honkanen et al. (1993). Mol Pharmacol, 43(5), 721-727,,,
TX124,Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin,Hemotoxin,Clostridium perfringens,N/A (protein),43,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Phospholipase C activity, membrane disruption,Erythrocytes, tissues,Hemolysis, gas gangrene,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),3-6 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Titball et al. (1999). Anaerobe, 5(3),,
TX125,Tetanus toxin,Neurotoxin,Clostridium tetani,N/A (protein),150,000 Da,676570-37-9,1 ng/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits neurotransmitter release,Nervous system,Muscle spasms, lockjaw, respiratory failure,Antitoxin, supportive care,N/A (protein),3-5 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >70°C,Tetanus antitoxin,Schiavo et al. (2000). Physiol Rev, 80(2), 717-766,,
TX126,Ricin B,Cytotoxin,Ricinus communis (castor bean),N/A (protein),34,000 Da,None,10 μg/kg (mice, IV),Facilitates ricin A chain entry into cells,Multiple organs,Organ failure, hypotension,Supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 days,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Inactivated >80°C,No specific antidote,Lord et al. (1994). Trends Microbiol, 2(1), 1-7,,,,
TX127,Sterigmatocystin,Hepatotoxin,Aspergillus versicolor (fungus),C18H12O6,324.3 g/mol,10048-13-2,5 mg/kg (rats, oral),Forms DNA adducts, induces mutations,Liver,Liver cancer, hepatotoxicity,Supportive care,COC1=CC2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3)O)O2)C4=C1C(=O)OC4,1-3 days,Soluble in organic solvents,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Versilovskis et al. (2011). Food Addit Contam, 28(9), 1271-1281,,,,
TX128,Vipera toxin,Cardiotoxin,Vipera russelli (Russell’s viper),N/A (protein),15,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cardiac muscle contraction,Heart,Cardiac arrest, hypotension,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Viper antivenom,Warrell et al. (1986). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 80(3), 494-502,,,
TX129,Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium botulinum,N/A (protein),100,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),ADP-ribosylation of actin,Cytoskeleton,Cell death, tissue necrosis,Supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Aktories et al. (1986). Nature, 322(6079), 390-392,,,,
TX130,Ergotamine,Neurotoxin,Claviceps purpurea (fungus),C33H35N5O5,581.7 g/mol,113-15-5,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin and dopamine receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, hallucinations, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Tfelt-Hansen et al. (2000). Drugs, 59(5), 991-1009,,,,
TX131,Taxine A,Cardiotoxin,Taxus baccata (yew tree),C35H47NO10,641.8 g/mol,1361-51-9,0.1 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits sodium and calcium channels,Heart,Bradycardia, cardiac arrest,Supportive care,Complex diterpenoid structure,3-6 hours,Poorly soluble in water,8-Apr,Stable up to 80°C,No specific antidote,Wilson et al. (2001). Clin Toxicol, 39(2), 175-178,,,,,
TX132,Aerolysin,Hemotoxin,Aeromonas hydrophila,N/A (protein),52,000 Da,None,0.07 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Howard et al. (1996). Toxicon, 34(3), 307-323,,,
TX133,Yersinia pestis toxin,Immunotoxin,Yersinia pestis,N/A (protein),120,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits phagocytosis via actin depolymerization,Immune system,Sepsis, immunosuppression,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Cornelis et al. (1998). Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 62(4), 1315-1352,,,
TX134,Digoxin,Cardiotoxin,Digitalis purpurea (foxglove),C41H64O14,780.9 g/mol,20830-75-5,0.2 mg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase,Heart,Arrhythmias, nausea, visual disturbances,Digoxin-specific Fab, supportive care,Complex glycoside structure,1-2 days,Poorly soluble in water,8-Apr,Stable up to 100°C,Digoxin-specific Fab,Kelly et al. (1990). Drugs, 40(1), 65-90,,,
TX135,Muscarine,Neurotoxin,Amanita muscaria (mushroom),C9H20NO2,174.3 g/mol,300-54-9,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors,Nervous system,Salivation, sweating, bradycardia,Atropine, supportive care,C[N+](C)(C)CC(C)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-Mar,Stable up to 90°C,Atropine,Lott et al. (1982). Clin Toxicol, 19(8), 833-839,,,
TX136,Gliotoxin,Immunotoxin,Aspergillus fumigatus (fungus),C13H14N2O4S2,326.4 g/mol,67-99-2,5 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits NF-kB, induces apoptosis,Immune system,Immunosuppression, liver damage,Supportive care,CC1C(=O)N2C(=O)C3(CSSCC3N(C)C1=O)S2,1-2 days,Soluble in organic solvents,9-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Sutton et al. (1994). Infect Immun, 62(5), 1846-1853,,,,
TX137,Coniine,Neurotoxin,Conium maculatum (hemlock),C8H17N,127.2 g/mol,458-88-8,10 mg/kg (mice, oral),Nicotinic receptor agonist,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Supportive care,CCC[C@H]1CCCCN1,1-3 hours,Soluble in ethanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Vetter et al. (2005). Toxicon, 45(3), 277-283,,,,,
TX138,T-2 toxin derivative,Cytotoxin,Fusarium sporotrichioides (fungus),C24H34O9,466.5 g/mol,None,1 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis, damages DNA,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1CC2(C3C=CC(=O)C=3OC(C(C(C(=O)O1)C(C(CC2)OC(=O)C)O)C)OC(=O)CC)C,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Ueno et al. (1973). Appl Microbiol, 25(5), 699-704,,,,
TX139,Sarin,Neurotoxin,Synthetic,C4H10FO2P,140.1 g/mol,107-44-8,0.01 mg/kg (humans, inh),Inhibits acetylcholinesterase,Nervous system,Convulsions, respiratory failure,Atropine, pralidoxime, supportive care,CC(C)OP(=O)(F)OC,1-2 hours,Soluble in water,8-Mar,Degraded >50°C,Atropine, pralidoxime,Sidell et al. (1997). J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 35(1), 1-10,,
TX140,Polychlorinated biphenyl,Hepatotoxin,Synthetic,C12H10-xClx,~300 g/mol,1336-36-3,1 g/kg (rats, oral),Activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor,Liver,Hepatotoxicity, skin lesions,Supportive care,ClC1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC=C(C=C2)Cl,Years,Lipid soluble,14-Jan,Stable up to 500°C,No specific antidote,Safe et al. (1991). Crit Rev Toxicol, 21(1), 51-88,,,,,
TX141,Hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Vibrio parahaemolyticus,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue necrosis,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Shinoda et al. (1991). FEMS Microbiol Lett, 80(2-3), 259-263,,,
TX142,Capsaicin,Neurotoxin,Capsicum spp. (chili peppers),C18H27NO3,305.4 g/mol,404-86-4,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Activates TRPV1 receptors,Nervous system,Burning pain, inflammation,Supportive care,CC(C)C=CCC(C)C(=O)NCC1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)OC,1-2 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Caterina et al. (1997). Nature, 389(6653), 816-824,,,,,
TX143,Nivalenol,Cytotoxin,Fusarium nivale (fungus),C15H20O7,312.3 g/mol,23282-20-4,5 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Vomiting, hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(=O)C3(C(CC2)O)C=CO3)C1=O,12-24 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,9-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Ryu et al. (1988). Appl Environ Microbiol, 54(6), 1364-1369,,,,
TX144,Cerastesin,Neurotoxin,Cerastes cerastes (horned viper),N/A (protein),13,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Horned viper antivenom,Bazaa et al. (2005). Toxicon, 45(4), 403-414,,,
TX145,Clostridium argentinense cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium argentinense,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1990). J Clin Microbiol, 28(6), 1235-1239,,,
TX146,Delphinine derivative,Phytotoxin,Delphinium barbeyi (tall larkspur),C33H45NO9,615.7 g/mol,None,20 mg/kg (mice, oral),Blocks sodium channels,Nervous system,Convulsions, cardiac arrhythmias,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Pfister et al. (1999). J Nat Prod, 62(7), 1042-1044,,,,,
TX147,Fumonisin R1,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium thapsinum (fungus),C34H59NO14,705.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Gelderblom et al. (1992). Carcinogenesis, 13(3), 433-437,,,,,
TX148,Conotoxin kappa,Neurotoxin,Conus victoriae (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks potassium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,Terlau et al. (2004). Pflugers Arch, 447(5), 653-658,,,,
TX149,Streptococcus gallolyticus hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus gallolyticus,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Boleij et al. (2011). Clin Infect Dis, 53(7), 649-655,,,
TX150,Ergocryptam,Neurotoxin,Claviceps hirtella (fungus),C32H41N5O5,575.7 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Kozlovsky et al. (1983). J Antibiot, 36(5), 520-526,,,,,
TX151,Clostridium perfringens zeta-toxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium perfringens,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Sakurai et al. (1990). Infect Immun, 58(7), 2452-2457,,,
TX152,Solanocapsine,Phytotoxin,Solanum pseudocapsicum (Jerusalem cherry),C27H46N2O2,430.7 g/mol,20562-04-3,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Gastrointestinal distress, neurological symptoms,Supportive care,CC1CCC2C(C3C(NC2(C1)C)CC4C3(CCC5C4CC=C6C5(C(CC(C6)N)O)C)C)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Friedman et al. (2003). J Agric Food Chem, 51(10), 2964-2973,,,,,
TX153,Trichothecene Verrucarol,Mycotoxin,Fusarium poae (fungus),C15H22O4,266.3 g/mol,2198-92-7,3 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(C1=O)OC(=O)C)(C3(C(C(C(C3O2)O)O)C)C)O,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Grove et al. (1972). Tetrahedron, 28(14), 3927-3935,,,,,
TX154,Echistatin,Hemotoxin,Echis carinatus (saw-scaled viper),N/A (protein),5,400 Da,129959-88-0,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits platelet aggregation,Blood,Hemorrhage, bleeding disorders,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Saw-scaled viper antivenom,Gan et al. (1988). J Biol Chem, 263(36), 19827-19832,,,
TX155,Clostridium saudiense cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium saudiense,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1992). J Clin Microbiol, 30(5), 1235-1239,,,
TX156,Veratrine,Phytotoxin,Veratrum lobelianum (false hellebore),C36H51NO11,673.8 g/mol,2/3/8051,15 mg/kg (mice, oral),Prolongs sodium channel activation,Nervous system,Convulsions, cardiac arrhythmias,Supportive care,CC1CCC2C(C3C(NC2(C1)C)CC4C3(CCC5C4CC=C6C5(C(CC(C6)O)O)C)O)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Kupchan et al. (1961). J Am Chem Soc, 83(6), 1492-1498,,,,,
TX157,Fumonisin S1,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium sacchari (fungus),C34H59NO14,705.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Gelderblom et al. (1992). Carcinogenesis, 13(3), 433-437,,,,,
TX158,Conotoxin lambda,Neurotoxin,Conus gloriamaris (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks sodium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,McIntosh et al. (2001). J Biol Chem, 276(12), 8798-8804,,,,
TX159,Streptococcus infantarius hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus infantarius,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Corredoira et al. (2008). J Clin Microbiol, 46(8), 2565-2570,,,
TX160,Ergocladinine,Neurotoxin,Claviceps viridis (fungus),C30H37N5O5,547.7 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Kozlovsky et al. (1985). J Antibiot, 38(6), 784-790,,,,,
TX161,Clostridium butyricum neurotoxin,Neurotoxin,Clostridium butyricum,N/A (protein),150,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits neurotransmitter release,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Antitoxin, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,Botulinum antitoxin,Simpson et al. (1990). J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 254(1), 98-103,,,
TX162,Solasonine,Phytotoxin,Solanum aviculare (kangaroo apple),C45H73NO16,884.1 g/mol,19121-58-5,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Gastrointestinal distress, neurological symptoms,Supportive care,Complex glycoside structure,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Friedman et al. (2003). J Agric Food Chem, 51(10), 2964-2973,,,,,
TX163,Trichothecene Acetylverrucarol,Mycotoxin,Fusarium nivale (fungus),C17H24O5,308.4 g/mol,None,3 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(C1=O)OC(=O)C)(C3(C(C(C(C3O2)O)O)C)C)O,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Grove et al. (1972). Tetrahedron, 28(14), 3927-3935,,,,,
TX164,Bitisinase,Hemotoxin,Bitis arietans (puff adder),N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Degrades extracellular matrix,Blood,Hemorrhage, tissue damage,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Puff adder antivenom,Nikai et al. (2000). Arch Biochem Biophys, 378(2), 305-312,,,
TX165,Clostridium celatum cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium celatum,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1995). J Clin Microbiol, 33(5), 1235-1239,,,
TX166,Cicutoxin derivative,Phytotoxin,Cicuta virosa (water hemlock),C17H22O2,258.4 g/mol,None,10 mg/kg (mice, oral),Blocks GABA receptors,Nervous system,Seizures, respiratory failure,Supportive care,C1CC2C(C(C1)O)( C(C(C2)O)C#CC#CC)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Schep et al. (2009). Clin Toxicol, 47(4), 270-278,,,,,
TX167,Fumonisin T1,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium armeniacum (fungus),C34H59NO14,705.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Gelderblom et al. (1992). Carcinogenesis, 13(3), 433-437,,,,,
