text stringlengths 18 1.09k | citing_paper_id stringlengths 8 8 | cited_paper_id stringlengths 8 14 | citing_paper_year int64 1.99k 2.02k | cited_paper_year int64 1.95k 2.01k | citing_paper_title stringclasses 1
value | cited_paper_title stringlengths 11 178 | cited_author_ids list | citing_author_ids null | extended_context stringlengths 123 1.41k | section_number int64 0 12 | section_title null | intent stringclasses 6
values | cite_marker_offset list | sents_before list | sents_after list | cleaned_cite_text stringlengths 14 1.08k | citation_id stringlengths 10 11 | citation_excerpt_index int64 0 0 | section_name stringclasses 5
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thus , over the past few years , along with advances in the use of learning and statistical methods for acquisition of full parsers ( Collins , 1997 ; Charniak , 1997a ; Charniak , 1997b ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) , significant progress has been made on the use of statistical learning methods to recognize shallow parsing p... | W01-0706 | External_555 | 2,001 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | three generative lexicalised models for statistical parsing | [
"M Collins"
] | null | While earlier work in this direction concentrated on manual construction of rules , most of the recent work has been motivated by the observation that shallow syntactic information can be extracted using local information by examining the pattern itself , its nearby context and the local part-of-speech information . Th... | 2 | null | Background | [
134,
148
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Thus",
"lemma": "thus",
"after": "",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 375,
"segment_span": [
0,
63
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 371,
"originalText": "Thus",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Research",
"lemma": "research",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 961,
"segment_span": [
0,
16
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 953,
"originalText": "Research",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ... | Thus , over the past few years , along with advances in the use of learning and statistical methods for acquisition of full parsers ( @@CITATION ; Charniak , 1997a ; Charniak , 1997b ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) , significant progress has been made on the use of statistical learning methods to recognize shallow parsing patte... | W01-0706_12 | 0 | introduction |
This was done by MERT optimization ( Och , 2003 ) towards post-edits under the TER target metric . | K15-1001 | P03-1021 | 2,015 | 2,003 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | minimum error rate training in statistical machine translation | [
"Franz Josef Och"
] | null | PE-dev was used to obtain w * to define the utility model . This was done by MERT optimization ( Och , 2003 ) towards post-edits under the TER target metric . Note that the goal of our experi - | 5 | null | Uses | [
37,
47
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "This",
"lemma": "this",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1004,
"segment_span": [
0,
18
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1000,
"originalText": "This",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Note",
"lemma": "note",
"after": " ",
"pos": "VB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1099,
"segment_span": [
0,
7
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1095,
"originalText": "Note",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"i... | This was done by MERT optimization ( @@CITATION ) towards post-edits under the TER target metric . | K15-1001_30 | 0 | experiments |
She evaluates 3,000 German verbs with a token frequency between 10 and 2,000 against the Duden ( Dudenredaktion 2001 ) . | J05-3003 | External_61276 | 2,005 | 2,001 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | duden—das stilworterbuch duden—the style dictionary | [
"editor Dudenredaktion"
] | null | The largest lexical evaluation we know of is that of Schulte im Walde ( 2002b ) for German . She evaluates 3,000 German verbs with a token frequency between 10 and 2,000 against the Duden ( Dudenredaktion 2001 ) . We will refer to this work and the methods and results presented by Schulte im Walde again in Sections 6.2... | 6 | null | Background | [
97,
116
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "She",
"lemma": "she",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1044,
"segment_span": [
0,
20
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1041,
"originalText": "She",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "We",
"lemma": "we",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1161,
"segment_span": [
0,
10
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1159,
"originalText": "We",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"is_... | She evaluates 3,000 German verbs with a token frequency between 10 and 2,000 against the Duden ( @@CITATION ) . | J05-3003_25 | 0 | null |
The following four components have been identified as the key elements of a question related to patient care ( Richardson et al. 1995 ) : | J07-1005 | External_17760 | 2,007 | 1,995 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the wellbuilt clinical question a key to evidencebased decisions | [
"W Scott Richardson",
"Mark C Wilson",
"James Nishikawa",
"Robert S Hayward"
] | null | The second facet is independent of the clinical task and pertains to the structure of a well-built clinical question . The following four components have been identified as the key elements of a question related to patient care ( Richardson et al. 1995 ) : ⢠What is the primary problem or disease ? | 2 | null | Background | [
111,
133
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 2068,
"segment_span": [
0,
24
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 2065,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "â¢",
"lemma": "â¢",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1,
"segment_span": [
0,
8
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "â¢",
"ArgType": null,
"before": "",
"is_root": n... | The following four components have been identified as the key elements of a question related to patient care ( @@CITATION ) : | J07-1005_41 | 0 | null |
Briscoe and Carroll ( 1997 ) report on manually analyzing an open-class vocabulary of 35,000 head words for predicate subcategorization information and comparing the results against the subcategorization details in COMLEX . | J05-3003 | A97-1052 | 2,005 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | automatic extraction of subcategorization from corpora | [
"Edward Briscoe",
"John Carroll"
] | null | As a generalization , Briscoe ( 2001 ) notes that lexicons such as COMLEX tend to demonstrate high precision but low recall . Briscoe and Carroll ( 1997 ) report on manually analyzing an open-class vocabulary of 35,000 head words for predicate subcategorization information and comparing the results against the subcateg... | 6 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
0,
28
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Briscoe",
"lemma": "Briscoe",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NNP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 230,
"segment_span": [
0,
22
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 223,
"originalText": "Briscoe",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Precision",
"lemma": "precision",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 453,
"segment_span": [
0,
17
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 444,
"originalText": "Precision",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before... | @@CITATION report on manually analyzing an open-class vocabulary of 35,000 head words for predicate subcategorization information and comparing the results against the subcategorization details in COMLEX . | J05-3003_10 | 0 | null |
This is roughly an 11 % relative reduction in error rate over Charniak ( 2000 ) and Bods PCFG-reduction reported in Table 1 . | E03-1005 | A00-2018 | 2,003 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a maximumentropyinspired parser | [
"E Charniak"
] | null | The highest accuracy is obtained by SL-DOP at 12 n 14 : an LP of 90.8 % and an LR of 90.7 % . This is roughly an 11 % relative reduction in error rate over Charniak ( 2000 ) and Bods PCFG-reduction reported in Table 1 . Compared to the reranking technique in Collins ( 2000 ) , who obtained an LP of 89.9 % and an LR of ... | 5 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
62,
79
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "This",
"lemma": "this",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 371,
"segment_span": [
0,
23
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 367,
"originalText": "This",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Compared",
"lemma": "compare",
"after": " ",
"pos": "VBN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 497,
"segment_span": [
0,
35
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 489,
"originalText": "Compared",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ... | This is roughly an 11 % relative reduction in error rate over @@CITATION and Bods PCFG-reduction reported in Table 1 . | E03-1005_39 | 0 | conclusion |
Finally , feedback expressions ( head nods and shakes ) are successfully predicted from speech , prosody and eye gaze in interaction with Embodied Communication Agents as well as human communication ( Fujie et al. , 2004 ; Morency et al. , 2005 ; Morency et al. , 2007 ; Morency et al. , 2009 ) . | P10-2059 | External_88748 | 2,010 | 2,005 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | contextual recognition of head gestures | [
"Louis-Philippe Morency",
"Candace Sidner",
"Christopher Lee",
"Trevor Darrell"
] | null | Louwerse et al. ( 2006 ) and Louwerse et al. ( 2007 ) study the relation between eye gaze , facial expression , pauses and dialogue structure in annotated English map-task dialogues ( Anderson et al. , 1991 ) and find correlations between the various modalities both within and across speakers . Finally , feedback expre... | 2 | null | Background | [
223,
244
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Finally",
"lemma": "finally",
"after": "",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1521,
"segment_span": [
0,
56
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1514,
"originalText": "Finally",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Our",
"lemma": "we",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP$",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1800,
"segment_span": [
0,
26
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1797,
"originalText": "Our",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is... | Finally , feedback expressions ( head nods and shakes ) are successfully predicted from speech , prosody and eye gaze in interaction with Embodied Communication Agents as well as human communication ( Fujie et al. , 2004 ; @@CITATION ; Morency et al. , 2007 ; Morency et al. , 2009 ) . | P10-2059_16 | 0 | introduction |
We use the agreement checker code developed by Alkuhlani and Habash ( 2011 ) and evaluate our baseline ( MaltParser using only CORE12 ) , best performing model ( Easy-First Parser using CORE12 + DET+LMM+PERSON+FN * NGR g + p ) , and the gold reference . | J13-1008 | P11-2062 | 2,013 | 2,011 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a corpus for modeling morphosyntactic agreement in arabic gender number and rationality | [
"Sarah Alkuhlani",
"Nizar Habash"
] | null | We now turn to our second type of error analysis , the evaluation of the grammaticality of the parse trees in terms of gender and number agreement patterns . We use the agreement checker code developed by Alkuhlani and Habash ( 2011 ) and evaluate our baseline ( MaltParser using only CORE12 ) , best performing model ( ... | 5 | null | Uses | [
47,
76
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "We",
"lemma": "we",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1008,
"segment_span": [
0,
46
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1006,
"originalText": "We",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"is_... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1250,
"segment_span": [
0,
30
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1247,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_... | We use the agreement checker code developed by @@CITATION and evaluate our baseline ( MaltParser using only CORE12 ) , best performing model ( Easy-First Parser using CORE12 + DET+LMM+PERSON+FN * NGR g + p ) , and the gold reference . | J13-1008_2 | 0 | conclusion |
The diagnoser , based on Dzikovska et al. ( 2008b ) , outputs a diagnosis which consists of lists of correct , contradictory and non-mentioned objects and relations from the student 's answer . | P10-4003 | External_22831 | 2,010 | 2,008 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | linking semantic and knowledge representations in a multidomain dialogue system | [
"Myroslava O Dzikovska",
"James F Allen",
"Mary D Swift"
] | null | The knowledge base is used to check the factual correctness of the answers first , and then a diagnoser checks the explanation correctness . The diagnoser , based on Dzikovska et al. ( 2008b ) , outputs a diagnosis which consists of lists of correct , contradictory and non-mentioned objects and relations from the stude... | 3 | null | Extends | [
25,
48
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1149,
"segment_span": [
0,
15
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1146,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "At",
"lemma": "at",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1335,
"segment_span": [
0,
10
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1333,
"originalText": "At",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_roo... | The diagnoser , based on @@CITATIONb ) , outputs a diagnosis which consists of lists of correct , contradictory and non-mentioned objects and relations from the student 's answer . | P10-4003_8 | 0 | experiments |
The formalization of DLRs provided by Meurers ( 1995 ) defines a formal lexical rule specification language and provides a semantics for that language in two steps : A rewrite system enriches the lexical rule specification into a fully explicit description of the kind shown in Figure 1 . | J97-4003 | External_41778 | 1,997 | 1,995 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | towards a semantics for lexical rules as used in hpsg | [
"Detmar Meurers"
] | null | One thus needs to distinguish the lexical rule specification provided by the linguist from the fully explicit lexical rule relations integrated into the theory . The formalization of DLRs provided by Meurers ( 1995 ) defines a formal lexical rule specification language and provides a semantics for that language in two ... | 2 | null | Background | [
38,
54
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1794,
"segment_span": [
0,
28
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1791,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "This",
"lemma": "this",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 2080,
"segment_span": [
0,
18
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 2076,
"originalText": "This",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"... | The formalization of DLRs provided by @@CITATION defines a formal lexical rule specification language and provides a semantics for that language in two steps : A rewrite system enriches the lexical rule specification into a fully explicit description of the kind shown in Figure 1 . | J97-4003_36 | 0 | introduction |
Similar to our previous work ( Chan and Ng , 2005b ) , we used the supervised WSD approach described in ( Lee and Ng , 2002 ) for our experiments , using the naive Bayes algorithm as our classifier . | P06-1012 | W02-1006 | 2,006 | 2,002 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | an empirical evaluation of knowledge sources and learning algorithms for word sense disambiguation | [
"Yoong Keok Lee",
"Hwee Tou Ng"
] | null | Similar to our previous work ( Chan and Ng , 2005b ) , we used the supervised WSD approach described in ( Lee and Ng , 2002 ) for our experiments , using the naive Bayes algorithm as our classifier . Knowledge sources used include partsof-speech , surrounding words , and local collocations . | 4 | null | Uses | [
106,
123
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Similar",
"lemma": "similar",
"after": " ",
"pos": "JJ",
"characterOffsetEnd": 7,
"segment_span": [
0,
32
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "Similar",
"ArgType": null,
"before": "",
... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Knowledge",
"lemma": "knowledge",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 200,
"segment_span": [
0,
12
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 191,
"originalText": "Knowledge",
"ArgType": null,
"before":... | Similar to our previous work ( Chan and Ng , 2005b ) , we used the supervised WSD approach described in ( @@CITATION ) for our experiments , using the naive Bayes algorithm as our classifier . | P06-1012_21 | 0 | experiments |
Similar to ( Li et al. , 2013a ) , our summarization system is , which consists of three key components : an initial sentence pre-selection module to select some important sentence candidates ; the above compression model to generate n-best compressions for each sentence ; and then an ILP summarization method to select... | D14-1076 | D13-1047 | 2,014 | 2,013 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | document summarization via guided sentence compression | [
"Chen Li",
"Fei Liu",
"Fuliang Weng",
"Yang Liu"
] | null | Similar to ( Li et al. , 2013a ) , our summarization system is , which consists of three key components : an initial sentence pre-selection module to select some important sentence candidates ; the above compression model to generate n-best compressions for each sentence ; and then an ILP summarization method to select... | 5 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
13,
29
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Similar",
"lemma": "similar",
"after": " ",
"pos": "JJ",
"characterOffsetEnd": 7,
"segment_span": [
0,
15
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "Similar",
"ArgType": null,
"before": "",
... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 384,
"segment_span": [
0,
15
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 381,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_ro... | Similar to ( @@CITATIONa ) , our summarization system is , which consists of three key components : an initial sentence pre-selection module to select some important sentence candidates ; the above compression model to generate n-best compressions for each sentence ; and then an ILP summarization method to select the b... | D14-1076_26 | 0 | experiments |
The extraction procedure consists of three steps : First , the bracketing of the trees in the Penn Treebank is corrected and extended based on the approaches of Magerman ( 1994 ) and Collins ( 1997 ) . | J05-3003 | External_13798 | 2,005 | 1,994 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | natural language parsing as statistical pattern recognition | [
"David Magerman"
] | null | Xia ( 1999 ) also presents a similar method for the extraction of a TAG from the Penn Treebank . The extraction procedure consists of three steps : First , the bracketing of the trees in the Penn Treebank is corrected and extended based on the approaches of Magerman ( 1994 ) and Collins ( 1997 ) . Then the elementary t... | 3 | null | Background | [
