shift_id,from_ipa,to_ipa,language,language_family,is_allophone,from_form,to_form,note,certainty,commonality,url
a_nas_to_a,ã,a,Galician,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Galician-Portuguese lãa 'wool' (< Latin lāna),Galician la [laː],The nasal vowel lost its nasality and the two vowels merged into a long [aː]; Portuguese keeps the nasal in lã.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a_nas/a
a_nas_to_a,ã,a,Galician,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Galician-Portuguese irmãa 'sister' (< Latin germāna),Galician irmá /iɾˈmaː/,Standard Galician has an oral long vowel; Portuguese keeps irmã with a nasal vowel.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a_nas/a
a_nas_to_a,ã,a,Lithuanian,Baltic,false,Old Lithuanian žąsis with nasal ą [ãː] (< Proto-Balto-Slavic *źansís),žąsis [ʒɑːˈsʲɪs] 'goose',The ogonek letter ą once marked a nasal vowel; it now marks a long oral vowel.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a_nas/a
a_nas_to_a,ã,a,Lithuanian,Baltic,false,Old Lithuanian kąsti with nasal ą [ãː] (< Proto-Balto-Slavic *kanˀstei),"kąsti 'to bite', with oral long [aː]",The ogonek is kept in spelling as an etymological length mark.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a_nas/a
a_nas_to_au,ã,au,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,"Old Galician-Portuguese can /ˈkã/ (also cã) 'dog', from Latin canem",cão [ˈkɐ̃w̃],"[ɐ̃w̃] is a nasalized [au]-type diphthong, filed under atlas au (no nasal-diphthong cell).",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a_nas/au
a_nas_to_au,ã,au,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,"Old Galician-Portuguese pan (also pã) 'bread', from Latin pānem",pão [ˈpɐ̃w̃],Galician keeps can and pan without the diphthong.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a_nas/au
a_nas_to_e_nas,ã,ẽ,Polish,West Slavic,false,"Old Polish język 'tongue, language' with 14th-century short nasal /ã/ (< Proto-Slavic *ęzykъ)","Polish język, with ę [ɛ̃]",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a_nas/e_nas
a_nas_to_e_nas,ã,ẽ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Old Polish węgiel 'coal' with 14th-century short nasal /ã/ (< Proto-Slavic *ǫgľь),"Polish węgiel, with ę","The long nasal /ãː/ went the other way, to ą [ɔ̃].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a_nas/e_nas
a_nas_to_o,ã,o,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Anglo-Frisian *gą̄s 'goose' (< Proto-Germanic *gans),gōs,"Nasal spirant law gave long nasal *ą̄, which was raised and rounded to ō; Modern English goose.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a_nas/o
a_nas_to_o,ã,o,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Anglo-Frisian *tą̄þ 'tooth' (< Proto-Germanic *tanþs),tōþ,Modern English tooth; German Zahn keeps the nasal.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a_nas/o
a_nas_to_o,ã,o,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Anglo-Frisian *brą̄htæ 'brought' (< Proto-Germanic *branht-),brōhte,Here the nasal vowel goes back to the older Proto-Germanic loss of n before h.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a_nas/o
a_nas_to_o,ã,o,Old Frisian,Anglo-Frisian,false,Anglo-Frisian *tą̄þ 'tooth',tōth,"North Frisian tôs, toss continue the ō.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a_nas/o
a_nas_to_o,ã,o,Old Frisian,Anglo-Frisian,false,Anglo-Frisian *brą̄htæ 'brought',brōchte,West Frisian brocht.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a_nas/o
a_nas_to_o,ã,o,Old Saxon,West Germanic,false,Pre-Old Saxon *ą̄þar 'other' (< Proto-West Germanic *anþar),ōthar,"Variant forms āthar, andar show that the rounding was not general in Old Saxon.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a_nas/o
a_nas_to_o,ã,o,Old Saxon,West Germanic,false,Pre-Old Saxon *tą̄þ 'tooth' (< Proto-West Germanic *tanþ),tōth,"Attested beside tand, with the nasal consonant restored.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a_nas/o
a_nas_to_o_nas,ã,õ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Old Polish long nasal /ãː/ (< Proto-Slavic *ǫ in *zǫ̑bъ 'tooth'),ząb /zɔmp/ 'tooth',"In the 15th century the short nasal was fronted to [ɛ̃] (ę) and the long one was backed to [ɒ̃~ɔ̃] (ą) and lost its length. That is why ą and ę alternate within one paradigm, as in ząb 'tooth' vs. gen. sg. zęba and nom. pl. zęby. Modern ą is decomposed: [ɔm] before labial stops (hence /zɔmp/) and [ɔw̃] before fricatives; the 15th-century outcome [ɔ̃] is filed under atlas õ.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a_nas/o_nas
a_nas_to_o_nas,ã,õ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Old Polish long nasal /ãː/ in mąż 'husband' (< Proto-Slavic *mǫžь),"mąż 'husband', with ą = nasal /ɔ̃/","The oblique stem has the short-nasal reflex ę (gen. sg. męża, dim. mężulek).",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a_nas/o_nas
a_nas_to_o_nas,ã,õ,Old English,West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *þanhtaz [θɑ̃ːxtɑz] 'thought',Old English þōht 'thought',"The long nasalized *ą̄, from *anh, was not fronted by Anglo-Frisian brightening. It was raised to ǭ and later denasalized to ō, whereas Old High German kept ā (gidāht).",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a_nas/o_nas
a_nas_to_o_nas,ã,õ,Old English,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *fą̄han 'to seize',Old English fōn (earlier *fōhan),,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a_nas/o_nas
a_nas_to_o_nas,ã,õ,Old English,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *hą̄han 'to hang',Old English hōn,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a_nas/o_nas
a_to_a_nas,a,ã,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin lāna 'wool',lã [ˈlɐ̃],Intervocalic /n/ nasalized the preceding /a/ and was lost (Old Galician-Portuguese lãa > lã); the modern vowel is a raised nasal [ɐ̃].,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/a_nas
a_to_a_nas,a,ã,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin germāna 'sister',"Old Galician-Portuguese irmãa, Portuguese irmã",Intervocalic /n/ was absorbed into the preceding /a/ as nasality and then lost.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/a_nas
a_to_a_nas,a,ã,Hindi,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit danta 'tooth' (Prakrit daṃta),dā̃t /d̪ɑ̃ːt̪/,"The nasal of the cluster -nt- was absorbed into the preceding vowel, which became long and nasalized. [ɑ̃ː] = atlas ã; Hindi long ā is phonetically back [ɑː].",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/a_nas
a_to_a_nas,a,ã,Hindi,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit candra 'moon' (Prakrit caṃda),चाँद cā̃d 'moon',"The nasal of the cluster -nd- was absorbed into the preceding vowel, which became long and nasalized.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/a_nas
a_to_a_nas,a,ã,Bengali,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit candra 'moon',চাঁদ cãd 'moon',The chandrabindu marks the nasal vowel left by the lost cluster nasal.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/a_nas
a_to_a_nas,a,ã,Bengali,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit danta 'tooth',দাঁত dãt 'tooth',This is the same nasal absorption as in Hindi dā̃t.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/a_nas
a_to_a_nas,a,ã,Lithuanian,Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *źansís 'goose',Old Lithuanian žąsis with nasal ą,"Tautosyllabic *an became a nasal vowel, written with the ogonek; it later denasalized to long [aː].",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/a_nas
a_to_a_nas,a,ã,Lithuanian,Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *kanˀstei 'to bite',Old Lithuanian kąsti with nasal ą,Proto-Slavic *kǫsati shows the parallel Slavic nasal vowel.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/a_nas
a_to_ai,a,ai,Icelandic,North Germanic,true,hagi 'pasture' (/a/ before ⟨gi⟩),[ˈhaijɪ],"Before ⟨gi⟩ [jɪ] within the same morpheme, /a/ is short and becomes [ai]; East Skaftafell speakers keep [ˈhaːjɪ].",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/ai
a_to_ai,a,ai,Icelandic,North Germanic,true,magi 'stomach' (/a/ before ⟨gi⟩),[ˈmaijɪ],,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/ai
a_to_ai,a,ai,Icelandic,North Germanic,true,agi 'discipline' (/a/ before ⟨gi⟩),[ˈaijɪ],,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/ai
a_to_ash,a,æ,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *fader 'father',fæder /ˈfæ.der/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/ash
a_to_ash,a,æ,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *glas 'glass',glæs /ɡlæs/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/ash
a_to_ash,a,æ,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *watar 'water',wæter /ˈwæ.ter/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/ash
a_to_ash,a,æ,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *hwat 'what',hwæt /xwæt/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/ash
a_to_ash,a,æ,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *fast 'firm',fæst /fæst/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/ash
a_to_ash,a,æ,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *þak 'roof',þæc /θæk/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/ash
a_to_ash,a,æ,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *dag 'day',dæġ /dæj/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/ash
a_to_ash,a,æ,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *lātan 'to let',lǣtan,"Anglo-Frisian brightening fronted short *a to æ and long *ā to ǣ except before nasals and (in Old English) before back vowels; Old Saxon keeps a (fadar, glas, watar, lātan).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/ash
a_to_ash,a,æ,Inari Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *ājmē 'needle',äimi [æ],"Umlaut: Proto-Samic first-syllable *ā was fronted to ä /æ/ before a second-syllable *ē, but stays á before *ā, *ō and gives a before *ë (Northern Sami áibmi keeps á).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/ash
a_to_ash,a,æ,Inari Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *sāppē 'gall',säppi,Same umlaut before *ē.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/ash
a_to_ash,a,æ,Inari Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *čālē- 'to slit',čäälliđ 'to write',Same umlaut before *ē.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/ash
a_to_ash,a,æ,Inari Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *cākē- 'to push',cäähiđ,Same umlaut before *ē.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/ash
a_to_au,a,au,Icelandic,North Germanic,false,Old Norse ár 'year',ár [ˈauːr],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/au
a_to_au,a,au,Icelandic,North Germanic,false,Old Norse máni 'moon',máni [ˈmauːnɪ],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/au
a_to_au,a,au,Icelandic,North Germanic,false,Old Norse láta 'to let',láta [ˈlauːta],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/au
a_to_au,a,au,Icelandic,North Germanic,false,Old Norse bátr 'boat',bátur [ˈpauːtʏr],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/au
a_to_au,a,au,Icelandic,North Germanic,false,Old Norse dáð 'deed',dáð [ˈtauːð],"Old Norse long á /aː/ became the diphthong /au/ in Icelandic, still written á; the mainland languages have å /oː/ in the same words.",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/au
a_to_caret,a,ʌ,Godié,Eastern Kru,false,Proto-Eastern Kru *mla² 'swallow',Godié mlʌ² [mʌňʌ],"Superscript digits are Marchese Zogbo's tone levels; the reconstruction rests on Dida, Neyo, Guibéroua and Daloa Bété forms.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/caret
a_to_caret,a,ʌ,Godié,Eastern Kru,false,Proto-Eastern Kru *ka³ 'have',"Godié, Gbawale kʌ³",Kouya ka³.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/caret
a_to_caret,a,ʌ,Godié,Eastern Kru,false,Proto-Eastern Kru *ga³ 'be awake',Godié gʌ³,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/caret
a_to_caret,a,ʌ,Godié,Eastern Kru,false,Proto-Eastern Kru *sa 'pick up',Godié sʌ,Marchese Zogbo finds few conditioning factors; Godié keeps peripheral /a/ alongside the new central vowel /ʌ/.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/caret
a_to_e,a,e,Old French,Romance,false,Latin mare 'sea',Old French mer,Stressed Latin a in an open syllable became e.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,Old French,Romance,false,Latin nāsus 'nose',Old French nés,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,Old French,Romance,false,Latin prātum 'meadow',"Old French pred, pré",,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,Uyghur,Turkic,false,Proto-Turkic *bālïk 'fish',بېلىق bëliq,Uyghur umlaut: first-syllable *a is raised to e before a high vowel /i/ (from *ï) in the next syllable; Turkish keeps balık.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,Uyghur,Turkic,false,Proto-Turkic *yaŋï 'new',يېڭى yëngi,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,Uyghur,Turkic,false,Proto-Turkic *siarïg 'yellow',سېرىق sëriq,"cf. Old Turkic sarïɣ, Turkish sarı.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,Wu Chinese (Shanghainese),Sinitic,false,三 MC sam,se (Wugniu),"Nasal coda lost and the vowel raised; Mandarin sān, Cantonese saam.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,Wu Chinese (Shanghainese),Sinitic,false,反 MC pjonX,fe (Wugniu),Mandarin fǎn.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,Proto-Nakh to Plains Chechen,Nakh-Dagestani,false,*maqe 'harrow',"meqi, meqa","Palatal umlaut: a first-syllable *a fronts before a second-syllable *e or *i, which was later reduced",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,Proto-Nakh to Plains Chechen,Nakh-Dagestani,false,*nace 'moth',"neci, neca",,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,"Proto-Samic (from Proto-Uralic), unstressed syllables",Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *kala 'fish',Proto-Samic *kuolē,"Reconstructed stage. After the first-syllable metaphony, unstressed *ā became *ē unless followed by *ë in a later syllable (*kalanï > *kuolānë 'my fish'); before *j it gave *i.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,"Proto-Samic (from Proto-Uralic), unstressed syllables",Samic,false,"Proto-Uralic *taka 'back, rear'",Proto-Samic *tuokē,Reconstructed stage.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,"Proto-Samic (from Proto-Uralic), unstressed syllables",Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *sarka 'branch',Proto-Samic *suorkē > Northern Sami suorgi,Reconstructed stage; the *ē later became i in Northern Sami.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,"Proto-Samic (from Proto-Uralic), unstressed syllables",Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *säppä 'gall',Proto-Samic *sāppē,Reconstructed stage; front *ä of the second syllable merged with *a before the change.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *sattjan 'to set',sezzen,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *talljan 'to count',zellen,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *hari 'army',heri,"Primary i-umlaut: short *a became e before i, ī or j in the next syllable (German setzen).",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *satjaną 'to set',setja,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *taljaną 'to count',telja,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *harjaz 'army',herr,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *gastiz 'guest',gestr,"i-umlaut fronted *a to e before a following *i or *j, which was then usually lost.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,Old Frisian,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *fast 'firm',fest,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,Old Frisian,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *glas 'glass',gles,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,Old Frisian,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *watar 'water',weter,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,Old Frisian,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *þak 'roof',thek,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,Old Frisian,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *fader 'father',feder,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_e,a,e,Old Frisian,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *lātan 'to let',lēta,"Anglo-Frisian brightening went further in Frisian than in English: short *a became e (Old English æ) and long *ā became ē (Old English ǣ); compare Old English fæst, glæs, wæter, lǣtan.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/e
a_to_empty,a,∅,Latvian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *wilkás 'wolf' (Lithuanian vilkas),vilks,Latvian syncope of the short vowel in the final syllable,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/empty
a_to_empty,a,∅,Latvian,East Baltic,false,*śímta 'hundred' (Lithuanian šimtas),simts,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/empty
a_to_empty,a,∅,Kuuk Thaayorre,Southwestern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *kuna 'excrement',kun 'excrement',Final vowels of the proto-forms are lost; Yir-Yoront also has kun.,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/empty
a_to_empty,a,∅,Kuuk Thaayorre,Southwestern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *pula 'they (dual)',pul 'they (dual)',,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/empty
a_to_empty,a,∅,Kuuk Thaayorre,Southwestern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *paca- 'bite',path 'bite',,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/empty
a_to_empty,a,∅,Trinitario (Mojeño),Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *kaˈʧiru 'ant' (Ignaciano kaˈʧiru),Trinitario ˈkʧiru,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/empty
a_to_empty,a,∅,Trinitario (Mojeño),Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *haˈnore 'toucan' (Ignaciano haˈnare),Trinitario ˈhnore,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/empty
a_to_empty,a,∅,Trinitario (Mojeño),Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *kaˈhoʔo 'north' (Ignaciano kaˈhaʔa),Trinitario ˈkhoʔo,The unstressed vowel in the weak position of the first iambic foot was syncopated; word-final syllables were never affected.,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/empty
a_to_empty,a,∅,Proto-Tungusic to Even,Northern Tungusic,false,*ŋāla 'hand',Even ӈа̄л,"Evenki ӈа̄лэ, Nanai ӈа̄ла keep a final vowel.",3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/empty
a_to_empty,a,∅,Proto-Tungusic to Even,Northern Tungusic,false,*gara 'branch',Even гар,Evenki гара.,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/empty
a_to_empty,a,∅,Proto-Tungusic to Even,Northern Tungusic,false,*buga 'place',Even буг,Evenki буга.,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/empty
a_to_empty,a,∅,Proto-Tungusic to Even,Northern Tungusic,false,*darama 'waist',Even дарам,Evenki дарама.,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/empty
a_to_empty,a,∅,Proto-Tungusic to Even,Northern Tungusic,false,*ńama 'warm',Even ням,Evenki няма.,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/empty
a_to_eps,a,ɛ,Attic-Ionic Greek,Hellenic,false,"Proto-Greek *mā́tēr, Doric μάτηρ mátēr",Attic μήτηρ mḗtēr [mɛ̌ːtɛːr] 'mother',"Proto-Greek long ā became η /ɛː/ in Attic-Ionic. Ionic made the change everywhere; Attic kept ā after e, i and r (Attic χώρα khṓrā vs Ionic χώρη khṓrē 'place, country').",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/eps
a_to_eps,a,ɛ,Attic-Ionic Greek,Hellenic,false,"Proto-Greek *dā́mos (Mycenaean da-mo, Doric δᾶμος)","Attic δῆμος /dɛ̂ː.mos/ 'people, district'",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/eps
a_to_eps,a,ɛ,Latin,Italic,false,factus 'done' (Old Latin *perfaktos),perfectus [pɛrˈfɛk.tʊs] 'completed',"In early Latin, short a in a closed non-initial syllable was raised to e, while in open syllables vowels were reduced toward i (cecidī).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/eps
a_to_eps,a,ɛ,Latin,Italic,false,factus 'done',īnfectus [ĩːˈfɛk.tʊs] 'not done',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/eps
a_to_eps,a,ɛ,Mbabaram,Southern Paman,false,*/djana/ 'sit',/nɛ-/ 'sit',"Second-syllable *a fronted to [ɛ] when the word began with *ɟ; the first consonant and vowel were then dropped, so /ɛ/ became phonemic.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/eps
a_to_eps,a,ɛ,Mbabaram,Southern Paman,false,*/djiba/ 'liver',/bɛ/ 'liver',Alpher lists Mbabaram be 'liver' under Proto-Paman *cipa.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/eps
a_to_eps,a,ɛ,Mbabaram,Southern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *cana 'they (pl.)',ne 'they (pl.)',"Mbabaram has no /e/, so the e in Alpher's spelling is /ɛ/, matching Dixon's /nɛ-/ 'sit'.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/eps
a_to_ie,a,ie,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin cārum 'dear',Old French chier,Stressed open-syllable a after the palatalized velar (Latin k > tʃ before a) became ie by Bartsch's law; modern French cher [ʃɛʁ] later reduced the diphthong.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/ie
a_to_ie,a,ie,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin laxāre 'to let go',Old French laissier [lajˈsier],Modern French laisser; the ie was later reduced after the palatal.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/ie
a_to_ie,a,ie,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin canem 'dog',Old French chien,Same conditioning; the ie diphthong survives in modern French chien [ʃjɛ̃].,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/ie
a_to_ie,a,ie,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,Vulgar Latin capus (Latin caput) 'head',Old French chief,Source of English chief; modern French chef.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/ie
a_to_o,a,o,Biblical Hebrew,Canaanite,false,Proto-Semitic *ḥimār- 'donkey',חֲמוֹר ḥămôr 'donkey',Arabic keeps ā in ḥimār; Ugaritic has ḥmr.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Biblical Hebrew,Canaanite,false,Proto-Semitic *ʔatān- 'she-ass',אָתוֹן ʾāṯôn 'she-ass',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Biblical Hebrew,Canaanite,false,Proto-Semitic *ṭiḥāl- 'spleen',טְחוֹל təḥôl 'spleen',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Biblical Hebrew,Canaanite,false,"Proto-Semitic *tihām- 'sea, abyss'","תְּהוֹם təhôm 'abyss, deep'",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Biblical Hebrew,Canaanite,false,Proto-Semitic *ṯamāniy- 'eight',שְׁמוֹנָה šəmônâ 'eight',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Biblical Hebrew,Canaanite,false,Proto-Semitic *kinnār- 'lyre',כִּנּוֹר kinnôr 'lyre',The Canaanite shift turned Proto-Northwest-Semitic *ā into ō; Amarna-period records date it to the mid-2nd millennium BCE.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Malayic to Minangkabau,Malayic,false,*mata 'eye',mato,word-final *a > o; cf. Malay mata,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Malayic to Minangkabau,Malayic,false,*apa 'what',apo,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Malayic to Minangkabau,Malayic,false,*dada 'chest',dado,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Malayic to Minangkabau,Malayic,false,*buhaya 'crocodile',buayo,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Malayic to Minangkabau,Malayic,false,*raya 'big',rayo,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *as₁- 'hundred' (Old Georgian ასი asi),"Laz, Mingrelian ოში oši",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *asul- 'daughter' (Old Georgian ასული asuli),Laz ოსური osuri,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,"Proto-Kartvelian *ḳac₁- 'man, male' (Old Georgian კაცი k̇aci)","Laz, Mingrelian კოჩი k̇oči",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *ʒ₁aɣl- 'dog' (Old Georgian ძაღლი ʒaɣli),"Laz, Mingrelian ჯოღორი ǯoɣori",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *c₁xar- 'nine' (Svan ჩხარა čxara),"Laz, Mingrelian ჩხორო čxoro",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *ʒ₁umar- 'vinegar' (Old Georgian ძმარი ʒmari),"Mingrelian ჯუმორი ǯumori, Laz მჯუმორი mǯumori","Georgian and Svan keep a in these roots, while Zan has o; Proto-Kartvelian *a is reconstructed as back [ɑ].",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Dravidian to Toda,Toda-Kota,false,Proto-Dravidian *kaṇ 'eye',Toda கொண் koṇ,Kota கண் kaṇ keeps a.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Dravidian to Toda,Toda-Kota,false,Proto-Dravidian *kay 'hand',Toda கொய் koy,Kota கை kai keeps a.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Dravidian to Toda,Toda-Kota,false,Proto-Dravidian *paḷḷi 'household',Toda பொள்ய் poḷy,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Dravidian to Toda,Toda-Kota,false,Proto-Dravidian *panṯi 'pig',Toda pody,Kota பஜ் paj keeps a.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Dravidian to Toda,Toda-Kota,false,Proto-Dravidian *pakal 'daylight',Toda poxol,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Dravidian to Toda,Toda-Kota,false,"Proto-Dravidian *kāl 'leg', *pāl 'milk', *pāmpu 'snake'","Toda கோல் kōl, போஸ் pōs, போப் pōb",Long *ā rounds to ō in the same way; Kota keeps kāl and pāb. Toda kas̱ 'stone' (*kal) and katy 'donkey' (*kaẓutay) keep a.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *nasús 'nose',"Proto-Slavic *nosъ (OCS носъ, Russian нос)",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *damús 'house',"Proto-Slavic *domъ (OCS домъ, Russian дом)",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *garā́ˀ,Proto-Slavic *gora 'mountain' (OCS гора),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *nagā́ˀ,Proto-Slavic *noga 'leg' (OCS нога),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *wálas,Proto-Slavic *volъ 'ox' (OCS волъ),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *rágas,Proto-Slavic *rogъ 'horn' (OCS рогъ),"Short *a acquired rounding and is written *o; Baltic keeps a (Lithuanian nagas, Latvian nags).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *mā́terā-,motër 'sister',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *mālā,mollë 'apple',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *tāga,"tog 'heap, pile'",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *wāgla,vogël 'small',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Swedish,North Germanic,false,Old Norse ár 'year' (Old Swedish ār),år /oːr/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Swedish,North Germanic,false,Old Norse bátr 'boat',båt /ˈboːt/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Swedish,North Germanic,false,Old Norse dáð 'deed' (Old Swedish dāþ),dåd /doːd/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Swedish,North Germanic,false,"Old Norse ráða 'to advise, rule' (Old Swedish rāþa)",råda,"Long ā was rounded and raised to å /oː/ in Swedish, Norwegian and Danish; Icelandic diphthongized it to [au] instead.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Norwegian Nynorsk,North Germanic,false,Old Norse ár 'year',år,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Norwegian Nynorsk,North Germanic,false,Old Norse bátr 'boat',båt /boːt/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_o,a,o,Norwegian Nynorsk,North Germanic,false,"Old Norse ráða 'to advise, rule'",råda,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/o
a_to_open_o,a,ɔ,Old Javanese to Modern Javanese (Central and Eastern),Malayo-Polynesian,false,Old Javanese bhāṣa 'speech',ꦧꦱ basa /bɔ.sɔ/ 'language',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/open_o
a_to_open_o,a,ɔ,Old Javanese to Modern Javanese (Central and Eastern),Malayo-Polynesian,false,Old Javanese Jawa 'Java',"Jawa /dʒɔ.wɔ/ (Standard, Central–Eastern)",Banyumasan keeps /dʒa.waʔ/.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/open_o
a_to_open_o,a,ɔ,Old Javanese to Modern Javanese (Central and Eastern),Malayo-Polynesian,false,Old Javanese apa 'what',"ꦲꦥ apa [ɔpɔ] (Standard, Central, Eastern)",Banyumasan and Tengger keep [apa]. Synchronically [ɔ] is the realization of /a/ in word-final open syllables and in an open penultimate before such an [ɔ] (kaya [kɔjɔ] 'like'); elsewhere /a/ stays [a] (bali [bʰali] 'to go home').,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/open_o
a_to_open_o,a,ɔ,Old English to Middle English,West Germanic,false,Old English hām /hɑːm/ 'home',Middle English hom /hɔ̝ːm/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/open_o
a_to_open_o,a,ɔ,Old English to Middle English,West Germanic,false,Old English bān 'bone',Middle English bon /bɔ̝ːn/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/open_o
a_to_open_o,a,ɔ,Old English to Middle English,West Germanic,false,Old English āc 'oak',Middle English ok /ɔ̝ːk/,"Wiktionary gives early Middle English /hɑːm/, /bɑːn/, /ɑːk/ (the Old English vowel unchanged) and Northern /haːm/, /baːn/, /aːk/, where the rounding did not take place. The new /ɔː/ was later raised to /oː/ in the Great Vowel Shift.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/open_o
a_to_open_o,a,ɔ,Bengali,Eastern Indo-Aryan,false,Old Bengali ঘর (ghara) 'house' (< Prakrit ghara),ঘর /ɡʱɔɾ/,Middle Bengali ghor is the intermediate spelling.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/open_o
a_to_open_o,a,ɔ,Bengali,Eastern Indo-Aryan,false,Magadhi Prakrit 𑀤𑀰 (daśa) 'ten',দশ /d̪ɔʃ/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/open_o
a_to_open_o,a,ɔ,Bengali,Eastern Indo-Aryan,false,Prakrit 𑀚𑀮 (jala) 'water',জল /d͡ʒɔl/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/open_o
a_to_open_o,a,ɔ,Bengali,Eastern Indo-Aryan,false,Prakrit 𑀲𑀩𑁆𑀩 (sabba) 'all',সব /ʃɔb/,The Hindi cognate सब (sab) keeps a.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/open_o
a_to_schwa,a,ə,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Balinese,Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa,false,PMP *siwa 'nine',Balinese siə,"Word-final *a is reduced to [ə] in standard Balinese, while the spelling keeps ⟨a⟩; Bali Aga dialects keep [a].",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/schwa
a_to_schwa,a,ə,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Balinese,Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa,false,basa 'language' (Sanskrit loan),[ˈbasə] (basa Bali [ˈbasə ˈbali]),Modern illustration of the same final-a reduction in a loanword.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/schwa
a_to_schwa,a,ə,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin casa 'hut',casă [ˈka.sə] 'house',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/schwa
a_to_schwa,a,ə,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin capra 'she-goat',capră /ˈka.prə/ 'goat',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/schwa
a_to_schwa,a,ə,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,"Latin gula 'gullet, throat'",gură /ˈɡu.rə/ 'mouth',"Unstressed Latin a became ă /ə/; the change is historical, not an alternation.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/schwa
a_to_schwa,a,ə,Aromanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin casa 'hut',casã 'house' (ã = /ə/),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/schwa
a_to_schwa,a,ə,Aromanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin gula 'gullet',gurã 'mouth',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/schwa
a_to_u,a,u,"Persian (colloquial Iranian, Tehrani)",Southwestern Iranian,false,نان nān [nɒːn] 'bread',نون nun,"Historical ā ([ɒː]) is raised to [u] before /n/ in most words in colloquial speech. The from forms are the standard literary pronunciation, which keeps the conservative ā [ɒː].",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/u
a_to_u,a,u,"Persian (colloquial Iranian, Tehrani)",Southwestern Iranian,false,خانه xāne 'house',خونه xune,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/u
a_to_u,a,u,"Persian (colloquial Iranian, Tehrani)",Southwestern Iranian,false,آن ān 'that',اون un,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/u
a_to_u,a,u,"Persian (colloquial Iranian, Tehrani)",Southwestern Iranian,false,تهران Tehrān,te:run,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/u
a_to_u,a,u,"Persian (colloquial Iranian, Tehrani)",Southwestern Iranian,false,حمام hammām 'bath',hamum,"Before /m/ the raising affects a limited set of words, such as tamām > tamum 'finished' and bādām > bādum 'almond'.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/a/u
ai_to_a,ai,a,Old English,West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *stainaz 'stone',Old English stān,"Compare Gothic stáins, Old Norse steinn, Old Frisian stēn.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/a
ai_to_a,ai,a,Old English,West Germanic,false,"Proto-Germanic *hailaz 'whole, healthy'",Old English hāl,"Compare Old Norse heill, Old Frisian hēl; Modern English whole, hale.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/a
ai_to_a,ai,a,Southern American English,West Germanic,true,ride /raɪd/,"ride with [aː], approaching rod or rad to other speakers",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/a
ai_to_a,ai,a,Southern American English,West Germanic,true,"prize, lime, fly with /aɪ/",[aː],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/a
ai_to_a,ai,a,Brazilian Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,baixo /ˈbaj.ʃu/ 'low',[ˈbaʃu],"/aj/ loses its glide before a postalveolar fricative /ʃ, ʒ/; careful speech keeps [ˈbaɪ̯.ʃu].",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/a
ai_to_a,ai,a,Brazilian Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,caixa /ˈkaj.ʃɐ/ 'box',/ˈka.ʃɐ/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/a
ai_to_a,ai,a,Brazilian Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,"faixa /ˈfaj.ʃɐ/ 'band, strip'",/ˈfa.ʃɐ/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/a
ai_to_a,ai,a,Old Georgian to Georgian,Georgian,false,Old Georgian დედაჲ deday 'mother',Georgian დედა deda 'mother',"Old Georgian ჲ was /j/ after a vowel; it was dropped from pronunciation and from spelling, so word-final -ay became -a. The -y was the nominative ending of vowel stems.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/a
ai_to_a,ai,a,Old Georgian to Georgian,Georgian,false,Old Georgian ძმაჲ ʒmay 'brother',Georgian ძმა ʒma 'brother',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/a
ai_to_a,ai,a,Old Georgian to Georgian,Georgian,false,Old Georgian თმაჲ tmay 'hair',Georgian თმა tma 'hair',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/a
ai_to_a,ai,a,Old Georgian to Georgian,Georgian,false,Old Georgian ტბაჲ ṭbay 'lake',Georgian ტბა ṭba 'lake',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/a
ai_to_a,ai,a,Old Georgian to Georgian,Georgian,false,Old Georgian თიჴაჲ tiqay 'clay',Georgian თიხა tixa 'clay',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/a
ai_to_ash,ai,æ,Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *snáigas 'snow',Proto-Slavic *sněgъ (OCS снѣгъ),,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/ash
ai_to_ash,ai,æ,Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *raikāˀ 'river',Proto-Slavic *rěka (OCS рѣка),,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/ash
ai_to_ash,ai,æ,Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,"Proto-Balto-Slavic *waid-, *waistei 'to know'",Proto-Slavic *věděti (OCS вѣдѣти),,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/ash
ai_to_ash,ai,æ,Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *káilas 'whole',Proto-Slavic *cělъ (OCS цѣлъ),Monophthongization of *ai to yat [æː] fed the second palatalization of a preceding velar (*k > c).,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/ash
ai_to_e,ai,e,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *daywás 'god',देव devá,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hmaygʰás 'cloud',मेघ meghá,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Tokyo (Shitamachi) colloquial Japanese,Japonic,true,itai 'painful',itē [iteː],Coalescence of /ai/ to [eː] in casual Edo/Tokyo speech,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Tokyo (Shitamachi) colloquial Japanese,Japonic,true,nai 'not',nē,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Proto-Ryukyuan to Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*ai 'indigo',Okinawan ē,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Proto-Ryukyuan to Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*sai 'shrimp',Okinawan sē [séː] 'grasshopper',,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Proto-Ryukyuan to Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*aida 'interval',Okinawan ēja,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Proto-Ryukyuan to Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*sekai 'world',Okinawan shikē [ɕikeː],Japanese ai corresponds regularly to Okinawan long /eː/.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *aida(s),ethe 'fever',,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *laiša,"lesh 'wool, fleece'",,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *waigā,"vegë 'handle, hook'",,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Old Saxon,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *stain 'stone',stēn,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Old Saxon,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *hail 'whole',hēl,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Old Saxon,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *haim 'home',hēm,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Old Saxon,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *ain 'one',ēn,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Old Saxon,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *maiʀō 'more',mēro,"Old Saxon monophthongized *ai to ē in all positions; Old High German kept ei except before r, h and w (stein, heil, but mēro).",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Old Dutch,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *stain 'stone',stēn,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Old Dutch,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *hail 'whole',hēl,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Old Dutch,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *haim 'home',hēm,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Old Dutch,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *ain 'one',ēn (Dutch een),,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *maiʀō 'more',mēro,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *sair 'sore',sēr (German sehr),,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *laiʀu 'teaching',lēra,"Conditioned monophthongization before r, h and w; elsewhere *ai became ei.",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Old Frisian,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *stain 'stone',stēn,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Old Frisian,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *hail 'whole',hēl,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e,ai,e,Old Frisian,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *ain 'one',ēn,"Old English has ā in the same words (stān, hāl, ān).",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e
ai_to_e_nas,ai,ẽ,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin pānem > Old French pain [pãi̯n],Modern French pain /pɛ̃/ 'bread',Wikipedia gives the change as /ãĩ/ > /ɛ̃/ for pain.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e_nas
ai_to_e_nas,ai,ẽ,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin manum > Old French main,Modern French main /mɛ̃/ 'hand',"Before a nasal, Latin [aː] became /ai̯/ unless a palatalized consonant preceded it (manum, amat > OF main, aime).",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e_nas
ai_to_e_nas,ai,ẽ,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin famem > Old French faim,Modern French faim /fɛ̃/ 'hunger',,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e_nas
ai_to_e_nas,ai,ẽ,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin sānum > Old French sain,Modern French sain /sɛ̃/ 'healthy',,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/e_nas
ai_to_ei,ai,ei,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Norse stainaʀ (< Proto-Germanic *stainaz) 'stone',Old Norse steinn,Proto-Germanic *ai became ei; Old English stān and Gothic stains show other outcomes.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/ei
ai_to_ei,ai,ei,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,"Proto-Germanic *haimaz 'home, abode'",Old Norse heimr,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/ei
ai_to_ei,ai,ei,Old High German,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *stain 'stone',OHG stein,"Before r, w, h and word-finally *ai monophthongized to ē instead (e.g. OHG rēho 'roe deer').",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/ei
ai_to_ei,ai,ei,Old High German,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *haim 'home',OHG heim,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/ei
ai_to_ei,ai,ei,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,"Latin prīmārius, via Vulgar Latin *-airu",primeiro [pɾiˈmej.ɾu] 'first',"Metathesis of i in -ārius produced [ai], which was raised to ei; Spanish carried the change on to -ero.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/ei
ai_to_ei,ai,ei,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin -ārius / -ārium (Vulgar Latin *-airu),suffix -eiro (also Galician -eiro),,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/ei
ai_to_eps,ai,ɛ,Koine Greek,Hellenic,false,Θηβαῖος 'Theban' with αι [ai̯],Boeotian spelling Θειβῆος (η = /ɛː/),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/eps
ai_to_eps,ai,ɛ,Koine Greek,Hellenic,false,μέμφομαι 'I blame' with αι [ai̯],Boeotian spelling μέμφομη (η = /ɛː/),"Boeotian wrote η for αι already in the early 4th century BC; confusion of αι with ε in Egyptian papyri by about 150 BC shows Koine /ɛ(ː)/, later /e/ (Modern Greek και [ce]).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/eps
ai_to_eps,ai,ɛ,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,"fait 'done, fact' [fajt] (< Latin factum)",Modern French fait [fɛ],"In Early Old French (to about the mid-12th century) ⟨ai⟩ spelled the diphthong /aj/; it then became the monophthong /ɛ/, which the spelling still records (lait, faire, mais).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/eps
ai_to_eps,ai,ɛ,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin placet 'it pleases' > early Old French /plaist/,plaît /plɛ/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/eps
ai_to_i,ai,i,Akkadian,Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *bayt- 'house',bītum,Akkadian regularly contracted *ay to ī.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/i
ai_to_i,ai,i,Akkadian,Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ʕayn- 'eye',īnum,The pharyngeal was also lost; compare Hebrew ʿáyin and Arabic ʕayn.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/i
ai_to_i,ai,i,Moroccan Arabic,Semitic,false,Classical Arabic bayt 'house',bīt [biːt] 'room',Wiktionary lists bīt alongside conservative bayt.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/i
ai_to_i,ai,i,Moroccan Arabic,Semitic,false,Classical Arabic layl 'night',līl,Algerian Arabic also has līl.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/i
ai_to_i,ai,i,Moroccan Arabic,Semitic,false,Classical Arabic ʕayn 'eye',ʕīn,"Levantine has ʕēn, with [eː] instead.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/i
ai_to_i,ai,i,Moroccan Arabic,Semitic,false,Classical Arabic bayḍ 'eggs',bīḍ,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/i
ai_to_i,ai,i,Malay,Malayic,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qatay 'liver',Proto-Malayic *hati > Malay hati,Tagalog atay and Cebuano atay keep the diphthong.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/i
ai_to_i,ai,i,Malay,Malayic,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pajay 'rice plant',Proto-Malayic *padi > Malay padi,Tagalog palay.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/i
ai_to_i,ai,i,Malay,Malayic,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(m-)atay 'die',Proto-Malayic *mati > Malay mati 'dead',"Malay sungai 'river' (< *suŋay) keeps -ai, so the change is not exceptionless.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/i
ai_to_i,ai,i,Old Javanese,Javanese,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qatay 'liver',hati,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/i
ai_to_i,ai,i,Old Javanese,Javanese,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pajay 'rice plant',pari,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/i
ai_to_ie,ai,ie,Lithuanian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *snáigas 'snow',sniegas,"Compare snaigė 'snowflake', which keeps ai.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/ie
ai_to_ie,ai,ie,Lithuanian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *aiˀnas 'one',vienas,The initial v- is a separate East Baltic addition (Latvian viêns).,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/ie
ai_to_oi,ai,oi,English (Broad Australian),West Germanic,false,price /ˈpɹɑ̟ɪ̯s/ (PRICE /ɑe/),/ˈpɹɒ̈ɪ̯s/,"Wiktionary lists the rounded variant beside /ˈpɹɑ̟ɪ̯s/ for Australian and New Zealand English. In broad accents the first element of PRICE is raised and rounded, giving [ɒːe] (Wells 1982: 597; Harrington, Cox & Evans 1997). [ɒ̈ɪ̯] is filed under atlas oi, the nearest diphthong.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/oi
ai_to_oi,ai,oi,English (Broad Australian),West Germanic,false,nice /nɑ̟ɪ̯s/,/nɒ̈ɪ̯s/,"The from forms are the General or Cultivated pronunciation, which keeps the conservative unrounded nucleus.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/oi
ai_to_oi,ai,oi,English (Broad New Zealand),West Germanic,false,"price, Cultivated [ɑ̟ɪ̯] (PRICE /aɪ/)",Broad /ˈpɹɒ̈ɪ̯s/,"The first element of /aɪ/ is retracted and rounded in Broad NZE to [ɒɪ], raised further to [ɔɪ]; it approaches CHOICE /oɪ/ without an actual merger, and the rounded variants are stigmatised. The from forms are the Cultivated pronunciation, which keeps the conservative unrounded nucleus. [ɒ̈ɪ̯] is filed under atlas oi, the nearest diphthong.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/oi
ai_to_oi,ai,oi,English (Broad New Zealand),West Germanic,false,nice /nɑ̟e̝s/,/nɒ̈e̝s/,Broad NZE PRICE and FACE share the offglide [e].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ai/oi
ain_to_empty,ʕ,∅,Akkadian,East Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ʕaḳrab- 'scorpion',aqrabum 'scorpion',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/empty
ain_to_empty,ʕ,∅,Akkadian,East Semitic,false,"Proto-Semitic *ʕakbar- 'jerboa, mouse'",akbarum 'jerboa',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/empty
ain_to_empty,ʕ,∅,Akkadian,East Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ʕayn- 'eye',īnum 'eye',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/empty
ain_to_empty,ʕ,∅,Akkadian,East Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ṯaʕlab- 'fox',šēlebum 'fox',"Akkadian lost the pharyngeal and glottal fricatives; next to the lost consonant a often became e, as here and in bēlum 'lord' < *baʕl-.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/empty
ain_to_empty,ʕ,∅,Modern Hebrew,Northwest Semitic,false,Tiberian עוֹלָם /ʕoˈlɔm/ 'world',Modern Israeli /(ʔ)oˈlam/,"ע has been absorbed by /ʔ/, which is itself optional; word-initially the consonant is usually not pronounced.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/empty
ain_to_empty,ʕ,∅,Modern Hebrew,Northwest Semitic,false,רעם /ˈʁa.ʔam/ 'thunder' (ע as [ʔ]),[ˈʁa.am],"The glottal consonants, including ע, tend to be elided, most often in unstressed syllables and in informal speech also in stressed ones.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/empty
ain_to_empty,ʕ,∅,Maltese,Central Semitic,false,Arabic عَيْن ʕayn 'eye',għajn /aːjn/ ~ /ajn/,The pharyngeal is lost; the archaic variant /aˤːjn/ shows the intermediate pharyngealised long vowel that it left behind.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/empty
ain_to_empty,ʕ,∅,Maltese,Central Semitic,false,Arabic عَشَرَة ʕašara 'ten',għaxra /ˈaːʃ.ra/,Archaic /ˈaˤːʃ.ra/; modern Maltese keeps only the length of the vowel.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/empty
ain_to_empty,ʕ,∅,Assyrian Neo-Aramaic,Northwest Semitic,false,ܐܪܒܥܐ Standard [ʔarbəʕaː] 'four',Nineveh Plains [ʔarba],"ʿAyin is deleted, or realised as a vowel, glide or gemination, in most Suret dialects; it is kept mainly in formal or religious speech.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/empty
ain_to_empty,ʕ,∅,Assyrian Neo-Aramaic,Northwest Semitic,false,"Aramaic אַרְעָא ʾarʿā 'earth, land'",ܐܪܥܐ Nineveh Plains [ʔara] ~ [ʔarʔa],Standard keeps [ʔarʕaː].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/empty
ain_to_empty,ʕ,∅,Assyrian Neo-Aramaic,Northwest Semitic,false,Aramaic בֵּיעֲתָא bēʿăṯā 'egg',ܒܝܥܬܐ Nineveh Plains [beːtɑː],Standard keeps [be̝ʕə.θɑ].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/empty
ain_to_empty,ʕ,∅,Amharic,Ethiopian Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *šabʕ- 'seven',ሰባት säbat 'seven',"Ge'ez keeps the consonant in ሰብዐቱ, Tigrinya in ሸውዓተ.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/empty
ain_to_empty,ʕ,∅,Amharic,Ethiopian Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *šamaʕ- 'to hear',ሰማ säma 'to hear',Ge'ez ሰምዐ sämʿä.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/empty
ain_to_empty,ʕ,∅,Amharic,Ethiopian Semitic,false,"Proto-Semitic *ʕalay- 'on, above'","ላይ lay 'top, on'","Ge'ez ላዕለ, Tigrinya ላዕሊ.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/empty
ain_to_glottal_stop,ʕ,ʔ,Modern Hebrew,Northwest Semitic,false,Tiberian Hebrew עַיִן /ˈʕa.jin/ 'eye',"Modern Israeli /ˈajin/, with ע realized as [ʔ] or zero","In Standard Israeli Hebrew /ʕ/ for ע has been absorbed by /ʔ/, the sound traditionally used only for א; the distinction survives in the speech of older Sephardim and Mizrahim.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/glottal_stop
ain_to_glottal_stop,ʕ,ʔ,Modern Hebrew,Northwest Semitic,false,Tiberian Hebrew עִבְרִית /ʕivˈriːθ/ 'Hebrew language',Modern Israeli /(ʔ)ivˈʁit/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/glottal_stop
ain_to_glottal_stop,ʕ,ʔ,Modern Hebrew,Northwest Semitic,false,Tiberian Hebrew עוֹלָם /ʕoˈlɔm/ 'world',Modern Israeli /(ʔ)oˈlam/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/glottal_stop
ain_to_glottal_stop,ʕ,ʔ,Amharic,Ethio-Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ʕayn- 'eye',ዓይን /ˈ(ʔ)ajn/ 'eye',"Pre-17th-century Amharic still distinguished /ʔ/ and /ʕ/; phonological change merged them, so the ʿayin (ዐ) and ʾalef (አ) series of the script both represent [ʔ].",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/glottal_stop
ain_to_glottal_stop,ʕ,ʔ,Amharic,Ethio-Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ʕaśar- 'ten',ዐሥር /ˈ(ʔ)asːɨɾ/ 'ten',"Written with the ʿayin letter ዐ but pronounced with the glottal stop, which is optional word-initially.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/glottal_stop
ain_to_glottal_stop,ʕ,ʔ,Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (Urmia),Northwest Semitic,false,"ܥܲܡܵܐ Standard [ʕam.mɑː] 'people, nation'",Urmia [ʔam.mɑː],Urmia replaces ʿayin with the glottal stop.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/glottal_stop
ain_to_glottal_stop,ʕ,ʔ,Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (Urmia),Northwest Semitic,false,ܥܝܢܐ Standard [ʕaj.nɑː] 'eye',Urmia [ʔaj.nɑː],"Nineveh Plains has [ʔeːnɑː], with the same glottal onset.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/glottal_stop
ain_to_glottal_stop,ʕ,ʔ,Persian,Southwestern Iranian,false,Arabic مَعْنًى maʕnā 'meaning',Persian معنا /maʔˈnaː/,"Loanword adaptation: Persian has no pharyngeals, so ع is pronounced [ʔ], merging with ء.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/glottal_stop
ain_to_glottal_stop,ʕ,ʔ,Persian,Southwestern Iranian,false,Arabic شِعْر šiʕr 'poetry',Persian شعر [ʃeʔɹ] (še'r),Medial ʿayin is realised as a glottal stop.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/glottal_stop
ain_to_uvular_fricative,ʕ,ʁ,Kazakh,Kipchak,false,Arabic عِلْم ʿilm 'knowledge' [ʕ],ғылым [ʁəˈləm] 'science',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/uvular_fricative
ain_to_uvular_fricative,ʕ,ʁ,Kazakh,Kipchak,false,Arabic عَرْش ʿarš 'throne' [ʕ],ғарыш [ʁɑˈrəʃ] 'outer space',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/uvular_fricative
ain_to_uvular_fricative,ʕ,ʁ,Bashkir,Kipchak,false,Arabic عَالِم ʿālim 'scholar' [ʕ],ғалим [ʁɑˈlʲim] 'scientist',Also [ɢɑˈlʲim].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/uvular_fricative
ain_to_uvular_fricative,ʕ,ʁ,Bashkir,Kipchak,false,Arabic عُمْر ʿumr 'life' [ʕ],"ғүмер [ʁɵˈmɪɾ] 'life, lifespan'",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/uvular_fricative
ain_to_uvular_fricative,ʕ,ʁ,Bashkir,Kipchak,false,Arabic عَرَب ʿarab [ʕ],ғәрәп [ʁæˈræp] 'Arab',Also [ɢæˈræp].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ain/uvular_fricative
ash_to_a,æ,a,Proto-Samic (from Proto-Uralic),Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *äjmä 'needle',"Proto-Samic *ājmē > Northern Sami áibmi, Lule Sami ájmme","Reconstructed stage. Pre-Samic *ä was lengthened to *ǟ; where it was not raised before a second-syllable *ë, it was backed to *ā. Finnish äimä.",3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/a
ash_to_a,æ,a,Proto-Samic (from Proto-Uralic),Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *säppä 'gall',Proto-Samic *sāppē > Northern Sami sáhppi,Reconstructed stage; Finnish sappi.,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/a
ash_to_a,æ,a,Proto-Samic (from Proto-Uralic),Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *śälä- 'to slit',Proto-Samic *čālē- > Northern Sami čállit 'to write',Reconstructed stage.,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/a
ash_to_a,æ,a,Proto-Samic (from Proto-Uralic),Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *śänä 'polypore',Proto-Samic *čānā > Northern Sami čátná,Reconstructed stage.,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/a
ash_to_a,æ,a,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *dědъ 'grandfather',dziad,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/a
ash_to_a,æ,a,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *věra 'faith',wiara,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/a
ash_to_a,æ,a,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *sěno 'hay',siano,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/a
ash_to_a,æ,a,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *vědro 'bucket',wiadro,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/a
ash_to_a,æ,a,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *mělъ,miał,"Lechitic ablaut: yat became 'a before a hard dental; elsewhere it gave e (śnieg, bies).",3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/a
ash_to_a,æ,a,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *bělъ 'white',бял /bʲal/ (plural бели),,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/a
ash_to_a,æ,a,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *sněgъ 'snow',сняг,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/a
ash_to_a,æ,a,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *věra 'faith',вя́ра,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/a
ash_to_a,æ,a,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *dědъ 'grandfather',дя́до,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/a
ash_to_a,æ,a,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *xlěbъ 'bread',хляб,Eastern Bulgarian yakavism: stressed yat gives 'a before a hard syllable and e before a soft one (бели).,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/a
ash_to_e,æ,e,Persian,Iranian,false,Classical Persian xāna /xaː.ˈna/ 'house' (final vowel fronted to [æ]),Iranian Persian xâne /xɒː.ˈne/,"Word-final /æ/ of Early New Persian mostly shifted to /e/ in contemporary Iranian Persian; Dari and Tajik keep final -a (xāna, xona).",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/e
ash_to_e,æ,e,Persian,Iranian,false,Classical Persian nāma /naː.ˈma/ 'letter',Iranian Persian nâme [nɒː.mé],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/e
ash_to_e,æ,e,Russian,East Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *dědъ 'grandfather', Old East Slavic дѣдъ",дед,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/e
ash_to_e,æ,e,Russian,East Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *sněgъ 'snow', Old East Slavic снѣгъ",снег,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/e
ash_to_e,æ,e,Russian,East Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *věra 'faith', Old East Slavic вѣра",ве́ра,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/e
ash_to_e,æ,e,Russian,East Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *bělъ 'white', Old East Slavic бѣлъ",бел /bʲel/ (short form of белый),Yat merged with e.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/e
ash_to_e,æ,e,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *sněgъ 'snow',снег,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/e
ash_to_e,æ,e,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *běsъ 'demon',бес,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/e
ash_to_e,æ,e,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *věra 'faith',ве́ра,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/e
ash_to_e,æ,e,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *sěno 'hay',се́на,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/e
ash_to_e,æ,e,Slovak (short yat),West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *sněgъ 'snow',sneh,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/e
ash_to_e,æ,e,Slovak (short yat),West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *běsъ 'demon',bes,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/e
ash_to_e,æ,e,Slovak (short yat),West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *dědъ 'grandfather',dedo,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/e
ash_to_e,æ,e,Slovak (short yat),West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *tělo 'body',telo,"Long yat gave the diphthong ie instead (biely, viera).",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/e
ash_to_e,æ,e,Chakavian (Ekavian),South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *věra 'faith',Orbanići vȅra,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/e
ash_to_e,æ,e,Chakavian (Ekavian),South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *dělo 'deed',"Novi, Orbanići dȅlo",North Chakavian is directly Ekavian; Ekavian Štokavian of Serbia is a secondary development from the diphthong /ie̯/.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/e
ash_to_e_nas,æ,ẽ,English (North American nasal system),West Germanic,true,"man, camp, pan, ram with [æ]",[ẽə] ~ [ɛ̃ə],"In the nasal system (southern Midwest, northern New Jersey, Florida, parts of Canada, eastern New England), /æ/ is raised and diphthongized most strongly before /m/ and /n/; the raised vowel is also nasalized by the following nasal, while 'mat' and 'cap' keep low [æ].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/e_nas
ash_to_e_nas,æ,ẽ,English (Australian),West Germanic,true,ban with nasalized /æ/,"[ẽː], overlapping Ben [ẽ]",Among young Sydney women an allophonic split has nasalized /æ/ raised to the /e/ area while oral /æ/ is low; the ban–Ben contrast is kept by length.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/e_nas
ash_to_e_nas,æ,ẽ,English (Australian),West Germanic,true,pre-nasal /æ/ (CVn words),raised to the /e/ position,"In Northern Queensland pre-nasal /e/ and /æ/ are fully neutralized in F1/F2, with /æ/ only longer.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/e_nas
ash_to_ei,æ,ei,"North American English (Upper Midwest, Central Canada)",Anglic,true,haggle /ˈhæɡəl/,"[ˈheɪɡəl], homophonous with Hegel","Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006, p. 181) report a merger of /æ/ with /eɪ/ before /ɡ/ in Wisconsin, Minnesota and Central Canada.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/ei
ash_to_ei,æ,ei,"North American English (Upper Midwest, Central Canada)",Anglic,true,"bag /bæɡ/, rag /ræɡ/","[beɪɡ], [reɪɡ]","Pre-velar raising with an up-glide; ultrasound data show the tongue body raised and fronted in /æɡ/ for speakers in Canada and the North-Central and Northwestern US, though not always reaching full /eɪ/.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/ei
ash_to_ei,æ,ei,"North American English (Upper Midwest, Central Canada)",Anglic,true,"hang /hæŋ/, language /ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ/, thank /θæŋk/","[heɪŋ], [ˈleɪŋɡwɪdʒ], [θeɪŋk]",The same pre-velar raising applies before /ŋ/ in much of Canada and the North-Central and Northwestern United States.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/ei
ash_to_empty,æ,∅,Estonian,Finnic,false,Proto-Finnic *meccä 'forest',mets,Final *ä lost; Finnish metsä and Ingrian metsä keep it.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/empty
ash_to_empty,æ,∅,Estonian,Finnic,false,"Proto-Finnic *päivä 'day, sun'",päev,Final *ä lost (with *i > e in the diphthong); Finnish päivä keeps it.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/empty
ash_to_empty,æ,∅,Estonian,Finnic,false,Proto-Finnic *silmä 'eye',silm,Final *ä lost; Finnish silmä keeps it.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/empty
ash_to_empty,æ,∅,Veps,Finnic,false,Proto-Finnic *meccä 'forest',mec,Apocope of final *ä.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/empty
ash_to_empty,æ,∅,Veps,Finnic,false,"Proto-Finnic *päivä 'day, sun'",päiv,Apocope of final *ä.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/empty
ash_to_empty,æ,∅,Ludian,Finnic,false,Proto-Finnic *meccä 'forest',mečč,Apocope of final *ä.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/empty
ash_to_empty,æ,∅,Ludian,Finnic,false,Proto-Finnic *silmä 'eye',silʹm,Apocope of final *ä; Finnish silmä keeps it.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/empty
ash_to_empty,æ,∅,Võro,Finnic,false,"Proto-Finnic *päivä 'day, sun'",päiv,Apocope of final *ä.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/empty
ash_to_empty,æ,∅,Võro,Finnic,false,Proto-Finnic *silmä 'eye',silm,Apocope of final *ä.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/empty
ash_to_eps,æ,ɛ,New Zealand English,West Germanic,false,"bad (TRAP, earlier [æ])",/bɛd/,"In the short front vowel chain shift TRAP rose from near-open [æ] to open-mid [ɛ], while DRESS rose toward [e̝] and KIT centralized to [ə]; Cultivated NZE retains [æ].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/eps
ash_to_eps,æ,ɛ,New Zealand English,West Germanic,false,"trap (TRAP, earlier [æ])",[t̠ɹ̠̊˔ɛp],Wiktionary gives [t̠ɹ̠̊˔æp] for General American and Australian English.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/eps
ash_to_eps,æ,ɛ,New Zealand English,West Germanic,false,"cat (TRAP, earlier [æ])",/ˈkɛt/ [ˈkʰɛt],"The from forms give the conservative [æ] pronunciation, still kept in Cultivated NZE.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/eps
ash_to_eps,æ,ɛ,South African English,West Germanic,false,"rabbit (TRAP, earlier [æ])",/ˈrɛbɨt/,"TRAP ranges from [æ] to [ɛ] in General and Cultivated South African English; with KIT [ɨ], rabbit rhymes with abbot.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/eps
ash_to_eps,æ,ɛ,South African English,West Germanic,false,"abbot (TRAP, earlier [æ])",/ˈɛbɨt/,The from forms give the conservative [æ] pronunciation of TRAP.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/eps
ash_to_eps,æ,ɛ,German,West Germanic,false,"Middle High German mähtec, secondary-umlaut ä [æ] (Old High German mahtīg)",mächtig /ˈmɛçtɪç/ 'mighty',The Middle High German near-open ä [æ] produced by secondary umlaut was raised to [ɛ]; Standard German ⟨ä⟩ is pronounced /ɛ/ (formerly /æ/).,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/eps
ash_to_eps,æ,ɛ,German,West Germanic,false,"Middle High German wähter, wähtære, secondary-umlaut ä [æ] (Old High German wahtāri)","Wächter /ˈvɛçtɐ/ 'guard, watchman'","Middle High German also had unumlauted wahter, wahtære.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/eps
ash_to_i,æ,i,"Chakavian (Ikavian, Vrgada)",South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *věra 'faith',vȉra,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/i
ash_to_i,æ,i,"Chakavian (Ikavian, Vrgada)",South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *dělo 'deed',dȉlo,"South Chakavian is directly Ikavian, a development completed by the 13th century; Štokavian Ikavian is secondary, from the diphthong /ie̯/.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/i
ash_to_ie,æ,ie,Proto-Samic (from Proto-Uralic),Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *käte 'hand',"Proto-Samic *kietë > Northern Sami giehta, South Sami gïete",Conditioned by second-syllable *ë; Finnish käsi keeps ä. Wikipedia reconstructs internal steps *ǟ > *ē > *ie with no attested intermediate.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/ie
ash_to_ie,æ,ie,Proto-Samic (from Proto-Uralic),Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *käle 'tongue',"Proto-Samic *kielë > Northern Sami giella, South Sami gïele",Finnish kieli.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/ie
ash_to_ie,æ,ie,Proto-Samic (from Proto-Uralic),Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *läme 'broth',"Proto-Samic *liemë > Northern Sami liepma, South Sami lïeme",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/ie
ash_to_ie,æ,ie,Proto-Samic (from Proto-Uralic),Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *mälke 'breast',"Proto-Samic *mielkë > Northern Sami mielga, South Sami mïelke",Before second-syllable *ä the same vowel gives *ā instead (*äjmä > *ājmē).,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/ie
ash_to_ie,æ,ie,Slovak,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *bělъ 'white',biely,"Old Czech bielý, modern Czech bílý; Russian белый.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/ie
ash_to_ie,æ,ie,Slovak,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *věra 'faith',viera,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/ie
ash_to_ie,æ,ie,Slovak,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *dětę 'child',dieťa,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/ie
ash_to_ie,æ,ie,Slovak,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *rěka 'river',rieka,Inherited through Old Slovak rieka.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/ie
ash_to_schwa,æ,ə,English,West Germanic,true,atom /ˈætəm/ 'atom',atomic /əˈtɒmɪk/,"When stress shifts to the second syllable, the first-syllable [æ] reduces to [ə].",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/schwa
ash_to_schwa,æ,ə,English,West Germanic,true,man /mæn/ 'man',postman /ˈpəʊstmən/,The unstressed second element of the compound reduces [æ] to [ə].,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/schwa
ash_to_schwa,æ,ə,English,West Germanic,true,can /kæn/ (strong form),/kən/ (weak form),"Unstressed function words such as can, at, and, than reduce /æ/ to [ə] in connected speech.",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/schwa
ash_to_schwa,æ,ə,English,West Germanic,true,have /hæv/ (strong form),/həv/ (weak form),The auxiliary takes the reduced form when unstressed before a verb.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ash/schwa
au_to_a,au,a,Greenlandic (from Proto-Inuit),Eskimo-Aleut,false,*atauciq 'one',ataaseq,cf. Inuktitut atausiq; East Greenlandic (Tunumiisut) alaasiq also has aa,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/a
au_to_a,au,a,Greenlandic (from Proto-Inuit),Eskimo-Aleut,false,*uqauciq 'speech',oqaaseq,cf. Inuktitut uqausiq; East Greenlandic oraasiq,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/a
au_to_a,au,a,Greenlandic (from Proto-Inuit),Eskimo-Aleut,false,*nauja- 'gull',naaja,cf. Inuktitut naujak,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/a
au_to_a,au,a,Latin (Late/Vulgar),Italic,false,augustus 'of August',"agustus (nonstandard, attested from the mid–late 1st century CE)","Dissimilation of /au̯/ before a following /u/; continued in Italian and Spanish agosto, Romanian agust.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/a
au_to_a,au,a,Latin (Late/Vulgar),Italic,false,auscultō 'listen',ascultō (attested 2nd century CE),Same dissimilation before the /u/ of the next syllable; continued in Italian ascoltare.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/a
au_to_a,au,a,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *dauša,dash 'ram',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/a
au_to_a,au,a,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *lauga,lag 'to wet',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/a
au_to_a,au,a,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *laukā,"lakë 'valley, defile'",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/a
au_to_a,au,a,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *trauša,trash 'to thicken',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/a
au_to_a,au,a,Old Frisian,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *daud 'dead',dād,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/a
au_to_a,au,a,Old Frisian,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *dauþu 'death',dāth,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/a
au_to_a,au,a,Old Frisian,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *raud 'red',rād,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/a
au_to_a,au,a,Old Frisian,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *augā 'eye',āge,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/a