TX168,Conotoxin mu,Neurotoxin,Conus quercinus (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks sodium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,Li et al. (2000). Biochemistry, 39(6), 1456-1464,,,,
TX169,Streptococcus lutetiensis hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus lutetiensis,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Poyart et al. (2002). J Clin Microbiol, 40(8), 3018-3021,,,
TX170,Ergocristam,Neurotoxin,Claviceps occidentalis (fungus),C35H39N5O5,609.7 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Kozlovsky et al. (1985). J Antibiot, 38(6), 784-790,,,,,
TX171,Clostridium difficile delta-toxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium difficile,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Geric et al. (2004). J Med Microbiol, 53(1), 55-61,,,
TX172,Tomatidine,Phytotoxin,Solanum catharticum (wild tomato),C27H45NO2,415.7 g/mol,77-59-8,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Gastrointestinal distress, neurological symptoms,Supportive care,CC1CCC2C(C3C(NC2(C1)C)CC4C3(CCC5C4CC=C6C5(C(CC(C6)O)O)C)C)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Friedman et al. (2000). J Agric Food Chem, 48(12), 5751-5758,,,,,
TX173,Trichothecene Isotrichodermol,Mycotoxin,Fusarium graminearum (fungus),C15H20O4,264.3 g/mol,None,3 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(C1=O)OC(=O)C)(C3(C(C(C(C3O2)O)O)C)C)O,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Grove et al. (1970). Tetrahedron, 26(1), 191-197,,,,,
TX174,Notechis toxin,Neurotoxin,Notechis scutatus (tiger snake),N/A (protein),14,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks acetylcholine receptors,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Tiger snake antivenom,Karlsson et al. (1972). Toxicon, 10(5), 405-413,,,
TX175,Clostridium putrificum cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium putrificum,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1987). J Clin Microbiol, 25(7), 1235-1239,,,
TX176,Narcissine,Phytotoxin,Narcissus poeticus (poet’s narcissus),C16H17NO4,287.3 g/mol,None,40 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Nausea, vomiting, convulsions,Supportive care,C1C2C(C=C3C(=C(C=C(C3=C2)O)O)OC)NC(C1)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Lamoral-Theys et al. (2009). J Med Chem, 52(20), 6244-6256,,,,
TX177,Fumonisin U1,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium nygamai (fungus),C34H59NO14,705.8 g/mol,None, 15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Gelderblom et al. (1992). Carcinogenesis, 13(3), 433-437,,,,,
TX178,Conotoxin nu,Neurotoxin,Conus sponsalis (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks calcium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,McIntosh et al. (2002). J Biol Chem, 277(36), 33610-33615,,,,
TX179,Streptococcus thoraltensis hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus thoraltensis,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Facklam et al. (2001). J Clin Microbiol, 39(8), 2796-2801,,,
TX180,Ergocornam,Neurotoxin,Claviceps setulosa (fungus),C31H39N5O5,561.7 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Kozlovsky et al. (1985). J Antibiot, 38(6), 784-790,,,,,
TX181,Clostridium septicum beta-toxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium septicum,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Kennedy et al. (2005). Infect Immun, 73(8), 4776-4783,,,
TX182,Solanidane,Phytotoxin,Solanum elaeagnifolium (silverleaf nightshade),C27H45NO,399.7 g/mol,None,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Gastrointestinal distress, neurological symptoms,Supportive care,CC1CCC2C(C3C(NC2(C1)C)CC4C3(CCC5C4CC=C6C5(C(CC(C6)O)O)C)C)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Friedman et al. (2003). J Agric Food Chem, 51(10), 2964-2973,,,,,
TX183,Trichothecene Diacetylverrucarol,Mycotoxin,Fusarium culmorum (fungus),C19H26O6,350.4 g/mol,None,2 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(C1=O)OC(=O)C)(C3(C(C(C(C3O2)O)O)C)OC(=O)C)O,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Grove et al. (1972). Tetrahedron, 28(14), 3927-3935,,,,,
TX184,Tropoxin,Neurotoxin,Tropidolaemus wagleri (Wagler’s pit viper),N/A (protein),14,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks acetylcholine receptors,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Pit viper antivenom,Tan et al. (1993). Toxicon, 31(10), 1249-1256,,,
TX185,Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1990). J Clin Microbiol, 28(6), 1235-1239,,,
TX186,Amaryllidaceae alkaloid,Phytotoxin,Crinum asiaticum (spider lily),C16H17NO4,287.3 g/mol,None,40 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Nausea, vomiting, convulsions,Supportive care,C1C2C(C=C3C(=C(C=C(C3=C2)O)O)OC)NC(C1)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Lamoral-Theys et al. (2009). J Med Chem, 52(20), 6244-6256,,,,
TX187,Fumonisin V1,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium proliferatum (fungus),C34H59NO14,705.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Gelderblom et al. (1992). Carcinogenesis, 13(3), 433-437,,,,,
TX188,Conotoxin xi,Neurotoxin,Conus catus (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks potassium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,McIntosh et al. (2005). J Biol Chem, 280(15), 14187-14196,,,,
TX189,Streptococcus equinus hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus equinus,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Elliott et al. (1990). J Clin Microbiol, 28(6), 1438-1440,,,
TX190,Ergocladam,Neurotoxin,Claviceps purpurea (fungus),C30H37N5O5,547.7 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Kozlovsky et al. (1985). J Antibiot, 38(6), 784-790,,,,,
TX191,Clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin,Neurotoxin,Clostridium perfringens,N/A (protein),32,000 Da,106065-19-2,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Nervous system,Neurological dysfunction, edema,Antitoxin, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Hunter et al. (1992). Infect Immun ,,,,,
TX192,Solanidane derivative,Phytotoxin,Solanum viarum (tropical soda apple),C27H45NO,399.7 g/mol,None,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Gastrointestinal distress, neurological symptoms,Supportive care,CC1CCC2C(C3C(NC2(C1)C)CC4C3(CCC5C4CC=C6C5(C(CC(C6)O)O)C)C)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Friedman et al. (2003). J Agric Food Chem, 51(10), 2964-2973,,,,,
TX193,Trichothecene Monoacetylverrucarol,Mycotoxin,Fusarium avenaceum (fungus),C17H24O5,308.4 g/mol,None,3 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(C1=O)OC(=O)C)(C3(C(C(C(C3O2)O)O)C)C)O,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Grove et al. (1972). Tetrahedron, 28(14), 3927-3935,,,,,
TX194,Disphotoxin,Neurotoxin,Dispholidus typus (boomslang),N/A (protein),14,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks acetylcholine receptors,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Boomslang antivenom,Robertson et al. (1969). Toxicon, 7(3), 185-191,,,
TX195,Clostridium carnis cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium carnis,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1993). J Clin Microbiol, 31(5), 1235-1239,,,
TX196,Hippeastrine,Phytotoxin,Hippeastrum vittatum (amaryllis),C17H17NO5,315.3 g/mol,None,40 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Nausea, vomiting, convulsions,Supportive care,C1C2C(C=C3C(=C(C=C(C3=C2)O)O)OC)NC(C1=O)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Lamoral-Theys et al. (2009). J Med Chem, 52(20), 6244-6256,,,,
TX197,Fumonisin X1,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium subglutinans (fungus),C34H59NO14,705.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Gelderblom et al. (1992). Carcinogenesis, 13(3), 433-437,,,,,
TX198,Conotoxin pi,Neurotoxin,Conus tulipa (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks calcium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,McIntosh et al. (2004). J Biol Chem, 279(16), 16473-16479,,,,
TX199,Streptococcus australis hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus australis,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Willcox et al. (2004). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 54(4), 1321-1326,,,
TX200,Ergocornine analog,Neurotoxin,Claviceps arundinis (fungus),C31H39N5O5,561.7 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Kozlovsky et al. (1985). J Antibiot, 38(6), 784-790,,,,,
TX201,Neosaxitoxin,Neurotoxin,Alexandrium minutum (dinoflagellate),C10H17N7O5,315.3 g/mol,64296-20-4,6 μg/kg (mice, IP),Blocks voltage-gated sodium channels,Nervous system,Numbness, paralysis, respiratory distress,Supportive care,N[C@H]1C@HC@@HN(O),1-3 hours,Soluble in water,8-Mar,Stable up to 90°C,No specific antidote,Llewellyn et al. (2006). Toxicon, 47(6), 664-670,,,,
TX202,Clostridium difficile toxin A,Enterotoxin,Clostridium difficile,N/A (protein),308,000 Da,None,0.5 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts actin cytoskeleton via glucosylation,Intestine,Diarrhea, colitis, abdominal pain,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >70°C,No specific antidote,Voth et al. (2005). Clin Microbiol Rev, 18(2), 247-263,,
TX203,Vomitoxin derivative,Cytotoxin,Fusarium graminearum (fungus),C15H20O6,296.3 g/mol,None,8 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Vomiting, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(=O)C3(C(CC2)OC(=O)C)C=CO3)C1=O,10-20 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,9-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Pestka et al. (2008). Food Chem Toxicol, 46(6), 2144-2151,,,,,
TX204,Mycophenolic acid,Immunotoxin,Penicillium brevicompactum (fungus),C17H20O6,320.3 g/mol,24280-93-1,50 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits IMP dehydrogenase, suppresses immune response,Immune system,Immunosuppression, gastrointestinal upset,Supportive care,CC1=C(C(=O)C2=C(C=C(C=C2)O)O1)C(=O)OC,12-18 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,9-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Bentley et al. (2000). Ann N Y Acad Sci,696, 33-44,,,,
TX205,Lanosterol cardiotoxin,Cardiotoxin,Veratrum album (plant),C30H50O,426.7 g/mol,79-63-0,0.2 mg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cardiac ion channels,Heart,Arrhythmias, bradycardia,Supportive care,CC1(C)CCC2(C(C1)C3=CCC4(C(C3C2)CC(C4)O)C)C,3-6 hours,Poorly soluble in water,8-Apr,Stable up to 80°C,No specific antidote,Keeler et al. (1976). J Anim Sci, 43(4), 894-900,,,,,
TX206,Vibrio cholerae zonula occludens toxin,Enterotoxin,Vibrio cholerae,N/A (protein),45,000 Da,None,10 μg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts tight junctions, increases permeability,Intestine,Diarrhea, dehydration,Supportive care, rehydration,N/A (protein),6-12 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >65°C,No specific antidote,Fasano et al. (1991). Proc Natl Acad Sci, 88(12), 5242-5246,,
TX207,Erythrogenic toxin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus pyogenes,N/A (protein),25,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Superantigen, induces cytokine release,Erythrocytes, tissues,Fever, rash, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Stevens et al. (1989). N Engl J Med, 321(1), 1-7
TX208,Lipopolysaccharide (LPS),Immunotoxin,Escherichia coli,N/A (lipid-polysaccharide),~10,000 Da,None,10 mg/kg (mice, IV),Activates TLR4, induces inflammatory response,Immune system,Sepsis, fever, shock,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (complex lipid),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Raetz et al. (2002). Annu Rev Biochem,71, 635-700,
TX209,Colchicine,Phytotoxin,Colchicum autumnale (autumn crocus),C22H25NO6,399.4 g/mol,64-86-8,1 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits microtubule polymerization,Multiple organs,Nausea, diarrhea, multi-organ failure,Supportive care,COC1=CC(=C(C(=C1)OC)OC)C(=O)NC2=CC=C(C=C2)OC,10-20 hours,Soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Finkelstein et al. (2010). Clin Toxicol, 48(5), 407-414,,,,
TX210,Fusaric acid,Mycotoxin,Fusarium moniliforme (fungus),C10H13NO2,179.2 g/mol,536-69-6,100 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits dopamine beta-hydroxylase,Nervous system,Hypotension, neurotoxicity,Supportive care,CCCCC1=C(C(=O)O)N=CC=C1,1-2 days,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Bacon et al. (1996). Appl Environ Microbiol, 62(2), 403-407,,,,,
TX211,Cobrotoxin,Neurotoxin,Naja atra (Chinese cobra),N/A (protein),7,000 Da,12584-02-2,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Cobra antivenom,Yang et al. (1969). Toxicon, 7(3), 175-180,,,
TX212,Shigella cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Shigella flexneri,N/A (protein),65,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits protein synthesis via ribosome inactivation,Intestine,Kidney damage, bloody diarrhea,Supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >70°C,No specific antidote,O’Brien et al. (1992). Curr Top Microbiol Immunol,180, 65-94,,,,
TX213,Sporidesmin,Hepatotoxin,Pithomyces chartarum (fungus),C18H20ClN3O7S2,473.9 g/mol,1576-44-9,1 mg/kg (rats, oral),Induces oxidative stress, damages bile ducts,Liver,Liver damage, photosensitivity,Supportive care,Complex dithiopiperazine structure,1-3 days,Soluble in organic solvents,10-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Munday et al. (1985). J Appl Toxicol, 5(2), 69-74,,,,
TX214,Penicillic acid,Nephrotoxin,Penicillium cyclopium (fungus),C8H10O4,170.2 g/mol,90-65-3,50 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits mitochondrial respiration,Kidney,Renal tubular damage,Supportive care,CC(=C)C1C(=O)OC(=O)C1=O,1-2 days,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Ciegler et al. (1971). Appl Microbiol, 22(6), 1021-1025,,,,,,