161,
178
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 2356,
"segment_span": [
0,
10
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 2353,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Then",
"lemma": "then",
"after": " ",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 2552,
"segment_span": [
0,
12
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 2548,
"originalText": "Then",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"... | The extraction procedure consists of three steps : First , the bracketing of the trees in the Penn Treebank is corrected and extended based on the approaches of @@CITATION and Collins ( 1997 ) . | J05-3003_37 | 0 | related work |
transition-based dependency parsing framework ( Nivre , 2008 ) using an arc-eager transition strategy and are trained using the perceptron algorithm as in Zhang and Clark ( 2008 ) with a beam size of 8 . | D11-1138 | J08-4003 | 2,011 | 2,008 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | algorithms for deterministic incremental dependency parsing | [
"J Nivre"
] | null | ⢠Transition-based : An implementation of the transition-based dependency parsing framework ( Nivre , 2008 ) using an arc-eager transition strategy and are trained using the perceptron algorithm as in Zhang and Clark ( 2008 ) with a beam size of 8 . Beams with varying sizes can be used to produce k-best lists . | 3 | null | Uses | [
48,
60
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "transition-based",
"lemma": "transition-based",
"after": " ",
"pos": "JJ",
"characterOffsetEnd": 16,
"segment_span": [
0,
35
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "transition-based",
"ArgType": nul... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Beams",
"lemma": "beam",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NNS",
"characterOffsetEnd": 203,
"segment_span": [
0,
11
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 198,
"originalText": "Beams",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
... | transition-based dependency parsing framework ( @@CITATION ) using an arc-eager transition strategy and are trained using the perceptron algorithm as in Zhang and Clark ( 2008 ) with a beam size of 8 . | D11-1138_21 | 0 | experiments |
But their importance has grown far beyond machine translation : for instance , transferring annotations between languages ( Yarowsky and Ngai 2001 ; Hwa et al. 2005 ; Ganchev , Gillenwater , and Taskar 2009 ) ; discovery of paraphrases ( Bannard and Callison-Burch 2005 ) ; and joint unsupervised POS and parser inductio... | J10-3007 | P05-1074 | 2,010 | 2,005 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | paraphrasing with bilingual parallel corpora | [
"Colin Bannard",
"Chris Callison-Burch"
] | null | MT system combination ( Matusov , Ueffing , and Ney 2006 ) . But their importance has grown far beyond machine translation : for instance , transferring annotations between languages ( Yarowsky and Ngai 2001 ; Hwa et al. 2005 ; Ganchev , Gillenwater , and Taskar 2009 ) ; discovery of paraphrases ( Bannard and Callison-... | 1 | null | Motivation | [
238,
269
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "But",
"lemma": "but",
"after": " ",
"pos": "CC",
"characterOffsetEnd": 59,
"segment_span": [
0,
62
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 56,
"originalText": "But",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_root... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "IBM",
"lemma": "IBM",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NNP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 414,
"segment_span": [
0,
15
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 411,
"originalText": "IBM",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_r... | But their importance has grown far beyond machine translation : for instance , transferring annotations between languages ( Yarowsky and Ngai 2001 ; Hwa et al. 2005 ; Ganchev , Gillenwater , and Taskar 2009 ) ; discovery of paraphrases ( @@CITATION ) ; and joint unsupervised POS and parser induction across languages ( ... | J10-3007_0 | 0 | introduction |
each relevant document is retrieved ( Baeza-Yates and Ribeiro-Neto 1999 ) . | J07-1005 | External_498 | 2,007 | 1,999 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | modern information retrieval | [
"Ricardo Baeza-Yates",
"Berthier Ribeiro-Neto"
] | null | ⢠Mean Average Precision ( MAP ) is the average of precision values after each relevant document is retrieved ( Baeza-Yates and Ribeiro-Neto 1999 ) . It is the most widely accepted single-value metric in information retrieval , and is seen to balance the need for both precision and recall . | 5 | null | Uses | [
38,
71
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "each",
"lemma": "each",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 4,
"segment_span": [
0,
11
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "each",
"ArgType": null,
"before": "",
"is_root... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "It",
"lemma": "it",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 75,
"segment_span": [
0,
24
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 73,
"originalText": "It",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"is_root... | each relevant document is retrieved ( @@CITATION ) . | J07-1005_4 | 0 | null |
McKnight and Srinivasan ( 2003 ) have previously examined the task of categorizing sentences in medical abstracts using supervised discriminative machine learning techniques . | W06-3309 | External_42488 | 2,006 | 2,003 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | categorization of sentence types in medical abstracts | [
"Larry McKnight",
"Padmini Srinivasan"
] | null | Furthermore , the availability of rich ontological resources , in the form of the Unified Medical Language System ( UMLS ) ( Lindberg et al. , 1993 ) , and the availability of software that leverages this knowledge -- MetaMap ( Aronson , 2001 ) for concept identification and SemRep ( Rindflesch and Fiszman , 2003 ) for... | 2 | null | Background | [
0,
32
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "McKnight",
"lemma": "McKnight",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NNP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 496,
"segment_span": [
0,
23
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 488,
"originalText": "McKnight",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before":... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Building",
"lemma": "building",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 669,
"segment_span": [
0,
15
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 661,
"originalText": "Building",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ... | @@CITATION have previously examined the task of categorizing sentences in medical abstracts using supervised discriminative machine learning techniques . | W06-3309_17 | 0 | introduction |
This recognizer incrementally outputs word hypotheses as soon as they are found in the best-scored path in the forward search ( Hirasawa et al. , 1998 ) using the ISTAR ( Incremental Structure Transmitter And Receiver ) protocol , which conveys word graph information as well as word hypotheses . | W00-1017 | External_46371 | 2,000 | 1,998 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | implementation of coordinative nodding behavior on spoken dialogue systems | [
"Jun-ichi Hirasawa",
"Noboru Miyazaki",
"Mikio Nakano",
"Takeshi Kawabata"
] | null | Acoustic models for HTK is trained with the continuous speech database of the Acoustical Society of Japan ( Kobayashi et al. , 1992 ) . This recognizer incrementally outputs word hypotheses as soon as they are found in the best-scored path in the forward search ( Hirasawa et al. , 1998 ) using the ISTAR ( Incremental S... | 3 | null | Background | [
128,
150
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "This",
"lemma": "this",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 420,
"segment_span": [
0,
8
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 416,
"originalText": "This",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "This",
"lemma": "this",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 710,
"segment_span": [
0,
24
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 706,
"originalText": "This",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is... | This recognizer incrementally outputs word hypotheses as soon as they are found in the best-scored path in the forward search ( @@CITATION ) using the ISTAR ( Incremental Structure Transmitter And Receiver ) protocol , which conveys word graph information as well as word hypotheses . | W00-1017_9 | 0 | null |
The recent great advances in speech and language technologies have made it possible to build fully implemented spoken dialogue systems ( Aust et al. , 1995 ; Allen et al. , 1996 ; Zue et al. , 2000 ; Walker et al. , 2000 ) . | W00-1017 | External_2950 | 2,000 | 1,995 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the philips automatic train timetable information system | [
"Harald Aust",
"Martin Oerder",
"Frank Seide",
"Volker Steinbiss"
] | null | The recent great advances in speech and language technologies have made it possible to build fully implemented spoken dialogue systems ( Aust et al. , 1995 ; Allen et al. , 1996 ; Zue et al. , 2000 ; Walker et al. , 2000 ) . One of the next research goals is to make these systems task-portable , that is , to simplify t... | 2 | null | Background | [
137,
155
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 3,
"segment_span": [
0,
45
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": "",
"is_root": ... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "One",
"lemma": "one",
"after": " ",
"pos": "CD",
"characterOffsetEnd": 218,
"segment_span": [
0,
26
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 215,
"originalText": "One",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"is_... | The recent great advances in speech and language technologies have made it possible to build fully implemented spoken dialogue systems ( @@CITATION ; Allen et al. , 1996 ; Zue et al. , 2000 ; Walker et al. , 2000 ) . | W00-1017_1 | 0 | introduction |
We posit that this would not have a significant effect on the results , in particular for MML-based classification techniques , such as Decision Graphs ( Oliver 1993 ) . | J09-4010 | External_42507 | 2,009 | 1,993 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | decision graphs—an extension of decision trees | [
"J J Oliver"
] | null | 16 In principle , we could have used a classification method to predict clusters from the values of the confidence measures for unseen cases . We posit that this would not have a significant effect on the results , in particular for MML-based classification techniques , such as Decision Graphs ( Oliver 1993 ) . compara... | 4 | null | Background | [
154,
165
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "We",
"lemma": "we",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 143,
"segment_span": [
0,
2
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 141,
"originalText": "We",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"is_roo... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "comparative",
"lemma": "comparative",
"after": " ",
"pos": "JJ",
"characterOffsetEnd": 11,
"segment_span": [
0,
5
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "comparative",
"ArgType": null,
"before... | We posit that this would not have a significant effect on the results , in particular for MML-based classification techniques , such as Decision Graphs ( @@CITATION ) . | J09-4010_39 | 0 | null |
Collins & Duffy ( 2002 ) showed how the perceptron algorithm can be used to efficiently compute the best parse with DOP1 's subtrees , reporting a 5.1 % relative reduction in error rate over the model in Collins ( 1999 ) on the WSJ . | E03-1005 | P02-1034 | 2,003 | 2,002 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | new ranking algorithms for parsing and tagging kernels over discrete structures and the voted perceptron | [
"M Collins",
"N Duffy"
] | null | Although Bod 's method obtains very competitive results on the Wall Street Journal ( WSJ ) task , the parsing time was reported to be over 200 seconds per sentence ( Bod 2003 ) . Collins & Duffy ( 2002 ) showed how the perceptron algorithm can be used to efficiently compute the best parse with DOP1 's subtrees , report... | 2 | null | Background | [
0,
24
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Collins",
"lemma": "Collins",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NNP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1185,
"segment_span": [
0,
7
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1178,
"originalText": "Collins",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": "... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Goodman",
"lemma": "Goodman",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NNP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1411,
"segment_span": [
0,
29
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1404,
"originalText": "Goodman",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": ... | @@CITATION showed how the perceptron algorithm can be used to efficiently compute the best parse with DOP1 's subtrees , reporting a 5.1 % relative reduction in error rate over the model in Collins ( 1999 ) on the WSJ . | E03-1005_51 | 0 | introduction |
Tateisi et al. also translated LTAG into HPSG ( Tateisi et al. , 1998 ) . | W01-1510 | External_15845 | 2,001 | 1,998 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | translating the xtag english grammar to hpsg | [
"Yuka Tateisi",
"Kentaro Torisawa",
"Yusuke Miyao",
"Jun’ichi Tsujii"
] | null | All modules other than the last one are related to the conversion process from LTAG into HPSG , and the last one enables to obtain LTAG analysis from the obtained HPSG analysis . Tateisi et al. also translated LTAG into HPSG ( Tateisi et al. , 1998 ) . However , their method depended on translator 's intuitive analysis... | 2 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
48,
69
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Tateisi",
"lemma": "Tateisi",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NNP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 230,
"segment_span": [
0,
15
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 223,
"originalText": "Tateisi",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "However",
"lemma": "however",
"after": "",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 300,
"segment_span": [
0,
14
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 293,
"originalText": "However",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
... | Tateisi et al. also translated LTAG into HPSG ( @@CITATION ) . | W01-1510_17 | 0 | introduction |
The system utilizes several large size biological databases including three NCBI databases ( GenPept [ 11 ] , RefSeq [ 12 ] , and Entrez GENE [ 13 ] ) , PSD database from Protein Information Resources ( PIR ) [ 14 ] , and | P05-3005 | External_35215 | 2,005 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | dr introducing refseq and locuslink curated human genome resources at the ncbi trends genet | [
"Pruitt KD",
"Katz KS",
"H Sicotte",
"Maglott"
] | null | The system utilizes several large size biological databases including three NCBI databases ( GenPept [ 11 ] , RefSeq [ 12 ] , and Entrez GENE [ 13 ] ) , PSD database from Protein Information Resources ( PIR ) [ 14 ] , and Proceedings of the ACL Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions , | 2 | null | Uses | [
117,
123
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 3,
"segment_span": [
0,
45
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": "",
"is_root": ... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Proceedings",
"lemma": "Proceedings",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NNP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 11,
"segment_span": [
0,
9
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "Proceedings",
"ArgType": null,
"befor... | The system utilizes several large size biological databases including three NCBI databases ( GenPept [ 11 ] , RefSeq @@CITATION , and Entrez GENE [ 13 ] ) , PSD database from Protein Information Resources ( PIR ) [ 14 ] , and | P05-3005_1 | 0 | null |
The LM uses the monolingual data and is trained as a five-gram9 using the SRILM-Toolkit ( Stolcke , 2002 ) . | E12-1068 | External_361 | 2,012 | 2,002 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | srilm an extensible language modeling toolkit | [
"Andreas Stolcke"
] | null | Our Moses systems use default settings . The LM uses the monolingual data and is trained as a five-gram9 using the SRILM-Toolkit ( Stolcke , 2002 ) . We run MERT separately for each system . | 5 | null | Uses | [
90,
104
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 728,
"segment_span": [
0,
7
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 725,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_roo... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "We",
"lemma": "we",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 832,
"segment_span": [
0,
7
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 830,
"originalText": "We",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"is_roo... | The LM uses the monolingual data and is trained as a five-gram9 using the SRILM-Toolkit ( @@CITATION ) . | E12-1068_17 | 0 | experiments |
There has also been work focused upon determining the political leaning ( e.g. , `` liberal '' vs. `` conservative '' ) of a document or author , where most previously-proposed methods make no direct use of relationships between the documents to be classified ( the `` unlabeled '' texts ) ( Laver et al. , 2003 ; Efron ... | W06-1639 | External_6364 | 2,006 | 2,003 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | extracting policy positions from political texts using words as data american political science review | [
"M Laver",
"K Benoit",
"J Garry"
] | null | Politically-oriented text Sentiment analysis has specifically been proposed as a key enabling technology in eRulemaking , allowing the automatic analysis of the opinions that people submit ( Shulman et al. , 2005 ; Cardie et al. , 2006 ; Kwon et al. , 2006 ) . There has also been work focused upon determining the polit... | 6 | null | Background | [
292,
311
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "There",
"lemma": "there",
"after": " ",
"pos": "EX",
"characterOffsetEnd": 257,
"segment_span": [
0,
6
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 252,
"originalText": "There",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "An",
"lemma": "a",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 586,
"segment_span": [
0,
10
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 584,
"originalText": "An",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_root":... | There has also been work focused upon determining the political leaning ( e.g. , `` liberal '' vs. `` conservative '' ) of a document or author , where most previously-proposed methods make no direct use of relationships between the documents to be classified ( the `` unlabeled '' texts ) ( @@CITATION ; Efron , 2004 ; ... | W06-1639_26 | 0 | related work |
A number of speech understanding systems have been developed during the past fifteen years ( Barnett et al. 1980 , Dixon and Martin 1979 , Erman et al. 1980 , Haton and Pierrel 1976 , Lea 1980 , Lowerre and Reddy 1980 , Medress 1980 , Reddy 1976 , Walker 1978 , and Wolf and Woods 1980 ) . | J86-1002 | External_13881 | 1,986 | 1,980 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the harpy speech understanding system in lea | [