au_to_a,au,a,Old Frisian,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *hauh 'high',hāch,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/a
au_to_a,au,a,Old Frisian,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *aukan 'to increase',āka,"Old Frisian monophthongized *au to ā, where Old English has ēa (dēad, ēage) and Old Saxon ō (dōd, ōga).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/a
au_to_ei,au,ei,Faroese,North Germanic,false,Old Norse draumr 'dream',dreymur [ˈtrɛiːmʊɹ],"Old Norse au corresponds regularly to Faroese ey, pronounced [ɛi].",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/ei
au_to_ei,au,ei,Faroese,North Germanic,false,"Old Norse lauss 'loose, free'",leysur [ˈlɛiːsʊɹ],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/ei
au_to_ei,au,ei,Faroese,North Germanic,false,Old Norse auga 'eye',eyga [ˈɛiːja],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/ei
au_to_f,au,f,Modern Greek,Hellenic,false,"Ancient Greek αὐτός [autós] 'self, he'","αυτός /aˈftos/ 'he, this'",The offglide becomes voiceless [f] before voiceless /t/.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/f
au_to_f,au,f,Modern Greek,Hellenic,false,Ancient Greek ναύτης [nǎu̯tɛːs] 'sailor',ναύτης /ˈnaf.tis/,Wiktionary traces the stages /ˈnaʍ.te̝s/ (1st c. CE) > /ˈnaɸ.tis/ (4th c.) > /ˈnaf.tis/ (10th c.).,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/f
au_to_f,au,f,Modern Greek,Hellenic,false,Ancient Greek καυστός [kaustós] 'burnt',"καυτός /kafˈtos/ 'hot, burning'",Before voiceless /t/ (after loss of /s/).,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/f
au_to_o,au,o,French,Romance,false,Latin aurum 'gold',Old French or,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/o
au_to_o,au,o,French,Romance,false,"Latin causa 'thing, cause'",Old French chose,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/o
au_to_o,au,o,Sanskrit to Prakrit / Hindi,Indo-Aryan,false,"gaura 'white, fair'",Shauraseni gora > Hindi gorā,Middle Indo-Aryan monophthongization of au to o (and ai to e),5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/o
au_to_o,au,o,Sanskrit to Prakrit / Hindi,Indo-Aryan,false,mauktika 'pearl',Prakrit 𑀫𑁄𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀺𑀅 mottia,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/o
au_to_o,au,o,Sanskrit to Prakrit / Hindi,Indo-Aryan,false,yauvana 'youth',"Maharashtri Prakrit 𑀚𑁄𑀅𑀡 joaṇa, Sauraseni 𑀚𑁄𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀡 jovvaṇa",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/o
au_to_o,au,o,Middle Japanese to Modern Japanese,Japonic,false,arigatau,arigatō,au > open [ɔː] (Late Middle Japanese) > [oː]; the open/close long-o distinction merged in the Edo period,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/o
au_to_o,au,o,Middle Japanese to Modern Japanese,Japonic,false,hayau 'early',hayō,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/o
au_to_o,au,o,Old Saxon,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *daud 'dead',dōd,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/o
au_to_o,au,o,Old Saxon,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *raud 'red',rōd,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/o
au_to_o,au,o,Old Saxon,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *augā 'eye',ōga,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/o
au_to_o,au,o,Old Saxon,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *hauh 'high',hōh,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/o
au_to_o,au,o,Old Saxon,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *hlaupan 'to run',hlōpan,Old Saxon monophthongized *au to ō in all positions.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/o
au_to_o,au,o,Old Dutch,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *daud 'dead',dōt,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/o
au_to_o,au,o,Old Dutch,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *raud 'red',rōt,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/o
au_to_o,au,o,Old Dutch,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *augā 'eye',ōga,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/o
au_to_o,au,o,Old Dutch,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *hlaupan 'to run',lōpan,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/o
au_to_o,au,o,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *hauh 'high',hōh,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/o
au_to_o,au,o,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *raud 'red',rōt,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/o
au_to_o,au,o,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *daud 'dead',tōt,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/o
au_to_o,au,o,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *dauþu 'death',tōd,"Conditioned monophthongization before h and dental consonants; elsewhere *au became ou (ouga, hloufan).",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/o
au_to_open_o,au,ɔ,Latin to Italian,Italo-Dalmatian,false,Latin aurum 'gold',oro /ˈɔ.ro/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/open_o
au_to_open_o,au,ɔ,Latin to Italian,Italo-Dalmatian,false,"Latin causa 'cause, thing'","cosa /ˈkɔ.za/, traditional /ˈkɔ.sa/ 'thing'",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/open_o
au_to_open_o,au,ɔ,Latin to Italian,Italo-Dalmatian,false,"Latin paucus 'few, little'",poco /ˈpɔ.ko/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/open_o
au_to_open_o,au,ɔ,Latin to Italian,Italo-Dalmatian,false,Latin taurus 'bull',toro /ˈtɔ.ro/,The learned doublet tauro keeps the diphthong.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/open_o
au_to_open_o,au,ɔ,Middle English to Modern English,West Germanic,false,Middle English lawe /ˈlau̯(ə)/ 'law',law /lɔː/ (Received Pronunciation),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/open_o
au_to_open_o,au,ɔ,Middle English to Modern English,West Germanic,false,Middle English clawe /ˈklau̯(ə)/ 'claw',claw /klɔː/ (Received Pronunciation),"General American has /ɔ/, or /ɑ/ with the cot–caught merger; Standard Southern British now has /oː/.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/open_o
au_to_ou,au,ou,Galician-Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin aurum 'gold',ouro,"Old Galician-Portuguese ouro; northern European Portuguese keeps [ˈowɾu], southern European Portuguese has gone on to monophthongal [o], and elsewhere the glide is optional.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/ou
au_to_ou,au,ou,Galician-Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,"Latin paucus 'few, little'",pouco,"Compare Spanish poco, where au went straight to o.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/ou
au_to_ou,au,ou,Galician-Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin taurus 'bull',touro (also toiro),The variant toiro shows the later ou ~ oi alternation.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/ou
au_to_ou,au,ou,Old High German,West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *augô 'eye',ouga,"Compare Gothic augō and Old Norse auga, which keep au.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/ou
au_to_ou,au,ou,Old High German,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *baum 'tree',boum,"Except before r, h and dentals, au stayed a diphthong and was raised to ou (here before a labial).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/ou
au_to_ou,au,ou,Old High German,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *haubud 'head',houbit,"Contrast *dauþu > tōd 'death', where au before a dental monophthongized to ō instead.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/ou
au_to_ou,au,ou,Persian (Iranian),Iranian,false,Classical Persian نو naw /ˈnaw/ 'new',Iranian Persian [now],Dari [näw] and Tajik нав [näw] keep the older diphthong. [ow] = atlas ou.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/ou
au_to_ou,au,ou,Persian (Iranian),Iranian,false,Classical Persian روشن rawšan /raw.ˈʃan/ 'bright',Iranian Persian rowšan [row.ʃǽn],Tajik ravšan [ɾäw.ʃán] keeps [aw].,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/ou
au_to_u,au,u,Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *taurás 'aurochs',*turъ (Old Church Slavonic туръ),"Lithuanian taũras, Old Prussian tauris keep the diphthong.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/u
au_to_u,au,u,Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *auš- 'ear',*uxo (Old Church Slavonic оухо),"Lithuanian ausìs, Latvian auss; the s > x is the separate ruki rule.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/u
au_to_u,au,u,Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *saušás 'dry',*suxъ,Same *au > *u monophthongization.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/u
au_to_u,au,u,Akkadian,East Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *yawm- 'day',ūmum,"The diphthong *aw contracted to long ū; compare Arabic yawm, which keeps it.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/u
au_to_u,au,u,Akkadian,East Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ṯawr- 'bull',šūrum,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/u
au_to_v,au,v,Modern Greek,Hellenic,false,"Ancient Greek αὐλός [aulós] 'pipe, flute'",αυλός [avˈlos],Before the voiced consonant /l/ the fricative is voiced.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/v
au_to_v,au,v,Modern Greek,Hellenic,false,Ancient Greek αὔριον 'tomorrow',αύριο /ˈa.vɾi.o/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/v
au_to_v,au,v,Armenian,Armenian,false,"Old Armenian հաւ (haw) 'bird, hen'",հավ [hɑv] 'hen',Word-final աւ gives [ɑv] in both Eastern and Western Armenian; before consonants աւ instead became [o] (Old Armenian աւր 'day' > օր [or]).,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/v
au_to_v,au,v,Armenian,Armenian,false,Old Armenian աղաւնի (aławni) 'pigeon',աղավնի (ałavni),,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/v
au_to_v,au,v,Modern Hebrew,Semitic,false,Biblical Hebrew סְתָו (sətāw) 'winter',סתיו [sˈtav] 'autumn',Word-final -āw became [av] when historical /w/ merged with fricative [β] into /v/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/v
au_to_v,au,v,Modern Hebrew,Semitic,false,Mishnaic Hebrew עַכְשָׁו ('akšāw) 'now',עכשיו [aχˈʃav],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/au/v
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,"*bʱa-bʱūva (reduplicated perfect of bʱū- 'be, become')",babhūva,Grassmann's law: the reduplication syllable loses its aspiration before the following bʱ.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,"*bʱu-bʱutsā- (desiderative of budh- 'wake, know')",बुभुत्सा bubhutsā- 'desire to know',Same dissimilation in desiderative reduplication.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Old Church Slavonic,Slavic,false,PIE *bʰréh₂tēr 'brother',"братръ (bratrŭ), братъ (bratŭ)",Via Proto-Balto-Slavic *brā́ˀtē and Proto-Slavic *bràtrъ; *bʰ merged with *b throughout Balto-Slavic.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Old Church Slavonic,Slavic,false,"PIE *bʰuH- 'to be, become'",бꙑти (byti) 'to be',Via Proto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei and Proto-Slavic *byti.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*bʰéreti 'carries',*bereti,Old Irish beirid.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*bʰréh₂tēr 'brother',*brātīr,"Old Irish bráthair, Proto-Brythonic *brọdr.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*bʰeh₂nós 'shining',*bānos 'white',Old Irish bán.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*bʰébʰrus 'beaver',*bebrus,"Both aspirates became plain *b; Old Breton beuer, Welsh befer.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Old Persian,Iranian,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰráHtā 'brother',𐎲𐎼𐎠𐎫𐎠 brātā,"Via Proto-Iranian *bráHtā; contrast Sanskrit bhrā́tṛ, which keeps the aspirate.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Old Persian,Iranian,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰúHmiš 'earth',𐏏 būmiš 'earth',Avestan 𐬠𐬏𐬨𐬌 būmi shows the same deaspiration.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *bʰéreti 'carries',բերեմ (berem) 'I carry',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *bʰréh₂tēr 'brother',եղբայր (ełbayr) 'brother',From earlier *երբայր with a prothetic vowel.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *bʰerno- 'burden',բեռն (beṙn) 'burden',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *bʰosós 'bare',բոկ (bok) 'barefooted',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Sinhala,Insular Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit भक्त bhakta 'boiled rice',බත /ba.ta/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Sinhala,Insular Indo-Aryan,false,"Sanskrit भार bhāra 'burden, weight'",බර /ba.ra/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Dhivehi,Insular Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit भक्त bhakta 'boiled rice',ބަތް /bat̪/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Dhivehi,Insular Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit भूमि bhū́mi 'earth',ބިން /bin̪/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Dhivehi,Insular Indo-Aryan,false,"Sanskrit भार bhāra 'burden, weight'",ބަރު /ba.ɾu/ 'heavy',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *bʰéreti 'carries',*beraną /ˈbe.rɑ.nɑ̃/ 'to bear',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *bʰréh₂tēr 'brother',*brōþēr /ˈbrɔː.θɛːr/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *bʰewgʰ- 'to bend',*beuganą /ˈbeu̯.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,"PIE *bʰéwdʰeti 'is awake, offers'",*beudaną /ˈbeu̯.ðɑ.nɑ̃/ 'to offer',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_b,bʱ,b,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *bʰeh₂g- 'beech',"*bōks /bɔːks/ 'beech, book'","PIE *bʰ gave Proto-Germanic *b, a stop [b] word-initially and after nasals but the fricative [β] between vowels (*gebaną /ˈɣe.βɑ.nɑ̃/).",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/b
b_aspirated_to_beta,bʱ,β,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,"PIE *gʰebʰ- 'to give, take'",*gebaną /ˈɣe.βɑ.nɑ̃/ 'to give',,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/beta
b_aspirated_to_beta,bʱ,β,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,"PIE *gʰrebʰ- 'to dig, scratch'",*grabaną /ˈɣrɑ.βɑ.nɑ̃/ 'to dig',,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/beta
b_aspirated_to_beta,bʱ,β,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *nébʰos 'cloud',"*nebulaz /ˈne.βu.lɑz/ 'mist, fog'","Old English nifol, Old High German nëbul.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/beta
b_aspirated_to_f,bʱ,f,Latin,Italic,false,Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti 'carries',"ferō 'I carry, bear'",,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/f
b_aspirated_to_f,bʱ,f,Latin,Italic,false,Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr 'brother',frāter 'brother',Via Proto-Italic *frātēr.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/f
b_aspirated_to_f,bʱ,f,Umbrian,Italic,false,Proto-Indo-European *albʰós 'white',alfu 'white',"Osco-Umbrian has f also word-internally, where Latin has b (albus).",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/f
b_aspirated_to_f,bʱ,f,Umbrian,Italic,false,Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- 'to carry',fertu 'let him carry' (3sg imperative),,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/f
b_aspirated_to_h_voiced,bʱ,ɦ,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,"Sanskrit नभस् nábhas 'mist, sky'",Prakrit ṇaha,Intervocalic bh > h is a regular Māhārāṣṭrī rule.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/h_voiced
b_aspirated_to_h_voiced,bʱ,ɦ,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,"Sanskrit शोभा śobhā 'splendour, beauty'",Prakrit 𑀲𑁄𑀳𑀸 sohā,Continued in Hindi सोह soh.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/h_voiced
b_aspirated_to_h_voiced,bʱ,ɦ,Hindi,Indo-Aryan,false,"Sanskrit भवति bhávati 'is, becomes'",होना honā [ɦoːnɑː] 'to be',"Via Ashokan Prakrit bhavati/hoti, Prakrit hoi and Old Hindi hoi.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/h_voiced
b_aspirated_to_h_voiced,bʱ,ɦ,Hindi,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit गभीर gabhīrá 'deep',गहरा gahrā 'deep',"Via Sauraseni Prakrit gahīra, where intervocalic bh had already become h.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/h_voiced
b_aspirated_to_p_aspirated,bʱ,pʰ,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti 'carries',φέρω [pʰé.rɔː] 'I carry',"Via Proto-Hellenic *pʰérō; the PIE voiced aspirates *bʰ, *dʰ, *gʰ became the voiceless aspirates φ, θ, χ.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/p_aspirated
b_aspirated_to_p_aspirated,bʱ,pʰ,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr 'brother',"φράτηρ [pʰrǎː.tɛːr] 'clansman, member of a phratry'",Same correspondence; the aspirate later became the fricative [f] in post-classical Greek.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/p_aspirated
b_aspirated_to_p_aspirated,bʱ,pʰ,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵós 'beech',φηγός [pʰɛːɡós] 'oak',Via Proto-Hellenic *pʰāgós; cognate with Latin fāgus and English beech.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/p_aspirated
b_aspirated_to_p_aspirated,bʱ,pʰ,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,Proto-Indo-European *nebʰ-el-h₂ 'cloud',νεφέλη [nepʰélɛː] 'cloud',Word-internal *bʰ shows the same outcome; cognate with Latin nebula.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/p_aspirated
b_aspirated_to_p_aspirated,bʱ,pʰ,Romani,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit भ्रातृ bhrā́tṛ 'brother',phral [pʰral] 'brother',"Devoicing of the voiced aspirates bh, dh, gh to ph, th, kh is one of the developments that set Romani apart from the other Indo-Aryan languages.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/p_aspirated
b_aspirated_to_p_aspirated,bʱ,pʰ,Romani,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit भगिनी bhaginī 'sister',phen [pʰen] 'sister',Same development; some modern dialects are now losing aspiration (ph > p).,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/p_aspirated
b_aspirated_to_p_aspirated,bʱ,pʰ,Romani,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit भणति bhaṇati 'speaks',phenel [pʰenel] 'says',Same devoicing of initial bh.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_aspirated/p_aspirated
b_palatalized_to_b,bʲ,b,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Old East Slavic голубь golubĭ 'pigeon' (Proto-Slavic *golǫbь),"голуб [ˈɦɔɫʊb], gen. го́луба 'pigeon'","Ukrainian has no final devoicing, so the hardened [b] surfaces directly; contrast Russian голубь [ˈɡoɫʊpʲ], gen. голубя, which keeps the soft labial.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_palatalized/b
b_palatalized_to_b,bʲ,b,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *drobь 'fraction, small shot'","дріб [dʲrʲib], gen. дро́бу","The hard-stem genitive дробу shows plain [b]; Russian дробь [dropʲ], gen. дро́би, keeps the soft labial.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_palatalized/b
b_palatalized_to_j_affricate,bʲ,dʒ,Proto-Bodish to Kurtöp,East Bodish,false,*(')bʲuŋ 'to come forth',jong,cf. Classical Tibetan ’byung,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_palatalized/j_affricate
b_palatalized_to_j_affricate,bʲ,dʒ,Proto-Bodish to Kurtöp,East Bodish,false,*(d)bʲar 'summer',jar,cf. Classical Tibetan dbyar,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_palatalized/j_affricate
b_palatalized_to_j_affricate,bʲ,dʒ,Proto-Bodish to Kurtöp,East Bodish,false,*bʲa 'bird',jauya,cf. Classical Tibetan bya,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_palatalized/j_affricate
b_palatalized_to_j_affricate,bʲ,dʒ,Proto-Bodish to Khengkha,East Bodish,false,*(')bʲuŋ 'to come forth',jong,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_palatalized/j_affricate
b_palatalized_to_j_affricate,bʲ,dʒ,Proto-Bodish to Khengkha,East Bodish,false,*(d)bʲar 'summer',jar,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_palatalized/j_affricate
b_palatalized_to_j_affricate,bʲ,dʒ,Proto-Bodish to Khengkha,East Bodish,false,*bʲa 'bird',ja,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_palatalized/j_affricate
b_palatalized_to_j_affricate,bʲ,dʒ,Proto-Bodish to Bumthang,East Bodish,false,*(d)bʲar 'summer',ja,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_palatalized/j_affricate
b_palatalized_to_j_affricate,bʲ,dʒ,Proto-Bodish to Bumthang,East Bodish,false,*bʲa 'bird',jauya,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_palatalized/j_affricate
b_palatalized_to_p_palatalized,bʲ,pʲ,Russian,East Slavic,true,"голубя gólubja 'pigeon' (gen.), soft [bʲ]",голубь [ˈɡoɫʊpʲ] (nom.),Word-final devoicing turns soft [bʲ] into [pʲ] without loss of palatalization.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_palatalized/p_palatalized
b_palatalized_to_p_palatalized,bʲ,pʲ,Russian,East Slavic,true,"дроби dróbi (gen.), soft [bʲ]","дробь [dropʲ] 'fraction, small shot'",Same word-final devoicing of the soft labial.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_palatalized/p_palatalized
b_palatalized_to_p_palatalized,bʲ,pʲ,Russian,East Slavic,true,"ряби (gen.), soft [bʲ]",рябь [rʲæpʲ] 'ripple',,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_palatalized/p_palatalized
b_palatalized_to_p_palatalized,bʲ,pʲ,Russian,East Slavic,true,"глуби (gen.), soft [bʲ]",глубь [ɡɫupʲ] 'depth',,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_palatalized/p_palatalized
b_palatalized_to_p_palatalized,bʲ,pʲ,Russian,East Slavic,true,"ослабить 'to weaken', stem-final soft [bʲ]",ослабь [ɐsˈɫapʲ] (imperative),"The imperative ending -ь leaves the soft labial word-final, where it devoices.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b_palatalized/p_palatalized
b_to_b_palatalized,b,bʲ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *bělъ 'white',белый [ˈbʲeɫəj],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/b_palatalized
b_to_b_palatalized,b,bʲ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *biti 'to beat',бить [bʲitʲ],Proto-Slavic consonants before front vowels became palatalized in East Slavic; the palatalized series is now phonemic in Russian.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/b_palatalized
b_to_b_palatalized,b,bʲ,Lithuanian,Baltic,true,bitė,[ˈbʲɪtʲeː],'bee'; consonants are automatically palatalized before front vowels,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/b_palatalized
b_to_b_palatalized,b,bʲ,Lithuanian,Baltic,true,bėgti,/ˈbʲeːk.tʲɪ/,'to run',5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/b_palatalized
b_to_b_palatalized,b,bʲ,Proto-Celtic to Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *bitus 'world',Old Irish bith /bʲiθ/,"Before a front vowel, Primitive Irish consonants became palatalized ('slender'); the resulting broad–slender opposition later became phonemic.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/b_palatalized
b_to_b_palatalized,b,bʲ,Proto-Celtic to Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *benā 'woman',Old Irish ben /ˈbʲen/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/b_palatalized
b_to_b_palatalized,b,bʲ,Proto-Celtic to Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *biwos 'alive',Old Irish béo /ˈbʲeːu̯/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/b_palatalized
b_to_b_palatalized,b,bʲ,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *bělъ 'white',бял [bʲa̟ɫ],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/b_palatalized
b_to_b_palatalized,b,bʲ,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *běgъ 'flight, run'",бяг [bʲa̟k],"In Eastern (standard) Bulgarian stressed yat *ě became [ʲa] before a hard syllable, leaving the preceding consonant palatalized.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/b_palatalized
b_to_beta,b,β,Koine Greek (from Attic),Hellenic,false,Attic βάρος /bá.ros/ 'weight' (5th c. BCE),Koine /ˈβa.ros/ (4th c. CE),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/beta
b_to_beta,b,β,Koine Greek (from Attic),Hellenic,false,Attic βαθύς /ba.tʰýs/ 'deep',Koine /βaˈθys/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/beta
b_to_beta,b,β,Koine Greek (from Attic),Hellenic,false,Attic βασιλεύς /ba.si.lěu̯s/ 'king',Koine /βa.siˈleɸs/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/beta
b_to_beta,b,β,Koine Greek (from Attic),Hellenic,false,Attic βίος /bí.os/ 'life',Koine /ˈβi.os/,Wiktionary's period transcriptions still give [b] for 1st-century Egyptian Koine; the fricative stage then became [v] by the 10th century (Medieval /ˈvi.os/).,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/beta
b_to_beta,b,β,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,saber /saˈbeɾ/ 'to know',[saˈβ̞eɾ],"Wiktionary writes the approximant [β̞]; the atlas files it under the fricative β, as it files Spanish [ð̞] under ð.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/beta
b_to_beta,b,β,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,cabeza /kaˈbeθa/ 'head',[kaˈβ̞e.θa],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/beta
b_to_beta,b,β,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,nueva /ˈnweba/ 'new (f.)',[ˈnwe.β̞a],"Spelling ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩ both stand for /b/, which stays a stop [b] after a pause or a nasal.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/beta
b_to_empty,b,∅,English,Germanic,false,Old English camb 'comb',comb /kəʊm/,Word-final [b] after [m] was lost in pronunciation; the spelling keeps ⟨b⟩.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/empty
b_to_empty,b,∅,English,Germanic,false,Old English lamb,lamb /læm/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/empty
b_to_empty,b,∅,English,Germanic,false,Old English climban 'to climb',climb /klaɪm/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/empty
b_to_empty,b,∅,Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,"Classical Tibetan བརྒྱ brgya ""hundred"" [b-]",/ca˩˨/,Written prefix b- is silent in Lhasa.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/empty
b_to_empty,b,∅,Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,Classical Tibetan བཞི bzhi 'four',/ɕi˩˨/,The written prefix reflects the Old Tibetan pronunciation that Lhasa lost.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/empty
b_to_f,b,f,Tetum,Central Malayo-Polynesian,false,"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bulan 'moon, month'",fulan,"PMP *b became f in Tetum, alongside the shift of *p to h; a few words such as betun (< *bətuŋ) and belar (< *bəlaj) keep b as exceptions.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/f
b_to_f,b,f,Tetum,Central Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bulu 'body hair',fulun,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/f
b_to_f,b,f,Tetum,Central Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bunuq 'to kill',funu,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/f
b_to_f,b,f,Tetum,Central Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bəRas 'rice',fos,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/f
b_to_f,b,f,Thao,Western Plains,false,PAn *babuy 'pig',fafuy,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/f
b_to_f,b,f,Thao,Western Plains,false,"PAn *batux 'rock, stone'",fatu,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/f
b_to_f,b,f,Thao,Western Plains,false,PAn *bulaN 'moon',furaz,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/f
b_to_f,b,f,Thao,Western Plains,false,PAn *baŋuN 'to wake up',fanuz,Thao /f/ is a voiceless labiodental fricative; Thao merged *b into f in all positions shown.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/f
b_to_f,b,f,Tsou,Tsouic,false,PAn *babuy 'pig',fuzu,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/f
b_to_f,b,f,Tsou,Tsouic,false,"PAn *batux 'rock, stone'",fatu,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/f
b_to_f,b,f,Tsou,Tsouic,false,PAn *buŋuh 'head',fnguu,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/f
b_to_f,b,f,Tsou,Tsouic,false,PAn *busuR 'bow',fsuyu,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/f
b_to_g,b,g,"Akan (Fante, Akuapem)",Tano,false,"Early Volta-Comoe *b- 'sheep' (cf. Larteh bwui, Nzema bwuani)","Fante, Akuapem gwaŋ / gwan","Before the shift, labialization produced [bʷ]; Asante, Akyem and Kwawu went on to front [gʷ] to [ɟɥ] (ɟɥan).",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/g
b_to_g,b,g,"Akan (Fante, Akuapem)",Tano,false,"Early Volta-Comoe *b- 'market' (cf. Larteh bji, Nzema bjia)","Fante, Akuapem gwa",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/g
b_to_g,b,g,Spanish (rural and popular speech),Ibero-Romance,false,bueno /ˈbweno/ 'good',güeno [ˈɡwe.no],"The from form is the standard pronunciation, which keeps the conservative [bw].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/g
b_to_g,b,g,Spanish (rural and popular speech),Ibero-Romance,false,abuelo /aˈbwelo/ 'grandfather',agüelo /aˈɡwelo/,An eye-dialect spelling of the popular pronunciation; the form was also borrowed into Catalan.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/g
b_to_k,b,k,Berawan (Batu Belah),North Sarawakan,false,"Proto-Austronesian *babuj, pre-Berawan *bibuj 'pig'",bikuj 'pig',"Intervocalic *b > k, while word-initial *b is retained. In all 36 pre-Berawan etyma with intervocalic *b or *g, the four Berawan dialects show a voiceless stop.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/k
b_to_k,b,k,Berawan (Batu Belah),North Sarawakan,false,pre-Berawan *bəlibiəw 'rat',bəlikiw,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/k
b_to_k,b,k,Berawan (Batu Belah),North Sarawakan,false,pre-Berawan *abiəŋ 'illipe nut',akiŋ,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/k
b_to_k,b,k,Berawan (Batu Belah),North Sarawakan,false,pre-Berawan *bibi 'edge',biki,The initial *b is kept while the intervocalic one becomes k.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/k
b_to_k,b,k,Berawan (Batu Belah),North Sarawakan,false,pre-Berawan *dibiən 'parent-in-law',dikin,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/k
b_to_m,b,m,Proto-Basque to Basque,Basque,false,*bini 'tongue',mihi,"Initial *b- assimilates to m- when the next syllable has a nasal, even after that nasal turns into h",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/m
b_to_m,b,m,Proto-Basque to Basque,Basque,false,*bene 'skinny',mehe,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/m
b_to_m,b,m,Proto-Basque to Basque,Basque,false,*banats 'grape',mahats,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/m
b_to_m,b,m,Proto-Chamic to Rade,Chamic,false,*bahrɔw 'new',mrâo,presyllable *b- > m-; cf. Jarai phrâo,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/m
b_to_m,b,m,Proto-Chamic to Rade,Chamic,false,*buya 'crocodile',mơya,"cf. Jarai bia, Acehnese buya",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/m
b_to_p,b,p,Xiang Chinese (Changsha),Sinitic,false,白 MC baek [b],Changsha pɤ (tone 7),Voiced initials give unaspirated voiceless initials in all tones in most Xiang varieties; Chengbu keeps ba7.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Xiang Chinese (Changsha),Sinitic,false,皮 MC bje 'skin',Changsha /pi¹³/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Xiang Chinese (Changsha),Sinitic,false,步 MC buH 'step',"Changsha /pu²¹/, /pu⁴⁵/",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,"Jin Chinese (Taiyuan, Bingzhou)",Sinitic,false,步 MC buH 'step',Taiyuan /pu⁴⁵/,Middle Chinese voiced stops give unaspirated tenuis stops in Taiyuan in the departing and entering tones.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,"Jin Chinese (Taiyuan, Bingzhou)",Sinitic,false,病 MC bjaengH 'illness',"Taiyuan /pi⁴⁵/, /piŋ⁴⁵/",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,"Jin Chinese (Taiyuan, Bingzhou)",Sinitic,false,備 MC bijH 'prepared',Taiyuan /pei⁴⁵/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,"Jin Chinese (Taiyuan, Bingzhou)",Sinitic,false,白 MC baek 'white',"Taiyuan /piəʔ⁵⁴/, /pai¹¹/",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Chuvash,Turkic,false,"*bïŋ ""1000"" [b]",пин (pin) [pin],Oghuric initial *b- > p-; Turkish bin keeps b-.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Chuvash,Turkic,false,Proto-Turkic *būŕ 'ice',пӑр (păr),cf. Turkish buz.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Proto-Yeniseian to Kott / Arin,Yeniseian,false,*bej 'wind',Arin paj; Kott pêi,Kott and Arin devoice *b; Ket and Yugh keep b (бей bēj),5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Proto-Yeniseian to Kott / Arin,Yeniseian,false,*baŋ 'earth',Arin peŋ; Kott paŋ,cf. Ket баʼӈ baˀŋ,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Proto-Yeniseian to Kott / Arin,Yeniseian,false,*buɬ 'foot',Arin pil; Kott pul,cf. Ket буль būlʲ,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bulan 'moon, month'",pulan,"Blust (2000) gives p as the regular Chamorro reflex of PMP *b, an unconditioned devoicing.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bulu 'body hair',pulu,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bunuq 'to kill',puno',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bəRas 'rice',pugas,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Konso,Lowland East Cushitic,false,Proto-Lowland East Cushitic *bikee- 'water' (Oromo bishaan),pishaa 'water',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Konso,Lowland East Cushitic,false,"Proto-Cushitic *l-b- 'heart' (Oromo lubbuu, Afar lubbi)",luppoota 'heart',"Part of the Konso devoicing of *b, *d, *g to /p, t, k/.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Old Khmer to Central Khmer,Khmeric,false,Old Khmer ពិរ៑ bir 'two',ពីរ /piː/,Middle Khmer devoicing of Old Khmer /b/; the following vowel carries the high-register reflex of the former voiced onset.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Old Khmer to Central Khmer,Khmeric,false,"Old Khmer ពពុះ babuḥ 'foam, bubble'",ពពុះ /pɔ.ˈpuh/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Proto-Tai to Shan,Southwestern Tai,false,*beːᴬ 'raft',ပႄး /pɛː˥/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Proto-Tai to Shan,Southwestern Tai,false,*biːᴮ 'older sibling',ပီႈ pīi,"Shan devoiced without aspiration, unlike Thai and Lao pʰ (พี่, ພີ່).",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Proto-Palaungic to Riang,Palaungic,false,Proto-Palaungic *bɛʔ 'goat',pɛʔ²,Tone 2 continues the former voiced onset; Plang La Gang has pɛ̀ʔ.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Proto-Palaungic to Riang,Palaungic,false,Proto-Palaungic *bluːʔ 'thigh',pluʔ²,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Proto-Pearic to Chong,Pearic,false,Proto-Mon-Khmer *(ʔ)boʔ 'mother',peː,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Proto-Pearic to Chong,Pearic,false,Proto-Pearic *bluː 'thigh',plṳː,The breathy vowel continues the former voiced onset.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Proto-Pearic to Pear and Kasong,Pearic,false,Proto-Mon-Khmer *(ʔ)boʔ 'mother',Pear pè,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Proto-Pearic to Pear and Kasong,Pearic,false,Proto-Pearic *buːl 'drunk',"Pear pul ~ poul, Kasong puːl",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *h₂ébōl 'apple',*aplaz /ˈɑp.lɑz/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *gʰreyb- 'to grab',*grīpaną /ˈɣriː.pɑ.nɑ̃/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *klewb- 'to jump',*hlaupaną /ˈxlɑu̯.pɑ.nɑ̃/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *weh₂b- 'to shout',*wōpijaną /ˈwɔː.pi.jɑ.nɑ̃/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p,b,p,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *treb- 'dwelling',*þurpą /ˈθur.pɑ̃/,"Grimm's law devoiced the PIE plain voiced stops; *b was rare in PIE, so the Germanic *p words mostly go back to roots in *b.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p
b_to_p_aspirated,b,pʰ,Mandarin,Sinitic,false,平 MC bjaeng [b],píng [pʰiŋ],Voiced stop in a level-tone syllable.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p_aspirated
b_to_p_aspirated,b,pʰ,Mandarin,Sinitic,false,婆 MC ba,pó [pʰɔ],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p_aspirated
b_to_p_aspirated,b,pʰ,Hakka,Sinitic,false,平 MC bjaeng,Meixian pʰin [pʰin] (pin2),Aspirated regardless of tone.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p_aspirated
b_to_p_aspirated,b,pʰ,Hakka,Sinitic,false,皮 MC bje 'skin',Meixian /pʰi¹¹/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p_aspirated
b_to_p_aspirated,b,pʰ,Hakka,Sinitic,false,步 MC buH 'step',Meixian /pʰu⁵³/,"A departing-tone syllable, aspirated in Hakka but unaspirated in Mandarin bù.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p_aspirated
b_to_p_aspirated,b,pʰ,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,平 MC bjaeng,ping4 [pʰɪŋ],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p_aspirated
b_to_p_aspirated,b,pʰ,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,皮 MC bje 'skin',pei4,"Jyutping p = [pʰ]; Cantonese aspirates in level-tone syllables, as Mandarin pí does.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p_aspirated
b_to_p_aspirated,b,pʰ,Proto-Chamic to Tsat,Chamic,false,*bahrɔw 'new',pʰiə¹¹,cf. Jarai phrâo,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p_aspirated
b_to_p_aspirated,b,pʰ,Proto-Chamic to Tsat,Chamic,false,*hubɛy 'yam',phai¹¹,cf. Rade hbei,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p_aspirated
b_to_p_aspirated,b,pʰ,Proto-Tai to Thai,Southwestern Tai,false,*biːᴮ 'older sibling',พี่ /pʰiː˥˩/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p_aspirated
b_to_p_aspirated,b,pʰ,Proto-Tai to Thai,Southwestern Tai,false,*beːᴬ 'raft',แพ /pʰɛː˧/,Proto-Tai voiced stops became voiceless aspirates with low-series tones; *boːᴮ 'not' > บ่ keeps an irregular b.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p_aspirated
b_to_p_aspirated,b,pʰ,Proto-Tai to Lao,Southwestern Tai,false,*biːᴮ 'older sibling',ພີ່ [pʰiː˧],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p_aspirated
b_to_p_aspirated,b,pʰ,Proto-Tai to Lao,Southwestern Tai,false,*beːᴬ 'raft',ແພ [pʰɛː˧˥],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p_aspirated
b_to_p_aspirated,b,pʰ,Proto-Monic to Nyah Kur,Monic,false,Proto-Monic *sa-bluuʔ 'betel',tǝphùuʔ,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p_aspirated
b_to_p_aspirated,b,pʰ,Proto-Monic to Nyah Kur,Monic,false,"Proto-Austroasiatic *briːʔ 'sky, rain'",phrə̀j,Old Mon brey and Mon /pro̤a/ show the same etymon with unaspirated p in Mon.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p_aspirated
b_to_p_aspirated,b,pʰ,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,"Classical Armenian բան (ban) 'word, thing'",Western Armenian [pʰɑn] (Eastern Armenian [bɑn]),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p_aspirated
b_to_p_aspirated,b,pʰ,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian բերան (beran) 'mouth',Western Armenian [pʰeɾɑ́n] (Eastern Armenian [beɾɑ́n]),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p_aspirated
b_to_p_aspirated,b,pʰ,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian բարի (bari) 'good',Western Armenian [pʰɑɾí] (Eastern Armenian [bɑɾí]),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/p_aspirated
b_to_phi,b,ɸ,Teiwa,Alor-Pantar,false,Proto-Alor-Pantar *haban 'village',haɸan,Medial *b weakened to a fricative in Teiwa and Nedebang (Nedebang afaŋ).,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/phi
b_to_phi,b,ɸ,Teiwa,Alor-Pantar,false,Proto-Alor-Pantar *habi 'fish',ħaɸ,Same development of *b in word-final position after loss of the final vowel; initial *b is kept as /b/ in Teiwa.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/phi
b_to_phi,b,ɸ,Teiwa,Alor-Pantar,false,"Proto-Alor-Pantar *sib(a,i)r 'shark'",siɸar,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/phi
b_to_phi,b,ɸ,Teiwa,Alor-Pantar,false,Proto-Alor-Pantar *jibV 'star',jiɸ,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/phi
b_to_phi,b,ɸ,Teiwa,Alor-Pantar,false,Proto-Alor-Pantar *bob 'wave',boɸ,Initial *b stays /b/ while the final *b becomes /ɸ/.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/phi
b_to_u,b,u,Spanish,Romance,false,Latin absentem 'absent' [b],ausente [au̯],"Via older Spanish absente; coda /b/ before /s/ vocalized, giving the diphthong au.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/u
b_to_u,b,u,Spanish,Romance,false,Latin dēbita 'debts' (> Old Spanish debda),deuda 'debt' [eu̯],"After syncope, coda /b/ before /d/ vocalized to [u].",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/u
b_to_u,b,u,Catalan,Romance,false,Latin bibere 'to drink',beure [ˈbɛw.ɾə],"After loss of the post-tonic vowel, /b/ before /r/ vocalized, yielding the diphthong [ɛw].",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/u
b_to_u,b,u,Catalan,Romance,false,"Latin parabola 'word, parable'",paraula 'word',"Syncope of the post-tonic vowel put /b/ before /l/, where it vocalized to [u].",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/u
b_to_u,b,u,Occitan,Romance,false,"Latin parabola 'word, parable'",paraula 'word' (Old Occitan paraulla),Same syncope-plus-vocalization development as in Catalan.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/u
b_to_u,b,u,Occitan,Romance,false,Latin fābula 'tale',faula 'fable' (also fabla),,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/u
b_to_v,b,v,Biblical Hebrew,Semitic,true,כָּתַב 'he wrote' (early Biblical /kaːˈtab/),Tiberian /kɔːˈθav/,Begedkefat spirantization of post-vocalic /b/ to [v].,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/v
b_to_v,b,v,Biblical Hebrew,Semitic,true,לֵב 'heart' (early Biblical /lib/),Tiberian /ˈleːv/ [ˈleː.ev],,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/v
b_to_v,b,v,Biblical Hebrew,Semitic,true,זָהָב 'gold' (final ב after a vowel),Tiberian /zɔˈhɔv/,Postvocalic /b/ is spirantized to [v]; after a consonant or in gemination ב stays [b].,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/v
b_to_v,b,v,Proto-Bantu to Shona,Bantu,false,*-bàdɪ́ 'two',-viri,Spirantization of *b to labiodental [v]; Herero has the same reflex in -vari. Wikipedia notes that Proto-Bantu *b may also have been a fricative [β] or [v] in some environments.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/v
b_to_v,b,v,Proto-Bantu to Shona,Bantu,false,"*-bɪ́da 'to boil, be cooked'",-vira,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/v
b_to_v,b,v,Malagasy,Barito,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *batu 'stone',vato,Initial PMP *b regularly became the labiodental fricative v in Malagasy.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/v
b_to_v,b,v,Malagasy,Barito,false,"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bulan 'moon, month'",volana,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/v
b_to_v,b,v,Malagasy,Barito,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baqbaq 'mouth',vava,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/v
b_to_v,b,v,Malagasy,Barito,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buaq 'fruit',voa,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/v
b_to_v,b,v,Paiwan,Paiwan,false,PAn *babuy 'pig',vavuy,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/v
b_to_v,b,v,Paiwan,Paiwan,false,PAn *buaq 'fruit',vuaq,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/v
b_to_v,b,v,Paiwan,Paiwan,false,PAn *bukij 'mountain',vukid,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/v
b_to_v,b,v,Paiwan,Paiwan,false,PAn *bəli 'to buy',veli,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/v
b_to_v,b,v,Paiwan,Paiwan,false,PAn *biCuka 'stomach',vitsuka,Paiwan ⟨v⟩ is /v/; *b is v in all positions shown.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/v
b_to_v,b,v,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *dubus 'black',dub /duv/,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/v
b_to_v,b,v,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *abūl 'apple',ubull,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/v
b_to_v,b,v,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *eburos 'yew',ibar,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/v
b_to_v,b,v,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *ɸibeti 'drinks',ibid,Non-initial single ⟨b⟩ is the fricative [v] in Old Irish (claideb /klaðʲəv/ 'sword').,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/v
b_to_w,b,w,Middle Persian,Iranian,false,Old Persian naiba- [b],Middle Persian nēw [w],Voiced stops after vowels became semivowels in Middle Persian: /b/ → /w/. Old Persian naiba- 'beautiful' became Middle Persian nēw. This lenition process began in the Arsacid period (before 3rd c. CE) and was complete in Sassanid Middle Persian.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/w
b_to_w,b,w,Middle Persian,Iranian,false,Old Persian asabāra- [b] (horseman),Middle Persian asvār [w],"Intervocalic /b/ → /w/; the form shows systematic b→w weakening in the postvocalic environment, characteristic of Middle Iranian lenition.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/w
b_to_w,b,w,Proto-Bantu to Swahili,Bantu,false,*-bàdɪ́ 'two',-wili,"Proto-Bantu *b, probably already [β] in many environments, weakens to [w]; Chichewa likewise has -wiri, while Luganda keeps -biri",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/w
b_to_w,b,w,Proto-Bantu to Swahili,Bantu,false,"*-béeka 'to put, place'",-weka,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/w
b_to_w,b,w,Old Javanese,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *batu 'stone',watu,"Initial PMP *b often became w in Old Javanese, although doublets with b also occur (bakuṅ beside wakuṅ).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/w
b_to_w,b,w,Old Javanese,Malayo-Polynesian,false,"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bulan 'moon, month'",wulan,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/w
b_to_w,b,w,Old Javanese,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bunuq 'to kill',wunuh,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/w
b_to_w,b,w,Old Javanese,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buaq 'fruit',wwah,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/b/w
beta_to_b,β,b,Old High German (from Proto-Germanic),High German,false,Proto-Germanic *gebaną /ˈɣe.βɑ.nɑ̃/ 'to give',gëban /ˈɡɛ.ban/,Old English ġiefan [ˈji͜y.vɑn] and Old Norse gefa /ˈɡevɑ/ keep a fricative; Central Franconian gëvan also does.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/beta/b
beta_to_b,β,b,Old High German (from Proto-Germanic),High German,false,Proto-Germanic *ubilaz /ˈu.βi.lɑz/ 'evil',ubil,Old English yfel [ˈy.vel].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/beta/b
beta_to_b,β,b,Old High German (from Proto-Germanic),High German,false,Proto-Germanic *sebun /ˈse.βun/ 'seven',sibun,Old English seofon.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/beta/b
beta_to_b,β,b,Latin,Italic,false,Proto-Italic *alβos 'white',albus,From PIE *albʰós; Wiktionary derives albus directly from Proto-Italic *alβos.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/beta/b
beta_to_b,β,b,Latin,Italic,false,"Proto-Italic *neβelā 'mist, cloud'",nebula,From PIE *nébʰos; compare Old High German nebul.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/beta/b
beta_to_b,β,b,Latin,Italic,false,Proto-Italic *luβet 'it pleases',lubet (later libet),"From PIE *lewbʰ- 'love, desire'.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/beta/b
beta_to_v,β,v,Medieval Greek (from Koine),Hellenic,false,Koine βάρος /ˈβa.ros/ 'weight' (4th c. CE),"Medieval /ˈva.ros/ (10th c.), Modern Greek /ˈva.ros/",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/beta/v
beta_to_v,β,v,Medieval Greek (from Koine),Hellenic,false,Koine βαθύς /βaˈθys/ 'deep',"Medieval /vaˈθys/, Modern Greek /vaˈθis/",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/beta/v
beta_to_v,β,v,Medieval Greek (from Koine),Hellenic,false,Koine βασιλεύς /βa.siˈleɸs/ 'king',Medieval /va.siˈlefs/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/beta/v
beta_to_v,β,v,Medieval Greek (from Koine),Hellenic,false,Koine βίος /ˈβi.os/ 'life',Medieval /ˈvi.os/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/beta/v
beta_to_v,β,v,Old English (from Proto-Germanic),West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *gebaną /ˈɣe.βɑ.nɑ̃/ 'to give',"Old English giefan /ˈji͜y.fɑn/, [ˈji͜y.vɑn]",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/beta/v
beta_to_v,β,v,Old English (from Proto-Germanic),West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *ubilaz /ˈu.βi.lɑz/ 'evil',"Old English yfel /ˈy.fel/, [ˈy.vel]",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/beta/v
beta_to_v,β,v,Old English (from Proto-Germanic),West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *grabaną /ˈɣrɑ.βɑ.nɑ̃/ 'to dig',"Old English grafan /ˈɡrɑ.fɑn/, [ˈɡrɑ.vɑn]","Old English writes the medial labiodental with ⟨f⟩, as an allophone of /f/ between voiced sounds; Old High German instead hardened the fricative to b (gëban, ubil, graban).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/beta/v
beta_to_v,β,v,Old Norse (from Proto-Germanic),North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *gebaną /ˈɣe.βɑ.nɑ̃/ 'to give',Old Norse gefa /ˈɡevɑ/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/beta/v
beta_to_v,β,v,Old Norse (from Proto-Germanic),North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *habą /ˈxɑ.βɑ̃/ 'sea',Old Norse haf /ˈhɑv/ (12th-century Icelandic),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/beta/v
beta_to_v,β,v,Welsh (from Proto-Brythonic),Brythonic,false,Proto-Brythonic *aβon /aˈβoːn/ 'river',Welsh afon,Cornish avon; Welsh ⟨f⟩ is /v/.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/beta/v
beta_to_v,β,v,Welsh (from Proto-Brythonic),Brythonic,false,Proto-Brythonic *aβal 'apple',Welsh afal,Cornish and Breton aval; Old Breton abal.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/beta/v
beta_to_v,β,v,Welsh (from Proto-Brythonic),Brythonic,false,Proto-Brythonic *eβur 'yew',"Welsh efwr 'hogweed, cow parsnip'",Cornish and Breton evor; Proto-Celtic *eburos.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/beta/v
caret_to_a,ʌ,a,Korean,Koreanic,false,Middle Korean ᄆᆞᆯ mòl 'horse' (1447),말 mal,"In non-initial syllables ㆍ merged instead with ㅡ ɨ, e.g. 하ᄂᆞᆶ hànólh > 하늘 haneul 'sky'.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/caret/a
caret_to_a,ʌ,a,Korean,Koreanic,false,"Middle Korean ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ mòzòm 'heart, mind' (1447)",마음 maeum,The first-syllable ㆍ became a and the second became ɨ.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/caret/a
caret_to_eps,ʌ,ɛ,California English,West Germanic,false,fun [fʌn],"[fɛn], approaching fen",In the California Vowel Shift STRUT /ʌ/ moves through [ɜ] and approaches [ɛ]; Eckert gives fun sounding like fen.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/caret/eps
caret_to_eps,ʌ,ɛ,California English,West Germanic,false,"but [bʌt], bun [bʌn]","approaching [bɛt], [bɛn] (bet, Ben)","Eckert describes the vowel of but, rust, bun as shifting towards the vowels of bet, rest, Ben. The from forms are the conservative American pronunciation of STRUT.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/caret/eps
caret_to_o,ʌ,o,Korean,Koreanic,false,Middle Korean ᄉᆞᄆᆡ /sʌ.mʌj/ 'sleeve',소매 somae 'sleeve',"The first-syllable arae-a became [o] in the standard language, where most such words have [a].",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/caret/o
caret_to_o,ʌ,o,Korean,Koreanic,false,Middle Korean ᄑᆞ리 phol-i (also ᄑᆞᆯ /pʰʌl/) 'fly',dialectal 포리 pori 'fly' (standard 파리 pari),"Wiktionary attributes the [o] to rounding after the labial ㅍ; the form is recorded for Jeolla, Gyeongsang, Chungcheong, Hamgyong and Yukjin dialects.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/caret/o
caret_to_o,ʌ,o,Korean,Koreanic,false,Middle Korean ᄑᆞᇧ /pʰʌsk/ (1466) 'red bean',Gyeongsang 퐅 pot 'red bean' (standard 팥 pat),Same rounding of arae-a after the labial ㅍ; the standard language has [a].,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/caret/o
caret_to_schwa,ʌ,ə,English,West Germanic,true,but /ˈbʌt/ (strong),/bət/ (weak),,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/caret/schwa
caret_to_schwa,ʌ,ə,English,West Germanic,true,us /ʌs/ (strong),"/əs/, /əz/ (weak)","The weak form is used whenever the word is unstressed, and the strong form under contrastive stress.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/caret/schwa
ch_aspirated_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,tʃʰ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 初 tsrhjo /t͡ʃʰɨʌ/ 'begin',chū [ʈʂʰu],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_aspirated/ch_retroflex_aspirated
ch_aspirated_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,tʃʰ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 窗 tsrhaewng /t͡ʃʰˠʌŋ/ 'window',chuāng [ʈʂʰwaŋ],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_aspirated/ch_retroflex_aspirated
ch_aspirated_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,tʃʰ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,"Middle Chinese 楚 tsrhjoX /t͡ʃʰɨʌX/ 'distinct, clear'",chǔ [ʈʂʰu],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_aspirated/ch_retroflex_aspirated
ch_aspirated_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,tʃʰ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 抄 tsrhaew /t͡ʃʰˠau/ 'copy',chāo [ʈʂʰɑʊ̯],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_aspirated/ch_retroflex_aspirated
ch_palatal_aspirated_to_ch_aspirated,tɕʰ,tʃʰ,Hailu Hakka,Hakka,false,昌 Middle Chinese /t͡ɕʰɨɐŋ/ 'prosperous',Hailu /t͡ʃʰoŋ⁵³/ (HRS chongˋ),Wiktionary also lists a variant /t͡sʰoŋ⁵³/; Sixian has /t͡sʰoŋ²⁴/.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal_aspirated/ch_aspirated
ch_palatal_aspirated_to_ch_aspirated,tɕʰ,tʃʰ,Hailu Hakka,Hakka,false,尺 /t͡ɕʰiᴇk̚/ 'foot (unit)',Hailu /t͡ʃʰak⁵/ (chag),Meixian has /t͡sʰak̚¹/.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal_aspirated/ch_aspirated
ch_palatal_aspirated_to_ch_aspirated,tɕʰ,tʃʰ,Hailu Hakka,Hakka,false,車 /t͡ɕʰia/ 'vehicle',Hailu /t͡ʃʰa⁵³/ (chaˋ),Meixian has /t͡sʰa⁴⁴/.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal_aspirated/ch_aspirated
ch_palatal_aspirated_to_ch_aspirated,tɕʰ,tʃʰ,Hailu Hakka,Hakka,false,春 /t͡ɕʰiuɪn/ 'spring',Hailu /t͡ʃʰun⁵³/ (chunˋ),Meixian has /t͡sʰun⁴⁴/.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal_aspirated/ch_aspirated
ch_palatal_aspirated_to_ch_aspirated,tɕʰ,tʃʰ,Hailu Hakka,Hakka,false,出 /t͡ɕʰiuɪt̚/ 'to go out',Hailu /t͡ʃʰut⁵/ (chud),Meixian has /t͡sʰut̚¹/.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal_aspirated/ch_aspirated
ch_palatal_aspirated_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,tɕʰ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 昌 /t͡ɕʰɨɐŋ/ (Baxter tsyhang),"chāng /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/ 'prosperous, flourishing'",The character that names the 昌 initial; Zhengzhang reconstruction and Mandarin reading from Wiktionary.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal_aspirated/ch_retroflex_aspirated
ch_palatal_aspirated_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,tɕʰ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 尺 /t͡ɕʰiᴇk̚/ (Baxter tsyhek),"chǐ /ʈ͡ʂʰɻ̩²¹⁴/ 'Chinese foot (unit of length), ruler'",昌 initial; the final stop -k̚ was lost separately in Mandarin.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal_aspirated/ch_retroflex_aspirated
ch_palatal_aspirated_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,tɕʰ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 春 /t͡ɕʰiuɪn/ (Baxter tsyhwin),chūn /ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/ 'spring (season)',昌 initial before a rounded medial; it still surfaces as ch- [ʈʂʰ].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal_aspirated/ch_retroflex_aspirated
ch_palatal_aspirated_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,tɕʰ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 車 /t͡ɕʰia/ (Baxter tsyhae),chē /ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵/ 'vehicle',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal_aspirated/ch_retroflex_aspirated
ch_palatal_aspirated_to_ts_aspirated,tɕʰ,tsʰ,Cantonese (Guangzhou and Hong Kong),Yue,false,昌 /tɕʰœːŋ/ 'prosperous' (pre-1950s Cantonese),"/tsʰœːŋ/ (modern Cantonese, Jyutping coeng1)","Now homophonous with 槍 /tsʰœːŋ/ 'gun', which already had the alveolar initial; Mandarin keeps them apart as chāng /tʂʰɑŋ/ and qiāng /tɕʰiɑŋ/.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal_aspirated/ts_aspirated
ch_palatal_aspirated_to_ts_aspirated,tɕʰ,tsʰ,Cantonese (Guangzhou and Hong Kong),Yue,false,"昌 Middle Chinese /t͡ɕʰɨɐŋ/ (Zhengzhang), 昌 initial",modern Cantonese /t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/,The Middle Chinese 昌 initial kept its alveolo-palatal value in Cantonese until the merger; 尺 /t͡ɕʰiᴇk̚/ is now Cantonese /t͡sʰɛːk̚³/ and 春 /t͡ɕʰiuɪn/ is /t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵/.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal_aspirated/ts_aspirated
ch_palatal_aspirated_to_ts_aspirated,tɕʰ,tsʰ,Baoding Hlai (Standard Hlai),Hlai,false,Proto-Hlai *tçʰɯːʔ 'one',ceuus /t͡sʰeɯ˩/,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal_aspirated/ts_aspirated
ch_palatal_aspirated_to_ts_aspirated,tɕʰ,tsʰ,Baoding Hlai (Standard Hlai),Hlai,false,Proto-Hlai *tçʰiːn 'stone',qien /t͡sʰiːn˥˧/,"Wiktionary spells the Proto-Hlai alveolo-palatal aspirate *tçʰ, Wikipedia *tɕʰ; the correspondence table gives tsʰ for it in nearly all Hlai languages, s in Nadouhua.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal_aspirated/ts_aspirated
ch_palatal_to_ch,tɕ,tʃ,Croatian,South Slavic,false,"ć /tɕ/, e.g. kuća 'house'","[tʃ], homophonous with č","Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge č, ć /tʂ, tɕ/ (and dž, đ /dʐ, dʑ/) into postalveolar [tʃ] and [dʒ]. The merger is complete for some speakers and partial for others, and Bosnian speakers merge less consistently than Croatian ones.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal/ch
ch_palatal_to_ch,tɕ,tʃ,Croatian,South Slavic,false,ćar /t͡ɕâːr/ 'profit' (regional),"[t͡ʃâːr], homophonous with čar /t͡ʃâːr/ 'charm'","For merging speakers the minimal pair ćar : čar collapses, the ć word taking the postalveolar affricate. The from forms are the standard pronunciation, which keeps the conservative ć /tɕ/.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal/ch
ch_palatal_to_ch_retroflex,tɕ,ʈʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 章 /t͡ɕɨɐŋ/ (Baxter tsyang),"zhāng /ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵/ 'chapter, section'",Zhengzhang reconstruction and Mandarin reading from Wiktionary.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal/ch_retroflex
ch_palatal_to_ch_retroflex,tɕ,ʈʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 之 /t͡ɕɨ/ (Baxter tsyi),"zhī /ʈ͡ʂɻ̩⁵⁵/ 'it, of'",Same 章-initial word; Mandarin zh- reflects the merger of the palatal and retroflex affricates.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal/ch_retroflex
ch_palatal_to_ch_retroflex,tɕ,ʈʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 照 /t͡ɕiᴇuH/ (Baxter tsyewH),"zhào /ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹/ 'to shine, illuminate'",,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal/ch_retroflex
ch_palatal_to_ch_retroflex,tɕ,ʈʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 終 /t͡ɕɨuŋ/ (Baxter tsyuwng),"zhōng /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/ 'end, finish'",,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal/ch_retroflex
ch_palatal_to_ch_retroflex,tɕ,ʈʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 真 /t͡ɕiɪn/ (Baxter tsyin),"zhēn /ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵/ 'true, real'",,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal/ch_retroflex
ch_palatal_to_ch_retroflex,tɕ,ʈʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 主 /t͡ɕɨoX/ (Baxter tsyuX),"zhǔ /ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴/ 'master, host'",,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal/ch_retroflex
ch_palatal_to_j_palatal,tɕ,dʑ,Korean,Koreanic,true,"/tɕ/ ㅈ, word-initial [tɕ]",아버지 abeoji [a̠bʌ̹d͡ʑi] 'father',"The lax stops and affricate /p, t, tɕ, k/ are voiced [b, d, dʑ, ɡ] between sonorants and voiceless elsewhere.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal/j_palatal
ch_palatal_to_j_palatal,tɕ,dʑ,Korean,Koreanic,true,"바지 baji, lax /tɕ/ ㅈ",[pa̠d͡ʑi] 'trousers',Intervocalic ㅈ is realized as voiced [dʑ].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal/j_palatal
ch_palatal_to_ts,tɕ,ts,Kashubian,West Slavic,false,*-ć [tɕ] (Polish chodzić 'to walk'),chòdzëc [-ts],The infinitive ending -ć became -c.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal/ts
ch_palatal_to_ts,tɕ,ts,Kashubian,West Slavic,false,*-ć [tɕ] (Polish robić 'to do'),robic [-ts],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal/ts
ch_palatal_to_ts,tɕ,ts,Kashubian,West Slavic,false,*ć [tɕ] (Polish cicho 'quietly'),cëchò [ts-],Short i after the new dental became ë.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal/ts
ch_palatal_to_ts,tɕ,ts,Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Iranian,Iranian,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *dáća 'ten',Proto-Iranian *dáca,"Proto-Iranian *c is the voiceless alveolar affricate; Avestan, Parthian and Sogdian later show s, Old Persian θ.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal/ts
ch_palatal_to_ts,tɕ,ts,Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Iranian,Iranian,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *páću 'livestock',Proto-Iranian *pácu,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal/ts
ch_palatal_to_ts,tɕ,ts,Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Iranian,Iranian,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćánsati 'declares',Proto-Iranian *cánhati,Old Persian θātiy 'says' continues this verb.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal/ts
ch_palatal_to_ts,tɕ,ts,Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Iranian,Iranian,false,"Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts 'autumn, year'",Proto-Iranian *carHdáh,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_palatal/ts
ch_retroflex_aspirated_to_ts_aspirated,ʈʂʰ,tsʰ,Taiwanese Mandarin,Sinitic,false,查 chá [ʈʂʰa˧˥] 'to look up',ca2 [tsʰa˧˥],"Recorded by Chung (2006: 207) in 查字 'look up a word' from a broadcaster; the retroflex initials zh, ch, sh merge into z, c, s in most Taiwan Mandarin speech.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex_aspirated/ts_aspirated
ch_retroflex_aspirated_to_ts_aspirated,ʈʂʰ,tsʰ,Taiwanese Mandarin,Sinitic,false,成 chéng [ʈʂʰəŋ˧˥] 'one tenth',"[tsʰəŋ˧˥], homophonous with 層 céng 'layer'","Chung (2006: 203) notes that speakers who merge must deliberately retroflex to keep 一成 'one tenth' apart from 一層 'one layer'. The from forms are the Standard Mandarin pronunciation, which keeps the conservative retroflex initial.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex_aspirated/ts_aspirated
ch_retroflex_aspirated_to_ts_aspirated,ʈʂʰ,tsʰ,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 初 tsrhjo [ʈʂʰɨʌ] 'beginning',co1 [tsʰɔː˥],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex_aspirated/ts_aspirated
ch_retroflex_aspirated_to_ts_aspirated,ʈʂʰ,tsʰ,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 窗 tsrhaewng 'window',coeng1 [tsʰœːŋ˥],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex_aspirated/ts_aspirated
ch_retroflex_aspirated_to_ts_aspirated,ʈʂʰ,tsʰ,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 抄 tsrhaew 'to copy',caau1 [tsʰaːu̯˥],The Middle Chinese retroflex sibilants merged with the dentals in Cantonese.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex_aspirated/ts_aspirated
ch_retroflex_aspirated_to_ts_aspirated,ʈʂʰ,tsʰ,Sichuanese (Chengdu),Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 初 tsrhjo 'beginning',Chengdu cu1 [tsʰu],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex_aspirated/ts_aspirated
ch_retroflex_aspirated_to_ts_aspirated,ʈʂʰ,tsʰ,Sichuanese (Chengdu),Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 窗 tsrhaewng 'window',Chengdu cuang1 [tsʰuaŋ],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex_aspirated/ts_aspirated
ch_retroflex_aspirated_to_ts_aspirated,ʈʂʰ,tsʰ,Sichuanese (Chengdu),Sinitic,false,"Middle Chinese 楚 tsrhjoX 'clear, distinct'",Chengdu cu3 [tsʰu],Sichuanese lacks the retroflex initials [ʈʂ ʈʂʰ ʂ ʐ] of Beijing Mandarin; the whole series corresponds to dental sibilants.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex_aspirated/ts_aspirated
ch_retroflex_aspirated_to_ts_aspirated,ʈʂʰ,tsʰ,Baoding Hlai (Standard Hlai),Hlai,false,Proto-Hlai *ʈʂhaːwʔ 'four',caus /t͡sʰau˩/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex_aspirated/ts_aspirated
ch_retroflex_aspirated_to_ts_aspirated,ʈʂʰ,tsʰ,Baoding Hlai (Standard Hlai),Hlai,false,Proto-Hlai *ʈʂhəːm 'fruit',coem /t͡sʰoːm˥˧/,"Proto-Hlai forms are Norquest's (2015) as given on Wiktionary, where this onset is written *ʈʂh (from Pre-Hlai *ʈ); the Wikipedia correspondence table, following Norquest (2007), writes the same phoneme *tʃʰ and shows tsʰ in Ha Em, Lauhut and Qi but h in Bouhin and Cunhua.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex_aspirated/ts_aspirated
ch_retroflex_to_ch,ʈʂ,tʃ,"Croatian (colloquial, most varieties)",South Slavic,false,"čaj 'tea', standard /ʈʂaj/",[tʃâj] (Wiktionary /t͡ʃâj/),"In most spoken Croatian and some Bosnian varieties the retroflex affricates č, dž are postalveolar, and many speakers merge č /ʈʂ/ and ć /tɕ/ into a single [tʃ] (Ćavar 2011).",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ch
ch_retroflex_to_ch,ʈʂ,tʃ,"Croatian (colloquial, most varieties)",South Slavic,false,"čovjek 'man, person', standard /ʈʂ/",[tʃǒʋjek] (Wiktionary /t͡ʃǒʋjek/),The same postalveolar realization of č applies across the lexicon in most spoken Croatian.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ch
ch_retroflex_to_ch,ʈʂ,tʃ,Huaylas and Huánuco Quechua,Quechua I,false,Proto-Quechuan *ʈʂusku 'four',ʧusku,Huanca and Pacaraos keep the retroflex affricate (ʈʂusku).,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ch
ch_retroflex_to_ch,ʈʂ,tʃ,Huaylas and Huánuco Quechua,Quechua I,false,Proto-Quechuan *ʈʂunka 'ten',ʧuŋka,Ancash also has a variant ʈʂʊŋkɐ beside ʧʊŋkɐ.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ch
ch_retroflex_to_ch,ʈʂ,tʃ,"Imbabura, Salasaca and Tena Kichwa",Quechua II-B,false,Proto-Quechuan *qanʈʂis 'seven',kanʧis (Tena kanʤis),Kichwa also merged *q with k in this word.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ch
ch_retroflex_to_ch,ʈʂ,tʃ,"Imbabura, Salasaca and Tena Kichwa",Quechua II-B,false,Proto-Quechuan *ʈʂusku 'four',ʧusku,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ch
ch_retroflex_to_ch,ʈʂ,tʃ,Ayacucho and Cuzco Quechua,Quechua II-C,false,Proto-Quechuan *ʈʂunka 'ten',"Ayacucho ʧuŋka, Cuzco ʧunka",Cajamarca (Quechua II-A) keeps the retroflex in ʈʂuŋga.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ch
ch_retroflex_to_ch,ʈʂ,tʃ,Ayacucho and Cuzco Quechua,Quechua II-C,false,Proto-Quechuan *qanʈʂis 'seven',"Ayacucho χanʧis, Cuzco qanʧis",,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ch
ch_retroflex_to_ch,ʈʂ,tʃ,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *c₁olʿ- 'wife' (Old Georgian ცოლი coli),"Laz, Mingrelian ჩილი čili",,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ch
ch_retroflex_to_ch,ʈʂ,tʃ,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *c₁xar- 'nine' (Old Georgian ცხრაჲ cxray),"Laz, Mingrelian ჩხორო čxoro",,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ch
ch_retroflex_to_ch,ʈʂ,tʃ,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,"Proto-Kartvelian *ḳac₁- 'man, male' (Old Georgian კაცი k̇aci)","Laz, Mingrelian კოჩი k̇oči",,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ch
ch_retroflex_to_ch,ʈʂ,tʃ,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Georgian-Zan *c₁xwir- 'nose' (Old Georgian ცხჳრი cxwri),"Laz, Mingrelian ჩხვინდი čxvindi",,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ch
ch_retroflex_to_ch,ʈʂ,tʃ,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Georgian-Zan *c₁ic₁- 'moth' (Georgian ციცინათელა cicinatela),"Laz ჩიჩი čiči, Mingrelian ჩინჩი činči","Wiktionary's subscript-1 series (*s₁, *z₁, *c₁, *ʒ₁) is the Gamkrelidze-Machavariani 'hissing-hushing' series, given in the Wikipedia Proto-Kartvelian consonant table (after Gamkrelidze 1966 and Fähnrich 2002) as retroflex [ʂ ʐ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ].",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ch
ch_retroflex_to_ch,ʈʂ,tʃ,Proto-Kartvelian to Svan,Svan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *c₁xar- 'nine',Svan ჩხარა čxara,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ch
ch_retroflex_to_ch,ʈʂ,tʃ,Proto-Kartvelian to Svan,Svan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *c₁oc₁x- 'broom' (Georgian ცოცხი cocxi),Svan ჩეჩხ čečx,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ch
ch_retroflex_to_dz_retroflex,ʈʂ,ɖʐ,Polish,West Slavic,true,liczyć /ˈli.t͡ʂɘt͡ɕ/ 'to count' (cz before a vowel),liczba /ˈlid͡ʐ.ba/ 'number',cz is voiced before the voiced stop b.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/dz_retroflex
ch_retroflex_to_dz_retroflex,ʈʂ,ɖʐ,Polish,West Slavic,true,klucz /ˈklut͡ʂ/ 'key',Kluczbork /ˈklud͡ʐ.bɔrk/ (town),The same assimilation applies in the compound place name.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/dz_retroflex
ch_retroflex_to_dz_retroflex,ʈʂ,ɖʐ,Polish,West Slavic,true,liczyć /ˈli.t͡ʂɘt͡ɕ/,liczbowy /lid͡ʐˈbɔ.vɘ/ 'numerical',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/dz_retroflex