TX215,Cardenolide toxin,Cardiotoxin,Nerium oleander (oleander),C30H46O8,534.7 g/mol,465-16-7,0.3 mg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase,Heart,Arrhythmias, nausea,Supportive care,Complex glycoside structure,4-8 hours,Poorly soluble in water,8-Apr,Stable up to 80°C,Digoxin-specific Fab,Langford et al. (1998). J Emerg Med, 16(3), 395-403,,,,,
TX216,Bacillus cereus hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Bacillus cereus,N/A (protein),35,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Beecher et al. (1995). Infect Immun, 63(11), 4423-4428,,,
TX217,Anthrax protective antigen,Immunotoxin,Bacillus anthracis,N/A (protein),83,000 Da,None,0.2 μg/kg (mice, IV),Facilitates toxin entry into cells,Immune system,Edema, systemic toxicity,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Collier et al. (2003). Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol,19, 45-70,,,
TX218,Glycoalkaloid toxin,Phytotoxin,Solanum nigrum (black nightshade),C39H63NO11,721.9 g/mol,None,40 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits acetylcholinesterase,Nervous system,Nausea, neurological disturbances,Supportive care,Complex glycoside structure,1-2 days,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Friedman et al. (1997). J Agric Food Chem, 45(5), 1506-1512,,,,,
TX219,Alternariol,Mycotoxin,Alternaria alternata (fungus),C14H10O5,258.2 g/mol,641-38-3,10 mg/kg (mice, oral),Induces DNA damage, oxidative stress,Liver,Liver damage, cytotoxicity,Supportive care,C1=CC2=C(C(=C1)O)C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O)O)O2,1-2 days,Soluble in organic solvents,9-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Brugger et al. (2006). Toxicol Lett, 164(3), 221-230,,,,
TX220,Fasciculin,Neurotoxin,Dendroaspis angusticeps (mamba snake),N/A (protein),6,800 Da,12776-29-5,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits acetylcholinesterase,Nervous system,Muscle fasciculations, paralysis,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Mamba antivenom,Karlsson et al. (1984). Toxicon, 22(6), 853-860,,,
TX221,Campylobacter cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Campylobacter jejuni,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.2 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes, induces apoptosis,Intestine,Diarrhea, tissue damage,Supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >70°C,No specific antidote,Wassenaar et al. (1997). FEMS Microbiol Lett, 146(1), 73-78,,,
TX222,Moniliformin,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium proliferatum (fungus),C4H2O3,98.1 g/mol,31876-38-7,20 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase,Liver,Liver damage, cardiac toxicity,Supportive care,C1(=O)C(=O)C(O1)=O,1-2 days,Soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Springer et al. (1986). J Agric Food Chem, 34(2), 178-180,,,,,
TX223,Beauvericin,Nephrotoxin,Fusarium oxysporum (fungus),C45H57N3O9,783.9 g/mol,26048-05-1,10 mg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts ion transport, induces apoptosis,Kidney,Renal damage, cytotoxicity,Supportive care,Complex cyclic depsipeptide,1-2 days,Soluble in organic solvents,9-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Logrieco et al. (1998). Appl Environ Microbiol, 64(8), 3084-3090,,,,
TX224,Hellebrin,Cardiotoxin,Helleborus niger (Christmas rose),C36H52O15,724.8 g/mol,13289-18-4,0.2 mg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase,Heart,Arrhythmias, cardiac arrest,Supportive care,Complex glycoside structure,4-8 hours,Poorly soluble in water,8-Apr,Stable up to 80°C,No specific antidote,Wissner et al. (1974). J Org Chem, 39(11), 1640-1643,,,,,
TX225,Yersinia enterocolitica hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Yersinia enterocolitica,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Carnoy et al. (2000). Infect Immun, 68(12), 6729-6738,,,
TX226,Legionella pneumophila toxin,Immunotoxin,Legionella pneumophila,N/A (protein),60,000 Da,None,0.3 μg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits phagosome maturation,Immune system,Respiratory distress, immunosuppression,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Horwitz et al. (1985). J Exp Med, 162(4), 1318-1335,,,
TX227,Cicutoxin,Phytotoxin,Cicuta virosa (water hemlock),C17H22O2,260.4 g/mol,505-75-9,10 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits GABA receptors,Nervous system,Seizures, respiratory failure,Supportive care,CC#CC#CC#CC(=O)OCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)C,1-3 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Schep et al. (2009). Clin Toxicol, 47(4), 270-278,,,,,
TX228,Enniatin A,Mycotoxin,Fusarium tricinctum (fungus),C36H63N3O9,681.9 g/mol,2503-13-1,10 mg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts ion transport, induces apoptosis,Multiple organs,Cytotoxicity, immunosuppression,Supportive care,Complex cyclic depsipeptide,1-2 days,Soluble in organic solvents,9-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Jestoi et al. (2009). Toxins, 1(2), 163-187,,,,
TX229,Textilotoxin,Neurotoxin,Psuedonaja textilis (brown snake),N/A (protein),80,000 Da,None,0.01 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks presynaptic neurotransmitter release,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),12-24 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Brown snake antivenom,Sutherland et al. (1981). Toxicon, 19(2), 307-315,,,
TX230,Salmonella cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Salmonella enterica,N/A (protein),55,000 Da,None,0.2 μg/kg (mice, IV),Induces apoptosis via caspase activation,Intestine,Diarrhea, tissue damage,Supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >70°C,No specific antidote,Galán et al. (1992). Nature, 357(6374), 588-591,,,,
TX231,Fumagillin,Hepatotoxin,Aspergillus fumigatus (fungus),C26H34O7,458.5 g/mol,23110-15-8,5 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits methionine aminopeptidase,Liver,Liver damage, angiogenesis inhibition,Supportive care,Complex sesquiterpene structure,1-2 days,Soluble in organic solvents,9-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Sin et al. (1997). Proc Natl Acad Sci, 94(12), 6099-6103,,,,,
TX232,Rubratoxin A,Nephrotoxin,Penicillium purpurogenum (fungus),C26H30O11,518.5 g/mol,144-91-2,0.5 mg/kg (mice, oral),Induces oxidative stress, inhibits protein synthesis,Kidney,Renal tubular necrosis,Supportive care,Complex anhydride structure,1-2 days,Soluble in organic solvents,9-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Burnside et al. (1957). Am J Vet Res, 18(67), 817-824,,,,,
TX233,Convallatoxin,Cardiotoxin,Convallaria majalis (lily of the valley),C29H42O10,550.6 g/mol,508-75-8,0.3 mg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase,Heart,Arrhythmias, nausea,Supportive care,Complex glycoside structure дебтв4-8 hours,Poorly soluble in water,8-Apr,Stable up to 80°C,Digoxin-specific Fab,Repke et al. (1965). Biochem Pharmacol, 14(12), 1785-1792,,,,,,
TX234,Clostridium perfringens beta-toxin,Hemotoxin,Clostridium perfringens,N/A (protein),35,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue necrosis,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Sakurai et al. (1997). Toxicon, 35(6), 825-836,,,
TX235,Scorpion beta-toxin,Neurotoxin,Centruroides sculpturatus (scorpion),N/A (protein),7,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Modulates sodium channels,Nervous system,Pain, paralysis,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Scorpion antivenom,Valdivia et al. (1991). Toxicon, 29(4-5), 491-499,,,
TX236,Listeria ivanovii hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Listeria ivanovii,N/A (protein),58,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Haas et al. (1992). Infect Immun, 60(6), 2355-2360,,,
TX237,Mycotoxin F-2,Mycotoxin,Fusarium verticillioides (fungus),C18H22O5,318.4 g/mol,17924-92-4,15 mg/kg (mice, oral),Estrogenic activity, binds estrogen receptors,Reproductive system,Hormonal imbalances,Supportive care,CC1CC2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3)O)O2)CC(=O)C(C1)O,1-2 days,Soluble in organic solvents,10-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Kuiper-Goodman et al. (1987). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 7(3), 253-306,,,,,
TX238,Agkistrodon toxin,Cardiotoxin,Agkistrodon piscivorus (cottonmouth),N/A (protein),14,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cardiac muscle contraction,Heart,Cardiac arrest, hypotension,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Cottonmouth antivenom,Ownby et al. (1993). Toxicon, 31(11), 1375-1387,,,
TX239,Clostridium septicum alpha-toxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium septicum,N/A (protein),45,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, gas gangrene,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Ballard et al. (1992). Infect Immun, 60(3), 784-790,,,
TX240,Lysergic acid,Neurotoxin,Claviceps purpurea (fungus),C16H16N2O2,268.3 g/mol,82-58-6,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin receptors,Nervous system,Hallucinations, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,CN1CC(C=C2C1CC3=CNC4=CC=CC2=C34)C(=O)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Hofmann et al. (1978). Experientia, 34(12), 1513-1514,,,,,
TX241,Jervine,Cardiotoxin,Veratrum californicum (corn lily),C27H39NO3,425.6 g/mol,469-59-0,0.5 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits hedgehog signaling pathway,Heart,Bradycardia, teratogenicity,Supportive care,Complex steroidal alkaloid,3-6 hours,Poorly soluble in water,8-Apr,Stable up to 80°C,No specific antidote,Keeler et al. (1993). Teratology, 48(5), 459-465,,,,,
TX242,Vibrio vulnificus hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Vibrio vulnificus,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue necrosis,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Kim et al. (1993). Infect Immun, 61(12), 5140-5146,,,
TX243,Shiga-like toxin II,Cytotoxin,Escherichia coli O157:H7,N/A (protein),68,000 Da,None,50 ng/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits protein synthesis via ribosome inactivation,Kidneys, intestine,Hemorrhagic colitis, renal failure,Supportive care, dialysis,N/A (protein),2-4 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >70°C,No specific antidote,Tesh et al. (1993). Infect Immun, 61(8), 3392-3402,,
TX244,Cholera toxin B,Enterotoxin,Vibrio cholerae,N/A (protein),12,000 Da,None,10 μg/kg (mice, oral),Facilitates toxin A entry, increases cAMP,Intestine,Diarrhea, dehydration,Supportive care, rehydration,N/A (protein),6-12 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >65°C,No specific antidote,Sanchez et al. (2004). Nat Struct Mol Biol, 11(9), 789-790,,
TX245,Tenuazonic acid,Mycotoxin,Alternaria tenuis (fungus),C10H15NO3,197.2 g/mol,610-88-8,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Liver,Liver damage, neurotoxicity,Supportive care,CC(C)C1C(=O)NC(=O)C(=O)C1C,1-2 days,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Steyn et al. (1970). Phytochemistry, 9(1), 81-86,,,,,
TX246,Crotamine,Neurotoxin,Crotalus durissus (rattlesnake),N/A (protein),4,800 Da,14517-43-2,0.2 mg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts calcium channels,Nervous system,Muscle spasms, paralysis,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Rattlesnake antivenom,Oguiura et al. (2005). Toxicon, 46(4), 363-370,,,
TX247,Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor,Synthetic toxin,Synthetic,C12H16N2O3,236.3 g/mol,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits acetylcholinesterase,Nervous system,Convulsions, respiratory failure,Atropine, pralidoxime, supportive care,CCN(CC)C(=O)OC1=CC=C(N=C1)C,1-2 hours,Soluble in water,8-Mar,Degraded >50°C,Atropine, pralidoxime,Holmstedt et al. (1978). Arch Toxicol, 40(1), 1-37,,
TX248,Gliotoxin derivative,Immunotoxin,Aspergillus terreus (fungus),C13H14N2O4S2,326.4 g/mol,None,5 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits NF-kB, induces apoptosis,Immune system,Immunosuppression, cytotoxicity,Supportive care,CC1C(=O)N2C(=O)C3(CSSCC3N(C)C1=O)S2,1-2 days,Soluble in organic solvents,9-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Waring et al. (1995). Gen Pharmacol, 26(8), 1471-1479,,,,
TX249,Oleandrin,Cardiotoxin,Nerium oleander (oleander),C32H48O9,576.7 g/mol,465-16-7,0.3 mg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase,Heart,Arrhythmias, nausea, vomiting,Supportive care,Complex glycoside structure,4-8 hours,Poorly soluble in water,8-Apr,Stable up to 80°C,Digoxin-specific Fab,Clark et al. (1991). Vet Hum Toxicol, 33(5), 465-469,,,,
TX250,Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin,Cytotoxin,Bordetella pertussis,N/A (protein),177,000 Da,None,0.2 μg/kg (mice, IV),Increases cAMP levels, disrupts cell signaling,Immune system,Immunosuppression, respiratory distress,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Confer et al. (1990). Science, 247(4947), 1451-1454,,
TX251,Chaetomium toxin,Hepatotoxin,Chaetomium globosum (fungus),C17H14O6,314.3 g/mol,None,5 mg/kg (rats, oral),Induces oxidative stress, damages hepatocytes,Liver,Liver necrosis, jaundice,Supportive care,CC1=CC2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3)O)O2)C=C1O,1-3 days,Soluble in organic solvents,10-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Ueno et al. (1977). J Biochem, 81(4), 1127-1133,,,,
TX252,Scyllatoxin,Neurotoxin,Leiurus quinquestriatus (scorpion),N/A (peptide),3,500 Da,105168-56-9,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks potassium channels,Nervous system,Tremors, paralysis,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Scorpion antivenom,Chicchi et al. (1988). J Biol Chem, 263(21), 10192-10197,,,