"B Lowerre",
"R Reddy"
] | null | A number of speech understanding systems have been developed during the past fifteen years ( Barnett et al. 1980 , Dixon and Martin 1979 , Erman et al. 1980 , Haton and Pierrel 1976 , Lea 1980 , Lowerre and Reddy 1980 , Medress 1980 , Reddy 1976 , Walker 1978 , and Wolf and Woods 1980 ) . Most of these efforts concentr... | 7 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
195,
217
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "A",
"lemma": "a",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1,
"segment_span": [
0,
58
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "A",
"ArgType": null,
"before": "",
"is_root": null,
... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Most",
"lemma": "most",
"after": " ",
"pos": "JJS",
"characterOffsetEnd": 282,
"segment_span": [
0,
30
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 278,
"originalText": "Most",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
... | A number of speech understanding systems have been developed during the past fifteen years ( Barnett et al. 1980 , Dixon and Martin 1979 , Erman et al. 1980 , Haton and Pierrel 1976 , Lea 1980 , @@CITATION , Medress 1980 , Reddy 1976 , Walker 1978 , and Wolf and Woods 1980 ) . | J86-1002_19 | 0 | null |
Secondly , the cooperative principle of Grice ( 1975 , 1978 ) , under the assumption that referential levels of a writer and a reader are quite similar , implies that the writer should structure the text in a way that makes the construction of his intended model easy for the reader ; and this seems to imply that he sho... | J91-2003 | External_1368 | 1,991 | 1,975 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | logic and conversationquot | [
"H P Grice"
] | null | First of all , iteration would increase the complexity of building a model of a paragraph ; infinite iteration would almost certainly make impossible such a construction in real time . Secondly , the cooperative principle of Grice ( 1975 , 1978 ) , under the assumption that referential levels of a writer and a reader a... | 1 | null | Motivation | [
40,
52
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Secondly",
"lemma": "secondly",
"after": "",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 256,
"segment_span": [
0,
54
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 248,
"originalText": "Secondly",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " "... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Finally",
"lemma": "finally",
"after": "",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 628,
"segment_span": [
0,
32
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 621,
"originalText": "Finally",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
... | Secondly , the cooperative principle of @@CITATION , 1978 ) , under the assumption that referential levels of a writer and a reader are quite similar , implies that the writer should structure the text in a way that makes the construction of his intended model easy for the reader ; and this seems to imply that he shoul... | J91-2003_14 | 0 | introduction |
In modern syntactic theories ( e.g. , lexical-functional grammar [ LFG ] [ Kaplan and Bresnan 1982 ; Bresnan 2001 ; Dalrymple 2001 ] , head-driven phrase structure grammar [ HPSG ] [ Pollard and Sag 1994 ] , tree-adjoining grammar [ TAG ] [ Joshi 1988 ] , and combinatory categorial grammar [ CCG ] [ Ades and Steedman 1... | J05-3003 | External_1558 | 2,005 | 1,988 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | tree adjoining grammars in | [
"Aravind Joshi"
] | null | In modern syntactic theories ( e.g. , lexical-functional grammar [ LFG ] [ Kaplan and Bresnan 1982 ; Bresnan 2001 ; Dalrymple 2001 ] , head-driven phrase structure grammar [ HPSG ] [ Pollard and Sag 1994 ] , tree-adjoining grammar [ TAG ] [ Joshi 1988 ] , and combinatory categorial grammar [ CCG ] [ Ades and Steedman 1... | 1 | null | Background | [
241,
251
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "In",
"lemma": "in",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 2,
"segment_span": [
0,
79
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "In",
"ArgType": null,
"before": "",
"is_root": nul... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "*",
"lemma": "*",
"after": " ",
"pos": "SYM",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1,
"segment_span": [
0,
21
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "*",
"ArgType": null,
"before": "",
"is_root": null,... | In modern syntactic theories ( e.g. , lexical-functional grammar [ LFG ] [ Kaplan and Bresnan 1982 ; Bresnan 2001 ; Dalrymple 2001 ] , head-driven phrase structure grammar [ HPSG ] [ Pollard and Sag 1994 ] , tree-adjoining grammar [ TAG ] [ @@CITATION ] , and combinatory categorial grammar [ CCG ] [ Ades and Steedman 1... | J05-3003_27 | 0 | introduction |
In this paper , inspired by KNN-SVM ( Zhang et al. , 2006 ) , we propose a local training method , which trains sentence-wise weights instead of a single weight , to address the above two problems . | D12-1037 | External_84061 | 2,012 | 2,006 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | svmknn discriminative nearest neighbor classification for visual category recognition | [
"Hao Zhang",
"Alexander C Berg",
"Michael Maire",
"Jitendra Malik"
] | null | However , we can achieve this with two weights : ( 1 , 1 ) for f1 and ( â 1 , 1 ) for f2 . In this paper , inspired by KNN-SVM ( Zhang et al. , 2006 ) , we propose a local training method , which trains sentence-wise weights instead of a single weight , to address the above two problems . Compared with global trainin... | 2 | null | Motivation | [
38,
57
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "In",
"lemma": "in",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1290,
"segment_span": [
0,
32
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1288,
"originalText": "In",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_roo... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Compared",
"lemma": "compare",
"after": " ",
"pos": "VBN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1487,
"segment_span": [
0,
26
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1479,
"originalText": "Compared",
"ArgType": null,
"before": ... | In this paper , inspired by KNN-SVM ( @@CITATION ) , we propose a local training method , which trains sentence-wise weights instead of a single weight , to address the above two problems . | D12-1037_40 | 0 | introduction |
1990 ) , on linguisitic acquisition ( by the use of Part-of-Speech filters hand-crafted by a linguist ) ( Oueslati , 1999 ) or , more frequently , on a combination of the two ( Smadja , 1993 ; Kilgarriff and Tugwell , 2001 , for example ) . | W04-1805 | External_4723 | 2,004 | 2,001 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | wordsketch extraction and display of significant collocations for lexicography | [
"Adam Kilgarriff",
"David Tugwell"
] | null | Most of these endeavours have focused on purely statistical acquisition techniques ( Church and Hanks , ` However , our interpretation of LFs in this work is much looser , since we admitted verbs that would not be considered to be members of true collocations as Mel ` cuk et al. ( 1984 1999 ) define them , i.e. groups ... | 4 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
193,
222
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "1990",
"lemma": "1990",
"after": "",
"pos": "CD",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1509,
"segment_span": [
0,
48
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1505,
"originalText": "1990",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"i... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "It",
"lemma": "it",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1732,
"segment_span": [
0,
30
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1730,
"originalText": "It",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"is_... | 1990 ) , on linguisitic acquisition ( by the use of Part-of-Speech filters hand-crafted by a linguist ) ( Oueslati , 1999 ) or , more frequently , on a combination of the two ( Smadja , 1993 ; @@CITATION , for example ) . | W04-1805_9 | 0 | related work |
Samuelsson and Voutilainen ( 1997 ) report excellent part-of-speech tagging results using a handcrafted approach that is close to OT .3 More speculatively , imagine an OT grammar for stylistic revision of parsed sentences . | J00-2014 | External_52731 | 2,000 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | comparing a linguistic and a stochastic tagger | [
"Christer Samuelsson",
"Atro Voutilainen"
] | null | In some cases rankings may work well enough . Samuelsson and Voutilainen ( 1997 ) report excellent part-of-speech tagging results using a handcrafted approach that is close to OT .3 More speculatively , imagine an OT grammar for stylistic revision of parsed sentences . The tension between preserving the original author... | 2 | null | Background | [
0,
35
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Samuelsson",
"lemma": "Samuelsson",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NNP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 119,
"segment_span": [
0,
11
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 109,
"originalText": "Samuelsson",
"ArgType": "subj",
"be... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 331,
"segment_span": [
0,
32
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 328,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_ro... | @@CITATION report excellent part-of-speech tagging results using a handcrafted approach that is close to OT .3 More speculatively , imagine an OT grammar for stylistic revision of parsed sentences . | J00-2014_11 | 0 | null |
Thus for instance , ( Copestake and Flickinger , 2000 ; Copestake et al. , 2001 ) describes a Head Driven Phrase Structure Grammar ( HPSG ) which supports the parallel construction of a phrase structure ( or derived ) tree and of a semantic representation and ( Dalrymple , 1999 ) show how to equip Lexical Functional gr... | W04-0910 | External_9563 | 2,004 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | an open source grammar development environment and broadcoverage english grammar using hpsg | [
"Ann Copestake",
"Dan Flickinger"
] | null | `` Semantic grammars '' already exist which describe not only the syntax but also the semantics of natural language . Thus for instance , ( Copestake and Flickinger , 2000 ; Copestake et al. , 2001 ) describes a Head Driven Phrase Structure Grammar ( HPSG ) which supports the parallel construction of a phrase structure... | 4 | null | Background | [
22,
53
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Thus",
"lemma": "thus",
"after": " ",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 117,
"segment_span": [
0,
18
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 113,
"originalText": "Thus",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "These",
"lemma": "these",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 460,
"segment_span": [
0,
19
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 455,
"originalText": "These",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
... | Thus for instance , ( @@CITATION ; Copestake et al. , 2001 ) describes a Head Driven Phrase Structure Grammar ( HPSG ) which supports the parallel construction of a phrase structure ( or derived ) tree and of a semantic representation and ( Dalrymple , 1999 ) show how to equip Lexical Functional grammar ( LFG ) with a ... | W04-0910_6 | 0 | null |
While many linguistic theories state subcategorization requirements in terms of phrase structure ( CFG categories ) , Dalrymple ( 2001 ) questions the viability and universality of such an approach because of the variety of ways in which grammatical functions may be realized at the language-specific constituent structu... | J05-3003 | External_12085 | 2,005 | 2,001 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | lexical functional grammar volume 34 of syntax and semantics | [
"Mary Dalrymple"
] | null | The subject is instead specified externally in the matrix phrase : The judge wants [ XCOMP to open an inquiry ] . While many linguistic theories state subcategorization requirements in terms of phrase structure ( CFG categories ) , Dalrymple ( 2001 ) questions the viability and universality of such an approach because ... | 2 | null | Background | [
118,
136
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "While",
"lemma": "while",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 608,
"segment_span": [
0,
36
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 603,
"originalText": "While",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "LFG",
"lemma": "LFG",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NNP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 931,
"segment_span": [
0,
2
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 928,
"originalText": "LFG",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"is_... | While many linguistic theories state subcategorization requirements in terms of phrase structure ( CFG categories ) , @@CITATION questions the viability and universality of such an approach because of the variety of ways in which grammatical functions may be realized at the language-specific constituent structure level... | J05-3003_23 | 0 | null |
We are going to make such a comparison with the theories proposed by J. Hobbs ( 1979 , 1982 ) that represent a more computationally oriented approach to coherence , and those of T.A. van Dijk and W. Kintch ( 1983 ) , who are more interested in addressing psychological and cognitive aspects of discourse coherence . | J91-2003 | External_5163 | 1,991 | 1,979 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | coherence and coreferencequot | [
"J R Hobbs"
] | null | At this point it may be proper to comment on the relationship between our theory of coherence and theories advocated by others . We are going to make such a comparison with the theories proposed by J. Hobbs ( 1979 , 1982 ) that represent a more computationally oriented approach to coherence , and those of T.A. van Dijk... | 1 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
72,
84
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "We",
"lemma": "we",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 130,
"segment_span": [
0,
43
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 128,
"originalText": "We",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"is_ro... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 439,
"segment_span": [
0,
14
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 436,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_ro... | We are going to make such a comparison with the theories proposed by J. @@CITATION , 1982 ) that represent a more computationally oriented approach to coherence , and those of T.A. van Dijk and W. Kintch ( 1983 ) , who are more interested in addressing psychological and cognitive aspects of discourse coherence . | J91-2003_26 | 0 | introduction |
11 From ( Zollmann and Vogel , 2011 ) , we find that the performance of SAMT system is similar with the method of labeling SCFG rules with POS tags . | Q13-1020 | P11-1001 | 2,013 | 2,011 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a wordclass approach to labeling pscfg rules for machine translation | [
"Andreas Zollmann",
"Stephan Vogel"
] | null | We only use one sample to extract the translation grammar because multiple samples would result in a grammar that would be too large . 11 From ( Zollmann and Vogel , 2011 ) , we find that the performance of SAMT system is similar with the method of labeling SCFG rules with POS tags . Thus , to be convenient , we only c... | 6 | null | Motivation | [
10,
35
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "11",
"lemma": "11",
"after": " ",
"pos": "CD",
"characterOffsetEnd": 2,
"segment_span": [
0,
12
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "11",
"ArgType": null,
"before": "",
"is_root": nul... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Thus",
"lemma": "thus",
"after": "",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 149,
"segment_span": [
0,
5
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 145,
"originalText": "Thus",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_r... | 11 From ( @@CITATION ) , we find that the performance of SAMT system is similar with the method of labeling SCFG rules with POS tags . | Q13-1020_35 | 0 | experiments |
In this paper we focus on the exploitation of the LDOCE grammar coding system ; Alshawi et al. ( 1985 ) and Alshawi ( 1987 ) describe further research in Cambridge utilising different types of information available in LDOCE . | J87-3002 | J87-3001 | 1,987 | 1,987 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | processing dictionary definitions with phrasal pattern hierarchies in this issue | [
"Hiyan Alshawi"
] | null | ( Michiels ( 1982 ) contains further description and discussion of LDOCE . ) In this paper we focus on the exploitation of the LDOCE grammar coding system ; Alshawi et al. ( 1985 ) and Alshawi ( 1987 ) describe further research in Cambridge utilising different types of information available in LDOCE . The information a... | 1 | null | Background | [
108,
124
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "In",
"lemma": "in",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1738,
"segment_span": [
0,
15
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1736,
"originalText": "In",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_roo... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1959,
"segment_span": [
0,
19
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1956,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_... | In this paper we focus on the exploitation of the LDOCE grammar coding system ; Alshawi et al. ( 1985 ) and @@CITATION describe further research in Cambridge utilising different types of information available in LDOCE . | J87-3002_4 | 0 | introduction |
Gurevych ( 2006 ) observed that some annotators were not familiar with the exact definition of semantic relatedness . | W06-1104 | External_61155 | 2,006 | 2,006 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | computing semantic relatedness across parts of speech | [
"Iryna Gurevych"
] | null | Thus , they were not supervised during the experiment . Gurevych ( 2006 ) observed that some annotators were not familiar with the exact definition of semantic relatedness . Their results differed particularly in cases of antonymy or distributionally related pairs . | 5 | null | Motivation | [
0,
17
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Gurevych",
"lemma": "gurevych",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 265,
"segment_span": [
0,
5
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 257,
"originalText": "Gurevych",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": "... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Their",
"lemma": "they",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP$",
"characterOffsetEnd": 377,
"segment_span": [
0,
12
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 372,
"originalText": "Their",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
... | @@CITATION observed that some annotators were not familiar with the exact definition of semantic relatedness . | W06-1104_12 | 0 | experiments |