ch_retroflex_to_ts,ʈʂ,ts,Taiwanese Mandarin,Sinitic,false,這 zhè 'this' (Standard Mandarin zh- [ʈʂ]),zè [ts],"Colloquial Taiwan Guoyu pronounces zh-, ch- and sh- like z-, c- and s- in most contexts.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ts
ch_retroflex_to_ts,ʈʂ,ts,Taiwanese Mandarin,Sinitic,false,知道 zhīdào 'know',zīdào [ts],The same merger applies to every zh- syllable.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ts
ch_retroflex_to_ts,ʈʂ,ts,Southwestern Mandarin (Sichuanese),Sinitic,false,Standard Mandarin 莊 zhuāng /ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/,Chengdu zuang1 /t͡suaŋ⁵⁵/ 'village',Most Southwestern Mandarin varieties merge the retroflex series with the alveolar affricates and fricatives.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ts
ch_retroflex_to_ts,ʈʂ,ts,Southwestern Mandarin (Sichuanese),Sinitic,false,"Standard Mandarin 中 zhōng, 真 zhēn","Sichuanese zong1, zen1",The correspondence is regular in Sichuanese Pinyin across zh- syllables.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ts
ch_retroflex_to_ts,ʈʂ,ts,Polish (Mazurzenie Dialects),West Slavic,false,czas [ˈt͡ʂas] 'time' (standard),cas [ˈt͡sas],"Wiktionary labels cas Far Masovian, Przasnysz, Western Kraków and Zagórze; the Wikipedia Mazuration table gives the same pair.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ts
ch_retroflex_to_ts,ʈʂ,ts,Polish (Mazurzenie Dialects),West Slavic,false,czytać /ˈt͡ʂɘ.tat͡ɕ/ 'to read' (standard),cytać [ˈt͡sɘ.tat͡ɕ] (Zagórze),,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ts
ch_retroflex_to_ts,ʈʂ,ts,Polish (Mazurzenie Dialects),West Slavic,false,szczekać [ʂt͡ʂɛkat͡ɕ] 'to bark' (standard),[st͡sɛkat͡ɕ],Both the fricative and the affricate of szcz are fronted.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ts
ch_retroflex_to_ts,ʈʂ,ts,Proto-Kartvelian to Old Georgian,Karto-Zan,false,"Proto-Kartvelian *c₁olʿ- 'wife' (Laz, Mingrelian ჩილი čili)",Old Georgian ცოლი coli,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ts
ch_retroflex_to_ts,ʈʂ,ts,Proto-Kartvelian to Old Georgian,Karto-Zan,false,"Proto-Kartvelian *c₁xar- 'nine' (Laz, Mingrelian ჩხორო čxoro)",Old Georgian ცხრაჲ cxray,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ts
ch_retroflex_to_ts,ʈʂ,ts,Proto-Kartvelian to Old Georgian,Karto-Zan,false,"Proto-Kartvelian *ḳac₁- 'man, male' (Laz, Mingrelian კოჩი k̇oči)",Old Georgian კაცი k̇aci,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ts
ch_retroflex_to_ts,ʈʂ,ts,Proto-Kartvelian to Old Georgian,Karto-Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *wac₁- 'billy goat' (Laz ბოჩი boči),Old Georgian ვაცი vaci,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ts
ch_retroflex_to_ts,ʈʂ,ts,Proto-Kartvelian to Old Georgian,Karto-Zan,false,Proto-Georgian-Zan *c₁wil- 'wax' (Mingrelian ჩირი čiri),"Old Georgian ცჳლი cwli, Georgian ცვილი cvili",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ts
ch_retroflex_to_ts,ʈʂ,ts,Proto-Kartvelian to Old Georgian,Karto-Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *c₁oc₁x- 'broom' (Svan ჩეჩხ čečx),Georgian ცოცხი cocxi,"Georgian c [t͡s] continues the subscript-1 affricate, which Zan and Svan reflect as č. Wiktionary's subscript-1 series (*s₁, *z₁, *c₁, *ʒ₁) is the Gamkrelidze-Machavariani 'hissing-hushing' series, given in the Wikipedia Proto-Kartvelian consonant table (after Gamkrelidze 1966 and Fähnrich 2002) as retroflex [ʂ ʐ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ].",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch_retroflex/ts
ch_to_ch_aspirated,tʃ,tʃʰ,English,West Germanic,true,chin /ˈtʃɪn/,[ˈt͡ʃʰɪn],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/ch_aspirated
ch_to_ch_aspirated,tʃ,tʃʰ,English,West Germanic,true,cheap /ˈtʃiːp/,[ˈt͡ʃʰɪi̯p],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/ch_aspirated
ch_to_ch_aspirated,tʃ,tʃʰ,English,West Germanic,true,check /tʃɛk/,[t͡ʃʰɛk̚],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/ch_aspirated
ch_to_ch_aspirated,tʃ,tʃʰ,English,West Germanic,true,chip /tʃɪp/,[t͡ʃʰɪp],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/ch_aspirated
ch_to_ch_retroflex,tʃ,ʈʂ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *čàsъ [tʃ] 'time',czas /ˈt͡ʂas/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/ch_retroflex
ch_to_ch_retroflex,tʃ,ʈʂ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *čelò [tʃ] 'forehead',czoło /ˈt͡ʂɔ.wɔ/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/ch_retroflex
ch_to_h,tʃ,h,Guajajára (Tenetehara),Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *t͡ʃɨ 'mother',ihy,Forms are from the descendant lists of the Wiktionary reconstruction pages; Old Tupi has sy with /s/.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/h
ch_to_h,tʃ,h,Guajajára (Tenetehara),Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jat͡ʃɨ 'moon',zahy,Old Tupi îasy [jaˈsɨ] keeps the sibilant.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/h
ch_to_h,tʃ,h,Guajajára (Tenetehara),Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kɨt͡ʃe 'knife',kihe,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/h
ch_to_h,tʃ,h,Guajajára (Tenetehara),Tupi-Guarani,false,"Proto-Tupi-Guarani *t͡ʃem 'to leave, exit'",uhem,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/h
ch_to_h,tʃ,h,Urubú-Kaapor,Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *t͡ʃɨ 'mother',ihy,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/h
ch_to_h,tʃ,h,Urubú-Kaapor,Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jat͡ʃɨ 'moon',jahy,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/h
ch_to_h,tʃ,h,Urubú-Kaapor,Tupi-Guarani,false,"Proto-Tupi-Guarani *t͡ʃem 'to leave, exit'",uhem,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/h
ch_to_h,tʃ,h,Tenharim (Kawahíva),Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jat͡ʃɨ 'moon',jahy,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/h
ch_to_h,tʃ,h,Tenharim (Kawahíva),Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kɨt͡ʃe 'knife',kyhe'i 'small knife',Diminutive derivative in -'i.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/h
ch_to_h,tʃ,h,Araweté,Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *t͡ʃɨ 'mother',hi,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/h
ch_to_h,tʃ,h,Araweté,Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jat͡ʃɨ 'moon',jahi,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/h
ch_to_h,tʃ,h,Araweté,Tupi-Guarani,false,"Proto-Tupi-Guarani *t͡ʃem 'to leave, exit'",hẽ,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/h
ch_to_j_affricate,tʃ,dʒ,English,West Germanic,false,"Middle English knoweleche, knowleche 'knowledge' (< late Old English cnāwelǣċ)",knowledge /ˈnɒlɪdʒ/,[tʃ] voiced to [dʒ] in the unstressed final syllable.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/j_affricate
ch_to_j_affricate,tʃ,dʒ,English,West Germanic,false,Old English norþ + wīċ 'north settlement',Norwich /ˈnɒrɪdʒ/ (local Norfolk pronunciation; also /ˈnɒrɪtʃ/),"The unstressed -wich [wiːtʃ] element shows the same voicing, also heard as a variant in Greenwich /ˈɡrɛnɪdʒ/.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/j_affricate
ch_to_j_affricate,tʃ,dʒ,Turkish,Oghuz,false,Proto-Turkic *āčïg 'bitter',acı [ɑˈdʒɯ] 'bitter',"Intervocalic *č after an originally long vowel became [dʒ] (Old Anatolian Turkish acu); Karluk and Kipchak keep [tʃ] (Uzbek achchiq, Tatar ачы).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/j_affricate
ch_to_j_affricate,tʃ,dʒ,Turkish,Oghuz,false,ağaç [ɑːtʃ] 'tree',ağacı [ɑːdʒɯ] 'its tree; tree (acc.)',Synchronic alternation: stem-final ç voices before a vowel-initial suffix. Ottoman Turkish had voiced ağac even in the nominative.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/j_affricate
ch_to_j_affricate,tʃ,dʒ,Azerbaijani,Oghuz,false,Proto-Turkic *ïgač 'tree',ağac 'tree' (c = [dʒ]),"Word-final *č voiced in Azerbaijani, while Turkmen agaç, Uzbek yogʻoch and Kazakh ағаш keep a voiceless reflex.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/j_affricate
ch_to_j_affricate,tʃ,dʒ,Azerbaijani,Oghuz,false,Proto-Turkic *kïlï̄č 'sword',qılınc,cf. Turkish kılıç.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/j_affricate
ch_to_j_affricate,tʃ,dʒ,Azerbaijani,Oghuz,false,Proto-Turkic *ạ̄č 'hungry',ac,cf. Turkish aç.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/j_affricate
ch_to_j_affricate,tʃ,dʒ,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian ճաշ (čaš) 'meal',Western Armenian [d͡ʒɑʃ] (Eastern Armenian [t͡ʃɑʃ]),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/j_affricate
ch_to_j_affricate,tʃ,dʒ,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian ճանճ (čanč) 'fly',Western Armenian [d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ] (Eastern Armenian [t͡ʃɑnt͡ʃ]),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/j_affricate
ch_to_j_affricate,tʃ,dʒ,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian ճիւղ (čiwł) 'branch',Western Armenian ճյուղ [d͡ʒʏʁ] (Eastern Armenian [t͡ʃjuʁ]),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/j_affricate
ch_to_s,tʃ,s,Proto-Inuit to Inuktitut / Greenlandic,Eskimo-Aleut,false,*atauciq 'one',Inuktitut atausiq; Greenlandic ataaseq,cf. Iñupiaq atausriq,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/s
ch_to_s,tʃ,s,Proto-Inuit to Inuktitut / Greenlandic,Eskimo-Aleut,false,*icaʀuq 'wing',"Inuktitut, Greenlandic isaroq",,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/s
ch_to_s,tʃ,s,Old Tupi (Tupinambá),Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kɨt͡ʃe 'knife',kysé [kɨˈsɛ],,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/s
ch_to_s,tʃ,s,Old Tupi (Tupinambá),Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jat͡ʃɨ 'moon',îasy [jaˈsɨ],,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/s
ch_to_s,tʃ,s,Old Tupi (Tupinambá),Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *t͡ʃɨ 'mother',sy,,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/s
ch_to_s,tʃ,s,Old Tupi (Tupinambá),Tupi-Guarani,false,"Proto-Tupi-Guarani *t͡ʃem 'to leave, exit'",sem,,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/s
ch_to_s,tʃ,s,Paraguayan Guaraní,Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jat͡ʃɨ 'moon',jasy /jaˈsɨ/,"Guaraní keeps a sibilant for *t͡ʃ, whereas the Tenetehara and Kawahíva languages have h (zahy, jahy).",4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/s
ch_to_s,tʃ,s,Paraguayan Guaraní,Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *t͡ʃɨ 'mother',sy,,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/s
ch_to_s,tʃ,s,Paraguayan Guaraní,Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kɨt͡ʃe 'knife',kyse,,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/s
ch_to_s,tʃ,s,Central Siberian Yupik and Naukan Yupik,Yupik,false,Proto-Yupik *acaɣ 'paternal aunt',Central Siberian Yupik asak; Naukan asik,Yup'ik and Alutiiq acak keep the affricate.,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/s
ch_to_s,tʃ,s,Central Siberian Yupik and Naukan Yupik,Yupik,false,"Proto-Yupik *caqi- 'to turn, move'",Naukan saqiɣ 'to push aside',Yup'ik caqir keeps the affricate.,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/s
ch_to_s,tʃ,s,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*časun 'snow',саһа(н) saha(n),Khalkha цас tsas keeps an affricate.,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/s
ch_to_s,tʃ,s,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*čerig 'army',сэрэг sereg,Before *i the outcome is ш instead (*či > ши).,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/s
ch_to_s,tʃ,s,Assamese,Eastern Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit चोर cora 'thief',চোৰ /sʊɹ/,,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/s
ch_to_s,tʃ,s,Assamese,Eastern Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit चतुर् catur 'four',চাৰি /sɑ.ɹi/,,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/s
ch_to_s,tʃ,s,Assamese,Eastern Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit चक्षुस् cakṣus 'eye' (Magadhi Prakrit 𑀘𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀼 cakkhu),চকু /sɔ.ku/,Assamese has no palatal affricates; the old voiceless affricate became the alveolar fricative /s/.,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/s
ch_to_sh,tʃ,ʃ,South Bolivian Quechua,Quechua II-C,true,pichqa /ˈpɪt͡ʃ.qa/ 'five',[ˈpɪʃ.qɑ],Syllable-final /t͡ʃ/ is realized as [ʃ] in Bolivian Quechua; Cuzco has [s] in the same position and Chanka keeps [t͡ʃ].,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/sh
ch_to_sh,tʃ,ʃ,South Bolivian Quechua,Quechua II-C,true,qhichwa /qʰit͡ʃ.wa/ 'Quechua',[qʰeʃ.wa],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/sh
ch_to_sh,tʃ,ʃ,Terena,Bolivia-Paraná,true,Proto-Mojeño *-ʧene 'breast' (Paunaka -ʧene),Terena -ʃêne,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/sh
ch_to_sh,tʃ,ʃ,Terena,Bolivia-Paraná,true,Proto-Mojeño *sáʧe 'sun' (Paunaka saʧe),Terena káʃe,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/sh
ch_to_sh,tʃ,ʃ,Terena,Bolivia-Paraná,true,Proto-Mojeño *-eʧo 'know' (Paunaka -iʧu),Terena -êʃo,Terena changed its affricates to simple fricatives; Mojeño and Paunaka keep ʧ.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/sh
ch_to_sh,tʃ,ʃ,Baure,Bolivia-Paraná,true,Proto-Baure-Muxojeóne *iʧini 'jaguar' (Muxojeóne iʧini),"Baure iʃini, Joaquiniano ʃini",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/sh
ch_to_sh,tʃ,ʃ,Baure,Bolivia-Paraná,true,Proto-Baure-Muxojeóne *-ʧeni 'breast' (Muxojeóne mi-ʧeni),"Joaquiniano -ʃene, Baure -ʃena",Baure /ʃ/ arose from *ʧ before i and e; the Muxojeóne variety keeps ʧ.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/sh
ch_to_sh,tʃ,ʃ,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*či 'you (sg.)',ши shi,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/sh
ch_to_sh,tʃ,ʃ,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*čïlaxun 'stone',шулуу(н) shuluu(n),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/sh
ch_to_sh,tʃ,ʃ,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*čïno 'wolf',шоно shono,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/sh
ch_to_sh,tʃ,ʃ,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*čïraï 'face',шарай sharai,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/sh
ch_to_sh,tʃ,ʃ,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*kaïčï 'scissors',хайша khaisha,"Elsewhere *č gives s (*časun > саһан); Khalkha keeps ч: чи, чулуу, чоно.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/sh
ch_to_sh,tʃ,ʃ,Proto-Mongolic to Dagur,Dagur,false,*či 'you (sg.)',shii,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/sh
ch_to_sh,tʃ,ʃ,Proto-Mongolic to Dagur,Dagur,false,*čïraï 'face',šar,Before other vowels Dagur keeps an affricate: *časun > cas.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/sh
ch_to_ts,tʃ,ts,Kashmiri,Dardic,false,Sanskrit catvā́raḥ 'four',ċōr [tsoːr],Turner's ċ marks the Kashmiri dental affricate /ts/ that regularly continues Old Indo-Aryan c (CDIAL 4655).,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/ts
ch_to_ts,tʃ,ts,Kashmiri,Dardic,false,Sanskrit cōrá 'thief',ċūr [tsuːr],Same development word-initially (CDIAL 4931).,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/ts
ch_to_ts,tʃ,ts,Nepali,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit cōrá 'thief',चोर cor [tsor],"The Nepali reflexes of the Old Indo-Aryan palatal affricates are alveolar affricates: च [ts], छ [tsʰ], ज [dz], झ [dzʱ].",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/ts
ch_to_ts,tʃ,ts,Nepali,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit catvā́raḥ 'four',चार cār [tsar],Spelled with the palatal letter च but pronounced with [ts].,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/ts
ch_to_ts,tʃ,ts,Chakavian (cakavism),South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *čь 'what',ca,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/ts
ch_to_ts,tʃ,ts,Chakavian (cakavism),South Slavic,false,zač 'why',zac,"In the non-palatal Chakavian of eastern Istria (Labin area), Bakar, Trogir and islands such as Vis, Hvar town and Baška on Krk, č [tʃ] is replaced by c [ts]. The from form zač is the conservative Chakavian pronunciation, which keeps č.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/ts
ch_to_ts,tʃ,ts,Proto-Iranian to Pashto (Kandahar),Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *čaxrám 'wheel',څرخ carx,Pashto څ is /t͡s/ in the Kandahar and Quetta dialects and [s] in the northern dialects.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/ts
ch_to_ts,tʃ,ts,Proto-Iranian to Pashto (Kandahar),Eastern Iranian,false,"Proto-Iranian *čiθráh 'appearance, face'",څيره cēra,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/ts
ch_to_ts,tʃ,ts,Proto-Iranian to Pashto (Kandahar),Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *čaθwā́rah 'four',څلور śalór,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/ts
ch_to_ts,tʃ,ts,Proto-Iranian to Ossetian (Iron),Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *čaxrám 'wheel',цалх,Ossetian ц is /t͡s/.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/ts
ch_to_ts,tʃ,ts,Proto-Iranian to Ossetian (Iron),Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *čášma 'eye',"цасм 'loop, noose'",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/ts
ch_to_ts,tʃ,ts,Proto-Iranian to Ossetian (Iron),Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *čaθwā́rah 'four',цыппар /t͡s(ʰ)ɘpˈp(ʰ)är/,"Wiktionary traces it through Proto-Scythian *čaθβāri and Alanic *čuββar, which still had *č.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/ts
ch_to_ts,tʃ,ts,Marathi,Southern Indo-Aryan,false,Maharashtri Prakrit 𑀘𑁄𑀭 cora 'thief' (Sanskrit corá),चोर /t͡soɾ/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/ts
ch_to_ts,tʃ,ts,Marathi,Southern Indo-Aryan,false,Maharashtri Prakrit 𑀘𑀓𑁆𑀓 cakka 'wheel' (Sanskrit cakrá),चाक /t͡sak/,Wiktionary transcribes चार 'four' with /t͡ɕ/.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ch/ts
d_aspirated_to_d,dʱ,d,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,PIE *dʰédʰeh₁ti 'puts' (reduplicated *dʰa-dʰā-),"dádhāti 'puts, places'","Grassmann's Law: the first of two aspirates in successive syllables loses its aspiration, so the reduplicating syllable has d.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/d
d_aspirated_to_d,dʱ,d,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰáǰʰati 'burns',दहति dáhati 'burns',Grassmann's Law again deaspirates the first aspirate (the second became h).,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/d
d_aspirated_to_d,dʱ,d,Lithuanian,Baltic,false,PIE *dʰuh₂mós 'smoke' (Sanskrit dhūmá),dū́mas 'smoke',Proto-Balto-Slavic *dū́ˀmas; Proto-Slavic *dỳmъ shows the same d.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/d
d_aspirated_to_d,dʱ,d,Lithuanian,Baltic,false,"PIE *médʰu 'honey, mead' (Sanskrit mádhu)",medùs 'honey',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/d
d_aspirated_to_d,dʱ,d,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*dʰugh₂tḗr 'daughter',*duxtīr,Celtiberian genitive tuateros.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/d
d_aspirated_to_d,dʱ,d,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*dʰwṓr 'door',*dwār,"Proto-Brythonic *dor, Welsh dôr, Breton dor.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/d
d_aspirated_to_d,dʱ,d,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*dʰubʰrós 'dark',*dubros 'water',"Old Irish dobur, Proto-Brythonic *duβr.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/d
d_aspirated_to_d,dʱ,d,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*dʰédʰeh₁ti 'puts',*didīti,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/d
d_aspirated_to_d,dʱ,d,Avestan and Old Persian,Iranian,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰwā́r 'door' (Sanskrit dvā́r),"Younger Avestan duuarəm (acc. sg.), Old Persian duvarayā (loc. sg.)",Iranian merged the voiced aspirates with the plain voiced stops; Persian dar 'door' continues the form.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/d
d_aspirated_to_d,dʱ,d,Avestan and Old Persian,Iranian,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰráwgʰas 'deception',Old Persian 𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎥 drauga 'lie',Via Proto-Iranian *dráwgah.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/d
d_aspirated_to_d,dʱ,d,Sinhala,Insular Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit dhūmá 'smoke',"duma [dumə] 'smoke, steam'",Sinhala lost aspiration contrasts entirely; contrast Hindi dhuā̃ and Punjabi dhū̃ 'smoke'.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/d
d_aspirated_to_d,dʱ,d,Sinhala,Insular Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit धनु dhanu 'bow',දුනු /du.nu/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/d
d_aspirated_to_d,dʱ,d,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *dʰugh₂tḗr 'daughter',դուստր (dustr) 'daughter',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/d
d_aspirated_to_d,dʱ,d,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *dʰer- 'to hold',"դեռ (deṙ) 'still, yet'",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/d
d_aspirated_to_d,dʱ,d,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *dʰeh₁(y)- 'to suck',դիեմ (diem) 'I suck (milk)',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/d
d_aspirated_to_d,dʱ,d,Dhivehi,Insular Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit धूम dhūma 'smoke',ދުން [d̪un̪],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/d
d_aspirated_to_d,dʱ,d,Dhivehi,Insular Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit धनु dhanu 'bow',ދުނި /d̪u.n̪i/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/d
d_aspirated_to_d,dʱ,d,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *dʰugh₂tḗr 'daughter',*duhtēr /ˈdux.tɛːr/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/d
d_aspirated_to_d,dʱ,d,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *dʰwer- 'door',*durz /durz/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/d
d_aspirated_to_d,dʱ,d,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *dʰóh₁mos 'thing set',*dōmaz /ˈdɔː.mɑz/ 'judgement',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/d
d_aspirated_to_d,dʱ,d,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *dʰówtus,*dauþuz /ˈdɑu̯.θuz/ 'death',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/d
d_aspirated_to_d,dʱ,d,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *dʰóyǵʰos 'kneaded mass',*daigaz /ˈdɑi̯.ɣɑz/ 'dough',Word-initially PIE *dʰ gave the stop [d]; between vowels it gave the fricative [ð] (see dʱ → ð).,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/d
d_aspirated_to_h_voiced,dʱ,ɦ,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit दधि dádhi 'curd',Prakrit 𑀤𑀳𑀺 dahi 'curd',Wiktionary also lists the alternative form 𑀤𑀥𑀺 dadhi; Dhivehi ދަހީ dahī continues the h form.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/h_voiced
d_aspirated_to_h_voiced,dʱ,ɦ,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,"Sanskrit वधू vadhū́ 'bride, wife'",Maharashtri Prakrit 𑀯𑀳𑀽 vahū,Sauraseni has both 𑀯𑀳𑀽 vahū and 𑀯𑀥𑀽 vadhū; Hindi बहू bahū 'daughter-in-law' continues vahū.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/h_voiced
d_aspirated_to_h_voiced,dʱ,ɦ,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit बधिर badhira 'deaf',"Maharashtri, Sauraseni and Magadhi Prakrit 𑀩𑀳𑀺𑀭 bahira","Continued in Hindi बहरा bahrā, Marathi बहिरा bahirā and Bengali বহিরা bahirā.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/h_voiced
d_aspirated_to_t_aspirated,dʱ,tʰ,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *dʰuh₂mós 'smoke',"θυμός thūmós /tʰyː.mós/ 'spirit, soul'","Via Proto-Hellenic *tʰūmós; cf. Sanskrit dhūmá 'smoke', Latin fūmus.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/t_aspirated
d_aspirated_to_t_aspirated,dʱ,tʰ,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *dʰwer- 'door',θύρα thúra /tʰý.ra/ 'door',Via Proto-Hellenic *tʰurā.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/t_aspirated
d_aspirated_to_t_aspirated,dʱ,tʰ,Romani,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit धूम dhūma 'smoke',thuv 'smoke',"cf. Hindi धूआँ dhūā̃, which keeps the voiced aspirate.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/t_aspirated
d_aspirated_to_t_aspirated,dʱ,tʰ,Romani,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit धावति dhāvati 'washes',thovel 'to wash',"cf. Hindi धोना dhonā, which keeps dh.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/t_aspirated
d_aspirated_to_th_vced,dʱ,ð,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *médʰu 'honey',*meduz /ˈme.ðuz/ 'mead',"Grimm's law; intervocalic *dʰ > [ð]. Compare Old Norse mjǫðr, Icelandic mjöður.",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/th_vced
d_aspirated_to_th_vced,dʱ,ð,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *h₁rowdʰós 'red',*raudaz /ˈrɑu̯.ðɑz/ 'red',"Compare Gothic rauþs, Old Norse rauðr.",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/th_vced
d_aspirated_to_th_vced,dʱ,ð,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *médʰyos 'middle',*midjaz /ˈmið.jɑz/ 'middle',"Compare Old Norse miðr, Gothic midjis.",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_aspirated/th_vced
d_palatal_to_dz,ɟ,dz,Polish,West Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *meďa 'boundary, balk'",miedza [ˈmjɛdza] 'balk',"Compare Slovene meja, Serbo-Croatian međa, Russian межа.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/dz
d_palatal_to_dz,ɟ,dz,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *pręďa 'yarn',przędza 'yarn',"Compare Russian пряжа, Slovene preja.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/dz
d_palatal_to_dz,ɟ,dz,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *ťuďь 'foreign',"cudzy 'foreign, someone else's'",,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/dz
d_palatal_to_dz,ɟ,dz,Slovak,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *meďa,"medza 'balk, boundary'","Czech has mez, where dz went on to z.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/dz
d_palatal_to_dz,ɟ,dz,Slovak,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *ťuďь,"cudzí 'strange, foreign'",,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/dz
d_palatal_to_j_glide,ɟ,j,Slovene,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *meďà (< Balto-Slavic *medjāˀ),méja [mɛ̀ːja] 'border',"Compare Serbo-Croatian mèđa, Russian межа́, Polish miedza.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/j_glide
d_palatal_to_j_glide,ɟ,j,Slovene,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *pręďa 'yarn',prēja 'yarn',"Compare Bulgarian пре́жда, Russian пря́жа, Polish przędza.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/j_glide
d_palatal_to_j_glide,ɟ,j,"Proto-Oti-Volta to Core Eastern Oti-Volta (Nateni, Mbelime, Ditammari, Byali)",Eastern Oti-Volta,false,POV *jʊ́ʊ-rɪ́ 'tail',"Nateni yóódī, Mbelime yóódè, Ditammari kūyōó","Forms in Eddyshaw's transcription: j = [ɟ], y = [j], ɩ ʋ = [ɪ ʊ], a tilde below a vowel marks nasalization, ' marks a glottalized vowel; POV = Proto-Oti-Volta; the final syllable of nouns is a noun-class suffix. Gurma keeps the stop (Moba jóól̀).",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/j_glide
d_palatal_to_j_glide,ɟ,j,"Proto-Oti-Volta to Core Eastern Oti-Volta (Nateni, Mbelime, Ditammari, Byali)",Eastern Oti-Volta,false,POV *jôom-wá 'blind',"Nateni yɔ̀ǹ, Byali ywāmmāū",,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/j_glide
d_palatal_to_j_glide,ɟ,j,"Proto-Oti-Volta to Core Eastern Oti-Volta (Nateni, Mbelime, Ditammari, Byali)",Eastern Oti-Volta,false,POV *jâm-wá 'fish',"Byali yàngə̄, Ditammari tāyḭ̄ntà","Eddyshaw: in Core Eastern Oti-Volta *j becomes y; Waama instead has c, and Western Oti-Volta z.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/j_glide
d_palatal_to_n_palatal,ɟ,ɲ,Proto-Northern Jê,Northern Jê,true,"*ñõt 'to sleep' (nonfinite), underlying */ɟ/ before the nasal nucleus õ",*ñõt with initial [ɲ],"The onset */ɟ/ is realized nasal [ɲ] before nasal nuclei, oral [ɟ] in stressed oral syllables (*ĵər, nonfinite of *ga 'to roast') and [j] in unstressed oral syllables.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/n_palatal
d_palatal_to_n_palatal,ɟ,ɲ,Proto-Northern Jê,Northern Jê,true,"*ñõr 'to give' (nonfinite), underlying */ɟ/ before the nasal nucleus õ",*ñõr with initial [ɲ],,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/n_palatal
d_palatal_to_n_palatal,ɟ,ɲ,Proto-Northern Jê,Northern Jê,true,"*ñõpôk 'to pierce', underlying */ɟ/ before the nasal nucleus õ",*ñõpôk with initial [ɲ],,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/n_palatal
d_palatal_to_t_palatal,ɟ,c,Khmer,Khmeric,false,"Old Khmer jeṅ, jœṅa [ɟ-] 'leg, foot' (Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɟuŋ)",ជើង /cəːŋ/,Old Khmer /ɟ/ merged with /c/; the word keeps the high-register vowel of the formerly voiced series.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/t_palatal
d_palatal_to_t_palatal,ɟ,c,Khmer,Khmeric,false,"Old Khmer ជិះ jiḥ /ɟɪh/ 'to ride, straddle'",ជិះ /cih/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/t_palatal
d_palatal_to_t_palatal,ɟ,c,Khmer,Khmeric,false,Old Khmer ជនក janaka /ɟəˈnɔːk/ 'father',ជនក /cĕəʔ.nĕəʔ.kaʔ/ ~ /cĕəʔ.ˈnŭəʔ/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/t_palatal
d_palatal_to_t_palatal,ɟ,c,Slovak,West Slavic,true,lode 'boats' (/ɟ/ before a vowel),loď [ɫɔc] 'boat',Word-final obstruent devoicing turns ď /ɟ/ into [c].,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/t_palatal
d_palatal_to_t_palatal,ɟ,c,Slovak,West Slavic,true,"medi (genitive, /ɟ/)",meď [mec] 'copper',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/t_palatal
d_palatal_to_t_palatal,ɟ,c,Czech,West Slavic,true,underlying /loɟ/ (ď),loď [loc] 'boat',"Czech devoices voiced obstruents before a pause, so final ď /ɟ/ is [c].",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/t_palatal
d_palatal_to_t_palatal,ɟ,c,Czech,West Slavic,true,underlying /zɛɟ/ (ď),zeď [ˈzɛc] 'wall',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/t_palatal
d_palatal_to_t_palatal,ɟ,c,Hungarian,Ugric,true,ágy /aːɟ/ 'bed',ágytól [ˈaːctoːl] 'from (a) bed',Regressive voicing assimilation: gy /ɟ/ is devoiced to [c] before the voiceless /t/ of the suffix.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/t_palatal
d_palatal_to_t_palatal,ɟ,c,Hungarian,Ugric,true,hagy 'leaves' + -ta,hagyta [ˈhɒctɒ] 's/he left it',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/t_palatal
d_palatal_to_t_palatal,ɟ,c,Hungarian,Ugric,true,nagy 'big' + képű '-faced',nagyképű [ˈnɒckeːpyː] 'pompous',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/t_palatal
d_palatal_to_t_palatal,ɟ,c,Proto-Mon-Khmer to Khmer,Khmeric,false,Proto-Austroasiatic *ɟruːʔ 'deep',ជ្រៅ /crɨw/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/t_palatal
d_palatal_to_t_palatal,ɟ,c,Proto-Mon-Khmer to Khmer,Khmeric,false,"Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɟruŋ 'corner, angle'",ជ្រុង /cruŋ/,"The letter ជ still marks the formerly voiced series, whose vowels take the second-register values.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/t_palatal
d_palatal_to_z,ɟ,z,Proto-Oti-Volta to Kusaal and Mooré,Western Oti-Volta,false,POV *jâm-wá 'fish',"Kusaal zíiŋā, Mooré zḭnfu","Forms in Eddyshaw's transcription: j = [ɟ], y = [j], ɩ ʋ = [ɪ ʊ], a tilde below a vowel marks nasalization, ' marks a glottalized vowel; POV = Proto-Oti-Volta; the final syllable of nouns is a noun-class suffix. The front root vowel comes from umlaut generalized from the plural; Buli keeps the stop (júm), Nõotre devoices it (cìmmilá).",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/z
d_palatal_to_z,ɟ,z,Proto-Oti-Volta to Kusaal and Mooré,Western Oti-Volta,false,POV *jʊ́ʊ-rɪ́ 'tail',"Kusaal zʋ̄ʋrɛ̄, Mooré zʋ́ʋre","Buli jīuk, Moba jóól̀, Nõotre cúré.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/z
d_palatal_to_z,ɟ,z,Proto-Oti-Volta to Kusaal and Mooré,Western Oti-Volta,false,POV *jôom-wá 'blind',"Kusaal zú'omm, Mooré zòangá","Nawdm jóòmá, Moba jùáǹ.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/z
d_palatal_to_z,ɟ,z,Proto-Oti-Volta to Kusaal and Mooré,Western Oti-Volta,false,POV *jṵ̂un-fʊ́ 'dawadawa seed',"Kusaal zʋ́'ʋⁿfɔ̄, Mooré zṵuna","Eddyshaw: in Western Oti-Volta *j becomes z, except in Nõotre, where it is devoiced to c.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/z
d_palatal_to_zh,ɟ,ʒ,South Levantine Arabic,Semitic,false,*ɟamal,ʒamal [ˈʒa.mal],جمل 'camel'; compare Standard Arabic /d͡ʒamal/ and Egyptian /ɡamal/.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/zh
d_palatal_to_zh,ɟ,ʒ,South Levantine Arabic,Semitic,false,*ɟabal,ʒabal [ˈʒa.bal],"جبل 'hill, mountain'.",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/zh
d_palatal_to_zh,ɟ,ʒ,Moroccan Arabic,Semitic,false,*ɟabal,ʒbəl,جبل 'mountain'; the short vowel of the first syllable is also lost.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/zh
d_palatal_to_zh,ɟ,ʒ,Moroccan Arabic,Semitic,false,*ɟ in جاب,ʒaːb 'to bring',"Tunisian has [ʒeːb], Egyptian [ɡæːb].",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatal/zh
d_palatalized_to_d,dʲ,d,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,"Old East Slavic дьнь (dĭnĭ) 'day' (< Proto-Slavic *dьnь), soft [dʲ] before the front yer (cf. Russian день [dʲenʲ])",день [dɛnʲ] 'day',Ukrainian consonants are hard before /e/; Rubach (2005) analyses a depalatalization process applying before [ɛ] that makes o-fronting opaque.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/d
d_palatalized_to_d,dʲ,d,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,"Old East Slavic водити (voditi) 'to lead' (< Proto-Slavic *voditi), soft [dʲ] before и (cf. Russian водить [vɐˈdʲitʲ])",водити [wɔˈdɪte] 'to lead',Before original *i (Ukrainian и [ɪ]) consonants also hardened; Galinskaya (2024) shows the hardening followed the earlier East Slavic secondary softening.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/d
d_palatalized_to_d_palatal,dʲ,ɟ,Czech,West Slavic,false,Old Czech softened [dʲ] in děd (Proto-Slavic *dědъ),děd [ˈɟɛt] 'grandfather',"Cf. Russian дед [dʲet], which keeps the palatalized [dʲ].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/d_palatal
d_palatalized_to_d_palatal,dʲ,ɟ,Czech,West Slavic,false,Old Czech dietě 'child',dítě [ˈɟiːcɛ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/d_palatal
d_palatalized_to_d_palatal,dʲ,ɟ,Slovak,West Slavic,false,softened [dʲ] before the front yer (Proto-Slavic *dьnь),deň [ˈɟeɲ] 'day',"Cf. Russian день [dʲenʲ] with palatalized [dʲ], where Slovak has the palatal stop /ɟ/.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/d_palatal
d_palatalized_to_d_palatal,dʲ,ɟ,Slovak,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *děti 'children',deti [ˈɟeci],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/d_palatal
d_palatalized_to_d_palatal,dʲ,ɟ,Macedonian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *meďa 'border',меѓа [ˈmɛɟa],"Reflex of *ď reconstructed as [dʲ]; Wikipedia's Proto-Slavic article also allows a palatal value [ɟː] for *ď, matching Macedonian. Contrast Bulgarian межда, Serbo-Croatian međa.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/d_palatal
d_palatalized_to_d_palatal,dʲ,ɟ,Macedonian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *saďa 'soot',саѓа [ˈsaɟa],"Contrast Bulgarian сажда, Serbo-Croatian sađa.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/d_palatal
d_palatalized_to_dz,dʲ,dz,Polish,West Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *meďa 'border, balk'",miedza [ˈmjɛ.d͡za],"Contrast Ukrainian межа [meˈʒa], Serbo-Croatian mèđa, Slovene méja.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/dz
d_palatalized_to_dz,dʲ,dz,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *saďa 'soot',sadza [ˈsa.d͡za],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/dz
d_palatalized_to_dz,dʲ,dz,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *pręďa 'yarn',przędza,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/dz
d_palatalized_to_dz,dʲ,dz,Slovak,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *meďa 'border',medza [ˈmed͡za],"Czech has z here (mez), with the affricate simplified.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/dz
d_palatalized_to_dz,dʲ,dz,Slovak,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *saďa 'soot',sadza [ˈsad͡za],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/dz
d_palatalized_to_dz,dʲ,dz,Slovak,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *pręďa 'yarn',priadza,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/dz
d_palatalized_to_dz,dʲ,dz,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Old East Slavic дьнь 'day' with soft [dʲ] (cf. Russian день [dʲenʲ]),дзень [d͡zʲenʲ],Dzekanne: soft /dʲ/ is realized as the affricate [dzʲ]; the atlas has no separate palatalized-dz symbol.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/dz
d_palatalized_to_dz,dʲ,dz,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Old East Slavic дѣдъ 'grandfather' with soft [dʲ] (cf. Russian дед [dʲet]),дзед [d͡zʲet],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/dz
d_palatalized_to_j_glide,dʲ,j,Slovene,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *meďa 'border',méja,"Contrast Serbo-Croatian mèđa, Russian межа́, Old Church Slavonic межда.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/j_glide
d_palatalized_to_j_glide,dʲ,j,Slovene,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *saďa 'soot',sája,"Contrast Serbo-Croatian sađa, Russian са́жа.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/j_glide
d_palatalized_to_j_glide,dʲ,j,Slovene,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *pręďa 'yarn',preja [prēja],"Contrast Bulgarian пре́жда, Russian пря́жа.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/j_glide
d_palatalized_to_j_palatal,dʲ,dʑ,Serbo-Croatian,South Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *meďa 'border, boundary'",mèđa /měd͡ʑa/,"Single palatalized *ď, not the earlier *dj cluster; contrast Macedonian меѓа, Polish miedza, Ukrainian межа.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/j_palatal
d_palatalized_to_j_palatal,dʲ,dʑ,Serbo-Croatian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *pręďa 'yarn',pređa /prêd͡ʑa/,"Contrast Polish przędza, Bulgarian прежда.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/j_palatal
d_palatalized_to_j_palatal,dʲ,dʑ,Serbo-Croatian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *saďa 'soot',sađa,Dialectal and rare; the usual words are čađa and saža.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/j_palatal
d_palatalized_to_j_palatal,dʲ,dʑ,Polish,West Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *dьnь, with [dʲ] softened before the front yer (cf. Russian день [dʲenʲ])",dzień /ˈd͡ʑɛɲ/ 'day',"Soft *t, *d became ć, dź in the 12th century.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/j_palatal
d_palatalized_to_j_palatal,dʲ,dʑ,Polish,West Slavic,false,"Old Polish chodzić, with softened [dʲ] before i (cf. Russian ходить [xɐˈdʲitʲ])",chodzić /ˈxɔ.d͡ʑit͡ɕ/ 'to walk',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/j_palatal
d_palatalized_to_t_palatalized,dʲ,tʲ,Russian,East Slavic,true,/mʲedʲ/ медь 'copper',[mʲetʲ],Word-final devoicing of the palatalized dental stop; the soft sign keeps the palatalization.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/t_palatalized
d_palatalized_to_t_palatalized,dʲ,tʲ,Russian,East Slavic,true,"/ɡrudʲ/ грудь 'chest, breast'",[ɡrutʲ],"Final [tʲ] alternates with voiced [dʲ] before a vowel, as in genitive груди́.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/t_palatalized
d_palatalized_to_t_palatalized,dʲ,tʲ,Russian,East Slavic,true,/budʲ-tʲe/ будьте 'be! (plural imperative)',[ˈbutʲːe],Regressive devoicing before voiceless [tʲ]; cf. singular будь with final [tʲ] and the voiced stem in буду 'I will be'.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/t_palatalized
d_palatalized_to_zh,dʲ,ʒ,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *meďa 'border, boundary'",межа [meˈʒa],"Contrast Polish miedza, Serbo-Croatian mèđa, Slovene méja; Russian межа has retroflex [ʐ].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/zh
d_palatalized_to_zh,dʲ,ʒ,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *saďa 'soot',сажа [ˈsaʒɐ],"Contrast Polish sadza, Bulgarian сажда, Macedonian саѓа.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/zh
d_palatalized_to_zh,dʲ,ʒ,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *pręďa 'yarn',пряжа [ˈprʲaʒɐ],"Contrast Polish przędza, Bulgarian прежда, Slovene preja.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/zh
d_palatalized_to_zh,dʲ,ʒ,Russian,East Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *meďa 'border, boundary'",межа́ (Old East Slavic межа),,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/zh
d_palatalized_to_zh,dʲ,ʒ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *saďa 'soot',са́жа,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/zh
d_palatalized_to_zh,dʲ,ʒ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *pręďa 'yarn',пря́жа,"Church Slavonic has the South Slavic reflex žd (межда, сажда, прѧжда).",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/zh
d_palatalized_to_zh,dʲ,ʒ,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *meďa 'border, boundary'",мяжа́,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/zh
d_palatalized_to_zh,dʲ,ʒ,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *saďa 'soot',са́жа,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/zh
d_palatalized_to_zh,dʲ,ʒ,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *pręďa 'yarn',пра́жа,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_palatalized/zh
d_retroflex_to_ch_retroflex,ɖ,ʈʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 柱 drjuX /ɖɨoX/ 'pillar',zhù [ʈʂu],"Oblique (rising) tone, so unaspirated",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_retroflex/ch_retroflex
d_retroflex_to_ch_retroflex,ɖ,ʈʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 重 drjowngX /ɖɨoŋX/ 'heavy',zhòng [ʈʂʊŋ],"Oblique (rising) tone, so unaspirated",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_retroflex/ch_retroflex
d_retroflex_to_ch_retroflex,ɖ,ʈʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 直 drik /ɖɨk̚/ 'straight',zhí [ʈʂɻ̩],"Old entering tone, unaspirated",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_retroflex/ch_retroflex
d_retroflex_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,ɖ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese (Standard),Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 茶 drae 'tea' (level tone),chá [ʈʂʰa³⁵],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_retroflex/ch_retroflex_aspirated
d_retroflex_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,ɖ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese (Standard),Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 陳 drin 'to display; a surname' (level tone),chén [ʈʂʰən³⁵],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_retroflex/ch_retroflex_aspirated
d_retroflex_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,ɖ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese (Standard),Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 池 drje 'pool' (level tone),chí [ʈʂʰɻ̩³⁵],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_retroflex/ch_retroflex_aspirated
d_retroflex_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,ɖ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese (Standard),Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 腸 drjang 'intestine' (level tone),cháng [ʈʂʰɑŋ³⁵],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_retroflex/ch_retroflex_aspirated
d_retroflex_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,ɖ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese (Standard),Sinitic,false,"Middle Chinese 程 drjeng 'rule, procedure; a surname' (level tone)",chéng [ʈʂʰɤŋ³⁵],"All five have the 澄 initial and level tone, which regularly yields the aspirated affricate.",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_retroflex/ch_retroflex_aspirated
d_retroflex_to_l_retroflex,ɖ,ɭ,Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit krīḍati 'plays',Pali kīḷati,Pali Text Society dictionary: 'Kīḷati [Sk. krīḍati]'.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_retroflex/l_retroflex
d_retroflex_to_l_retroflex,ɖ,ɭ,Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit ṣoḍaśa 'sixteen',Pali soḷasa,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_retroflex/l_retroflex
d_retroflex_to_l_retroflex,ɖ,ɭ,Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit garuḍa 'mythical bird',Pali garuḷa,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_retroflex/l_retroflex
d_retroflex_to_r,ɖ,r,Romani,Indo-Aryan,false,Prakrit ḍōmba (Sanskrit ḍomba) 'member of a caste of travelling musicians',"rom, rrom 'Romani man, husband'","Dialects that selected plain /r/ have rom; conservative Vlax dialects have řom with uvular [ʀ] or long [rː], and some dialects have lom.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_retroflex/r
d_retroflex_to_r,ɖ,r,Romani,Indo-Aryan,false,Middle Indo-Aryan *maṇḍa 'bread',"manro, manřo 'bread'",The retroflex stop after the nasal became the rhotic; other dialects have mando or manlo.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_retroflex/r
d_retroflex_to_r_flap_retroflex,ɖ,ɽ,Hindi,Central Indo-Aryan,false,Prakrit 𑀖𑁄𑀟𑀬 ghoḍaya 'horse',घोड़ा /ɡʱoː.ɽɑː/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_retroflex/r_flap_retroflex
d_retroflex_to_r_flap_retroflex,ɖ,ɽ,Hindi,Central Indo-Aryan,false,Prakrit 𑀖𑀟 ghaḍa 'pot' (Sanskrit ghaṭa),घड़ा ghaṛā 'earthen pot',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_retroflex/r_flap_retroflex
d_retroflex_to_r_flap_retroflex,ɖ,ɽ,Punjabi,Northwestern Indo-Aryan,false,Prakrit 𑀖𑀟 ghaḍa 'pot' (Sanskrit ghaṭa),ਘੜਾ /kə˩.ɽäː/ 'earthen pot',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_retroflex/r_flap_retroflex
d_retroflex_to_r_flap_retroflex,ɖ,ɽ,Punjabi,Northwestern Indo-Aryan,false,Prakrit 𑀖𑁄𑀟𑀬 ghoḍaya 'horse',ਘੋੜਾ /koː˥˩.ɽäː/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_retroflex/r_flap_retroflex
d_retroflex_to_th_vced,ɖ,ð,Mantauran Rukai,Rukai,false,Proto-Rukai *dramare 'moon',Mantauran dhamare [ð] 'moon',"Proto-Rukai *ɖ (dr) became ð in Mantauran, merging with the reflex of *d (cf. *da'ane > dha'ane 'house').",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_retroflex/th_vced
d_retroflex_to_th_vced,ɖ,ð,Mantauran Rukai,Rukai,false,Proto-Rukai *drakeraNe 'river' (Budai drakerale),Mantauran dhákerale 'river',Budai keeps the retroflex stop ɖ where Mantauran has the dental fricative.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_retroflex/th_vced
d_retroflex_to_th_vced,ɖ,ð,Mantauran Rukai,Rukai,false,Proto-Rukai *kodrolo 'thousand',Mantauran kodholo 'thousand',Word-internal *ɖ shows the same spirantized reflex.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d_retroflex/th_vced
d_to_d_palatalized,d,dʲ,Russian,East Slavic,true,да,/da/,yes,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/d_palatalized
d_to_d_palatalized,d,dʲ,Russian,East Slavic,true,дядя,/ˈdʲædʲə/,uncle,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/d_palatalized
d_to_d_palatalized,d,dʲ,Lithuanian,Baltic,true,dėti,[ˈdʲeːtʲɪ],'to put',5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/d_palatalized
d_to_d_palatalized,d,dʲ,Lithuanian,Baltic,true,diena,/dʲiəˈnɐ/,'day',5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/d_palatalized
d_to_d_palatalized,d,dʲ,Proto-Celtic to Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *dekam 'ten',Old Irish deich /ˈd̠ʲexʲ/,"Before a front vowel, Primitive Irish consonants became palatalized ('slender'); the resulting broad–slender opposition later became phonemic.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/d_palatalized
d_to_d_palatalized,d,dʲ,Proto-Celtic to Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *dyīus 'day',Old Irish día /ˈd̠ʲiːa̯/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/d_palatalized
d_to_d_palatalized,d,dʲ,Bulgarian,South Slavic,true,да,[da],'yes',5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/d_palatalized
d_to_d_palatalized,d,dʲ,Bulgarian,South Slavic,true,дядо,[ˈdʲa̟do],'grandfather',5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/d_palatalized
d_to_d_retroflex,d,ɖ,Hindi,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit दशति dáśati 'bites',"Prakrit ḍasaï > Hindi डसना ḍasnā /ɖəsnɑː/ 'to bite (of a snake), sting'",Unconditioned initial retroflexion of dental d in Middle Indo-Aryan.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/d_retroflex
d_to_d_retroflex,d,ɖ,Hindi,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit दोलयति dolayati 'swings',डोलना ḍolnā 'to swing',Prakrit 𑀤𑁄𑀮𑀇 still has the dental.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/d_retroflex
d_to_d_retroflex,d,ɖ,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,"PIE *nisdós, Proto-Indo-Iranian *niždás 'nest'",नीड nīḍa 'nest' (< Proto-Indo-Aryan *niẓḍás),"The d became retroflex by assimilation to the preceding RUKI-retroflexed sibilant *ẓ, which was then lost with compensatory lengthening; cognate with Latin nīdus, English nest.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/d_retroflex
d_to_d_retroflex,d,ɖ,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *piždáyati 'squeezes' (PIE *pisdéyeti),"पीडयति pīḍáyati 'presses, squeezes'",Same development of *žd to ḍ with loss of the sibilant and compensatory lengthening.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/d_retroflex
d_to_dz,d,dz,Japanese (Late Middle Japanese),Japonic,false,Old Japanese みづ mi₁du 'water',[midzu] (now mizu [mizɯ]),/t/ and /d/ were affricated before /u/ (and /i/); [dzu] later merged with [zu] in most dialects (the yotsugana merger).,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/dz
d_to_dz,d,dz,Japanese (Late Middle Japanese),Japonic,false,Old Japanese 鼓 tudumi 'hand drum',[tsudzumi] (now tsuzumi),Both stops are affricated in the same word: /tudumi/ > /t͡sud͡zumi/ > /t͡suzumi/.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/dz
d_to_dz,d,dz,Swati,Bantu,false,Proto-Nguni *-de 'long',-dze,Zulu and Xhosa keep -de.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/dz
d_to_dz,d,dz,Swati,Bantu,false,Proto-Nguni *-landa 'to follow',-landza,"Zulu, Xhosa -landa.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/dz
d_to_dz,d,dz,Swati,Bantu,false,Proto-Nguni *-linda 'to wait',-lindza,"Zulu, Xhosa -linda.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/dz
d_to_dz,d,dz,Phuthi,Bantu,false,Proto-Nguni *-de 'long',-dze,Shares the Swati affrication of *d.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/dz
d_to_dz,d,dz,Phuthi,Bantu,false,Proto-Nguni *-landa 'to follow',-ladza,With loss of the preceding nasal; Swati -landza,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/dz
d_to_dz,d,dz,Phuthi,Bantu,false,Proto-Nguni *-linda 'to wait',-lidza,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/dz
d_to_dz,d,dz,Quebec French,Gallo-Romance,true,difficile /difisil/ 'difficult',[d͡zifisɪl],Synchronic allophony: /d/ is affricated before /i y j ɥ/ throughout Quebec except Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine and Côte-Nord.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/dz
d_to_dz,d,dz,Quebec French,Gallo-Romance,true,méduse /medyz/ 'jellyfish',[med͡zʏy̯z],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/dz
d_to_dz,d,dz,Quebec French,Gallo-Romance,true,du /dy/ 'of the',[d͡zy],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/dz
d_to_dz,d,dz,Aromanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin dīcō 'I say',dzãc 'I say',Aromanian keeps dz /dz/; compare standard Romanian zic.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/dz
d_to_dz,d,dz,Aromanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin audītum 'heard',avdzãtã 'heard' (past participle of avdu),Compare standard Romanian auzit with z.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/dz
d_to_dz,d,dz,"Romanian (Moldavian, Banat, Maramureș)",Eastern Romance,false,Latin dīcō 'I say' (Common Romanian *dzicu),[d͡zɨk] 'I say',"The northern dialects keep the affricate; Wallachian, Criș and standard Romanian reduced it to zic.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/dz
d_to_dz,d,dz,"Romanian (Moldavian, Banat, Maramureș)",Eastern Romance,false,Latin vēndis 'you sell' (*vendī),Old Romanian vindzi 'you sell',Standard Romanian vinzi after dz > z.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/dz
d_to_empty,d,∅,Andalusian Spanish,Romance,true,pesado 'heavy',pesao,"In Andalusian Spanish intervocalic /d/ is elided in most instances, especially in past participles (he acabado > he acabao).",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/empty
d_to_empty,d,∅,Andalusian Spanish,Romance,true,a menudo 'often',a menúo,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/empty
d_to_empty,d,∅,Portuguese,Romance,false,pedem (Latin),pé,Total loss of the intervocalic dental stop.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/empty
d_to_empty,d,∅,Portuguese,Romance,false,Latin cadere 'to fall',Old Galician-Portuguese caer (modern cair),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/empty
d_to_empty,d,∅,Portuguese,Romance,false,Latin vidēre 'to see',Old Galician-Portuguese veer (modern ver),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/empty
d_to_empty,d,∅,Proto-Bantu to Swahili,Bantu,false,*-dɪ̀da 'cry',-lia,"Stem-internal *d (realized [l]) is lost between vowels; cf. Chichewa -lira, Kinyarwanda -rira",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/empty
d_to_empty,d,∅,Proto-Bantu to Swahili,Bantu,false,*-dúada 'to wear',-vaa,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/empty
d_to_empty,d,∅,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit हृदय hṛdaya 'heart',Prakrit 𑀳𑀺𑀅𑀅 hiaa,Also spelled 𑀳𑀺𑀅𑀬 hiaya with a hiatus-filling y; Paisaci 𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀅 hitaa keeps a stop.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/empty
d_to_empty,d,∅,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit पाद pāda 'foot',Prakrit 𑀧𑀸𑀅 pāa,"Alternative forms 𑀧𑀸𑀬 pāya and 𑀧𑀸𑀤 pāda; continued in Hindi पाँव pā̃v, Bengali পা pā, Marathi पाय pāy.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/empty
d_to_glottal_stop,d,ʔ,Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,Classical Tibetan བོད bod 'Tibet',[pʰø̀ʔ],"Final -d is replaced by a glottal stop and the vowel is fronted by umlaut; Wiktionary transcribes the Lhasa form with vowel length, /pʰøː˩˧˨/.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/glottal_stop
d_to_glottal_stop,d,ʔ,Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,Classical Tibetan པད pad 'lotus' (from Sanskrit padma),[pɛʔ],"Final -d surfaces as a glottal stop, also in the compound ཞབས་པད zhabs pad [ɕʌpɛʔ].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/glottal_stop
d_to_glottal_stop,d,ʔ,African American English,West Germanic,true,glad /glæd/,[glæːʔ],"Word-final /d/ varies between [d], [ʔ], glottal-reinforced [ʔd] and deletion; the glottal variant was led by young working-class women in 1960s Washington DC.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/glottal_stop
d_to_glottal_stop,d,ʔ,African American English,West Germanic,true,grandson /ˈgrændsən/,[græ̃ʔsən],"Recorded by Putnam and O'Hern (1955) in a Washington DC community, as cited by Farrington (2020).",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/glottal_stop
d_to_h,d,h,Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *daRaq 'blood',håga',Blust (2000) gives h as the regular Chamorro reflex of PMP *d (with loss word-finally).,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/h
d_to_h,d,h,Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dahun 'leaf',hagon,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/h
d_to_h,d,h,Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *danum 'water',hanom,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/h
d_to_h,d,h,Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *daləm 'inside, deep'",halom,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/h
d_to_j_affricate,d,dʒ,English (Yod-coalescence),Germanic,false,"soldier, conservative /dj/",[ˈsoʊldʒəɹ],Historical yod-coalescence: the stop and the following glide fused into [dʒ]; it is now established even in Received Pronunciation.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/j_affricate
d_to_j_affricate,d,dʒ,English (Yod-coalescence),Germanic,false,"due, dew, traditional RP [djuː]",[dʒuː],"The from form is the traditional RP pronunciation, which keeps the conservative /dj/; coalescence is now general in this group of words.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/j_affricate
d_to_j_affricate,d,dʒ,Latin to Italian,Romance,false,diurnus [dj],giorno [dʒ],Historical palatalization of the dental stop before a glide.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/j_affricate
d_to_j_affricate,d,dʒ,Latin to Italian,Romance,false,radiu [dj],raggio [ˈraddʒo],Geminate palatalization where Latin /dj/ sequence results in Italian affricate.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/j_affricate
d_to_j_affricate,d,dʒ,Brazilian Portuguese,Romance,true,dia /ˈdi.ɐ/ 'day',[ˈd͡ʒi.ɐ],/d/ is affricated before /i/ in most Brazilian dialects; European Portuguese keeps [d].,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/j_affricate
d_to_j_affricate,d,dʒ,Brazilian Portuguese,Romance,true,dizer /diˈzeɾ/ 'to say',[d͡ʒiˈze(h)],,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/j_affricate
d_to_j_affricate,d,dʒ,Brazilian Portuguese,Romance,true,cidade /siˈda.di/ 'city',[siˈda.d͡ʒi],,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/j_affricate
d_to_j_glide,d,j,Middle Persian,Iranian,false,Old Persian pād(a) 'foot' (< Proto-Iranian *pā́dah),pāy (New Persian پای pāy),Postvocalic /d/ weakened to the glide /j/.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/j_glide
d_to_j_glide,d,j,Middle Persian,Iranian,false,"Proto-Iranian *mádu 'mead, wine'",may (New Persian می may/mey 'wine'),"The same postvocalic *d > y, word-finally after loss of the final vowel. y = [j].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/j_glide
d_to_j_glide,d,j,Turkish,Oghuz,false,Proto-Turkic *adak 'foot' (Old Turkic adaq),ayak,"Compare Tuvan adak, Yakut ataq and Khakas azax, which keep or change the dental differently.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/j_glide
d_to_j_glide,d,j,Turkish,Oghuz,false,Proto-Turkic *kudruk 'tail' (Old Turkic qudruq),kuyruk,"Compare Tuvan kuduruk, Yakut kuturuk, Khakas xuzurux.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/j_glide
d_to_j_glide,d,j,Kazakh,Kipchak,false,Proto-Turkic *adak 'foot',аяқ ayaq,Kipchak shares the y-reflex with Oghuz.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/j_glide
d_to_j_glide,d,j,Kazakh,Kipchak,false,Proto-Turkic *kudruk 'tail',құйрық quyrıq,Before a consonant the glide forms a diphthong with the preceding vowel.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/j_glide
d_to_j_palatal,d,dʑ,Japanese,Japonic,false,Early Middle Japanese 恥 はぢ hadi 'shame',はじ haji,"In Late Middle Japanese (12th–16th centuries) /t, d/ affricated before /i, u/: /di/ ぢ became [dʑi]; after the yotsugana merger ぢ and じ are both pronounced [dʑi], and the word is now spelled はじ (historical はぢ).",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/j_palatal
d_to_j_palatal,d,dʑ,Japanese,Japonic,false,Early Middle Japanese 鼻血 はなぢ hanadi 'nosebleed',hanaji,"Still spelled with ぢ, as a compound of hana 'nose' and chi 'blood'.",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/j_palatal
d_to_l,d,l,Latin,Italic,false,Old Latin dingua 'tongue' (< Proto-Italic *dn̥ɣwā),lingua,"Irregular in Latin: d- > l-, explained as borrowing from another Italic language with the shift and/or association with lingō 'to lick'.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/l
d_to_l,d,l,Latin,Italic,false,"Old Latin dacrima, dacruma 'tear'",lacrima,Same irregular d > l; cognate with Greek δάκρυ.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/l
d_to_l,d,l,Latin,Italic,false,Proto-Italic *odō 'to smell' (cf. odor 'smell'),"older olō, oleō 'to smell'",The verb shows l while the noun odor keeps d.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/l
d_to_l,d,l,Pashto,Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *dáca 'ten',las /las/,Regular lambdacism; compare Persian dah.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/l
d_to_l,d,l,Pashto,Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *dúgdā 'daughter',lur /lur/ (via *lúγdar),Compare Persian dokhtar.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/l
d_to_l,d,l,Pashto,Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *pā́dah 'foot',پل pal,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/l
d_to_l,d,l,Pashto,Eastern Iranian,false,"Proto-Iranian *dā́rukah 'wood, stick'",لرګی largáy,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/l
d_to_l,d,l,Proto-Eastern Grassfields to Mbili,Ngemba,false,Proto-Eastern Grassfields *-dúì̧ 'nose',Mbili nɨ̀-lwí,"PEG reconstructions from Elias et al. (1984) as tabulated by Faytak & Steffman (2023, Table 3); Awing nə̀-lwí-ə has the same l.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/l
d_to_l,d,l,Proto-Eastern Grassfields to Mbili,Ngemba,false,Proto-Eastern Grassfields *-dùk` 'wine',Mbili mɨ̀-lùʔ,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/l
d_to_n,d,n,Neapolitan,Italo-Romance,false,Latin quandō 'when',quanno [ˈkwannə],"The [d] of the cluster [nd] assimilates to the preceding nasal, giving geminate [nn].",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/n
d_to_n,d,n,Neapolitan,Italo-Romance,false,Latin mundus 'world',munno [ˈmunnə],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/n
d_to_p,d,p,Latin,Italic,false,ad- + pellō 'to drive',"appellō 'to address, call'",Prefix-final /d/ assimilates totally to the following /p/.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/p
d_to_p,d,p,Latin,Italic,false,adportō,"apportō 'to carry to, bring'",Both spellings are attested.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/p
d_to_p,d,p,Latin,Italic,false,adpetō,"appetō 'to strive after, seek'",Both spellings are attested.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/p
d_to_p,d,p,Latin,Italic,false,quid 'what' + -pe (corroborating particle),"quippe 'indeed, of course'",Word-final /d/ of quid assimilates totally to the enclitic's /p/.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/p
d_to_r,d,r,Neapolitan / Italian Dialects,Romance,true,vedé 'to see' (< Latin vidēre),veré,"Neapolitan pronounces d as r word-initially and between vowels, and often spells it so; the trait is attributed to an Oscan substratum.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Neapolitan / Italian Dialects,Romance,true,cadé 'to fall' (< Latin cadere),caré,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Neapolitan / Italian Dialects,Romance,true,doje 'two' (fem.),roje,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Neapolitan / Italian Dialects,Romance,true,Madonna,Maronna,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Proto-Bantu to Kinyarwanda / Kikuyu,Bantu,false,*-dɪ̀da 'cry',Kinyarwanda -rira,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Proto-Bantu to Kinyarwanda / Kikuyu,Bantu,false,*-dɪ́a 'eat',"Kikuyu -rĩa, Kinyarwanda -rya",Proto-Bantu *d had a liquid allophone [l] before non-high vowels; many daughters generalize a tap [ɾ],3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Proto-Atayalic to Atayal,Atayalic,false,*dusaʔ 'two',rusa,Truku keeps d (cf. *dayaʔ > daya),3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Proto-Atayalic to Atayal,Atayalic,false,*dagum 'needle',rom,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Proto-Atayalic to Atayal,Atayalic,false,*paŋdan 'pineapple',pangran,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Malagasy,Barito,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *duha 'two',roa,Word-initial PMP *d generally became r in Malagasy.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Malagasy,Barito,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *danum 'water',rano,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Malagasy,Barito,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *duRi 'thorn',roy,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Malagasy,Barito,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dəpah 'fathom',refy,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Palauan,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *daRaq 'blood',rasech,PMP *d became r in Palauan; final ch is the glottal stop.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Palauan,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *danum 'water',ralm,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Palauan,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dapdap 'coral tree (Erythrina)',roro,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Proto-Oti-Volta to Mooré,Western Oti-Volta,false,POV *dúm-rɪ́ 'knee',Mooré rṵ́mdi,"Forms in Eddyshaw's transcription: j = [ɟ], y = [j], ɩ ʋ = [ɪ ʊ], a tilde below a vowel marks nasalization, ' marks a glottalized vowel; POV = Proto-Oti-Volta; the final syllable of nouns is a noun-class suffix. Kusaal keeps d (dūmnɛ̄).",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Proto-Oti-Volta to Mooré,Western Oti-Volta,false,POV *dâa-má 'traditional millet beer',Mooré rá̰am,"Kusaal dáamm, Buli dáam.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Proto-Oti-Volta to Mooré,Western Oti-Volta,false,POV *dʊ̌m- 'bite',Mooré rṵ̀mi,Kusaal dùmm.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Proto-Oti-Volta to Mooré,Western Oti-Volta,false,POV *dó̰(o)-bʊ 'dawadawa tree',Mooré ro̰aaga,Eddyshaw: Mooré has r for initial *d; Mooré dɩ̀ 'eat' keeps d.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Saisiyat,Northwest Formosan,false,PAn *daNum 'water',ralom,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Saisiyat,Northwest Formosan,false,"PAn *daya 'upriver, toward the interior'",raya' 'above',,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Saisiyat,Northwest Formosan,false,PAn *duma 'other',ruma,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r,d,r,Saisiyat,Northwest Formosan,false,PAn *duSa 'two',roSa,"Saisiyat r for *d contrasts with Thao s (sazum, suma) and Kavalan z (zanum, zuma).",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r
d_to_r_flap,d,ɾ,American English,West Germanic,true,ladder /ˈlædər/,[ˈlæɾɚ],Homophonous or nearly so with latter in North American English.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r_flap
d_to_r_flap,d,ɾ,American English,West Germanic,true,body /ˈbɑdi/,[ˈbɑɾi],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r_flap
d_to_r_flap,d,ɾ,American English,West Germanic,true,middle /ˈmɪdəl/,[ˈmɪɾəl],Flapping applies before syllabic /l/ as well as before unstressed vowels.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r_flap
d_to_r_flap,d,ɾ,Tagalog,Philippine,true,dami 'quantity',marami [maˈɾami] 'many',"Prefix ma- puts root-initial /d/ between vowels, where it surfaces as [ɾ]; /ɾ/ was traditionally an allophone of /d/.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r_flap
d_to_r_flap,d,ɾ,Tagalog,Philippine,true,dunong 'knowledge',marunong [maˈɾunoŋ] 'knowledgeable',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/r_flap
d_to_s,d,s,Latin,Italic,false,PIE *widtós,vīsus,"'seen', participle of videō; via Proto-Italic *wissos, with -ss- simplified after the long vowel.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/s
d_to_s,d,s,Latin,Italic,false,ad- + sedeō,assideō,"'sit by, attend'; prefix /d/ totally assimilated to the following /s/.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/s
d_to_s,d,s,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *wéydtōr,ἵστωρ (hístōr),"'knower, witness, judge'; *-dt- > -st- (Boeotian ϝίστωρ).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/s
d_to_s,d,s,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,ποδ- + -σι,"ποσσί (Homeric), ποσί (Attic)",dative plural of πούς 'foot'; stem-final δ assimilated to σ.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/s
d_to_s,d,s,Thao,Western Plains,false,PAn *daNum 'water',sazum,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/s
d_to_s,d,s,Thao,Western Plains,false,"PAn *daya 'upriver, toward the interior'",saya,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/s
d_to_s,d,s,Thao,Western Plains,false,PAn *duma 'other',suma,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/s
d_to_s,d,s,Thao,Western Plains,false,"PAn *dakəp 'to catch, to seize'",sakup,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/s
d_to_s,d,s,Thao,Western Plains,false,"PAn *daŋdaŋ 'to broil, to warm up'",sansan,"Thao s for *d contrasts with Saisiyat r (ralom, ruma).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/s