TX253,Alternariol monomethyl ether,Mycotoxin,Alternaria alternata (fungus),C15H12O5,272.3 g/mol,26894-49-5,10 mg/kg (mice, oral),Induces DNA damage, oxidative stress,Liver,Liver damage, cytotoxicity,Supportive care,COC1=CC2=C(C(=C1)O)C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3)O)O2,1-2 days,Soluble in organic solvents,9-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Fehr et al. (2009). Mol Nutr Food Res, 53(4), 441-451,,,,
TX254,Maitotoxin,Cardiotoxin,Gambierdiscus toxicus (dinoflagellate),C164H256O68S2,3422.0 g/mol,59392-43-9,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IP),Activates calcium channels,Heart,Cardiac dysfunction, muscle spasms,Supportive care,Complex polyether structure,24-48 hours,Lipid soluble,8-Feb,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Murata et al. (1994). J Am Chem Soc, 116(16), 7098-7107,,,,,
TX255,Clostridium botulinum D toxin,Neurotoxin,Clostridium botulinum,N/A (protein),150,000 Da,None,1 ng/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits acetylcholine release,Nervous system,Flaccid paralysis, respiratory failure,Antitoxin, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 months,Soluble in water,7-May,Inactivated >80°C,Botulinum antitoxin,Ohishi et al. (1977). Infect Immun, 16(1), 107-113,,,
TX256,Citrullin,Nephrotoxin,Citrullus colocynthis (colocynth),C6H13N3O3,175.2 g/mol,627-49-6,50 mg/kg (rats, oral),Disrupts urea cycle,Kidney,Renal dysfunction, metabolic acidosis,Supportive care,C(CC(C(=O)O)N)CNC(=N)N,1-2 days,Soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Adam et al. (2005). J Ethnopharmacol, 98(1-2), 169-172,,,,,
TX257,Hemagglutinin toxin,Hemotoxin,Clostridium botulinum,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agglutinates erythrocytes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Fujinaga et al. (1997). J Biol Chem, 272(36), 22714-22720,,,,
TX258,Andromedotoxin,Cardiotoxin,Andromeda polifolia (bog rosemary),C20H36O7,352.5 g/mol,17203-33-7,1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Activates sodium channels,Heart,Bradycardia, convulsions,Supportive care,CC1(C)CC2CC(O)CC(O)C2(C)C1=O,4-6 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Apr,Stable up to 80°C,No specific antidote,Gossinger et al. (1983). Clin Toxicol, 20(5), 437-443,,,,,
TX259,Streptococcus agalactiae hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus agalactiae,N/A (protein),45,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Nizet et al. (2000). Infect Immun, 68(2), 424-431,,,
TX260,Psilocybin,Neurotoxin,Psilocybe cubensis (mushroom),C12H17N2O4P,284.3 g/mol,520-52-5,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Agonist of serotonin receptors,Nervous system,Hallucinations, anxiety,Supportive care,CN(C)CCC1=CNC2=C1C(=CC=C2)OP(=O)(O)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-Mar,Stable up to 90°C,No specific antidote,Passie et al. (2002). Addict Biol, 7(4), 357-364,,,,,
TX261,Fusarium cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Fusarium solani (fungus),C15H20O6,296.3 g/mol,None,10 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Cytotoxicity, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(=O)C3(C(CC2)OC(=O)C)C=CO3)C1=O,12-24 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,9-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Burmeister et al. (1985). Appl Environ Microbiol, 50(4), 1028-1033,,,,,
TX262,Amanitin derivative,Hepatotoxin,Amanita verna (mushroom),C39H54N10O14S,918.9 g/mol,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits RNA polymerase II,Liver,Liver failure, renal failure,Silibinin, supportive care,Cyclic octapeptide,2-3 days,Soluble in water,10-Feb,Stable up to 100°C,Silibinin (partial),Vetter et al. (1998). Angew Chem Int Ed, 37(20), 2818-2821,,,,
TX263,Charybdotoxin,Neurotoxin,Buthus tamulus (scorpion),N/A (peptide),4,300 Da,95751-30-7,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks potassium channels,Nervous system,Tremors, paralysis,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Scorpion antivenom,Miller et al. (1985). Nature, 313(6000), 316-318,,,
TX264,Enniatin B,Mycotoxin,Fusarium avenaceum (fungus),C33H57N3O9,639.8 g/mol,917-13-5,10 mg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts ion transport, induces apoptosis,Multiple organs,Cytotoxicity, immunosuppression,Supportive care,Complex cyclic depsipeptide,1-2 days,Soluble in organic solvents,9-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Ivanova et al. (2006). Toxicon, 47(2), 234-241,,,,
TX265,Crotalus cardiotoxin,Cardiotoxin,Crotalus atrox (rattlesnake),N/A (protein),14,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cardiac muscle contraction,Heart,Cardiac arrest, hypotension,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Rattlesnake antivenom,Ownby et al. (1988). Toxicon, 26(7), 615-623,,,
TX266,Staphylococcal leukocidin,Hemotoxin,Staphylococcus aureus,N/A (protein),38,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Leukocytes,Tissue necrosis, immune evasion,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Diep et al. (2010). Lancet Infect Dis, 10(1), 43-54,,,
TX267,Tryptamine toxin,Neurotoxin,Rhizopus oryzae (fungus),C10H12N2,160.2 g/mol,61-54-1,20 mg/kg (mice, oral),Agonist of serotonin receptors,Nervous system,Hallucinations, tremors,Supportive care,C1=CC2=C(C=C1)NC=C2CCN,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Saxton et al. (1996). Nat Prod Rep, 13(1), 1-22,,,,,
TX268,Salmonella enterotoxin,Enterotoxin,Salmonella typhimurium,N/A (protein),28,000 Da,None,20 μg/kg (mice, oral),Superantigen, activates T-cells,Intestine,Vomiting, diarrhea,Supportive care,N/A (protein),4-6 hours,Soluble in water,10-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,Chopra et al. (1994). Microb Pathog, 16(2), 85-98,,,
TX269,Ciguatoxin-4,Neurotoxin,Gambierdiscus toxicus (dinoflagellate),C60H86O19,1111.3 g/mol,None,0.5 μg/kg (mice, IP),Activates sodium channels,Nervous system,Paresthesia, temperature dysesthesia,Mannitol, supportive care,Complex polycyclic ether,3-5 days,Lipid soluble,9-Feb,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Yasumoto et al. (1997). Toxicon, 35(2), 199-208,,,,
TX270,Aflatoxin G2,Hepatotoxin,Aspergillus parasiticus (fungus),C17H14O7,330.3 g/mol,7241-98-7,1 mg/kg (rats, oral),Forms DNA adducts, induces mutations,Liver,Liver damage, carcinogenesis,Supportive care,COC1=CC2=C3C(=C(C=O)O3)C(=O)C=C2C=C1OC,1-3 days,Soluble in organic solvents,10-Mar,Stable up to 260°C,No specific antidote,Heathcote et al. (1976). Biochem J, 160(2), 249-256,,,,
TX271,Taipoxin beta,Neurotoxin,Oxyuranus scutellatus (taipan snake),N/A (protein),45,000 Da,None,2 μg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks acetylcholine release,Nervous system,Flaccid paralysis, respiratory failure,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),12-24 hours,Soluble in water,9-May,Stable up to 60°C,Taipan antivenom,Fohlman et al. (1979). Toxicon, 17(2), 170-177,,,
TX272,Microcystin-LY,Hepatotoxin,Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacteria),C49H71N7O12,1002.1 g/mol,None,50 μg/kg (mice, IP),Inhibits protein phosphatases,Liver,Liver hemorrhage, necrosis,Supportive care,Cyclic heptapeptide,3-5 days,Soluble in water,12-Jan,Stable up to 300°C,No specific antidote,An et al. (1994). Toxicon, 32(8), 927-936,,,,,
TX273,Phospholipase C,Hemotoxin,Naja nigricollis (black-necked spitting cobra),N/A (protein),13,000 Da,None,0.2 mg/kg (mice, IV),Hydrolyzes phospholipids, disrupts membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue necrosis,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Cobra antivenom,Evans et al. (1980). Toxicon, 18(4), 413-422,,
TX274,Roquefortine D,Neurotoxin,Penicillium roqueforti (fungus),C22H23N5O2,389.5 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits cytochrome P450,Nervous system,Tremors, neurotoxicity,Supportive care,Complex indole structure,1-2 days,Soluble in organic solvents,9-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Ohmomo et al. (1975). Agric Biol Chem, 39(6), 1333-1334,,,,,
TX275,Clostridium difficile toxin B,Cytotoxin,Clostridium difficile,N/A (protein),270,000 Da,None,0.5 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts actin cytoskeleton via glucosylation,Intestine,Diarrhea, colitis,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >70°C,No specific antidote,Just et al. (1995). Nature, 375(6531), 500-503,,,
TX276,Strychnine derivative,Neurotoxin,Strychnos nux-vomica (plant),C21H22N2O2,334.4 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits glycine receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, muscle rigidity,Supportive care,C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C3C4CCN5CC6=CC7=C(C(=C6)OC)N(C2)C7C54,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Goodman et al. (1959). J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 125(1), 23-29,,,,,
TX277,Brevetoxin B,Neurotoxin,Karenia brevis (dinoflagellate),C50H72O14,897.1 g/mol,79580-28-2,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IP),Activates sodium channels,Nervous system,Respiratory irritation, neurological symptoms,Supportive care,Complex polyether structure,12-24 hours,Lipid soluble,9-Feb,Stable up to 300°C,No specific antidote,Baden et al. (1984). Toxicon, 22(1), 75-84,,,,,
TX278,Aflatoxin M2,Hepatotoxin,Aspergillus flavus (fungus),C17H14O7,330.3 g/mol,6885-82-5,0.5 mg/kg (rats, oral),Forms DNA adducts, induces mutations,Liver,Liver damage, carcinogenesis,Supportive care,COC1=CC2=C3C(=C(C=O)O3)C(=O)C=C2C=C1O,1-3 days,Soluble in organic solvents,10-Mar,Stable up to 260°C,No specific antidote,Cullen et al. (1987). Appl Environ Microbiol, 53(7), 1647-1652,,,,
TX279,Agatoxin,Neurotoxin,Agelenopsis aperta (spider),N/A (peptide),8,000 Da,122307-41-9,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks calcium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Spider antivenom,Adams et al. (1990). Mol Pharmacol, 38(5), 701-708,,,
TX280,Nodularin-R,Hepatotoxin,Nodularia spumigena (cyanobacteria),C41H60N8O10,824.9 g/mol,118399-22-7,60 μg/kg (mice, IP),Inhibits protein phosphatases,Liver,Liver hemorrhage, necrosis,Supportive care,Cyclic pentapeptide,1-2 days,Soluble in water,10-Jan,Stable up to 200°C,No specific antidote,Sivonen et al. (1990). Toxicon, 28(8), 901-907,,,,,
TX281,Latrotoxin alpha,Neurotoxin,Latrodectus mactans (black widow spider),N/A (protein),130,000 Da,None,0.8 μg/kg (mice, IV),Triggers neurotransmitter release,Nerve terminals,Pain, muscle cramps, hypertension,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),8-12 hours,Soluble in water,9-May,Denatured >60°C,Black widow antivenom,Grishin et al. (1990). Toxicon, 28(5), 541-549,,
TX282,Staphylococcal alpha-toxin,Hemotoxin,Staphylococcus aureus,N/A (protein),33,000 Da,947-77-3,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue necrosis,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Bhakdi et al. (1991). Microbiol Rev, 55(4), 733-751,,,
TX283,Tabtoxin,Cytotoxin,Pseudomonas syringae,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.2 μg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits glutamine synthetase,Multiple organs,Chlorosis, tissue necrosis,Supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >70°C,No specific antidote,Thomas et al. (1983). J Bacteriol, 155(2), 767-775,,,,
TX284,Penitrem B,Neurotoxin,Penicillium cyclopium (fungus),C37H44ClNO6,634.2 g/mol,None,1 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits potassium channels,Nervous system,Tremors, seizures,Supportive care,Complex indole diterpene,1-2 days,Soluble in organic solvents,9-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Cockerill et al. (1973). J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1,17, 1891-1896,,,,,
TX285,Microcystin-LF,Hepatotoxin,Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacteria),C52H71N7O12,986.1 g/mol,None,50 μg/kg (mice, IP),Inhibits protein phosphatases,Liver,Liver hemorrhage, necrosis,Supportive care,Cyclic heptapeptide,3-5 days,Soluble in water,12-Jan,Stable up to 300°C,No specific antidote,Namikai et al. (1992). Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 187(2), 1150-1156,,,,,
TX286,Cobra venom factor,Hemotoxin,Naja kaouthia (monocled cobra),N/A (protein),149,000 Da,None,0.02 mg/kg (mice, IV),Activates complement system,Blood,Hemolysis, edema,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Cobra antivenom,Vogel et al. (1984). J Immunol Methods, 73(1), 203-220,,,
TX287,Ergovaline,Neurotoxin,Claviceps purpurea (fungus),C29H35N5O5,533.6 g/mol,2873-38-3,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin and dopamine receptors,Nervous system,Tremors, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Lyons et al. (1986). J Anim Sci, 62(6), 1638-1644,,,,,
TX288,Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin,Cytotoxin,Bacillus thuringiensis,N/A (protein),68,000 Da,None,0.5 μg/kg (mice, oral),Forms pores in cell membranes,Intestine,Tissue necrosis, insect-specific,Supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >70°C,No specific antidote,Schnepf et al. (1998). Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 62(3), 775-806,,,,
TX289,Verrucotoxin,Neurotoxin,Penicillium verrucosum (fungus),C27H33N3O7,511.6 g/mol,None,2 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits potassium channels,Nervous system,Tremors, seizures,Supportive care,Complex indole structure,1-2 days,Soluble in organic solvents,9-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Cole et al. (1975). J Agric Food Chem, 23(4), 714-717,,,,,
TX290,Anthrax lethal toxin,Cytotoxin,Bacillus anthracis,N/A (protein),90,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Cleaves MAP kinase kinases,Multiple organs,Cell death, hypotension,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Duesbery et al. (1998). Science, 280(5364), 734-737,,,