All current approaches to monolingual TE , either syntactically oriented ( Rus et al. , 2005 ) , or applying logical inference ( Tatu and Moldovan , 2005 ) , or adopting transformation-based techniques ( Kouleykov and Magnini , 2005 ; Bar-Haim et al. , 2008 ) , incorporate different types of lexical knowledge to suppor... | P11-1134 | External_33255 | 2,011 | 2,005 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | tree edit distance for textual entailment | [
"Milen Kouleykov",
"Bernardo Magnini"
] | null | 2 Lexical resources for TE and CLTE All current approaches to monolingual TE , either syntactically oriented ( Rus et al. , 2005 ) , or applying logical inference ( Tatu and Moldovan , 2005 ) , or adopting transformation-based techniques ( Kouleykov and Magnini , 2005 ; Bar-Haim et al. , 2008 ) , incorporate different ... | 2 | null | Background | [
204,
232
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "All",
"lemma": "all",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 3,
"segment_span": [
0,
7
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "All",
"ArgType": null,
"before": "",
"is_root": n... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Such",
"lemma": "such",
"after": " ",
"pos": "JJ",
"characterOffsetEnd": 330,
"segment_span": [
0,
30
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 326,
"originalText": "Such",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is... | All current approaches to monolingual TE , either syntactically oriented ( Rus et al. , 2005 ) , or applying logical inference ( Tatu and Moldovan , 2005 ) , or adopting transformation-based techniques ( @@CITATION ; Bar-Haim et al. , 2008 ) , incorporate different types of lexical knowledge to support textual inferenc... | P11-1134_16 | 0 | introduction |
Although originally developed as a tool to assist in query formulation , Booth ( 2000 ) pointed out that PICO frames can be employed to structure IR results for improving precision . | J07-1005 | External_87362 | 2,007 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | formulating the question | [
"Andrew Booth"
] | null | Cimino and Mendonc ¸ a reported good performance for etiology , diagnosis , and in particular therapy , but not prognosis . Although originally developed as a tool to assist in query formulation , Booth ( 2000 ) pointed out that PICO frames can be employed to structure IR results for improving precision . PICO-based q... | 6 | null | Background | [
73,
87
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Although",
"lemma": "although",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1403,
"segment_span": [
0,
11
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1395,
"originalText": "Although",
"ArgType": null,
"before": ... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "PICO-based",
"lemma": "pico-based",
"after": " ",
"pos": "JJ",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1584,
"segment_span": [
0,
13
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1574,
"originalText": "PICO-based",
"ArgType": null,
"bef... | Although originally developed as a tool to assist in query formulation , @@CITATION pointed out that PICO frames can be employed to structure IR results for improving precision . | J07-1005_5 | 0 | related work |
There has been some controversy , at least for simple stemmers ( Lovins , 1968 ; Porter , 1980 ) , about the effectiveness of morphological analysis for document retrieval ( Harman , 1991 ; Krovetz , 1993 ; Hull , 1996 ) . | W02-0309 | External_18980 | 2,002 | 1,991 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | how effective is suffixing | [
"D Harman"
] | null | There has been some controversy , at least for simple stemmers ( Lovins , 1968 ; Porter , 1980 ) , about the effectiveness of morphological analysis for document retrieval ( Harman , 1991 ; Krovetz , 1993 ; Hull , 1996 ) . The key for quality improvement seems to be rooted mainly in the presence or absence of some form... | 6 | null | Background | [
174,
187
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "There",
"lemma": "there",
"after": " ",
"pos": "EX",
"characterOffsetEnd": 5,
"segment_span": [
0,
43
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "There",
"ArgType": null,
"before": "",
"is_r... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 211,
"segment_span": [
0,
20
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 208,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_ro... | There has been some controversy , at least for simple stemmers ( Lovins , 1968 ; Porter , 1980 ) , about the effectiveness of morphological analysis for document retrieval ( @@CITATION ; Krovetz , 1993 ; Hull , 1996 ) . | W02-0309_3 | 0 | conclusion |
in history-based models ( Black et al. , 1993 ) , the probability estimate for each derivation decision di is conditioned on the previous derivation decisions d1 , ... , d , _ 1 , which is called the derivation history at step i . | E03-1002 | P93-1005 | 2,003 | 1,993 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | towards historybased grammars using richer models for probabilistic parsing | [
"E Black",
"F Jelinek",
"J Lafferty",
"D Magerman",
"R Mercer",
"S Roukos"
] | null | The probability of the input sentence is a constant across all the candidate derivations , so we only need to find the most probable derivation . in history-based models ( Black et al. , 1993 ) , the probability estimate for each derivation decision di is conditioned on the previous derivation decisions d1 , ... , d , ... | 3 | null | Uses | [
26,
45
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "in",
"lemma": "in",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 311,
"segment_span": [
0,
18
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 309,
"originalText": "in",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_root"... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "This",
"lemma": "this",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 532,
"segment_span": [
0,
30
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 528,
"originalText": "This",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"... | in history-based models ( @@CITATION ) , the probability estimate for each derivation decision di is conditioned on the previous derivation decisions d1 , ... , d , _ 1 , which is called the derivation history at step i . | E03-1002_3 | 0 | method |
The reader is referred to Meurers and Minnen ( 1996 ) for a more detailed discussion of our use of constraint propagation .32 We illustrate the result of constraint propagation with our example grammar . | J97-4003 | External_61990 | 1,997 | 1,996 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | offline constraint propagation for efficient hpsg processing | [
"Detmar Meurers",
"Guido Minnen"
] | null | This technique closely resembles the off-line constraint propagation technique described by Marriott , Naish , and Lassez ( 1988 ) . The reader is referred to Meurers and Minnen ( 1996 ) for a more detailed discussion of our use of constraint propagation .32 We illustrate the result of constraint propagation with our e... | 2 | null | Background | [
26,
53
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1711,
"segment_span": [
0,
23
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1708,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Since",
"lemma": "since",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1913,
"segment_span": [
0,
39
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1908,
"originalText": "Since",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
... | The reader is referred to @@CITATION for a more detailed discussion of our use of constraint propagation .32 We illustrate the result of constraint propagation with our example grammar . | J97-4003_39 | 0 | introduction |
Such tools make it easy to run most current approaches to statistical markup , chunking , normalization , segmentation , alignment , and noisy-channel decoding , ' including classic models for speech recognition ( Pereira and Riley , 1997 ) and machine translation ( Knight and Al-Onaizan , 1998 ) . | P02-1001 | External_1232 | 2,002 | 1,998 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | translation with finitestate devices | [
"Kevin Knight",
"Yaser Al-Onaizan"
] | null | The availability of toolkits for this weighted case ( Mohri et al. , 1998 ; van Noord and Gerdemann , 2001 ) promises to unify much of statistical NLP . Such tools make it easy to run most current approaches to statistical markup , chunking , normalization , segmentation , alignment , and noisy-channel decoding , ' inc... | 2 | null | Background | [
267,
295
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Such",
"lemma": "such",
"after": " ",
"pos": "JJ",
"characterOffsetEnd": 2143,
"segment_span": [
0,
50
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 2139,
"originalText": "Such",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Moreover",
"lemma": "moreover",
"after": "",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 2433,
"segment_span": [
0,
39
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 2425,
"originalText": "Moreover",
"ArgType": null,
"before": "... | Such tools make it easy to run most current approaches to statistical markup , chunking , normalization , segmentation , alignment , and noisy-channel decoding , ' including classic models for speech recognition ( Pereira and Riley , 1997 ) and machine translation ( @@CITATION ) . | P02-1001_15 | 0 | introduction |
Such technologies require significant human input , and are difficult to create and maintain ( Delic and Lahaix 1998 ) . | J09-4010 | External_36090 | 2,009 | 1,998 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | knowledge harvesting articulation and delivery the hewlettpackard journal | [
"K A Delic",
"D Lahaix"
] | null | The automation of help-desk responses has been previously tackled using mainly knowledge-intensive paradigms , such as expert systems ( Barr and Tessler 1995 ) and case-based reasoning ( Watson 1997 ) . Such technologies require significant human input , and are difficult to create and maintain ( Delic and Lahaix 1998 ... | 5 | null | Background | [
95,
116
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Such",
"lemma": "such",
"after": " ",
"pos": "JJ",
"characterOffsetEnd": 201,
"segment_span": [
0,
20
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 197,
"originalText": "Such",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "In",
"lemma": "in",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 316,
"segment_span": [
0,
13
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 314,
"originalText": "In",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_root"... | Such technologies require significant human input , and are difficult to create and maintain ( @@CITATION ) . | J09-4010_18 | 0 | null |
We can define PCAT using a probabilistic grammar ( Garrette et al. , 2014 ) . | K15-1003 | W14-1615 | 2,015 | 2,014 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | weaklysupervised bayesian learning of a ccg supertagger | [
"Dan Garrette",
"Chris Dyer",
"Jason Baldridge",
"Noah A Smith"
] | null | To formalize the notion of what it means for a category to be more `` plausible '' , we extend the category generator of our previous work , which we will call PCAT . We can define PCAT using a probabilistic grammar ( Garrette et al. , 2014 ) . The grammar may first generate a start or end category ( ( S ) , ( E ) ) wi... | 4 | null | Background | [
51,
73
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "We",
"lemma": "we",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 307,
"segment_span": [
0,
15
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 305,
"originalText": "We",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"is_ro... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 382,
"segment_span": [
0,
32
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 379,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_ro... | We can define PCAT using a probabilistic grammar ( @@CITATION ) . | K15-1003_10 | 0 | method |
It is these orthographic variations and complex morphological structure that make Arabic language processing challenging ( Xu et al. , 2001 ; Xu et al. , 2002 ) . | W05-0709 | External_87919 | 2,005 | 2,001 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | trec2001 crosslingual retrieval at bbn | [
"J Xu",
"A Fraser",
"R Weischedel"
] | null | derivational and inflectional process , most prepositions , conjunctions , pronouns , and possessive forms are attached to the Arabic surface word . It is these orthographic variations and complex morphological structure that make Arabic language processing challenging ( Xu et al. , 2001 ; Xu et al. , 2002 ) . Both tas... | 2 | null | Background | [
123,
139
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "It",
"lemma": "it",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 146,
"segment_span": [
0,
9
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 144,
"originalText": "It",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"is_roo... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Both",
"lemma": "both",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 305,
"segment_span": [
0,
9
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 301,
"originalText": "Both",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_... | It is these orthographic variations and complex morphological structure that make Arabic language processing challenging ( @@CITATION ; Xu et al. , 2002 ) . | W05-0709_29 | 0 | introduction |
The first is the one used in the chunking competition in CoNLL-2000 ( Tjong Kim Sang and Buchholz , 2000 ) . | W01-0706 | W00-0726 | 2,001 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | introduction to the conll2000 shared task chunking | [
"E F Tjong Kim Sang",
"S Buchholz"
] | null | Both can be formally defined and they reflect different levels of shallow parsing patterns . The first is the one used in the chunking competition in CoNLL-2000 ( Tjong Kim Sang and Buchholz , 2000 ) . In this case , a full parse tree is represented in a flat form , producing a representation as in the example above . | 3 | null | Uses | [
80,
104
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 708,
"segment_span": [
0,
21
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 705,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_ro... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "In",
"lemma": "in",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 812,
"segment_span": [
0,
23
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 810,
"originalText": "In",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_root"... | The first is the one used in the chunking competition in CoNLL-2000 ( Tjong Kim @@CITATION ) . | W01-0706_20 | 0 | experiments |
There have been many studies on parsing techniques ( Poller and Becker , 1998 ; Flickinger et al. , 2000 ) , ones on disambiguation models ( Chiang , 2000 ; Kanayama et al. , 2000 ) , and ones on programming/grammar-development environ - | W01-1510 | C00-1060 | 2,001 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | hybrid japanese parser with handcrafted grammar and statistics | [
"Hiroshi Kanayama",
"Kentaro Torisawa",
"Yutaka Mitsuisi",
"Jun’ichi Tsujii"
] | null | Strongly equivalent grammars enable the sharing of ideas developed in each formalism . There have been many studies on parsing techniques ( Poller and Becker , 1998 ; Flickinger et al. , 2000 ) , ones on disambiguation models ( Chiang , 2000 ; Kanayama et al. , 2000 ) , and ones on programming/grammar-development envir... | 2 | null | Background | [
157,
179
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "There",
"lemma": "there",
"after": " ",
"pos": "EX",
"characterOffsetEnd": 888,
"segment_span": [
0,
43
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 883,
"originalText": "There",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "1In",
"lemma": "1in",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 3,
"segment_span": [
0,
3
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "1In",
"ArgType": null,
"before": "",
"is_root": n... | There have been many studies on parsing techniques ( Poller and Becker , 1998 ; Flickinger et al. , 2000 ) , ones on disambiguation models ( Chiang , 2000 ; @@CITATION ) , and ones on programming/grammar-development environ - | W01-1510_5 | 0 | introduction |
For example , Gay et al. ( 2005 ) experimented with abstracts and full article texts in the task of automatically generating index term recommendations and discovered that using full article texts yields at most a 7.4 % improvement in F-score . | W06-3309 | External_74941 | 2,006 | 2,005 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | semiautomatic indexing of full text biomedical articles | [
"Clifford W Gay",
"Mehmet Kayaalp",
"Alan R Aronson"
] | null | Although there is a trend towards analysis of full article texts , we believe that abstracts still provide a tremendous amount of information , and much value can still be extracted from them . For example , Gay et al. ( 2005 ) experimented with abstracts and full article texts in the task of automatically generating i... | 2 | null | Background | [
14,
33
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "For",
"lemma": "for",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 631,
"segment_span": [
0,
26
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 628,
"originalText": "For",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_ro... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Demner-Fushman",
"lemma": "Demner-Fushman",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NNP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 882,
"segment_span": [
0,
24
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 868,
"originalText": "Demner-Fushman",
"ArgType": null,... | For example , @@CITATION experimented with abstracts and full article texts in the task of automatically generating index term recommendations and discovered that using full article texts yields at most a 7.4 % improvement in F-score . | W06-3309_10 | 0 | introduction |
The ten most specific nouns have been produced by comparing our corpus of computing to the French corpus Le Monde , composed of newspaper articles ( Lemay et al. , 2004 ) . | W04-1805 | External_94861 | 2,004 | 2,004 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | two methods for extracting quotspecificquot singleword terms from specialized corpora | [
"Chantal Lemay",
"Marie-Claude L'Homme",
"Patrick Drouin"
] | null | The terms have been identified as the most specific to our corpus by a program developed by Drouin ( 2003 ) and called TER1vloSTAT . The ten most specific nouns have been produced by comparing our corpus of computing to the French corpus Le Monde , composed of newspaper articles ( Lemay et al. , 2004 ) . Note that to p... | 6 | null | Uses | [
149,
168
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1084,
"segment_span": [
0,
8
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1081,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_r... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Note",
"lemma": "note",
"after": " ",
"pos": "VB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1253,
"segment_span": [
0,
1
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1249,
"originalText": "Note",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"i... | The ten most specific nouns have been produced by comparing our corpus of computing to the French corpus Le Monde , composed of newspaper articles ( @@CITATION ) . | W04-1805_10 | 0 | null |
Secondly , we need to investigate techniques for identifying identical documents , virtually identical documents and highly repetitive documents , such as those pioneered by Fletcher ( 2004b ) and shingling techniques described by Chakrabarti ( 2002 ) . | W06-1705 | External_25124 | 2,006 | 2,004 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | facilitating the compilation and dissemination of adhoc web corpora | [