d_to_t,d,t,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *déḱm̥ 'ten',"*tehun (Gothic taihun, Old English tīen)",Grimm's law: PIE voiced stops become voiceless; cf. Latin decem.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *dóru 'tree',*trewą /ˈtre.wɑ̃/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *dwóh₁ 'two',*twai /twɑi̯/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *h₁édti 'eats',*etaną /ˈe.tɑ.nɑ̃/ 'to eat',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *wédōr 'water',*watōr /ˈwɑ.tɔːr/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *déh₂itis 'time',*tīdiz /ˈtiː.ðiz/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,German,West Germanic,true,"Rad /ʁaːd/ 'wheel' (gen. Rades, pl. Räder)",[ʁaːt],Word-final devoicing (Auslautverhärtung); /d/ surfaces before a vowel-initial suffix.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,German,West Germanic,true,Hund /hʊnd/ 'dog' (gen. Hundes),[hʊnt],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,German,West Germanic,true,Bad /baːd/ 'bath' (gen. Bades),[baːt],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *déḱm̥ 'ten',տասն tasn,Armenian consonant shift: PIE voiced stops devoice; cf. Latin decem.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *dṓm 'house',տուն tun 'house',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *deh₃- 'to give',տամ tam 'I give',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Xiang Chinese (Changsha),Sinitic,false,桃 Middle Chinese daw 'peach',Changsha taɤ (tone 2),New Xiang devoices Middle Chinese voiced initials to plain voiceless stops; Old Xiang Shuangfeng də2 and Shaoyang daɤ2 keep the voiced initial (Norman 1988 table).,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Xiang Chinese (Changsha),Sinitic,false,豆 MC duwH 'bean',"Changsha /təu̯²¹/, /təu̯⁴⁵/",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Xiang Chinese (Changsha),Sinitic,false,大 MC dajH 'big',"Changsha /tai̯²¹/, /ta̠⁴⁵/",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,大 Middle Chinese dajH 'big',daai6 /taːi˨˨/,Middle Chinese voiced initials devoice (unaspirated in non-level tones); the former voicing survives as the low (yang) tone register.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,豆 MC duwH 'bean',dau6,Jyutping d = unaspirated [t].,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,"Chuanqiandian Hmong (White Hmong, Dananshan)",Hmong-Mien,false,Proto-Hmong-Mien *dup 'bean',taum,Devoicing of the initial accompanied by a tone-register split (Dananshan tou²⁴).,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,"Chuanqiandian Hmong (White Hmong, Dananshan)",Hmong-Mien,false,Proto-Hmong-Mien *douˣ 'fire',Dananshan teu²¹,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Kott / Arin,Yeniseian,false,Proto-Yeniseian *des 'eye',Kott tîs̔ [tiːš]; Arin tieŋ 'eyes',Ket keeps d: десь dēsʲ.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Kott / Arin,Yeniseian,false,Proto-Yeniseian *doŋ 'three',Kott tôŋa; Arin t’oŋa,Ket keeps d: доʼӈ doˀŋ.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Old Khmer to Central Khmer,Khmeric,false,Old Khmer ទូក៑ dūk 'boat',ទូក /tuːk/,Old Khmer contrasted voiced /ɡ ɟ d b/ with voiceless /k c t p/; in Middle Khmer the voiced series devoiced and the contrast survives only as a vowel-register difference.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Old Khmer to Central Khmer,Khmeric,false,Old Khmer ទិក៑ dik 'water',ទឹក /tɨk/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Old Khmer to Central Khmer,Khmeric,false,Old Khmer ទុំ duṃ 'ripe',ទុំ /tum/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Proto-Tai to Shan,Southwestern Tai,false,*diːᴮ 'place',တီႈ /tiː˧˧˨/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Proto-Tai to Shan,Southwestern Tai,false,*dawᴮ 'ashes',တဝ်ႈ /taw˧˧˨/,"Unaspirated, unlike Thai ที่, เถ้า with tʰ.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Proto-Katuic to Bru,Katuic,false,Proto-Katuic *ʔadaa 'duck',ti̤a,The breathy vowel continues the former voiced onset.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Proto-Katuic to Bru,Katuic,false,Proto-Katuic *duuk 'boat',tuoc,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *dag 'day',tag,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *dohter 'daughter',tohter,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *dōm 'judgement',tuom,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *dur 'door',turi,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *dādi 'deed',tāt,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t,d,t,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *dragan 'to carry',tragan,"Part of the High German consonant shift; *d > t is found in Upper German and much of Central German and is the norm in standard German (Tat). Old Saxon keeps d (dag, dohtar, dōm, duru, dād).",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t
d_to_t_aspirated,d,tʰ,Mandarin,Sinitic,false,同 MC duwng [d],tóng [tʰʊŋ],Voiced stop in a level-tone syllable.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t_aspirated
d_to_t_aspirated,d,tʰ,Mandarin,Sinitic,false,大 MC dajH,dà [ta],Oblique tone: unaspirated outcome.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t_aspirated
d_to_t_aspirated,d,tʰ,Hakka,Sinitic,false,大 MC dajH,Meixian tai4 [tʰai],Aspirated regardless of tone.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t_aspirated
d_to_t_aspirated,d,tʰ,Hakka,Sinitic,false,同 MC duwng,tung2 [tʰʊŋ],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t_aspirated
d_to_t_aspirated,d,tʰ,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,同 MC duwng,tung4 [tʰʊŋ],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t_aspirated
d_to_t_aspirated,d,tʰ,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,大 MC dajH,daai6 [taːi],Unaspirated in the lower departing tone.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t_aspirated
d_to_t_aspirated,d,tʰ,Proto-Chamic to Tsat,Chamic,false,*dua 'two',thua¹¹,voiced stops devoice to aspirates (with tonogenesis); cf. Jarai dua,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t_aspirated
d_to_t_aspirated,d,tʰ,Proto-Chamic to Tsat,Chamic,false,*hudip 'life',tʰiuʔ⁴³,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t_aspirated
d_to_t_aspirated,d,tʰ,Proto-Chamic to Tsat,Chamic,false,*hudaːŋ 'shrimp',lə¹¹ thaːŋ¹¹,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t_aspirated
d_to_t_aspirated,d,tʰ,Proto-Tai to Thai,Southwestern Tai,false,*diːᴮ 'place',ที่ /tʰiː˥˩/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t_aspirated
d_to_t_aspirated,d,tʰ,Proto-Tai to Thai,Southwestern Tai,false,*dawᴮ 'ashes',เถ้า /tʰaw˥˩/,Spelled with high-class ถ but pronounced as low-class เท่า.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t_aspirated
d_to_t_aspirated,d,tʰ,Proto-Tai to Lao,Southwestern Tai,false,*diːᴮ 'place',ທີ່ [tʰiː˧],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t_aspirated
d_to_t_aspirated,d,tʰ,Proto-Tai to Lao,Southwestern Tai,false,*dawᴮ 'ashes',ເທົ່າ [tʰaw˧],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t_aspirated
d_to_t_aspirated,d,tʰ,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian դուռն (duṙn) 'door',Western Armenian դուռ [tʰuɾ] (Eastern Armenian [dur]),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t_aspirated
d_to_t_aspirated,d,tʰ,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,"Classical Armenian դաշտ (dašt) 'field, plain'",Western Armenian [tʰɑʃt] (Eastern Armenian [dɑʃt]),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t_aspirated
d_to_t_aspirated,d,tʰ,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian դեղ (deł) 'medicine',Western Armenian [tʰeʁ] (Eastern Armenian [deʁ]),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/t_aspirated
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Biblical Hebrew (Tiberian),Semitic,true,יָד /jaːd/ 'hand',[jaːð],Begedkefat spirantization: post-vocalic /d/ → [ð]. Hebrew dālet thus had a stop and a spirant realization.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Biblical Hebrew (Tiberian),Semitic,true,"גָּדוֹל 'great', intervocalic dalet /d/",Tiberian [ɡɔːˈðoː.ol],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Spanish,Romance,true,dado /ˈdado/ 'die; given',[ˈd̪a.ð̞o],Intervocalic /d/ is realized as the approximant [ð̞]; word-initially after a pause it stays a stop.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Spanish,Romance,true,nada /ˈnada/ 'nothing',[ˈna.ð̞a],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Spanish,Romance,true,cada /ˈkada/ 'each',[ˈka.ð̞a],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Proto-Iranian to Sogdian,Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *dáca 'ten',δəs(a),Sogdian δ is [ð]; the spirantization applies word-initially as well as after vowels.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Proto-Iranian to Sogdian,Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *dúgdā 'daughter',δuɣd,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Proto-Iranian to Sogdian,Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *pā́dah 'foot',pāδ,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Proto-Iranian to Sogdian,Eastern Iranian,false,"Proto-Iranian *mádu 'honey, wine'",məδu 'wine',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Ancient Greek to Modern Greek,Hellenic,false,δέκα [déka] 'ten',[ˈðeka],Koine spirantization; [d] survives only after nasals (e.g. [nd]),5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Ancient Greek to Modern Greek,Hellenic,false,"Attic δρόμος /dró.mos/ 'course, road' (5th c. BCE)","Koine (4th c. CE) /ˈðro.mos/, Modern Greek δρόμος /ˈðɾo.mos/",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Ancient Greek to Modern Greek,Hellenic,false,Attic δῶρον /dɔ̂ː.ron/ 'gift' (5th c. BCE),"Koine (4th c. CE) /ˈðo.ron/, Modern Greek δώρο /ˈðo.ɾo/",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *bodaros 'deaf',bodar,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,"Proto-Celtic *widus 'wood, trees'",fid,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *roudos 'red',rúad,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,"Proto-Celtic *boudi 'profit, gain'",búaid,Non-initial single ⟨d⟩ is the fricative [ð] in Old Irish (mod /moð/ 'work').,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Proto-Brythonic,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *bodaros 'deaf',*buðar (Welsh byddar),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Proto-Brythonic,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *medu 'mead',*með,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Proto-Brythonic,Brythonic,false,"Proto-Celtic *widus 'wood, trees'",*gwɨð (Welsh gwŷdd),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Proto-Brythonic,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *kridyom 'heart',*krėð (Welsh craidd),"Welsh writes the fricative ⟨dd⟩ /ð/, Cornish ⟨dh⟩; Breton has /z/ (bouzar, kreiz).",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Proto-Iranian to Parthian,Northwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *pā́dah 'foot',pāδ,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Proto-Iranian to Parthian,Northwestern Iranian,false,"Proto-Iranian *mádu 'honey, wine'",maδ,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *skeuda,hedh 'to throw',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *kadā,kadhë 'pruning knife',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *krādā,krodhë 'beehive',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vced,d,ð,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *lēda,lodh 'to tire',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vced
d_to_th_vless,d,θ,Spanish (Madrid area),Ibero-Romance,true,Madrid /maˈdɾid/,[maˈðɾiθ],"Colloquial realization of word-final /d/ as [θ] in Madrid and its surroundings, alongside standard [ð̥] or zero.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vless
d_to_th_vless,d,θ,Spanish (Madrid area),Ibero-Romance,true,sed /sed/ 'thirst',[seθ],Same word-final realization; nonstandard outside central Spain.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vless
d_to_th_vless,d,θ,Gothic,East Germanic,false,"gōdis 'of the good' (genitive), stem gōd-",gōþs /ˈɡoːθs/ 'good',"After a vowel and before a voiceless consonant or word end, /d/ was devoiced to þ [θ]; the stem keeps d before a vowel.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vless
d_to_th_vless,d,θ,Gothic,East Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *midi 'with' (cf. Old English mid),miþ [miθ],Word-final devoicing of /d/ to þ.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vless
d_to_th_vless,d,θ,Gothic,East Germanic,false,"haubidis 'of the head' (genitive), stem haubid- (< Proto-Germanic *haubudą)",haubiþ 'head' (nominative/accusative),"Word-final /d/ devoiced to þ, alternating with d in the inflected forms.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/th_vless
d_to_z,d,z,Khakas,Siberian Turkic,false,"Proto-Turkic *adak 'foot' (Old Turkic adaq, Tuvan adak)",азах azax,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/z
d_to_z,d,z,Khakas,Siberian Turkic,false,Proto-Turkic *kadïŋ 'birch' (Tuvan xadıñ),хазың xazıñ,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/z
d_to_z,d,z,Shor,Siberian Turkic,false,Proto-Turkic *adak 'foot',азақ azaq,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/z
d_to_z,d,z,Shor,Siberian Turkic,false,Proto-Turkic *kadïŋ 'birch',қазың qazıñ,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/z
d_to_z,d,z,Western Yugur,Siberian Turkic,false,Proto-Turkic *kudruk 'tail',quzruq,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/z
d_to_z,d,z,Western Yugur,Siberian Turkic,false,Proto-Turkic *küdägü 'son-in-law',küzegi,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/z
d_to_z,d,z,Kavalan,East Formosan,false,PAn *daNum 'water',zanum,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/z
d_to_z,d,z,Kavalan,East Formosan,false,PAn *duSa 'two',zusa,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/z
d_to_z,d,z,Kavalan,East Formosan,false,PAn *duma 'other',zuma,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/z
d_to_z,d,z,Kavalan,East Formosan,false,PAn *daSdaS 'chest',zaszas,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/z
d_to_z,d,z,Kavalan,East Formosan,false,"PAn *daŋdaŋ 'to broil, to warm up'",zazang,"Kavalan merged PAn *d, *D and *Z as z.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/d/z
dz_retroflex_to_ch_retroflex,ɖʐ,ʈʂ,Polish,West Slavic,true,gwiżdżę /ˈɡviʐ.d͡ʐɛ/ 'I whistle',gwiżdż /ˈɡviʂt͡ʂ/ 'whistle! (2sg imperative)',Word-final dż is devoiced together with the preceding ż; Wiktionary lists Gwiszcz as a homophone.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz_retroflex/ch_retroflex
dz_retroflex_to_ch_retroflex,ɖʐ,ʈʂ,Polish,West Slavic,true,"brydża 'bridge (card game), gen. sg.' (dż before a vowel)",brydż /ˈbrɘt͡ʂ/,Borrowed from English bridge; the final affricate is devoiced.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz_retroflex/ch_retroflex
dz_retroflex_to_ch_retroflex,ɖʐ,ʈʂ,Polish,West Slavic,true,"hadż (from Arabic ḥajj, with final dż)",/ˈxat͡ʂ/ 'hajj',,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz_retroflex/ch_retroflex
dz_retroflex_to_dz,ɖʐ,dz,Polish (Mazurzenie Dialects),West Slavic,false,"jeżdżę [jɛʐd͡ʐɛ] 'I drive, I ride' (standard)",[jɛzd͡zɛ],Both ż and dż are fronted to dentals in mazurating dialects.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz_retroflex/dz
dz_retroflex_to_dz,ɖʐ,dz,Polish (Mazurzenie Dialects),West Slavic,false,drożdże /ˈdrɔʐ.d͡ʐɛ/ 'yeast' (standard),"drozdze [ˈdrɔz.d͡zɛ] (Zagórze, Goral)",Wiktionary lists drozdze as the Zagórze dialect form.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz_retroflex/dz
dz_retroflex_to_dz,ɖʐ,dz,Proto-Kartvelian to Old Georgian,Karto-Zan,false,"Proto-Kartvelian *ʒ₁am- 'brother' (Mingrelian ჯიმა ǯima, Laz ჯუმა ǯuma)",Old Georgian ძმაჲ ʒmay,,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz_retroflex/dz
dz_retroflex_to_dz,ɖʐ,dz,Proto-Kartvelian to Old Georgian,Karto-Zan,false,"Proto-Kartvelian *ʒ₁aɣl- 'dog' (Laz, Mingrelian ჯოღორი ǯoɣori)",Old Georgian ძაღლი ʒaɣli,,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz_retroflex/dz
dz_retroflex_to_dz,ɖʐ,dz,Proto-Kartvelian to Old Georgian,Karto-Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *ʒ₁arɣw- 'vein' (Mingrelian ჯერღვი ǯerɣvi),"Old Georgian ძარღჳ ʒarɣw, Georgian ძარღვი ʒarɣvi",,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz_retroflex/dz
dz_retroflex_to_dz,ɖʐ,dz,Proto-Kartvelian to Old Georgian,Karto-Zan,false,"Proto-Georgian-Zan *ʒ₁ir- 'root, bottom' (Laz ჯიჯი ǯiǯi)",Old Georgian ძირი ʒiri,,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz_retroflex/dz
dz_retroflex_to_dz,ɖʐ,dz,Proto-Kartvelian to Old Georgian,Karto-Zan,false,Proto-Georgian-Zan *ʒ₁el- 'tree' (Mingrelian ჯა ǯa),Old Georgian ძელი ʒeli,"Georgian ʒ [d͡z] continues the subscript-1 affricate, which Zan and Svan reflect as ǯ [d͡ʒ]. Wiktionary's subscript-1 series (*s₁, *z₁, *c₁, *ʒ₁) is the Gamkrelidze-Machavariani 'hissing-hushing' series, given in the Wikipedia Proto-Kartvelian consonant table (after Gamkrelidze 1966 and Fähnrich 2002) as retroflex [ʂ ʐ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ].",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz_retroflex/dz
dz_retroflex_to_j_affricate,ɖʐ,dʒ,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *ʒ₁am- 'brother' (Old Georgian ძმაჲ ʒmay),"Mingrelian ჯიმა ǯima, Laz ჯუმა ǯuma",,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz_retroflex/j_affricate
dz_retroflex_to_j_affricate,ɖʐ,dʒ,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *ʒ₁aɣl- 'dog' (Old Georgian ძაღლი ʒaɣli),"Laz, Mingrelian ჯოღორი ǯoɣori",,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz_retroflex/j_affricate
dz_retroflex_to_j_affricate,ɖʐ,dʒ,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *ʒ₁arɣw- 'vein' (Old Georgian ძარღჳ ʒarɣw),Mingrelian ჯერღვი ǯerɣvi,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz_retroflex/j_affricate
dz_retroflex_to_j_affricate,ɖʐ,dʒ,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,"Proto-Georgian-Zan *ʒ₁ir- 'root, bottom' (Old Georgian ძირი ʒiri)","Laz ჯიჯი ǯiǯi, Mingrelian ჯინჯი ǯinǯi",,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz_retroflex/j_affricate
dz_retroflex_to_j_affricate,ɖʐ,dʒ,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Georgian-Zan *ʒ₁ixe- 'fortress',"Laz, Mingrelian ჯიხა ǯixa","ǯ is the Kartvelological transcription of [d͡ʒ]. Wiktionary's subscript-1 series (*s₁, *z₁, *c₁, *ʒ₁) is the Gamkrelidze-Machavariani 'hissing-hushing' series, given in the Wikipedia Proto-Kartvelian consonant table (after Gamkrelidze 1966 and Fähnrich 2002) as retroflex [ʂ ʐ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ].",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz_retroflex/j_affricate
dz_retroflex_to_j_affricate,ɖʐ,dʒ,Proto-Kartvelian to Svan,Svan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *ʒ₁am- 'brother',Svan ჯჷმილ ǯəmil,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz_retroflex/j_affricate
dz_retroflex_to_j_affricate,ɖʐ,dʒ,Proto-Kartvelian to Svan,Svan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *ʒ₁arɣw- 'vein',Svan ჯა̈რღუ̂ ǯärɣû,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz_retroflex/j_affricate
dz_retroflex_to_j_affricate,ɖʐ,dʒ,Proto-Kartvelian to Svan,Svan,false,"Proto-Kartvelian *brʒ₁- 'to battle, struggle' (Old Georgian ბრძოლაჲ brʒolay)","Svan ლიბურჯიე̄ლ liburǯiēl, Mingrelian ბურჯაფი burǯapi","Svan has two reflexes of *ʒ₁: ǯ in these roots and ž in others (*ʒ₁aɣl- > ჟეღ žeɣ 'dog'), which are excluded here.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz_retroflex/j_affricate
dz_to_d,dz,d,Proto-Iranian to Old Persian,Southwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *ajám 'I',𐎠𐎭𐎶 adam,Parthian has az and Pashto zə with z.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/d
dz_to_d,dz,d,Proto-Iranian to Old Persian,Southwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *jástah 'hand',𐎭𐎿𐎫 dasta,"Continued by Middle Persian dast, Persian dast.",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/d
dz_to_d,dz,d,Proto-Iranian to Old Persian,Southwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *jráyah 'sea',𐎭𐎼𐎹 drayah,"Continued by Middle Persian drayāb, Persian daryā.",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/d
dz_to_j_palatal,dz,dʑ,Japanese,Japonic,true,"時間 じかん jikan 'time' (/z/ before /i/; [d͡z] before other vowels, e.g. ズボン [d͡zɨbõɴ])",[d͡ʑikã̠ɴ],"The phoneme, usually written /z/ and treated by some analysts as /dz/, varies between affricate and fricative; before /i/ it is alveolo-palatal.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/j_palatal
dz_to_j_palatal,dz,dʑ,Japanese,Japonic,true,"文字 もんじ monji 'letter, character' (/z/ after the moraic nasal)",[mõ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑi],"Wiktionary also lists the reading もじ moji, where intervocalic /z/ is the fricative: [mo̞ʑi].",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/j_palatal
dz_to_j_palatal,dz,dʑ,Japanese,Japonic,true,自分 じぶん jibun 'oneself' (word-initial /z/ before /i/),[d͡ʑibɯ̟̃ɴ],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/j_palatal
dz_to_l,dz,l,Hokkien (Quanzhou and Xiamen),Min,false,"jī /d͡zi²²/ 字 'character' (conservative /dz/, kept in Zhangzhou)","lī /li⁴¹/ (Quanzhou), /li²²/ (Xiamen)","Most Quanzhou dialects have no /dz/ initial, having merged it into /l/. The from forms show the conservative Southern Min /dz/ initial, which Quanzhou merged into /l/.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/l
dz_to_l,dz,l,Hokkien (Quanzhou and Xiamen),Min,false,"jîn /d͡zin¹³/ 人 'person' (conservative /dz/, kept in Zhangzhou)","lîn /lin²⁴/ (Quanzhou, Xiamen)",,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/l
dz_to_l,dz,l,Hokkien (Quanzhou and Xiamen),Min,false,"jua̍h /d͡zuaʔ¹²¹/ 熱 'hot' (conservative /dz/, kept in Zhangzhou)","lua̍h /luaʔ²⁴/ (Quanzhou), /luaʔ⁴/ (Xiamen)",,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/l
dz_to_l,dz,l,Taiwanese Hokkien,Min,false,"jī /d͡zi³³/ 字 'character' (conservative /dz/, kept in Tainan and Yilan)",lī /li³³/ (Taipei),Taipei and Lukang follow the Quanzhou-type [l] outcome; Kaohsiung has fricative /zi³³/.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/l
dz_to_l,dz,l,Taiwanese Hokkien,Min,false,"jī /d͡zi³³/ 二 'two' (conservative /dz/, kept in Tainan and Yilan)","lī /li³³/ (Taipei), /li³¹/ (Lukang)",,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/l
dz_to_l,dz,l,Taiwanese Hokkien,Min,false,jîn 人 'person' (conservative Zhangzhou-type initial /d͡z/),lîn /lin²⁴/ (Taipei),,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/l
dz_to_th_vced,dz,ð,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Early Proto-Albanian *dzamba (< PIE *ǵómbʰos),dhëmb [ðəmb] 'tooth' (Gheg dhamb),"The palatal series *ǵ, *ǵʰ gives *dz > *ð, written dh, parallel to *ḱ > *ts > *θ > th (EPA *tserā > thjerë 'lentil').",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/th_vced
dz_to_th_vced,dz,ð,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *màdza (< PIE *méǵh₂os),i madh 'big',,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/th_vced
dz_to_th_vced,dz,ð,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Early Proto-Albanian *redza (< PIE *h₃reǵ-),rrjedh 'to flow',,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/th_vced
dz_to_ts,dz,ts,Polish,West Slavic,true,"wódz 'leader' (underlying /dz/, cf. genitive wodza)",[ˈvut͡s],Word-final obstruent devoicing.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/ts
dz_to_ts,dz,ts,Polish,West Slavic,true,"rydz 'saffron milk cap' (underlying /dz/, cf. diminutive rydzyk)",[ˈrɘt͡s],Word-final obstruent devoicing.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/ts
dz_to_ts,dz,ts,Mandarin,Sinitic,false,"坐 'sit', Middle Chinese dzwaX",zuò [t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/ts
dz_to_ts,dz,ts,Mandarin,Sinitic,false,"字 'character', Middle Chinese dziH",zì [t͡sɹ̩⁵¹],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/ts
dz_to_ts,dz,ts,Xiang Chinese (Changsha),Sinitic,false,"坐 'sit', Middle Chinese dzwaX",[t͡so²¹],Shanghainese Wu 坐 [zu²³] keeps a voiced onset.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/ts
dz_to_ts,dz,ts,Xiang Chinese (Changsha),Sinitic,false,"字 'character', Middle Chinese dziH",[t͡sɹ̩²¹],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/ts
dz_to_ts_aspirated,dz,tsʰ,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian ձի /dzi/ 'horse' (Eastern Armenian [d͡zi]),[t͡sʰi],Part of the Western Armenian shift of the old voiced series to voiceless aspirates.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/ts_aspirated
dz_to_ts_aspirated,dz,tsʰ,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian ձուկն 'fish' (Eastern Armenian ձուկ [d͡zuk]),ձուկ [t͡sʰuɡ],Same shift; note the reverse change of final /k/ to [ɡ] in the same word.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/ts_aspirated
dz_to_ts_aspirated,dz,tsʰ,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian ձմեռն (jmeṙn) 'winter',Western Armenian ձմեռ [t͡sʰəméɾ] (Eastern Armenian [d͡zəmér]),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/ts_aspirated
dz_to_ts_aspirated,dz,tsʰ,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian ձեռք (jeṙkʻ) 'hand',Western Armenian [t͡sʰeɾkʰ] (Eastern Armenian [d͡zerkʰ]),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/ts_aspirated
dz_to_ts_aspirated,dz,tsʰ,Standard Mandarin,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 才 dzoj /d͡zʌi/ 'talent',cái [t͡sʰaɪ̯³⁵],Middle Chinese voiced initials became aspirated in level-tone (ping) syllables; in oblique tones they became unaspirated (坐 dzwaX > zuò [t͡suo⁵¹]).,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/ts_aspirated
dz_to_ts_aspirated,dz,tsʰ,Standard Mandarin,Sinitic,false,"Middle Chinese 慈 dzi 'kind, compassionate'",cí /t͡sʰɹ̩³⁵/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/ts_aspirated
dz_to_ts_aspirated,dz,tsʰ,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 才 dzoj 'talent',coi4 [t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹],Aspirated in the low level (yang ping) tone; vernacular rising-tone 坐 co5 [t͡sʰɔː¹³] 'sit' is also aspirated.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/ts_aspirated
dz_to_ts_aspirated,dz,tsʰ,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,"Middle Chinese 慈 dzi 'kind, compassionate'",ci4 /t͡sʰiː²¹/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/ts_aspirated
dz_to_ts_aspirated,dz,tsʰ,"Hakka (Sixian, Meixian)",Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 坐 dzwaX /d͡zuɑX/ 'to sit',"Sixian chhô [t͡sʰo²⁴], Meixian co1 [t͡sʰo⁴⁴]","Hakka aspirates Middle Chinese voiced obstruents in all tones, unlike Mandarin zuò.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/ts_aspirated
dz_to_ts_aspirated,dz,tsʰ,"Hakka (Sixian, Meixian)",Sinitic,false,"Middle Chinese 慈 dzi 'kind, compassionate'","Sixian chhṳ̀ /t͡sʰɨ¹¹/, Meixian ci2 /t͡sʰɹ̩¹¹/",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/ts_aspirated
dz_to_ts_aspirated,dz,tsʰ,"Hakka (Sixian, Meixian)",Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 曹 dzaw (surname; 'officials'),"Sixian chhò /t͡sʰo¹¹/, Meixian cau2 /t͡sʰau¹¹/",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/ts_aspirated
dz_to_z,dz,z,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Old French doze 'twelve' (z = /dz/; < Latin duodecim),Middle French douze [duz],The affricates /ts dz tʃ dʒ/ became the fricatives [s z ʃ ʒ] by Middle French; Old French wrote /dz/ as z.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/z
dz_to_z,dz,z,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Old French treze 'thirteen' (z = /dz/; < Latin trēdecim),treize /trɛz/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/z
dz_to_z,dz,z,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Old French seze 'sixteen' (< Latin sēdecim),seize /sɛz/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/z
dz_to_z,dz,z,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *kъnędzь 'prince'; Old Church Slavonic кънѧѕь kŭnędzĭ,Russian князь knjazʹ; also OCS кънѧзь kŭnęzĭ,The *dz from the third palatalization became z; Polish ksiądz keeps the affricate. Czech kněz and Serbo-Croatian knȇz show the same z.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/z
dz_to_z,dz,z,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *dzělo 'very',Russian зело zelo (archaic),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/z
dz_to_z,dz,z,"Proto-Central Chadic North to Proto-Kotoko Centre (Lagwan, Mser)",Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic North *dzavɨn 'guinea fowl',Proto-Kotoko Centre zavan,Gravina pairs this with *ts → s: both affricates became fricatives in the Kotoko Centre group.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/z
dz_to_z,dz,z,"Proto-Central Chadic North to Proto-Kotoko Centre (Lagwan, Mser)",Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic North *dzɨwɨɗʸ 'fly (insect)',Proto-Kotoko Centre zɨwɨj,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/z
dz_to_z,dz,z,Proto-Central Chadic North to Gidar,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic North *dzaraj 'locust',Gidar zaraj,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/z
dz_to_z,dz,z,Proto-Central Chadic North to Gidar,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic North *dzavɨn 'guinea fowl',Gidar zamvɨna,The Kotoko Centre and Gidar changes are independent; the Musgum group instead has *dz → d.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/z
dz_to_z,dz,z,Proto-Iranian to Parthian,Northwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *ajám 'I',az,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/z
dz_to_z,dz,z,Proto-Iranian to Parthian,Northwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *jā́mātā 'son-in-law',zāmād,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/z
dz_to_z,dz,z,Proto-Iranian to Parthian,Northwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *jā́nu 'knee',zānūg,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/z
dz_to_z,dz,z,Proto-Iranian to Pashto,Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *ajám 'I',زه zə,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/z
dz_to_z,dz,z,Proto-Iranian to Pashto,Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *jā́mātā 'son-in-law',زوم zum,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/z
dz_to_z,dz,z,Proto-Iranian to Pashto,Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *jā́nu 'knee',زانو zānú,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/z
dz_to_z,dz,z,Proto-Iranian to Northern Kurdish,Northwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *ajám 'I',ez,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/z
dz_to_z,dz,z,Proto-Iranian to Northern Kurdish,Northwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *jā́mātā 'son-in-law',zava,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/z
dz_to_z,dz,z,Proto-Iranian to Northern Kurdish,Northwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *hajáhram 'thousand',hezar,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/z
dz_to_z,dz,z,Proto-Iranian to Sogdian,Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *hajáhram 'thousand',zār,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/z
dz_to_z,dz,z,Proto-Iranian to Sogdian,Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *jā́h 'earth',zāy,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/dz/z
e_nas_to_a,ẽ,a,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *męso 'meat',мясо [ˈmʲasə],,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/a
e_nas_to_a,ẽ,a,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *męta 'mint',мята [ˈmʲatə],"In East Slavic the front nasal vowel *ę lost its nasality and lowered to [a], leaving the preceding consonant palatalized.",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/a
e_nas_to_a_nas,ẽ,ã,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin dentem > early Old French *[dẽnt],Old French dent [dãnt] > French dent [dɑ̃] 'tooth',Nasal [ẽ] lowered and merged with the reflex of Latin an during the 11th or early 12th century. Old Norman and Anglo-Norman did not take part. Later [ã] backed to [ɑ̃].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/a_nas
e_nas_to_a_nas,ẽ,ã,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin ventum > early Old French *[vẽnt],vent [vɑ̃] 'wind',"Same merger: vent now has the same vowel as vante, and en/an spellings are pronounced identically.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/a_nas
e_nas_to_a_nas,ẽ,ã,Old Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *pętь 'five' (front nasal *ę),Old Polish [ã] (short) > pięć,"In Old Polish *ę and *ǫ merged in quality into a single nasal [ã], and the merged vowel kept a length contrast. The short [ã] became modern ę.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/a_nas
e_nas_to_a_nas,ẽ,ã,Old Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *pętъjь 'fifth',Old Polish [ãː] (long) > piąty,The long variant of the merged [ã] became modern ą. This gives the alternation pięć ~ piąty.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/a_nas
e_nas_to_a_nas,ẽ,ã,Kashubian,West Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *ęzykъ 'tongue, language'",jãzëk [ˈjãzɜk],The Proto-Slavic front nasal is continued as [ã] (written ã); compare Polish język.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/a_nas
e_nas_to_a_nas,ẽ,ã,Kashubian,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *męso 'meat',miãso,Same reflex *ę > ã; also dzesãc 'ten' from *desętь.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/a_nas
e_nas_to_e,ẽ,e,Galician-Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Galician-Portuguese vẽa 'vein' (Latin vēna),"Galician vea /ˈbea/, Portuguese veia",The nasal vowel left by loss of intervocalic /n/ denasalized before the more open /a/; Portuguese later inserted a glide.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/e
e_nas_to_e,ẽ,e,Galician-Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Galician-Portuguese chẽo 'full' (Latin plēnum),"earlier Portuguese cheo, now cheio",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/e
e_nas_to_e,ẽ,e,Galician-Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Galician-Portuguese cẽa 'supper' (Latin cēna),Portuguese ceia,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/e
e_nas_to_e,ẽ,e,Galician-Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Galician-Portuguese tẽer 'to have' (Latin tenēre),"teer, then Galician and Portuguese ter",After denasalization the two identical vowels contracted.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/e
e_nas_to_e,ẽ,e,Latin to Vulgar Latin,Italic,false,"Classical Latin mēnsem 'month', with n before s realized as nasalization of the vowel","Vulgar Latin mēse, Italian mese",The vowels nasalized by lost n before s and by word-final m lost their nasality and merged with the oral long vowels.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/e
e_nas_to_e,ẽ,e,Latin to Vulgar Latin,Italic,false,decem 'ten' [ˈdɛkẽː],"Italian dieci, with no trace of the nasal","Word-final -m survived only as nasalization of the vowel, which was then lost without a trace in Romance.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/e
e_nas_to_eps,ẽ,ɛ,Polish,West Slavic,true,będę 'I will be' with final ę,[ˈbɛndɛ],Word-final ę is pronounced as oral [ɛ]; before /l/ and /w/ nasality is lost altogether.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/eps
e_nas_to_eps,ẽ,ɛ,Polish,West Slavic,true,idę 'I go' with final ę,/ˈi.dɛ/,,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/eps
e_nas_to_eps,ẽ,ɛ,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *pętь, Old Church Slavonic пѧть 'five'",пет [pɛt],The front nasal vowel *ę denasalized to [ɛ]; dialectal пен preserves a trace of the nasal.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/eps
e_nas_to_eps,ẽ,ɛ,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *męso, Old Church Slavonic мѧсо 'meat'",месо [mɛˈsɔ],,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/eps
e_nas_to_eps,ẽ,ɛ,Macedonian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *pętь 'five',пет [pɛt],Same denasalization of *ę as in Bulgarian.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/eps
e_nas_to_eps,ẽ,ɛ,Macedonian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *męso 'meat',месо [ˈmɛsɔ],,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/eps
e_nas_to_i,ẽ,i,Ersu,Ersuic,false,Proto-Ersuic *tsʰẽ¹ 'goat',Ersu tshi⁵⁵,"Compare Mianning Lizu tsʰe and Lǚsū (Kala Lizu) tshe³⁵, which keep a mid vowel.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/i
e_nas_to_i,ẽ,i,Ersu,Ersuic,false,Proto-Ersuic *ndzẽ¹ 'wedge',Ersu ndzi⁵⁵,Lǚsū (Kala Lizu) ndze³⁵ keeps the mid vowel.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/i
e_nas_to_i,ẽ,i,Ersu,Ersuic,false,Proto-Ersuic *zẽ¹ 'press (with palm or finger)',Ersu zi⁵⁵,"The raised -i is not apicalized after the sibilant, unlike Ersu reflexes of old *-i, showing the raising came after apicalization.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e_nas/i
e_to_a,e,a,Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian A,Tocharian,false,*keme 'tooth',kam,Tocharian B keeps e: keme,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_a,e,a,Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian A,Tocharian,false,*kenek 'cotton fabric',kanak,cf. B kenek,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_a,e,a,Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian A,Tocharian,false,*mācer 'mother',mācar,cf. B mācer,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_a,e,a,Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian A,Tocharian,false,*procer 'brother',pracar,cf. B procer,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_a,e,a,Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian A,Tocharian,false,*wek 'voice',wak,cf. B wek,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_a,e,a,Proto-Kartvelian / Proto-Georgian-Zan to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,"Proto-Kartvelian *-el (noun-deriving suffix; Old Georgian -ელი -eli, Svan -ელ -el)","Laz, Mingrelian -ალ -al",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_a,e,a,Proto-Kartvelian / Proto-Georgian-Zan to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *beɣel- 'barn' (Georgian ბეღელი beɣeli),"Laz, Mingrelian ბაღუ baɣu",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_a,e,a,Proto-Kartvelian / Proto-Georgian-Zan to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *mz₁e- 'sun' (Old Georgian მზჱ mzē),Mingrelian ბჟა bža,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_a,e,a,Proto-Kartvelian / Proto-Georgian-Zan to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *s₁iʒ₁e- 'son-in-law' (Old Georgian სიძჱ siʒē),"Laz სიჯა siǯa, Mingrelian სინჯა sinǯa",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_a,e,a,Proto-Kartvelian / Proto-Georgian-Zan to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Georgian-Zan *ʒ₁el- 'tree' (Old Georgian ძელი ʒeli),"Mingrelian ჯა ǯa, Laz ნჯა nǯa",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_a,e,a,Proto-Kartvelian / Proto-Georgian-Zan to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Georgian-Zan *ɣerʒ₁- 'shinbone' (Georgian ღერძი ɣerʒi),Laz ღანჯი ɣanǯi,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_a,e,a,Proto-Kartvelian / Proto-Georgian-Zan to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,"Proto-Georgian-Zan *ʒ₁enʒ₁- 'tow, bundle of fibres' (Georgian ძენძი ʒenʒi)",Mingrelian ჯანჯი ǯanǯi,Georgian keeps e where Zan has a; this is the companion of the Zan *a > o shift.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_a,e,a,Proto-West Germanic,West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *lētaną 'to let',*lātan,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_a,e,a,Proto-West Germanic,West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *rēdaną 'to advise',*rādan,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_a,e,a,Proto-West Germanic,West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *dēdiz 'deed',*dādi,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_a,e,a,Proto-West Germanic,West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *mēnô 'moon',*mānō,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_a,e,a,Proto-West Germanic,West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *jērą 'year',*jār,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_a,e,a,Proto-West Germanic,West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *slēpaną 'to sleep',*slāpan,"Northwest Germanic lowering of *ē (*ē¹) to ā; Old High German and Old Saxon keep ā (lāzan, rātan, tāt, māno, jār, slāfan), while Gothic keeps ē (𐌻𐌴𐍄𐌰𐌽 lētan, 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌰 mēna).",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_a,e,a,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *lētaną 'to let',láta,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_a,e,a,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *rēdaną 'to advise',ráða,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_a,e,a,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *dēdiz 'deed',dáð,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_a,e,a,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *sēdiz 'seed',sáð,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_a,e,a,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *jērą 'year',ár,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/a
e_to_ash,e,æ,Turkish,Oghuz,true,/sen/ 'you (sg.)',[sæn],"Most speakers lower /e/ to [ɛ]~[æ] before coda /m, n, l, r/; Wiktionary gives /sæn/.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ash
e_to_ash,e,æ,Turkish,Oghuz,true,/ben/ 'I',[bæn],Same lowering before coda /n/; likewise gel [ɟæl] 'come!' and hem [hæm] 'both'.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ash
e_to_ash,e,æ,Latvian,East Baltic,true,Proto-Balto-Slavic *wétušas 'of the year',vecs [væt͡s] 'old',"Broad [æ] arose where no palatal element followed; compare narrow [ɛ] in zeme [zɛmɛ] 'land', where a front vowel follows.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ash
e_to_ash,e,æ,Latvian,East Baltic,true,Proto-Balto-Slavic *éźeran 'lake',ezers [æzæɾs] 'lake',"Both e-vowels are broad, as the following syllables originally contained back vowels.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ash
e_to_ash,e,æ,Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *dēˀd-,Proto-Slavic *dědъ 'grandfather' (OCS дѣдъ),,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ash
e_to_ash,e,æ,Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *wēˀrāˀ,Proto-Slavic *věra 'faith' (OCS вѣра),,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ash
e_to_ash,e,æ,Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *dḗˀlan,Proto-Slavic *dělo 'deed' (OCS дѣло),"Long *ē became yat, generally reconstructed as open [æː]; the same vowel arose from the diphthong *ai.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ash
e_to_e_nas,e,ẽ,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin venit 'comes',"vem [ˈvẽj̃] (Brazil), [ˈvɐ̃j̃] (Lisbon)","The nasal consonant was lost and left its nasality on the vowel. Brazilian Portuguese keeps [ẽ], while Lisbon later centralized it to [ɐ̃].",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/e_nas
e_to_e_nas,e,ẽ,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin bene 'well',"bem [ˈbẽɪ̯̃] (Brazil), /ˈbɐ̃j̃/ (Lisbon)",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/e_nas
e_to_e_nas,e,ẽ,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin dentem 'tooth',early Old French [dẽnt],e nasalized before the nasal consonant; the resulting [ẽ] then lowered to [ã] in the 11th to early 12th century (modern dent [dɑ̃]).,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/e_nas
e_to_e_nas,e,ẽ,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin ventum 'wind',early Old French [vẽnt] (modern vent [vɑ̃]),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/e_nas
e_to_e_nas,e,ẽ,Proto-Slavic / Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *pénki (cf. Lithuanian penki),"Proto-Slavic *pętь > Polish pięć, Old Church Slavonic пѧть 'five'","*e + nasal before a consonant coalesced into the front nasal vowel *ę, which Polish preserves as ę (before a stop it is realized as a vowel plus a homorganic nasal, pięć [pʲɛɲt͡ɕ]).",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/e_nas
e_to_e_nas,e,ẽ,Proto-Slavic / Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *mēnsā́ˀ 'meat',Proto-Slavic *męso > Polish mięso,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/e_nas
e_to_ei,e,ei,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,"Latin tēla 'cloth, web'",Old French teile,Tonic close-mid e in a free syllable diphthongized to ei (later oi: toile).,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ei
e_to_ei,e,ei,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin rēgem 'king',Old French rei /ˈrei̯/,Archaic Old French; later roi.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ei
e_to_ei,e,ei,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin mēnsis 'month',Old French meis,Early Old French and northern form; later mois.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ei
e_to_ei,e,ei,Icelandic,North Germanic,true,drengur 'boy' (/ɛ/ before ng; < Old Norse drengr),[ˈtreiŋkʏr],In the standard dialect /ɛ/ becomes [ei] before the nasals of ng and nk; Westfjords dialects keep the monophthong.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ei
e_to_ei,e,ei,Icelandic,North Germanic,true,gegndi 'obeyed' (/ɛ/ before ng; cf. gegna [ˈcɛkna]),[ˈceiŋtɪ],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ei
e_to_empty,e,∅,Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian A,Tocharian,false,*āke 'end',āk,word-final vowels are lost in A; cf. B āke,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/empty
e_to_empty,e,∅,Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian A,Tocharian,false,*keme 'tooth',kam,cf. B keme,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/empty
e_to_empty,e,∅,Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian A,Tocharian,false,*wyente 'wind',want,cf. B yente,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/empty
e_to_empty,e,∅,Proto-Tocharian to Tocharian A,Tocharian,false,*āskwāce 'halfa grass',āskāc,cf. B askace,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/empty
e_to_empty,e,∅,Skolt Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *kuolē 'fish',kueʹll,Skolt and Akkala Sami lost final unstressed vowels; the lost front *ē survives as palatalization of the stress group (marked ʹ). Northern Sami guolli keeps the vowel.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/empty
e_to_empty,e,∅,Skolt Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *oalkē 'shoulder',vuäʹlǧǧ,Same apocope; compare Northern Sami oalgi.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/empty
e_to_empty,e,∅,Skolt Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *čoalmē 'strait',čuäʹlmm,Same apocope; compare Northern Sami čoalbmi.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/empty
e_to_empty,e,∅,Skolt Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *sāppē 'gall',säʹpp,Same apocope; compare Northern Sami sáhppi.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/empty
e_to_empty,e,∅,Baure,Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Baure-Muxojeóne *-ose 'grandmother' (Joaquiniano -ose),Baure -os,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/empty
e_to_empty,e,∅,Baure,Bolivia-Paraná,false,"Proto-Baure-Muxojeóne *hane 'wasp' (Muxojeóne ðane, Joaquiniano hane)",Baure han (also hane),Word-final vowel lost by apocope.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/empty
e_to_empty,e,∅,Proto-Tungusic to Even,Northern Tungusic,false,*beye 'body',Even бэй,Evenki бэе keeps the final vowel.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/empty
e_to_empty,e,∅,Proto-Tungusic to Even,Northern Tungusic,false,*tügde 'rain',Even тӣд,Evenki тыгдэ.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/empty
e_to_empty,e,∅,Proto-Tungusic to Even,Northern Tungusic,false,*sele 'iron',Even хэл,Evenki сэлэ; Even also shifts *s to h.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/empty
e_to_i,e,i,English (Great Vowel Shift),Germanic,false,Middle English meet [meːt],meet [miːt],,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,English (Great Vowel Shift),Germanic,false,Middle English feet [feːt],feet [fiːt],Middle English long /eː/ raised to /iː/ in the first phase of the Great Vowel Shift.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*weh₁-ro- (*wēro-) 'true',"*wīros > Old Irish fír, Welsh gwir",Regular Proto-Celtic raising of long *ē to *ī; cf. Latin vērus,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*h₃rēǵs 'king',*rīxs > Old Irish rí,cf. Latin rēx,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*bʰréh₂tēr 'brother',*brātīr > Old Irish bráthair,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*méh₂tēr 'mother',*mātīr > Old Irish máthir,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Proto-Japonic to Okinawan,Japonic,false,*ke 'hair',kī [kiː],"*e > i; unlike original *i, the new i does not palatalize a preceding k",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Proto-Japonic to Okinawan,Japonic,false,*ame 'rain',ami,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Northern Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *kuolē 'fish',guolli,Proto-Samic unstressed *ē is reflected as i in Northern Sami second syllables.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Northern Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *ājmē 'needle',áibmi,Same regular correspondence.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Northern Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *oalkē 'shoulder',oalgi,Same regular correspondence.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Northern Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *ealē- 'to live',eallit,Verb stems in *-ē- give -it infinitives.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Proto-Nakh to Ingush,Vainakh,false,*de 'day',di,Final *e of monosyllables is raised to i in Ingush; Chechen and Bats keep de,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Proto-Nakh to Ingush,Vainakh,false,"*c̣e 'fire, name'",cʼi,Chechen cʼe and Bats c̣e keep the mid vowel,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Proto-Nakh to Ingush,Vainakh,false,*ge 'span',gi,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,"Proto-Ryukyuan to Southern Ryukyuan (Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni)",Southern Ryukyuan,false,*ame 'rain',"Miyako ami, Yaeyama āmi, Yonaguni ami",,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,"Proto-Ryukyuan to Southern Ryukyuan (Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni)",Southern Ryukyuan,false,*nabe 'pot',"Miyako nabi, Yaeyama nabi, Yonaguni nabi",,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,"Proto-Ryukyuan to Southern Ryukyuan (Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni)",Southern Ryukyuan,false,*tera 'temple',"Miyako tira, Yaeyama tira, Yonaguni tira",,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,"Proto-Ryukyuan to Southern Ryukyuan (Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni)",Southern Ryukyuan,false,*me 'eye',"Miyako mī, Yaeyama mī, Yonaguni mī",In Miyako *e and *o rose to i and u while the old high vowels *i and *u centralized to /ɨ/; Northern Amami Ōshima has ɨ for *e instead (Naze amï).,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Proto-Japonic to Old Japanese,Japonic,false,*peru 'garlic',"Old Japanese pi₁ru, Modern Japanese hiru",,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Proto-Japonic to Old Japanese,Japonic,false,*mentu 'water',"Old Japanese mi₁du, Modern Japanese mizu",,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Proto-Japonic to Old Japanese,Japonic,false,*penti 'elbow',"Old Japanese pi₁di, Modern Japanese hiji","Non-final *e was raised to i₁; word-final *e stays, as in *pone > pone 'bone'.",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Koine Greek,Hellenic,false,Attic εἰρήνη /eː.rɛ̌ː.nɛː/ 'peace' (ει = /eː/),4th-century Koine /iˈri.ni/,By the 5th century BCE Attic ει was already the monophthong /eː/; it merged with i in Koine.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Koine Greek,Hellenic,false,"Attic εἶδος /êː.dos/ 'form, kind'",4th-century Koine /ˈi.ðos/,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Sicilian,Italo-Dalmatian,false,Latin sēra (diēs) 'late (day)',sira /ˈsiɾa/ 'evening',,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Sicilian,Italo-Dalmatian,false,"Latin mēnsis, mēnsem 'month'",misi /ˈmi.si/ 'month',"Compare Italian sera 'evening', which keeps e.",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *médʰyos 'middle',*midjaz /ˈmið.jɑz/,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *pénkʷe 'five',*fimf /ɸimɸ/,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *sédyeti 'sits',*sitjaną /ˈsit.jɑ.nɑ̃/ 'to sit',PIE *e was raised to *i before *i or *j in the next syllable and before a nasal plus consonant.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Gothic,East Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *etaną 'to eat',𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (itan),,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Gothic,East Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *gebaną 'to give',𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (giban),,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Gothic,East Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *nemaną 'to take',𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (niman),,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Gothic,East Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *wegaz 'way',𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 (wigs),,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_i,e,i,Gothic,East Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *geldą 'payment',𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌳 (gild),"Gothic raised every short *e to i; before r, h and ƕ the result was lowered again to ai [ɛ] (𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 bairan < *beraną).",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/i
e_to_ie,e,ie,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,archaic ·tégot 'they go',·tíagat,é (< *ei) breaks to ía before a non-palatalized consonant; PIE *steigʰ-.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ie
e_to_ie,e,ie,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,é 'god' (genitive dé; < Proto-Celtic *deiwos),día,Nominative día; in the genitive dé the following palatal quality blocked breaking.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ie
e_to_ie,e,ie,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,é 'sense' (genitive céille; < Proto-Celtic *kʷeislā),cíall,Nominative cíall; the genitive keeps é before the palatalized consonant.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ie
e_to_ie,e,ie,Finnish,Finnic,false,Proto-Finnic *tee 'road',tie [tie̯],"Long mid vowels *ee, *oo, *öö became ie, uo, yö in Finnish and Karelian; Estonian and Votic keep tee.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ie
e_to_ie,e,ie,Finnish,Finnic,false,Proto-Finnic *mees 'man',mies [mie̯s],Estonian mees; Karelian mieš and Livvi mies show the same change.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ie
e_to_ie,e,ie,West Frisian,Anglo-Frisian,false,Old Frisian stēn 'stone',stien /stiə̯n/,Breaks further to rising [jɪ] in the plural stiennen /ˈstjɪnən/.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ie
e_to_ie,e,ie,West Frisian,Anglo-Frisian,false,"Old Frisian bēn 'bone, leg'",bien /biə̯n/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ie
e_to_ie,e,ie,West Frisian,Anglo-Frisian,false,Old Frisian wēt 'wet',wiet /viə̯t/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ie
e_to_ie,e,ie,Proto-Yukaghir to Kolyma Yukaghir,Yukaghir,false,"Proto-Yukaghir *pe: 'rock, mountain'",Kolyma Yukaghir пиэ pie,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ie
e_to_ie,e,ie,Proto-Yukaghir to Kolyma Yukaghir,Yukaghir,false,Proto-Yukaghir *eče: 'father',Kolyma Yukaghir эчиэ ečie,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ie
e_to_ie,e,ie,Proto-Yukaghir to Kolyma Yukaghir,Yukaghir,false,Proto-Yukaghir *lewe: 'earth',Kolyma Yukaghir лэбиэ lebie,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ie
e_to_ie,e,ie,Proto-Yukaghir to Kolyma Yukaghir,Yukaghir,false,Proto-Yukaghir *čel- 'to be cold',"Kolyma Yukaghir чиэч čieč, чиэдьэ čiedʼe","In the first three words the source is long *e:, which Kolyma Yukaghir renders as the diphthong иэ [ie]; reconstructions follow Nikolaeva (2006).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ie
e_to_ie,e,ie,Proto-Nahuan to Tetelcingo Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *meeȼ- 'moon',Tetelcingo mietztli̱,"Long /eː/ became the rising diphthong [i̯e], written ⟨ie⟩; short e stays [e]. Classical Nahuatl has mētztli.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ie
e_to_ie,e,ie,Proto-Nahuan to Tetelcingo Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *teeka 'to lay down',Tetelcingo qui̱tieca,Classical Nahuatl tēca.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/ie
e_to_j_glide,e,j,Vulgar Latin,Romance,false,vinea 'vineyard',vinia [ˈwinja],"Appendix Probi: 'uinea non uinia'; the yod later palatalizes the nasal: Italian vigna, French vigne, Spanish viña.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/j_glide
e_to_j_glide,e,j,Vulgar Latin,Romance,false,cavea 'cage',cavia,Appendix Probi: 'cauea non cauia'.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/j_glide
e_to_j_glide,e,j,Vulgar Latin,Romance,false,lancea 'lance',lancia,Appendix Probi: 'lancea non lancia'.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/j_glide
e_to_j_glide,e,j,Medieval Greek,Hellenic,false,Koine Greek ἐννέα /enˈne.a/ 'nine',ἐννιά [eˈɲa],"Synizesis: stress moved to the second vowel and the first became [j], which then palatalized the preceding nasal.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/j_glide
e_to_j_glide,e,j,Medieval Greek,Hellenic,false,Koine Greek θεός /θeˈos/ 'god',[ˈθjos],Vernacular pronunciation shown in transcriptions of 12th-century texts; learned speech resisted synizesis.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/j_glide
e_to_o,e,o,Russian,East Slavic,false,Old Russian о чемъ 'about which',о чём,"Stressed *e after a soft consonant became o (spelled ё) when no soft consonant followed; hence alternations like ель/ёлка, лечь/лёг.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/o
e_to_o,e,o,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *mȅdъ 'honey' (Old East Slavic медъ),мёд [mʲɵt],"[ɵ] is the fronted realization of /o/ after a soft consonant, filed under atlas o.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/o
e_to_o,e,o,Latin,Italic,false,PIE *néwos 'new',novus (Proto-Italic *nowos),e became o before w.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/o
e_to_o,e,o,Latin,Italic,false,Old Latin helus 'vegetables',holus,e became o before velar l.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/o
e_to_o,e,o,Old Provençal,Occitano-Romance,false,premier,promier,"e became o before a labial, especially m.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/o
e_to_o,e,o,Old Provençal,Occitano-Romance,false,semblar,somblar,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/o
e_to_schwa,e,ə,English,West Germanic,false,Old English sunne 'sun' (unstressed -e),"Middle English sonne, with final -e = /ə/","Unstressed vowels merged and were written <e>, representing /ə/, by Early Middle English; final /ə/ was lost around Chaucer's time (Modern 'sun').",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/schwa
e_to_schwa,e,ə,English,West Germanic,false,Old English ende 'end',Middle English ende /ˈɛnd(ə)/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/schwa
e_to_schwa,e,ə,English,West Germanic,false,Old English mete 'food',Middle English mete /ˈmeːt(ə)/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/schwa
e_to_schwa,e,ə,French,Gallo-Romance,true,Latin venīre 'to come' (pretonic e),French venir [vəˈniʁ],"Pretonic e in an initial open syllable reduced to [ə], as also seen in Old French deveir [dəˈvei̯ɾ] (below).",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/schwa
e_to_schwa,e,ə,French,Gallo-Romance,true,Latin dēbēre 'to owe' (pretonic ē),"Old French deveir [dəˈvei̯ɾ], French devoir [dəvwaʁ]",Same reduction of the pretonic vowel; the schwa is often dropped in modern informal speech ([dvwaʁ]).,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/schwa
e_to_schwa,e,ə,Catalan (Central),Occitano-Romance,true,pesar /peˈzar/ 'to weigh' (Valencian [peˈzaɾ]),Central Catalan [pəˈza],"In Eastern Catalan the unstressed vowels /a/, /e/ and /ɛ/ reduce to [ə]; Valencian does not reduce /e/.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/schwa
e_to_schwa,e,ə,Catalan (Central),Occitano-Romance,true,veritat /veɾiˈtat/ 'truth',[bəɾiˈtät],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/e/schwa
ei_to_ai,ei,ai,German,West Germanic,false,Middle High German stein 'stone' (ei),Stein /ʃtaɪn/,"The original MHG diphthongs ei, ou, öu were lowered in Early New High German and fell together with the new diphthongs from î, û, iu.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/ai
ei_to_ai,ei,ai,German,West Germanic,false,"Middle High German bein 'leg, bone'",Bein /baɪ̯n/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/ai
ei_to_ai,ei,ai,Faroese,North Germanic,false,Old Norse steinn 'stone',steinur /ˈstaɪnʊɹ/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/ai
ei_to_ai,ei,ai,Faroese,North Germanic,false,Old Norse bein 'bone',bein [bain],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/ai
ei_to_ai,ei,ai,Faroese,North Germanic,false,Old Norse geit 'goat',geit /kaiːt/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/ai
ei_to_ai,ei,ai,Faroese,North Germanic,false,Old Norse leikr 'game',leikur [ˈlaikʊr],"Old Norse ei is pronounced /ai/ in Faroese, still spelled ei; Icelandic keeps [ei] (steinn, bein).",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/ai
ei_to_e,ei,e,Ancient Greek (Attic),Hellenic,false,εἶμι /éi.mi/ 'I go',[êː.mi],The diphthongs /ei ou/ became the long monophthongs /eː oː/ before the Classical period; /ei/ remained only before vowels.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/e
ei_to_e,ei,e,Ancient Greek (Attic),Hellenic,false,λείπω 'I leave' with the diphthong ει,[lěː.pɔː] (Classical Attic),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/e
ei_to_e,ei,e,"Old East Norse (Old Danish, Old Swedish)",North Germanic,false,runic stæin 'stone' (Old West Norse steinn),sten,The monophthongization æi > ē began in mid-10th-century Denmark and is the chief feature separating Old East Norse from Old West Norse; Old Gutnish kept stain.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/e
ei_to_e,ei,e,"Old East Norse (Old Danish, Old Swedish)",North Germanic,false,Old Norse bein 'bone',"Old Swedish, Old Danish ben (Swedish ben /ˈbeːn/)",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/e
ei_to_e,ei,e,"Old East Norse (Old Danish, Old Swedish)",North Germanic,false,Old Norse heill 'whole',"Old Swedish hēl, Old Danish hel (Swedish hel /heːl/)",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/e
ei_to_e,ei,e,"Old East Norse (Old Danish, Old Swedish)",North Germanic,false,Old Norse geit 'goat',"Old Swedish gēt, Old Danish get",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/e
ei_to_e,ei,e,European Portuguese (vernacular),Ibero-Romance,true,queijo /ˈkejʒu/ 'cheese',[ˈkeʒu],"Optional monophthongization of ei before a palatal and before consonants, depending on speaker and region; Lisbon instead has [ɐj].",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/e
ei_to_e,ei,e,European Portuguese (vernacular),Ibero-Romance,true,manteiga /mɐ̃ˈtejɡɐ/ 'butter',[mɐ̃ˈteɡɐ],"Also roupeiro [ʁoˈpeɾu], bandeira [bɐ̃ˈdeɾɐ]; final -ei (rei, lei) keeps the diphthong.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/e
ei_to_e,ei,e,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,"Proto-Celtic *reidis 'easy, smooth'",réid,"Late Proto-Celtic *ei became *ē, kept as é before a front or high vowel; before a back vowel it broke to ía (see e_to_ie).",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/e
ei_to_e,ei,e,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *leiris 'complete',léir,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/e
ei_to_e,ei,e,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *meitos 'fat',méth,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/e
ei_to_e,ei,e,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *gleiwos 'clear',glé,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/e
ei_to_e,ei,e,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *meinis 'ore',méin,"Proto-Brythonic has *uɨ in the same words (Welsh llwyr, mwyd).",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/e
ei_to_e,ei,e,Old Georgian to Georgian,Georgian,false,Old Georgian მზჱ mzey 'sun',Georgian მზე mze 'sun',The Old Georgian letter ჱ was a shorthand for the sequence ey /ej/; the glide was lost and ჱ was replaced by ე e.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/e
ei_to_e,ei,e,Old Georgian to Georgian,Georgian,false,Old Georgian ტყჱ ṭq̇ey 'forest',Georgian ტყე ṭq̇e 'forest',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/e
ei_to_e,ei,e,Old Georgian to Georgian,Georgian,false,Old Georgian ღობჱ ɣobey 'wattle fence',Georgian ღობე ɣobe 'fence',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/e
ei_to_e,ei,e,Old Georgian to Georgian,Georgian,false,"Old Georgian ქრისტჱ, ქრისტეჲ kriṣṭey 'Christ'",Georgian ქრისტე kriṣṭe 'Christ',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/e
ei_to_i,ei,i,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *stéygʰeti 'climbs',"*stīganą 'to climb' (Gothic steigan, Old English stīgan)",PIE *ei became Proto-Germanic *ī; Greek στείχω keeps the diphthong.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/i
ei_to_i,ei,i,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,Early Proto-Germanic *teiwaz 'god' (PIE *deywós),Late Proto-Germanic *Tīwaz,"Late Proto-Germanic eliminated the remaining /ei/, changing it to /iː/.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/i
ei_to_i,ei,i,Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *weiˀdēˀtei,*viděti 'to see',Balto-Slavic *ei became Proto-Slavic *i; Lithuanian veizdėti 'to look' keeps the diphthong.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/i
ei_to_i,ei,i,Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *źeimā́ˀ,*zima 'winter',Same change; Lithuanian žiema 'winter' (from the same *źeimā́ˀ) shows the Baltic reflex ie.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/i
ei_to_i,ei,i,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *meila,mill 'sheath',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/i
ei_to_i,ei,i,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *leitšja,lis 'oak',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/i
ei_to_i,ei,i,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *neitša,nis 'to begin',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/i
ei_to_i,ei,i,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *breita,brit 'to scream',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/i
ei_to_oi,ei,oi,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,rei /ˈrei̯/ 'king' (< Latin rēgem),roi /ˈroi̯/,Archaic rei vs classical roi; northern dialects kept /rei̯/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/oi
ei_to_oi,ei,oi,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,meis 'month' (< Latin mēnsis),mois,"Meis survives as the early, northern and Norman form.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/oi
ei_to_oi,ei,oi,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,teile 'cloth' (< Latin tēla),toile /ˈtoi̯.lə/,Modern French toile /twal/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/oi
ei_to_oi,ei,oi,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,fei 'faith' (< Latin fidem),foi,Modern French foi /fwa/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/oi
ei_to_oi,ei,oi,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,treis 'three' (< Latin trēs),trois,Treis is the 12th-century and Anglo-Norman form.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/oi
ei_to_oi,ei,oi,Swabian,Alemannic,false,Middle High German stein 'stone' (MHG ei [ei̯]),Schdoi [ʃdɔɪ̯] (also Schdoa),"Swabian has [ɔɪ̯] or [ɔa̯] for MHG ei, where Standard German has [aɪ̯].",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/oi
ei_to_oi,ei,oi,Swabian,Alemannic,false,Middle High German leip 'loaf' (MHG ei),Laib [lɔeb],"Contrasts with Leib 'body' [lɐib] from MHG līp, which only lowered to [ɐi].",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/oi
ei_to_oi,ei,oi,Swabian,Alemannic,false,Middle High German seite 'string' (MHG ei),Saite [sɔet],Contrasts with Seite 'side' [sɐit] from MHG sīte.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ei/oi
empty_to_a,∅,a,Basque,Basque,false,Latin rosa 'rose',arrosa 'rose',"Basque does not allow word-initial r; borrowed r- words receive a prothetic vowel, here a-.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/a
empty_to_a,∅,a,Basque,Basque,false,Spanish razón 'reason',arrazoi,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/a
empty_to_a,∅,a,Gascon,Occitano-Romance,false,Latin rota 'wheel',arròda 'wheel',Gascon regularly adds a- before Latin initial r- (also arrat 'rat'); ròda is an alternative form. The change is often attributed to the Basque substrate.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/a
empty_to_a,∅,a,Gascon,Occitano-Romance,false,Latin rīvus 'brook' (Old Occitan riu),arriu /ariw/ 'river',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/a
empty_to_ash,∅,æ,Persian (Iranian),Southwestern Iranian,false,"Middle Persian brād, brādar 'brother'",barādar [bæ.ɹɒː.ˈdæɹ],An anaptyctic [æ] breaks the inherited initial cluster br-; Dari and Tajik have [a] in the same slot.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/ash
empty_to_ash,∅,æ,Persian (Iranian),Southwestern Iranian,false,Middle Persian framōš 'forgotten',farāmuš [fæ.ɾɒː.ˈmuːʃ],The initial cluster fr- is split by [æ].,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/ash
empty_to_ash,∅,æ,Persian (Iranian),Southwestern Iranian,false,"Middle Persian frāz 'forward, up'","farāz [fæ.ˈɾɒːz] 'height, above'","The same anaptyxis before r applies; modern Persian phonotactics allow only a single onset consonant, and an epenthetic /a/~/æ/ also splits clusters in loanwords.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/ash