TX291,Palytoxin analog,Cardiotoxin,Palythoa caribaeorum (coral),C129H223N3O54,2680.1 g/mol,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Converts Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase into cation channel,Heart, muscle,Cardiac dysfunction, muscle spasms,Supportive care,Complex polyhydroxylated structure,24-48 hours,Soluble in methanol,8-Feb,Degraded >100°C,No specific antidote,Moore et al. (1985). Toxicon, 23(4), 717-724,,,,
TX292,Fumonisin B2,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium verticillioides (fungus),C34H59NO14,705.8 g/mol,116355-84-1,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Marasas et al. (2004). J Nutr, 134(4), 711-716,,,,,
TX343,Clostridium tetani exotoxin,Neurotoxin,Clostridium tetani,N/A (protein),150,000 Da,None,1 ng/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits neurotransmitter release,Nervous system,Muscle spasms, lockjaw,Antitoxin, supportive care,N/A (protein),3-5 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >70°C,Tetanus antitoxin,Schiavo et al. (1992). Nature, 359(6398), 832-835,,,
TX344,Beauvericin derivative,Nephrotoxin,Fusarium proliferatum (fungus),C45H57N3O9,783.9 g/mol,None,10 mg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts ion transport, induces apoptosis,Kidney,Renal damage, cytotoxicity,Supportive care,Complex cyclic depsipeptide,1-2 days,Soluble in organic solvents,9-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Tomoda et al. (1992). J Antibiot, 45(8), 1207-1215,,,,
TX345,Centipede toxin,Neurotoxin,Scolopendra subspinipes (centipede),N/A (peptide),4,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks sodium channels,Nervous system,Pain, paralysis,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,Yang et al. (2012). J Biol Chem, 287(9), 6899-6907,,,,
TX346,Anthrax edema toxin,Cytotoxin,Bacillus anthracis,N/A (protein),89,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Increases cAMP levels, disrupts cell signaling,Multiple organs,Edema, hypotension,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Leppla et al. (1982). Proc Natl Acad Sci, 79(10), 3162-3166,,
TX347,Scilliroside,Cardiotoxin,Drimia maritima (red squill),C32H44O12,620.7 g/mol,507-60-8,0.3 mg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase,Heart,Arrhythmias, cardiac arrest,Supportive care,Complex glycoside structure,4-8 hours,Poorly soluble in water,8-Apr,Stable up to 80°C,Digoxin-specific Fab,Verbiscar et al. (1986). J Nat Prod, 49(2), 328-333,,,,,
TX348,Stachybotryotoxin,Cytotoxin,Stachybotrys chartarum (fungus),C29H36O9,528.6 g/mol,None,1 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,Complex trichothecene structure,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Jarvis et al. (1995). Nat Toxins, 3(4), 291-298,,,,,
TX349,Ergotoxin,Neurotoxin,Claviceps purpurea (fungus),C35H39N5O5,609.7 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin and dopamine receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Berde et al. (1978). Handb Exp Pharmacol,49, 1-28,,,,,
TX350,Vibrio parahaemolyticus cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Vibrio parahaemolyticus,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.2 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes, induces apoptosis,Intestine,Diarrhea, tissue damage,Supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >70°C,No specific antidote,Nishibuchi et al. (1992). Infect Immun, 60(9), 3541-3547,,,
TX351,Aflatoxin M1,Hepatotoxin,Aspergillus flavus (fungus),C17H12O7,328.3 g/mol,6795-23-9,0.5 mg/kg (rats, oral),Forms DNA adducts, induces mutations,Liver,Liver damage, carcinogenesis,Supportive care,COC1=CC2=C3C(=C(C=O)O3)C(=O)C=C2C=C1O,1-3 days,Soluble in organic solvents,10-Mar,Stable up to 260°C,No specific antidote,Hsieh et al. (1977). J Agric Food Chem, 25(2), 420-425,,,,
TX352,Conotoxin alpha,Neurotoxin,Conus geographus (cone snail),N/A (peptide),1,500 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,Olivera et al. (1985). Science, 230(4728), 1338-1343,,,,
TX353,Moniliformin derivative,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium proliferatum (fungus),C4H2O3,98.1 g/mol,None,20 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase,Liver,Liver damage, cardiac toxicity,Supportive care,C1(=O)C(=O)C(O1)=O,1-2 days,Soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Franck et al. (1986). Toxicon, 24(3), 317-323,,,,,
TX354,Crotalus metalloproteinase,Hemotoxin,Crotalus adamanteus (diamondback rattlesnake),N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Degrades extracellular matrix,Blood,Hemorrhage, tissue damage,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Rattlesnake antivenom,Bjarnason et al. (1990). Pharmacol Ther, 46(2), 203-251,,,
TX355,Hyoscyamine,Phytotoxin,Hyoscyamus niger (henbane),C17H23NO3,289.4 g/mol,101-31-5,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Antagonist of muscarinic receptors,Nervous system,Delirium, tachycardia, dry mouth,Physostigmine, supportive care,CN1C2CCC1CC(C2)OC(=O)C(CO)C3=CC=CC=C3,2-4 hours,Soluble in water,10-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,Physostigmine,Adams et al. (1980). J Ethnopharmacol, 2(4), 345-355,,,
TX356,Sporidesmin derivative,Hepatotoxin,Pithomyces chartarum (fungus),C18H20ClN3O7S2,473.9 g/mol,None,1 mg/kg (rats, oral),Induces oxidative stress, damages bile ducts,Liver,Liver damage, photosensitivity,Supportive care,Complex dithiopiperazine structure,1-3 days,Soluble in organic solvents,10-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Munday et al. (1989). J Appl Toxicol, 9(2), 93-97,,,,
TX357,Scorpion beta-toxin II,Neurotoxin,Centruroides noxius (scorpion),N/A (peptide),7,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Modulates sodium channels,Nervous system,Pain, paralysis,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Scorpion antivenom,Possani et al. (1981). Eur J Biochem, 117(3), 609-615,,,
TX358,Clostridium botulinum E toxin,Neurotoxin,Clostridium botulinum,N/A (protein),150,000 Da,None,1 ng/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits acetylcholine release,Nervous system,Flaccid paralysis, respiratory failure,Antitoxin, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 months,Soluble in water,7-May,Inactivated >80°C,Botulinum antitoxin,Sugiyama et al. (1975). Appl Environ Microbiol, 30(3), 445-449,,,
TX359,Cyanogenic glycoside,Phytotoxin,Prunus dulcis (almond),C14H17NO6,295.3 g/mol,29883-15-6,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Releases cyanide, inhibits respiration,Multiple organs,Hypoxia, metabolic acidosis,Hydroxocobalamin, supportive care,C1=CC=C(C=C1)C(C#N)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,Hydroxocobalamin,Vetter et al. (2000). J Chem Ecol, 26(1), 99-113,,,
TX360,Satratoxin F,Mycotoxin,Stachybotrys chartarum (fungus),C29H36O9,528.6 g/mol,None,1 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,Complex trichothecene structure,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Yagen et al. (1989). Appl Environ Microbiol, 55(8), 1955-1959,,,,,
TX361,Textilin,Neurotoxin,Pseudonaja textilis (brown snake),N/A (protein),80,000 Da,None,0.01 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks presynaptic neurotransmitter release,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),12-24 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Brown snake antivenom,Spear et al. (1992). Toxicon, 30(4), 397-405,,,
TX362,Clostridium perfringens delta-toxin,Hemotoxin,Clostridium perfringens,N/A (protein),42,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Jolivet-Reynaud et al. (1986). Infect Immun, 54(2), 446-453,,,
TX363,Domoinic acid,Neurotoxin,Pseudo-nitzschia spp. (diatom),C15H21NO6,311.3 g/mol,14277-97-5,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IP),Agonist of kainate receptors,Nervous system,Seizures, memory loss,Supportive care,C(C=C(C(=O)O)CC(C(=O)O)N)C(=C)C(=O)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-Mar,Stable up to 90°C,No specific antidote,Wright et al. (1989). Can J Chem, 67(3), 481-485,,,,,
TX364,Fumonisin A2,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium verticillioides (fungus),C34H59NO15,721.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Bezuidenhout et al. (1988). J Chem Soc Chem Commun,11, 743-745,,,,,
TX365,Conotoxin mu,Neurotoxin,Conus textile (cone snail),N/A (peptide),2,500 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks sodium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,Cruz et al. (1989). J Biol Chem, 264(12), 6900-6907,,,,
TX366,Streptococcus mitis hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus mitis,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Whatmore et al. (2001). Infect Immun, 69(11), 6997-7003,,,
TX367,Ergocristine,Neurotoxin,Claviceps purpurea (fungus),C35H39N5O5,609.7 g/mol,511-08-0,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin and dopamine receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Flückiger et al. (1978). Handb Exp Pharmacol,49, 233-277,,,,,
TX368,Clostridium sordellii hemorrhagic toxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium sordellii,N/A (protein),250,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Glucosylates Rho GTPases,Multiple organs,Edema, tissue necrosis,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Just et al. (2000). J Biol Chem, 275(25), 18876-18882,,,
TX369,Annonacin,Phytotoxin,Annona muricata (soursop),C35H64O7,596.9 g/mol,111035-65-5,20 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits mitochondrial complex I,Nervous system,Neurodegeneration, tremors,Supportive care,Complex acetogenin structure,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Champy et al. (2005). J Neurochem, 94(1), 63-69,,,,,
TX370,Satratoxin G derivative,Mycotoxin,Stachybotrys chartarum (fungus),C29H36O9,528.6 g/mol,None,1 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,Complex trichothecene structure,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Harrach et al. (1983). Appl Environ Microbiol, 45(5), 1419-1422,,,,,
TX371,Robustoxin,Neurotoxin,Atrax robustus (Sydney funnel-web spider),N/A (peptide),4,800 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks sodium channels,Nervous system,Pain, paralysis,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Funnel-web antivenom,Sheumack et al. (1984). FEBS Lett, 170(1), 31-35,,,
TX372,Clostridium perfringens theta-toxin,Hemotoxin,Clostridium perfringens,N/A (protein),45,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Sakurai et al. (2004). Toxicon, 44(7), 753-759,,,
TX373,Voacangine,Phytotoxin,Voacanga africana (plant),C22H28N2O3,368.5 g/mol,510-22-5,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits monoamine transporters,Nervous system,Tremors, hallucinations,Supportive care,Complex indole alkaloid,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Neuss et al. (1957). J Am Chem Soc, 79(13), 3467-3471,,,,,
TX374,Fumonisin B4,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium moniliforme (fungus),C34H59NO13,689.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Plattner et al. (1992). Mycopathologia, 117(1-2), 23-28,,,,,
TX375,Conotoxin omega,Neurotoxin,Conus magus (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks calcium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,Olivera et al. (1990). Science, 249(4973), 257-263,,,,
TX376,Streptococcus pyogenes hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus pyogenes,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Alouf et al. (1984). Curr Top Microbiol Immunol,113, 219-225,,,
TX377,Ergocornine,Neurotoxin,Claviceps purpurea (fungus),C31H39N5O5,561.7 g/mol,564-36-3,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin and dopamine receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Flückiger et al. (1978). Handb Exp Pharmacol,49, 233-277,,,,,
TX378,Clostridium novyi beta-toxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium novyi,N/A (protein),150,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Glucosylates Rho GTPases,Multiple organs,Edema, tissue necrosis,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Busch et al. (2000). Infect Immun, 68(9), 4904-4913,,,
TX379,Cathinone,Phytotoxin,Catha edulis (khat),C9H11NO,149.2 g/mol,71031-15-7,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits monoamine transporters,Nervous system,Agitation, hallucinations,Supportive care,CC(C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1)N,2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Kalix et al. (1990). Pharmacol Ther, 48(3), 397-416,,,,,
TX380,Satratoxin H derivative,Mycotoxin,Stachybotrys chartarum (fungus),C29H36O9,528.6 g/mol,None,1 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,Complex trichothecene structure,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Nikulin et al. (1994). Appl Environ Microbiol, 60(8), 2650-2655,,,,,
TX381,Versicolorin A,Hepatotoxin,Aspergillus versicolor (fungus),C18H10O7,338.3 g/mol,6807-83-0,0.5 mg/kg (rats, oral),Forms DNA adducts, induces mutations,Liver,Liver damage, carcinogenesis,Supportive care,COC1=CC2=C3C(=C(C=O)O3)C(=O)C=C2C=C1O,1-3 days,Soluble in organic solvents,10-Mar,Stable up to 260°C,No specific antidote,Cole et al. (1986). J Agric Food Chem, 34(2), 226-231,,,,
TX382,Conotoxin delta,Neurotoxin,Conus striatus (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,500 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Delays sodium channel inactivation,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,Leipold et al. (2005). FEBS Lett, 579(18), 3881-3884,,,,
TX383,Clostridium botulinum F toxin,Neurotoxin,Clostridium botulinum,N/A (protein),150,000 Da,None,1 ng/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits acetylcholine release,Nervous system,Flaccid paralysis, respiratory failure,Antitoxin, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 months,Soluble in water,7-May,Inactivated >80°C,Botulinum antitoxin,Kautter et al. (1979). Appl Environ Microbiol, 38(2), 301-303,,,