"W H Fletcher"
] | null | From a computational linguistic view , the framework will also need to take into account the granularity of the unit ( for example , POS tagging requires sentence-units , but anaphoric annotation needs paragraphs or larger ) . Secondly , we need to investigate techniques for identifying identical documents , virtually ... | 5 | null | Future | [
174,
189
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Secondly",
"lemma": "secondly",
"after": "",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 229,
"segment_span": [
0,
38
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 221,
"originalText": "Secondly",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " "... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 470,
"segment_span": [
0,
15
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 467,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_ro... | Secondly , we need to investigate techniques for identifying identical documents , virtually identical documents and highly repetitive documents , such as those pioneered by @@CITATIONb ) and shingling techniques described by Chakrabarti ( 2002 ) . | W06-1705_8 | 0 | method |
Following the work of Stymne and Cancedda ( 2011 ) , we implement a linear-chain CRF merging system using the following features : stemmed ( separated ) surface form , part-of-speech14 and frequencies from the training corpus for bigrams/merging of word and word +1 , word as true prefix , word +1 as true suffix , plus ... | E12-1068 | W11-2129 | 2,012 | 2,011 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | productive generation of compound words in statistical machine translation | [
"Sara Stymne",
"Nicola Cancedda"
] | null | merge and ii ) how to merge . Following the work of Stymne and Cancedda ( 2011 ) , we implement a linear-chain CRF merging system using the following features : stemmed ( separated ) surface form , part-of-speech14 and frequencies from the training corpus for bigrams/merging of word and word +1 , word as true prefix , ... | 7 | null | Uses | [
22,
50
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Following",
"lemma": "follow",
"after": " ",
"pos": "VBG",
"characterOffsetEnd": 37,
"segment_span": [
0,
23
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 28,
"originalText": "Following",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " "... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 371,
"segment_span": [
0,
9
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 368,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_roo... | Following the work of @@CITATION , we implement a linear-chain CRF merging system using the following features : stemmed ( separated ) surface form , part-of-speech14 and frequencies from the training corpus for bigrams/merging of word and word +1 , word as true prefix , word +1 as true suffix , plus frequency comparis... | E12-1068_18 | 0 | experiments |
Manning ( 1993 ) attempts to improve on the approach of Brent ( 1993 ) by passing raw text through a stochastic tagger and a finite-state parser ( which includes a set of simple rules for subcategorization frame recognition ) in order to extract verbs and the constituents with which they co-occur . | J05-3003 | External_13799 | 2,005 | 1,993 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | automatic acquisition of a large subcategorisation dictionary from corpora | [
"Christopher Manning"
] | null | Ushioda et al. ( 1993 ) employ an additional statistical method based on log-linear models and Bayes ' theorem to filter the extra noise introduced by the parser and were the first to induce relative frequencies for the extracted frames . Manning ( 1993 ) attempts to improve on the approach of Brent ( 1993 ) by passing... | 3 | null | Background | [
0,
16
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Manning",
"lemma": "man",
"after": " ",
"pos": "VBG",
"characterOffsetEnd": 2248,
"segment_span": [
0,
15
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 2241,
"originalText": "Manning",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "He",
"lemma": "he",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 2536,
"segment_span": [
0,
5
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 2534,
"originalText": "He",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"is_r... | @@CITATION attempts to improve on the approach of Brent ( 1993 ) by passing raw text through a stochastic tagger and a finite-state parser ( which includes a set of simple rules for subcategorization frame recognition ) in order to extract verbs and the constituents with which they co-occur . | J05-3003_42 | 0 | related work |
From an IR view , a lot of specialized research has already been carried out for medical applications , with emphasis on the lexico-semantic aspects of dederivation and decomposition ( Pacak et al. , 1980 ; Norton and Pacak , 1983 ; Wolff , 1984 ; Wingert , 1985 ; Dujols et al. , 1991 ; Baud et al. , 1998 ) . | W02-0309 | External_45868 | 2,002 | 1,998 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | morphosemantic parsing of medical expressions | [
"R Baud",
"C Lovis",
"A-M Rassinoux",
"J-R Scherrer"
] | null | This is particularly true for the medical domain . From an IR view , a lot of specialized research has already been carried out for medical applications , with emphasis on the lexico-semantic aspects of dederivation and decomposition ( Pacak et al. , 1980 ; Norton and Pacak , 1983 ; Wolff , 1984 ; Wingert , 1985 ; Dujo... | 2 | null | Background | [
288,
306
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "From",
"lemma": "from",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1529,
"segment_span": [
0,
62
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1525,
"originalText": "From",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "While",
"lemma": "while",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1825,
"segment_span": [
0,
4
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1820,
"originalText": "While",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
... | From an IR view , a lot of specialized research has already been carried out for medical applications , with emphasis on the lexico-semantic aspects of dederivation and decomposition ( Pacak et al. , 1980 ; Norton and Pacak , 1983 ; Wolff , 1984 ; Wingert , 1985 ; Dujols et al. , 1991 ; @@CITATION ) . | W02-0309_0 | 0 | introduction |
Rather than producing a complete analysis of sentences , the alternative is to perform only partial analysis of the syntactic structures in a text ( Harris , 1957 ; Abney , 1991 ; Greffenstette , 1993 ) . | W01-0706 | External_56797 | 2,001 | 1,957 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | cooccurrence and transformation in linguistic structure | [
"Z S Harris"
] | null | Shallow parsing is studied as an alternative to full-sentence parsing . Rather than producing a complete analysis of sentences , the alternative is to perform only partial analysis of the syntactic structures in a text ( Harris , 1957 ; Abney , 1991 ; Greffenstette , 1993 ) . A lot of recent work on shallow parsing has... | 2 | null | Background | [
149,
162
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Rather",
"lemma": "rather",
"after": " ",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 77,
"segment_span": [
0,
8
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 71,
"originalText": "Rather",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "A",
"lemma": "a",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 268,
"segment_span": [
0,
21
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 267,
"originalText": "A",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_root": n... | Rather than producing a complete analysis of sentences , the alternative is to perform only partial analysis of the syntactic structures in a text ( @@CITATION ; Abney , 1991 ; Greffenstette , 1993 ) . | W01-0706_18 | 0 | introduction |
Thus , over the past few years , along with advances in the use of learning and statistical methods for acquisition of full parsers ( Collins , 1997 ; Charniak , 1997a ; Charniak , 1997b ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) , significant progress has been made on the use of statistical learning methods to recognize shallow parsing p... | W01-0706 | External_1102 | 2,001 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | statistical parsing with a contextfree grammar and word statistics | [
"E Charniak"
] | null | While earlier work in this direction concentrated on manual construction of rules , most of the recent work has been motivated by the observation that shallow syntactic information can be extracted using local information by examining the pattern itself , its nearby context and the local part-of-speech information . Th... | 2 | null | Background | [
151,
166
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Thus",
"lemma": "thus",
"after": "",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 375,
"segment_span": [
0,
63
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 371,
"originalText": "Thus",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Research",
"lemma": "research",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 961,
"segment_span": [
0,
16
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 953,
"originalText": "Research",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ... | Thus , over the past few years , along with advances in the use of learning and statistical methods for acquisition of full parsers ( Collins , 1997 ; @@CITATIONa ; Charniak , 1997b ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) , significant progress has been made on the use of statistical learning methods to recognize shallow parsing patter... | W01-0706_6 | 0 | introduction |
Problems such as these have motivated research on more abstract , dependencybased parser evaluation ( e.g. , Lin 1995 ; Carroll , Briscoe , and Sanfilippo 1998 ; Carroll et al. 2002 ; Clark and Hockenmaier 2002 ; King et al. 2003 ; Preiss 2003 ; Kaplan et al. 2004 ; Miyao and Tsujii 2004 ) . | J08-1003 | External_90779 | 2,008 | 2,004 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | speed and accuracy in shallow and deep stochastic parsing | [
"Ron Kaplan",
"Stefan Riezler",
"Tracy Holloway King",
"John T Maxwell",
"Alexander Vasserman",
"Richard Crouch"
] | null | Because a tree-based gold standard for parser evaluation must adopt a particular style of linguistic analysis ( reflected in the geometry and nomenclature of the nodes in the trees ) , evaluation of statistical parsers and grammars that are derived from particular treebank resources ( as well as hand-crafted grammars/p... | 1 | null | Motivation | [
246,
264
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Problems",
"lemma": "problem",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NNS",
"characterOffsetEnd": 8,
"segment_span": [
0,
56
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "Problems",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": "",
... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Dependency-based",
"lemma": "dependency-based",
"after": " ",
"pos": "JJ",
"characterOffsetEnd": 295,
"segment_span": [
0,
13
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 279,
"originalText": "Dependency-based",
"ArgType": ... | Problems such as these have motivated research on more abstract , dependencybased parser evaluation ( e.g. , Lin 1995 ; Carroll , Briscoe , and Sanfilippo 1998 ; Carroll et al. 2002 ; Clark and Hockenmaier 2002 ; King et al. 2003 ; Preiss 2003 ; @@CITATION ; Miyao and Tsujii 2004 ) . | J08-1003_62 | 0 | introduction |
They are widely used in MT as a way to figure out how to translate input in one language into output in another language ( Koehn et al. , 2003 ) . | P11-1134 | N03-1017 | 2,011 | 2,003 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | statistical phrasebased translation | [
"Philipp Koehn",
"Franz Josef Och",
"Daniel Marcu"
] | null | Phrase tables ( PHT ) contain pairs of corresponding phrases in two languages , together with association probabilities . They are widely used in MT as a way to figure out how to translate input in one language into output in another language ( Koehn et al. , 2003 ) . There are several methods to build phrase tables . | 3 | null | Background | [
123,
142
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "They",
"lemma": "they",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 122,
"segment_span": [
0,
12
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 118,
"originalText": "They",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"i... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "There",
"lemma": "there",
"after": " ",
"pos": "EX",
"characterOffsetEnd": 266,
"segment_span": [
0,
8
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 261,
"originalText": "There",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"... | They are widely used in MT as a way to figure out how to translate input in one language into output in another language ( @@CITATION ) . | P11-1134_14 | 0 | null |
Further details about the properties of entropy can be found in textbooks on information theory ( e.g. , Cover and Thomas 1991 ) . | J04-3001 | External_336 | 2,004 | 1,991 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | elements of information theory | [
"Thomas M Cover",
"Joy A Thomas"
] | null | where V is a random variable that can take any possible outcome in set V , and p ( v ) = Pr ( V = v ) is the density function . Further details about the properties of entropy can be found in textbooks on information theory ( e.g. , Cover and Thomas 1991 ) . Determining the parse tree for a sentence from a set of possi... | 3 | null | Background | [
105,
126
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Further",
"lemma": "further",
"after": " ",
"pos": "JJ",
"characterOffsetEnd": 127,
"segment_span": [
0,
23
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 120,
"originalText": "Further",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Determining",
"lemma": "determine",
"after": " ",
"pos": "VBG",
"characterOffsetEnd": 258,
"segment_span": [
0,
16
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 247,
"originalText": "Determining",
"ArgType": null,
"bef... | Further details about the properties of entropy can be found in textbooks on information theory ( e.g. , @@CITATION ) . | J04-3001_6 | 0 | null |
Dale and Reiter ( 1995 ) , for example , discussed the transcripts of a dialogue between people who assemble a piece of garden furniture ( originally recorded by Candy Sidner ) . | J06-2002 | External_40449 | 2,006 | 1,995 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | computational interpretations of the gricean maximes in the generation of referring expressions | [
"Robbert Dale",
"Ehud Reiter"
] | null | We are not aware of any empirical validation of this idea , but the fact that vague descriptions are frequent is fairly well documented . Dale and Reiter ( 1995 ) , for example , discussed the transcripts of a dialogue between people who assemble a piece of garden furniture ( originally recorded by Candy Sidner ) . The... | 4 | null | Background | [
0,
24
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Dale",
"lemma": "Dale",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NNP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 405,
"segment_span": [
0,
32
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 401,
"originalText": "Dale",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "They",
"lemma": "they",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 577,
"segment_span": [
0,
2
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 573,
"originalText": "They",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"... | @@CITATION , for example , discussed the transcripts of a dialogue between people who assemble a piece of garden furniture ( originally recorded by Candy Sidner ) . | J06-2002_10 | 0 | experiments |
Here , PV ( A ) represents an ascent direction chosen as follows : For inequality constraints , it is the projected gradient ( Bertsekas 1999 ) ; for equality constraints with slack , we use conjugate gradient ( Nocedal and Wright 1999 ) , noting that when A = 0 , the objective is not differentiable . | J10-3007 | External_33382 | 2,010 | 1,999 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | nonlinear programming 2nd edition athena scientific | [
"Dimitri P Bertsekas"
] | null | Here 11 is an optimization precision , oc is a step size chosen with the strong Wolfe 's rule ( Nocedal and Wright 1999 ) . Here , PV ( A ) represents an ascent direction chosen as follows : For inequality constraints , it is the projected gradient ( Bertsekas 1999 ) ; for equality constraints with slack , we use conju... | 3 | null | Uses | [
127,
141
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Here",
"lemma": "here",
"after": "",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 209,
"segment_span": [
0,
11
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 205,
"originalText": "Here",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "In",
"lemma": "in",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 495,
"segment_span": [
0,
11
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 493,
"originalText": "In",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_root"... | Here , PV ( A ) represents an ascent direction chosen as follows : For inequality constraints , it is the projected gradient ( @@CITATION ) ; for equality constraints with slack , we use conjugate gradient ( Nocedal and Wright 1999 ) , noting that when A = 0 , the objective is not differentiable . | J10-3007_1 | 0 | null |
Some methods are based on likelihood ( Och and Ney , 2002 ; Blunsom et al. , 2008 ) , error rate ( Och , 2003 ; Zhao and Chen , 2009 ; Pauls et al. , 2009 ; Galley and Quirk , 2011 ) , margin ( Watanabe et al. , 2007 ; Chiang et al. , 2008 ) and ranking ( Hopkins and May , 2011 ) , and among which minimum error rate tr... | D12-1037 | P03-1021 | 2,012 | 2,003 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | minimum error rate training in statistical machine translation | [
"Franz Josef Och"
] | null | h is a feature vector which is scaled by a weight W. Parameter estimation is one of the most important components in SMT , and various training methods have been proposed to tune W . Some methods are based on likelihood ( Och and Ney , 2002 ; Blunsom et al. , 2008 ) , error rate ( Och , 2003 ; Zhao and Chen , 2009 ; Pa... | 2 | null | Motivation | [
99,
109
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Some",
"lemma": "some",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 251,
"segment_span": [
0,
90
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 247,
"originalText": "Some",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "All",
"lemma": "all",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PDT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 596,
"segment_span": [
0,
9
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 593,
"originalText": "All",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_ro... | Some methods are based on likelihood ( Och and Ney , 2002 ; Blunsom et al. , 2008 ) , error rate ( @@CITATION ; Zhao and Chen , 2009 ; Pauls et al. , 2009 ; Galley and Quirk , 2011 ) , margin ( Watanabe et al. , 2007 ; Chiang et al. , 2008 ) and ranking ( Hopkins and May , 2011 ) , and among which minimum error rate tr... | D12-1037_28 | 0 | introduction |