empty_to_b,∅,b,English,Germanic,false,Old English brǣmel / brēmel,bræmbel > bramble,[b] inserted between [m] and [l].,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/b
empty_to_b,∅,b,English,Germanic,false,Old English þȳmel,Middle English thymbyll > thimble,[b] inserted between [m] and [l].,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/b
empty_to_b,∅,b,English,Germanic,false,Middle English slomren,slombren > slumber,[b] inserted between [m] and [r].,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/b
empty_to_b,∅,b,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin numerus,Old French nombre / nonbre,"After syncope brought [m] and [r] together, [b] was inserted.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/b
empty_to_b,∅,b,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin humilis,Old French humle ~ humble,Both the unexpanded humle and the excrescent humble are attested in Old French.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/b
empty_to_b,∅,b,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,Proto-Greek *amrotos (< PIE *n̥mr̥tós),ἄμβροτος ámbrotos 'immortal',"Greek phonotactics did not allow the nasal-liquid cluster, so β was inserted.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/b
empty_to_b,∅,b,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,μέσος 'middle' + ἦμαρ 'day',μεσημβρία 'midday',The same β appears between μ and ρ in the compound.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/b
empty_to_d,∅,d,English,West Germanic,false,Old English þunor 'thunder',thunder,Excrescent d between n and r (compare Dutch donder).,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/d
empty_to_d,∅,d,English,West Germanic,false,Old English spinel 'spindle',"Old English spindel, Modern spindle",d inserted in the nl cluster.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/d
empty_to_d,∅,d,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin cinerem 'ashes',Old French cendre,"After the post-tonic vowel was lost, the new n'r cluster got an excrescent d.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/d
empty_to_d,∅,d,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin generum 'son-in-law',Old French gendre,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/d
empty_to_d,∅,d,Catalan,Occitano-Romance,false,"Latin tenerum, older Catalan tenre",tendre 'tender',Wiktionary explicitly gives tendre as an epenthetic form of older tenre.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/d
empty_to_d,∅,d,Catalan,Occitano-Romance,false,Latin cinerem 'ashes',cendra,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/d
empty_to_d,∅,d,Catalan,Occitano-Romance,false,Latin generum 'son-in-law',gendre,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/d
empty_to_e,∅,e,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin status,estado 'state',"Prothetic e- before s + stop, inherited from early Romance; also schola > escuela.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/e
empty_to_e,∅,e,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,"English stress, snob","estrés, esnob",The same constraint applies to modern loanwords; also escáner from English scanner.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/e
empty_to_e,∅,e,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin schola,Old French escole > French école,Prothetic e- was added before s + consonant; the s was later lost before the consonant.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/e
empty_to_e,∅,e,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin speciālis,Old French especial,Modern French spécial was later re-formed on the Latin model.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/e
empty_to_e,∅,e,Basque,Basque,false,Latin spiritus,espiritu,"Basque has no word-initial s + consonant, so an e- (more rarely i-) is added.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/e
empty_to_e,∅,e,Basque,Basque,false,English slogan,eslogan,Same prothesis in a modern loanword.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/e
empty_to_eps,∅,ɛ,Hebrew (Tiberian),Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *malk- 'king',מֶלֶךְ /ˈmɛlɛk/ [ˈmɛːlɛχ],Segol [ɛ] is inserted between the final l and k; the stem malk- surfaces before suffixes.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/eps
empty_to_eps,∅,ɛ,Hebrew (Tiberian),Northwest Semitic,false,Biblical Hebrew *sipr 'book',סֵפֶר /ˈseː.fɛr/,The final cluster -pr is broken by [ɛ]; Modern Hebrew sefer.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/eps
empty_to_eps,∅,ɛ,Hebrew (Tiberian),Northwest Semitic,false,"Proto-Semitic *ʔarṣ́- 'earth, land'",אֶרֶץ /ˈʔɛ.rɛsˤ/,The final cluster -rṣ is split by [ɛ]; the stem ʔarṣ- surfaces before suffixes.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/eps
empty_to_f,∅,f,Irish,Goidelic,false,Old Irish úar 'cold',fuar 'cold',The f arose because uar was misinterpreted as lenited fhuar.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/f
empty_to_f,∅,f,Irish,Goidelic,false,"Old Irish ásaid, verbal noun áss 'growing'",fás 'grow; growth',ás- was reinterpreted as fhás- in lenition environments.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/f
empty_to_f,∅,f,Irish,Goidelic,false,Middle Irish íarfaigid (Old Irish ·íarfaig) 'asks',fiafraigh 'ask',Middle Irish already shows both íarfaigid and fíarfaigid.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/f
empty_to_f,∅,f,Irish,Goidelic,false,Middle Irish uiseóc 'lark',fuiseog 'lark',Ulster Irish uiseog and Scottish Gaelic uiseag keep the f-less form.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/f
empty_to_f,∅,f,Scottish Gaelic,Goidelic,false,Old Irish ásaid 'grows',"fàs 'grow, become'",,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/f
empty_to_f,∅,f,Scottish Gaelic,Goidelic,false,Old Irish oslaicid 'opens',fosgail /ˈfɔskal/ 'open' (Middle Irish fosclaid),,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/f
empty_to_g,∅,g,Spanish (dialectal),Ibero-Romance,false,huevo /ˈwebo/ 'egg',güevo /ˈɡwebo/ [ˈɡwe.β̞o],"Dialectal velar prothesis before the initial glide, written ⟨gü⟩ in eye-dialect spelling. The from form is the standard pronunciation, which keeps the conservative glide onset.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/g
empty_to_g,∅,g,Spanish (dialectal),Ibero-Romance,false,hueso /ˈweso/ 'bone',güeso /ˈɡweso/,Listed by Wiktionary as a dialectal variant; vueso /ˈbweso/ shows the competing labial reinforcement.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/g
empty_to_glottal_stop,∅,ʔ,Dutch,West Germanic,true,beamen /bəˈaːmə(n)/ 'to confirm',[bəˈʔaːmə(n)],[ʔ] separates /ə/ or /aː/ from a following vowel; it also occurs in compounds such as mee-eten and hippie-ideaal.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/glottal_stop
empty_to_glottal_stop,∅,ʔ,Dutch,West Germanic,true,mee-eten 'to eat along',mee-[ʔ]eten,"Glottal stops are most common in compounds where both elements have the same vowel at the boundary (hippie-ideaal, kilo-ohm).",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/glottal_stop
empty_to_glottal_stop,∅,ʔ,Czech,West Slavic,true,zneužívat 'to abuse' (zne- + užívat),[znɛʔuʒiːvat],"Inserted at a morpheme boundary before a vowel; usual in Bohemia, while Moravian speakers say [znɛuʒiːvat].",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/glottal_stop
empty_to_glottal_stop,∅,ʔ,Czech,West Slavic,true,táta a máma 'dad and mum',[taːta ʔa maːma],Inserted at a word boundary between two vowels; also trojúhelník [trojʔuːɦɛlɲiːk] 'triangle'.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/glottal_stop
empty_to_glottal_stop,∅,ʔ,Malay / Indonesian,Malayic,true,di- + angkat 'lift',diangkat [di.ʔaŋ.kat] 'to be lifted',A glottal stop is inserted to avoid vowel hiatus at the prefix-stem boundary and is not written.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/glottal_stop
empty_to_glottal_stop,∅,ʔ,Malay / Indonesian,Malayic,true,cuba 'try' + -an,cubaan [t͡ʃu.ba.ʔan] 'attempt',Inserted when a stem ending in /a/ takes the suffix -an; likewise bacaan [ba.t͡ʃa.ʔan] 'reading'.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/glottal_stop
empty_to_glottal_stop,∅,ʔ,Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*ame 'rain',/ʔami/ ami,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/glottal_stop
empty_to_glottal_stop,∅,ʔ,Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*ine 'rice plant',/ʔɴni/ qnni,"The prothetic glottal stop stayed after the initial vowel was lost, contrasting with *mune > /ɴni/ 'chest'.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/glottal_stop
empty_to_glottal_stop,∅,ʔ,Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*uwa 'pig',/ʔwa/ qwa,Contrasts with /wa/ 'I'; Amami Ōshima underwent the same glottal-stop epenthesis before vowel-initial words.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/glottal_stop
empty_to_h,∅,h,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,Proto-Indo-European *upó 'under',ὑπό (hypó),,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/h
empty_to_h,∅,h,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,Proto-Indo-European *upér 'over',ὑπέρ (hypér),"Word-initial υ always took the rough breathing (h), so vowel-initial *u- acquired a prothetic [h].",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/h
empty_to_h,∅,h,Samic (Preaspiration),Samic,false,Proto-Samic *kietë 'hand' (strong-grade single *t),"Northern Sami, Lule Sami giehta [ˈkie̯hta]","Preaspiration: an [h] developed before strong-grade single stops and affricates in all Samic languages except Akkala, Kildin and Ter; South Sami gïete lacks it in this word.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/h
empty_to_h,∅,h,Samic (Preaspiration),Samic,false,Proto-Samic *jokë 'river',"Northern Sami johka, Lule Sami jåhkå, South Sami johke",Skolt Sami jokk shows a geminate instead.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/h
empty_to_i,∅,i,Hungarian,Ugric,false,Latin schola,iskola 'school',"Hungarian did not allow word-initial clusters in older loans, so i- was added before sk-.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/i
empty_to_i,∅,i,Hungarian,Ugric,false,Latin Stephanus (Greek Στέφανος),"Old Hungarian Istefán, modern István",Wiktionary notes the old form Estefán ~ Istefán.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/i
empty_to_i,∅,i,Arabic,Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *šim- 'name' (Arabic stem /sm/),ism [ʔism] 'name',The prothetic vowel appears only at the start of an utterance (hamzat al-waṣl) and is dropped when a vowel precedes.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/i
empty_to_i,∅,i,Arabic,Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *bin- 'son' (Arabic stem /bn/),ibn [ʔibn] 'son',Same prothetic i- before an initial cluster.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/i
empty_to_j_glide,∅,j,"Slavic (Old Church Slavonic, Czech, Serbo-Croatian)",Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *esmь 'I am' (< PIE *h₁ésmi),"OCS ѥсмь jesmĭ, Old Czech jsem, Serbo-Croatian jèsam, Old Polish jeśm",Initial *e- received a prothetic [j]; the Baltic cognate Lithuanian esmì has none.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/j_glide
empty_to_j_glide,∅,j,"Slavic (Old Church Slavonic, Czech, Serbo-Croatian)",Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *ezero 'lake',"OCS ѥзеро jezero, Czech jezero, Serbo-Croatian jȅzero",Same prothesis; compare Lithuanian ežeras.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/j_glide
empty_to_j_glide,∅,j,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,"Latin ille 'that, he'",el /jel/ 'he',Initial e- of the personal pronouns is pronounced with a glide that the Latin source lacks.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/j_glide
empty_to_j_glide,∅,j,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin est 'is',este /ˈjes.te/ 'is',Forms of 'to be' beginning in e- take the same initial [j]; eu /jew/ 'I' also shows it.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/j_glide
empty_to_k,∅,k,English,West Germanic,true,length /lɛŋθ/,/lɛŋkθ/,"Optional excrescent [k] between [ŋ] and the voiceless dental fricative [θ]; dictionaries give /lɛŋ(k)θ/ for British, American and Canadian English.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/k
empty_to_k,∅,k,English,West Germanic,true,strength /stɹɛŋθ/,/stɹɛŋkθ/,Same environment and the same optional excrescent [k].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/k
empty_to_k,∅,k,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,प्राङ् शेते prāṅ śete,प्राङ्क् शेते prāṅk śete,Aṣṭādhyāyī 8.3.28 (ṅaṇoḥ kukṭuk śari) optionally adds the augment k after word-final ṅ before a sibilant; the parallel rule adds ṭ after ṇ (vaṇ śete ~ vaṇṭ śete).,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/k
empty_to_k,∅,k,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,प्राङ् षष्ठः prāṅ ṣaṣṭhaḥ,प्राङ्क् षष्ठः prāṅk ṣaṣṭhaḥ,Same rule before the retroflex sibilant ṣ.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/k
empty_to_l,∅,l,English (Bristol / West Country),Anglic,true,"idea, area","'ideal', 'areal'","An [l] is added at the end of a word after a vowel, also utterance-finally; found across Somerset and Wiltshire as well as Bristol.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/l
empty_to_l,∅,l,English (Bristol / West Country),Anglic,true,window,'windle',,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/l
empty_to_l,∅,l,English (southeastern Pennsylvania),Anglic,true,drawing,draw[l]ing,"An historically absent [l] fills the hiatus after morpheme-final /ɔ/, as intrusive r does in British Received Pronunciation (draw[r]ing).",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/l
empty_to_l,∅,l,English (southeastern Pennsylvania),Anglic,true,paw is [pɔː ɪz],[pɔl ɪz],Generalized from the alternation in historically l-final words (Paul [pɔː] ~ Paul is [pɔl ɪz]) after l-vocalization.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/l
empty_to_n_palatal,∅,ɲ,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Galician-Portuguese vỹo [ˈβĩo] (< Latin vīnum),vinho [ˈviɲu] 'wine',Intervocalic /n/ was lost after nasalizing the preceding vowel; the nasal [ĩ] then developed a palatal nasal consonant inserted between the two vowels. Medieval spellings vỹo and vinno coexist in the texts.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/n_palatal
empty_to_n_palatal,∅,ɲ,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,mĩa (< Latin mea),minha [ˈmiɲɐ] 'my (fem.)',"Here the nasality came from the initial m-, yet the same palatal nasal was inserted after nasal [ĩ].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/n_palatal
empty_to_n_palatal,∅,ɲ,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,"galĩa, spelled galỹa (< Latin gallīna)",galinha [ɡɐˈliɲɐ] 'hen',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/n_palatal
empty_to_n_palatal,∅,ɲ,Galician,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Galician-Portuguese vỹo (< Latin vīnum),viño [ˈbiɲo] 'wine',"Galician shares the insertion of ñ after nasal [ĩ] with Portuguese (also galiña 'hen', miña 'my').",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/n_palatal
empty_to_n_palatal,∅,ɲ,Galician,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Galician-Portuguese mĩa (< Latin mea),miña [ˈmĩ.ɲɐ] 'my',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/n_palatal
empty_to_n_palatal,∅,ɲ,Basque (Souletin),Basque,false,"Latin catēna, with loss of intervocalic n (common Basque katea)",Souletin kathiña 'chain',"After loss of intervocalic *n the nasality survived on the vowels; where a nasal stop was later restored after /i/, it surfaced as palatal ñ instead of the etymological n.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/n_palatal
empty_to_n_palatal,∅,ɲ,Basque (Souletin),Basque,false,Alavese erregia (< Latin rēgīna),"Biscayan, Gipuzkoan erregiña 'queen'",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/n_palatal
empty_to_ng,∅,ŋ,Nganasan,Samoyedic,false,"Proto-Samoyedic *amtə 'horn, antler'",ӈамтә ŋamtə,Prothetic ŋ- before initial *a; Tundra Nenets has palatalized n- (нямд).,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/ng
empty_to_ng,∅,ŋ,Nganasan,Samoyedic,false,Proto-Samoyedic *aŋ 'mouth',ӈаӈ ŋaŋ,"Northern Selkup ө̄ӈ, without prothesis.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/ng
empty_to_ng,∅,ŋ,Nganasan,Samoyedic,false,Proto-Samoyedic *opå 'glove',ӈуху ŋuhu,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/ng
empty_to_ng,∅,ŋ,Tundra Nenets,Samoyedic,false,Proto-Samoyedic *opå 'glove',ӈоба ŋoba,Forest Nenets ӈопа; Forest Enets оба without prothesis.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/ng
empty_to_ng,∅,ŋ,Tundra Nenets,Samoyedic,false,Proto-Samoyedic *op 'one',ӈобˮ,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/ng
empty_to_ng,∅,ŋ,Tundra Nenets,Samoyedic,false,Proto-Samoyedic *åj 'foot',ӈэ,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/ng
empty_to_ng,∅,ŋ,Hong Kong Cantonese,Yue,false,愛 oi3 /ɔːi/ 'love',ngoi3 /ŋɔːi/,"Hypercorrection by speakers who restore the /ŋ/ lost in the 'lazy sound' merger of /ŋ/ with the null initial, extending it to words that never had it.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/ng
empty_to_ng,∅,ŋ,Hong Kong Cantonese,Yue,false,屋 [ʊk] 'house',[ŋʊk],The from forms are the conservative null-initial pronunciation.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/ng
empty_to_p,∅,p,English,West Germanic,false,Old English ǣmtiġ,empty,'Vacant'. The p is a Middle English insertion between m and t.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/p
empty_to_p,∅,p,English,West Germanic,false,"Middle English glimsen 'to glisten, glance'",glimpse,Excrescent p between m and s; the earlier form glimse is now obsolete.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/p
empty_to_p,∅,p,English,West Germanic,false,warmth [wɔːmθ],[wɔːmpθ],Common variable pronunciation in RP and General American.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/p
empty_to_p,∅,p,English,West Germanic,false,hamster [ˈhæmstə],[ˈhæmpstə],"Variable pronunciation, often reflected in the spelling 'hampster'.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/p
empty_to_p,∅,p,Latin,Italic,false,emō + -tus,ēmptus,"'Bought', perfect passive participle of emō 'buy'; p inserted in the m.t cluster.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/p
empty_to_p,∅,p,Latin,Italic,false,sūmō + -sī,sūmpsī,"'I took', perfect of sūmō; p inserted in the m.s cluster. Oniga and Re identify this as the only productive epenthesis in Classical Latin.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/p
empty_to_p,∅,p,Latin,Italic,false,contemnō 'despise' + -tus,contemptus 'scorned',Perfect passive participle; p inserted in the m.t cluster.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/p
empty_to_p,∅,p,Latin,Italic,false,hiems 'winter',hiemps,"Common Latin variant spelling reflecting [mps], censured by analogist grammarians.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/p
empty_to_r,∅,r,Central Bavarian,High German,true,zwoa + azwanzge,"zwoa-r-azwanzge (zweiundzwanzig, twenty-two)",r inserted between two vowels across a morpheme boundary as a hiatus breaker,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/r
empty_to_r,∅,r,Central Bavarian,High German,true,gega + uns,"gega-r uns (gegen uns, against us)","Final n of gegen is lost in the dialect; r, not the etymological n, fills the hiatus",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/r
empty_to_r_approx,∅,ɹ,"English (RP, Boston, other non-rhotic accents)",Anglic,true,law and order,law[ɹ] and order,No r in the spelling or etymology; [ɹ] is inserted after a non-high final vowel before a vowel,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/r_approx
empty_to_r_approx,∅,ɹ,"English (RP, Boston, other non-rhotic accents)",Anglic,true,idea of,idea[ɹ] of,Intrusive [ɹ] after final schwa,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/r_approx
empty_to_r_approx,∅,ɹ,"English (RP, Boston, other non-rhotic accents)",Anglic,true,draw-ing,draw[ɹ]ing,Word-internal intrusive [ɹ] at a morpheme boundary,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/r_approx
empty_to_s,∅,s,Dominican Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,fino 'fine',fisno,Source of the register name hablar fisno 'speaking finely'.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/s
empty_to_s,∅,s,Dominican Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,jaguar 'jaguar',jasguar,"Hypercorrection of the vernacular jagual / jaguai. The from forms are the standard pronunciation, which has no [s].",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/s
empty_to_s,∅,s,Dominican Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,administraciones públicas [aðministɾaˈsjones ˈpuβlikas] 'public administrations',asministracione púsblica [asministɾaˈsjone ˈpusβlika],Word-final /s/ is dropped while [s] is inserted before the coda stops /d/ and /b/.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/s
empty_to_schwa,∅,ə,"English (Irish, Scottish and some dialectal varieties)",West Germanic,true,film [fɪlm],[ˈfɪləm],"Svarabhakti vowel in /lm/, characteristic of Irish English and also found in Scottish and some northern English speech.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/schwa
empty_to_schwa,∅,ə,"English (Irish, Scottish and some dialectal varieties)",West Germanic,true,athlete [ˈæθliːt],[ˈæθəliːt],Epenthetic schwa breaking the /θl/ cluster; widely regarded as non-standard.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/schwa
empty_to_schwa,∅,ə,Dutch,West Germanic,true,melk /mɛlk/ 'milk',[ˈmɛlək],"An epenthetic [ə] may be inserted between /l, r/ and a word-final /m, n, p, k, f, x/, also in compounds (melkboer [ˈmɛləkbuːr] 'milkman'). The pronunciation occurs in all varieties, including standard Dutch.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/schwa
empty_to_schwa,∅,ə,Dutch,West Germanic,true,melkboer /ˈmɛlkbuːr/ 'milkman',[ˈmɛləkbuːr],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/schwa
empty_to_schwa,∅,ə,Irish,Goidelic,true,gorm /ɡɔɾˠmˠ/ 'blue',[ˈɡɔɾˠəmˠ],"/ə/ breaks a cluster of /r, l, n/ followed by a labial or dorsal consonant other than /p, k/ after a short vowel; it does not apply after long vowels (téarma [ˈtʲeːɾˠmˠə]).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/schwa
empty_to_schwa,∅,ə,Irish,Goidelic,true,ainm /anʲmʲ/ 'name',[ˈanʲəmʲ],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/schwa
empty_to_schwa,∅,ə,Irish,Goidelic,true,fearg /fʲaɾˠɡ/ 'anger',[ˈfʲaɾˠəɡ],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/schwa
empty_to_t,∅,t,English,West Germanic,false,"Middle English agenes, ayenes",against,"The parasitic -t was added around 1350, probably helped by confusion with the superlative ending -est.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/t
empty_to_t,∅,t,English,West Germanic,false,Middle English amonges,amongst,"among + adverbial genitive -s, followed by an excrescent -t. Whilst (< whiles) and amidst (< amids) arose the same way.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/t
empty_to_t,∅,t,English,West Germanic,false,prince /prɪns/,[prɪnts],"Synchronic stop epenthesis in /ns/: the velum closes before oral release, which creates a transitional [t]. Many speakers merge prince with prints and sense with cents.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/t
empty_to_t,∅,t,German,West Germanic,false,Middle High German obeȥ (Old High German obaȥ) 'fruit',Obst,"Excrescent dental after s, as in Axt and Papst.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/t
empty_to_t,∅,t,German,West Germanic,false,"Middle High German ackes, bābes","Axt 'axe', Papst 'pope'","Late MHG already shows axt and pābest, bābest, alongside the older forms without -t.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/t
empty_to_t,∅,t,German,West Germanic,false,Middle High German palas,Palast 'palace',MHG palast was attested beside the more usual palas.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/t
empty_to_t,∅,t,Dutch,West Germanic,false,Middle Dutch rijs 'rice' (< Old French ris),rijst,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/t
empty_to_t,∅,t,Dutch,West Germanic,false,Middle Dutch huls 'holly',hulst,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/t
empty_to_t,∅,t,Dutch,West Germanic,false,Middle Dutch croos 'offspring' (< Old French croist),kroost,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/t
empty_to_t,∅,t,Dutch,West Germanic,false,Middle Dutch burch 'castle',burcht,Paragogic -t after a word-final fricative; the older form survives as burg.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/t
empty_to_th_vced,∅,ð,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,bacalao [bakaˈlao] 'cod',bacalado [bakaˈlað̞o],"A nonstandard hypercorrect form in which -ao is taken for colloquial -ado. The from form is the standard pronunciation, which has no [ð].",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/th_vced
empty_to_th_vced,∅,ð,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Bilbao [bilˈβ̞ao],Bilbado [bilˈβ̞að̞o],A substandard form based on the mistaken belief that the name contains the suffix -ado.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/th_vced
empty_to_v,∅,v,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *oko 'eye' (Old Ruthenian око),вока [ˈvoka],Prothetic [v] before initial o; compare Russian око without prothesis.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/v
empty_to_v,∅,v,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *uxo 'ear',вуха [ˈvuxa],Same prothesis before initial u; compare Russian ухо.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/v
empty_to_v,∅,v,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *uxo 'ear',вухо,Prothetic [v] before initial u.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/v
empty_to_v,∅,v,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *okъno 'window',вікно,"Prothetic v- before initial o, whose vowel later became i in the newly closed syllable.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/v
empty_to_v,∅,v,Russian,East Slavic,false,"Old East Slavic осмь, Proto-Slavic *osmь 'eight'",восемь,Prothetic v- in a handful of Russian words.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/v
empty_to_v,∅,v,Russian,East Slavic,false,Old East Slavic отьчина 'patrimony',вотчина,Same prothesis before initial o.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/v
empty_to_v,∅,v,Czech (Common Czech),West Slavic,false,standard okno 'window',vokno,"Common Czech, the colloquial interdialect of Bohemia, adds v- to words beginning with o-.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/v
empty_to_v,∅,v,Czech (Common Czech),West Slavic,false,standard oko 'eye',voko,Same prothesis; also votevřít for otevřít 'to open'.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/v
empty_to_w,∅,w,Upper Sorbian,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *oko 'eye' (cf. Polish oko),woko /ˈwɔ.kɔ/ 'eye',Upper Sorbian /w/ is a velarized bilabial approximant [β̞ˠ].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/w
empty_to_w,∅,w,Upper Sorbian,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *uxo 'ear' (cf. Polish ucho),wucho /ˈwuxɔ/ 'ear',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/w
empty_to_w,∅,w,Upper Sorbian,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *onъ 'he' (cf. Polish on); Proto-Slavic *orati 'to plough' (cf. Polish orać),wón 'he'; worać 'to plough',The glide is regular before initial o and u. It also appears in prefixed words such as wobdarjować 'to reward' (cf. Polish obdarować).,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/w
empty_to_w,∅,w,Silesian,West Slavic,false,Old Polish oko 'eye',ôko /ˈwɔ.kɔ/ 'eye',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/w
empty_to_w,∅,w,Silesian,West Slavic,false,Old Polish okno 'window',ôkno /ˈwɔk.nɔ/ 'window',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/w
empty_to_w,∅,w,Silesian,West Slavic,false,Old Polish ociec 'father',ôjciec /ˈwɔj.t͡ɕɛt͡s/ 'father',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/w
empty_to_w,∅,w,English,West Germanic,false,"Middle English on, oon 'one' (< Old English ān)",one /wʌn/,"The [w] arose around the 14th century in south-western and western England and became standard by the 18th century; alone, atone and only keep the form without it.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/w
empty_to_w,∅,w,English,West Germanic,false,Middle English ones 'once',once /wʌns/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/w
empty_to_w,∅,w,English,West Germanic,false,oak,dialectal woak /wəʊk/,Middle English already has the spelling wocke.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/empty/w
eps_to_a,ɛ,a,English,West Germanic,false,"Middle English sterre, sterven, kerven","star, starve, carve","Late Middle English and Early Modern English lowering of /ɛr/ to /ar/, later /ɑː(r)/.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/a
eps_to_a,ɛ,a,English,West Germanic,false,vermin,varmint,Dialect doublet showing the same lowering of /ɛr/ to /ar/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/a
eps_to_a,ɛ,a,Yiddish,West Germanic,false,Middle High German hërze 'heart',האַרץ harts /haʁt͡s/,"Compare German Herz, which keeps the front vowel.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/a
eps_to_a,ɛ,a,Yiddish,West Germanic,false,Middle High German bërc 'mountain',באַרג barg,Compare German Berg; Yiddish also has the doublet ברעג breg.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/a
eps_to_ai,ɛ,ai,Icelandic,North Germanic,false,Old Norse sær /ˈsɛːr/ 'sea',Icelandic sær /saiːr/,"Old Norse æ [ɛː] became the diphthong /ai/, which the letter æ still represents.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ai
eps_to_ai,ɛ,ai,Icelandic,North Germanic,false,Old Norse læknir 'healer' (æ = [ɛː]),Icelandic læknir [ˈlaihknɪr] 'doctor',"Same development before a consonant cluster, where the diphthong is short and preaspiration precedes the stop.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ai
eps_to_ai,ɛ,ai,Quebec French,Gallo-Romance,true,fête /fɛːt/ 'party',[faɪ̯t] ~ [fæɪ̯t],"Long /ɛː/ diphthongizes in closed syllables; outcomes range over [ɛɪ̯], [ei̯], [æɪ̯] and [aɪ̯].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ai
eps_to_ai,ɛ,ai,Quebec French,Gallo-Romance,true,tête /tɛːt/ 'head',[taɪ̯t] ~ [tæɪ̯t],Radio-Canada usage keeps [ɛɪ̯].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ai
eps_to_ai,ɛ,ai,Quebec French,Gallo-Romance,true,père /pɛːʁ/ 'father',[paɪ̯ʁ] ~ [paɛ̯ʁ] ~ [pæɛ̯ʁ],Before /ʁ/ the diphthong has a low onset.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ai
eps_to_ash,ɛ,æ,California English,West Germanic,false,wreck [ɹɛk],"[ɹæk], approaching rack",California Vowel Shift: /ɛ/ is pulled toward [æ] as /æ/ moves toward [ä].,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ash
eps_to_ash,ɛ,æ,California English,West Germanic,false,kettle [ˈkɛɾl̩],"[ˈkæɾl̩], approaching cattle",The from forms are the conservative American pronunciation of DRESS.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ash
eps_to_ash,ɛ,æ,Swedish,North Germanic,false,ära /ˈɛ̂ːra/ 'honour',[ˈæ̂ːra],"Stressed /ɛ, ɛː/ are lowered to [æ, æː] before /r/ (synchronic allophony).",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ash
eps_to_ash,ɛ,æ,Swedish,North Germanic,false,ärt /ˈɛrt/ 'pea',[ˈæʈː],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ash
eps_to_ash,ɛ,æ,Swedish,North Germanic,false,läsa [ˈlɛ̂ːsa] 'to read' (older standard),[ˈlæ̂ːsa] (younger Stockholm speakers),Speakers born from about 1980 lower /ɛː/ outside the pre-rhotic context too.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ash
eps_to_ash,ɛ,æ,Lithuanian,East Baltic,true,retas [ˈrʲɛːtɐs] 'rare',[ˈrʲæːtɐs],In everyday speech long [ɛː] shifts to [æː] before a non-palatalized consonant; short vowels are not affected.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ash
eps_to_ash,ɛ,æ,Lithuanian,East Baltic,true,jachtą [ˈjɛːxtaː] 'yacht' (acc.),[ˈjæːxtaː],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ash
eps_to_e,ɛ,e,Korean (Seoul),Koreanic,false,"ㅐ /ɛ/, e.g. 내가 /nɛ-ɡa/ 'I (subject)'","[e̞], 내가 [ne̞ɡɐ]",In South Korean speech the /ɛ/–/e/ contrast is lost and both are most commonly realized as [e̞]; some older speakers keep the distinction.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/e
eps_to_e,ɛ,e,Korean (Seoul),Koreanic,false,개 /kɛ/ 'dog',[kɛ] ~ [ke̞],"The from forms give the conservative /ɛ/, still kept apart from /e/ by some older speakers.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/e
eps_to_e,ɛ,e,Pre-Hlai to Proto-Hlai,Hlai,false,Pre-Hlai *ʔɛːmɦ 'not',Proto-Hlai *ʔeːmɦ,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/e
eps_to_e,ɛ,e,Pre-Hlai to Proto-Hlai,Hlai,false,Pre-Hlai *C-ŋɛː 'goose',Proto-Hlai *C-ŋeː,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/e
eps_to_e,ɛ,e,Pre-Hlai to Proto-Hlai,Hlai,false,Pre-Hlai *C-lɛːp 'pile (classifier)',Proto-Hlai *C-leːp,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/e
eps_to_e,ɛ,e,Pre-Hlai to Proto-Hlai,Hlai,false,Pre-Hlai *C-lɛːʔ 'hoof',Proto-Hlai *C-leːʔ,"Pre-Hlai and Proto-Hlai forms are Norquest's (2015) reconstructions as listed in the Wiktionary appendix; Peripheral Vowel Raising raised long *ɛː to *eː, alongside *e > *i and *o > *u before codas.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/e
eps_to_e_nas,ɛ,ẽ,Horb Swabian,West Germanic,false,Middle High German nëmen [ɛ] 'to take',[nẽmə̃],"Nasal Raising: /ɛ/ from MHG ë becomes mid-close [ẽ] before a nasal, while it stays [ɛ] elsewhere (brët > [b̥rɛtʰ] 'board').",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/e_nas
eps_to_e_nas,ɛ,ẽ,Horb Swabian,West Germanic,false,Middle High German hemde 'shirt' (Secondary Umlaut e realized as [ɛ]),[hẽmət],The same raising applies to [ɛ] from MHG secondary-umlaut e (compare beche > [b̥ɛç] 'brooks').,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/e_nas
eps_to_e_nas,ɛ,ẽ,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,"Latin ventus 'wind' (Vulgar Latin /ɛ/, cf. Italian vento /ˈvɛnto/)",vento /ˈvẽtu/,Before a coda nasal the open-mid vowel is nasalized and raised to close-mid; Old Galician-Portuguese already had /ˈβẽ.to/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/e_nas
eps_to_e_nas,ɛ,ẽ,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,"Latin tempus 'time' (Vulgar Latin /ɛ/, cf. Italian tempo /ˈtɛmpo/)",tempo [ˈtẽpu],Same development before /m/ + stop.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/e_nas
eps_to_e_nas,ɛ,ẽ,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,"Latin dentem 'tooth' (Vulgar Latin /ɛ/, cf. Neapolitan [ˈrɛndə])","dente /ˈdẽ.tɨ/ (European), /ˈdẽ.t͡ʃi/ (Brazilian)",Same development before /n/ + stop.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/e_nas
eps_to_ei,ɛ,ei,Quebec French,Gallo-Romance,true,pêcher /pɛːʃe/ 'to fish',[pɛɪ̯ʃe],"Long /ɛː/ is diphthongized to [ɛɪ̯] in open syllables, but not before /ʁ/ (mairie [mɛːʁi]). [ɛɪ̯] = atlas ei.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ei
eps_to_ei,ɛ,ei,Quebec French,Gallo-Romance,true,fêter /fɛːte/ 'to celebrate',[fɛɪ̯te],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ei
eps_to_ei,ɛ,ei,Brazilian Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,"dez 'ten', stressed /ɛ/ (European Portuguese /ˈdɛʃ/)","[dɛjs], [ˈdɛ(ɪ̯)s]",Most Brazilian speakers diphthongize stressed vowels in oxytones before a sibilant coda; [ɛɪ̯] = atlas ei.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ei
eps_to_ei,ɛ,ei,Brazilian Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,"pés 'feet', stressed /ɛ/ (European Portuguese /ˈpɛʃ/)",[ˈpɛ(ɪ̯)s],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ei
eps_to_ie,ɛ,ie,Italian,Italo-Romance,false,"Latin pedem, Vulgar Latin *[ˈpɛde]",piede [ˈpjɛːde] 'foot',Tuscan diphthongization of stressed [ɛ] in open syllables.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ie
eps_to_ie,ɛ,ie,Italian,Italo-Romance,false,"Latin fera, Vulgar Latin *[ˈfɛra]",fiera [ˈfjɛːra] 'wild beast',Same open-syllable condition.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ie
eps_to_ie,ɛ,ie,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,"Latin terra, Vulgar Latin *[ˈtɛrra]","tierra [ˈtje.ra] 'earth, land'",Spanish diphthongizes stressed [ɛ] in closed syllables too; Portuguese terra keeps the monophthong.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ie
eps_to_ie,ɛ,ie,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin ventus 'wind',viento,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ie
eps_to_ie,ɛ,ie,French,Gallo-Romance,false,"Latin pedem, Vulgar Latin *[ˈpɛde]","Old French pié, modern pied [pje] 'foot'",Open-syllable diphthongization; the silent -d was added by Middle French scribes after Latin.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ie
eps_to_ie,ɛ,ie,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin mel 'honey' (Vulgar Latin *melem),Old French miel,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ie
eps_to_ie,ɛ,ie,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin petra 'stone',Old French pierre,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ie
eps_to_ie,ɛ,ie,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,"Latin pellem, Vulgar Latin *[ˈpɛlle]",piele [ˈpjele] 'skin',Romanian diphthongizes stressed [ɛ] regardless of syllable structure.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ie
eps_to_ie,ɛ,ie,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin ferrum 'iron',fier /fjer/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/ie
eps_to_schwa,ɛ,ə,English,West Germanic,true,telegraph /ˈtɛl.ɪ.ɡɹæf/,telegraphy /təˈlɛɡɹəfi/,The stressed first-syllable /ɛ/ reduces to [ə] when stress moves to the second syllable.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/schwa
eps_to_schwa,ɛ,ə,English,West Germanic,true,celebrate /ˈsɛl.ə.bɹeɪt/,celebrity /səˈlɛb.ɹɪ.ɾi/ (General American),Same reduction of the initial /ɛ/ under stress shift; RP has [ɪ] in this word.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/schwa
eps_to_schwa,ɛ,ə,English,West Germanic,true,melody /ˈmɛl.ə.di/,melodious /məˈloʊdi.əs/,Initial /ɛ/ reduces to [ə] once stress moves to the following syllable.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/schwa
eps_to_schwa,ɛ,ə,Catalan (Eastern),Occitano-Romance,true,terra [ˈtɛ.rə] 'earth',terreny [təˈreɲ] 'terrain',"In Eastern Catalan, unstressed /a/, /e/ and /ɛ/ reduce to [ə] (phonetically [ɐ] in Barcelona).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/schwa
eps_to_schwa,ɛ,ə,Catalan (Eastern),Occitano-Romance,true,pèl [ˈpɛl] 'hair',pelut [pəˈlut] 'hairy',The stem /ɛ/ reduces to [ə] when the stress falls on the suffix.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/eps/schwa
f_to_empty,f,∅,Scots,Anglic,false,Middle English self (Old English self),sel 'self',Final /f/ was lost after /l/.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/empty
f_to_empty,f,∅,Scots,Anglic,false,Early Scots twelf (Old English twelf),twal 'twelve',Same loss of /f/ after /l/; the alternative forms twel and twol also lack it.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/empty
f_to_empty,f,∅,Proto-Micronesian to Kiribati,Micronesian,false,*afi 'fire',ai,*f is lost; cf. Chuukese ááf,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/empty
f_to_empty,f,∅,Proto-Micronesian to Kiribati,Micronesian,false,*faa- 'four',a,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/empty
f_to_empty,f,∅,Proto-Micronesian to Kiribati,Micronesian,false,*faifine 'woman',aine,cf. Chuukese feefin,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/empty
f_to_empty,f,∅,Proto-Micronesian to Kiribati,Micronesian,false,*fanua 'land',anna,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/empty
f_to_empty,f,∅,Proto-Micronesian to Kiribati,Micronesian,false,*fitou 'star',itoi,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/empty
f_to_empty,f,∅,Proto-Micronesian to Marshallese,Micronesian,false,*fanua 'land',āne,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/empty
f_to_empty,f,∅,Proto-Micronesian to Marshallese,Micronesian,false,*fitou 'star',iju,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/empty
f_to_empty,f,∅,Proto-Micronesian to Marshallese,Micronesian,false,*fawo 'top',ioo-,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/empty
f_to_glottal_stop,f,ʔ,Rarotongan (Cook Islands Māori),Polynesian,false,Proto-Polynesian *fale 'house',‘are [ʔare],"Cook Islands dialect table: ‘are in Rarotonga, Aitutaki and Mangaia beside fare (Manihiki) and hare (Tongareva).",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/glottal_stop
f_to_glottal_stop,f,ʔ,Rarotongan (Cook Islands Māori),Polynesian,false,Proto-Polynesian *fenua 'land',‘enua [ʔenua],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/glottal_stop
f_to_glottal_stop,f,ʔ,Rarotongan (Cook Islands Māori),Polynesian,false,Proto-Polynesian *fetuʔu 'star',‘ētū [ʔeːtuː],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/glottal_stop
f_to_glottal_stop,f,ʔ,Rarotongan (Cook Islands Māori),Polynesian,false,Proto-Polynesian *fafine 'woman',va‘ine [vaʔine],"The initial *f became [v], the medial *f became [ʔ].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/glottal_stop
f_to_glottal_stop,f,ʔ,Mangaian (Cook Islands Māori),Polynesian,false,Proto-Polynesian *fetuʔu 'star',‘etū [ʔetuː],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/glottal_stop
f_to_glottal_stop,f,ʔ,Mangaian (Cook Islands Māori),Polynesian,false,Proto-Polynesian *fale 'house',‘are [ʔare],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/glottal_stop
f_to_h,f,h,Spanish,Romance,false,filium (Latin),hijo [h] > [∅],"Latin initial f- became [h] in Old Spanish, which later became silent in the modern language.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/h
f_to_h,f,h,Spanish,Romance,false,facere (Latin),hacer,Initial f- weakening: Latin 'to do' → Spanish 'to do'.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/h
f_to_h,f,h,Proto-Polynesian to Hawaiian / Rapa Nui / Māori,Polynesian,false,*fale 'house',"Hawaiian hale, Rapa Nui hare","cf. Samoan, Tongan fale",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/h
f_to_h,f,h,Proto-Polynesian to Hawaiian / Rapa Nui / Māori,Polynesian,false,*fafine 'woman',Māori wahine,Medial *f > h; the initial *f gave Māori w here,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/h
f_to_h,f,h,Gascon,Occitano-Romance,false,Latin fīlius 'son',hilh 'son',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/h
f_to_h,f,h,Gascon,Occitano-Romance,false,Latin ferrum 'iron',hèr [hɛr] 'iron',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/h
f_to_h,f,h,Gascon,Occitano-Romance,false,Latin famēs 'hunger',"hami 'hunger, desire'",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/h
f_to_h,f,h,Gascon,Occitano-Romance,false,Latin festa 'feast',"hèsta [ˈhɛsto] 'party, feast'","Word-initial Latin f became [h], which parts of Gascony then lost ([ˈɛsto]). Other Occitan dialects keep f (filh, fèrre, fam).",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/h
f_to_p,f,p,Proto-Micronesian to Pohnpeian,Micronesian,false,*faa- 'four',pah,Pohnpeic has p for PMc *f; cf. Kiribati a,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/p
f_to_p,f,p,Proto-Micronesian to Pohnpeian,Micronesian,false,*faifine 'woman',pein,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/p
f_to_p,f,p,Proto-Micronesian to Pohnpeian,Micronesian,false,*fawo 'top',powe,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/p
f_to_p,f,p,Proto-Micronesian to Pohnpeian,Micronesian,false,*fawon 'on top of',pohn,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/p
f_to_p,f,p,Proto-Micronesian to Mokilese,Micronesian,false,*faa- 'four',pahw,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/p
f_to_p,f,p,Proto-Micronesian to Mokilese,Micronesian,false,*faSo 'to plant',poadok,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/p
f_to_p,f,p,Proto-Micronesian to Mokilese,Micronesian,false,*fawon 'on top of',pohn,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/p
f_to_phi,f,ɸ,Proto-Polynesian to Māori,Polynesian,false,*fale 'house',whare [ɸaɾe],"Māori wh, from *f, is traditionally bilabial [ɸ]; many speakers now use [f]",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/phi
f_to_phi,f,ɸ,Proto-Polynesian to Māori,Polynesian,false,"*fatu 'stone, core; to weave'",whatu,,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/phi
f_to_phi,f,ɸ,Proto-Polynesian to Māori,Polynesian,false,*fetuqu 'star',whetū,,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/phi
f_to_s,f,s,English,West Germanic,false,"fnesen (Middle English), from Old English fnēosan",snesen > sneeze,Initial fn- became sn-; a competing explanation attributes the change to misreading fn- as ſn- (long s).,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/s
f_to_s,f,s,English,West Germanic,false,"fnora 'snort, sneezing' (Old English), Middle English fnoren",snoren > snore,"Same initial fn- > sn- change, which shows it was regular rather than a one-word accident.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/s
f_to_s,f,s,English,West Germanic,false,"fnorten (Middle English), from Old English *fnorettan",snorten > snort,Same initial fn- > sn- change; Middle English fnatted 'snub-nosed' likewise became snatted.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/s
f_to_sh_palatal,f,ɕ,Romanian (northern Moldavian subdialect),Eastern Romance,false,"fierbe 'boils', fiert 'boiled', fierbinte 'hot'","ŝérbi, ŝert, ŝerbínti","Recorded in Bukovina (Vicovu de Jos, Mănăstirea Humorului), where these forms coexist with fiérbi, fiert. One speaker corrected herself: fiérbi, spúnim di fapt ŝérbi 'we actually say ŝérbi'.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/sh_palatal
f_to_sh_palatal,f,ɕ,Romanian (northern Moldavian subdialect),Eastern Romance,false,(să) fie '(that it) be',(sâ) ŝíii,"Recorded in many localities of Bacău, Botoșani, Iași and Suceava counties.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/sh_palatal
f_to_sh_palatal,f,ɕ,Romanian (northern Moldavian subdialect),Eastern Romance,false,fier 'iron',śer,"Recorded in the north-eastern Republic of Moldova, where f, v and ĉ give ś, ź and ś (vis > źis, nuci > nuś). The from forms are the standard Romanian pronunciation, which keeps the conservative /f/.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/sh_palatal
f_to_sh_palatal,f,ɕ,Romanian (Maramureș subdialect),Eastern Romance,false,Latin fervere 'to boil' (standard Romanian fierbe),siérbe 'boils',"Found in a compact area of northern Sălaj county and eastern Țara Oașului. The s that comes from f has a palatal timbre, distinct from primary s.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/sh_palatal
f_to_sh_palatal,f,ɕ,Romanian (Maramureș subdialect),Eastern Romance,false,Latin ferrum 'iron' (standard Romanian fier),ser,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/sh_palatal
f_to_v,f,v,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,true,ofer /ˈo.fer/ 'over',[ˈo.ver],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/v
f_to_v,f,v,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,true,heofon /ˈxe͜o.fon/ 'heaven',[ˈhe͜o.von],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/v
f_to_v,f,v,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,true,ġiefan /ˈji͜y.fɑn/ 'to give',[ˈji͜y.vɑn],Old English /f/ was voiced to [v] between voiced sounds; there was no separate /v/ phoneme.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/v
f_to_x,f,x,Dutch,Low Franconian,false,Old Dutch craft 'strength',"Middle Dutch cracht, Dutch kracht /krɑxt/","Regular change ft > xt; compare German Kraft, English craft.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/x
f_to_x,f,x,Dutch,Low Franconian,false,"Old Dutch after 'after, behind'","Middle Dutch achter, Dutch achter /ˈɑxtər/",Compare English after.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/x
f_to_x,f,x,Dutch,Low Franconian,false,Old Dutch *graft 'ditch',gracht /ɣrɑxt/ 'canal',The obsolete variant graft preserves the older form.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/x
f_to_x,f,x,"Spanish (Andalusian, Latin American)",Ibero-Romance,true,fuerte [ˈfweɾte] 'strong',[ˈxweɾte],"Before /w/, /f/ is articulated as an aspirate or a velar fricative in Andalusia and parts of Spanish America.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/x
f_to_x,f,x,"Spanish (Andalusian, Latin American)",Ibero-Romance,true,fuego [ˈfweɣo] 'fire',[ˈxweɣo],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/f/x
g_aspirated_to_dz,ɡʱ,dz,Old Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *ǵʰéyōm 'snow',ձիւն (jiwn) [dziwn] 'snow',Genitive ձեան (jean).,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_aspirated/dz
g_aspirated_to_dz,ɡʱ,dz,Old Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *ǵʰésr-m̥ 'hand' (acc.),ձեռն (jeṙn) [dzeɾn] 'hand',Cognate with Ancient Greek χείρ 'hand'; the plural ձեռք (jeṙkʻ) shows the same initial.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_aspirated/dz
g_aspirated_to_dz,ɡʱ,dz,Old Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *ǵʰéyos 'horse' (cf. Sanskrit háya),ձի (ji) [dzi] 'horse',"A poetic word according to Martirosyan, as cited by Wiktionary.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_aspirated/dz
g_aspirated_to_dz,ɡʱ,dz,Old Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *ǵʰim-er-n- 'winter' (from *ǵʰey-),ձմեռն (jmeṙn) [dzmeɾn] 'winter',Related to ձիւն 'snow'; the same initial *ǵʰ gives ձ.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_aspirated/dz
g_aspirated_to_g,ɡʱ,g,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*gʰroh₁weh₂ 'groats',*grāwā 'gravel',Proto-Brythonic *grọw.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_aspirated/g
g_aspirated_to_g,ɡʱ,g,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*slowgʰos 'entourage',"*slougos 'host, army'","Old Irish slóg; contrast Latin hostis, where *gʰ became h.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_aspirated/g
g_aspirated_to_gamma,ɡʱ,ɣ,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *steygʰ- 'to climb',Proto-Germanic *stīganą /ˈstiː.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/,"Gothic steigan, Old English stīgan, Dutch stijgen with [ɣ].",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_aspirated/gamma
g_aspirated_to_gamma,ɡʱ,ɣ,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *wéǵʰeti 'conveys',"Proto-Germanic *weganą /ˈwe.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/ 'to move, weigh'","Old English wegan, English weigh, Dutch wegen.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_aspirated/gamma
g_aspirated_to_gamma,ɡʱ,ɣ,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *dʰóyǵʰos 'kneaded mass',Proto-Germanic *daigaz /ˈdɑi̯.ɣɑz/ 'dough',"Gothic daigs, Dutch deeg, German Teig.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_aspirated/gamma
g_aspirated_to_gamma,ɡʱ,ɣ,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,"PIE *gʰóstis 'stranger, guest'",Proto-Germanic *gastiz /ˈɣɑs.tiz/,"Word-initial position; Old Norse gestr, Old English ġiest.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_aspirated/gamma
g_aspirated_to_h,ɡʱ,h,Latin,Italic,false,PIE *gʰóstis,hostis,"'stranger, enemy'; via Proto-Italic *hostis (*χ); cognate with Proto-Germanic *gastiz (English guest)",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_aspirated/h
g_aspirated_to_h,ɡʱ,h,Latin,Italic,false,PIE *ǵʰéyōm,hiems,'winter'; Latin merges palatovelar *ǵʰ with plain *gʰ as h,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_aspirated/h
g_aspirated_to_h_voiced,ɡʱ,ɦ,Prakrit / Hindi,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit megha- (मेघ) 'cloud',"Prakrit meha-, Hindi mẽh (मेंह) 'rain'","Middle Indo-Aryan reduction of intervocalic aspirates to h; also Assamese meh, Gujarati meh, Punjabi mī̃h (Turner CDIAL 10302)",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_aspirated/h_voiced
g_aspirated_to_h_voiced,ɡʱ,ɦ,Prakrit / Hindi,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit laghu- (लघु) 'light',"Prakrit lahu-, Hindi halkā (हल्का)",gh > h intervocalically; the Hindi form shows later metathesis lahu- > halu-,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_aspirated/h_voiced
g_aspirated_to_k_aspirated,ɡʱ,kʰ,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *ǵʰh₂éns,χήν khḗn (goose),Proto-Hellenic *kʰā́n; Mycenaean ka-no,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_aspirated/k_aspirated
g_aspirated_to_k_aspirated,ɡʱ,kʰ,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *ǵʰéyōm,χιών khiṓn (snow),Proto-Hellenic *kʰiṓn,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_aspirated/k_aspirated
g_aspirated_to_k_aspirated,ɡʱ,kʰ,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *leyǵʰ-,λείχω leíkhō (lick),Proto-Hellenic *léikʰō,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_aspirated/k_aspirated
g_aspirated_to_k_aspirated,ɡʱ,kʰ,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *steygʰ-,"στείχω steíkhō (walk, march)",Plain velar *gʰ also gives χ,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_aspirated/k_aspirated
g_aspirated_to_k_aspirated,ɡʱ,kʰ,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *seǵʰ-,"ἔχω ékhō (have, hold)",Proto-Hellenic *hékʰō,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_aspirated/k_aspirated
g_aspirated_to_k_aspirated,ɡʱ,kʰ,Romani,Indo-Aryan,false,"Sanskrit gharmá, Prakrit ghamma 'heat'",kham 'sun',"Initial gʰ devoiced to kʰ as part of the Romani devoicing of the voiced aspirates bʰ, dʰ, gʰ",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_aspirated/k_aspirated
g_aspirated_to_k_aspirated,ɡʱ,kʰ,Romani,Indo-Aryan,false,Sauraseni Prakrit ghara 'house' (metathesized from Sanskrit gṛhá),kher 'house',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_aspirated/k_aspirated
g_labialized_to_b,gʷ,b,Ancient Greek (from Proto-Greek),Hellenic,false,"Proto-Greek *gʷous 'cow, ox' (< PIE *gʷṓws; Mycenaean gʷōns)",βοῦς boûs,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_labialized/b
g_labialized_to_b,gʷ,b,Ancient Greek (from Proto-Greek),Hellenic,false,Proto-Greek *gʷarus 'heavy' (< PIE *gʷréh₂us),βαρύς barús,"Compare Latin gravis and Sanskrit gurú, which keep a velar.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_labialized/b
g_labialized_to_b,gʷ,b,Proto-Celtic (from Proto-Indo-European),Celtic,false,PIE *gʷih₃wós 'alive',Proto-Celtic *biwos (Old Irish béo),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_labialized/b
g_labialized_to_b,gʷ,b,Proto-Celtic (from Proto-Indo-European),Celtic,false,PIE *gʷḗn 'woman',"Proto-Celtic *ben, *benā (Old Irish ben, Gaulish bena)",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_labialized/b
g_labialized_to_b,gʷ,b,Osco-Umbrian (from Proto-Italic),Osco-Umbrian,false,Proto-Italic *gʷīwos 'alive' (< PIE *gʷih₃wós),Oscan bivus (masc. nom. pl.),Latin vīvus shows the Latin outcome v of the same labiovelar.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_labialized/b
g_labialized_to_b,gʷ,b,Osco-Umbrian (from Proto-Italic),Osco-Umbrian,false,"Proto-Italic *gʷōs 'cow, ox' (< PIE *gʷṓws)",Umbrian bum,"Latin bōs, with b instead of native v, is a loan from Osco-Umbrian.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_labialized/b
g_labialized_to_g,gʷ,g,Proto-Indo-Iranian,Indo-Iranian,false,PIE *gʷṓws 'cow',Proto-Indo-Iranian *gā́wš,Greek βοῦς and Umbrian bum have b.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_labialized/g
g_labialized_to_g,gʷ,g,Proto-Indo-Iranian,Indo-Iranian,false,PIE *gʷréh₂us 'heavy',Proto-Indo-Iranian *gr̥Húš (Sanskrit gurú),Greek βαρύς has b.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_labialized/g
g_labialized_to_g,gʷ,g,Proto-Indo-Iranian,Indo-Iranian,false,"PIE *gʷem- 'to go, come'","Sanskrit gam, gamáyati 'causes to go'",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_labialized/g
g_labialized_to_g,gʷ,g,Latvian,Baltic,false,PIE *gʷṓws 'cow',govs,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_labialized/g
g_labialized_to_g,gʷ,g,Latvian,Baltic,false,PIE *gʷréh₂us 'heavy',grūts,Lithuanian gỹmis 'birth' (< *gʷem-) shows the same plain velar.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_labialized/g
g_labialized_to_k_labialized,gʷ,kʷ,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *gʷih₃wós 'alive',"*kwikwaz /ˈkʷi.kʷɑz/ (Gothic qius, Old English cwic)",Latin vīvus and Greek βίος show other reflexes of the same labiovelar.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_labialized/k_labialized
g_labialized_to_k_labialized,gʷ,kʷ,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *gʷḗn 'woman',"*kwenǭ /ˈkʷe.nɔ̃ː/ (Gothic qinō, Old English cwene)",,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_labialized/k_labialized
g_labialized_to_k_labialized,gʷ,kʷ,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,"PIE *gʷem- 'to go, come'",*kwemaną /ˈkʷe.mɑ.nɑ̃/ 'to come' (Gothic qiman),,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_labialized/k_labialized
g_labialized_to_w,gʷ,w,Latin (from Proto-Italic),Italic,false,Proto-Italic *gʷīwos 'alive' (< PIE *gʷih₃wós),vīvus [ˈwiː.wʊs],Oscan bivus has b.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_labialized/w
g_labialized_to_w,gʷ,w,Latin (from Proto-Italic),Italic,false,Proto-Italic *gʷəniō 'to come' (< PIE *gʷm̥yéti),veniō [ˈwɛ.ni.oː],Compare Ancient Greek βαίνω baínō and Sanskrit gácchati.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_labialized/w
g_palatalized_to_dz,ɡʲ,dz,"Common Slavic (Polish, Old Church Slavonic)",Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *nogě, dative/locative of *noga 'leg' (second palatalization)",Polish nodze [ˈnɔd͡zɛ],"*g before the new front vowel *ě was fronted and assibilated; Polish keeps the affricate, while Czech noze has z.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/dz
g_palatalized_to_dz,ɡʲ,dz,"Common Slavic (Polish, Old Church Slavonic)",Slavic,false,*pęnęgъ 'coin' (borrowed from Germanic *panningaz),"*pěnędzь > OCS пѣнѧѕь, Polish pieniądz 'money'",Germanic loanwords in -ing- underwent the third palatalization; Czech peníz has z.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/dz
g_palatalized_to_dz,ɡʲ,dz,"Common Slavic (Polish, Old Church Slavonic)",Slavic,false,*kъnęgъ 'prince' (< Proto-Germanic *kuningaz),"*kъnędzь > OCS кънѧѕь (kŭnędzĭ), Polish ksiądz 'priest'",Same development; Czech kněz shows the later simplification dz > z.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/dz
g_palatalized_to_dz,ɡʲ,dz,Latvian,Baltic,false,"*g before a front vowel, cf. Lithuanian gérti [ˈɡʲɛrʲ.tʲɪ] 'to drink'",dzert [ˈd͡zɛ̂ɾt],Lithuanian keeps the palatalized velar; Latvian has the affricate.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/dz
g_palatalized_to_dz,ɡʲ,dz,Latvian,Baltic,false,"Proto-Balto-Slavic *gīˀwás 'alive', cf. Lithuanian gývas [ˈɡʲiːʋɐs]",dzīvs [dzîːws],Same correspondence before *ī.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/dz
g_palatalized_to_g,ɡʲ,g,Latin,Italic,false,"PIE *ǵénh₁os 'race, lineage'",genus [ˈɡɛnʊs],Via Proto-Italic *genos; contrast satem Sanskrit jánas.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/g
g_palatalized_to_g,ɡʲ,g,Latin,Italic,false,PIE *ǵónu / *ǵénu- 'knee',genū 'knee',Via Proto-Italic *genū.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/g
g_palatalized_to_g,ɡʲ,g,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *ǵénh₁os,"γένος (génos) 'race, kin'",Via Proto-Hellenic *génos.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/g
g_palatalized_to_g,ɡʲ,g,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *ǵónu,γόνυ (gónu) 'knee',Genitive γόνατος (gónatos).,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/g
g_palatalized_to_g,ɡʲ,g,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,"*ǵénus 'jaw, chin'",*genus 'mouth',Old Irish giun.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/g
g_palatalized_to_g,ɡʲ,g,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,"*ǵénh₁os 'race, kin'",*genos,Old Breton gen.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/g
g_palatalized_to_g,ɡʲ,g,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*h₃réǵeti 'straightens',*regeti,Old Irish at·reig.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/g
g_palatalized_to_g,ɡʲ,g,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*ǵr̥h₂nóm 'grain',*grānom,"Old Irish grán, Proto-Brythonic *grọn.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/g
g_palatalized_to_j_affricate,ɡʲ,dʒ,Romance (Latin to Italian),Romance,false,Latin 'gentem',Italian 'gente' [dʒ],"Latin /g/ before front vowels /e, i/ regularly developed into [dʒ] in Italian.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/j_affricate
g_palatalized_to_j_affricate,ɡʲ,dʒ,Romance (Latin to Italian),Romance,false,Latin gelū 'frost',Italian gelo [ˈdʒɛlo],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/j_affricate
g_palatalized_to_j_affricate,ɡʲ,dʒ,Siwi,Eastern Berber,false,Proto-Berber *a-ǵadir 'wall',ǧadir,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/j_affricate
g_palatalized_to_j_affricate,ɡʲ,dʒ,Siwi,Eastern Berber,false,Proto-Berber *e-ǵăʔdəʔ 'sand',ijdi 'earth',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/j_affricate
g_palatalized_to_j_affricate,ɡʲ,dʒ,Siwi,Eastern Berber,false,Proto-Berber *ămǵər 'to harvest',mjer,"Siwi ⟨ǧ⟩ and ⟨j⟩ both write the voiced postalveolar affricate [dʒ]; Kabyle has g in the same words (agadir, mger).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/j_affricate
g_palatalized_to_ts,ɡʲ,ts,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *ǵónu 'knee',ծունր (cunr) 'knee',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/ts
g_palatalized_to_ts,ɡʲ,ts,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *ǵénu- 'jaw',ծնօտ (cnōt) 'jaw',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/ts
g_palatalized_to_ts,ɡʲ,ts,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *ǵérh₂onts 'old',ծերուն (cerun) 'old',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/ts
g_palatalized_to_ts,ɡʲ,ts,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *méǵh₂s 'great',"մեծ (mec) 'great, big'",,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/ts
g_palatalized_to_ts,ɡʲ,ts,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *ǵembʰ- 'to bite',ծամեմ (camem) 'to chew',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/ts
g_palatalized_to_zh,ɡʲ,ʒ,Riffian (Tarifit),Zenati,false,Proto-Berber *a-ǵadir 'wall',"ajdir 'cliff, slope, ravine'",,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/zh
g_palatalized_to_zh,ɡʲ,ʒ,Riffian (Tarifit),Zenati,false,Proto-Berber *a-ǵăḍiḍ 'bird',ajḍiḍ,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/zh
g_palatalized_to_zh,ɡʲ,ʒ,Riffian (Tarifit),Zenati,false,Proto-Berber *e-ǵăʔdăr 'eagle',jidar,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/zh
g_palatalized_to_zh,ɡʲ,ʒ,Riffian (Tarifit),Zenati,false,Proto-Berber *ămǵər 'to harvest',mjar,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/zh
g_palatalized_to_zh,ɡʲ,ʒ,Riffian (Tarifit),Zenati,false,"Proto-Berber *ăǵən 'to lie down, sleep'",jen,"Riffian ⟨j⟩ = [ʒ]; plain *g instead gives y [j] in Riffian (aryaz 'man'), so the two velars stay apart. Kabyle and Tashelhit have g in these words (agadir, igider, mger, gen).",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/zh
g_palatalized_to_zh,ɡʲ,ʒ,Mzab and Figuig (Zenati),Zenati,false,Proto-Berber *a-ʔǵa 'bucket',ja,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/zh
g_palatalized_to_zh,ɡʲ,ʒ,Mzab and Figuig (Zenati),Zenati,false,Proto-Berber *e-ǵăʔdəʔ 'sand',ijdi,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/zh
g_palatalized_to_zh,ɡʲ,ʒ,Mzab and Figuig (Zenati),Zenati,false,Proto-Berber *e-ǵăʔdăr 'eagle',Figuig ijider,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/zh
g_palatalized_to_zh,ɡʲ,ʒ,Mzab and Figuig (Zenati),Zenati,false,Proto-Berber *ămǵər 'to harvest',mjer,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/zh
g_palatalized_to_zh,ɡʲ,ʒ,Chenoua,Zenati,false,Proto-Berber *e-ǵăʔdăr 'eagle',jider,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/zh
g_palatalized_to_zh,ɡʲ,ʒ,Chenoua,Zenati,false,Proto-Berber *ămǵər 'to harvest',mjer,"Kossmann's correspondence table gives Chenoua ʒ for *gʲ but g for plain *g (Chenoua argaz 'man', iger 'field').",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_palatalized/zh
g_to_d_palatal,g,ɟ,Turkish,Turkic,true,gel 'come!' (/ɡ/ before a front vowel),[ɟæl],"In native Turkic words the velars /k, ɡ/ are palatalized to [c, ɟ] when adjacent to the front vowels /e, i, œ, y/; the spelling does not mark the alternation.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/d_palatal
g_to_d_palatal,g,ɟ,Turkish,Turkic,true,göz 'eye',[ˈɟø̞z̪],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/d_palatal
g_to_d_palatal,g,ɟ,Turkish,Turkic,true,gece 'night',[ɟe̞ˈd͡ʒɛ],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/d_palatal
g_to_d_palatal,g,ɟ,Modern Greek,Hellenic,true,/ɡ/ (γγ) before /i/ in αγγίζω 'to touch',[aŋˈɟi.zo],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/d_palatal
g_to_d_palatal,g,ɟ,Modern Greek,Hellenic,true,/ɡ/ (γγ) before /e/ in άγγελος 'angel',[ˈaɲ.ɟe.los],"Greek has palatals [c, ɟ, ç, ʝ] as allophones of the velars /k, ɡ, x, ɣ/ before the front vowels /e, i/.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/d_palatal
g_to_d_palatal,g,ɟ,Albanian,Albanian,false,Latin angelus 'angel' (g before e),"engjëll 'angel', with gj = [ɟ]",Borrowed through Vulgar Latin; the Albanian letter gj is the voiced palatal plosive [ɟ].,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/d_palatal
g_to_d_palatal,g,ɟ,Albanian,Albanian,false,"Vulgar Latin *genía 'generation, clan' (g before e)","gjini 'kin, clan', with gj = [ɟ]",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/d_palatal
g_to_dz,g,dz,Old Church Slavonic,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *gvězda 'star',ѕвѣзда dzvězda,"Second palatalization; South Slavic applies it across medial *v, while West Slavic keeps Polish gwiazda, Czech hvězda.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/dz
g_to_dz,g,dz,Old Church Slavonic,South Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *gailas,ѕѣло dzělo 'very',Via Proto-Slavic *dzělъ 'vehement'; the letter ѕ (dzělo) records the affricate.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/dz
g_to_dz,g,dz,Old Church Slavonic,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *kъnęgъ 'prince' (earlier form; from Germanic *kuningaz),"кънѧѕь, Proto-Slavic *kъnędzь",Wiktionary gives the earlier form *kъnęgъ; OCS ѕ records the affricate dz.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/dz
g_to_dz,g,dz,Proto-Slavic to Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *nogě (dat./loc. sg. of *noga 'leg'),nodze,Second palatalization: *g before *ě became [dz]; Lechitic keeps the affricate.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/dz
g_to_dz,g,dz,Proto-Slavic to Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *dorgě (dat./loc. sg. of *dorga 'road'),drodze,Same second-palatalization reflex before *ě.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/dz
g_to_dz,g,dz,Latvian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *gīˀwás 'alive' (Lithuanian gývas),dzīvs [dzîːws],Velar assibilation before a front vowel.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/dz
g_to_dz,g,dz,Latvian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Baltic *ger- 'to drink' (Lithuanian gérti),dzert [ˈdzɛ̂ɾt],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/dz
g_to_dz,g,dz,Latvian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *gied- 'to sing' (Lithuanian giesmė),dziesma 'song',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/dz
g_to_empty,g,∅,Spanish,Romance,false,Latin magistrum 'master',maestro,Intervocalic g before a front vowel was lost.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/empty
g_to_empty,g,∅,Spanish,Romance,false,Latin sagitta 'arrow',saeta,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/empty
g_to_empty,g,∅,English,Germanic,false,Middle English gnawen /ˈɡnau̯ən/ (Old English gnagan),gnaw /nɔː/,Initial /ɡ/ was later lost before /n/.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/empty
g_to_empty,g,∅,English,Germanic,false,Middle English gnat /ɡnat/ (Old English gnætt),gnat /næt/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/empty
g_to_empty,g,∅,Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,"Classical Tibetan གཉིས gnyis ""two"" [g-]",/ȵiː˥˥/,Written prefix g- is silent in Lhasa.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/empty
g_to_empty,g,∅,Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,Classical Tibetan གསུམ gsum 'three',/sum˥˥/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/empty
g_to_empty,g,∅,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit सागर sāgara 'ocean',Prakrit 𑀲𑀸𑀅𑀭 sāara,"Wiktionary lists 𑀲𑀸𑀕𑀭 sāgara, 𑀲𑀸𑀬𑀭 sāyara (with hiatus-filling y) and 𑀲𑀸𑀅𑀭 sāara.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/empty
g_to_empty,g,∅,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit रोग roga 'disease',Prakrit 𑀭𑁄𑀅 roa,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/empty
g_to_empty,g,∅,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,"Sanskrit मृग mṛga 'deer, wild animal'",Maharashtri Prakrit 𑀫𑀺𑀅 mia,Sauraseni has 𑀫𑀅 maa; the vowel change ṛ > i/a is independent.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/empty
g_to_g_palatalized,g,ɡʲ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Old Russian гыбкыи [ɡɨpkɨj] 'flexible',гибкий [ɡʲipkʲij],"After velars [ɨ] became [i] between the 12th and 14th centuries, and the velar was then palatalized; spelling ги- replaced гы-.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/g_palatalized
g_to_g_palatalized,g,ɡʲ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Old Russian гꙑбель 'ruin',гибель,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/g_palatalized