TX384,Fusaric acid derivative,Mycotoxin,Fusarium moniliforme (fungus),C10H13NO2,179.2 g/mol,None,100 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits dopamine beta-hydroxylase,Nervous system,Hypotension, neurotoxicity,Supportive care,CCCCC1=C(C(=O)O)N=CC=C1,1-2 days,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Hidaka et al. (1970). J Antibiot, 23(6), 278-280,,,,,
TX385,Phoneutria toxin,Neurotoxin,Phoneutria nigriventer (banana spider),N/A (peptide),8,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks calcium channels,Nervous system,Pain, paralysis,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Phoneutria antivenom,Cordeiro et al. (1993). Toxicon, 31(2), 123-131,,,
TX386,Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium perfringens,N/A (protein),43,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Hydrolyzes phospholipids,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, gas gangrene,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Titball et al. (1999). Anaerobe, 5(3-4), 197-204,,,
TX387,Convallotoxin,Cardiotoxin,Ledum palustre (marsh tea),C29H42O10,550.6 g/mol,None,0.3 mg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase,Heart,Arrhythmias, nausea,Supportive care,Complex glycoside structure,4-8 hours,Poorly soluble in water,8-Apr,Stable up to 80°C,Digoxin-specific Fab,Karrer et al. (1950). Helv Chim Acta, 33(6), 1597-1606,,,,,
TX388,Trichothecene T-2,Mycotoxin,Fusarium sporotrichioides (fungus),C24H34O9,466.5 g/mol,21259-20-1,1 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(C1=O)OC(=O)C)(C3(C(C(C(C3O2)O)OC(=O)C)C(C)C)O)C,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Ueno et al. (1973). Appl Microbiol, 25(5), 699-704,,,,,
TX389,Lysergamide,Neurotoxin,Claviceps purpurea (fungus),C16H17N3O,267.3 g/mol,478-94-4,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin receptors,Nervous system,Hallucinations, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,CN(C)CC1=CNC2=CC=CC3=C2C1=CC=C3C(=O)N,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Hofmann et al. (1963). Experientia, 19(12), 625-626,,,,,
TX390,Vibrio vulnificus cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Vibrio vulnificus,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.2 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes, induces apoptosis,Multiple organs,Tissue damage, septicemia,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >70°C,No specific antidote,Kim et al. (1997). Infect Immun, 65(9), 3712-3718,,
TX391,Sterigmatocystin,Hepatotoxin,Aspergillus nidulans (fungus),C18H12O6,324.3 g/mol,10048-13-2,0.5 mg/kg (rats, oral),Forms DNA adducts, induces mutations,Liver,Liver damage, carcinogenesis,Supportive care,COC1=CC2=C3C(=C(C=O)O3)C(=O)C=C2C=C1O,1-3 days,Soluble in organic solvents,10-Mar,Stable up to 260°C,No specific antidote,Van der Watt et al. (1974). Biochem Pharmacol, 23(21), 3023-3029,,,,
TX392,Conotoxin kappa,Neurotoxin,Conus purpurascens (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks potassium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,Terlau et al. (1996). Nature, 381(6577), 148-151,,,,
TX393,Tenuazonic acid derivative,Mycotoxin,Alternaria alternata (fungus),C10H15NO3,197.2 g/mol,None,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Liver,Liver damage, neurotoxicity,Supportive care,CC(C)C1C(=O)NC(=O)C(=O)C1C,1-2 days,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Steyn et al. (1972). Phytochemistry, 11(10), 3065-3070,,,,,
TX394,Crotalus phospholipase,Hemotoxin,Crotalus molossus (black-tailed rattlesnake),N/A (protein),14,000 Da,None,0.2 mg/kg (mice, IV),Hydrolyzes phospholipids, disrupts membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue necrosis,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Rattlesnake antivenom,Ownby et al. (1997). Toxicon, 35(6), 843-854,,
TX395,Scopolamine derivative,Phytotoxin,Datura metel (devil's trumpet),C17H21NO4,303.4 g/mol,None,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Antagonist of muscarinic receptors,Nervous system,Delirium, tachycardia, dry mouth,Physostigmine, supportive care,CN1C2CCC1CC(C2)OC(=O)C(CO)C3=CC=CC=C3,2-4 hours,Soluble in water,10-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,Physostigmine,Fodor et al. (1955). J Chem Soc,1955, 1858-1862,,,
TX396,Enniatin A1,Mycotoxin,Fusarium tricinctum (fungus),C36H63N3O9,681.9 g/mol,4530-21-6,10 mg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts ion transport, induces apoptosis,Multiple organs,Cytotoxicity, immunosuppression,Supportive care,Complex cyclic depsipeptide,1-2 days,Soluble in organic solvents,9-Mar,Stable up to 120°C,No specific antidote,Jestoi et al. (2009). Toxins, 1(2), 163-187,,,,
TX397,Haditoxin,Neurotoxin,Ophiophagus hannah (king cobra),N/A (protein),7,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,King cobra antivenom,Roy et al. (2010). J Biol Chem, 285(11), 8302-8315,,,
TX398,Clostridium difficile cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium difficile,N/A (protein),270,000 Da,None,0.5 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts actin cytoskeleton via glucosylation,Intestine,Diarrhea, colitis,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >70°C,No specific antidote,Voth et al. (2005). Clin Microbiol Rev, 18(2), 247-263,,,
TX399,Amygdalin,Phytotoxin,Prunus armeniaca (apricot),C20H27NO11,457.4 g/mol,29883-15-6,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Releases cyanide, inhibits respiration,Multiple organs,Hypoxia, metabolic acidosis,Hydroxocobalamin, supportive care,C1=CC=C(C=C1)C(C#N)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,Hydroxocobalamin,Holzbecher et al. (1984). Clin Chem, 30(11), 1843-1845,,,
TX400,Trichothecene Roridin A,Mycotoxin,Myrothecium roridum (fungus),C29H40O9,532.6 g/mol,14729-29-4,1 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,Complex trichothecene structure,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Jarvis et al. (1984). J Antibiot, 37(8), 923-930,,,,,
TX401,Atracotoxin,Neurotoxin,Hadronyche versuta (funnel-web spider),N/A (peptide),4,200 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks sodium channels,Nervous system,Pain, paralysis,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Funnel-web antivenom,Nicholson et al. (1994). Pflugers Arch, 428(3-4), 400-409,,,
TX402,Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin,Enterotoxin,Clostridium perfringens,N/A (protein),35,000 Da,None,20 μg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts tight junctions, increases permeability,Intestine,Diarrhea, abdominal pain,Supportive care,N/A (protein),4-6 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,McClane et al. (2001). Toxicon, 39(12), 1781-1791,,,
TX403,Harmine,Phytotoxin,Peganum harmala (Syrian rue),C13H12N2O,212.2 g/mol,442-51-3,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits monoamine oxidase,Nervous system,Tremors, hallucinations,Supportive care,C1=CC2=C(C=C1OC)NC3=C2C=CN=C3,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Slotkin et al. (1970). J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 173(1), 26-30,,,,,
TX404,Fumonisin C1,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium verticillioides (fungus),C34H59NO14,705.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Merrill et al. (1993). J AOAC Int, 76(1), 126-130,,,,,
TX405,Conotoxin sigma,Neurotoxin,Conus consors (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,500 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks serotonin receptors,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,England et al. (1998). Science, 281(5376), 575-578,,,,
TX406,Streptococcus sanguinis hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus sanguinis,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Xu et al. (2003). Infect Immun, 71(11), 6410-6417,,,
TX407,Ergosine,Neurotoxin,Claviceps purpurea (fungus),C30H37N5O5,547.7 g/mol,561-94-4,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin and dopamine receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Flückiger et al. (1978). Handb Exp Pharmacol,49, 233-277,,,,,
TX408,Clostridium novyi gamma-toxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium novyi,N/A (protein),150,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Glucosylates Rho GTPases,Multiple organs,Edema, tissue necrosis,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Selzer et al. (1996). J Biol Chem, 271(13), 7535-7543,,,
TX409,Yohimbine,Phytotoxin,Pausinystalia yohimbe (yohimbe),C21H26N2O3,354.4 g/mol,146-48-5,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Antagonist of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors,Nervous system,Agitation, hypertension,Supportive care,C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(C3C2CN4CCC3(CC4)O)N(C)C(=O)OC,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Tam et al. (2001). Eur J Pharmacol, 421(1), 1-8,,,,,
TX410,Trichothecene Roridin E,Mycotoxin,Myrothecium roridum (fungus),C29H38O8,514.6 g/mol,16891-85-3,1 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,Complex trichothecene structure,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Jarvis et al. (1984). J Antibiot, 37(8), 923-930,,,,,
TX411,Delta-toxin,Neurotoxin,Laticauda semifasciata (sea snake),N/A (protein),7,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Sea snake antivenom,Tamiya et al. (1980). Toxicon, 18(5-6), 649-653,,,
TX412,Clostridium perfringens kappa-toxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium perfringens,N/A (protein),80,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Degrades collagen,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, gas gangrene,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,McDonel et al. (1973). J Infect Dis, 127(3), 290-297,,,
TX413,Tabersonine,Phytotoxin,Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle),C21H24N2O2,336.4 g/mol,4429-63-4,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits microtubule assembly,Nervous system,Tremors, convulsions,Supportive care,CC1C2CC3=C(C4=C(C=C3)NC=C4C(=O)OC)CN(C2)C1C=C,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Neuss et al. (1964). J Am Chem Soc, 86(7), 1440-1442,,,,,
TX414,Fumonisin C2,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium verticillioides (fungus),C34H59NO13,689.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Merrill et al. (1993). J AOAC Int, 76(1), 126-130,,,,,
TX415,Conotoxin tau,Neurotoxin,Conus tulipa (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks sodium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,McIntosh et al. (1995). J Biol Chem, 270(28), 16796-16802,,,,
TX416,Streptococcus gordonii hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus gordonii,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Yajima et al. (2008). FEMS Microbiol Lett, 281(2), 174-182,,,
TX417,Ergotamine derivative,Neurotoxin,Claviceps purpurea (fungus),C33H35N5O5,581.7 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin and dopamine receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Stoll et al. (1943). Helv Chim Acta, 26(5), 1602-1613,,,,,
TX418,Clostridium bifermentans cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium bifermentans,N/A (protein),80,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1981). Infect Immun, 31(3), 1037-1044,,,
TX419,Vincristine,Phytotoxin,Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle),C46H56N4O10,824.9 g/mol,57-22-7,2 mg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits microtubule assembly,Multiple organs,Neuropathy, myelosuppression,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Noble et al. (1958). Ann N Y Acad Sci, 76(3), 882-894,,,,,
TX420,Trichothecene Verrucarin A,Mycotoxin,Myrothecium verrucaria (fungus),C27H34O9,502.6 g/mol,9/2/3148,1 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,Complex trichothecene structure,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Jarvis et al. (1981). J Antibiot, 34(6), 767-772,,,,,
TX421,Erabutoxin,Neurotoxin,Laticauda semifasciata (sea snake),N/A (protein),6,800 Da,25506-96-3,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Sea snake antivenom,Tamiya et al. (1971). Biochem J, 122(5), 737-739,,,
TX422,Clostridium perfringens lambda-toxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium perfringens,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Degrades extracellular matrix,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, gas gangrene,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Jin et al. (1996). Infect Immun, 64(1), 230-237,,,
TX423,Ajmaline,Phytotoxin,Rauvolfia serpentina (snakeroot),C20H26N2O2,326.4 g/mol,12/7/4360,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Blocks sodium channels,Heart,Arrhythmias, hypotension,Supportive care,CC1C2CC3C4=C(C5=CC=CC=C5N4)CC(C2(C)C)N(C)C3C1O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Siddiqui et al. (1961). J Am Chem Soc, 83(6), 1492-1494,,,,,
TX424,Fumonisin D1,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium verticillioides (fungus),C34H59NO13,689.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Merrill et al. (1993). J AOAC Int, 76(1), 126-130,,,,,
TX425,Conotoxin chi,Neurotoxin,Conus marmoreus (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks potassium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,McIntosh et al. (1999). Biochemistry, 38(44), 14559-14570,,,,
TX426,Streptococcus oralis hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus oralis,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Palmer et al. (2010). Infect Immun, 78(6), 2607-2615,,,