This idea was inspired by Delisle et al. ( 1993 ) , who used a list of arguments surrounding the main verb together with the verb 's subcategorization information and previously processed examples to analyse semantic roles ( case relations ) . | W06-3813 | External_15776 | 2,006 | 1,993 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | pattern matching for case analysis a computational definition of closeness | [
"Sylvain Delisle",
"Terry Copeck",
"Stan Szpakowicz",
"Ken Barker"
] | null | To process a pair P not encountered previously , the system builds a graph centered on the main element ( often the head ) of P . This idea was inspired by Delisle et al. ( 1993 ) , who used a list of arguments surrounding the main verb together with the verb 's subcategorization information and previously processed ex... | 5 | null | Motivation | [
26,
49
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "This",
"lemma": "this",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 959,
"segment_span": [
0,
12
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 955,
"originalText": "This",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "In",
"lemma": "in",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1194,
"segment_span": [
0,
10
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1192,
"originalText": "In",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_roo... | This idea was inspired by @@CITATION , who used a list of arguments surrounding the main verb together with the verb 's subcategorization information and previously processed examples to analyse semantic roles ( case relations ) . | W06-3813_11 | 0 | null |
, `` domain circumscription '' ( cfXXX Etherington and Mercer 1987 ) , and their kin . | J91-2003 | External_44424 | 1,991 | 1,987 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | domain circumscription a reevaluationquot | [
"D W Etherington",
"R E Mercer"
] | null | Since techniques developed elsewhere may prove useful , at least for comparison , it is worth mentioning at this point that the proposed metarules are distant cousins of `` unique-name assumption '' ( Genesereth and Nilsson 1987 ) , `` domain closure assumption '' ( ibid . ) , `` domain circumscription '' ( cfXXX Ether... | 1 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
39,
66
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": ",",
"lemma": ",",
"after": " ",
"pos": ",",
"characterOffsetEnd": 2485,
"segment_span": [
0,
16
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 2484,
"originalText": ",",
"ArgType": null,
"before": "",
"is_root": n... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Similarly",
"lemma": "similarly",
"after": "",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 2582,
"segment_span": [
0,
54
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 2573,
"originalText": "Similarly",
"ArgType": null,
"before"... | , `` domain circumscription '' ( cfXXX @@CITATION ) , and their kin . | J91-2003_11 | 0 | introduction |
While these approaches have been reasonably successful ( see Mitkov ( 2002 ) ) , Kehler et al. ( 2004 ) speculate that deeper linguistic knowledge needs to be made available to resolvers in order to reach the next level of performance . | P07-1068 | N04-1037 | 2,007 | 2,004 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the nonutility of predicateargument frequencies for pronoun interpretation | [
"A Kehler",
"D Appelt",
"L Taylor",
"A Simma"
] | null | In knowledge-lean approaches , coreference resolvers employ only morpho-syntactic cues as knowledge sources in the resolution process ( e.g. , Mitkov ( 1998 ) , Tetreault ( 2001 ) ) . While these approaches have been reasonably successful ( see Mitkov ( 2002 ) ) , Kehler et al. ( 2004 ) speculate that deeper linguistic... | 2 | null | Background | [
81,
103
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "While",
"lemma": "while",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 397,
"segment_span": [
0,
7
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 392,
"originalText": "While",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "In",
"lemma": "in",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 623,
"segment_span": [
0,
54
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 621,
"originalText": "In",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_root"... | While these approaches have been reasonably successful ( see Mitkov ( 2002 ) ) , @@CITATION speculate that deeper linguistic knowledge needs to be made available to resolvers in order to reach the next level of performance . | P07-1068_7 | 0 | introduction |
A parsing experiment shows that an efficient HPSG parser with the obtained grammar achieved a significant speed-up against an existing LTAG parser ( Yoshinaga et al. , 2001 ) . | W01-1510 | External_9270 | 2,001 | 2,001 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | efficient ltag parsing using hpsg parsers | [
"Naoki Yoshinaga",
"Yusuke Miyao",
"Kentaro Torisawa",
"Jun’ichi Tsujii"
] | null | We apply our system to the latest version of the XTAG English grammar ( The XTAG Research Group , 2001 ) , which is a large-scale FB-LTAG grammar . A parsing experiment shows that an efficient HPSG parser with the obtained grammar achieved a significant speed-up against an existing LTAG parser ( Yoshinaga et al. , 2001... | 2 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
149,
172
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "A",
"lemma": "a",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 618,
"segment_span": [
0,
4
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 617,
"originalText": "A",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_root": nu... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "This",
"lemma": "this",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 794,
"segment_span": [
0,
3
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 790,
"originalText": "This",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_... | A parsing experiment shows that an efficient HPSG parser with the obtained grammar achieved a significant speed-up against an existing LTAG parser ( @@CITATION ) . | W01-1510_29 | 0 | introduction |
Features were discovered from the actual sentence plan trees that the SPG generated through the feature derivation process described below , in a manner similar to that used by Collins ( 2000 ) . | N01-1003 | External_63 | 2,001 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | discriminative reranking for natural language parsing | [
"Michael Collins"
] | null | In total , we used 3,291 features in training the SPR . Features were discovered from the actual sentence plan trees that the SPG generated through the feature derivation process described below , in a manner similar to that used by Collins ( 2000 ) . The motivation for the features was to capture declaratively decisio... | 5 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
177,
193
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Features",
"lemma": "feature",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NNS",
"characterOffsetEnd": 364,
"segment_span": [
0,
33
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 356,
"originalText": "Features",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 551,
"segment_span": [
0,
15
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 548,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_ro... | Features were discovered from the actual sentence plan trees that the SPG generated through the feature derivation process described below , in a manner similar to that used by @@CITATION . | N01-1003_1 | 0 | null |
Such questions are typically answered by designing appropriate priming experiments ( Marslen-Wilson et al. , 1994 ) or other lexical decision tasks . | P13-3018 | External_63932 | 2,013 | 1,994 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | morphology and meaning in the english mental lexicon | [
"W D Marslen-Wilson",
"L K Tyler",
"R Waksler",
"L Older"
] | null | For example , whether a word such as `` unimaginable '' is stored in the mental lexicon as a whole word or do we break it up `` un - '' , `` imagine '' and `` able '' , understand the meaning of each of these constituent and then recombine the units to comprehend the whole word . Such questions are typically answered b... | 2 | null | Background | [
85,
113
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Such",
"lemma": "such",
"after": " ",
"pos": "JJ",
"characterOffsetEnd": 872,
"segment_span": [
0,
5
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 868,
"originalText": "Such",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1017,
"segment_span": [
0,
23
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1014,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_... | Such questions are typically answered by designing appropriate priming experiments ( @@CITATION ) or other lexical decision tasks . | P13-3018_12 | 0 | introduction |
The system is in the form of an agenda-driven chart-based parser whose foundation is similar to previous formalizations of Chomsky 's Minimalist Program ( Stabler , 1997 ; Harkema , 2000 ; Niyogi , 2001 ) . | N04-2004 | External_3810 | 2,004 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | derivational minimalism | [
"Edward Stabler"
] | null | My theory of verbal argument structure can be implemented in a unified morpho-syntactic parsing model that interleaves syntactic and semantic parsing . The system is in the form of an agenda-driven chart-based parser whose foundation is similar to previous formalizations of Chomsky 's Minimalist Program ( Stabler , 199... | 6 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
155,
169
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 154,
"segment_span": [
0,
11
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 151,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_ro... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Lexical",
"lemma": "lexical",
"after": " ",
"pos": "JJ",
"characterOffsetEnd": 7,
"segment_span": [
0,
9
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "Lexical",
"ArgType": null,
"before": "",
... | The system is in the form of an agenda-driven chart-based parser whose foundation is similar to previous formalizations of Chomsky 's Minimalist Program ( @@CITATION ; Harkema , 2000 ; Niyogi , 2001 ) . | N04-2004_22 | 0 | null |
Michiels ( 1982 ) and Akkerman et al. ( 1985 ) provide a more detailed analysis of the information encoded by the LDOCE grammar codes and discuss their efficacy as a system of linguistic description . | J87-3002 | External_11433 | 1,987 | 1,982 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | exploiting a large dictionary data base | [
"Archibal Michiels"
] | null | On the other hand , both believe and promise are assigned V3 which means they take a NP object and infinitival complement , yet there is a similar semantic distinction to be made between the two verbs ; so the criteria for the assignment of the V code seem to be purely syntactic . Michiels ( 1982 ) and Akkerman et al. ... | 4 | null | Background | [
0,
17
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Michiels",
"lemma": "Michiels",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NNP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1831,
"segment_span": [
0,
26
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1823,
"originalText": "Michiels",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Ingria",
"lemma": "Ingria",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NNP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 2025,
"segment_span": [
0,
16
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 2019,
"originalText": "Ingria",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " "... | @@CITATION and Akkerman et al. ( 1985 ) provide a more detailed analysis of the information encoded by the LDOCE grammar codes and discuss their efficacy as a system of linguistic description . | J87-3002_20 | 0 | null |
The research described below is taking place in the context of three collaborative projects ( Boguraev , 1987 ; Russell et al. , 1986 ; Phillips and Thompson , 1986 ) to develop a general-purpose , wide coverage morphological and syntactic analyser for English . | J87-3002 | External_43915 | 1,987 | 1,986 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a parser for generalised phrase structure grammars | [
"John Phillips",
"Henry Thompson"
] | null | Real-time parsing imposes stringent requirements on a dictionary support environment ; at the very least it must allow frequent and rapid access to the information in the dictionary via the dictionary head words . The research described below is taking place in the context of three collaborative projects ( Boguraev , 1... | 1 | null | Background | [
136,
164
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1401,
"segment_span": [
0,
3
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1398,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_r... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "One",
"lemma": "one",
"after": " ",
"pos": "CD",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1655,
"segment_span": [
0,
32
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1652,
"originalText": "One",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_... | The research described below is taking place in the context of three collaborative projects ( Boguraev , 1987 ; Russell et al. , 1986 ; @@CITATION ) to develop a general-purpose , wide coverage morphological and syntactic analyser for English . | J87-3002_27 | 0 | introduction |
The EDR has close ties to the named entity recognition ( NER ) and coreference resolution tasks , which have been the focus of several recent investigations ( Bikel et al. , 1997 ; Miller et al. , 1998 ; Borthwick , 1999 ; Mikheev et al. , 1999 ; Soon et al. , 2001 ; Ng and Cardie , 2002 ; Florian et al. , 2004 ) , and... | W05-0709 | P02-1014 | 2,005 | 2,002 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | improving machine learning approaches to coreference resolution | [
"V Ng",
"C Cardie"
] | null | In this paper we focus on the Entity Detection and Recognition task ( EDR ) for Arabic as described in ACE 2004 framework ( ACE , 2004 ) . The EDR has close ties to the named entity recognition ( NER ) and coreference resolution tasks , which have been the focus of several recent investigations ( Bikel et al. , 1997 ; ... | 2 | null | Background | [
268,
288
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 563,
"segment_span": [
0,
18
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 560,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_ro... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Usually",
"lemma": "usually",
"after": "",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 975,
"segment_span": [
0,
29
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 968,
"originalText": "Usually",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
... | The EDR has close ties to the named entity recognition ( NER ) and coreference resolution tasks , which have been the focus of several recent investigations ( Bikel et al. , 1997 ; Miller et al. , 1998 ; Borthwick , 1999 ; Mikheev et al. , 1999 ; Soon et al. , 2001 ; @@CITATION ; Florian et al. , 2004 ) , and have been... | W05-0709_23 | 0 | introduction |
Viewed in this way , gradable adjectives are an extreme example of the `` efficiency of language '' ( Barwise and Perry 1983 ) : Far from meaning something concrete like `` larger than 8 cm '' -- a concept that would have very limited applicability -- or even something more general like `` larger than the average N , '... | J06-2002 | External_522 | 2,006 | 1,983 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | situations and attitudes | [
"Jon Barwise",
"John Perry"
] | null | the adjective to be semantically equivalent to the superlative form ( and , analogously , the comparative ) : The n large mice = The largest n mice The large mice = The largest mice The large mouse = The largest mouse . Viewed in this way , gradable adjectives are an extreme example of the `` efficiency of language '' ... | 1 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
102,
124
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Viewed",
"lemma": "view",
"after": " ",
"pos": "VBN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 220,
"segment_span": [
0,
4
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 214,
"originalText": "Viewed",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
... | [] | Viewed in this way , gradable adjectives are an extreme example of the `` efficiency of language '' ( @@CITATION ) : Far from meaning something concrete like `` larger than 8 cm '' -- a concept that would have very limited applicability -- or even something more general like `` larger than the average N , '' a word lik... | J06-2002_1 | 0 | introduction |
However , since work in this direction has started , a significant progress has also been made in the research on statistical learning of full parsers , both in terms of accuracy and processing time ( Charniak , 1997b ; Charniak , 1997a ; Collins , 1997 ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) . | W01-0706 | External_555 | 2,001 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | three generative lexicalised models for statistical parsing | [
"M Collins"
] | null | Overall , the driving force behind the work on learning shallow parsers was the desire to get better performance and higher reliability . However , since work in this direction has started , a significant progress has also been made in the research on statistical learning of full parsers , both in terms of accuracy and... | 2 | null | Background | [
239,
253
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "However",
"lemma": "however",
"after": "",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 2491,
"segment_span": [
0,
10
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 2484,
"originalText": "However",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "This",
"lemma": "this",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 2754,
"segment_span": [
0,
13
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 2750,
"originalText": "This",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"... | However , since work in this direction has started , a significant progress has also been made in the research on statistical learning of full parsers , both in terms of accuracy and processing time ( Charniak , 1997b ; Charniak , 1997a ; @@CITATION ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) . | W01-0706_13 | 0 | introduction |
It is defined on different kinds of textual units , e.g. documents , parts of a document ( e.g. words and their surrounding context ) , words or concepts ( Lebart and Rajman , 2000 ) .2 Linguistic distance between words is inverse to their semantic similarity or relatedness . | W06-1104 | External_31966 | 2,006 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | computing similarity | [
"Ludovic Lebart",
"Martin Rajman"
] | null | Linguistic distance plays an important role in many applications like information retrieval , word sense disambiguation , text summarization or spelling correction . It is defined on different kinds of textual units , e.g. documents , parts of a document ( e.g. words and their surrounding context ) , words or concepts ... | 2 | null | Background | [
156,
180
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "It",
"lemma": "it",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 165,
"segment_span": [
0,
10
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 163,
"originalText": "It",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_root... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Semantic",