g_to_g_palatalized,g,ɡʲ,Japanese,Japonic,true,鍵 かぎ kagi 'key' (/ɡi/),[ka̠ɡʲi],Palatalized and plain consonants contrast before back vowels but only the palatalized version occurs before /i/.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/g_palatalized
g_to_g_palatalized,g,ɡʲ,Japanese,Japonic,true,技術 ぎじゅつ gijutsu 'technology',[ɡʲiʑɨt͡sɨ],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/g_palatalized
g_to_g_palatalized,g,ɡʲ,Lithuanian,Baltic,true,/ɡ/ before /eː/ in gėlė 'flower',[ɡʲeːˈlʲeː],"Consonants preceding the front vowels /ɪ, iː, ɛ, æː, eː/ are palatalized.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/g_palatalized
g_to_g_palatalized,g,ɡʲ,Lithuanian,Baltic,true,/ɡ/ before /ɪ/ in gilus 'deep',[ɡʲɪˈlʊs],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/g_palatalized
g_to_g_uvular,g,ɢ,Mongolian (Khalkha),Mongolic,true,байгуулагдах baiguulagdakh 'to be organized' (/ɡ/ in a back-vowel word),[pæ.ˈɢʊ.ɮəɢ.təx],Uvular realization in a back-vowel (−ATR) word.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/g_uvular
g_to_g_uvular,g,ɢ,Mongolian (Khalkha),Mongolic,true,Монгол /mɔŋɡɔɮ/ 'Mongolian',[mɔɴɢɔ̆ɮ],"Uvular in a back-vowel word, with the preceding nasal assimilating to [ɴ].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/g_uvular
g_to_g_uvular,g,ɢ,Buryat,Mongolic,true,gar /ɡar/ 'hand',[ɢar̥],"Velar stops are postvelarized to uvular in back-harmony words, but not in front-harmony words such as ger [gɤr̥] 'house'; between back vowels /g/ becomes [ʁ] instead.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/g_uvular
g_to_g_uvular,g,ɢ,Buryat,Mongolic,true,xog /xɔɡ/ 'trash',[xɔɢ̥],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/g_uvular
g_to_g_uvular,g,ɢ,Turkmen,Oghuz,true,gar /ɡɑɾ/ 'snow',[ɢɑɾ],/ɡ/ is realized as uvular [ɢ] in back-vowel words; it spirantizes to [ʁ] intervocalically and next to obstruents.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/g_uvular
g_to_g_uvular,g,ɢ,Turkmen,Oghuz,true,gara 'black',[ɢɑˈɾɑ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/g_uvular
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Spanish,Romance,true,agua /ˈaɡwa/ 'water',[ˈa.ɣ̞wa],Intervocalic /ɡ/ is realized as an approximant or fricative.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Spanish,Romance,true,lago /ˈlaɡo/ 'lake',[ˈla.ɣ̞o],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Khalkha Mongolian,Mongolic,true,ger [ɡɛr] (house),[ɣɛr],"In Khalkha Mongolian, /g/ is realized as [ɣ] in intervocalic position and between sonorants. The stop allophone [ɡ] appears word-initially and after nasals.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Khalkha Mongolian,Mongolic,true,egch [eɡtʃ] (older sister),[eɣtʃ],Intervocalic /g/ spirantizes to [ɣ] in medial consonant clusters when preceded by a vowel. Attested across Khalkha and Inner Mongolian varieties.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Ancient Greek to Modern Greek,Hellenic,false,γάλα [gála] 'milk',[ˈɣala],Spirantization of voiced stops; before front vowels the result is palatal [ʝ],5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Ancient Greek to Modern Greek,Hellenic,false,Attic γάμος /ɡá.mos/ 'wedding' (5th c. BCE),Modern Greek γάμος /ˈɣa.mos/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Ancient Greek to Modern Greek,Hellenic,false,Attic γλῶσσα /ɡlɔ̂ːs.sa/ 'tongue' (5th c. BCE),Modern Greek γλώσσα /ˈɣlo.sa/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,"Proto-Celtic *slougos 'troop, army'",slóg,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,"Proto-Celtic *magos 'plain, field'",mag,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *trougos 'wretched',trúag,Non-initial single ⟨g⟩ is the fricative [ɣ] in Old Irish (mug /muɣ/ 'slave').,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Proto-Brythonic,Brythonic,false,"Proto-Celtic *slougos 'troop, army'",*llʉɣ (Welsh llu),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Proto-Brythonic,Brythonic,false,"Proto-Celtic *magos 'plain, field'",*maɣ,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Proto-Brythonic,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *tegos 'house',*tɨɣ (Welsh tŷ),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Proto-Brythonic,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *trougos 'wretched',*trʉɣ,"The fricative was later lost in Welsh and Cornish (llu, tŷ) but survives in Breton c'h /ɣ/.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Proto-Iranian to Sogdian,Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *gā́wš 'cow',ɣāu,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Proto-Iranian to Sogdian,Eastern Iranian,false,"Proto-Iranian *mr̥gáh 'bird, hen'",məʳɣi,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Proto-Iranian to Yaghnobi,Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *gā́wš 'cow',ғов γow,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Proto-Iranian to Yaghnobi,Eastern Iranian,false,"Proto-Iranian *mr̥gáh 'bird, hen'",мӯрғ mʉrɣ,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Proto-Iranian to Pashto,Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *gā́wš 'cow',غوا ghwā,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Proto-Iranian to Pashto,Eastern Iranian,false,"Proto-Iranian *mr̥gáh 'bird, hen'",مرغه murğë́,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *golva 'head' (Russian голова́ keeps [ɡ]),галава́ [ɣalaˈva],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *gora 'mountain',гара́,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_gamma,g,ɣ,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *gǫsь 'goose',гусь,Belarusian г is /ɣ/; standard Russian keeps the stop /ɡ/.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/gamma
g_to_h,g,h,Galician,Ibero-Romance,true,gato /ˈɡato/ 'cat',[hato] (gheada),"Gheada debuccalizes /ɡ/ to a voiceless back fricative, often [ħ] or [h].",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/h
g_to_h,g,h,Galician,Ibero-Romance,true,domingo /doˈmiŋɡo/ 'Sunday',[domiŋho],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/h
g_to_h_voiced,g,ɦ,Czech,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *gora 'mountain',hora [ˈɦora],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/h_voiced
g_to_h_voiced,g,ɦ,Czech,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *golvà 'head' (Old Czech hlava),hlava [ˈɦlava],"Proto-Slavic *g became the glottal fricative [ɦ] (written h) in Czech, Slovak and Ukrainian.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/h_voiced
g_to_h_voiced,g,ɦ,Slovak,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *gora 'mountain',hora [ˈɦɔra],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/h_voiced
g_to_h_voiced,g,ɦ,Slovak,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *noga 'leg' (Old Slovak noha),noha [ˈnoɦa],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/h_voiced
g_to_h_voiced,g,ɦ,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *gorà 'mountain' (Old East Slavic гора),гора́ [ɦɔˈra],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/h_voiced
g_to_h_voiced,g,ɦ,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *noga 'leg' (Old East Slavic нога),нога́ [nɔˈɦa],"Belarusian гара́ [ɣaˈra], нага́ [naˈɣa] keep the fricative stage [ɣ]; Russian keeps [ɡ].",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/h_voiced
g_to_i,g,i,French (from Latin),Gallo-Romance,false,Latin nigrum,"Old French neir, French noir (black)",g before r vocalized to the glide [i̯],4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/i
g_to_i,g,i,French (from Latin),Gallo-Romance,false,Late Latin flāgrāre,"Old French flairier, French flairer (to smell, sniff)",g before r vocalized to [i̯],4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/i
g_to_i,g,i,Portuguese (from Latin),Ibero-Romance,false,Latin integrum,"Old Galician-Portuguese enteiro, Portuguese inteiro (whole)",g before r vocalized to [i̯],4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/i
g_to_i,g,i,Portuguese (from Latin),Ibero-Romance,false,Latin rēgnum,"Old Galician-Portuguese reino, Portuguese reino (kingdom)",g before n vocalized to [i̯],4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/i
g_to_j_affricate,g,dʒ,Italian,Italo-Romance,false,Latin gelū 'frost' [g],gelo /ˈd͡ʒɛ.lo/,Latin /g/ before a front vowel became [dʒ].,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_affricate
g_to_j_affricate,g,dʒ,Italian,Italo-Romance,false,Latin gentem [g],gente [ˈd͡ʒɛnte],Latin /g/ before /e/.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_affricate
g_to_j_affricate,g,dʒ,Old English,Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *brugjō (Proto-West Germanic *bruggju),brycġ /bryd͡ʒ/ > bridge,The geminate velar created by West Germanic gemination before *j was palatalized and affricated.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_affricate
g_to_j_affricate,g,dʒ,Old English,Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *aggju 'edge',ecg /ed͡ʒ/ > edge,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_affricate
g_to_j_affricate,g,dʒ,Arabic,Central Semitic,false,Proto-West Semitic *gamal- 'camel',جَمَل /d͡ʒa.mal/,Jīm is [ɡ] in most other Semitic languages but was palatalized to an affricate in Arabic; Egyptian Arabic keeps /ɡamal/.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_affricate
g_to_j_affricate,g,dʒ,Arabic,Central Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *rigl- 'foot',"رِجْل rijl 'foot, leg'",Hebrew réḡel and Akkadian riglum keep the stop.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_affricate
g_to_j_affricate,g,dʒ,Arabic,Central Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *gild- 'skin',"جِلْد jild 'skin, leather'",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_affricate
g_to_j_affricate,g,dʒ,Arabic,Central Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ganb- 'side',جَنْب janb 'side',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_affricate
g_to_j_affricate,g,dʒ,Somali,Lowland East Cushitic,false,Proto-Somaloid *git 'path' (Afar gita keeps /g/),"jid [ˈd͡ʒɪ̄ʔ͡t] (southern), [ˈt͡ʃʰɪ̄ʔ͡t] (northern) 'road, path'",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_affricate
g_to_j_affricate,g,dʒ,Somali,Lowland East Cushitic,false,Proto-Somaloid *gilib 'knee' (Proto-Cushitic *gʷilb-/*gulb-; Afar gulub),jilib 'knee',"Palatalization before *i; *g stays before other vowels, as in geed 'tree' and gees 'horn'.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_affricate
g_to_j_glide,g,j,Norwegian,North Germanic,false,Old Norse geit 'goat',geit /jæɪt/,Old Norse /ɡ/ before front vowels became /j/ in Norwegian and Swedish; the spelling kept g.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_glide
g_to_j_glide,g,j,Norwegian,North Germanic,false,Old Norse gestr 'guest',gjest (Bokmål and Nynorsk),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_glide
g_to_j_glide,g,j,Norwegian,North Germanic,false,Old Norse gefa /ˈɡevɑ/ 'to give',gjeva (Nynorsk),Old Norse /ɡ/ became /j/ before front vowels; the spelling gj- reflects the change.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_glide
g_to_j_glide,g,j,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin rēgem 'king',rey /rej/,Intervocalic g before a front vowel weakened to /j/; the final vowel was then lost.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_glide
g_to_j_glide,g,j,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin lēgem 'law',ley /lej/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_glide
g_to_j_glide,g,j,Turkish,Oghuz,false,Old Anatolian Turkish beg 'lord' (< Proto-Turkic *bēg),bey /bej/,Front-vowel g became the glide /j/ in syllable-final position.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_glide
g_to_j_glide,g,j,Turkish,Oghuz,false,"Ottoman Turkish بگنمك (beğenmek, spelled with gāf) 'to like'",beğenmek /be(j)ænˈmec/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_glide
g_to_j_glide,g,j,Figuig and Mzab (Zenati),Zenati,false,"Proto-Berber *agəl 'to suspend, hang'",Figuig ayel (Ouargla agel),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_glide
g_to_j_glide,g,j,Figuig and Mzab (Zenati),Zenati,false,Proto-Berber *əgur 'to walk',Figuig yur (Ouargla igur),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_glide
g_to_j_glide,g,j,Figuig and Mzab (Zenati),Zenati,false,Proto-Berber *e-găr 'field',Figuig iyyer,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_glide
g_to_j_glide,g,j,Figuig and Mzab (Zenati),Zenati,false,Proto-Berber *ăgər 'to throw',Mzab yer (beside ger),"⟨y⟩ = [j]. Kossmann's correspondence table gives Riffian y for Proto-Berber *g, distinct from the ʒ that continues *gʲ; Riffian shows the same words (ayeř, uyur, iyyar, yar, aryaz 'man'), but the Tarifit description records an intermediate [ʝ] still heard outside Central Tarifit (aɡ̠enduz [æʝəndʊz] beside ayenduz 'calf'), so Riffian is not counted as a one-step change here.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_glide
g_to_j_palatal,g,dʑ,Shanghainese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 舊 gjuwH 'old',[dʑiɤ²³],Wu retains the voiced initial while palatalizing it before the front glide.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_palatal
g_to_j_palatal,g,dʑ,Shanghainese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 橋 gjew 'bridge',[dʑiɔ²³],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_palatal
g_to_j_palatal,g,dʑ,Shanghainese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 琴 gim 'zither',[dʑin²³],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_palatal
g_to_j_palatal,g,dʑ,Shanghainese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 巨 gjoX 'huge',[dʑy²³],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_palatal
g_to_j_palatal,g,dʑ,Suzhounese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 橋 gjew 'bridge',[dʑiæ²²³],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_palatal
g_to_j_palatal,g,dʑ,Suzhounese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 琴 gim 'zither',[dʑin²²³],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_palatal
g_to_j_palatal,g,dʑ,Suzhounese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 巨 gjoX 'huge',[dʑy²³¹],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_palatal
g_to_j_palatal,g,dʑ,Proto-Ryukyuan to Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*agi 'jaw',Okinawan aji [ʔádʑì],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_palatal
g_to_j_palatal,g,dʑ,Proto-Ryukyuan to Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*kugi 'nail',Okinawan kuji,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_palatal
g_to_j_palatal,g,dʑ,Proto-Ryukyuan to Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*mogi 'wheat',Okinawan muji,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_palatal
g_to_j_palatal,g,dʑ,Proto-Ryukyuan to Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*nokogiri 'saw',Okinawan nukujiri [nukud͡ʑiɾi],"*g affricated before *i; *e raised to i only after this change, so *kagen 'seasoning' gives kagin without affrication.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/j_palatal
g_to_k,g,k,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *yugóm 'yoke' (cf. Latin iugum),"Proto-Germanic *juką > English yoke, German Joch",Grimm's law devoiced the PIE plain voiced stops: *g > *k.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k
g_to_k,g,k,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *gel- 'cold',*kaldaz /ˈkɑl.dɑz/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k
g_to_k,g,k,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *lewg- 'to bend',*lūkaną /ˈluː.kɑ.nɑ̃/ 'to close',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k
g_to_k,g,k,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *séh₂gyeti 'seeks',*sōkijaną /ˈsɔː.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k
g_to_k,g,k,Xiang Chinese (Changsha),Sinitic,false,"共 'together, common', Middle Chinese gjowngH [ɡ-]","Changsha /kʊŋ²¹/ (vernacular), Mandarin gòng [kʊŋ⁵¹]",The Middle Chinese voiced initial devoiced to unaspirated [k]; Shanghainese /ɡoŋ²³/ keeps the voiced initial. The lost voicing is reflected in the low (yang) tone category.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k
g_to_k,g,k,Xiang Chinese (Changsha),Sinitic,false,"狂 'mad', Middle Chinese gjwang",Changsha /ku̯an¹³/,"Unaspirated, unlike Mandarin kuáng.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k
g_to_k,g,k,German,West Germanic,true,Tage /ˈtaːɡə/ 'days',Tag /taːk/ 'day',Final obstruent devoicing (Auslautverhärtung) in the standard language of Germany and Austria.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k
g_to_k,g,k,German,West Germanic,true,Weg /veːɡ/ 'way' (pl. Wege),[veːk],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k
g_to_k,g,k,German,West Germanic,true,Berg /bɛrɡ/ 'mountain' (pl. Berge),[bɛɐ̯k],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k
g_to_k,g,k,Russian,East Slavic,true,друга [ˈdruɡə] 'friend (gen.)',друг [druk] 'friend',Word-final devoicing of /ɡ/; southern Russian varieties have [drux] instead.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k
g_to_k,g,k,Russian,East Slavic,true,снега [ˈsnʲeɡə] 'snow (gen.)',снег [snʲek] 'snow',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k
g_to_k,g,k,Konso,Lowland East Cushitic,false,"Proto-Cushitic *gʷilb-/*gulb- 'knee' (Afar gulub, Oromo jilba)",kilpa 'knee',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k
g_to_k,g,k,Konso,Lowland East Cushitic,false,Proto-East Cushitic *gaazz- 'shade' (Oromo gaaddisa 'shadow'),kaatta 'shade',"Konso devoiced the Proto-East Cushitic voiced stops *b, *d, *g to /p, t, k/.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k
g_to_k,g,k,Old Khmer to Central Khmer,Khmeric,false,Old Khmer គង៑ gaṅ 'to remain',គង់ /kŭəŋ/ 'to reside',Middle Khmer devoicing of Old Khmer /ɡ/; the following vowel carries the high-register reflex of the former voiced onset.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k
g_to_k,g,k,Old Khmer to Central Khmer,Khmeric,false,"Old Khmer គាប៑ gāp 'to be good, fitting'",គាប់ /kŏəp/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k
g_to_k,g,k,Old Khmer to Central Khmer,Khmeric,false,Old Khmer គេ ge 'they',គេ /kei/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k
g_to_k,g,k,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *gerh₂no- 'crane',կռունկ (kṙunk) 'crane',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k
g_to_k,g,k,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *groHd- 'hail',կարկուտ (karkut) 'hail',From earlier reduplicated *կակրուտ.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k
g_to_k_aspirated,g,kʰ,"Hakka (Meixian, Sixian)",Sinitic,false,共 Middle Chinese gjowngH (departing tone),"Meixian kʰiʊŋ⁵³, Sixian kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ 'together'",Hakka aspirates Middle Chinese voiced stops regardless of tone; Mandarin gòng [kʊŋ] keeps this departing-tone syllable unaspirated.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k_aspirated
g_to_k_aspirated,g,kʰ,"Hakka (Meixian, Sixian)",Sinitic,false,狂 Middle Chinese gjwang (level tone),"Meixian kʰɔŋ¹¹, Sixian kʰoŋ¹¹ 'mad'",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k_aspirated
g_to_k_aspirated,g,kʰ,Gan (Nanchang),Sinitic,false,狂 Middle Chinese gjwang (level tone),kʰuɔŋ²⁴ 'mad',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k_aspirated
g_to_k_aspirated,g,kʰ,Gan (Nanchang),Sinitic,false,共 Middle Chinese gjowngH (departing tone),literary kʰuŋ¹¹ 'together',"Like Hakka, Gan aspirates the voiced stops in the departing tone as well.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k_aspirated
g_to_k_aspirated,g,kʰ,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,琴 Middle Chinese gim (level tone),kam4 [kʰɐm²¹] 'zither',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k_aspirated
g_to_k_aspirated,g,kʰ,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,狂 Middle Chinese gjwang (level tone),"kong4 [kʰɔːŋ²¹], also kwong4 [kʷʰɔːŋ²¹] 'mad'",Departing-tone 共 gjowngH gives unaspirated gung6 [kʊŋ²²] instead.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k_aspirated
g_to_k_aspirated,g,kʰ,Mandarin,Sinitic,false,狂 Middle Chinese gjwang (level tone),kuáng [kʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵] 'mad',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k_aspirated
g_to_k_aspirated,g,kʰ,Mandarin,Sinitic,false,葵 Middle Chinese gjwij (level tone),"kuí [kʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵] 'sunflower, mallow'","Level-tone voiced stops became aspirated; before front vowels the velar was later palatalized (琴 gim > qín [tɕʰin]), so only back-vowel syllables keep [kʰ].",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k_aspirated
g_to_k_aspirated,g,kʰ,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian գետ get 'river' (Eastern [ɡet]),[kʰed],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k_aspirated
g_to_k_aspirated,g,kʰ,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian գիր gir 'letter' (Eastern [ɡiɾ]),[kʰiɾ],"The whole Classical voiced series b d g became aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ in Western Armenian, while the Classical voiceless unaspirated series became voiced.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k_aspirated
g_to_k_aspirated,g,kʰ,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian գինի (gini) 'wine',Western Armenian [kʰiní] (Eastern Armenian [ɡiní]),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k_aspirated
g_to_k_aspirated,g,kʰ,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian գլուխ (glux) 'head',Western Armenian [kʰəlúχ] (Eastern Armenian [ɡəlúχ]),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/k_aspirated
g_to_ng,g,ŋ,Japanese,Japonic,true,禿 hage 'baldness' (/ɡ/ after a vowel),[haŋe],"Bidakuon (鼻濁音): for consistent nasal speakers, word-internal /ɡ/ in native morphemes is realized as [ŋ]; word-initially all speakers use [ɡ].",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/ng
g_to_ng,g,ŋ,Japanese,Japonic,true,縞柄 shimagara 'striped pattern',[ɕimaɡaɾa ~ ɕimaŋaɾa],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/ng
g_to_t_palatal,g,c,Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,"brgya 'hundred', Old Tibetan /*brɡʲa/",/ca˩˨/,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/t_palatal
g_to_t_palatal,g,c,Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,"brgyad 'eight', Old Tibetan /*brɡʲat/",/cɛː˩˧˨/,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/t_palatal
g_to_t_palatal,g,c,Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,"brgyud 'to pass through, be transmitted', Old Tibetan /*brɡʲut/",/cyː˩˧˨/,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/t_palatal
g_to_t_palatal,g,c,Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,"sgyur 'to change, translate', Old Tibetan /*zɡʲur/",/cuː˩˨/,"The source sound is orthographic g followed by the medial y, reconstructed as palatalized *ɡʲ; Amdo dialects keep a voiced palatal (Zêkog /wɟja/ 'hundred').",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g/t_palatal
g_uvular_to_uvular_fricative,ɢ,ʁ,Persian (Tehrani),Southwestern Iranian,true,/ɢ/ (Classical Persian /ʔaː.ˈqaː/),"آقا âqâ [ʔɒː.ʁɒ́ː] 'sir, Mr.'",Intervocalic /ɢ/ is pronounced as a fricative; elsewhere it stays a stop [ɢ].,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_uvular/uvular_fricative
g_uvular_to_uvular_fricative,ɢ,ʁ,Persian (Tehrani),Southwestern Iranian,true,"/ɢ/ (Classical Persian /da.qiː.ˈqa/, Dari [d̪ä.qiː.qá])",دقیقه daqiqe [d̪æ.ʁiː.ʁé] 'minute',Both intervocalic tokens are fricatives in formal Iranian speech; colloquial Tehrani [d̪æʁ.ɢé] keeps the stop after a consonant.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_uvular/uvular_fricative
g_uvular_to_uvular_fricative,ɢ,ʁ,Persian (Tehrani),Southwestern Iranian,true,"/ɢ/ (Classical Persian /baː.ˈqiː/, Tajik [bɔ.qí])",باقی bâqi [bɒː.ʁíː] 'remaining',,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_uvular/uvular_fricative
g_uvular_to_uvular_fricative,ɢ,ʁ,Persian (Tehrani),Southwestern Iranian,true,"/ɢ/ (Classical Persian /ta.qaː.ˈzaː/, Dari [t̪ʰä.qɑː.zɑː])",تقاضا taqâzâ [t̪ʰæ.ʁɒː.zɒː] 'request',,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_uvular/uvular_fricative
g_uvular_to_uvular_fricative,ɢ,ʁ,Persian (Tehrani),Southwestern Iranian,true,"/ɢ/ (Classical Persian /sa.qir.ˈlaːt/, Dari [sä.qɪɾ.lɑ́ːt̪])",سقرلات saqerlât [sæ.ʁeɹ.lɒ́ːt̪ʰ] 'scarlet cloth',,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/g_uvular/uvular_fricative
gamma_to_ain,ɣ,ʕ,Hebrew,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ḡurayb- 'raven' (cf. Arabic ġurāb),Tiberian Hebrew עֹרֵב [ʕoːˈʀ̟eː.ev],Proto-Semitic *ġ surfaces as ʿayin [ʕ].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/ain
gamma_to_ain,ɣ,ʕ,Hebrew,Northwest Semitic,false,earlier Biblical Hebrew /ʁarb/ 'evening' (cf. Arabic ġarb 'west'),"later /ʕarb/, Tiberian עֶרֶב [ˈʕɛːʀ̟ɛv]",,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/ain
gamma_to_ain,ɣ,ʕ,Hebrew,Northwest Semitic,false,earlier Biblical Hebrew /ʁalm/ 'young man' (cf. Arabic ġulām),"later /ʕalm/, Tiberian עֶלֶם [ʕɛːlɛm]",,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/ain
gamma_to_ain,ɣ,ʕ,Hebrew,Northwest Semitic,false,*ġazzā (Greek Γάζα),Tiberian עַזָּה /ʕaˈzːɔ/ 'Gaza',The Greek spelling with G preserves the older velar or uvular value.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/ain
gamma_to_ain,ɣ,ʕ,Hebrew,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ṣaḡir- 'small',"צָעִיר ṣāʿīr 'young, small'",Arabic ṣaġīr and Ugaritic ṣġr keep the fricative.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/ain
gamma_to_ain,ɣ,ʕ,Classical Syriac,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ḡurayb- 'raven',ܥܽܘܪܒܳܐ ʿūrḇā [ʕur(ə)vɑ],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/ain
gamma_to_ain,ɣ,ʕ,Classical Syriac,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ġ in the root ġ-l-m (cf. Arabic ġulayyim 'little boy'),ܥܠܝܡܐ ʿlaymā [ʕ(ə)lajmɑ],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/ain
gamma_to_ain,ɣ,ʕ,Classical Syriac,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ṣaḡir- 'small',ܙܥܘܿܪܵܐ zəʿōrāʾ 'small',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/ain
gamma_to_empty,ɣ,∅,Turkish,Oghuz,false,"Ottoman Turkish طاغ (dağ) 'mountain', with consonantal ğ [ɣ]",dağ [daː],Final /ɣ/ was lost with compensatory lengthening of the vowel.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/empty
gamma_to_empty,ɣ,∅,Turkish,Oghuz,false,"Ottoman Turkish صوغوق (soğuk) 'cold', with consonantal ğ [ɣ]",soğuk [soˈuk],"Intervocalic /ɣ/ is silent, leaving a hiatus.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/empty
gamma_to_empty,ɣ,∅,Mongolian (Khalkha),Mongolic,false,Middle Mongol aɣula /aɣula/ 'mountain',уул uul [ʊːɮ],Loss of intervocalic ɣ; the vowels merged into a long vowel.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/empty
gamma_to_empty,ɣ,∅,Mongolian (Khalkha),Mongolic,false,Middle Mongol qaɣan 'khan',хаан xaan [χaːɴ],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/empty
gamma_to_empty,ɣ,∅,Greek,Hellenic,false,λέγω [ˈleɣo] 'I say',λέω [ˈleo],"The from-form is the conservative pronunciation; the colloquial form drops intervocalic [ɣ], and λέγω survives alongside it.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/empty
gamma_to_empty,ɣ,∅,Greek,Hellenic,false,τρώγω [ˈtroɣo] 'I eat',τρώω [ˈtro.o],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/empty
gamma_to_empty,ɣ,∅,Proto-Inuit and Inuit varieties (from Proto-Eskimo),Inuit,false,Proto-Eskimo *uɣi 'husband',"Proto-Inuit *ui > Iñupiaq, Inuktitut, Greenlandic ui","The Yupik branch keeps the consonant, e.g. Central Siberian Yupik ugi.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/empty
gamma_to_empty,ɣ,∅,Proto-Inuit and Inuit varieties (from Proto-Eskimo),Inuit,false,Proto-Eskimo *kəɣə- 'to bite',"Inuktitut, Greenlandic kii","Yup'ik kegge, Alutiiq kege and Malimiut Iñupiaq kigi keep the consonant.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/empty
gamma_to_g,ɣ,g,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *gebaną /ˈɣe.βɑ.nɑ̃/ 'to give',gefa /ˈɡevɑ/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/g
gamma_to_g,ɣ,g,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *gōdaz /ˈɣɔː.ðɑz/ 'good',góðr /ˈɡoːðr̩/,Word-initially the Proto-Germanic velar fricative hardened to the stop [ɡ]; between vowels Old Norse kept [ɣ].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/g
gamma_to_g,ɣ,g,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-Germanic *gōdaz /ˈɣɔː.ðɑz/ 'good',gōd /ɡoːd/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/g
gamma_to_g,ɣ,g,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-Germanic *gans /ɣɑns/ 'goose',gōs /ɡoːs/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/g
gamma_to_g,ɣ,g,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-Germanic *gaits /ɣɑi̯ts/ 'goat',gāt /ɡɑːt/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/g
gamma_to_g,ɣ,g,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-Germanic *glasą /ˈɣlɑ.sɑ̃/ 'glass',glæs /ɡlæs/,Before back vowels and consonants the initial fricative became /ɡ/; before front vowels it became ġ /j/ instead (ġiest).,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/g
gamma_to_g_uvular,ɣ,ɢ,Persian (Tehrani),Southwestern Iranian,false,"Classical Persian ġam /ˈɣam/ 'grief, sorrow' (Dari [ɣäm], Tajik ғам [ʁäm])",Iranian Persian غم [ɢæm],Wiktionary transcribes the Iranian form phonemically as [qæm]; the merged ق/غ phoneme is realized as voiced uvular [ɢ] word-initially.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/g_uvular
gamma_to_g_uvular,ɣ,ɢ,Persian (Tehrani),Southwestern Iranian,false,"Classical Persian ġizā /ɣi.ˈzaː/ 'food, meal' (Dari [ɣɪ.zɑ́ː])",Iranian Persian غذا [ɢæ.zɒ́ː],In modern Tehrani Persian there is little to no difference in the pronunciation of غ and ق.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/g_uvular
gamma_to_g_uvular,ɣ,ɢ,Persian (Tehrani),Southwestern Iranian,false,"Classical Persian ġarb /ˈɣarb/ 'west' (Dari [ɣäɾb], Tajik ғарб [ʁäɾb])",Iranian Persian غرب [ɢæɾb],Wiktionary again writes the Iranian form phonemically as [qæɹb̥]; the merged phoneme is a voiced uvular stop in initial position.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/g_uvular
gamma_to_g_uvular,ɣ,ɢ,Persian (Tehrani),Southwestern Iranian,false,"Classical Persian ġarīb /ɣa.ˈriːb/ 'stranger, strange' (Dari [ɣä.ɾíːb])",Iranian Persian غریب [ɢæˈɾiːb],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/g_uvular
gamma_to_h,ɣ,h,Upper Sorbian,West Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *gora 'mountain', with *g spirantized to [ɣ]","hora, with initial /h/",Lower Sorbian keeps góra. The modern phonology lists Upper Sorbian /h/ as a voiceless glottal fricative.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/h
gamma_to_h,ɣ,h,Upper Sorbian,West Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *noga 'leg', with *g spirantized to [ɣ]","noha /ˈnɔ.ha/ 'leg, foot'",Intervocalic case of the same change; Lower Sorbian has noga.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/h
gamma_to_h,ɣ,h,Proto-Mofu to Moloko and Muyang,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Mofu *ɣaj 'house',Moloko haj,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/h
gamma_to_h,ɣ,h,Proto-Mofu to Moloko and Muyang,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Mofu *ɣɨr 'head',Muyang ahar,"Gravina: in the Tokombere subgroup Moloko and Muyang turn *ɣ to h (labialized *ɣʷ to hʷ), the Meri subgroup has g, and the Mofu subgroup loses it; only Ouldeme keeps ɣ.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/h
gamma_to_j_glide,ɣ,j,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-Germanic *dagaz [ˈdaɣaz] 'day',Old English dæġ /dæj/,"After fronting of the vowel to æ, the fricative became the glide [j] (spelled ġ); Modern English 'day'.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/j_glide
gamma_to_j_glide,ɣ,j,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-Germanic *gelwaz /ˈɣel.wɑz/ 'yellow',ġeolu /ˈje͜o.lu/,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/j_glide
gamma_to_j_glide,ɣ,j,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-Germanic *geldą /ˈɣel.dɑ̃/ 'payment',ġield /ji͜yld/,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/j_glide
gamma_to_j_glide,ɣ,j,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-Germanic *gebaną /ˈɣe.βɑ.nɑ̃/ 'to give',ġiefan /ˈji͜y.fɑn/,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/j_glide
gamma_to_j_glide,ɣ,j,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-Germanic *gastiz /ˈɣɑs.tiz/ 'guest',ġiest /ji͜yst/,Before front vowels the Proto-Germanic velar fricative became the palatal glide ġ /j/; before back vowels it became the stop /ɡ/ (gōd).,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/j_glide
gamma_to_j_glide,ɣ,j,Danish,North Germanic,false,Old Danish wægh 'way' (Old Norse vegr),Danish vej /vaj/ [ˈʋɑjˀ],"The historical voiced velar fricative corresponds to [j] after front vowels and /l/, and to [w] after back vowels and /r/, in Standard Danish.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/j_glide
gamma_to_j_glide,ɣ,j,Danish,North Germanic,false,Old Danish wæghæ 'to weigh',veje [ˈvɑːjə],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/j_glide
gamma_to_j_glide,ɣ,j,Danish,North Germanic,false,Old Danish ræghn 'rain',regn [ˈʁɑɪ̯ˀn],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/j_glide
gamma_to_j_glide,ɣ,j,Turkish,Oghuz,true,değer 'value' (ğ between front vowels),/deˈjeɾ/ [d̪e̞ˈjɛɾ̥],"Between front vowels ğ (yumuşak g, historically [ɣ]) is either silent or realized as [j], depending on the surrounding vowels.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/j_glide
gamma_to_j_glide,ɣ,j,Turkish,Oghuz,true,eğer 'if',[ˈe(j)æɾ̞̊],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/j_glide
gamma_to_j_glide,ɣ,j,"Southern Mande (Dan, Guro, Mano, Yaure)",Southern Mande,false,Proto-Mande *ɣɛgɛ̃ 'sand',"Proto-Southern Mande *yɛ̰́lɛ̰̀; Dan Gwɛɛtaa yɛ̰̋ɛ̰̋, Guro yɛ̰̄lɛ̰̀",Pozdniakov & Vydrin (2026): Proto-Mande *ɣ- is reflected as y- or w- in Southern Mande. Their Proto-Mande forms are a preliminary reconstruction. Tura kɛ̰̀ɛ̰̀ is marked as a probable Manding loan.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/j_glide
gamma_to_j_glide,ɣ,j,"Southern Mande (Dan, Guro, Mano, Yaure)",Southern Mande,false,Proto-Mande *ɣeli 'egg',"Proto-Southern Mande *yà̰lɛ̰̀; Dan Gwɛɛtaa yȁ̰ȁ̰, Guro yɛ̰̄lɛ̰̄",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/j_glide
gamma_to_j_glide,ɣ,j,"Southern Mande (Dan, Guro, Mano, Yaure)",Southern Mande,false,Proto-Mande *ɣĩ 'day',"Dan E. yī, Guro yī, Yaure yì",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/j_glide
gamma_to_j_glide,ɣ,j,"Southern Mande (Dan, Guro, Mano, Yaure)",Southern Mande,false,Proto-Mande *ɣɔ̃Lã 'bitter',Proto-Southern Mande *yɔ̰́là̰; Mano yɔ̰́ɔ̰̄,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/j_glide
gamma_to_w,ɣ,w,Middle English,West Germanic,false,Old English lagu [laɣu] 'law',Middle English [law],"Old English post-vocalic /g/ was [ɣ] between voiced sounds. In Early Middle English it vocalized to [w] after back vowels, creating new aw/ow diphthongs.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/w
gamma_to_w,ɣ,w,Middle English,West Germanic,false,Old English boga [boɣa] 'bow',Middle English bowe,The same vocalization gives the ow diphthong of modern bow (weapon).,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/w
gamma_to_w,ɣ,w,Danish,North Germanic,false,Old Danish skogh 'forest',skov [ˈsɡ̊ɒwˀ],"Older Standard Danish had a distinctive [ɣ], which corresponds to [w] after back vowels and /r/ (and to /j/ after front vowels) in the modern standard language.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/w
gamma_to_w,ɣ,w,Danish,North Germanic,false,Old Danish logh 'law',lov [ˈlɒw],The modern spelling ⟨v⟩ stands for the [w] reflex.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/w
gamma_to_w,ɣ,w,Kazakh,Kipchak,false,Old Turkic 𐱃𐰍 /taɣ/ 'mountain' (Proto-Turkic *tāg),тау taw,"Syllable-final *g, realized [ɣ] after back vowels, became w across Kipchak: Tatar and Bashkir тау taw, Karakalpak taw. Oghuz kept the velar (Turkish dağ).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/w
gamma_to_w,ɣ,w,Kazakh,Kipchak,false,"Proto-Turkic *bāg 'tie, rope'",бау baw,Bashkir has the same form бау baw.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/w
gamma_to_x,ɣ,x,Blin,Agaw,false,Proto-Agaw *laɣʷ- 'one' (Awngi laɢu),lakhw /laxʷ/ 'one',,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/x
gamma_to_x,ɣ,x,Blin,Agaw,false,Proto-Agaw *säɣʷ-a 'three',sekhwa /səxʷa/ 'three',The labialized voiced velar fricative devoiced; labialization is kept.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/x
gamma_to_x,ɣ,x,Akkadian,East Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ṣaḡir- 'small',ṣeḫrum 'small',,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/x
gamma_to_x,ɣ,x,Akkadian,East Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ḡurayb- 'raven',ḫerēbum (beside erēbum) 'raven',"Akkadian ḫ is [x], its only non-sibilant fricative; *ġ merged with *ḫ, while Hebrew and Aramaic turned *ġ into ʿayin.",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/x
gamma_to_x_uvular,ɣ,χ,Dutch (Netherlands),Low Franconian,false,geeuw /ɣeːu/ 'yawn',[χeːu] (north),"The from-form is the conservative pronunciation, kept as voiced, more fronted /ɣ/ in southern (Belgian and southern Netherlands) varieties. In the north, /ɣ/ is often realized the same as /x/, as a voiceless post-velar [x̠] or uvular [χ] fricative.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/x_uvular
gamma_to_x_uvular,ɣ,χ,Dutch (Netherlands),Low Franconian,false,goed /ɣut/ 'good',[χut] (north),The phonemes are not fully merged: the past-tense suffix still follows the underlying voicing (loogde 'leached' vs lachte 'laughed').,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/x_uvular
gamma_to_x_uvular,ɣ,χ,Afrikaans,Low Franconian,false,Middle Dutch goet /ɣuə̯t/ 'good',Afrikaans goed /χut/,Afrikaans has no /ɣ/; former /ɣ/ and /x/ fell together as uvular /χ/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/x_uvular
gamma_to_x_uvular,ɣ,χ,Afrikaans,Low Franconian,false,Middle Dutch gaen /ɣaːn/ 'to go',Afrikaans gaan /ˈχɑːn/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/gamma/x_uvular
glottal_stop_to_ain,ʔ,ʕ,Tigre,Ethio-Semitic,true,ʔarqay 'bed',ʕarqay,Free variation conditioned by the emphatic q in the same word; the ʔ/ʕ contrast is neutralized in words with emphatics or true pharyngeals.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/ain
glottal_stop_to_ain,ʔ,ʕ,Tigre,Ethio-Semitic,true,ʔaddəḥa 'noon',ʕaddəḥa,Conditioned by the pharyngeal ḥ in the same word.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/ain
glottal_stop_to_ain,ʔ,ʕ,Blin,Agaw,false,Proto-Agaw *ʔəl- 'eye' (Awngi ʾəl),cél /ʕɨl/ 'eye',,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/ain
glottal_stop_to_ain,ʔ,ʕ,Blin,Agaw,false,Proto-Agaw *ʔaqʷ- 'water' (Awngi ʾäxu),caqw /ʕakʷʼ/ 'water',,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/ain
glottal_stop_to_ain,ʔ,ʕ,Blin,Agaw,false,Proto-Agaw *ʔas-a 'fish' (Awngi ʾasi),casa /ʕasa/ 'fish',"Blin has /ʕ/ for Proto-Agaw initial *ʔ, which Awngi keeps as a glottal onset.",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/ain
glottal_stop_to_empty,ʔ,∅,Vietnamese,Vietic,false,Proto-Vietic *s-laːʔ 'leaf',lá (sắc tone),Loss of final *-ʔ produced the rising sắc/nặng tone series (Haudricourt 1954); cf. Proto-Austroasiatic *slaʔ.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/empty
glottal_stop_to_empty,ʔ,∅,Vietnamese,Vietic,false,Proto-Vietic *ciːʔ 'head louse',"chí (sắc tone), also chấy",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/empty
glottal_stop_to_empty,ʔ,∅,Old Chinese to Middle Chinese,Sinitic,false,馬 OC *mˤraʔ 'horse',MC maeX (shǎng tone) > Mandarin mǎ,"Old Chinese final *-ʔ disappeared, leaving the rising (shǎng) tone; Baxter's X marks this tone.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/empty
glottal_stop_to_empty,ʔ,∅,Old Chinese to Middle Chinese,Sinitic,false,五 OC *C.ŋˤaʔ 'five',MC nguX > Mandarin wǔ,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/empty
glottal_stop_to_empty,ʔ,∅,Proto-Polynesian to Hawaiian / Māori,Polynesian,false,*quta [ʔuta] 'inland',"Hawaiian uka, Māori uta",Proto-Polynesian *q (a glottal stop) is lost outside Tongic; Tongan keeps ʻuta,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/empty
glottal_stop_to_empty,ʔ,∅,Proto-Polynesian to Hawaiian / Māori,Polynesian,false,*qate 'liver',"Hawaiian ake, Māori ate",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/empty
glottal_stop_to_empty,ʔ,∅,Egyptian Arabic,Semitic,false,Classical Arabic رأس raʔs 'head',راس rās,"Postvocalic hamza is lost with compensatory lengthening of the vowel; Gulf, Moroccan Arabic and Maltese (ras) show the same outcome.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/empty
glottal_stop_to_empty,ʔ,∅,Egyptian Arabic,Semitic,false,Classical Arabic بِئْر biʔr 'well',بير bīr /biːr/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/empty
glottal_stop_to_empty,ʔ,∅,Paunaka,Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *-eʔo 'hit' (Trinitario -eʔo),Paunaka -eu,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/empty
glottal_stop_to_empty,ʔ,∅,Paunaka,Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *apókeʔe 'soil' (Terena pokéʔe),Paunaka apuke,The glottal stop was lost unconditionally; ʔ survives only in loanwords.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/empty
glottal_stop_to_empty,ʔ,∅,"Panoan languages (Marubo, Yaminawa, Kashinawa, Mayoruna)",Panoan,false,Proto-Panoan *ʔani 'big',"Marubo ani, Katukina ani-pa","Kashibo, Shipibo-Konibo, Kapanawa, Chakobo and Amawaka keep word-initial ʔ (Shipibo-Konibo ʔani); the other languages lose it.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/empty
glottal_stop_to_empty,ʔ,∅,"Panoan languages (Marubo, Yaminawa, Kashinawa, Mayoruna)",Panoan,false,Proto-Panoan *ʔoʂɨ 'moon',"Yaminawa oʂɨ, Kashinawa uˈʂɨ, Mayoruna uˈʂɨ",Shipibo-Konibo ʔoʂɨ.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/empty
glottal_stop_to_empty,ʔ,∅,"Panoan languages (Marubo, Yaminawa, Kashinawa, Mayoruna)",Panoan,false,Proto-Panoan *ʔoʂa- 'to sleep',Yaminawa oʂa,Shipibo-Konibo ʔoʂa-.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/empty
glottal_stop_to_empty,ʔ,∅,"Panoan languages (Marubo, Yaminawa, Kashinawa, Mayoruna)",Panoan,false,Proto-Panoan *ʔawaɽ 'tapir',"Marubo awa, Yaminawa aɸa, Mayoruna awad",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/empty
glottal_stop_to_j_glide,ʔ,j,Assyrian Neo-Aramaic,Northwest Semitic,false,Aramaic אַרִיכָא (arrīḵā) 'long',"ܝܲܪܝܼܟ݂ܵܐ (yarīḵā) 'long, tall'",Initial /ʔ/ became /j/ in most dialects; compare Turoyo ܝܰܪܝܟ݂ܐ (yarixo) and Hebrew אָרֹךְ ('arókh).,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/j_glide
glottal_stop_to_j_glide,ʔ,j,Assyrian Neo-Aramaic,Northwest Semitic,false,older *ܐܲܗܠܵܐ (*ˀahlā),"ܝܲܗܠܵܐ (yahlā) 'team, company, troop'",Same shift of initial /ʔ/ to /j/; the word goes back to Proto-Semitic *ʔahl- 'tent camp'.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/j_glide
glottal_stop_to_j_glide,ʔ,j,South Levantine Arabic,Central Semitic,false,Classical Arabic نَائِم (nāʔim) 'sleeping',"نايم nāyim [ˈnæː.jɪm] 'asleep, lying down'",Hamza after long ā in the active participle is replaced by y.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/j_glide
glottal_stop_to_j_glide,ʔ,j,South Levantine Arabic,Central Semitic,false,Classical Arabic خَائِف (ḵāʔif) 'afraid',خايف ḵāyif [ˈxæː.jɪf],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/j_glide
glottal_stop_to_j_glide,ʔ,j,Hijazi Arabic,Central Semitic,false,Classical Arabic قَائِل (qāʔil) 'sayer',قايل gāyil [ɡaː.jɪl],"Same participial hamza > y replacement (independently, Classical q > g).",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/j_glide
glottal_stop_to_j_glide,ʔ,j,Hijazi Arabic,Central Semitic,false,Classical Arabic خَائِف (ḵāʔif) 'afraid',خايف /xaː.jif/ [xaː.jɪf],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/j_glide
glottal_stop_to_j_glide,ʔ,j,Persian,Southwestern Iranian,false,Arabic جَائِزَة (jāʔiza) 'prize',"جایزه jāyiza, Iranian [d͡ʒɒː.je.ze]",Medial Arabic hamza after ā is adapted as y and written ی.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/j_glide
glottal_stop_to_j_glide,ʔ,j,Persian,Southwestern Iranian,false,Arabic فَائِدَة (fāʔida) 'benefit',"فایده fāyida 'advantage, benefit'",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/j_glide
glottal_stop_to_w,ʔ,w,Tunisian Arabic (Nefza),Semitic,false,ʔ-k-l (Old Arabic ʔakkala 'to feed'),wakkil – ywakkil 'to feed',"Pattern II verb with first radical ʔ; the hamza became w, so the verb now inflects as primae w.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/w
glottal_stop_to_w,ʔ,w,Tunisian Arabic (Nefza),Semitic,false,ʔ-x-r (Old Arabic ʔaxxara 'to delay'),waxxaṛ – ywaxxaṛ 'to be late; to move backwards',Same development of first-radical ʔ to w in a pattern II verb.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/w
glottal_stop_to_w,ʔ,w,Moroccan Arabic,Semitic,false,Classical Arabic أَخَّرَ ʔaḵḵara 'to delay',"وخر waḵḵar 'to step aside, move; to postpone'",Same pattern II verb as in Hijazi and Nefza Arabic.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/w
glottal_stop_to_w,ʔ,w,Moroccan Arabic,Semitic,false,Classical Arabic أُذْن ʔuḏn 'ear',ودن wudn /wudn/ ~ wdan,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/glottal_stop/w
h_to_a,h,a,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *ph₂tḗr 'father',πατήρ (patḗr),Interconsonantal *h₂ vocalized to a.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/a
h_to_a,h,a,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,"PIE *sth₂tós 'placed, standing'",στατός (statós) 'standing',"Zero grade of *steh₂- 'stand'; contrast θετός (*dʰh₁tós, e) and δοτός (*dh₃tós, o), the Greek triple reflex.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/a
h_to_a,h,a,Latin,Italic,false,PIE *ph₂tḗr 'father',pater,Via Proto-Italic *patēr.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/a
h_to_a,h,a,Latin,Italic,false,PIE *sth₂tós,"status 'set, fixed'",Cognate of Greek στατός and Sanskrit sthitá- (with i).,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/a
h_to_a,h,a,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,PIE *ph₂tḗr 'father',Proto-Celtic *ɸatīr (Old Irish athair),,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/a
h_to_a,h,a,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,PIE *kh₂néti 'sings',"Proto-Celtic *kaneti (Old Irish canaid, Proto-Brythonic *kėnɨd)",Zero grade of *keh₂n- 'sing'; cognate with Latin canō.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/a
h_to_e,h,e,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *dʰh₁tós 'placed',"θετός (thetós) 'placed, adopted'","Zero grade of *dʰeh₁- 'put'; interconsonantal *h₁ > e (cf. στατός with a from *h₂, δοτός with o from *h₃).",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/e
h_to_e,h,e,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *h₂enh₁mos 'breath',ἄνεμος (ánemos) 'wind',Interconsonantal *h₁ > e; Latin animus has a weakened vowel from the same source.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/e
h_to_e,h,e,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *h₁rudʰrós 'red',ἐρυθρός (eruthrós) 'red',Word-initial *h₁ before a consonant > prothetic e; Latin ruber lacks the vowel.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/e
h_to_e,h,e,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *h₁léwdʰeros 'belonging to the people',ἐλεύθερος (eleútheros) 'free',Word-initial *h₁ before a consonant > prothetic e; Latin līber lacks the vowel.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/e
h_to_e,h,e,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *h₁léngʰus 'lightweight',"ἐλαχύς (elakhús) 'small, short'",Word-initial *h₁ before a consonant > prothetic e (Proto-Hellenic *eləkʰús).,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/e
h_to_empty,h,∅,Koine Greek,Hellenic,false,Attic ἥλιος /hɛ̌ː.li.os/ 'sun',/ˈi.li.os/ (4th c. CE),Psilosis: initial /h/ (rough breathing) was lost by the Koine period.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Koine Greek,Hellenic,false,Attic ὁδός /ho.dós/ 'road',"/oˈðos/ (4th c. CE), Modern Greek οδός",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Koine Greek,Hellenic,false,Attic ἑπτά /hep.tá/ 'seven',"/epˈta/ (4th c. CE), Modern Greek επτά",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Koine Greek,Hellenic,false,Attic ἡμέρα /hɛː.mé.raː/ 'day',"/iˈme.ra/ (4th c. CE), Modern Greek ημέρα /iˈme.ɾa/",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,"Latin homō, hominem 'man'",hombre /ˈombɾe/,Latin h was already lost in speech; Romance spelling h is silent.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin habēre 'to have',"Old Spanish aver, modern haber /aˈbeɾ/",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Acehnese,Chamic,false,Proto-Chamic *hujaːn 'rain',ujeuen,Initial *h- of the presyllable is lost; cf. Rade hjan.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Acehnese,Chamic,false,Proto-Chamic *hulat 'worm',ulat,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Acehnese,Chamic,false,Proto-Chamic *hatay 'liver',até,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Acehnese,Chamic,false,Proto-Chamic *haway 'rattan',awé,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Acehnese,Chamic,false,Proto-Chamic *hubɛy 'yam',ubi,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Bih,Chamic,false,Proto-Chamic *hujaːn 'rain',ujan,Cf. Jarai hơjan.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Bih,Chamic,false,Proto-Chamic *hulat 'worm',ulăt,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Bih,Chamic,false,Proto-Chamic *huma 'field',uma,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Bih,Chamic,false,Proto-Chamic *hurɛy 'day',urei,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,"Chiapas Zoque (Copainalá, Francisco León) and Sierra Popoluca",Zoquean,false,Proto-Mixe-Zoquean *pahk 'bone' (Proto-Zoquean *pahk),"Copainalá and Francisco León pac, Sierra Popoluca pac [pak]","Practical spellings: c = k, j = h. Rayón Zoque keeps pajk, and the Mixean languages keep the h (Coatlán, Sayula and Totontepec pajc). Chimalapa Zoque and Texistepec also have pak.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,"Chiapas Zoque (Copainalá, Francisco León) and Sierra Popoluca",Zoquean,false,Proto-Mixe-Zoquean *tɨhk 'house',"Copainalá tʌc, Francisco León tøc, Sierra Popoluca tɨc",Rayón Zoque tʌjk and Coatlán Mixe tɨjc keep the h.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,"Chiapas Zoque (Copainalá, Francisco León) and Sierra Popoluca",Zoquean,false,"Proto-Mixe-Zoquean *pɨhk 'skin, feather'","Copainalá pʌc, Francisco León pøc, Sierra Popoluca pɨc",Rayón Zoque keeps pʌjk.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,"Chiapas Zoque (Copainalá, Francisco León) and Sierra Popoluca",Zoquean,false,Proto-Zoquean *tohȼ 'tongue' (Proto-Mixe-Zoquean *to꞉hȼ),"Copainalá and Francisco León totz, Sierra Popoluca tóts","Rayón Zoque keeps tojts. The loss is not complete across the Zoque lexicon: Zoque verb roots such as nihp- 'sow', peht- 'sweep' and sehk- 'water (plants)' still have h before a stop (Herrera Zendejas 1997, cited on Spanish Wikipedia).",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Dizi,Maji,false,Proto-Maji *háːy 'ear',aːi 'ear',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Dizi,Maji,false,Proto-Maji *haːy 'water',aːi 'water',"Shako also has aːy for both, while Nayi keeps /h/ in haːy 'ear' and hai 'water' (Aklilu 2003 reconstructions, Blažek 2008 word list).",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Proto-Mongolic to Khalkha Mongolian,Central Mongolic,false,*hulaxan 'red',улаан ulaan /ˈʊɮaːŋ/,Initial *h- survives in Santa (Dongxiang) hulan.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Proto-Mongolic to Khalkha Mongolian,Central Mongolic,false,*harban 'ten',арав arav,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Proto-Mongolic to Khalkha Mongolian,Central Mongolic,false,*heligen 'liver',элэг eleg,"Middle Mongol writes the h- (Arabic-script هَلكان, Secret History helige(n)).",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Proto-Mongolic to Khalkha Mongolian,Central Mongolic,false,*hon 'year',он on,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Proto-Mongolic to Khalkha Mongolian,Central Mongolic,false,*hüker 'ox',үхэр ükher,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Proto-Mongolic to Khalkha Mongolian,Central Mongolic,false,*hünegen 'fox',үнэг üneg,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*hulaxan 'red',улаан ulaan,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*harban 'ten',арбан arban,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*hon 'year',он on,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*hunu- 'to ride',унаха unakha,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*hüker 'ox',үхэр ükher,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Proto-Mongolic to Kalmyk,Central Mongolic,false,*harban 'ten',арвн arvn,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Proto-Mongolic to Kalmyk,Central Mongolic,false,*heligen 'liver',элкн elkn,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Proto-Mongolic to Kalmyk,Central Mongolic,false,*hon 'year',он on,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Proto-Mongolic to Kalmyk,Central Mongolic,false,*hüsün 'hair',үсн üsn,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_empty,h,∅,Proto-Mongolic to Kalmyk,Central Mongolic,false,*hutasun 'thread',утсн utsn,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/empty
h_to_f,h,f,Proto-Mongolic to Mongghul (Monguor),Shirongolic,false,*hon 'year',fon,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/f
h_to_f,h,f,Proto-Mongolic to Mongghul (Monguor),Shirongolic,false,*hunu- 'to ride',funə-,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/f
h_to_f,h,f,Proto-Mongolic to Mongghul (Monguor),Shirongolic,false,*hünegen 'fox',"finiga, funige",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/f
h_to_f,h,f,Proto-Mongolic to Mongghul (Monguor),Shirongolic,false,*hüker 'ox',fuguor (Monguor),"Before unrounded vowels h stays: *heligen > halige; Khalkha lost the h- (он, унах, үнэг, үхэр).",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/f
h_to_f,h,f,Proto-Mongolic to Santa (Dongxiang),Shirongolic,false,*hüker 'ox',fugie,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/f
h_to_f,h,f,Proto-Mongolic to Santa (Dongxiang),Shirongolic,false,*hünegen 'fox',"funiegve, funiege",Before *u Santa keeps h- (*hulaxan > hulan) and Kangjia also has fünigo 'fox'.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/f
h_to_h_voiced,h,ɦ,Finnish,Finnic,true,maha /ˈmɑhɑ/ 'belly',[ˈmɑɦɑ],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/h_voiced
h_to_h_voiced,h,ɦ,Finnish,Finnic,true,vihma /ˈʋihmɑ/ 'drizzle',[ˈʋiɦmɑ],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/h_voiced
h_to_h_voiced,h,ɦ,Finnish,Finnic,true,kohme /ˈkohme/ 'numbness',[ˈkoɦme],Before a voiceless consonant /h/ stays voiceless or becomes [x] ~ [ç] (mahti [ˈmɑhti] ~ [ˈmɑxti]).,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/h_voiced
h_to_h_voiced,h,ɦ,Hungarian,Ugric,true,tehát /ˈtɛhaːt/ 'so',[ˈtɛɦaːt],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/h_voiced
h_to_h_voiced,h,ɦ,Hungarian,Ugric,true,ihar /ˈihɒr/ 'maple' (dialectal),[ˈiɦɒr],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/h_voiced
h_to_h_voiced,h,ɦ,Hungarian,Ugric,true,ahol /ˈɒhol/ 'where',[ˈɒɦol],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/h_voiced
h_to_h_voiced,h,ɦ,"English (RP, Australian)",Anglic,true,behind /bɪˈhaɪnd/,"RP [bɪˈɦaɪ̯nd], Australian [bəˈɦɑe̯nd]",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/h_voiced
h_to_h_voiced,h,ɦ,"English (RP, Australian)",Anglic,true,ahead /əˈhɛd/,a[ɦ]ead,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/h_voiced
h_to_i,h,i,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,PIE *ph₂tḗr 'father',पिता pitā́ (stem pitṛ́),Via Proto-Indo-Iranian *pHtā́; interconsonantal *h₂ vocalized to i. Compare Greek πατήρ and Latin pater with a.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/i
h_to_i,h,i,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,"PIE *sth₂tós 'placed, standing'","स्थित sthitá- 'standing, situated'","Past participle of tíṣṭhati 'stands'; cognate with Greek στατός and Latin status, which have a.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/i
h_to_i,h,i,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,PIE *dʰugh₂tḗr 'daughter',दुहिता duhitā́,Compare Greek θυγάτηρ with a and Gathic Avestan dugədar- with ə.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/i
h_to_k,h,k,Proto-Yeniseian to Arin,Yeniseian,false,*Huλ 'water',kul,"Initial laryngeal *H > k in Arin; Pumpokol has h, and Ket and Yugh have zero (уль ūlʲ)",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/k
h_to_k,h,k,Proto-Yeniseian to Arin,Yeniseian,false,*Hɯn 'two',kína,"cf. Pumpokol híneang, Ket ын ɨ̄n",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/k
h_to_ng,h,ŋ,Avestan,Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *hajáhram 'thousand' (cf. Sanskrit sahásra),Avestan hazaŋra 'thousand',Proto-Iranian *-hr- (< Indo-Iranian *-sr-) appears as -ŋr-; other Iranian languages keep h or lose it (Middle Persian hazār).,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/ng
h_to_ng,h,ŋ,Avestan,Iranian,false,Indo-Iranian *dasrás 'skilled' (Sanskrit dasrá),"Avestan daŋra 'skilled, clever'",Same -sr- > Iranian *-hr- > Avestan -ŋr- development; Wiktionary gives the Sanskrit and Avestan forms as cognates.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/ng
h_to_o,h,o,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *dh₃tós 'given',δοτός (dotós) 'granted',"Zero grade of *deh₃- 'give'; interconsonantal *h₃ vocalized to o. Compare θετός (*dʰh₁tós, e) and στατός (*sth₂tós, a), the Greek triple reflex.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/o
h_to_o,h,o,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *h₃negʰ- 'nail',"ὄνυξ (ónux) 'claw, nail'",Word-initial *h₃ before a consonant gives the prothetic vowel o-; Latin unguis and Sanskrit nakhá- show no such vowel.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/o
h_to_o,h,o,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *h₃meyǵʰ- 'urinate',ὀμείχω (omeíkhō) 'urinate',Prothetic o- again; compare Sanskrit mehati and Latin mingō.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/o
h_to_o,h,o,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *h₃dónts 'tooth',ὀδούς (odoús) 'tooth',Prothetic o- before the consonant; compare Latin dēns and Sanskrit dánt-.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/o
h_to_phi,h,ɸ,Japanese,Japonic,true,/hune/,[ɸɯ̟ne̞] fune 'boat',"/h/ is realized as [ɸ] before /u/; it is [h] before /a, e, o/ and [ç] before /i/",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/phi
h_to_phi,h,ɸ,Japanese,Japonic,true,/huju/,[ɸɯ̟jɯ̟] fuyu 'winter',Same allophone before /u/,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/phi
h_to_phi,h,ɸ,Korean,Koreanic,true,후추 /hutɕʰu/,[ɸʷut͡ɕʰu] 'black pepper',/h/ becomes bilabial [ɸʷ] before /u/,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/phi
h_to_phi,h,ɸ,Korean,Koreanic,true,호수 /hosu/,[ɸʷo̞sʰu] 'lake',Before /o/,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/phi
h_to_phi,h,ɸ,Korean,Koreanic,true,화 /hwa/,[ɸwa̠] 'anger',Before the labial glide /w/,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/phi
h_to_phi,h,ɸ,Ainu,Ainu,true,hu フ /hu/,[ɸu̜],"/h/ is heard as [ɸ] before /u/; ha, he, ho keep [h] and hi is [çi]",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/phi
h_to_phi,h,ɸ,Ainu,Ainu,true,huy フィ /hui/,[ɸu̜ɪ],Same allophone before /u/ in the diphthong,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/phi
h_to_sh_palatal,h,ɕ,Asante Twi,Kwa,true,/h/ in hyia 'to meet',[ɕia],"Allophonic palatalization of /h/ before front vowels, part of the general Akan palatalization of velars and /h/; orthographic ⟨hy⟩.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/sh_palatal
h_to_sh_palatal,h,ɕ,Asante Twi,Kwa,true,"/h/ in hyɛ 'to wear, put on'",/ɕè̙/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/sh_palatal
h_to_sh_palatal,h,ɕ,"Japanese (Tokyo Shitamachi, Tohoku)",Japonic,false,higashi /higasi/ [çiɡaɕi] 'east',[ɕiɡaɕi] (sigasi),The from-form is the standard pronunciation. Confusion of /hi/ [çi] with /si/ [ɕi] is a stereotypical trait of traditional Shitamachi Tokyo speech and is also widespread in Tohoku.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/sh_palatal
h_to_sh_palatal,h,ɕ,"Japanese (Tokyo Shitamachi, Tohoku)",Japonic,false,hige /hige/ 'moustache',[ɕiɡe] (sige),,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/sh_palatal
h_to_x,h,x,Guaymí (Ngäbere),Eastern Isthmic,false,Proto-Chibchan *hu 'house',/xu/ 'house',"Pache (2018): *h > x word-initially before vowels other than u, and *h > x or zero before u.",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/x
h_to_x,h,x,Guaymí (Ngäbere),Eastern Isthmic,false,Proto-Chibchan *hi 'path',/xi/ 'path',,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/x
h_to_x,h,x,Guaymí (Ngäbere),Eastern Isthmic,false,Proto-Chibchan *hak ~ *kaʔ 'stone',/xɔ/ 'stone',,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/x
h_to_x,h,x,Guaymí (Ngäbere),Eastern Isthmic,false,Proto-Chibchan *hundĩ ~ *undĩʔ 'monkey',xuɾĩ 'monkey',,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h/x
h_voiced_to_x,ɦ,x,Czech,West Slavic,true,sníh /sɲiːɦ/ 'snow' (gen. sněhu [ˈsɲɛɦu]),[ˈsɲiːx],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h_voiced/x
h_voiced_to_x,ɦ,x,Czech,West Slavic,true,Bůh /buːɦ/ 'God' (gen. Boha [ˈboɦa]),[ˈbuːx],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h_voiced/x
h_voiced_to_x,ɦ,x,Czech,West Slavic,true,vrah /vraɦ/ 'murderer' (gen. vraha [ˈvraɦa]),[ˈvrax],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h_voiced/x
h_voiced_to_x,ɦ,x,Czech,West Slavic,true,vrh /vrɦ/ 'a throw' (gen. vrhu [vrɦu]),[vrx],Czech /x/ and /ɦ/ form a voicing pair; the voiceless realization of /ɦ/ is velar [x].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h_voiced/x
h_voiced_to_x,ɦ,x,Slovak,West Slavic,true,sneh /sɲeɦ/ 'snow' (gen. snehu [ˈsɲeɦu]),[ˈsɲex],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h_voiced/x
h_voiced_to_x,ɦ,x,Slovak,West Slavic,true,boh /bɔɦ/ 'god' (gen. boha [ˈbɔɦa]),[ˈbɔx],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h_voiced/x
h_voiced_to_x,ɦ,x,Slovak,West Slavic,true,vrah /vraɦ/ 'murderer' (gen. vraha [ˈʋraɦa]),[ˈʋrax],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/h_voiced/x
i_nas_to_e_nas,ĩ,ẽ,French,Gallo-Romance,false,"Old French fin with /ĩ/ 'fine, thin (masc.)' (< Latin fīnum)",fin with /ẽ/ (modern fin /fɛ̃/),Nasal /ĩ/ lowered to /ẽ/ in the Modern French period and later opened further to /ɛ̃/; the feminine fine /fin/ kept an oral vowel because the nasal consonant remained.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i_nas/e_nas
i_nas_to_e_nas,ĩ,ẽ,French,Gallo-Romance,false,"Old French cinq with /ĩ/ 'five' (< Latin quīnque, *cīnque)",cinq with /ẽ/ (modern cinq /sɛ̃k/),,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i_nas/e_nas
i_nas_to_e_nas,ĩ,ẽ,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Old French raisin with /ĩ/ 'grape' (< Latin racēmum),raisin with /ẽ/ (modern raisin /rɛzɛ̃/),Here /ĩ/ came from earlier /iein/ after a palatal.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i_nas/e_nas
i_nas_to_i,ĩ,i,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Old French fine [ˈfĩnə] (< Latin fīnam),"fine [fin] 'fine, thin (fem.)'","Middle French denasalization before /n/ or /m/ followed by a vowel; the masculine fin, where the nasal closed the syllable, kept and lowered the nasal vowel as [fɛ̃].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i_nas/i
i_nas_to_i,ĩ,i,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Old French ligne [ˈlĩɲə] (< Latin līneam),ligne [liɲ] 'line',The same denasalization before an intervocalic palatal nasal /ɲ/.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i_nas/i
i_to_e,i,e,Moroccan Arabic,Semitic,true,/bidˤ-at/ 'eggs',[bedɑt͡s],Both /i/ and /a/ take their emphatic allophones before /dˤ/.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/e
i_to_e,i,e,Moroccan Arabic,Semitic,true,"metšaṛṛfin 'honoured (pl.)', /i/ after emphatic /rˤrˤ/",[mət.ʃɑrˤrˤ.fen],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/e
i_to_e_nas,i,ẽ,Swabian (Horb),West Germanic,false,Middle High German sind 'are (1st pl.)',[sẽntʰ],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/e_nas
i_to_e_nas,i,ẽ,Swabian (Horb),West Germanic,false,Middle High German linde 'tender',[lẽntʰ],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/e_nas
i_to_e_nas,i,ẽ,Swabian (Horb),West Germanic,false,Middle High German hinder 'behind',[hẽnd̥r],"Kniess (2025, §5.8) gives the modern underlying form as /hend̥r/, merged with the vowel of MHG hende 'hands' [hẽntʰ].",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/e_nas
i_to_ei,i,ei,Czech (Common Czech),West Slavic,false,Standard Czech mlýn /mliːn/ 'mill',Common Czech mlejn [mlɛɪ̯n],"Common Czech has a diphthong /ɛɪ̯/ where Standard Czech has /iː/: bejt 'to be' (být), malej dům 'small house' (malý). [ɛɪ̯] = atlas ei.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/ei
i_to_ei,i,ei,Czech (Common Czech),West Slavic,false,Standard Czech být 'to be',Common Czech bejt [ˈbɛjt],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/ei
i_to_ei,i,ei,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,四 Middle Chinese sijH 'four',Cantonese sei3 /sei̯³³/,Vernacular reading; the rare literary reading si3 /siː³³/ preserves the monophthong.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/ei
i_to_ei,i,ei,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,死 Middle Chinese sijX 'to die',Cantonese sei2 /sei̯³⁵/,Vernacular sei2 vs literary si2; also 地 MC dijH > dei6 /tei̯²²/ 'ground'.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/ei
i_to_empty,i,∅,Latin (Vulgar Latin),Italic,false,"calidus 'warm, hot'",caldus,"Syncope of the unstressed post-tonic i; the Appendix Probi condemns calda for calida, and the syncopated form underlies Italian caldo and Spanish caldo.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/empty
i_to_empty,i,∅,Latin (Vulgar Latin),Italic,false,uiridis 'green',uirdis,Listed in the Appendix Probi as 'uiridis non uirdis'; the syncopated form underlies Italian and Spanish verde.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/empty
i_to_empty,i,∅,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,"Proto-Norse ᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ gastiʀ 'guest' (runic, from Proto-Germanic *gastiz)",gestr,Unstressed *i was lost after causing i-umlaut of a > e; cf. Gothic gasts.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/empty
i_to_empty,i,∅,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *brūdiz 'bride',brúðr,The same loss of final-syllable *i after a heavy root syllable; cf. Gothic brūþs.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/empty
i_to_empty,i,∅,Old High German,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *gasti 'guest',gast,West Germanic apocope of *i after a heavy syllable; Old Saxon gast and Old English ġiest show the same loss.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/empty
i_to_empty,i,∅,Old High German,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *brūdi 'bride',brūt,Old Saxon brūd and Old English brȳd likewise lost the final *i.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/empty
i_to_empty,i,∅,Northern Greek dialects,Hellenic,false,Standard Modern Greek [ˈskoni] 'dust',[skon],"Northern dialects delete unstressed high vowels /i/ and /u/; in the extreme northern dialects this applies throughout the word, in mid-northern dialects only word-finally.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/empty
i_to_empty,i,∅,Northern Greek dialects,Hellenic,false,Standard Modern Greek /skiˈli/ 'dog',[skli],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/empty
i_to_empty,i,∅,Kuuk Thaayorre,Southwestern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *ngali 'we two (inclusive)',ngal 'we two (inclusive)',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/empty
i_to_empty,i,∅,Kuuk Thaayorre,Southwestern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *kuli 'anger',"kul 'angry, anger'",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/empty
i_to_empty,i,∅,Trinitario (Mojeño),Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *siˈmoru 'peccary' (Ignaciano siˈmaru),Trinitario ˈsmoru,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/empty
i_to_empty,i,∅,Trinitario (Mojeño),Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *simeno 'forest' (Ignaciano simena),Trinitario smeno,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/empty
i_to_empty,i,∅,Trinitario (Mojeño),Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *tsima-pa 'ashes' (Ignaciano tsima-pa),Trinitario tsma-pa,The vowel of the weak syllable of the first foot was deleted.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/empty
i_to_eps,i,ɛ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *dьnь 'day',dzień /ˈd͡ʑɛɲ/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/eps
i_to_eps,i,ɛ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *pьsъ 'dog',pies /ˈpjɛs/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/eps
i_to_eps,i,ɛ,Czech,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *dьnь 'day',den [ˈdɛn],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/eps
i_to_eps,i,ɛ,Czech,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *pьsъ 'dog',pes [ˈpɛs],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/eps