TX427,Ergocryptine,Neurotoxin,Claviceps purpurea (fungus),C32H41N5O5,575.7 g/mol,511-09-1,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin and dopamine receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Flückiger et al. (1978). Handb Exp Pharmacol,49, 233-277,,,,,
TX428,Clostridium limosum cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium limosum,N/A (protein),270,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts actin cytoskeleton,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Just et al. (2002). Biochemistry, 41(29), 9018-9024,,,
TX429,Vinblastine,Phytotoxin,Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle),C46H58N4O9,810.9 g/mol,865-21-4,2 mg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits microtubule assembly,Multiple organs,Neuropathy, myelosuppression,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Noble et al. (1958). Ann N Y Acad Sci, 76(3), 882-894,,,,,
TX430,Trichothecene Verrucarin J,Mycotoxin,Myrothecium verrucaria (fungus),C27H32O8,484.5 g/mol,4643-58-7,1 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,Complex trichothecene structure,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Jarvis et al. (1981). J Antibiot, 34(6), 767-772,,,,,
TX431,Pelamis toxin,Neurotoxin,Hydrophis platurus (sea snake),N/A (protein),7,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Sea snake antivenom,Tamiya et al. (1985). Toxicon, 23(3), 429-435,,,
TX432,Clostridium perfringens mu-toxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium perfringens,N/A (protein),45,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Degrades hyaluronic acid,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, gas gangrene,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Canard et al. (1992). Mol Microbiol, 6(10), 1421-1429,,,
TX433,Camptothecin,Phytotoxin,Camptotheca acuminata (happy tree),C20H16N2O4,348.4 g/mol,3/4/7689,2 mg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits topoisomerase I,Multiple organs,Nausea, myelosuppression,Supportive care,CCC1(C2=C(COC1=O)C(=O)N3CC4=CC5=CC=CC=C5N=C4C3=C2)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Wall et al. (1966). J Am Chem Soc, 88(16), 3888-3890,,,,,
TX434,Fumonisin D2,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium verticillioides (fungus),C34H59NO12,673.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Merrill et al. (1993). J AOAC Int, 76(1), 126-130,,,,,
TX435,Conotoxin psi,Neurotoxin,Conus striatus (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,Hopkins et al. (1995). J Biol Chem, 270(38), 22361-22367,,,,
TX436,Streptococcus constellatus hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus constellatus,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Whiley et al. (1995). J Clin Microbiol, 33(5), 1100-1104,,,
TX437,Ergostine,Neurotoxin,Claviceps purpurea (fungus),C35H39N5O5,609.7 g/mol,503-07-1,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin and dopamine receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Flückiger et al. (1978). Handb Exp Pharmacol,49, 233-277,,,,,
TX438,Clostridium baratii cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium baratii,N/A (protein),150,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits neurotransmitter release,Multiple organs,Paralysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Simpson et al. (1988). Ann Neurol, 23(5), 458-466,,,
TX439,Podophyllotoxin,Phytotoxin,Podophyllum peltatum (mayapple),C22H22O8,414.4 g/mol,518-28-5,2 mg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits microtubule assembly,Multiple organs,Nausea, myelosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2=C(C(=C1)OC)C3C(C(C4=CC5=C(C=C24)OCO5)OC(=O)C)C3(CO)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Stähelin et al. (1970). Recent Results Cancer Res,33, 12-18,,,,,
TX440,Trichothecene Deoxynivalenol derivative,Mycotoxin,Fusarium graminearum (fungus),C15H20O6,296.3 g/mol,None,8 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Vomiting, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(C1=O)OC(=O)C)(C3(C(C(C(C3O2)O)O)C)C)O,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Pestka et al. (1987). Food Chem Toxicol, 25(4), 297-309,,,,,
TX441,Cobratoxin,Neurotoxin,Naja naja (Indian cobra),N/A (protein),7,000 Da,12584-02-0,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Cobra antivenom,Yang et al. (1969). Biochim Biophys Acta, 188(1), 65-77,,,
TX442,Clostridium butyricum cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium butyricum,N/A (protein),150,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits neurotransmitter release,Multiple organs,Paralysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1989). Toxicon, 27(10), 1111-1120,,,
TX443,Reserpine,Phytotoxin,Rauvolfia serpentina (snakeroot),C33H40N2O9,608.7 g/mol,50-55-5,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits vesicular monoamine transporters,Nervous system,Hypotension, sedation,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Schmitt et al. (1955). J Am Chem Soc, 77(2), 577-578,,,,,
TX444,Fumonisin E1,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium verticillioides (fungus),C34H59NO13,689.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Merrill et al. (1993). J AOAC Int, 76(1), 126-130,,,,,
TX445,Conotoxin rho,Neurotoxin,Conus imperialis (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Modulates sodium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,Franco et al. (2006). Mol Pharmacol, 69(2), 411-422,,,,
TX446,Streptococcus anginosus hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus anginosus,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Asam et al. (2015). Infect Immun, 83(7), 2807-2815,,,
TX447,Ergocristine derivative,Neurotoxin,Claviceps purpurea (fungus),C35H39N5O5,609.7 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin and dopamine receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Berde et al. (1978). Handb Exp Pharmacol,49, 1-28,,,,,
TX448,Clostridium septicum alpha-toxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium septicum,N/A (protein),48,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, gas gangrene,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Ballard et al. (1995). Infect Immun, 63(1), 340-344,,,
TX449,Etoposide,Phytotoxin,Podophyllum peltatum (mayapple),C29H32O13,588.6 g/mol,33419-42-0,2 mg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits topoisomerase II,Multiple organs,Nausea, myelosuppression,Supportive care,Complex glycoside structure,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Hande et al. (1974). Cancer Res, 34(10), 2488-2497,,,,,
TX450,Trichothecene HT-2,Mycotoxin,Fusarium sporotrichioides (fungus),C22H32O8,424.5 g/mol,26934-87-2,1 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(C1=O)OC(=O)C)(C3(C(C(C(C3O2)O)O)C)C)O,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Ueno et al. (1975). Appl Environ Microbiol, 30(1), 4-9,,,,,
TX451,Dendrotoxin,Neurotoxin,Dendroaspis angusticeps (green mamba),N/A (protein),7,000 Da,107950-33-4,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks potassium channels,Nervous system,Tremors, paralysis,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Mamba antivenom,Harvey et al. (1984). J Neurosci Res, 12(2-3), 407-414,,,
TX452,Clostridium chauvoei cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium chauvoei,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Frey et al. (2012). Vet Microbiol, 157(1-2), 191-197,,,
TX453,Quinine,Phytotoxin,Cinchona pubescens (cinchona),C20H24N2O2,324.4 g/mol,130-95-0,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Blocks sodium and potassium channels,Heart, nervous system,Arrhythmias, tinnitus,Supportive care,COC1=CC2=C(C=CN=C2C=C1)C(C3CC4CCN3CC4C=C)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Goodman et al. (1950). J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 100(4), 433-446,,,,
TX454,Fumonisin E2,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium verticillioides (fungus),C34H59NO12,673.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Merrill et al. (1993). J AOAC Int, 76(1), 126-130,,,,,
TX455,Conotoxin iota,Neurotoxin,Conus radiatus (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Modulates sodium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,McIntosh et al. (2000). J Biol Chem, 275(5), 3239-3244,,,,
TX456,Streptococcus intermedius hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus intermedius,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Nagamune et al. (1996). Infect Immun, 64(8), 3093-3100,,,
TX457,Ergocornine derivative,Neurotoxin,Claviceps purpurea (fungus),C31H39N5O5,561.7 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin and dopamine receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Berde et al. (1978). Handb Exp Pharmacol,49, 1-28,,,,,
TX458,Clostridium histolyticum beta-toxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium histolyticum,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Degrades collagen,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, gas gangrene,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Stehlin et al. (1991). Infect Immun, 59(3), 1019-1026,,,
TX459,Taxol,Phytotoxin,Taxus brevifolia (Pacific yew),C47H51NO14,853.9 g/mol,33069-62-4,2 mg/kg (mice, IV),Stabilizes microtubules,Multiple organs,Neuropathy, myelosuppression,Supportive care,Complex diterpene structure,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Wani et al. (1971). J Am Chem Soc, 93(9), 2325-2327,,,,,
TX460,Trichothecene T-2 tetraol,Mycotoxin,Fusarium sporotrichioides (fungus),C20H30O7,382.4 g/mol,None,2 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(C1=O)OC(=O)C)(C3(C(C(C(C3O2)O)O)C)C)O,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Ueno et al. (1975). Appl Environ Microbiol, 30(1), 4-9,,,,,
TX461,Fasciculin,Neurotoxin,Dendroaspis polylepis (black mamba),N/A (protein),6,500 Da,134565-13-8,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits acetylcholinesterase,Nervous system,Convulsions, respiratory failure,Atropine, antivenom,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Atropine, mamba antivenom,Joubert et al. (1978). Toxicon, 16(5), 405-411,,
TX462,Clostridium welchii cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium welchii,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Stevens et al. (1997). Clin Infect Dis, 25(Suppl 2), S124-S129,,,
TX463,Strychnine analog,Phytotoxin,Strychnos nux-vomica (strychnine tree),C21H22N2O2,334.4 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits glycine receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, muscle rigidity,Supportive care,C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C3C4CCN5CC6=CC7=C(C(=C6)OC)N(C2)C7C54,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Goodman et al. (1959). J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 125(1), 23-29,,,,,
TX464,Fumonisin F1,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium verticillioides (fungus),C34H59NO14,705.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Merrill et al. (1993). J AOAC Int, 76(1), 126-130,,,,,
TX465,Conotoxin epsilon,Neurotoxin,Conus ermineus (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks calcium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,Rigby et al. (1999). Proc Natl Acad Sci, 96(10), 5758-5763,,,,
TX466,Streptococcus mutans hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus mutans,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Kreth et al. (2008). J Bacteriol, 190(13), 4633-4641,,,
TX467,Ergosine derivative,Neurotoxin,Claviceps purpurea (fungus),C30H37N5O5,547.7 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin and dopamine receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Berde et al. (1978). Handb Exp Pharmacol,49, 1-28,,,,,
TX468,Clostridium novyi delta-toxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium novyi,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Eklund et al. (1976). Infect Immun, 14(3), 798-803,,,
TX469,Colchicine analog,Phytotoxin,Colchicum autumnale (autumn crocus),C22H25NO6,399.4 g/mol,None,1 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits microtubule polymerization,Multiple organs,Nausea, diarrhea, multi-organ failure,Supportive care,COC1=CC(=C(C(=C1)OC)OC)C(=O)NC2=CC=C(C=C2)OC,10-20 hours,Soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Klintschar et al. (1999). Forensic Sci Int, 106(3), 191-200,,,,
TX470,Trichothecene NIV,Mycotoxin,Fusarium graminearum (fungus),C15H20O7,312.3 g/mol,23282-20-4,5 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Vomiting, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(C1=O)OC(=O)C)(C3(C(C(C(C3O2)O)O)C)O)O,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Ryu et al. (1988). Appl Environ Microbiol, 54(11), 2758-2762,,,,,
TX471,Muscarinic toxin,Neurotoxin,Dendroaspis angusticeps (green mamba),N/A (protein),7,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of muscarinic receptors,Nervous system,Salivation, bradycardia,Atropine, antivenom,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Atropine, mamba antivenom,Adem et al. (1988). Biochim Biophys Acta, 968(3), 340-345,,
TX472,Clostridium sordellii beta-toxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium sordellii,N/A (protein),150,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Glucosylates Rho GTPases,Multiple organs,Edema, tissue necrosis,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1988). Infect Immun, 56(9), 2299-2306,,,
TX473,Atropine analog,Phytotoxin,Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade),C17H23NO3,289.4 g/mol,None,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Antagonist of muscarinic receptors,Nervous system,Delirium, tachycardia, dry mouth,Physostigmine, supportive care,CN1C2CCC1CC(C2)OC(=O)C(CO)C3=CC=CC=C3,2-4 hours,Soluble in water,10-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,Physostigmine,Fodor et al. (1955). J Chem Soc,1955, 1858-1862,,,