"lemma": "semantic",
"after": " ",
"pos": "JJ",
"characterOffsetEnd": 438,
"segment_span": [
0,
45
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 430,
"originalText": "Semantic",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ... | It is defined on different kinds of textual units , e.g. documents , parts of a document ( e.g. words and their surrounding context ) , words or concepts ( @@CITATION ) .2 Linguistic distance between words is inverse to their semantic similarity or relatedness . | W06-1104_18 | 0 | introduction |
However , the greatest increase is in the amount of raw text available to be processed , e.g. the English Gigaword Corpus ( Linguistic Data Consortium , 2003 ) . | W03-0806 | External_44164 | 2,003 | 2,003 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | english gigaword corpus catalogue number ldc2003t05 | [
"Linguistic Data Consortium"
] | null | This will require more efficient learning algorithms and implementations . However , the greatest increase is in the amount of raw text available to be processed , e.g. the English Gigaword Corpus ( Linguistic Data Consortium , 2003 ) . Recent work ( Banko and Brill , 2001 ; Curran and Moens , 2002 ) has suggested that... | 2 | null | Background | [
140,
157
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "However",
"lemma": "however",
"after": "",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1235,
"segment_span": [
0,
29
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1228,
"originalText": "However",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Recent",
"lemma": "recent",
"after": " ",
"pos": "JJ",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1390,
"segment_span": [
0,
17
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1384,
"originalText": "Recent",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
... | However , the greatest increase is in the amount of raw text available to be processed , e.g. the English Gigaword Corpus ( Linguistic Data @@CITATION ) . | W03-0806_21 | 0 | introduction |
For example , such schema can serve as a mean to represent translation examples , or find structural correspondences for the purpose of transfer grammar learning ( Menezes & Richardson , 2001 ) , ( Aramaki et al. , 2001 ) , ( Watanabe et al. , 2000 ) , ( Meyers et al. , 2000 ) , ( Matsumoto et al. , 1993 ) , ( kaji et ... | W02-1601 | C00-2131 | 2,002 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | finding structural correspondences from bilingual parsed corpus for corpusbased translation | [
"H Watanabe",
"S Kurohashi",
"E Aramaki"
] | null | Due to these limitations , instead of investigating into the synchronization of two grammars , we propose a flexible annotation schema ( i.e. Synchronous Structured String-Tree Correspondence ( S-SSTC ) ) to realize additional power and flexibility in expressing structural correspondences at the level of language sente... | 4 | null | Background | [
226,
248
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "For",
"lemma": "for",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 328,
"segment_span": [
0,
108
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 325,
"originalText": "For",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_r... | [] | For example , such schema can serve as a mean to represent translation examples , or find structural correspondences for the purpose of transfer grammar learning ( Menezes & Richardson , 2001 ) , ( Aramaki et al. , 2001 ) , ( @@CITATION ) , ( Meyers et al. , 2000 ) , ( Matsumoto et al. , 1993 ) , ( kaji et al. , 1992 )... | W02-1601_29 | 0 | null |
Och and Ney ( 2002 ) introduced the log-linear model for statistical machine translation ( SMT ) , in which translation is considered as the following optimization problem : | D12-1037 | P02-1038 | 2,012 | 2,002 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | discriminative training and maximum entropy models for statistical machine translation | [
"Franz Josef Och",
"Hermann Ney"
] | null | Och and Ney ( 2002 ) introduced the log-linear model for statistical machine translation ( SMT ) , in which translation is considered as the following optimization problem : where f and e ( e ' ) are source and target sentences , respectively . | 2 | null | Background | [
0,
20
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Och",
"lemma": "och",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 3,
"segment_span": [
0,
18
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "Och",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": "",
"is_root"... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "where",
"lemma": "where",
"after": " ",
"pos": "WRB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 5,
"segment_span": [
0,
15
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "where",
"ArgType": null,
"before": "",
"is_... | @@CITATION introduced the log-linear model for statistical machine translation ( SMT ) , in which translation is considered as the following optimization problem : | D12-1037_25 | 0 | introduction |
Representative systems are described in Boisen et al. ( 1989 ) , De Mattia and Giachin ( 1989 ) , Niedermair ( 1989 ) , Niemann ( 1990 ) , and Young ( 1989 ) . | J92-1004 | External_84962 | 1,992 | 1,990 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the interaction of word recognition and linguistic processing in speech understandingquot | [
"H Niemann"
] | null | Current advances in research and development of spoken language systems2 can be found , for example , in the proceedings of the DARPA speech and natural language workshops , as well as in publications from participants of the ESPRIT SUNDIAL project . Representative systems are described in Boisen et al. ( 1989 ) , De M... | 1 | null | Background | [
120,
136
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Representative",
"lemma": "Representative",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NNP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1016,
"segment_span": [
0,
35
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1002,
"originalText": "Representative",
"ArgType": nul... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "*",
"lemma": "*",
"after": " ",
"pos": "SYM",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1,
"segment_span": [
0,
35
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "*",
"ArgType": null,
"before": "",
"is_root": null,... | Representative systems are described in Boisen et al. ( 1989 ) , De Mattia and Giachin ( 1989 ) , Niedermair ( 1989 ) , @@CITATION , and Young ( 1989 ) . | J92-1004_13 | 0 | introduction |
For compound splitting , we follow Fritzinger and Fraser ( 2010 ) , using linguistic knowledge encoded in a rule-based morphological analyser and then selecting the best analysis based on the geometric mean of word part frequencies . | E12-1068 | W10-1734 | 2,012 | 2,010 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | how to avoid burning ducks combining linguistic analysis and corpus statistics for german compound processing | [
"Fabienne Fritzinger",
"Alexander Fraser"
] | null | Using additional source side information beyond the markup did not produce a gain in performance . For compound splitting , we follow Fritzinger and Fraser ( 2010 ) , using linguistic knowledge encoded in a rule-based morphological analyser and then selecting the best analysis based on the geometric mean of word part f... | 8 | null | Uses | [
35,
65
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "For",
"lemma": "for",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 2252,
"segment_span": [
0,
23
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 2249,
"originalText": "For",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Other",
"lemma": "other",
"after": " ",
"pos": "JJ",
"characterOffsetEnd": 2483,
"segment_span": [
0,
32
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 2478,
"originalText": "Other",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
... | For compound splitting , we follow @@CITATION , using linguistic knowledge encoded in a rule-based morphological analyser and then selecting the best analysis based on the geometric mean of word part frequencies . | E12-1068_6 | 0 | related work |
Koehn and Hoang ( 2007 ) showed that the use of a POS factor only results in negligible BLEU improvements , but we need access to the POS in our inflection prediction models . | E12-1068 | D07-1091 | 2,012 | 2,007 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | factored translation models | [
"Philipp Koehn",
"Hieu Hoang"
] | null | 2We use an additional target factor to obtain the coarse POS for each stem , applying a 7-gram POS model . Koehn and Hoang ( 2007 ) showed that the use of a POS factor only results in negligible BLEU improvements , but we need access to the POS in our inflection prediction models . step through subject-verb agreement . | 2 | null | Background | [
0,
24
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Koehn",
"lemma": "Koehn",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NNP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 110,
"segment_span": [
0,
22
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 105,
"originalText": "Koehn",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "step",
"lemma": "step",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 4,
"segment_span": [
0,
4
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "step",
"ArgType": null,
"before": "",
"is_root"... | @@CITATION showed that the use of a POS factor only results in negligible BLEU improvements , but we need access to the POS in our inflection prediction models . | E12-1068_7 | 0 | introduction |
Over the last decade there has been a lot of interest in developing tutorial dialogue systems that understand student explanations ( Jordan et al. , 2006 ; Graesser et al. , 1999 ; Aleven et al. , 2001 ; Buckley and Wolska , 2007 ; Nielsen et al. , 2008 ; VanLehn et al. , 2007 ) , because high percentages of selfexplan... | P10-4003 | External_20473 | 2,010 | 2,007 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | developing pedagogically effective tutorial dialogue tactics experiments and a testbed | [
"Kurt VanLehn",
"Pamela Jordan",
"Diane Litman"
] | null | Over the last decade there has been a lot of interest in developing tutorial dialogue systems that understand student explanations ( Jordan et al. , 2006 ; Graesser et al. , 1999 ; Aleven et al. , 2001 ; Buckley and Wolska , 2007 ; Nielsen et al. , 2008 ; VanLehn et al. , 2007 ) , because high percentages of selfexplan... | 2 | null | Background | [
256,
277
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Over",
"lemma": "over",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 4,
"segment_span": [
0,
58
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "Over",
"ArgType": null,
"before": "",
"is_root... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "However",
"lemma": "however",
"after": "",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 513,
"segment_span": [
0,
9
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 506,
"originalText": "However",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
... | Over the last decade there has been a lot of interest in developing tutorial dialogue systems that understand student explanations ( Jordan et al. , 2006 ; Graesser et al. , 1999 ; Aleven et al. , 2001 ; Buckley and Wolska , 2007 ; Nielsen et al. , 2008 ; @@CITATION ) , because high percentages of selfexplanation and s... | P10-4003_23 | 0 | introduction |
We first identified the most informative unigrams and bigrams using the information gain measure ( Yang and Pedersen 1997 ) , and then selected only the positive outcome predictors using odds ratio ( Mladenic and Grobelnik 1999 ) . | J07-1005 | External_1878 | 2,007 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a comparative study on feature selection in text categorization | [
"Yiming Yang",
"Jan O Pedersen"
] | null | The n-gram based classifier is also a naive Bayes classifier , but it operates on a different set of features . We first identified the most informative unigrams and bigrams using the information gain measure ( Yang and Pedersen 1997 ) , and then selected only the positive outcome predictors using odds ratio ( Mladenic... | 5 | null | Uses | [
99,
121
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "We",
"lemma": "we",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1414,
"segment_span": [
0,
9
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1412,
"originalText": "We",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"is_r... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Diseasespecific",
"lemma": "diseasespecific",
"after": " ",
"pos": "JJ",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1653,
"segment_span": [
0,
12
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1638,
"originalText": "Diseasespecific",
"ArgType": n... | We first identified the most informative unigrams and bigrams using the information gain measure ( @@CITATION ) , and then selected only the positive outcome predictors using odds ratio ( Mladenic and Grobelnik 1999 ) . | J07-1005_51 | 0 | null |
Recently , several alternative , often quite sophisticated approaches to collective classification have been proposed ( Neville and Jensen , 2000 ; Lafferty et al. , 2001 ; Getoor et al. , 2002 ; Taskar et al. , 2002 ; Taskar et al. , 2003 ; Taskar et al. , 2004 ; McCallum and Wellner , 2004 ) . | W06-1639 | External_4710 | 2,006 | 2,003 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | maxmargin markov networks | [
"B Taskar",
"C Guestrin",
"D Koller"
] | null | Zhu ( 2005 ) maintains a survey of this area . Recently , several alternative , often quite sophisticated approaches to collective classification have been proposed ( Neville and Jensen , 2000 ; Lafferty et al. , 2001 ; Getoor et al. , 2002 ; Taskar et al. , 2002 ; Taskar et al. , 2003 ; Taskar et al. , 2004 ; McCallum... | 6 | null | Background | [
219,
239
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Recently",
"lemma": "recently",
"after": "",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 291,
"segment_span": [
0,
58
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 283,
"originalText": "Recently",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " "... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "It",
"lemma": "it",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 564,
"segment_span": [
0,
14
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 562,
"originalText": "It",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"is_ro... | Recently , several alternative , often quite sophisticated approaches to collective classification have been proposed ( Neville and Jensen , 2000 ; Lafferty et al. , 2001 ; Getoor et al. , 2002 ; Taskar et al. , 2002 ; @@CITATION ; Taskar et al. , 2004 ; McCallum and Wellner , 2004 ) . | W06-1639_45 | 0 | related work |
It compares favorably to other stemming or root extraction algorithms ( Yates and Neto , 1999 ; Al-Shalabi and Evens , 1998 ; and Houmame , 1999 ) , with a performance of over 97 % for extracting the correct root in web documents , and it addresses the challenge of the Arabic broken plural and hollow verbs . | W04-1610 | External_91194 | 2,004 | 1,999 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | modern information retrieval | [
"R B Yates",
"B R Neto"
] | null | In this work , we use the Arabic root extraction technique in ( El Kourdi , 2004 ) . It compares favorably to other stemming or root extraction algorithms ( Yates and Neto , 1999 ; Al-Shalabi and Evens , 1998 ; and Houmame , 1999 ) , with a performance of over 97 % for extracting the correct root in web documents , and... | 4 | null | Motivation | [
72,
93
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "It",
"lemma": "it",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1552,
"segment_span": [
0,
10
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1550,
"originalText": "It",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"is_... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "In",
"lemma": "in",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1851,
"segment_span": [
0,
10
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1849,
"originalText": "In",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_roo... | It compares favorably to other stemming or root extraction algorithms ( @@CITATION ; Al-Shalabi and Evens , 1998 ; and Houmame , 1999 ) , with a performance of over 97 % for extracting the correct root in web documents , and it addresses the challenge of the Arabic broken plural and hollow verbs . | W04-1610_16 | 0 | null |
We perceive that these results can be extended to other language models that properly embed bilexical context-free grammars , as for instance the more general history-based models used in ( Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) and ( Chelba and Jelinek , 1998 ) . | A00-2036 | External_5861 | 2,000 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a linear observed time statistical parser based on maximum entropy models | [
"A Ratnaparkhi"
] | null | Our results hold for bilexical context-free grammars and directly transfer to several language models that can be seen as stochastic versions of this formalism ( see Section 1 ) . We perceive that these results can be extended to other language models that properly embed bilexical context-free grammars , as for instanc... | 6 | null | Future | [
190,
208
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "We",
"lemma": "we",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 476,
"segment_span": [
0,
2
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 474,
"originalText": "We",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"is_roo... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "We",
"lemma": "we",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 715,
"segment_span": [
0,
6
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 713,
"originalText": "We",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"is_roo... | We perceive that these results can be extended to other language models that properly embed bilexical context-free grammars , as for instance the more general history-based models used in ( @@CITATION ) and ( Chelba and Jelinek , 1998 ) . | A00-2036_23 | 0 | conclusion |
Clearly , what it takes for the adjective to be applicable has not been cast in stone , but is open to fiat : the speaker may decide that 8 cm is enough , or the speaker may set the standards higher ( cfXXX , Kennedy 1999 ) . | J06-2002 | External_3886 | 2,006 | 1,999 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | projecting the adjective the syntax and semantics of gradability and comparison | [
"Christopher Kennedy"
] | null | ( 3 ) The large mouse ( = the one whose size is 10 cm ) ( 4 ) The two large mice ( = the two whose sizes are 8 and 10 cm ) Clearly , what it takes for the adjective to be applicable has not been cast in stone , but is open to fiat : the speaker may decide that 8 cm is enough , or the speaker may set the standards highe... | 1 | null | Background | [
209,
221
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Clearly",
"lemma": "clearly",
"after": "",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 7,
"segment_span": [
0,
24
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "Clearly",
"ArgType": null,
"before": "",
... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 221,
"segment_span": [
0,
43
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 218,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_ro... | Clearly , what it takes for the adjective to be applicable has not been cast in stone , but is open to fiat : the speaker may decide that 8 cm is enough , or the speaker may set the standards higher ( cfXXX , @@CITATION ) . | J06-2002_24 | 0 | introduction |