i_to_eps,i,ɛ,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *dьnь 'day',ден [dɛn],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/eps
i_to_eps,i,ɛ,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *pьsъ 'dog',пес [pɛs],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/eps
i_to_i_nas,i,ĩ,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin fīnem 'end',fim [ˈfĩ] 'end',"Via Old Galician-Portuguese fim/fin; the coda nasal was absorbed into the vowel, which surfaces as [ĩ] in both Brazilian and European Portuguese.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/i_nas
i_to_i_nas,i,ĩ,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin vīnum 'wine',"Old Galician-Portuguese vỹo, Ancarese Galician vĩo",Intervocalic n was lost after nasalizing the preceding i; standard Portuguese later developed vinho with a palatal nasal.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/i_nas
i_to_i_nas,i,ĩ,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,"Latin fīnum 'fine, thin'",fin [fĩn],"Old French nasalized /i/, /u/, /y/ before /n/ or /m/; in Modern French [ĩ] was lowered to [ɛ̃] (fin /fɛ̃/), while feminine fine /fin/ kept an oral vowel once the nasal stood before a vowel.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/i_nas
i_to_i_nas,i,ĩ,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin quīnque 'five' (> *cīnque),Old French cinq with /ĩ/ (modern /sɛ̃k/),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/i_nas
i_to_i_nas,i,ĩ,Hindi,Indo-Aryan,false,"Sanskrit सिञ्चति siñcati 'sprinkles, waters'",सींचना sī̃cnā [sĩːt͡ʃ.nɑː] 'to irrigate',Inherited via Prakrit siṃcaï and Apabhramsa siṃcei; the nasal of the cluster was lost and the preceding vowel became long and nasalized.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/i_nas
i_to_i_nas,i,ĩ,Hindi,Indo-Aryan,false,Sauraseni Prakrit iṭṭā 'brick',ईंट ī̃ṭ /ĩːʈ/,"Nasalization without a nasal consonant in the source, together with compensatory lengthening on degemination of ṭṭ.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/i_nas
i_to_ie,i,ie,"Dutch (Northern Standard, Randstad)",West Germanic,true,bier /bir/ 'beer',[biər],"Before /r/ in the same word, /i/ is lengthened and laxed and often has a schwa-like off-glide; this is allophonic and does not occur when /r/ is followed by a consonant other than /t/ or /s/ (wierp [ʋirp]).",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/ie
i_to_ie,i,ie,"Dutch (Northern Standard, Randstad)",West Germanic,true,dier /dir/ 'animal',[diər],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/ie
i_to_schwa,i,ə,English (weak vowel merger),West Germanic,false,roses [ˈroʊzɪz],"[ˈroʊzəz], homophonous with Rosa's","The from-form is the conservative pronunciation, kept in traditional RP. Unstressed [ɪ] merges with schwa in most Australian, New Zealand, North American and Irish accents and in 21st-century Southern British speech.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/schwa
i_to_schwa,i,ə,English (weak vowel merger),West Germanic,false,Lenin [ˈlɛnɪn],"[ˈlɛnən], homophonous with Lennon",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/schwa
i_to_schwa,i,ə,Middle High German,West Germanic,false,Old High German gesti 'guests',geste,"Unstressed vowels of Old High German were weakened to ⟨e⟩, pronounced [ə].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/schwa
i_to_schwa,i,ə,Middle High German,West Germanic,false,Old High German hirti 'shepherd',Middle High German hirte,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/schwa
i_to_u,i,u,Old English,West Germanic,false,widu 'wood' (< Proto-Germanic *widuz),wudu,Assimilated after w; wudu is the usual later form and the ancestor of Modern English wood.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/u
i_to_u,i,u,Old English,West Germanic,false,widuwe 'widow',wuduwe,West Saxon variant with the same rounding after w.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/u
i_to_ui,i,ui,Faroese,North Germanic,false,Old Norse íss 'ice',ísur /ˈʊiːsʊɹ/,[ʊi] = atlas ui.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/ui
i_to_ui,i,ui,Faroese,North Germanic,false,Old Norse líf 'life',lív [lʊiːv],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/ui
i_to_ui,i,ui,Faroese,North Germanic,false,Old Norse tíð 'time',tíð [tʰʊiː],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/ui
i_to_ui,i,ui,Faroese,North Germanic,false,Old Norse vín 'wine',vín /vʊiːn/,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/ui
i_to_ui,i,ui,Faroese,North Germanic,false,Old Norse ríkr 'rich',ríkur /ˈɹʊiːkʊɹ/,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/ui
i_to_ui,i,ui,Faroese,North Germanic,false,Old Norse hvítr 'white',hvítur [ˈkʰvʊiːjtʊɹ],"Faroese phonology describes an earlier breaking of /iː/ to /ɪi/ before the merger with broken /yː/ as /ʊi/; that intermediate stage is reconstructed, not attested in writing.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/ui
i_to_y,i,y,German,West Germanic,false,Middle High German finf/vinf (< Old High German fimf) 'five',fünf [fʏnf] 'five',Short i rounded to ü between the labials f and n+f.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/y
i_to_y,i,y,German,West Germanic,false,"Middle High German wirde (< Old High German wirdī) 'worth, dignity'",Würde [ˈvʏʁdə] 'dignity',Rounding after labial w. The German Rundung reader lists this example next to finf > fünf.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/y
i_to_y,i,y,German,West Germanic,false,flistern (Middle Low German vlisteren) 'to whisper',flüstern [ˈflʏstɐn] 'to whisper',"Rounding after the labial cluster fl-. Compare Yiddish פֿליסטערן (flistern), which keeps the unrounded vowel.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/y
i_to_y,i,y,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *singwaną 'to sing',syngva,Labial (v-)umlaut: i rounded to y before the following w.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/y
i_to_y,i,y,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *slingwaną 'to sling',slyngva,Listed as the i > y (+w-mutation) example in the Old Norse sound-change table.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/y
i_to_y,i,y,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *kwikwaz 'alive',kykr (beside kvikr),Rounding between labialized consonants; kvikr keeps the unrounded vowel.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/i/y
ie_to_e,ie,e,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Old French laissier [lajˈsier] 'let',"laisser [lɛˈse], [leˈse]",[ie] > [je] > [e] in the infinitive ending -ier after a palatal.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/e
ie_to_e,ie,e,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Old French mengier 'eat',manger [mɑ̃ʒe],The glide was absorbed by the preceding palatal; -ier > -er spread analogically to other first-conjugation verbs.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/e
ie_to_e,ie,e,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Old French marchié (< Latin mercātus) 'market',marché [maʁʃe],Bartsch's-law ie after the palatal ch reduced to final [e].,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/e
ie_to_e,ie,e,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Old French congié (< Latin commeātus) 'leave',congé [kɔ̃ʒe],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/e
ie_to_eps,ie,ɛ,Italian (Florentine Tuscan),Italo-Romance,false,Old Tuscan brieve (< BRĔVEM) 'short',brève [ˈbrɛve],,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/eps
ie_to_eps,ie,ɛ,Italian (Florentine Tuscan),Italo-Romance,false,Old Tuscan prièga (< *PRĔCAT) 'prays',prèga [ˈprɛɡa],,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/eps
ie_to_eps,ie,ɛ,Italian (Florentine Tuscan),Italo-Romance,false,Old Tuscan prième (< PRĔMIT) 'presses',prème [ˈprɛme],,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/eps
ie_to_eps,ie,ɛ,Italian (Florentine Tuscan),Italo-Romance,false,Old Tuscan trièma (< *TRĔMAT) 'trembles',trèma [ˈtrɛma],,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/eps
ie_to_i,ie,i,German,Germanic,false,Middle High German liep [liəp] 'dear',lieb [liːp],Early New High German monophthongization of /iə yə uə/ to /iː yː uː/.,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/i
ie_to_i,ie,i,German,Germanic,false,Middle High German brief [briəf] 'letter',Brief [bʁiːf],,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/i
ie_to_i,ie,i,Old Spanish,Romance,false,castiello,castillo,Before palatal /ʎ/ the diphthong ie reduced to i in the suffix -iello > -illo.,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/i
ie_to_i,ie,i,Old Spanish,Romance,false,"siella 'chair, saddle'",silla,,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/i
ie_to_i,ie,i,Old Spanish,Romance,false,martiello 'hammer',martillo,,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/i
ie_to_i,ie,i,Kildin Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *kietë 'hand',"кӣдт, with ӣ [iː]",Kildin monophthongized Proto-Samic *ie to long ī before second-syllable *ë; before *ō it gives е̄ [eː] instead. Northern Sami keeps giehta.,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/i
ie_to_i,ie,i,Kildin Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *kielë 'tongue',кӣлл,Same change; compare Northern Sami giella.,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/i
ie_to_i,ie,i,Kildin Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *liemë 'broth',лӣмм,Same change; compare Northern Sami liepma.,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/i
ie_to_i,ie,i,Kildin Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *nierë 'cheek',нӣрр,Same change; compare Northern Sami nierra.,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/i
ie_to_i,ie,i,Czech,West Slavic,false,Old Czech viera 'faith',"víra, with í [iː]",Late Old Czech monophthongized ie to í (and uo to ú).,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/i
ie_to_i,ie,i,Czech,West Slavic,false,Old Czech miera 'measure',míra,,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/i
ie_to_i,ie,i,Czech,West Slavic,false,Old Czech bielý 'white',bílý,,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/i
ie_to_y,ie,y,Old English (West Saxon),West Germanic,false,EWS ieldra 'older',LWS yldra,EWS ie from i-mutation of broken ea before l + consonant.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/y
ie_to_y,ie,y,Old English (West Saxon),West Germanic,false,EWS iermþu 'poverty',LWS yrmþu,Same development before r + consonant.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/y
ie_to_y,ie,y,Old English (West Saxon),West Germanic,false,EWS wiersa 'worse',LWS wyrsa,,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/y
ie_to_y,ie,y,Old English (West Saxon),West Germanic,false,EWS fiell 'a fall',LWS fyll,,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/y
ie_to_y,ie,y,Old English (West Saxon),West Germanic,false,EWS gelīefan 'to believe',LWS gelȳfan,Long īe > ȳ; also spelled gelīfan in Alfredian texts.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ie/y
j_affricate_to_ch,dʒ,tʃ,Turkish,Oghuz,false,"Arabic/Persian tāj 'crown' (Turkish tac- [tɑːd͡ʒ] before vowel-initial suffixes, e.g. tacı)",taç /tɑt͡ʃ/ 'crown',The loanword's final /dʒ/ is devoiced word-finally and kept voiced before vowel-initial suffixes,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ch
j_affricate_to_ch,dʒ,tʃ,Turkish,Oghuz,false,Classical Persian birinj 'rice',pirinç /piˈɾint͡ʃ/ 'rice',Final /dʒ/ of the Persian source is devoiced in Ottoman and modern Turkish,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ch
j_affricate_to_ch,dʒ,tʃ,Catalan,Occitano-Romance,false,lletja [ˈʎe.d͡ʒə] 'ugly' (feminine),lleig [ˈʎet͡ʃ] 'ugly' (masculine),The feminine keeps the voiced affricate between vowels; in the masculine it is word-final and devoiced,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ch
j_affricate_to_ch,dʒ,tʃ,Catalan,Occitano-Romance,false,"mitja [ˈmi.d͡ʒə] 'half' (feminine, < Latin media)","mig [ˈmit͡ʃ] 'half, middle' (masculine)","Same alternation, from Latin medius",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ch
j_affricate_to_ch_aspirated,dʒ,tʃʰ,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian ջուր (ǰur) 'water',Western Armenian [t͡ʃʰuɾ] (Eastern Armenian [d͡ʒuɾ]),,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ch_aspirated
j_affricate_to_ch_aspirated,dʒ,tʃʰ,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian ջերմ (ǰerm) 'warm; fever',Western Armenian [t͡ʃʰeɾm] (Eastern Armenian [d͡ʒeɾm]),,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ch_aspirated
j_affricate_to_ch_aspirated,dʒ,tʃʰ,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian ջաղաց (ǰałacʻ) 'mill',Western Armenian [t͡ʃʰɑʁɑ́t͡sʰ] (Eastern Armenian [d͡ʒɑʁɑ́t͡sʰ]),,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ch_aspirated
j_affricate_to_ch_retroflex,dʒ,ʈʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 乍 dzraeH 'suddenly',zhà [ʈʂa],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ch_retroflex
j_affricate_to_ch_retroflex,dʒ,ʈʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 助 dzrjoH 'help',zhù [ʈʂu],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ch_retroflex
j_affricate_to_ch_retroflex,dʒ,ʈʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 狀 dzrjangH 'form',zhuàng [ʈʂwaŋ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ch_retroflex
j_affricate_to_ch_retroflex,dʒ,ʈʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,"Middle Chinese 驟 dzrjuwH 'sudden, gallop'",zhòu [ʈʂoʊ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ch_retroflex
j_affricate_to_ch_retroflex,dʒ,ʈʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,"Middle Chinese 棧 dzreanX 'shed, warehouse'",zhàn [ʈʂan],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ch_retroflex
j_affricate_to_ch_retroflex,dʒ,ʈʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 寨 dzraejH 'stockade',zhài [ʈʂaɪ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ch_retroflex
j_affricate_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,dʒ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 崇 dzrjuwng 'lofty',chóng [ʈʂʰʊŋ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ch_retroflex_aspirated
j_affricate_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,dʒ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 床 dzrjang /d͡ʒɨɐŋ/ 'bed',chuáng [ʈʂʰwaŋ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ch_retroflex_aspirated
j_affricate_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,dʒ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 查 dzrae 'inspect',chá [ʈʂʰa],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ch_retroflex_aspirated
j_affricate_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,dʒ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 愁 dzrjuw 'worry',chóu [ʈʂʰoʊ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ch_retroflex_aspirated
j_affricate_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,dʒ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 柴 dzrea 'firewood',chái [ʈʂʰaɪ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ch_retroflex_aspirated
j_affricate_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,dʒ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 巢 dzraew 'nest',cháo [ʈʂʰaʊ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ch_retroflex_aspirated
j_affricate_to_d,dʒ,d,Orok (Uilta),Southern Tungusic,false,*ʒabda 'big snake',Orok дабда (dabda),"Ulch дябдян (ʒabʒa(n)), Udege ӡабда (ʒabda) keep the affricate.",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/d
j_affricate_to_d,dʒ,d,Orok (Uilta),Southern Tungusic,false,*ʒapa- 'to grab',Orok дапавури,Ulch дяпаву (ʒapawu).,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/d
j_affricate_to_d,dʒ,d,Orok (Uilta),Southern Tungusic,false,*ʒöli 'front',Orok дули,Ulch дюли (ʒuli).,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/d
j_affricate_to_d,dʒ,d,Orok (Uilta),Southern Tungusic,false,*ʒȫr 'two',"Orok дө, ду [duː]","Even [dʒɵːr], Evenki [dʒuːr], Ulch [dʒuəl]. Orok keeps the affricate in ʒон (ǯōn) 'ten' < *ʒuban, ӡалан 'generation', ӡоло 'stone'.",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/d
j_affricate_to_dz,dʒ,dz,Marathi,Southern Indo-Aryan,false,Maharashtri Prakrit 𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀚 ajja 'today' (Sanskrit adya),आज /ad͡z/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/dz
j_affricate_to_dz,dʒ,dz,Marathi,Southern Indo-Aryan,false,"Maharashtri Prakrit 𑀚𑀟 jaḍa (Sanskrit jaḍa 'cold, stiff, dull')",जड /d͡zəɖ/ 'heavy',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/dz
j_affricate_to_dz,dʒ,dz,Marathi,Southern Indo-Aryan,false,Maharashtri Prakrit 𑀚𑀸𑀡𑀇 jāṇaï 'knows' (Sanskrit jānāti),जाणणे /d͡zaɳ.ɳe/ 'to know',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/dz
j_affricate_to_empty,dʒ,∅,Maharashtri Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit गज gaja 'elephant',Maharashtri Prakrit 𑀕𑀅 gaa,The intervocalic affricate is lost and the two vowels stand in hiatus.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/empty
j_affricate_to_empty,dʒ,∅,Maharashtri Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit राजन् rājan 'king',Ardhamagadhi and Jain Maharashtri 𑀭𑀸𑀅 rāa (also spelled 𑀭𑀸𑀬 rāya),"The spelling with y is the ya-śruti hiatus glide of Jain manuscripts, not a continuation of the affricate.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/empty
j_affricate_to_empty,dʒ,∅,Maharashtri Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,"Sanskrit भोजन bhojana 'food, meal'",Prakrit 𑀪𑁄𑀅𑀡 bhoaṇa,The Prakrit form was borrowed into Dravidian as Kannada and Tulu bōna and Telugu bōnamu.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/empty
j_affricate_to_empty,dʒ,∅,Maharashtri Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,"Sanskrit तेजस् tejas 'brightness, heat'",Prakrit 𑀢𑁂𑀅 tea,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/empty
j_affricate_to_g,dʒ,g,Egyptian Arabic (Cairene),Semitic,false,Standard Arabic جبل ǧabal /d͡ʒabal/ 'mountain',[ˈɡæbæl],Cairene [ɡ] is used in colloquial and Literary Arabic alike; its origin as an innovation rather than a retention is debated.,2,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/g
j_affricate_to_g,dʒ,g,Egyptian Arabic (Cairene),Semitic,false,Standard Arabic جامع jāmiʿ /d͡ʒaːmiʕ/ 'mosque',gāmiʕ [ˈɡæːmeʕ],,2,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/g
j_affricate_to_j_glide,dʒ,j,Kuwaiti Arabic,Semitic,false,rajul 'man' (MSA),rayyāl,"al-Qenaie (2011), Table 5.2.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/j_glide
j_affricate_to_j_glide,dʒ,j,Kuwaiti Arabic,Semitic,false,dajāj 'chickens' (MSA),diyāy,Both jīms become [j].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/j_glide
j_affricate_to_j_glide,dʒ,j,Kuwaiti Arabic,Semitic,false,jūʿ 'hunger' (MSA),yūʿ,Word-initial jīm becomes [j].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/j_glide
j_affricate_to_j_glide,dʒ,j,Kuwaiti Arabic,Semitic,false,šajar 'trees' (MSA),šiyar,Intervocalic jīm becomes [j].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/j_glide
j_affricate_to_j_glide,dʒ,j,Kuwaiti Arabic,Semitic,false,fajr 'dawn' (MSA),fayir,Postconsonantal jīm becomes [j].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/j_glide
j_affricate_to_j_glide,dʒ,j,Gulf Arabic,Semitic,false,masjid [ˈmɒsd͡ʒɪd] 'mosque',masyid [ˈmɒsjɪd],[j] is the contemporary reflex of historical /dʒ/; both variants occur.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/j_glide
j_affricate_to_j_glide,dʒ,j,Gulf Arabic,Semitic,false,mōj [moːd͡ʒ] 'wave',mōy [moːj],Word-final jīm becomes [j].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/j_glide
j_affricate_to_j_glide,dʒ,j,Gulf Arabic,Semitic,false,jār [d͡ʒaːr] 'neighbour',yār [jæːr],Free variation jār ~ yār.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/j_glide
j_affricate_to_r_flap,dʒ,ɾ,Palauan,Malayo-Polynesian,false,"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zalan 'path, road'","rayl 'road, path, way; connection between families'",Chamorro chalan 'road' shows the ch [ts] reflex of the same etymon.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/r_flap
j_affricate_to_r_flap,dʒ,ɾ,Palauan,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Austronesian *zaRum 'needle',rasm 'needle'; mə-rasm 'to sew',,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/r_flap
j_affricate_to_r_flap,dʒ,ɾ,Palauan,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian *z<um>alan 'to pass through',"mə-rayl 'go, walk, travel'",,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/r_flap
j_affricate_to_r_flap,dʒ,ɾ,Palauan,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian *pa-zalan 'make something go or move',"or-rayl 'lead (an animal); drive (a boat, car); start (an engine)'",Causative of the same root as rayl.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/r_flap
j_affricate_to_s,dʒ,s,Proto-Chamic to Tsat,Chamic,false,*hujaːn 'rain',saːn¹¹,*j > s after loss of the presyllable; cf. Rade hjan,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/s
j_affricate_to_s,dʒ,s,Proto-Chamic to Tsat,Chamic,false,*jarum 'needle',sun¹¹,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/s
j_affricate_to_s,dʒ,s,Proto-Chamic to Tsat,Chamic,false,*tujuh 'seven',su⁵⁵,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/s
j_affricate_to_s,dʒ,s,Proto-Chamic to Tsat,Chamic,false,*jəhaːt 'bad',saːʔ²⁴,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/s
j_affricate_to_s,dʒ,s,Proto-Chamic to Jarai,Chamic,false,*jahit 'to sew',sĭt,cf. Rade jhĭt,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/s
j_affricate_to_s,dʒ,s,Proto-Chamic to Jarai,Chamic,false,*jəhaːt 'bad',sat,cf. Rade jhat,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/s
j_affricate_to_sh_retroflex,dʒ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 士 dzriX /d͡ʒɨX/ 'scholar',shì [ʂɨ],止 rime class; dzr- words outside this class give zh- (助 zhù).,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/sh_retroflex
j_affricate_to_sh_retroflex,dʒ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 事 dzriH 'matter',shì [ʂɨ],止 rime class; dzr- words outside this class give zh- (助 zhù).,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/sh_retroflex
j_affricate_to_sh_retroflex,dʒ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 仕 dzriX 'serve as official',shì [ʂɨ],止 rime class; dzr- words outside this class give zh- (助 zhù).,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/sh_retroflex
j_affricate_to_sh_retroflex,dʒ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 柿 dzriX 'persimmon',shì [ʂɨ],止 rime class; dzr- words outside this class give zh- (助 zhù).,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/sh_retroflex
j_affricate_to_ts,dʒ,ts,Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zalan 'path, road'","chalan 'road, highway, street, path'",Palauan rayl 'road' shows the r reflex of the same etymon.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ts
j_affricate_to_ts,dʒ,ts,Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zauq 'far',"chagoʔ 'far, afar, distant'",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ts
j_affricate_to_ts,dʒ,ts,Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zakan 'cook in water, cook rice'",chahan 'cook in an underground pit; pit oven',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ts
j_affricate_to_ts,dʒ,ts,Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zuRuq 'juice, sap, gravy'","chugoʔ 'sap, juice; pus; semen'",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ts
j_affricate_to_ts,dʒ,ts,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 助 dzrjoH 'help',zo6 [tsɔː˨],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ts
j_affricate_to_ts,dʒ,ts,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,"Middle Chinese 狀 dzrjangH 'form, appearance'",zong6 [tsɔːŋ˨],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ts
j_affricate_to_ts,dʒ,ts,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 驟 dzrjuwH 'sudden',zaau6 [tsaːu˨],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ts
j_affricate_to_ts,dʒ,ts,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,"Middle Chinese 棧 dzreanX 'warehouse, shed'",zaan6 [tsaːn˨],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ts
j_affricate_to_ts,dʒ,ts,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 寨 dzraejH 'stockade',zaai6 [tsaːi˨],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/ts
j_affricate_to_z,dʒ,z,Assamese,Eastern Indo-Aryan,false,Prakrit 𑀚𑀮 jala 'water',জল /zɔl/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/z
j_affricate_to_z,dʒ,z,Assamese,Eastern Indo-Aryan,false,Prakrit 𑀚𑁄𑀇 joi (Sanskrit ज्योतिस् jyótis 'light'),জুই /zui/ 'fire',"Early Assamese জুই; CDIAL gives Assamese zūi 'fire, lamp, spark, firefly'.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/z
j_affricate_to_z,dʒ,z,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*ǰaxun 'hundred',зуун zuun,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/z
j_affricate_to_z,dʒ,z,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,"*ǰerge 'row, rank'",зэргэ zerge,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/z
j_affricate_to_z,dʒ,z,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*ǰirüken 'heart',зүрхэн zürkhen,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/z
j_affricate_to_z,dʒ,z,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*ǰuǰaxan 'thick',зузаан zuzaan,Both affricates become z; the parallel voiceless *č became s. Before *i the outcome is ж instead (*ǰïda > жада).,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/z
j_affricate_to_zh,dʒ,ʒ,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Old French jorn [dʒorn] (< Latin diurnum),jour [ʒuʁ] 'day',/dʒ/ became /ʒ/ everywhere by Late Old French (c. 1250–1300).,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/zh
j_affricate_to_zh,dʒ,ʒ,French,Gallo-Romance,false,early Old French /ˈdʒɔiə/ 'joy' (< Latin gaudia),joie /ʒwa/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/zh
j_affricate_to_zh,dʒ,ʒ,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Galician-Portuguese junio [ˈd͡ʒuɲo],junho [ˈʒuɲu] 'June',"Old Portuguese /dʒ/ (spelled j, and g before e/i) became /ʒ/.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/zh
j_affricate_to_zh,dʒ,ʒ,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Galician-Portuguese gẽolho [d͡ʒẽˈoʎo],joelho [ʒuˈeʎu] 'knee',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/zh
j_affricate_to_zh,dʒ,ʒ,Levantine Arabic,Semitic,false,Modern Standard Arabic جبل [ˈd͡ʒabal] 'mountain',South Levantine [ˈʒa.bal],Urban and female Levantine speech pronounces ج as /ʒ/; rural and male speech often keeps /dʒ/.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/zh
j_affricate_to_zh,dʒ,ʒ,Levantine Arabic,Semitic,false,Modern Standard Arabic جَمَل 'camel',South Levantine jamal [ˈʒa.mal],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/zh
j_affricate_to_zh,dʒ,ʒ,Levantine Arabic,Semitic,false,Modern Standard Arabic جَدِيد 'new',South Levantine jdīd [ʒdiːd],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_affricate/zh
j_glide_to_ch,j,tʃ,Khakas,Siberian Turkic,false,"Proto-Turkic *yẹr ""earth, land""",чир (čir),Initial *y- > [tʃ]; Khakas ⟨ч⟩ is the voiceless postalveolar affricate.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/ch
j_glide_to_ch,j,tʃ,Khakas,Siberian Turkic,false,"Proto-Turkic *yï̄lan ""snake""",чылан (čïlan),,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/ch
j_glide_to_ch,j,tʃ,Tuvan,Siberian Turkic,false,"Proto-Turkic *yẹr ""earth, land""",чер (čer),,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/ch
j_glide_to_ch,j,tʃ,Tuvan,Siberian Turkic,false,"Proto-Turkic *yïl ""year""",чыл (čïl),,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/ch
j_glide_to_ch,j,tʃ,Shor,Siberian Turkic,false,"Proto-Turkic *yẹr ""earth, land""",чер (čer),,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/ch
j_glide_to_ch,j,tʃ,Shor,Siberian Turkic,false,"Proto-Turkic *yïl ""year""",чыл (čïl),,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/ch
j_glide_to_ch,j,tʃ,Paikoneka,Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Baure-Paikoneka *-jono- 'go' (Trinitario -jono),Paikoneka -ʧono-,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/ch
j_glide_to_ch,j,tʃ,Paikoneka,Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Baure-Paikoneka *ijore 'monkey',Paikoneka iʧore,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/ch
j_glide_to_ch,j,tʃ,Paikoneka,Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Baure-Paikoneka *jɔ 'cry',Paikoneka ʧo,Proto-Baure-Paikoneka *j and *ʧ merged as ʧ in Paikoneka; Baure keeps j.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/ch
j_glide_to_d_palatal,j,ɟ,Proto-Samoyedic to Nganasan / Forest Nenets,Samoyedic,false,*jalä 'sun',Nganasan дялы; Forest Nenets дяԓя,Initial *j > dʲ; cf. Tundra Nenets яля,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/d_palatal
j_glide_to_d_palatal,j,ɟ,Proto-Samoyedic to Nganasan / Forest Nenets,Samoyedic,false,*jam 'sea',Nganasan дям; Forest Nenets дя̄м,cf. Tundra Nenets ямʼ,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/d_palatal
j_glide_to_d_palatal,j,ɟ,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *jama,gjem 'bridle',From PIE *yem-.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/d_palatal
j_glide_to_d_palatal,j,ɟ,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *jausna,"gjanë 'silt, alluvium'",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/d_palatal
j_glide_to_d_palatal,j,ɟ,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *jāgnja,"gjoj 'to hear, listen to'",Gheg gjue.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/d_palatal
j_glide_to_d_palatalized,j,dʲ,Enets,Samoyedic,false,"Proto-Samoyedic *jalä 'sun, day'","Forest Enets дери (djeri), Tundra Enets дере (djere) 'day'","Compare Tundra Nenets яля (yalya), which keeps the glide. The Proto-Samoyedic overview describes Enets as retaining *j; the dictionary forms (Janhunen 1977 via Wiktionary) show a palatalized stop.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/d_palatalized
j_glide_to_d_palatalized,j,dʲ,Enets,Samoyedic,false,Proto-Samoyedic *jü 'knot',Forest Enets дю (dju),Compare Tundra Nenets ю (yu).,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/d_palatalized
j_glide_to_d_palatalized,j,dʲ,Enets,Samoyedic,false,Proto-Samoyedic *jür 'hundred' (< Proto-Turkic *yǖŕ),"Forest and Tundra Enets дюʼ (djuʔ), дюр (djur)",,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/d_palatalized
j_glide_to_d_palatalized,j,dʲ,Forest Nenets,Samoyedic,false,"Proto-Samoyedic *jalä 'sun, day'",дяԓя (dyałya),"Forest Nenets contrasts palatalization but not voicing, so the reflex is a palatalized coronal stop.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/d_palatalized
j_glide_to_d_palatalized,j,dʲ,Forest Nenets,Samoyedic,false,Proto-Samoyedic *jam 'sea',дя̄м (dyām),Compare Tundra Nenets ямʼ (yam).,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/d_palatalized
j_glide_to_dz,j,dz,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *yugóm 'yoke',Proto-Hellenic *dzugón > Ancient Greek ζυγόν (zugón) 'yoke',Word-initial *y- strengthened to the affricate *dz-; 5th-century BCE Attic pronounced ζ as [zd].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/dz
j_glide_to_dz,j,dz,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,"PIE *yéwos 'grain, barley'",Proto-Hellenic *dzeyyā́ > Ancient Greek ζειά 'einkorn wheat',Same development; cf. Persian jow 'barley' from the same root.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/dz
j_glide_to_dz,j,dz,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,"PIE *yes- 'to boil, foam'",Ancient Greek ζέω (zéō) 'to boil',Cognate with English yeast; Greek ζ continues the *dz- reflex of *y-.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/dz
j_glide_to_dz,j,dz,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *yeh₃s- 'to gird',Ancient Greek ζώννυμι (zṓnnumi) 'to gird',"Cognate with Lithuanian júosta 'girdle', which keeps the glide.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/dz
j_glide_to_empty,j,∅,Latin,Italic,false,PIE *monéyeti 'causes to think',"moneō 'I warn, remind'",Causative *-éye- lost its intervocalic *y in Proto-Italic (*moneō).,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/empty
j_glide_to_empty,j,∅,Latin,Italic,false,PIE *tréyes 'three',trēs,Loss of *y followed by contraction (Proto-Italic *trēs).,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/empty
j_glide_to_empty,j,∅,Uw-Oykangand,Southwestern Paman,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *yalyu 'flame',"alh 'fire, firewood'",Uw-Olgol alhu.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/empty
j_glide_to_empty,j,∅,Uw-Oykangand,Southwestern Paman,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *yarra 'away',err 'away',Kuuk Thaayorre yarra keeps the glide.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/empty
j_glide_to_empty,j,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Tamil and Malayalam,Tamil-Malayalam,false,Proto-Dravidian *yĀnay 'elephant',"Tamil ஆனை āṉai, Malayalam ആന āna",Old Tamil 𑀬𑀸𑀷𑁃 yāṉai and Tamil யானை yāṉai keep the glide.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/empty
j_glide_to_empty,j,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Tamil and Malayalam,Tamil-Malayalam,false,"Proto-Dravidian *yĀṭu 'goat, sheep'","Tamil ஆடு āṭu (beside யாடு yāṭu), Malayalam ആട് āṭŭ",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/empty
j_glide_to_empty,j,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Tamil and Malayalam,Tamil-Malayalam,false,Proto-Dravidian *yĀṇṭu 'year',"Tamil ஆண்டு āṇṭu (beside யாண்டு yāṇṭu), Malayalam ആണ്ട് āṇṭŭ",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/empty
j_glide_to_empty,j,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Tamil and Malayalam,Tamil-Malayalam,false,Proto-Dravidian *yĀḷ 'to rule',"Tamil ஆள் āḷ, Malayalam ആളുക āḷuka",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/empty
j_glide_to_empty,j,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Kannada and Tulu,South Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *yĀnay 'elephant',"Kannada ಆನೆ āne (beside ಯಾನೆ yāne), Tulu ಆನೆ āne",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/empty
j_glide_to_empty,j,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Kannada and Tulu,South Dravidian,false,"Proto-Dravidian *yĀṭu 'goat, sheep'",Kannada ಆಡು āḍu,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/empty
j_glide_to_empty,j,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Kannada and Tulu,South Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *yĀḷ 'to rule',Kannada ಆಳು āḷu,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/empty
j_glide_to_empty,j,∅,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *jērą 'year',ár,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/empty
j_glide_to_empty,j,∅,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *jungaz 'young',ungr,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/empty
j_glide_to_empty,j,∅,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *juką 'yoke',ok,"Old Norse lost word-initial *j- in native words; Gothic and West Germanic keep it (𐌾𐌴𐍂 jēr, 𐌾𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍃 juggs, Old High German jār, jung).",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/empty
j_glide_to_g,j,g,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *ajją 'egg',egg,"Holtzmann's law: geminate *-jj- hardened to a velar stop in North Germanic; cf. Crimean Gothic ada (-ddj- in East Germanic) and the unhardened Old High German ei, Old English ǣġ.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/g
j_glide_to_g,j,g,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *Frijjō 'Frigg',Frigg (Proto-Norse *Friggju),The same hardening of *-jj-; Old High German Friia keeps the glide.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/g
j_glide_to_h,j,h,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,"PIE *yóh₁r̥ 'year, season' (cf. English year)","ὥρα hṓrā 'season, hour'",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/h
j_glide_to_h,j,h,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,Proto-Hellenic *yêkʷər (PIE *Hyékʷr̥) 'liver',ἧπαρ hêpar,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/h
j_glide_to_h,j,h,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,"Proto-Hellenic *yīyēmi 'throw, send'",ἵημι hīēmi,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/h
j_glide_to_h,j,h,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,"PIE *Hyós 'who, which' (Sanskrit yás)",ὅς hós,Relative pronoun.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/h
j_glide_to_h,j,h,Modern Armenian (Eastern and Western),Armenian,false,Classical Armenian յոյս (yoys) 'hope',Modern Armenian հույս [hujs] (Eastern and Western),,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/h
j_glide_to_h,j,h,Modern Armenian (Eastern and Western),Armenian,false,Classical Armenian յիշեմ (yišem) 'I remember',Modern Armenian հիշել [hiʃél] 'to remember',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/h
j_glide_to_j_affricate,j,dʒ,Latin to Italian,Romance,false,"Latin iocus [ˈjokus] 'joke, game'",gioco [ˈdʒɔːko],,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/j_affricate
j_glide_to_j_affricate,j,dʒ,Latin to Italian,Romance,false,Latin iuvenis 'young',giovane [ˈdʒoːvane],,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/j_affricate
j_glide_to_j_affricate,j,dʒ,Latin to Italian,Romance,false,Latin iam 'already',già [dʒa],Word-initial Latin /j/ became /dʒ/ in Italian.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/j_affricate
j_glide_to_j_affricate,j,dʒ,Sanskrit to Prakrit / Hindi,Indo-Aryan,false,yogya 'fit',Prakrit jogga > Hindi jog,Word-initial y- strengthens to j- [dʒ] in Middle Indo-Aryan,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/j_affricate
j_glide_to_j_affricate,j,dʒ,Sanskrit to Prakrit / Hindi,Indo-Aryan,false,yava 'barley',Hindi jau,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/j_affricate
j_glide_to_j_affricate,j,dʒ,Proto-Samoyedic to Kamassian / Koibal,Samoyedic,false,*jalä 'sun',Kamassian джала; Koibal ǯala,"cf. Tundra Nenets яля, which keeps j",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/j_affricate
j_glide_to_j_affricate,j,dʒ,Proto-Samoyedic to Kamassian / Koibal,Samoyedic,false,"*japsə 'spit, skewer'",Kamassian джапсу,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/j_affricate
j_glide_to_j_affricate,j,dʒ,Emerillon (Teko),Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jawar 'jaguar',dʒawat,Final *r also shows up as t in Emerillon.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/j_affricate
j_glide_to_j_affricate,j,dʒ,Emerillon (Teko),Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *aŋuja 'rat',aduʤa,Emerillon has a phoneme /dʒ/.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/j_affricate
j_glide_to_l,j,l,Motu,Oceanic,false,Proto-Oceanic *puqaya 'crocodile',huala 'crocodile',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/l
j_glide_to_l,j,l,Motu,Oceanic,false,Proto-Oceanic *maya 'tongue',mala 'tongue',"Most Oceanic reflexes keep the glide or lose it (Dobuan, Roviana mea).",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/l
j_glide_to_l,j,l,Sangir,Sangiric,false,Proto-Austronesian *buqaya 'crocodile',buala 'crocodile',"Most Philippine and western Indonesian languages keep the glide (Tagalog buáya, Malay buaya).",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/l
j_glide_to_l,j,l,Sangir,Sangiric,false,"Proto-Austronesian *daya 'upriver, toward the interior'","dala e 'inland, toward the interior'; dala 'there behind, on the back side'","Compare Saisiyat rayaʔ 'inland', with the glide kept.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/l
j_glide_to_n_palatal,j,ɲ,Old Tupi (Tupinambá),Tupi-Guarani,false,/jetiŋ/ 'fly species',[ɲẽˈtĩŋ],/j/ is [ɲ] when preceded or followed by a nasal syllable (Gerardi 2023).,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/n_palatal
j_glide_to_n_palatal,j,ɲ,Old Tupi (Tupinambá),Tupi-Guarani,false,/atõja/ 'touch',[aˈtõɲã],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/n_palatal
j_glide_to_n_palatal,j,ɲ,Mixtec,Mixtecan,false,Proto-Mixtec *iyǫ 'six',"iñu (Chayuco, Magdalena Peñasco, San Juan Colorado, Yosondúa)",*y > ñ before a nasalized vowel.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/n_palatal
j_glide_to_n_palatal,j,ɲ,Mixtec,Mixtecan,false,Proto-Mixtec *kòyǫ́ 'meat',kuñu; Chayuco coño,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/n_palatal
j_glide_to_n_palatal,j,ɲ,Mezquital Otomi,Otomian,false,Proto-Otomi *kʔɛ̨yą 'snake',kꞌeñä /kʼẽ̀ɲã/,"*y became ñ before a nasal vowel; Bartholomew (1960) reconstructs *y here, where Newman & Weitlaner (1950) had written *kʔęñą.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/n_palatal
j_glide_to_n_palatal,j,ɲ,Mezquital Otomi,Otomian,false,Proto-Otomi *hyų 'three',hñu /hɲǔ/,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/n_palatal
j_glide_to_t_palatal,j,c,Cypriot Greek,Hellenic,true,"[kluvi] 'cage', plural /kluvi-a/ with prevocalic glide",[klufca] 'cages',The glide surfaces as [c] and devoices the preceding /v/ to [f].,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/t_palatal
j_glide_to_t_palatal,j,c,Cypriot Greek,Hellenic,true,"[xapʰːin] 'pill', plural /xapʰːi-a/ with prevocalic glide",[xapca] 'pills',The glide hardens to [c]; the geminate simplifies to conform to Cypriot phonotactics.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/t_palatal
j_glide_to_t_palatal,j,c,Cypriot Greek,Hellenic,true,"[cːefːin] 'mood', plural /cːefːi-a/ with prevocalic glide",[cːefca] 'moods',The glide hardens to [c] after /f/; the geminate fricative simplifies.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/t_palatal
j_glide_to_z,j,z,Proto-Yoruboid to Olukumi,Yoruboid,false,*é-jò 'snake',ẹzò,"Olukumi z for *j; cf. Yoruba ejò, Igala éjò",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/z
j_glide_to_z,j,z,Proto-Yoruboid to Olukumi,Yoruboid,false,*á-jà 'village',ọzà,cf. Igala ájà,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/z
j_glide_to_z,j,z,Proto-Yoruboid to Olukumi,Yoruboid,false,*jĩ́ 'to steal',zin,"cf. Yoruba, Igala jí",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/z
j_glide_to_z,j,z,Malagasy (Merina),Barito,false,Proto-Malagasy *yatuh 'hundred' (< PMP *Ratus),zato,"Merina z reflects Proto-Malagasy *y in all positions. The *y here comes from PMP *R by way of Proto-Southeast Barito *y. The change is recent and Merina-centred: Sakalava, Bara and Tandroy partly keep y.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/z
j_glide_to_z,j,z,Malagasy (Merina),Barito,false,Proto-Malagasy *tetey-an 'bridge',tetezana,The from-form is Adelaar's Proto-Malagasy reconstruction.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/z
j_glide_to_z,j,z,Malagasy (Merina),Barito,false,Proto-Southeast Barito *uyat 'vein',"ozatra 'vein, nerve, tendon'","The from-form is Adelaar's Proto-Southeast Barito reconstruction, via Proto-Malagasy *uyat.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/z
j_glide_to_z,j,z,Guajajára (Tenetehara),Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jakare 'caiman',zakare,"Tenetehara has a phoneme /z/, realized [j] only before a consonant or word-finally; Old Tupi keeps the glide (îakaré).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/z
j_glide_to_z,j,z,Guajajára (Tenetehara),Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ajuru 'parrot',azuru,Cf. Old Tupi aîuru.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/z
j_glide_to_z,j,z,Guajajára (Tenetehara),Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jawar 'jaguar',zawar,Cf. Old Tupi îagûara.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/z
j_glide_to_z,j,z,Guajajára (Tenetehara),Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jukɨr 'salt',zukyr,Cf. Old Tupi îukyra.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/z
j_glide_to_zh,j,ʒ,Kazakh,Kipchak,false,Proto-Turkic *yǖŕ 'hundred; face',жүз jüz [ʒʏz],Turkish yüz keeps y-.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/zh
j_glide_to_zh,j,ʒ,Kazakh,Kipchak,false,Proto-Turkic *yōl 'road',жол jol [ʒol],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_glide/zh
j_palatal_to_ch_palatal,dʑ,tɕ,Polish,West Slavic,true,łodzi [ˈwɔ.d͡ʑi] 'boat (gen. sg.)',łódź [ˈwut͡ɕ] 'boat',Word-final devoicing; the final consonant of łódź is identical to that of words spelled -ć,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/ch_palatal
j_palatal_to_ch_palatal,dʑ,tɕ,Polish,West Slavic,true,żołędzia [ʐɔˈwɛɲ.d͡ʑa] 'acorn (gen. sg.)',żołądź [ˈʐɔ.wɔɲt͡ɕ] 'acorn',Same alternation after a nasal,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/ch_palatal
j_palatal_to_ch_palatal,dʑ,tɕ,Polish,West Slavic,true,chodzić [ˈxɔ.d͡ʑit͡ɕ] 'to walk',chodź [ˈxɔt͡ɕ] 'come!',The imperative is homophonous with choć 'although',5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/ch_palatal
j_palatal_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,dʑ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 常 dzyang 'constant',cháng [ʈʂʰɑŋ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/ch_retroflex_aspirated
j_palatal_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,dʑ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 成 dzyeng 'become',chéng [ʈʂʰɤŋ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/ch_retroflex_aspirated
j_palatal_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,dʑ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 城 dzyeng 'city wall',chéng [ʈʂʰɤŋ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/ch_retroflex_aspirated
j_palatal_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,dʑ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 臣 dzyin 'minister',chén [ʈʂʰən],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/ch_retroflex_aspirated
j_palatal_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,dʑ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 垂 dzywe 'hang down',chuí [ʈʂʰweɪ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/ch_retroflex_aspirated
j_palatal_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,dʑ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 嘗 dzyang 'taste',cháng [ʈʂʰɑŋ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/ch_retroflex_aspirated
j_palatal_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,dʑ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 禪 dzyen 'meditation (Chan)',chán [ʈʂʰan],The departing-tone reading dzyenH gives shàn with the fricative.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/ch_retroflex_aspirated
j_palatal_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,dʑ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 純 dzywin 'pure',chún [ʈʂʰu̯ən],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/ch_retroflex_aspirated
j_palatal_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,dʑ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,"Middle Chinese 酬 dzyuw 'reward, toast'",chóu [ʈʂʰoʊ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/ch_retroflex_aspirated
j_palatal_to_dz,dʑ,dz,Kashubian,Lechitic,false,"Lechitic *dʑ (Polish dzień [d͡ʑɛɲ]), from Proto-Slavic *dьnь",dzéń [ˈd͡zeɲ] 'day',The alveolo-palatal affricate became plain alveolar [dz]; Polish preserves the earlier [dʑ].,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/dz
j_palatal_to_dz,dʑ,dz,Kashubian,Lechitic,false,"Lechitic *dʑ (Polish chodzić), from Proto-Slavic *xoditi",chòdzëc [ˈxwɛ.d͡zɜt͡s] 'to walk',After depalatalization the following short i became ë.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/dz
j_palatal_to_dz,dʑ,dz,Kashubian,Lechitic,false,"Lechitic *dʑ (Polish widzieć), from Proto-Slavic *viděti",widzec [ˈvi.d͡zɛt͡s] 'to see',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/dz
j_palatal_to_dz,dʑ,dz,Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Iranian,Iranian,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ā́mātā 'son-in-law',Proto-Iranian *jā́mātā,"Proto-Iranian *j is the voiced alveolar affricate [dz]; it gives z in Avestan, Parthian and Pashto and d in Old Persian.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/dz
j_palatal_to_dz,dʑ,dz,Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Iranian,Iranian,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ā́nu 'knee',Proto-Iranian *jā́nu,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/dz
j_palatal_to_dz,dʑ,dz,Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Iranian,Iranian,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ráyas 'expanse',Proto-Iranian *jráyah 'sea',Continued by Old Persian drayah 'sea'.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/dz
j_palatal_to_s,dʑ,s,Cantonese,Yue,false,Middle Chinese 時 /d͡ʑɨ/ 'time',si4 /siː²¹/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/s
j_palatal_to_s,dʑ,s,Cantonese,Yue,false,Middle Chinese 是 /d͡ʑiᴇX/ 'this; to be',si6 /siː²²/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/s
j_palatal_to_s,dʑ,s,Cantonese,Yue,false,Middle Chinese 樹 /d͡ʑɨoX/ 'tree',syu6 /syː²²/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/s
j_palatal_to_s,dʑ,s,Cantonese,Yue,false,"Middle Chinese 上 /d͡ʑɨɐŋH/ 'up, above'",soeng6 /sœːŋ²²/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/s
j_palatal_to_s,dʑ,s,Cantonese,Yue,false,Middle Chinese 石 /d͡ʑiᴇk̚/ 'stone',sek6 /sɛːk̚²/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/s
j_palatal_to_s,dʑ,s,Cantonese,Yue,false,Middle Chinese 善 /d͡ʑiᴇnX/ 'good',sin6 /siːn²²/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/s
j_palatal_to_s,dʑ,s,Cantonese,Yue,false,"Middle Chinese 熟 /d͡ʑɨuk̚/ 'ripe, cooked'",suk6 /sʊk̚²/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/s
j_palatal_to_s,dʑ,s,Cantonese,Yue,false,Middle Chinese 受 /d͡ʑɨuX/ 'receive',sau6 /sɐu̯²²/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/s
j_palatal_to_s,dʑ,s,Cantonese,Yue,false,Middle Chinese 十 /d͡ʑiɪp̚/ 'ten',sap6 /sɐp̚²/,Entering-tone syllables show the same fricative.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/s
j_palatal_to_s,dʑ,s,Hakka (Sixian),Hakka,false,Middle Chinese 時 /d͡ʑɨ/ 'time',sṳ̀ /sɨ¹¹/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/s
j_palatal_to_s,dʑ,s,Hakka (Sixian),Hakka,false,Middle Chinese 是 /d͡ʑiᴇX/ 'this; to be',sṳ /sɨ⁵⁵/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/s
j_palatal_to_s,dʑ,s,Hakka (Sixian),Hakka,false,Middle Chinese 樹 /d͡ʑɨoX/ 'tree',su /su⁵⁵/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/s
j_palatal_to_s,dʑ,s,Hakka (Sixian),Hakka,false,"Middle Chinese 上 /d͡ʑɨɐŋH/ 'up, above'",song /soŋ⁵⁵/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/s
j_palatal_to_s,dʑ,s,Hakka (Sixian),Hakka,false,Middle Chinese 石 /d͡ʑiᴇk̚/ 'stone',sa̍k /sak̚⁵/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/s
j_palatal_to_s,dʑ,s,Hakka (Sixian),Hakka,false,Middle Chinese 善 /d͡ʑiᴇnX/ 'good',san /san⁵⁵/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/s
j_palatal_to_s,dʑ,s,Hakka (Sixian),Hakka,false,"Middle Chinese 熟 /d͡ʑɨuk̚/ 'ripe, cooked'",su̍k /suk̚⁵/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/s
j_palatal_to_s,dʑ,s,Hakka (Sixian),Hakka,false,Middle Chinese 十 /d͡ʑiɪp̚/ 'ten',sṳ̍p /sɨp̚⁵/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/s
j_palatal_to_sh_retroflex,dʑ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 受 dzyuwX 'receive',shòu [ʂoʊ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/sh_retroflex
j_palatal_to_sh_retroflex,dʑ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 十 dzyip 'ten',shí [ʂɨ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/sh_retroflex
j_palatal_to_sh_retroflex,dʑ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 善 dzyenX 'good',shàn [ʂan],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/sh_retroflex
j_palatal_to_sh_retroflex,dʑ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 樹 dzyuX 'tree',shù [ʂu],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/sh_retroflex
j_palatal_to_sh_retroflex,dʑ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,"Middle Chinese 上 dzyangX/dzyangH 'up, go up'",shàng [ʂɑŋ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/sh_retroflex
j_palatal_to_sh_retroflex,dʑ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 社 dzyaeX 'altar of the soil; society',shè [ʂɤ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/sh_retroflex
j_palatal_to_sh_retroflex,dʑ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 是 dzyeX 'this; to be',shì [ʂɨ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/sh_retroflex
j_palatal_to_sh_retroflex,dʑ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 石 dzyek 'stone',shí [ʂɨ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/sh_retroflex
j_palatal_to_sh_retroflex,dʑ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,"Middle Chinese 熟 dzyuwk 'ripe, cooked'",shú [ʂu],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/sh_retroflex
j_palatal_to_sh_retroflex,dʑ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 時 dzyi 'time',shí [ʂɨ],Level-tone syllable with the fricative instead of the aspirated affricate of 常 cháng.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/sh_retroflex
j_palatal_to_z,dʑ,z,Shanghainese,Wu,false,Middle Chinese 時 /d͡ʑɨ/ 'time',zr /zɹ̩²³/,"Wiktionary gives the same [z] for 時 in Jiading, Songjiang, Changzhou, Jiaxing and Hangzhou.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/z
j_palatal_to_z,dʑ,z,Shanghainese,Wu,false,Middle Chinese 是 /d͡ʑiᴇX/ 'this; to be',zr /zɹ̩²³/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/z
j_palatal_to_z,dʑ,z,Shanghainese,Wu,false,Middle Chinese 樹 /d͡ʑɨoX/ 'tree',zr /zɹ̩²³/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/z
j_palatal_to_z,dʑ,z,Shanghainese,Wu,false,"Middle Chinese 上 /d͡ʑɨɐŋH/ 'up, above'",zaan /zɑ̃²³/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/z
j_palatal_to_z,dʑ,z,Shanghainese,Wu,false,Middle Chinese 石 /d͡ʑiᴇk̚/ 'stone',zaq /zaʔ¹²/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/z
j_palatal_to_z,dʑ,z,Shanghainese,Wu,false,Middle Chinese 善 /d͡ʑiᴇnX/ 'good',zoe /zø²³/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/z
j_palatal_to_z,dʑ,z,Shanghainese,Wu,false,"Middle Chinese 熟 /d͡ʑɨuk̚/ 'ripe, cooked'",zoq /zoʔ¹²/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/z
j_palatal_to_z,dʑ,z,Shanghainese,Wu,false,Middle Chinese 社 /d͡ʑiaX/ 'altar of the soil; society',zo /zo²³/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/z
j_palatal_to_z,dʑ,z,Shanghainese,Wu,false,Middle Chinese 受 /d͡ʑɨuX/ 'receive',zeu /zɤ²³/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/z
j_palatal_to_zh_palatal,dʑ,ʑ,Japanese,Japonic,true,文字 (moji) /mod͡ʑi/,[mo̞ʑi],Intervocalic; the nasal-preceded variant monji keeps the affricate [mõ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑi].,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/zh_palatal
j_palatal_to_zh_palatal,dʑ,ʑ,Japanese,Japonic,true,火事 (kaji) 'fire',[ka̠ʑi],Wikipedia gives [ka̠ʑi] and notes [ʑ] is in free variation with [d͡ʑ] between vowels.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/zh_palatal
j_palatal_to_zh_palatal,dʑ,ʑ,Japanese,Japonic,true,/tiziN/ [tɕidʑiɴ],[tɕiʑiɴ],Example given in Wikipedia's Japanese phonology article.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/j_palatal/zh_palatal
k_aspirated_to_ch_aspirated,kʰ,tʃʰ,Faroese,North Germanic,false,Old Norse kenna 'to know',kenna /ˈt͡ʃʰɛnːa/,Initial k before the front vowel e became the aspirated affricate.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/ch_aspirated
k_aspirated_to_ch_aspirated,kʰ,tʃʰ,Faroese,North Germanic,false,Old Norse kirkja 'church',kirkja /ˈt͡ʃʰɪr̥t͡ʃa/,Initial k before the front vowel i gave [tʃʰ].,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/ch_aspirated
k_aspirated_to_ch_aspirated,kʰ,tʃʰ,Faroese,North Germanic,false,Old Norse kyssa 'to kiss',kyssa /ˈt͡ʃʰɪsːa/,The front rounded vowel y also triggered the change.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/ch_aspirated
k_aspirated_to_ch_palatal_aspirated,kʰ,tɕʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 去 khjoH 'go',qù [tɕʰy],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/ch_palatal_aspirated
k_aspirated_to_ch_palatal_aspirated,kʰ,tɕʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 欠 khjaemH 'owe',qiàn [tɕʰjɛn],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/ch_palatal_aspirated
k_aspirated_to_ch_palatal_aspirated,kʰ,tɕʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 丘 khjuw 'hill',qiū [tɕʰjoʊ],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/ch_palatal_aspirated
k_aspirated_to_ch_palatal_aspirated,kʰ,tɕʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 起 khiX 'rise',qǐ [tɕʰi],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/ch_palatal_aspirated
k_aspirated_to_ch_palatal_aspirated,kʰ,tɕʰ,Shanghainese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 去 khjoH 'go',[tɕʰi³⁴] ~ [tɕʰy³⁴],Wu palatalized velars independently of Mandarin; Cantonese heoi3 and Hakka hi instead show kʰ > h.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/ch_palatal_aspirated
k_aspirated_to_ch_palatal_aspirated,kʰ,tɕʰ,Shanghainese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 起 khiX 'to rise',/t͡ɕʰi³⁴/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/ch_palatal_aspirated
k_aspirated_to_ch_palatal_aspirated,kʰ,tɕʰ,Shanghainese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 輕 khjieng 'light (in weight)',/t͡ɕʰin⁵³/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/ch_palatal_aspirated
k_aspirated_to_ch_palatal_aspirated,kʰ,tɕʰ,Burmese,Lolo-Burmese,false,Old Burmese khyat 'love',ချစ် /tɕʰɪʔ/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/ch_palatal_aspirated
k_aspirated_to_ch_palatal_aspirated,kʰ,tɕʰ,Burmese,Lolo-Burmese,false,Written Burmese khyaṅ 'want',ချင် /tɕʰɪ̀ɴ/,The medial -y- fused with the aspirated velar into an alveolo-palatal affricate.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/ch_palatal_aspirated
k_aspirated_to_h,kʰ,h,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,"開 'open', Middle Chinese khoj",hoi1,The Middle Chinese aspirated velar initial became h- before unrounded vowels; Mandarin keeps a stop (kāi).,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/h
k_aspirated_to_h,kʰ,h,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,"客 'guest', Middle Chinese khaek",haak3,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/h
k_aspirated_to_h,kʰ,h,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,"去 'go', Middle Chinese khjoH",heoi3,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/h
k_aspirated_to_h,kʰ,h,Hakka,Sinitic,false,"去 'go', Middle Chinese khjoH",Sixian and Meixian hi,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/h
k_aspirated_to_h,kʰ,h,Hakka,Sinitic,false,"客 'guest', Middle Chinese khaek",vernacular hak (literary khiet),"The vernacular reading has h-, while the literary reading keeps the aspirated stop.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/h
k_aspirated_to_h_voiced,kʰ,ɦ,Maharashtri Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit múkha 'mouth',Prakrit muha (> Hindi mũh),Intervocalic aspirated stops lost their oral closure and left h; Hindi mukh is a later tatsama borrowing.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/h_voiced
k_aspirated_to_h_voiced,kʰ,ɦ,Maharashtri Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit sukhá 'happiness',Prakrit suha,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/h_voiced
k_aspirated_to_h_voiced,kʰ,ɦ,Maharashtri Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit nakhá 'nail',Prakrit ṇaha,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/h_voiced
k_aspirated_to_k,kʰ,k,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,*kʰé-kʰū-ka (reduplicated perfect of χέω 'pour'),κέχυκα kékhūka 'I have poured',Grassmann's law: the reduplicating syllable loses its aspiration before the aspirated root-initial χ.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/k
k_aspirated_to_k,kʰ,k,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,*kʰé-kʰēn-a (reduplicated perfect of χάσκω 'gape'),"κέχηνα kékhēna 'I gape, stand open-mouthed'",Same deaspiration of the reduplicant; participle κεχηνώς.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/k
k_aspirated_to_k,kʰ,k,Sinhala,Indo-Aryan,false,Pali/Sanskrit khādati 'eats',kanavā 'to eat',"Sinhala lost the aspiration contrast in plosives; compare Hindustani khānā, which keeps kh.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/k
k_aspirated_to_k,kʰ,k,Sinhala,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit kṣīra 'milk' (Pali khīra),kiri 'milk',The Middle Indo-Aryan kh from the kṣ cluster (Pali khīra) appears as plain k; cognate Dhivehi kiru.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/k
k_aspirated_to_x,kʰ,x,Greek (Attic > Koine),Hellenic,false,"Attic χ [kʰ], e.g. χώρα 'land'","[x] (Modern Greek χώρα [ˈxora]); [ç] before front vowels, χείρ /kʰěːr/ > /ˈçir/",Rome catacomb inscriptions of the 2nd–3rd centuries still point to /kʰ/; Codex Vaticanus (4th century) gives strong evidence for fricative χ.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/x
k_aspirated_to_x,kʰ,x,Greek (Attic > Koine),Hellenic,false,Attic χρόνος /kʰró.nos/ 'time',4th-century Koine /ˈxro.nos/ (Modern Greek /ˈxɾo.nos/),,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/x
k_aspirated_to_x,kʰ,x,Greek (Attic > Koine),Hellenic,false,Attic χρυσός /kʰryː.sós/ 'gold',4th-century Koine /xryˈsos/ (Modern Greek /xɾiˈsos/),,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/x
k_aspirated_to_x,kʰ,x,Greek (Attic > Koine),Hellenic,false,Attic χαρά /kʰa.rǎː/ 'joy',4th-century Koine /xaˈra/ (Modern Greek /xaˈɾa/),,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/x
k_aspirated_to_x,kʰ,x,Avestan and Persian (Proto-Iranian),Iranian,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *sákʰā 'friend' (Sanskrit sákhā),Proto-Iranian *háxā > Avestan haxa,"The Proto-Indo-Iranian voiceless aspirates *pʰ, *tʰ, *kʰ were spirantized to *f, *θ, *x in most Iranian languages.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/x
k_aspirated_to_x,kʰ,x,Avestan and Persian (Proto-Iranian),Iranian,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *kʰáras 'donkey' (Sanskrit khara),Classical Persian xar,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_aspirated/x
k_labialized_to_g_labialized,kʷ,gʷ,Latin to Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin aqua [ˈa.kʷa] 'water',Portuguese água /ˈa.ɡwɐ/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/g_labialized
k_labialized_to_g_labialized,kʷ,gʷ,Latin to Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin equa [ˈɛ.kʷa] 'mare',Portuguese égua /ˈɛ.ɡwɐ/,European Portuguese realizes the stop as [ɣ] between vowels ([ˈa.ɣwɐ]); Brazilian Portuguese keeps [ɡ].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/g_labialized
k_labialized_to_g_labialized,kʷ,gʷ,Latin to Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin aqua [ˈa.kʷa] 'water',Spanish agua /ˈaɡwa/ [ˈa.ɣ̞wa],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/g_labialized
k_labialized_to_g_labialized,kʷ,gʷ,Latin to Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin equa [ˈɛ.kʷa] 'mare',Spanish yegua /ˈʝeɡwa/ [ˈɟ͡ʝe.ɣ̞wa],Spanish /ɡ/ is realized as the approximant [ɣ̞] between vowels.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/g_labialized
k_labialized_to_k,kʷ,k,Old Irish (from Proto-Celtic),Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *kʷennom 'head',"Old Irish cenn, Irish ceann",Welsh pen shows the P-Celtic outcome.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/k
k_labialized_to_k,kʷ,k,Old Irish (from Proto-Celtic),Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *kʷetwores 'four',Old Irish cethair,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/k
k_labialized_to_k,kʷ,k,Old Irish (from Proto-Celtic),Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *kʷenkʷe 'five',Old Irish cóic,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/k
k_labialized_to_k,kʷ,k,Old Irish (from Proto-Celtic),Goidelic,false,Primitive Irish ᚋᚐᚊᚔ maqi 'of the son' (< Proto-Celtic *makʷos),Old Irish macc,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/k
k_labialized_to_k,kʷ,k,Proto-Indo-Iranian,Indo-Iranian,false,PIE *wĺ̥kʷos 'wolf',Proto-Indo-Iranian *wŕ̥kas (Sanskrit vṛ́ka),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/k
k_labialized_to_k,kʷ,k,Proto-Indo-Iranian,Indo-Iranian,false,"PIE *kʷóh₁ 'how, with what' (instrumental)",Proto-Indo-Iranian *kaH (Avestan kā 'with what?'),"Before front vowels the merged *k was later palatalized, so those words belong to a separate chain.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/k
k_labialized_to_k,kʷ,k,Proto-Balto-Slavic,Balto-Slavic,false,PIE *wĺ̥kʷos 'wolf',Proto-Balto-Slavic *wilkás,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/k
k_labialized_to_k,kʷ,k,Proto-Balto-Slavic,Balto-Slavic,false,PIE *kʷóh₁ 'how' (instrumental),Lithuanian kuõ,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/k
k_labialized_to_p,kʷ,p,Ancient Greek (from Proto-Greek),Hellenic,false,PIE *sekʷ- 'to follow',ἕπομαι hépomai 'I follow',Compare Latin sequor and Sanskrit sácate.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/p
k_labialized_to_p,kʷ,p,Ancient Greek (from Proto-Greek),Hellenic,false,PIE *leykʷ- 'to leave behind',λείπω leípō 'I leave',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/p
k_labialized_to_p,kʷ,p,Ancient Greek (from Proto-Greek),Hellenic,false,PIE *pénkʷe 'five',Lesbian and Thessalian πέμπε pémpe,In Lesbian kʷ became p even before e; Attic-Ionic has πέντε with a dental.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/p
k_labialized_to_p,kʷ,p,Gaulish,Celtic,false,Proto-Celtic *ekʷos 'horse',epos,Old Irish ech keeps a velar.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/p
k_labialized_to_p,kʷ,p,Gaulish,Celtic,false,Proto-Celtic *kʷenkʷe 'five',pempe,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/p
k_labialized_to_p,kʷ,p,Gaulish,Celtic,false,Proto-Celtic *kʷennom 'head',pennon,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/p
k_labialized_to_p,kʷ,p,Gaulish,Celtic,false,Proto-Celtic *makʷos 'son',mapos,Primitive Irish Ogham maqi (genitive) still writes the labiovelar.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/p
k_labialized_to_p,kʷ,p,Welsh,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *kʷennom 'head',"Proto-Brythonic *penn > Old Welsh penn, Welsh pen",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/p
k_labialized_to_p,kʷ,p,Welsh,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *kʷetwores 'four',"Old Welsh petguar, Welsh pedwar",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/p
k_labialized_to_p,kʷ,p,Welsh,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *kʷenkʷe 'five',"Old Welsh pimp, Welsh pump",Breton penn shows the same initial p; between vowels the new p was later voiced by lenition (Proto-Brythonic *mab 'son').,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/p
k_labialized_to_p,kʷ,p,Osco-Umbrian (from Proto-Italic),Osco-Umbrian,false,Proto-Italic *kʷis 'who' (< PIE *kʷís),"Oscan pís, píd; Umbrian pisi","Latin keeps the labiovelar in quis, quid.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/p
k_labialized_to_p,kʷ,p,Osco-Umbrian (from Proto-Italic),Osco-Umbrian,false,Proto-Italic *kʷenkʷe 'five',Umbrian pumpeřias (a derived adjective),Latin quīnque keeps both labiovelars.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/p
k_labialized_to_p,kʷ,p,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin aqua 'water',apă /ˈa.pə/,"Aromanian apã, Megleno-Romanian apu and Istro-Romanian åpę agree.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/p
k_labialized_to_p,kʷ,p,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin quattuor 'four',patru [ˈpa.tru],"Via Proto-Italic *kʷettwōr; Sardinian batero, batoro shows a voiced labial instead.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/p
k_labialized_to_t,kʷ,t,Ancient Greek (from Proto-Greek),Hellenic,false,PIE *kʷís 'who',τίς tís,Compare Latin quis.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/t
k_labialized_to_t,kʷ,t,Ancient Greek (from Proto-Greek),Hellenic,false,Proto-Greek *pénkʷe 'five' (< PIE *pénkʷe),Attic-Ionic πέντε pénte,Lesbian and Thessalian πέμπε pémpe.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/t
k_labialized_to_t,kʷ,t,Ancient Greek (from Proto-Greek),Hellenic,false,PIE *kʷétwores 'four' (Mycenaean qe-to-ro-we 'four-eared'),"Attic τέτταρες téttares, Ionic τέσσερες tésseres",Boeotian πέτταρες péttares shows the labial outcome.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_labialized/t
k_palatalized_to_ch,kʲ,tʃ,Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *ketū́res 'four',Proto-Slavic *četỳre,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/ch
k_palatalized_to_ch,kʲ,tʃ,Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Indo-European *kelH- 'to rise' (+ *-o),Proto-Slavic *čelo 'forehead',First Slavic Palatalization: *k before front vowels became the affricate *č [tʃ].,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/ch
k_palatalized_to_ch,kʲ,tʃ,Romance (Latin to Italian/Old French),Romance,false,Latin 'centum' [k],Italian 'cento' [tʃ],"Latin /k/ before front vowels /e, i/ regularly developed into [tʃ] in Italian.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/ch
k_palatalized_to_ch,kʲ,tʃ,Romance (Latin to Italian/Old French),Romance,false,Latin caelum 'sky',Italian cielo [ˈtʃɛlo],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/ch
k_palatalized_to_ch,kʲ,tʃ,Romance (Latin to Italian/Old French),Romance,false,Latin cēna 'dinner',Italian cena [ˈtʃena],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/ch
k_palatalized_to_ch,kʲ,tʃ,English (Old English Palatalization),Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *kinnu 'chin',Old English ċinn > chin /t͡ʃɪn/,"Old English palatalized /k/ next to front vowels, giving ċ [tʃ].",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/ch