TX474,Fumonisin G1,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium verticillioides (fungus),C34H59NO14,705.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Merrill et al. (1993). J AOAC Int, 76(1), 126-130,,,,,
TX475,Conotoxin theta,Neurotoxin,Conus purpurascens (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks calcium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,Shon et al. (1998). J Biol Chem, 273(1), 33-38,,,,
TX476,Streptococcus salivarius hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus salivarius,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Hyink et al. (2007). Appl Environ Microbiol, 73(4), 1108-1119,,,
TX477,Ergostine derivative,Neurotoxin,Claviceps purpurea (fungus),C35H39N5O5,609.7 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin and dopamine receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Berde et al. (1978). Handb Exp Pharmacol,49, 1-28,,,,,
TX478,Clostridium tertium cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium tertium,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Willis et al. (1979). J Med Microbiol, 12(3), 335-344,,,
TX479,Digoxin analog,Phytotoxin,Digitalis lanata (foxglove),C41H64O14,780.9 g/mol,None,0.3 mg/kg (mice, IV),Inhibits Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase,Heart,Arrhythmias, nausea,Digoxin-specific Fab, supportive care,Complex glycoside structure,4-8 hours,Poorly soluble in water,8-Apr,Stable up to 80°C,Digoxin-specific Fab,Smith et al. (1976). N Engl J Med, 294(19), 989-994,,,,
TX480,Trichothecene Fusarenon-X,Mycotoxin,Fusarium nivale (fungus),C17H22O8,354.4 g/mol,23255-69-8,2 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Vomiting, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(C1=O)OC(=O)C)(C3(C(C(C(C3O2)O)O)C)O)O,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Ueno et al. (1971). J Biochem, 69(4), 683-688,,,,,
TX481,Calciseptine,Neurotoxin,Dendroaspis polylepis (black mamba),N/A (protein),7,000 Da,134563-46-1,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks calcium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Mamba antivenom,De Weille et al. (1991). Proc Natl Acad Sci, 88(6), 2437-2440,,,
TX482,Clostridium sporogenes cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium sporogenes,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1984). J Gen Microbiol, 130(8), 2063-2073,,,
TX483,Hyoscyamine analog,Phytotoxin,Hyoscyamus niger (henbane),C17H23NO3,289.4 g/mol,None,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Antagonist of muscarinic receptors,Nervous system,Delirium, tachycardia, dry mouth,Physostigmine, supportive care,CN1C2CCC1CC(C2)OC(=O)C(CO)C3=CC=CC=C3,2-4 hours,Soluble in water,10-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,Physostigmine,Adams et al. (1980). J Ethnopharmacol, 2(4), 345-355,,,
TX484,Fumonisin G2,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium verticillioides (fungus),C34H59NO13,689.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Merrill et al. (1993). J AOAC Int, 76(1), 126-130,,,,,
TX485,Conotoxin lambda,Neurotoxin,Conus virgo (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks potassium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,Terlau et al. (1996). Nature, 381(6577), 148-151,,,,
TX486,Streptococcus sobrinus hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus sobrinus,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Hamada et al. (1991). J Dent Res, 70(10), 1278-1282,,,
TX487,Ergotamine analog,Neurotoxin,Claviceps purpurea (fungus),C33H35N5O5,581.7 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin and dopamine receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Stoll et al. (1943). Helv Chim Acta, 26(5), 1602-1613,,,,,
TX488+A467,Clostridium beijerinckii cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium beijerinckii,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1986). J Clin Microbiol, 24(3), 349-353,,,
TX489,Scopolamine analog,Phytotoxin,Datura stramonium (jimsonweed),C17H21NO4,303.4 g/mol,None,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Antagonist of muscarinic receptors,Nervous system,Delirium, tachycardia, dry mouth,Physostigmine, supportive care,CN1C2CCC1CC(C2)OC(=O)C(CO)C3=CC=CC=C3,2-4 hours,Soluble in water,10-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,Physostigmine,Fodor et al. (1955). J Chem Soc,1955, 1858-1862,,,
TX490,Trichothecene T-2 triol,Mycotoxin,Fusarium sporotrichioides (fungus),C20H30O6,366.4 g/mol,None,2 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(C1=O)OC(=O)C)(C3(C(C(C(C3O2)O)O)C)C)O,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Ueno et al. (1975). Appl Environ Microbiol, 30(1), 4-9,,,,,
TX491,Taipoxin,Neurotoxin,Oxyuranus scutellatus (taipan snake),N/A (protein),45,000 Da,54843-48-4,0.02 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks presynaptic neurotransmitter release,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Taipan antivenom,Fohlman et al. (1976). Toxicon, 14(6), 457-467,,,
TX492,Clostridium cadaveris cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium cadaveris,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1987). J Clin Microbiol, 25(7), 1235-1239,,,
TX493,Solasodine,Phytotoxin,Solanum nigrum (black nightshade),C27H43NO2,413.6 g/mol,126-17-0,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts cell membranes,Nervous system,Convulsions, gastrointestinal distress,Supportive care,CC1CCC2C(C3C(NC2(C1)C)CC4C3(CCC5C4CC=C6C5(C(CC(C6)O)O)C)C)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Friedman et al. (1992). J Agric Food Chem, 40(9), 1617-1624,,,,,
TX494,Fumonisin H1,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium verticillioides (fungus),C34H59NO14,705.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Merrill et al. (1993). J AOAC Int, 76(1), 126-130,,,,,
TX495,Conotoxin phi,Neurotoxin,Conus achatinus (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks sodium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,McIntosh et al. (1999). J Biol Chem, 274(31), 21647-21654,,,,
TX496,Streptococcus agalactiae hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus agalactiae,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Nizet et al. (2000). Infect Immun, 68(2), 411-415,,,
TX497,Ergocryptine derivative,Neurotoxin,Claviceps purpurea (fungus),C32H41N5O5,575.7 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin and dopamine receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Berde et al. (1978). Handb Exp Pharmacol,49, 1-28,,,,,
TX498,Clostridium innocuum cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium innocuum,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1989). J Clin Microbiol, 27(6), 1234-1238,,,
TX499,Tomatine,Phytotoxin,Solanum lycopersicum (tomato),C50H83NO21,1034.2 g/mol,17406-45-0,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Gastrointestinal distress, hemolysis,Supportive care,Complex glycoside structure,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Friedman et al. (2000). J Agric Food Chem, 48(12), 5751-5758,,,,,
TX500,Trichothecene Diacetoxyscirpenol,Mycotoxin,Fusarium sambucinum (fungus),C19H26O7,366.4 g/mol,2270-40-8,1 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(C1=O)OC(=O)C)(C3(C(C(C(C3O2)O)OC(=O)C)C)C)O,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Ueno et al. (1972). Appl Microbiol, 24(4), 638-643,,,,,
TX501,Agkistrodotoxin,Neurotoxin,Agkistrodon piscivorus (cottonmouth),N/A (protein),14,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts presynaptic membranes,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Cottonmouth antivenom,Teng et al. (1984). Toxicon, 22(3), 463-470,,,
TX502,Clostridium ramosum cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium ramosum,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1988). J Clin Microbiol, 26(10), 2011-2015,,,
TX503,α-Solanine,Phytotoxin,Solanum tuberosum (potato),C45H73NO15,868.1 g/mol,20562-02-1,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Gastrointestinal distress, neurological symptoms,Supportive care,Complex glycoside structure,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Friedman et al. (1997). J Agric Food Chem, 45(5), 1506-1512,,,,,
TX504,Fumonisin I1,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium verticillioides (fungus),C34H59NO14,705.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Merrill et al. (1993). J AOAC Int, 76(1), 126-130,,,,,
TX505,Conotoxin omicron,Neurotoxin,Conus parius (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks sodium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,Nakamura et al. (1996). Eur J Biochem, 242(2), 416-422,,,,
TX506,Streptococcus dysgalactiae hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus dysgalactiae,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Palmer et al. (2000). Vet Microbiol, 76(3), 221-229,,,
TX507,Ergocristine analog,Neurotoxin,Claviceps purpurea (fungus),C35H39N5O5,609.7 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin and dopamine receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Berde et al. (1978). Handb Exp Pharmacol,49, 1-28,,,,,
TX508,Clostridium subterminale cytotoxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium subterminale,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1985). J Clin Microbiol, 21(3), 367-371,,,
TX509,β-Chaconine,Phytotoxin,Solanum tuberosum (potato),C45H73NO14,852.1 g/mol,20562-03-2,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Gastrointestinal distress, neurological symptoms,Supportive care,Complex glycoside structure,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Friedman et al. (1997). J Agric Food Chem, 45(5), 1506-1512,,,,,
TX510,Trichothecene Scirpentriol,Mycotoxin,Fusarium roseum (fungus),C15H22O5,282.3 g/mol,2270-41-9,2 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(C1=O)OC(=O)C)(C3(C(C(C(C3O2)O)O)C)C)O,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Ueno et al. (1971). J Biochem, 69(4), 683-688,,,,,
TX511,Crotoxin,Neurotoxin,Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American rattlesnake),N/A (protein),24,000 Da,9007-40-3,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts presynaptic membranes,Nervous system,Paralysis, respiratory failure,Antivenom, supportive care,N/A (protein),4-8 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,Rattlesnake antivenom,Hendon et al. (1970). Toxicon, 8(4), 301-307,,,
TX512,Clostridium sordellii gamma-toxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium sordellii,N/A (protein),150,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Glucosylates Rho GTPases,Multiple organs,Edema, tissue necrosis,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Just et al. (2000). J Biol Chem, 275(25), 18876-18882,,,
TX513,Glycoalkaloid,Phytotoxin,Solanum dulcamara (bittersweet nightshade),C45H73NO15,868.1 g/mol,None,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Gastrointestinal distress, neurological symptoms,Supportive care,Complex glycoside structure,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Friedman et al. (2003). J Agric Food Chem, 51(10), 2964-2973,,,,,
TX514,Fumonisin J1,Hepatotoxin,Fusarium verticillioides (fungus),C34H59NO14,705.8 g/mol,None,15 mg/kg (rats, oral),Inhibits ceramide synthase,Liver,Liver damage, pulmonary edema,Supportive care,CC(C)CC(C)C(O)C(C)N,2-4 days,Soluble in methanol,10-Mar,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Merrill et al. (1993). J AOAC Int, 76(1), 126-130,,,,,
TX515,Conotoxin eta,Neurotoxin,Conus betulinus (cone snail),N/A (peptide),3,000 Da,None,0.05 mg/kg (mice, IV),Blocks potassium channels,Nervous system,Paralysis, tremors,Supportive care,N/A (peptide),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,9-Apr,Stable up to 60°C,No specific antidote,Hu et al. (1997). Eur J Pharmacol, 339(2-3), 205-209,,,,
TX516,Streptococcus pneumoniae hemolysin,Hemotoxin,Streptococcus pneumoniae,N/A (protein),40,000 Da,None,0.1 mg/kg (mice, IV),Forms pores in cell membranes,Erythrocytes,Hemolysis, tissue damage,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),2-4 hours,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Paton et al. (1986). Infect Immun, 54(1), 50-55,,,
TX517,Ergocornine analog,Neurotoxin,Claviceps purpurea (fungus),C31H39N5O5,561.7 g/mol,None,0.5 mg/kg (mice, IV),Agonist of serotonin and dopamine receptors,Nervous system,Convulsions, vasoconstriction,Supportive care,Complex alkaloid structure,2-4 hours,Poorly soluble in water,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Berde et al. (1978). Handb Exp Pharmacol,49, 1-28,,,,,
TX518,Clostridium bifermentans beta-toxin,Cytotoxin,Clostridium bifermentans,N/A (protein),50,000 Da,None,0.1 μg/kg (mice, IV),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Tissue necrosis, edema,Antibiotics, supportive care,N/A (protein),1-2 days,Soluble in water,8-May,Inactivated >60°C,No specific antidote,Popoff et al. (1981). Infect Immun, 31(3), 1037-1044,,,
TX519,Solanidine,Phytotoxin,Solanum tuberosum (potato),C27H43NO,397.6 g/mol,80-78-4,50 mg/kg (mice, oral),Disrupts cell membranes,Multiple organs,Gastrointestinal distress, neurological symptoms,Supportive care,CC1CCC2C(C3C(NC2(C1)C)CC4C3(CCC5C4CC=C6C5(C(CC(C6)O)O)C)C)O,2-4 hours,Soluble in ethanol,9-Mar,Stable up to 100°C,No specific antidote,Friedman et al. (1997). J Agric Food Chem, 45(5), 1506-1512,,,,,
TX520,Trichothecene Monoacetoxyscirpenol,Mycotoxin,Fusarium roseum (fungus),C17H24O6,324.4 g/mol,2623-22-5,2 mg/kg (mice, oral),Inhibits protein synthesis,Multiple organs,Hemorrhage, immunosuppression,Supportive care,CC1=CC2C(C(C1=O)OC(=O)C)(C3(C(C(C(C3O2)O)O)C)C)O,10-15 hours,Soluble in organic solvents,8-Feb,Stable up to 150°C,No specific antidote,Ueno et al. (1972). Appl Microbiol, 24(4), 638-643,,,,,