Many investigators ( e.g. Allen 1976 ; Elowitz et al. 1976 ; Luce et al. 1983 ; Cahn 1988 ) have suggested that the poor prosody of synthetic speech , in comparison with natural speech , is the primary factor leading to difficulties in the comprehension of fluent synthetic speech . | J90-3003 | External_7124 | 1,990 | 1,976 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | synthesis of speech from unrestricted text | [
"J Allen"
] | null | Existing text-to-speech systems perform well on word pronunciation and short sentences ,12 but when it comes to long sentences and paragraphs , synthetic speech tends to be difficult to listen to and understand . Many investigators ( e.g. Allen 1976 ; Elowitz et al. 1976 ; Luce et al. 1983 ; Cahn 1988 ) have suggested ... | 2 | null | Motivation | [
26,
36
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Many",
"lemma": "many",
"after": " ",
"pos": "JJ",
"characterOffsetEnd": 735,
"segment_span": [
0,
2
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 731,
"originalText": "Many",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "And",
"lemma": "and",
"after": " ",
"pos": "CC",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1009,
"segment_span": [
0,
62
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1006,
"originalText": "And",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_... | Many investigators ( e.g. @@CITATION ; Elowitz et al. 1976 ; Luce et al. 1983 ; Cahn 1988 ) have suggested that the poor prosody of synthetic speech , in comparison with natural speech , is the primary factor leading to difficulties in the comprehension of fluent synthetic speech . | J90-3003_1 | 0 | experiments |
The PERSIVAL project , the most comprehensive study of such techniques applied on medical texts to date , leverages patient records to generate personalized summaries in response to physicians ' queries ( McKeown , Elhadad , and Hatzivassiloglou 2003 ; Elhadad et al. 2005 ) . | J07-1005 | External_39268 | 2,007 | 2,005 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | customization in a unified framework for summarizing medical literature | [
"Noemie Elhadad",
"Min-Yen Kan",
"Judith Klavans",
"Kathleen McKeown"
] | null | In addition to question answering , multi-document summarization provides a complementary approach to addressing clinical information needs . The PERSIVAL project , the most comprehensive study of such techniques applied on medical texts to date , leverages patient records to generate personalized summaries in response... | 6 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
253,
272
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1032,
"segment_span": [
0,
21
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1029,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Although",
"lemma": "although",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1305,
"segment_span": [
0,
11
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1297,
"originalText": "Although",
"ArgType": null,
"before": ... | The PERSIVAL project , the most comprehensive study of such techniques applied on medical texts to date , leverages patient records to generate personalized summaries in response to physicians ' queries ( McKeown , Elhadad , and Hatzivassiloglou 2003 ; @@CITATION ) . | J07-1005_15 | 0 | related work |
See Lopez and Resnik ( 2006 ) for further discussion . | J10-3007 | External_22886 | 2,010 | 2,006 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | wordbased alignment phrasebased translation whats the link | [
"Adam Lopez",
"Philip Resnik"
] | null | Potentially this leads to a poor estimate of the phrase probabilities . See Lopez and Resnik ( 2006 ) for further discussion . | 5 | null | Background | [
4,
29
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "See",
"lemma": "see",
"after": " ",
"pos": "VB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1293,
"segment_span": [
0,
10
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1290,
"originalText": "See",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_... | [] | See @@CITATION for further discussion . | J10-3007_24 | 0 | null |
We gather similar words using Lin ( 1998a ) , mining similar verbs from a comparable-sized parsed corpus , and collecting similar nouns from a broader 10 GB corpus of English text .4 We also use Keller and Lapata ( 2003 ) 's approach to obtaining web-counts . | D08-1007 | External_4260 | 2,008 | 1,998 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | automatic retrieval and clustering of similar words | [
"Dekang Lin"
] | null | We also test an MI model inspired by Erk ( 2007 ) : We gather similar words using Lin ( 1998a ) , mining similar verbs from a comparable-sized parsed corpus , and collecting similar nouns from a broader 10 GB corpus of English text .4 We also use Keller and Lapata ( 2003 ) 's approach to obtaining web-counts . Rather t... | 5 | null | Uses | [
30,
40
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "We",
"lemma": "we",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 2,
"segment_span": [
0,
20
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "We",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": "",
"is_root": ... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Rather",
"lemma": "rather",
"after": " ",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 257,
"segment_span": [
0,
32
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 251,
"originalText": "Rather",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
... | We gather similar words using @@CITATIONa ) , mining similar verbs from a comparable-sized parsed corpus , and collecting similar nouns from a broader 10 GB corpus of English text .4 We also use Keller and Lapata ( 2003 ) 's approach to obtaining web-counts . | D08-1007_36 | 0 | experiments |
Thus , for example , it can acquire a `` script '' such as the one for going to a restaurant as defined in Schank and Abelson ( 1977 ) . | J86-1002 | External_2536 | 1,986 | 1,977 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | scripts plans goals and understanding lawrence erlbaum associates | [
"R Schank",
"R Abelson"
] | null | The only requirement on the problem or situation is that it can be entered into the expectation system in the form of examples . Thus , for example , it can acquire a `` script '' such as the one for going to a restaurant as defined in Schank and Abelson ( 1977 ) . The expectation module takes two inputs and produces t... | 5 | null | Background | [
107,
134
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Thus",
"lemma": "thus",
"after": "",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1380,
"segment_span": [
0,
21
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1376,
"originalText": "Thus",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"i... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1517,
"segment_span": [
0,
7
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1514,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_r... | Thus , for example , it can acquire a `` script '' such as the one for going to a restaurant as defined in @@CITATION . | J86-1002_26 | 0 | experiments |
ones , DIRT ( Lin and Pantel , 2001 ) , VerbOcean ( Chklovski and Pantel , 2004 ) , FrameNet ( Baker et al. , 1998 ) , and Wikipedia ( Mehdad et al. , 2010 ; Kouylekov et al. , 2009 ) . | P11-1134 | External_3409 | 2,011 | 2,001 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | dirt discovery of inference rules from text | [
"Dekang Lin",
"Patrick Pantel"
] | null | These include , just to mention the most popular ones , DIRT ( Lin and Pantel , 2001 ) , VerbOcean ( Chklovski and Pantel , 2004 ) , FrameNet ( Baker et al. , 1998 ) , and Wikipedia ( Mehdad et al. , 2010 ; Kouylekov et al. , 2009 ) . DIRT is a collection of statistically learned inference rules , that is often integra... | 2 | null | Background | [
14,
35
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "ones",
"lemma": "one",
"after": "",
"pos": "NNS",
"characterOffsetEnd": 4,
"segment_span": [
0,
44
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 0,
"originalText": "ones",
"ArgType": null,
"before": "",
"is_root"... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "DIRT",
"lemma": "dirt",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 171,
"segment_span": [
0,
10
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 167,
"originalText": "DIRT",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"... | ones , DIRT ( @@CITATION ) , VerbOcean ( Chklovski and Pantel , 2004 ) , FrameNet ( Baker et al. , 1998 ) , and Wikipedia ( Mehdad et al. , 2010 ; Kouylekov et al. , 2009 ) . | P11-1134_22 | 0 | introduction |
There is some literature on procedure acquisition such as the LISP synthesis work described in Biermann et al. ( 1984 ) and the PROLOG synthesis method of Shapiro ( 1982 ) . | J86-1002 | External_21716 | 1,986 | 1,982 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | algorithmic program debugging | [
"E Shapiro"
] | null | That is , the current system learns procedures rather than data structures . There is some literature on procedure acquisition such as the LISP synthesis work described in Biermann et al. ( 1984 ) and the PROLOG synthesis method of Shapiro ( 1982 ) . However , the latter methodologies have not been applied to dialogue ... | 7 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
155,
171
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "There",
"lemma": "there",
"after": " ",
"pos": "EX",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1329,
"segment_span": [
0,
31
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1324,
"originalText": "There",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "However",
"lemma": "however",
"after": "",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1500,
"segment_span": [
0,
12
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1493,
"originalText": "However",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",... | There is some literature on procedure acquisition such as the LISP synthesis work described in Biermann et al. ( 1984 ) and the PROLOG synthesis method of @@CITATION . | J86-1002_27 | 0 | null |
The system uses a domain-specific content planner to produce input to the surface realizer based on the strategy decision , and a FUF/SURGE ( Elhadad and Robin , 1992 ) generation system to produce the appropriate text . | P10-4003 | External_22830 | 2,010 | 1,992 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | controlling content realization with functional unification grammars in | [
"Michael Elhadad",
"Jacques Robin"
] | null | The strategy decision made by the tutorial planner , together with relevant semantic content from the student 's answer ( e.g. , part of the answer to confirm ) , is passed to content planning and generation . The system uses a domain-specific content planner to produce input to the surface realizer based on the strate... | 3 | null | Uses | [
142,
166
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "The",
"lemma": "the",
"after": " ",
"pos": "DT",
"characterOffsetEnd": 206,
"segment_span": [
0,
7
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 203,
"originalText": "The",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_roo... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Templates",
"lemma": "template",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NNS",
"characterOffsetEnd": 428,
"segment_span": [
0,
23
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 419,
"originalText": "Templates",
"ArgType": null,
"before":... | The system uses a domain-specific content planner to produce input to the surface realizer based on the strategy decision , and a FUF/SURGE ( @@CITATION ) generation system to produce the appropriate text . | P10-4003_13 | 0 | experiments |
However , each of these fields requires further decoding and restructuring to provide client programs with easy access to the information they require ( see Calzolari ( 1984 ) for further discussion ) . | J87-3002 | P84-1095 | 1,987 | 1,984 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | machinereadable dictionaries lexical data bases and the lexical system | [
"Nicoletta Calzolari"
] | null | The lispified LDOCE file retains the broad structure of the typesetting tape and divides each entry into a number of fields -- head word , pronunciation , grammar codes , definitions , examples , and so forth . However , each of these fields requires further decoding and restructuring to provide client programs with ea... | 3 | null | Background | [
157,
175
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "However",
"lemma": "however",
"after": "",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 211,
"segment_span": [
0,
21
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 204,
"originalText": "However",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "For",
"lemma": "for",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 404,
"segment_span": [
0,
12
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 401,
"originalText": "For",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_ro... | However , each of these fields requires further decoding and restructuring to provide client programs with easy access to the information they require ( see @@CITATION for further discussion ) . | J87-3002_11 | 0 | null |
Our results also confirm the insights gained by Blitzer et al. ( 2007 ) , who observed that in crossdomain polarity analysis adding more training data is not always beneficial . | D10-1101 | P07-1056 | 2,010 | 2,007 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | biographies bollywood boomboxes and blenders domain adaptation for sentiment classification | [
"John Blitzer",
"Mark Dredze",
"Fernando Pereira"
] | null | However , the results of the cars + cameras training data combination indicate that the cameras data does not contribute any additional information during the learning , since the results on both the movies and the web-services datasets are lower than when training only on the cameras data . Our results also confirm th... | 6 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
48,
71
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Our",
"lemma": "we",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP$",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1410,
"segment_span": [
0,
15
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1407,
"originalText": "Our",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Apparently",
"lemma": "apparently",
"after": " ",
"pos": "RB",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1591,
"segment_span": [
0,
5
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1581,
"originalText": "Apparently",
"ArgType": null,
"befo... | Our results also confirm the insights gained by @@CITATION , who observed that in crossdomain polarity analysis adding more training data is not always beneficial . | D10-1101_4 | 0 | experiments |
We consider the Creative Commons model as the most suitable one to let each author choose the rights to reserve ( Lessig , 2004 ) . | W06-2807 | External_91607 | 2,006 | 2,004 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | free culture how big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture and control creativity | [
"Lawrence Lessig"
] | null | non-attributive copyright licence to their work . We consider the Creative Commons model as the most suitable one to let each author choose the rights to reserve ( Lessig , 2004 ) . Narrative writings or essays are creative works and they generally treat ownership as authorship , even for the most enthusiastic fellows ... | 3 | null | Uses | [
114,
127
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "We",
"lemma": "we",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 51,
"segment_span": [
0,
13
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 49,
"originalText": "We",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"is_root... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Narrative",
"lemma": "narrative",
"after": " ",
"pos": "JJ",
"characterOffsetEnd": 186,
"segment_span": [
0,
29
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 177,
"originalText": "Narrative",
"ArgType": null,
"before":... | We consider the Creative Commons model as the most suitable one to let each author choose the rights to reserve ( @@CITATION ) . | W06-2807_9 | 0 | null |
It compares favorably to other stemming or root extraction algorithms ( Yates and Neto , 1999 ; Al-Shalabi and Evens , 1998 ; and Houmame , 1999 ) , with a performance of over 97 % for extracting the correct root in web documents , and it addresses the challenge of the Arabic broken plural and hollow verbs . | W04-1610 | External_94611 | 2,004 | 1,999 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | towards an arabic information retrieval system | [
"Y Houmame"
] | null | In this work , we use the Arabic root extraction technique in ( El Kourdi , 2004 ) . It compares favorably to other stemming or root extraction algorithms ( Yates and Neto , 1999 ; Al-Shalabi and Evens , 1998 ; and Houmame , 1999 ) , with a performance of over 97 % for extracting the correct root in web documents , and... | 4 | null | Motivation | [
130,
144
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "It",
"lemma": "it",
"after": " ",
"pos": "PRP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1552,
"segment_span": [
0,
10
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1550,
"originalText": "It",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
"is_... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "In",
"lemma": "in",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 1851,
"segment_span": [
0,
10
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 1849,
"originalText": "In",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_roo... | It compares favorably to other stemming or root extraction algorithms ( Yates and Neto , 1999 ; Al-Shalabi and Evens , 1998 ; and @@CITATION ) , with a performance of over 97 % for extracting the correct root in web documents , and it addresses the challenge of the Arabic broken plural and hollow verbs . | W04-1610_4 | 0 | null |
In a similar vein , Steyvers ( 2010 ) showed that a different feature-topic model improved predictions on a fill-in-the-blank task . | D13-1115 | External_8378 | 2,013 | 2,010 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | combining feature norms and text data with topic models | [
"Mark Steyvers"
] | null | Andrews et al. ( 2009 ) furthered this work by showing that a bimodal topic model , consisting of both text and feature norms , outperformed models using only one modality on the prediction of association norms , word substitution errors , and semantic interference tasks . In a similar vein , Steyvers ( 2010 ) showed t... | 3 | null | Background | [
20,
37
] | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "In",
"lemma": "in",
"after": " ",
"pos": "IN",
"characterOffsetEnd": 755,
"segment_span": [
0,
10
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 753,
"originalText": "In",
"ArgType": null,
"before": " ",
"is_root"... | [
[
{
"index": 1,
"word": "Johns",
"lemma": "Johns",
"after": " ",
"pos": "NNP",
"characterOffsetEnd": 887,
"segment_span": [
0,
11
],
"characterOffsetBegin": 882,
"originalText": "Johns",
"ArgType": "subj",
"before": " ",
... | In a similar vein , @@CITATION showed that a different feature-topic model improved predictions on a fill-in-the-blank task . | D13-1115_66 | 0 | related work |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.