k_palatalized_to_ch,kʲ,tʃ,English (Old English Palatalization),Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *kāsī 'cheese',Anglian Old English ċēse > cheese /t͡ʃiːz/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/ch
k_palatalized_to_ch,kʲ,tʃ,Adyghe (Literary),Northwest Caucasian,false,Proto-Circassian *kʲat 'chicken' (Proto-Adyghe *kʲatə),Literary Adyghe чэты [t͡ʃatə],Most Adyghe dialects merged the palatalized velars with the postalveolar affricates; Shapsug keeps them (кьэт).,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/ch
k_palatalized_to_ch,kʲ,tʃ,Adyghe (Literary),Northwest Caucasian,false,Proto-Circassian *kʲaxʷə 'cheerful',Literary Adyghe чэфы [t͡ʃafə],Shapsug keeps the velar: кьэфы.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/ch
k_palatalized_to_k,kʲ,k,Latin,Italic,false,PIE *ḱm̥tóm 'hundred',centum [ˈkentum],"The PIE palatovelar merged with plain *k in Proto-Italic (*kəntom), giving Latin initial /k/.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/k
k_palatalized_to_k,kʲ,k,Latin,Italic,false,PIE *ḱḗr ~ *ḱr̥d- 'heart',"cor, cordis",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/k
k_palatalized_to_k,kʲ,k,Latin,Italic,false,PIE *déḱm̥ 'ten',decem,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/k
k_palatalized_to_k,kʲ,k,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *ḱm̥tóm 'hundred',ἑκατόν (hekatón),Proto-Hellenic *hekətón shows the same merger of *ḱ with *k.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/k
k_palatalized_to_k,kʲ,k,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *ḱr̥díyeh₂ (from *ḱérd 'heart'),καρδία (kardía) 'heart',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/k
k_palatalized_to_k,kʲ,k,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*ḱm̥tóm 'hundred',*kantom,"Old Irish cét, Proto-Brythonic *kant (Welsh cant).",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/k
k_palatalized_to_k,kʲ,k,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*déḱm̥ 'ten',*dekam,"Old Irish deich, Proto-Brythonic *deg.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/k
k_palatalized_to_k,kʲ,k,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*ḱwṓ 'dog',*kū,"Proto-Brythonic *ki, Welsh ci.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/k
k_palatalized_to_k,kʲ,k,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*ḱlutós 'famous',*klutom 'fame',"Old Irish cloth, Middle Welsh clod.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/k
k_palatalized_to_k,kʲ,k,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*dáḱru 'tear',*dakrū,Old Irish dér.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/k
k_palatalized_to_k,kʲ,k,Tocharian B,Tocharian,false,PIE *ḱm̥tóm 'hundred',kante,"Tocharian, though geographically eastern, is a centum branch: Proto-Tocharian *känte.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/k
k_palatalized_to_k,kʲ,k,Tocharian B,Tocharian,false,PIE *ḱwṓ 'dog',ku 'dog',Via Proto-Tocharian *ku.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/k
k_palatalized_to_k,kʲ,k,Lithuanian,Baltic,false,PIE *h₂éḱmō 'stone',akmuõ 'stone',A satem language that otherwise turns *ḱ into š; here the palatovelar was depalatalized to k (compare the doublet ašmuo and Sanskrit aśman). Latvian akmens shows the same k.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/k
k_palatalized_to_k,kʲ,k,Lithuanian,Baltic,false,PIE *ḱlew- 'to hear',klausýti 'to listen',"Compare Proto-Slavic *slùšati, with the regular satem sibilant.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/k
k_palatalized_to_k,kʲ,k,Hittite,Anatolian,false,PIE *ḱḗr 'heart',ke-er /ker/,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/k
k_palatalized_to_k,kʲ,k,Hittite,Anatolian,false,PIE *ḱéytor 'lies',"ki-it-ta /kitta/, ki-it-ta-ri",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/k
k_palatalized_to_k,kʲ,k,Hittite,Anatolian,false,"PIE *ḱe 'this, here'","ka-a-aš /kās/ 'this', ki-i 'this (n.)'",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/k
k_palatalized_to_k,kʲ,k,Hittite,Anatolian,false,PIE *ḱwṓ 'dog',ku-wa-aš /kuwaš/,"Luwian has z [ts] in all four words (zārza, ziyar, zāš, zuwan-).",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/k
k_palatalized_to_k,kʲ,k,Palaic,Anatolian,false,PIE *ḱéytor 'lies',ki-i-ta-ar /kītār/,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/k
k_palatalized_to_k,kʲ,k,Palaic,Anatolian,false,"PIE *ḱe 'this, here'",kāt,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/k
k_palatalized_to_k,kʲ,k,Palaic,Anatolian,false,PIE *ḱís 'this',kii̯at 'here',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/k
k_palatalized_to_s,kʲ,s,Old Church Slavonic and Russian,Slavic,false,PIE *ḱm̥tóm 'hundred',"OCS съто (sŭto), Russian сто","Proto-Balto-Slavic is reconstructed as *śímtan, with the sibilant *ś inferred from Lithuanian šimtas; no such stage is documented on the Slavic line.",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/s
k_palatalized_to_s,kʲ,s,Old Church Slavonic and Russian,Slavic,false,PIE *déḱm̥t 'ten',"OCS десѧть (desętĭ), Russian десять",,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/s
k_palatalized_to_s,kʲ,s,Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *ḱḗrdi- 'heart',սիրտ (sirt),,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/s
k_palatalized_to_s,kʲ,s,Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *déḱm̥ 'ten',տասն (tasn),,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/s
k_palatalized_to_s,kʲ,s,Proto-Indo-European to Lycian,Luwic,false,PIE *h₁éḱwos 'horse' (Proto-Anatolian *ʔéḱus),Lycian 𐊁𐊖𐊂𐊁 esbe,"Luwian, a sister language, has z [ts] here (azzuwa/i-); no affricate stage is attested on the Lycian line.",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/s
k_palatalized_to_s,kʲ,s,Proto-Indo-European to Lycian,Luwic,false,PIE *ḱéytor 'lies',Lycian 𐊖𐊆𐊊𐊚𐊏𐊆 sijẽni,Hittite kitta.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/s
k_palatalized_to_sh,kʲ,ʃ,Riffian (Tarifit),Zenati,false,"Proto-Berber *a-ʔḱal 'earth, land'",cař,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/sh
k_palatalized_to_sh,kʲ,ʃ,Riffian (Tarifit),Zenati,false,Proto-Berber *ăʔḱər 'to steal',acar,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/sh
k_palatalized_to_sh,kʲ,ʃ,Riffian (Tarifit),Zenati,false,Proto-Berber *ăḱrəz 'to plough',carz,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/sh
k_palatalized_to_sh,kʲ,ʃ,Riffian (Tarifit),Zenati,false,Proto-Berber *ḱăra 'something',ca,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/sh
k_palatalized_to_sh,kʲ,ʃ,Riffian (Tarifit),Zenati,false,Proto-Berber *ta-ʔriḱ-t 'saddle',trict,"Riffian ⟨c⟩ = [ʃ]. Wiktionary writes the palatalized velar as *ḱ (Kossmann's *kʲ, also cited as *c); geminate *kk stays kk (kkes 'take off'), and singleton plain *k follows a separate spirantization path, while Kabyle and Tashelhit merge *kʲ with k (akal, krez). The Zenati shift has a fair number of irregular correspondences: Mzab keeps aker 'steal'.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/sh
k_palatalized_to_sh,kʲ,ʃ,Siwi,Eastern Berber,false,"Proto-Berber *a-ʔḱal 'earth, land'","šal 'country, land'",,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/sh
k_palatalized_to_sh,kʲ,ʃ,Siwi,Eastern Berber,false,Proto-Berber *ăβḱəʔ 'to give',uš,"Siwi ⟨š⟩ = [ʃ]; the same verb is Riffian wc, Mzab uc, against Kabyle efk.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/sh
k_palatalized_to_ts,kʲ,ts,Old Church Slavonic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *kainā́ˀ 'price',"Proto-Slavic *cěna, Old Church Slavonic цѣна (cěna)",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/ts
k_palatalized_to_ts,kʲ,ts,Old Church Slavonic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *káilas 'whole',"Proto-Slavic *cělъ, Old Church Slavonic цѣлъ (cělъ)",Slavic Second Palatalization: *k fronted before the new front vowel *ě (from *ai) and became the affricate c [ts].,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/ts
k_palatalized_to_ts,kʲ,ts,Proto-Athabaskan to Navajo,Athabaskan,false,*-k̯eʼ 'tail',atseeʼ,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/ts
k_palatalized_to_ts,kʲ,ts,Proto-Athabaskan to Navajo,Athabaskan,false,*-kʸaˑnqʼəʔ 'ribs',átsą́ą́ʼ,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/ts
k_palatalized_to_ts,kʲ,ts,Proto-Athabaskan to Navajo,Athabaskan,false,*-kʸə̓tɬʼə 'younger brother',atsilí,cf. Hupa whikil,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/ts
k_palatalized_to_ts,kʲ,ts,Proto-Indo-European to Luwian,Luwic,false,PIE *ḱḗr 'heart',"Cuneiform Luwian UZUzārza, Hieroglyphic za-ra/i-za",Luwian ⟨z⟩ is read as [ts]; Hittite has ker with a plain velar.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/ts
k_palatalized_to_ts,kʲ,ts,Proto-Indo-European to Luwian,Luwic,false,PIE *ḱéytor 'lies',"Cuneiform Luwian ziyar, zīyari",Hittite kitta(ri).,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/ts
k_palatalized_to_ts,kʲ,ts,Proto-Indo-European to Luwian,Luwic,false,"PIE *ḱe 'this, here'",Cuneiform Luwian zāš 'this',Hittite kāš.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/ts
k_palatalized_to_ts,kʲ,ts,Proto-Indo-European to Luwian,Luwic,false,PIE *ḱwṓ 'dog',Hieroglyphic Luwian CANIS zú-wa/in(i)-,Hittite kuwaš.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/ts
k_palatalized_to_ts,kʲ,ts,Proto-Indo-European to Luwian,Luwic,false,"PIE *ḱerh₂- 'head, horn'","Cuneiform Luwian zurni 'horn', zaruwani(ya)- 'of a horn'",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k_palatalized/ts
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *ketū́res 'four',*četỳre,First Slavic palatalization of *k before a front vowel (PIE *kʷetwóres).,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *kírmis 'worm',*čьrvь,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *kimśto- 'frequent',*čęstъ,Originally a participle (PIE *kmḱ-to-).,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Italian,Italo-Dalmatian,false,Latin centum [k],cento [tʃ],Latin /k/ before front vowel /e/.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Italian,Italo-Dalmatian,false,Latin cīvitās [k],città [tʃ],Latin /k/ before front vowel /i/.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *kinnu 'chin',ċinn /t͡ʃinn/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *kald 'cold',ċeald /t͡ʃæ͜ɑld/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *keusan 'to choose',ċēosan /ˈt͡ʃe͜oː.sɑn/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *ik 'I',iċ /it͡ʃ/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *rīkī 'realm',rīċe /ˈriː.t͡ʃe/,"Old English palatalized *k next to front vowels (before or after) to ċ /tʃ/; before back vowels it stayed /k/ (corn, cynn from earlier *kuni).",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Tzeltal and Tzotzil,Mayan,false,Proto-Mayan *kaan 'snake',"Tzeltal chan, Tzotzil chon",Yucatec kaan and Lacandon kan keep k. In the Tzeltalan languages *k became ch [tʃ] whatever the following vowel.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Tzeltal and Tzotzil,Mayan,false,"Proto-Mayan *kabʼ 'earth, land'",Tzotzil chob,Yucatec kaab keeps k.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Proto-Dravidian to Tamil and Malayalam,Tamil-Malayalam,false,Proto-Dravidian *kewi 'ear',"Tamil செவி cevi, Malayalam ചെവി cevi",Kannada ಕಿವಿ kivi and Tulu ಕೆಬಿ kebi keep k.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Proto-Dravidian to Tamil and Malayalam,Tamil-Malayalam,false,Proto-Dravidian *key 'to do',"Tamil செய் cey, Malayalam ചെയ്യുക ceyyuka",Kannada ಕೆಯ್ key keeps k.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Proto-Dravidian to Tamil and Malayalam,Tamil-Malayalam,false,Proto-Dravidian *kep- 'to tell',"Tamil செப்பு ceppu, Malayalam ചെപ്പുക ceppuka",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Proto-Dravidian to Tamil and Malayalam,Tamil-Malayalam,false,Proto-Dravidian *keruppu 'sandal',"Tamil செருப்பு ceruppu, Malayalam ചെരുപ്പ് ceruppŭ",Kannada ಕೆರ kera keeps k.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Proto-Dravidian to Tamil and Malayalam,Tamil-Malayalam,false,Proto-Dravidian *kem 'red',"Tamil செம்- cem-, Malayalam ചെം- ceṁ-","Kannada ಕೆಂಪು kempu keeps k. Before a retroflex consonant k stays: *keṭu 'to perish' > Tamil கெடு keṭu, Malayalam കെടുക keṭuka.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Proto-Dravidian to Telugu,South-Central Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *kewi 'ear',Telugu చెవి cevi,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Proto-Dravidian to Telugu,South-Central Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *key 'to do',Telugu చేయు cēyu,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Proto-Dravidian to Telugu,South-Central Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *kep- 'to tell',Telugu చెప్పు ceppu,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Proto-Dravidian to Telugu,South-Central Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *keṭu 'to perish',Telugu చెడు ceḍu,"Telugu palatalizes here, unlike Tamil கெடு keṭu.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Proto-Dravidian to Telugu,South-Central Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *kiḷi 'parrot',Telugu చిలుక ciluka,Kannada ಗಿಳಿ giḷi and Old Tamil kiḷi keep a velar.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin cantāre 'to sing',chanter /t͡ʃanˈteːɾ/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin caballus 'horse',cheval /t͡ʃəˈval/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,Vulgar Latin capus (Latin caput) 'head',chief /ˈtʃjeːf/,"Latin c before a became [tʃ] in central Old French; northern Norman and Picard kept [k] (canter, keval).",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Faroese,North Germanic,true,"geva 'to give', lenis /k/ (from Old Norse g in gefa) before a front vowel",[t͡ʃeːva],"Faroese phonology describes the lenis velar /k/, like aspirated /kʰ/, as palatalizing to [t͡ʃ] before /iː, ɪ, eː, ɛ, ɛi, j/.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch,k,tʃ,Faroese,North Germanic,true,"gestur 'guest', lenis /k/ (from Old Norse g in gestr) before a front vowel",/ˈt͡ʃɛstʊɹ/,Plural gestir [ˈtʃɛstɪɹ].,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch
k_to_ch_palatal,k,tɕ,Mandarin,Sinitic,false,"家 Middle Chinese kae ""home, family""",jiā [t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵],Cantonese gaa1 [kaː⁵⁵] retains the velar.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch_palatal
k_to_ch_palatal,k,tɕ,Mandarin,Sinitic,false,"九 Middle Chinese kjuwX ""nine""",jiǔ [t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴],Cantonese gau2 retains the velar.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch_palatal
k_to_ch_palatal,k,tɕ,Southern Gyeongsang Korean,Koreanic,false,Middle Korean 기름〮 kìlúm /kì.lɨ́m/ 'oil',Southern Gyeongsang jileum [tɕiɾɯm],Dialectal palatalization of ki/ky to [tɕ] (Korean ㅈ); Seoul Korean keeps gireum [kiɾɯm].,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch_palatal
k_to_ch_palatal,k,tɕ,Southern Gyeongsang Korean,Koreanic,false,Middle Korean 귤〮 kyúl 'tangerine',Southern Gyeongsang jul,Seoul Korean keeps gyul.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch_palatal
k_to_ch_palatal,k,tɕ,Proto-Japonic to Okinawan,Japonic,false,*kiri 'fog',chiri [tɕiɾi],Okinawan palatalized *k before *i; cf. Japanese kiri,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch_palatal
k_to_ch_palatal,k,tɕ,Proto-Japonic to Okinawan,Japonic,false,"*kimo 'liver, heart'",chimu,cf. Japanese kimo,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch_palatal
k_to_ch_palatal,k,tɕ,Romansh,Rhaeto-Romance,false,"Latin canis, canem 'dog'","Putèr and Rumantsch Grischun chaun, Sursilvan tgaun, Vallader chan",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch_palatal
k_to_ch_palatal,k,tɕ,Romansh,Rhaeto-Romance,false,Latin casa 'hut',"Vallader and Rumantsch Grischun chasa, Putèr chesa 'house'",⟨ch⟩ and ⟨tg⟩ both spell /tɕ/. Sursilvan lacks the change in casa 'house'.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch_palatal
k_to_ch_palatal,k,tɕ,Finland Swedish,North Germanic,false,"Old Swedish kyrkia, kirkia 'church'",kyrka /²tɕʏrka/,Central Swedish has the fricative /²ɕʏrka/; Finland Swedish keeps an affricate for historic k before front vowels.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch_palatal
k_to_ch_palatal,k,tɕ,Finland Swedish,North Germanic,false,Old Swedish kær 'dear',kär /t͡ɕæːr/,Central Swedish /ɕɛːr/.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ch_palatal
k_to_empty,k,∅,English,Germanic,false,"Old English cniht 'boy, servant'",knight /naɪt/,Word-initial [k] before [n] was still pronounced in the 16th century and was lost in the 17th; the spelling keeps ⟨k⟩.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,English,Germanic,false,Old English cnāwan 'to know',know /nəʊ/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,English,Germanic,false,Old English cnēow 'knee',knee /niː/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Sanskrit to Maharashtri Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,"loka 'world, people'",loa,Single intervocalic stops are elided in Maharashtri Prakrit,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Sanskrit to Maharashtri Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,sakala 'whole',saala,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Proto-Tupi-Guarani to Paraguayan Guaraní,Tupi-Guarani,false,*jararak 'jararaca',jarara,Guaraní drops word-final consonants; Old Tupi keeps them with an added -a (îararaka),5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Proto-Tupi-Guarani to Paraguayan Guaraní,Tupi-Guarani,false,*jetɨk 'sweet potato',jety,cf. Old Tupi îetyka,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Proto-Hmong-Mien to White Hmong (Hmong Daw),Hmong-Mien,false,*kruk 'six',rau,"RPA spelling; the final letter marks tone, not a consonant",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Proto-Hmong-Mien to White Hmong (Hmong Daw),Hmong-Mien,false,*m-nɔk 'bird',noog,cf. Iu Mien norqc,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Proto-Muskogean to Alabama and Koasati,Muskogean,false,Proto-Muskogean *lakna 'yellow',Alabama and Koasati laana,"*k is lost before the sonorants *l and *n with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel, but retained before obstruents (pakto 'mushroom', sokcha 'bag'); Proto-Muskogean is a reconstructed stage. Compare Choctaw and Chickasaw lakna, Mikasuki lakni.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Proto-Muskogean to Alabama and Koasati,Muskogean,false,Proto-Muskogean *nakni 'male',Alabama and Koasati naani,"Compare Choctaw nakni, Hitchiti-Mikasuki nakni (Martin 2001, Table 6).",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Proto-Muskogean to Alabama and Koasati,Muskogean,false,Proto-Muskogean *xaklo 'to hear',"Alabama haalo, Koasati haalo-","Compare Mikasuki hakli, Chickasaw and Choctaw haklochi 'to hear (causative)'.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Proto-Muskogean to Creek (Muscogee),Muskogean,false,Proto-Muskogean *lakna 'yellow',Creek lanē [laːniː],"Conditioned loss of preconsonantal *k in Creek/Seminole, with the environments set out by Booker (1988); exceptions include sukcv 'bag' and esakpv 'upper arm'. Martin (2001) treats the change as shared with Alabama-Koasati.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Proto-Muskogean to Creek (Muscogee),Muskogean,false,Proto-Muskogean *paktiCo 'mushroom',Creek pvto [patoː],"Compare Alabama and Koasati pakto, Choctaw pakti.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Proto-Muskogean to Creek (Muscogee),Muskogean,false,Proto-Muskogean *iktiCo 'tree',Creek eto [itoː],"Compare Alabama and Koasati itto, where the *k assimilated instead of being lost.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Uradhi,Northern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *kami 'mother's mother',ami 'mother's mother',Word-initial *k was lost; Umpila kami and Guugu Yimidhirr gami keep it.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Uradhi,Northern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *ka:la 'mother's younger brother',ala 'mother's younger brother',Linngithigh and Ngkoth ala- show the same loss; Kuuk Thaayorre has ka:la.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Uradhi,Northern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *kuli 'anger',"uli 'crazy, angry' (Atampaya)",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Uradhi,Northern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *kaca- 'tie',"atha- 'tie, weave' (Atampaya)",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Uw-Oykangand,Southwestern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *kalka 'spear',alk 'spear',Uw-Olgol alka; Kuuk Thaayorre kirk keeps the stop.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Uw-Oykangand,Southwestern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *kacin 'digging stick',acin 'yamstick',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Uw-Oykangand,Southwestern Paman,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *ku:wu 'nose',ow 'nose',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Eastern and Central Arrernte,Arandic,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *ka:mpa- 'cook in earth oven',ampe- 'burn something',Kaytetye ampe- 'burn' shows the same initial loss.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Eastern and Central Arrernte,Arandic,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *kalmpa 'fast',amparre 'first',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Eastern and Central Arrernte,Arandic,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *kucyarra 'two',"atherre 'two, both'",Kaytetye atherre 'two'.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Kalkatungu,Kalkatungic,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *kulu 'louse',ulu 'insect-like creature',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Kalkatungu,Kalkatungic,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *kuna 'excrement',unu 'faeces; bowels',The derived verb kunanta 'defecate' keeps the initial k.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Nhanda,Kartu,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *kami 'mother's mother',ami 'brother-in-law',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Nhanda,Kartu,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *kari 'not',ari (question particle),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Nhanda,Kartu,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *karrpi- 'hold together',"atpi- 'tie, tie up'",Before *u Nhanda instead has w- (wuna < *kuna); see k_to_w.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Proto-Nubian to Midob,Nubian,false,Proto-Nubian *kemsi 'four',Midob èeȷí,Ghulfan (Hill Nubian) kɪ́ɲu keeps the initial k.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_empty,k,∅,Proto-Nubian to Midob,Nubian,false,Proto-Nubian *kVndi 'knife' (vowel not reconstructed),Midob ə́ədí,"Wiktionary describes initial *k loss as regular for Midob, against the general Nubian tendency to strengthen syllable-initial consonants.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/empty
k_to_f,k,f,Miyako,Japonic,false,*kukOri,ffuz,Proto-Ryukyuan 'to bind' to Miyako.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/f
k_to_f,k,f,Miyako,Japonic,false,*kumo,fumu,Proto-Ryukyuan 'cloud' to Miyako.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/f
k_to_f,k,f,Miyako,Japonic,false,*kusa,fusa,Proto-Ryukyuan 'grass' to Miyako.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/f
k_to_f,k,f,Proto-Bantu to Chichewa / Zulu,Bantu,false,*-kúpɪ́ 'short',"Chichewa -fupi, Zulu -fuphi",Bantu Spirantization: *k labializes and spirantizes before the superclose vowel *u; cf. Kinyarwanda -gufi,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/f
k_to_f,k,f,Proto-Bantu to Chichewa / Zulu,Bantu,false,*-kúa 'to die',Chichewa -fa,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/f
k_to_g,k,g,Turkish,Turkic,false,Proto-Turkic *kẹl- 'to come',gelmek,Oghuz (Western Turkic) voiced Proto-Turkic word-initial *k- before front vowels; Old Turkic keeps kel-.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Turkish,Turkic,false,"Proto-Turkic *kȫk 'blue, sky'",gök,cf. Old Turkic kök.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Turkish,Turkic,false,"Proto-Turkic *kün 'sun, day'",gün,cf. Old Turkic kün.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Turkish,Turkic,false,Proto-Turkic *kȫl 'lake',göl,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Proto-Zapotec to Isthmus Zapotec,Oto-Manguean,false,*yaka 'tree',yaga,lenis *k is voiced,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Proto-Zapotec to Isthmus Zapotec,Oto-Manguean,false,*keeʔku 'river',guiiguꞌ,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Proto-Zapotec to Isthmus Zapotec,Oto-Manguean,false,*kiiʔttzi 'metate',guiiche,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Proto-Ryukyuan to Yonaguni,Japonic,false,"*aka 'red, light'",aga,intervocalic *k is voiced; cf. Miyako aka,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Proto-Ryukyuan to Yonaguni,Japonic,false,*kokono 'nine',kugunu,cf. Miyako kukunu,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Proto-Ryukyuan to Yonaguni,Japonic,false,*kokoro 'heart',kuguru,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Proto-Ryukyuan to Yonaguni,Japonic,false,*bakaw- 'to snatch',bagun,cf. Miyako bakō,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Imbabura Kichwa,Quechua II-B,false,Proto-Quechuan *iʂkaj 'two',iʃgaj,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Imbabura Kichwa,Quechua II-B,false,Proto-Quechuan *ʈʂunka 'ten',ʧuŋga,Postconsonantal voicing; Salasaca and Tena also have ʧuŋga.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Chicahuaxtla Triqui,Mixtecan,false,Proto-Trique *konoʔo 'medicine',gonoʔo,"Stops are voiced in every non-final syllable, including before a glottalized vowel sequence VʔV; Copala and Itunyoso keep k.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Chicahuaxtla Triqui,Mixtecan,false,Proto-Trique *koʔoo 'plate',goʔo,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Chicahuaxtla Triqui,Mixtecan,false,Proto-Trique *kaʔã(h) 'four',gaʔã,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Proto-Saharan to Beria,Eastern Saharan,false,Proto-Saharan *kur 'leaf',Beria ɔ́gʊ́r,"Proto-Saharan reconstructions are Cyffer's (2020, Oxford Handbook of African Languages) as tabulated on Wikipedia. In Beria the reflex of *k follows a vowel, so it is word-medial; word-initial *k in *kurum 'knee' stays k (Beria kórú).",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Proto-Saharan to Beria,Eastern Saharan,false,Proto-Saharan *kut 'big',Beria ʊ́gʊ́rī,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Proto-Brythonic,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *drukos 'bad',*drug (Welsh drwg),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Proto-Brythonic,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *dekam 'ten',*deg (Welsh deg),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Proto-Brythonic,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *kaikos 'one-eyed',*koɨg,"Brythonic lenition voiced intervocalic *k; Old Irish has [x] instead (droch, deich, cáech).",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Proto-Iranian to Middle Persian,Southwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *Hstā́rakaH 'star',stārag,The suffix *-ka- appears as -ag; Persian setâre.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Proto-Iranian to Middle Persian,Southwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *ráwčakah 'fasting',rōzag,Persian ruze.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Proto-Iranian to Middle Persian,Southwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *xā́nakaH 'house',xānag,Persian xâne.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Proto-Iranian to Parthian,Northwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *baHjúkah 'arm',bāzūg,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Proto-Iranian to Parthian,Northwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *Hstā́rakaH 'star',astārag,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Proto-Iranian to Parthian,Northwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *wyākaH 'place',wyāg,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian կին (kin) 'woman',Western Armenian [ɡin] (Eastern Armenian [kin]),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian կով (kov) 'cow',Western Armenian [ɡov] (Eastern Armenian [kov]),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_g,k,g,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian կաւ (kaw) 'clay',Western Armenian կավ [ɡɑv] (Eastern Armenian [kɑv]),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/g
k_to_gamma,k,ɣ,"Chukchi, Koryak, Alutor (Chukotkan)",Chukotkan,false,Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan *kəm 'I',"Chukchi гым ɣəm, Koryak гыммо ɣəmmo, Alutor гыммы ɣəmmə",Itelmen (Kamchatkan) keeps the stop: кәмма kəmma.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/gamma
k_to_gamma,k,ɣ,"Chukchi, Koryak, Alutor (Chukotkan)",Chukotkan,false,Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan *kəð 'you (sg.)',"Chukchi гыт ɣət, Alutor гытты ɣəttə",Itelmen keeps the stop: кәзза kəzza.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/gamma
k_to_gamma,k,ɣ,Kikuyu,Bantu,false,Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀tʊ́ì 'ear' (class 15 prefix *kʊ-),gũtũ /ɣotò/,"Dahl's law: *k became ɣ (spelled g) before a syllable with a voiceless consonant, here t.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/gamma
k_to_gamma,k,ɣ,Kikuyu,Bantu,false,class 7 prefix kĩ- + -kũyũ,"Gĩkũyũ /ɣèkòjó/ 'Kikuyu (people, language)'",The prefix kĩ- surfaces as gĩ- [ɣe] before the voiceless k of the stem; the anglicized name Kikuyu reflects the unvoiced form.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/gamma
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,Malay,Austronesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *anak 'child',anak [ˈʔa.naʔ],Word-final /k/ is realized as a glottal stop in Standard Malay.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,Malay,Austronesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tasik 'sea',tasik [ˈt̪a.siʔ] 'lake',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,English (Cockney/Glasgow),Germanic,true,back [k],[baʔ],Coda glottalization of the velar stop.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,English (Cockney/Glasgow),Germanic,true,doctor,[ˈdɒʔtə],Glottal replacement in medial clusters.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,Yucatec Maya,Mayan,false,nak [k] (to stop something),nahkúuns [ʔ] (to support),"Word-final obstruents, including /k/, undergo debuccalization to /h/ or /ʔ/ at prosodic boundaries in Yucatec Maya. The stop loses its oral place of articulation, leaving only a laryngeal closure.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,Yucatec Maya,Mayan,false,Proto-Mayan *q and *k (non-K'ichean branches),[k] or [kʼ],"In branches outside K'ichean-Mamean and Qʼanjobʼalan, Proto-Mayan uvular *q merged with velar /k/, which then underwent coda weakening including glottalization in Yucatecan.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,Wu and Jin Chinese,Sinitic,false,六 MC ljuwk [-k],Shanghainese loʔ [loʔ],Final stops of Middle Chinese merged into a glottal stop in Wu and Jin; Cantonese keeps -p -t -k.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,Wu and Jin Chinese,Sinitic,false,木 MC muwk [-k],Shanghainese /moʔ¹²/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,Wu and Jin Chinese,Sinitic,false,石 MC dzyek [-k],Shanghainese /zaʔ¹²/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,Burmese,Lolo-Burmese,false,Old Burmese *uk [-k],အောက် /aʊʔ/,Final stops -p -t -c -k all became /ʔ/ in Modern Standard Burmese; *u also broke to /aʊ/ before velars.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,Burmese,Lolo-Burmese,false,Old Burmese *mruk [-k],"မြောက် /mʲaʊʔ/ ""north""",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,Proto-Polynesian to Hawaiian / Tahitian / Samoan,Polynesian,false,*ika 'fish',"Hawaiian, Tahitian, Samoan iʻa",*k debuccalized to [ʔ] (ʻokina); Māori and Tongan keep ika,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,Proto-Polynesian to Hawaiian / Tahitian / Samoan,Polynesian,false,*waka 'canoe',Hawaiian waʻa,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,Makassarese,South Sulawesi,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *anak 'child',ana',Final PMP *k became the glottal stop (written ʼ or ’) in Makassarese.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,Makassarese,South Sulawesi,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tasik 'sea',tasi',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,Makassarese,South Sulawesi,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tanək 'to cook',tana',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,Xavánte,Central Jê,false,Proto-Akuwẽ *ka 'white',ʔa,"Xerente, the sister language, keeps k (ka).",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,Xavánte,Central Jê,false,Proto-Akuwẽ *koto 'cicada',ʔoto,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,Xavánte,Central Jê,false,Proto-Akuwẽ *kupu 'fly',ʔupu,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,Xavánte,Central Jê,false,Proto-Akuwẽ *kuci 'boil',ʔuci,Xerente kusi.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,Proto-Oceanic to Rotuman,Central Pacific,false,POc *kutu 'louse',ʻufu,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,Proto-Oceanic to Rotuman,Central Pacific,false,POc *kuluʀ 'breadfruit',ʻulu,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_glottal_stop,k,ʔ,Proto-Oceanic to Rotuman,Central Pacific,false,"POc *masakit 'sick, painful'",masa'i,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/glottal_stop
k_to_h,k,h,Finnish,Finnic,false,Proto-Finnic *tektäk 'to do',tehdä,Finnish *k became h before a coronal stop (*kt > ht); compare Estonian tegema.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Finnish,Finnic,false,Proto-Finnic *näktäk 'to see',nähdä,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Finnish,Finnic,false,Proto-Finnic *läktedäk 'to leave',lähteä,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Tuscan Italian,Italo-Dalmatian,true,identificare /identifiˈkare/,[ˌidentifiˈhaːɾe],Tuscan gorgia: post-vocalic /k/ is realized as [h].,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Tuscan Italian,Italo-Dalmatian,true,la casa /la ˈkasa/ 'the house',[la ˈhaːsa],After a doubling word the stop stays: tre case [ˌtre kˈkaːse] 'three houses'.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Hungarian (before back vowels),Ugric,false,*kala [k],"hal ""fish"" (Finnish kala)",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Hungarian (before back vowels),Ugric,false,*kota,"ház ""house"" (Finnish koti)",Before front vowels k is kept: *käte > kéz.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Proto-Sabaki to Comorian,Bantu,false,*-ika (stative),"Ngazidja, Maore, Ndzwani -iha",Comorian *k > h; cf. Swahili -ika,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Proto-Sabaki to Comorian,Bantu,false,*aka 'to build',"Ngazidja, Ndzwani aha","cf. Swahili, Pokomo aka",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Proto-Sabaki to Comorian,Bantu,false,*anika 'to lay out to dry',"Ngazidja, Maore aniha",cf. Swahili anika,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Malagasy,Barito,false,"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kahiw 'wood, tree'",hazo,PMP *k regularly became h in Malagasy.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Malagasy,Barito,false,"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kukuh 'nail (finger, toe)'",hoho,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Malagasy,Barito,false,"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kaban 'companion, member of a group'",havana,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Toba Batak,Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands,false,"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kahiw 'wood, tree'",hau,"Initial *k became h in Toba Batak (also Angkola and Mandailing hayu), while Karo Batak keeps kayu.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Toba Batak,Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands,false,"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kapas 'cotton, thread'",hapas,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Toba Batak,Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kubu 'field hut in the rice fields',hubu,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kahiw 'wood, tree'",hayu,Blust (2000) gives h as the main Chamorro reflex of PMP *k.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kutu 'louse',hutu,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kali 'to dig up',hali,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Proto-Kotoko South to Zina,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Kotoko South *kɨlfɨ 'fish',Zina həlfə,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Proto-Kotoko South to Zina,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Kotoko South *kɨja 'moon',Zina hija,Gravina lists *k → h as a consistent change in Zina; the sister language Mazera shows no such change.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Proto-Ryukyuan to Kunigami and Yoron,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*katana 'knife',"Kunigami hatāna, Yoron hatana",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Proto-Ryukyuan to Kunigami and Yoron,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*kata- 'one side of a pair',"Kunigami hata-, Yoron hata-",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Proto-Ryukyuan to Kunigami and Yoron,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*kazu 'number',"Kunigami haji, Yoron haji",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Proto-Ryukyuan to Kunigami and Yoron,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*kaki 'fence',"Kunigami hach'ī, Yoron haki",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_h,k,h,Proto-Ryukyuan to Kunigami and Yoron,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*kobu 'spider',Nakijin /húbu/,"Wikipedia contrasts it with Nakijin /k˭umuú/ 'cloud' (*kumo), where *ku keeps k; *kotoba 'word' likewise gives Nakijin /hut˭uuba/. Kunigami /h/ thus comes from Proto-Japonic *k, while *p stays p.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/h
k_to_j_glide,k,j,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,"Latin factum 'done, deed'",feito /ˈfej.tu/,Latin -ct- > -it-; the yod is preserved (European Portuguese /ˈfɐj.tu/). Spanish carried the same stage further to hecho [ˈetʃo].,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/j_glide
k_to_j_glide,k,j,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin noctem 'night',"noite /ˈnoj.tɨ/ (Portugal), /ˈnoj.tʃi/ (Brazil)",Inherited through Old Galician-Portuguese noite; Galician keeps the same form.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/j_glide
k_to_j_glide,k,j,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin pacāre 'pacify',Old French paier > payer [peje] 'pay',"Intervocalic k before a voiced and spirantized, ending as the glide written y.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/j_glide
k_to_j_glide,k,j,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin necāre 'kill',Old French noier > noyer [nwaje] 'drown',Same development of intervocalic k.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/j_glide
k_to_j_glide,k,j,Danish,North Germanic,false,Old Norse mik 'me',mig /mɑj/,Postvocalic k lenited via [ɣ] to the glide [j]; likewise dig /dɑj/ 'you (obj.)'.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/j_glide
k_to_j_glide,k,j,Danish,North Germanic,false,Old Norse þik 'you (obj.)',dig /dɑj/,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/j_glide
k_to_k_aspirated,k,kʰ,English,West Germanic,true,"/k/ word-initially or stressed-syllable-initially, e.g. kit","[kʰ], kit [kʰɪt] vs. skit [skɪt]","English voiceless stops are aspirated for most native speakers when word-initial or beginning a stressed syllable, but not after /s/ (cf. pin vs. spin).",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_aspirated
k_to_k_aspirated,k,kʰ,English,West Germanic,true,cat /ˈkæt/,[ˈkʰæt],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_aspirated
k_to_k_aspirated,k,kʰ,English,West Germanic,true,kiss /kɪs/,[kʰɪs],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_aspirated
k_to_k_aspirated,k,kʰ,Turkish,Turkic,true,kar /kaɾ/ 'snow',[ˈkʰɑɾ̞̊],"Syllable-initial /p, t, c, k/ are usually aspirated in Turkish.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_aspirated
k_to_k_aspirated,k,kʰ,Turkish,Turkic,true,kol /koɫ/ 'arm',[ˈkʰo̞ʷɫ̟̊],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_aspirated
k_to_k_aspirated,k,kʰ,Pre-Hlai to Proto-Hlai,Hlai,false,Pre-Hlai *kaːjɦ 'winter',Proto-Hlai *kʰaːjɦ,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_aspirated
k_to_k_aspirated,k,kʰ,Pre-Hlai to Proto-Hlai,Hlai,false,Pre-Hlai *kok 'leg',Proto-Hlai *kʰok,Pre-Hlai and Proto-Hlai forms are Norquest's (2015) reconstructions as listed in the Wiktionary appendix; Initial Aspiration; Proto-Hlai *kʰ is kept as kʰ in all Hlai languages in the Wikipedia correspondence table.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_aspirated
k_to_k_aspirated,k,kʰ,Proto-Pearic to Chong,Pearic,false,Proto-Pearic *kam 'arrow',kʰam,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_aspirated
k_to_k_aspirated,k,kʰ,Proto-Pearic to Chong,Pearic,false,"Proto-Pearic *kɨn 'woman, female'",kʰɨːn,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_aspirated
k_to_k_aspirated,k,kʰ,Proto-Pearic to Chong,Pearic,false,Proto-Pearic *k(eː)n 'child',kʰeːn,Former voiced stops instead lost voicing without aspiration: *gmaʔ 'rain' > Central Chong kama̤ʔ.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_aspirated
k_to_k_aspirated,k,kʰ,Proto-Austroasiatic to Proto-Khasian and Khasi,Khasic,false,Proto-Austroasiatic *kaʔ 'fish',"Proto-Khasian *kʰa, Khasi 'kha",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_aspirated
k_to_k_aspirated,k,kʰ,Proto-Austroasiatic to Proto-Khasian and Khasi,Khasic,false,Proto-Austroasiatic *kam 'arrow',"Proto-Khasian *kʰam, Khasi khnam",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_aspirated
k_to_k_aspirated,k,kʰ,Proto-Austroasiatic to Proto-Khasian and Khasi,Khasic,false,Proto-Austroasiatic *koan 'child',"Proto-Khasian *kʰɔn, Khasi khun",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_aspirated
k_to_k_aspirated,k,kʰ,Proto-Austroasiatic to Proto-Khasian and Khasi,Khasic,false,Proto-Austroasiatic *kla(ː)ʔ 'tiger',Proto-Khasian *kʰla,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_aspirated
k_to_k_aspirated,k,kʰ,Proto-Austroasiatic to Proto-Khasian and Khasi,Khasic,false,"Proto-Austroasiatic *kneːʔ 'mouse, rat'","Proto-Khasian *kʰnaaj, Khasi khnái",Khasi ⟨kh⟩ is the aspirated stop [kʰ]. Former voiced *g became plain k: *gəp > Proto-Khasian *kap 'to meet friends'.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_aspirated
k_to_k_palatalized,k,kʲ,Russian,East Slavic,true,рука [rʊˈka] 'hand' (stem /ruk-/),руки [rʊˈkʲi] (genitive singular),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_palatalized
k_to_k_palatalized,k,kʲ,Russian,East Slavic,true,сок [sok] 'juice' (stem /sok-/),соки [ˈsokʲɪ] (nominative plural),The soft–hard distinction is allophonic for velars: /k/ is realized as [kʲ] before front vowels.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_palatalized
k_to_k_palatalized,k,kʲ,Lithuanian,Baltic,true,kinas,[ˈkʲɪnɐs],'cinema',5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_palatalized
k_to_k_palatalized,k,kʲ,Lithuanian,Baltic,true,keturi,[kʲɛtʊˈrʲɪ],'four',5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_palatalized
k_to_k_palatalized,k,kʲ,Romanian,Eastern Romance,true,ochi /ok+i/ 'eye(s)',[okʲ],An underlying word-final /i/ palatalizes the preceding consonant and is itself deleted.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_palatalized
k_to_k_palatalized,k,kʲ,Romanian,Eastern Romance,true,urechi /urek+i/ 'ears',[uˈrekʲ],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_palatalized
k_to_k_palatalized,k,kʲ,Romanian,Eastern Romance,true,unchi /unk+i/ 'uncle',[ˈuŋkʲ],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_palatalized
k_to_k_palatalized,k,kʲ,Japanese,Japonic,true,/kiri/ 霧 'fog',[kʲiɾʲi],"Only the palatalized consonant occurs before /i/, so [kʲ] is often analysed as an allophone of /k/ there.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_palatalized
k_to_k_palatalized,k,kʲ,Japanese,Japonic,true,元気 genki 'healthy',[ɡeŋʲkʲi],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/k_palatalized
k_to_ng,k,ŋ,Korean,Koreanic,true,국물 kuk-mul 'broth',[kuŋmul],Coda /k/ becomes [ŋ] before a nasal onset,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ng
k_to_ng,k,ŋ,Korean,Koreanic,true,한국말 hanguk-mal 'Korean language',[hanguŋmal],Pronounced 한궁말,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ng
k_to_p,k,p,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin octo 'eight',Romanian opt,Latin /kt/ > /pt/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/p
k_to_p,k,p,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin coxa 'hip',Romanian coapsă 'thigh',/ks/ > [ps] after a rounded vowel (cf. laxare > lăsa); compare Dalmatian copsa.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/p
k_to_p,k,p,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Late Latin lactem 'milk',Romanian lapte /ˈlap.te/,Aromanian lapti shows the same change.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/p
k_to_p,k,p,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin noctem (acc. of nox) 'night',Romanian noapte /ˈno̯ap.te/,Same /kt/ > /pt/ cluster change.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/p
k_to_p,k,p,Aromanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin octō 'eight',Aromanian optu,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/p
k_to_p,k,p,Aromanian,Eastern Romance,false,Late Latin lactem 'milk',Aromanian lapti,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/p
k_to_p,k,p,Aromanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin noctem 'night',Aromanian noapti,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/p
k_to_q,k,q,Taz Selkup,Samoyedic,false,Proto-Samoyedic *kålä 'fish' (< Proto-Uralic *kala),Taz Selkup qē̮li̮,"cf. Tundra Nenets χalʹa, Nganasan koli̮",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/q
k_to_q,k,q,Taz Selkup,Samoyedic,false,Proto-Samoyedic *kopå 'skin',"Taz Selkup qopi̮ 'skin, hide'","cf. Tundra Nenets χoba, Nganasan kuhu",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/q
k_to_q,k,q,Taz Selkup,Samoyedic,false,Proto-Samoyedic *kə̑rə̑ 'morning' (< Proto-Uralic *kuδa),Taz Selkup qari̮,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/q
k_to_q,k,q,Eastern Khanty (Surgut),Khanty,false,Proto-Khanty *kūl 'fish' (< Proto-Uralic *kala),ӄуԓ [quːɬ],Northern (Kazym) Khanty хўԓ has χ instead.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/q
k_to_q,k,q,Eastern Khanty (Surgut),Khanty,false,"Proto-Uralic *kota 'house, hut'",ӄот [qɒːt] 'house',"cf. Northern Khanty хат, Finnish koti",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/q
k_to_q,k,q,Sui (Sandong),Kam-Sui,false,Proto-Kam-Sui *kaːm¹ 'cave',ggaaml /qaːm˩˧/,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/q
k_to_q,k,q,Sui (Sandong),Kam-Sui,false,Proto-Kam-Sui *kaːi⁵ 'chicken',ggais /qaːi˧˥/,"Proto-Kam-Sui forms follow Thurgood's (1988) reconstruction, listed on Wikipedia and in the Wiktionary etymologies; Sui spells /q/ as gg.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/q
k_to_q,k,q,Proto-Dravidian to Malto,Kurukh-Malto,false,Proto-Dravidian *kaṇ 'eye' (Proto-North Dravidian *qan),Kumarbhag Paharia क़नु qanu,Wikipedia cites the same correspondence as Tamil kaṇ : Malto qanu.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/q
k_to_q,k,q,Proto-Dravidian to Malto,Kurukh-Malto,false,Proto-Dravidian *kay 'hand',Kumarbhag Paharia qeqe,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/q
k_to_q,k,q,Proto-Dravidian to Malto,Kurukh-Malto,false,Proto-Dravidian *kaḷam 'threshing floor',Kumarbhag Paharia क़लु qalu,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/q
k_to_q,k,q,Proto-Dravidian to Malto,Kurukh-Malto,false,Proto-Dravidian *kewi 'ear',Kumarbhag Paharia qethwu,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/q
k_to_q,k,q,Proto-Dravidian to Malto,Kurukh-Malto,false,"Proto-Dravidian *koy- 'to cut, harvest'",Sawriya Paharia qoye,"Kurukh and Brahui have x in the same words (Kurukh xoynā 'to cut, harvest', xebdā 'ear'; Brahui xaf 'ear'), which Wikipedia describes as later spirantization of this *q.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/q
k_to_t,k,t,Hakka (Meixian),Sinitic,false,"食 'eat', Middle Chinese zyik [-k]",Meixian sed6 /sət̚⁵/ (Sixian sṳ̍t /sɨt̚⁵/),Middle Chinese -k after front vowels became dental -t; Cantonese keeps the velar (sik6).,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/t
k_to_t,k,t,Hakka (Meixian),Sinitic,false,"力 'strength', Middle Chinese lik","Sixian li̍t, Meixian lid6 /lit̚⁵/",Cantonese keeps the velar coda (lik6).,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/t
k_to_t,k,t,Hong Kong Cantonese,Sinitic,false,塞 sak1,"[sat1], homophonous with 失",The from-form is the conservative pronunciation. Alveolarization of coda -k is a change in progress among Hong Kong speakers; it is favoured after mid-front and central vowels and is more frequent than the reverse velarization of -t.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/t
k_to_t,k,t,Hong Kong Cantonese,Sinitic,false,腳 'foot' [kœk8],[kœt8],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/t
k_to_t_palatal,k,c,Modern Greek,Hellenic,true,/k/ before /e/ in και 'and',[ce],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/t_palatal
k_to_t_palatal,k,c,Modern Greek,Hellenic,true,/k/ before /i/ in κήπος 'garden',/ˈci.pos/,"The velars /k, ɡ, x, ɣ/ have palatal allophones [c, ɟ, ç, ʝ] before the front vowels /e, i/.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/t_palatal
k_to_t_palatal,k,c,Turkish,Oghuz,true,kedi 'cat' (/k/ before a front vowel),[cʰe̞ˈd̟ɪ],"In native words /k, ɡ/ are realized as [c, ɟ] next to the front vowels /e, i, œ, y/; in loanwords the palatal is contrastive (kar 'snow' vs kâr [car] 'profit').",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/t_palatal
k_to_t_palatal,k,c,Turkish,Oghuz,true,kim 'who',[ˈcʰim],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/t_palatal
k_to_t_palatal,k,c,Icelandic,North Germanic,true,vekja /ˈvɛːkja/ 'awaken',[ˈvɛːca],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/t_palatal
k_to_t_palatal,k,c,Icelandic,North Germanic,true,kjóla /ˈkʰjouːla/ 'dresses',[ˈcʰouːla],"Contrast kóla [ˈkʰouːla] 'cola', with no palatal.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/t_palatal
k_to_t_palatal,k,c,Icelandic,North Germanic,true,"gefa 'to give', lenis /k/ (from Old Norse g in gefa) before a front vowel",[ˈcɛːva],"Icelandic lenis stops are voiceless; before front unrounded vowels only the palatals [c cʰ] occur, not the velars.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/t_palatal
k_to_t_palatal,k,c,Icelandic,North Germanic,true,"gestur 'guest', lenis /k/ (from Old Norse g in gestr) before a front vowel",[ˈcɛstʏr],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/t_palatal
k_to_t_palatal,k,c,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *kela,"qell 'to lead, conduct'",Albanian q is the palatal stop [c].,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/t_palatal
k_to_t_palatal,k,c,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *kenagā,qengjë 'beehive',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/t_palatal
k_to_t_palatal,k,c,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *kekulā,"qikël 'point, spike'",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/t_palatal
k_to_t_palatal,k,c,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *kēnja,qyrë 'blunt edge of a knife',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/t_palatal
k_to_t_palatal,k,c,Friulian,Rhaeto-Romance,false,Latin casa 'hut',cjase /ˈca.ze/ 'house',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/t_palatal
k_to_t_palatal,k,c,Friulian,Rhaeto-Romance,false,"Latin canis, canem 'dog'",cjan /ˈcan/ [ˈcaŋ],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/t_palatal
k_to_t_palatal,k,c,Friulian,Rhaeto-Romance,false,Latin caballus 'horse',cjaval /caˈval/,"Central Friulian ⟨cj gj⟩ /c ɟ/ continue Latin c, g before a; Western dialects have [tʃ dʒ] instead.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/t_palatal
k_to_t_palatalized,k,tʲ,Massachusett (Wampanoag),Eastern Algonquian,false,Proto-Algonquian *sa·kima·wa 'chief',sôtyum /sãtʲəm/ 'chief' (English sachem),,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/t_palatalized
k_to_t_palatalized,k,tʲ,Massachusett (Wampanoag),Eastern Algonquian,false,Proto-Eastern Algonquian *kakakiw 'crow' (< Proto-Algonquian *kakakiwa),kôkôtyuw /kãkãtʲəw/ 'crow',"Via Proto-Southern New England Algonquian *kąkątyəw, which already has the palatalized stop.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/t_palatalized
k_to_ts,k,ts,Proto-Slavic (second and third palatalizations),Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *kainā́ˀ 'price' (Early Proto-Slavic *kajnā́),"Proto-Slavic *cěna (OCS цѣна, Russian цена́)",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ts
k_to_ts,k,ts,Proto-Slavic (second and third palatalizations),Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *káilas 'whole',"Proto-Slavic *cělъ (OCS цѣлъ, Russian це́лый)",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ts
k_to_ts,k,ts,Proto-Slavic (second and third palatalizations),Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *květъ 'flower' (Balto-Slavic *kwaitas),"OCS цвѣтъ, Russian цвет","South and East Slavic palatalize across medial *v; West Slavic keeps Czech květ, Slovak kvet.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ts
k_to_ts,k,ts,Proto-Slavic (second and third palatalizations),Slavic,false,"Early Proto-Slavic *līka 'face, cheek'","Proto-Slavic *lice (OCS лице, Russian лицо́)",Third (progressive) palatalization after a front vowel.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ts
k_to_ts,k,ts,Proto-Iroquoian to Proto-Northern-Iroquoian,Iroquoian,false,*kiːɹ 'dog',*ˈtsiɹ,Assibilation of *k before *i; cf. Cherokee ᎩᏟ gitli,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ts
k_to_ts,k,ts,Proto-Iroquoian to Proto-Northern-Iroquoian,Iroquoian,false,*kihɹjuʔkẽh 'chipmunk',*tsihɹjoʔkẽh,cf. Cherokee ᎩᏳᎦ,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ts
k_to_ts,k,ts,Latvian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Baltic *kelti 'to raise',celt [ˈt͡sɛ̂lt] 'to lift',Latvian assibilated velars before front vowels; Lithuanian kélti keeps k.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ts
k_to_ts,k,ts,Latvian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *kirstei,"cirst 'to cut, chop'",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/ts
k_to_v,k,v,Proto-Samic,Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *śüklä 'wart',"Proto-Samic *čivlē > Northern Sami čivhli, Inari Sami čivle",Compare Proto-Finnic *süklä with retained k.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/v
k_to_v,k,v,Proto-Samic,Samic,false,"Pre-Proto-Samic *keklä 'ring, circle' (Indo-European loan, ultimately < Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos 'wheel')","Proto-Samic *keavlē > Northern Sami geavli, Inari Sami kevli",The loanword was adopted with *kl and underwent the native *kl > *vl change.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/v
k_to_v,k,v,Proto-Samic,Samic,false,Pre-Proto-Samic *takla 'tinder' (Baltic loan; compare Proto-Finnic *takla),"Proto-Samic *tuovlē > Northern Sami duovli, Skolt Sami tuʹvll",Lithuanian deglis and Latvian dagla preserve the Baltic source shape.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/v
k_to_v,k,v,Proto-Samic,Samic,false,Pre-Proto-Samic *nakla 'nail' (Proto-Norse loan < Proto-Germanic *naglaz),"Proto-Samic *nāvlē > Northern Sami návli, Lule Sami návlle",,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/v
k_to_w,k,w,Hausa,Chadic,false,*ɓáknáa 'buffalo',ɓáunáa,"Klingenheben's law (velar rule): a syllable-final velar becomes w; it stays k in the plural ɓákàanée, where it is an onset.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/w
k_to_w,k,w,Hausa,Chadic,false,*jǐk-náa 'one another',júunáa,The intermediate *jǐw-náa was reinterpreted with long uu; unsuffixed jìkíi 'body' keeps the k.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/w
k_to_w,k,w,Nhanda,Kartu,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *kuna 'excrement',wuna 'faeces',"Initial *k became w before *u; before other vowels it is usually lost (ami < *kami, ari < *kari).",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/w
k_to_w,k,w,Nhanda,Kartu,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *kumpu 'urine',wumbu 'urine',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/w
k_to_w,k,w,Nhanda,Kartu,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *kucyarra 'two',wuthada 'two',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/w
k_to_w,k,w,Uradhi (Atampaya),Northern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *kumpu 'urine',wumpu 'urine',"The Angkamuthi dialect has umpu, with the stop lost.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/w
k_to_w,k,w,Uradhi (Atampaya),Northern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *kuna 'excrement',wuna 'excrement',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/w
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Iranian,Iranian,false,"Proto-Indo-Iranian *krátuš 'power, intellect'",Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎 xratu,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Iranian,Iranian,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšáp- 'night',Avestan xšap-,Before a consonant the voiceless velar stop became the fricative x in Iranian.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Khanty to Northern Khanty (Kazym),Ob-Ugric,false,*kotǝl 'sun',хăтǝԓ xătəɬ,Northern Khanty *k > x before back vowels; Surgut has ӄ,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Khanty to Northern Khanty (Kazym),Ob-Ugric,false,*kut 'six',хөт,cf. Surgut ӄут,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Khanty to Northern Khanty (Kazym),Ob-Ugric,false,*kump 'wave',хумп,cf. Surgut ӄумп,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Mansi to Northern Mansi (Sosva),Ob-Ugric,false,*kātǝl 'day',хо̄тал,Northern Mansi *k > x before back vowels; Pelym and Tavda keep k (Tavda котылъ),3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Mansi to Northern Mansi (Sosva),Ob-Ugric,false,*kūl 'fish',хӯл,cf. Pelym куль,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Mansi to Northern Mansi (Sosva),Ob-Ugric,false,*kūrǝm 'three',хӯрум,cf. Western Mansi курумъ,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Cuzco Quechua,Quechua II-C,false,/ˈpaʧak/ 'hundred',[ˈpaʧax],Syllable-coda allophone; onset /k/ stays a stop (ˈkaʧi 'salt').,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Cuzco Quechua,Quechua II-C,false,Proto-Quechuan *suk 'one',hux,"Ayacucho, which lacks coda spirantization, has huk.",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Jurchenic,false,*akun 'elder brother',Manchu ahūn,"Manchu ⟨h⟩ is /x/, realized [χ] before a, o, ū; Jurchen 阿洪.",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Jurchenic,false,*baka- 'to find',Manchu bahambi,Evenki бакамӣ keeps k.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Jurchenic,false,*pākun 'liver',Manchu fahūn,Orok па̄ка keeps k.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Jurchenic,false,*sakalīn 'black',Manchu sahaliyan,Evenki сакарӣн keeps k.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Jurchenic,false,*ŋindakun 'dog',Manchu indahūn,Manchu keeps k in alikū 'tray' (*aliku) and sikse 'evening' (*sīkse).,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Dravidian to Toda,Toda-Kota,false,Proto-Dravidian *pakal 'daylight',Toda poxol,Tamil பகல் pakal keeps k.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Dravidian to Toda,Toda-Kota,false,Proto-Dravidian *pokay 'smoke',Toda pax,Tamil புகை pukai keeps k; Kota has peg.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*kelen 'tongue',хэлэн khelen,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*köke 'blue',хүхэ khükhe,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*kür- 'to reach',хүрэхэ khürekhe,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*kada 'rock',хада khada 'mountain',,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Mongolic to Khalkha Mongolian,Central Mongolic,false,*kelen 'tongue',хэл khel,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Mongolic to Khalkha Mongolian,Central Mongolic,false,*köke 'blue',хөх khökh,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Mongolic to Khalkha Mongolian,Central Mongolic,false,*kür- 'to reach',хүрэх khürekh,"Khalkha х is [x] in front-vowel words such as хэрэгтэй [xirɪxˈtʰe] and uvular [χ] in back-vowel words (нохой [nɜˈχɞe̯]); Kalmyk keeps the stop in front-vowel words (келн, күрх).",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *drukos 'bad',droch,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *kaikos 'one-eyed',cáech,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *boukolyos 'cowherd',búachaill,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *dekam 'ten',deich,"Intervocalic *k became a voiceless velar fricative, written ⟨ch⟩ = [x] (ech /ex/ 'horse'); Brythonic instead voiced it to *g (*drug, *deg).",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *kóryos 'army',*harjaz /ˈxɑr.jɑz/,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *kéh₂ilos 'whole',*hailaz /ˈxɑi̯.lɑz/,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *kh₂ptós 'seized',*haftaz /ˈxɑɸ.tɑz/,"Grimm's law: PIE *k (and the merged palatovelar *ḱ) became *x, later [h] word-initially in the daughters.",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *brekan 'to break',brëhhan,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *rīkī 'realm',rīhhi,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *sōkijan 'to seek',suohhen,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *makōn 'to make',mahhōn,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *ik 'I',ih,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *bōk 'book',buoh,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *þak 'roof',dah,"Postvocalic *k became the fricative hh/h [x] (spelled ch from Middle High German); Old Saxon keeps k (brekan, sōkian, makōn, ik, bōk, thak).",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Sakhalin Ainu,Ainu,false,"conservative Hokkaido Ainu itak 'language, word' (retains the stop)",itah 'words',"Sakhalin Ainu merged syllable-final /p/, /t/, /k/ and /r/ into /x/, written h; compare kabahuto aynu itah 'Sakhalin Ainu language'.",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Sakhalin Ainu,Ainu,false,conservative Hokkaido Ainu yuk [júk̚] 'deer',yuh 'deer',Hattori's survey gives yúk across Hokkaido and yuh for Karafuto (Sakhalin).,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Sakhalin Ainu,Ainu,false,conservative Hokkaido Ainu sak 'summer',"sah 'summer'; sahnoski 'midsummer', sahkes 'late summer'","The Karafuto row also has sakiita 'in summer', where k stays before a vowel, so only the coda is affected.",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
k_to_x,k,x,Sakhalin Ainu,Ainu,false,conservative Hokkaido Ainu wakka 'water',wahka 'water',"The first, syllable-final half of the geminate becomes the fricative.",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/k/x
l_fricative_to_h,ɬ,h,Buduma (Kotoko Island),Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *ɬa 'cow',Buduma ha,Kotoko North and Kotoko Centre keep ɬa.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/h
l_fricative_to_h,ɬ,h,Buduma (Kotoko Island),Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *ɬɨmɨɗʸ 'ear',Buduma həmu (hɨmu),"Kotoko North has ɬɨm, Kotoko Centre ɬɨmi.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/h
l_fricative_to_h,ɬ,h,Buduma (Kotoko Island),Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *ɬɨɗɨnʸ 'tooth',Buduma hɨnaj,"Kotoko North has ɬɨr. In his discussion of 'tooth' Gravina writes the Buduma development as *ɬ→s→h, but no s stage is attested in Buduma itself.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/h
l_fricative_to_l_fricative_voiced,ɬ,ɮ,Proto-Central Chadic to Proto-Central Chadic South,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *ɬa 'cow',"Proto-South *ɮa; Bata, Daba, Mafa, Tera group ɮa","North sub-branch groups keep ɬa (Margi, Mofu, Lamang, Higi); Hurza also has ɬa.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/l_fricative_voiced
l_fricative_to_l_fricative_voiced,ɬ,ɮ,Proto-Central Chadic to Proto-Central Chadic South,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *ɬɨmɨɗʸ 'ear',"Proto-South *ɮɨmɨɗʸ; Tera group ɮim, Sukur ɮɨmaj, Mafa group ɮɨmaɗ",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/l_fricative_voiced
l_fricative_to_l_fricative_voiced,ɬ,ɮ,Proto-Central Chadic to Proto-Central Chadic South,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *ɬɨɗɨnʸ 'tooth',"Proto-South *ɮɨɗɨnʸ; Tera group ɮin, Sukur ɮɨnʸ, Mafa group ɮanʸ",Compare Hurza ɬahan and Margi ɬɨrʸ without voicing.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/l_fricative_voiced
l_fricative_to_l_fricative_voiced,ɬ,ɮ,Proto-Central Chadic to Proto-Central Chadic South,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *ɬɨn 'to send',Proto-South *ɮɨn,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/l_fricative_voiced
l_fricative_to_l_fricative_voiced,ɬ,ɮ,"Proto-Mofu to Proto-Meri (Dugwor, Merey, Zulgo)",Central Chadic,false,Proto-Mofu *ɬɨmaj 'ear' (palatalized *ɬɨmʸ),Proto-Meri ɮəm,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/l_fricative_voiced
l_fricative_to_l_fricative_voiced,ɬ,ɮ,"Proto-Mofu to Proto-Meri (Dugwor, Merey, Zulgo)",Central Chadic,false,Proto-Mofu *ɬɨrʸ 'tooth',Proto-Meri ɮərʸ,Gravina finds the Meri change only in roots that carried the palatalization prosody.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/l_fricative_voiced
l_fricative_to_s,ɬ,s,Hebrew,Canaanite,false,Proto-Semitic *ʕaśar- [ʕaɬar] 'ten',עֶשֶׂר ʿéser [ˈʕɛ.sɛr] (Tiberian),"Written with śin, pronounced identically to samekh in all reading traditions (Modern Israeli /ˈ(ʔ)e.seʁ/).",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/s
l_fricative_to_s,ɬ,s,Hebrew,Canaanite,false,Proto-Semitic *śimaʔl- 'left',"שְׂמֹאל səmōl, Modern /ˈsmol/ 'left'",Cognate Arabic šimāl shows the other outcome [ʃ].,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/s
l_fricative_to_s,ɬ,s,Aramaic,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ʕaśar- 'ten',ʿasrā (עַסְרָא),"Later Aramaic spells the reflex of *ś with samekh, reflecting merger with s; continued in Neo-Aramaic ʿisrā, Turoyo ʿasro.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/s
l_fricative_to_s,ɬ,s,Aramaic,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *śimaʔl- 'left',səmālā 'left side',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/s
l_fricative_to_s,ɬ,s,Amharic,Ethiopian Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ʕaśar- 'ten' (Ge'ez ዐሠርቱ ʿäśärtu),ዐሥር /ˈ(ʔ)asːɨɾ/ 'ten',The etymological ś letter is retained in spelling but pronounced [s] (alternative spelling አስር).,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/s
l_fricative_to_s,ɬ,s,Amharic,Ethiopian Semitic,false,"Proto-Semitic *ḥapaś- 'to gather, scoop'","ኣፈሰ affäsä 'to scoop, to scrape'",Ge'ez ሐፈሠ is spelled with the ś letter; Ugaritic has ḥpś.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/s
l_fricative_to_s,ɬ,s,"Kotoko South (Zina, Mazera)",Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *ɬa 'cow',sa,Neighbouring Kotoko North and Kotoko Centre keep ɬa.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/s
l_fricative_to_s,ɬ,s,"Kotoko South (Zina, Mazera)",Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *naɬɨj 'tongue',nɨsa,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/s
l_fricative_to_s,ɬ,s,"Kotoko South (Zina, Mazera)",Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *ɬɨɗɨnʸ 'tooth',sin,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/s
l_fricative_to_s,ɬ,s,"Kotoko South (Zina, Mazera)",Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *ɬɨmɨɗʸ 'ear',sime,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/s
l_fricative_to_s,ɬ,s,Mser (Kotoko Centre),Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *ɬɨn 'to send',Mser sɨn,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/s
l_fricative_to_s,ɬ,s,Mser (Kotoko Centre),Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *ɬa 'cow',Mser sa,"Independent of the Kotoko South change: Mser shares the Kotoko Centre innovations, which Kotoko South lacks.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/s
l_fricative_to_sh,ɬ,ʃ,Arabic,Central Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ʕaśaratum [ʕaɬaratum] 'ten',"عَشَرَة ʕašara, عَشْر ʕašr [ʕaʃr]",Contrast Hebrew ʿéser with [s].,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/sh
l_fricative_to_sh,ɬ,ʃ,Arabic,Central Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *śimaʔl- 'left',شِمَال šimāl 'left (side); north',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/sh
l_fricative_to_sh,ɬ,ʃ,Akkadian,East Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *śimaʔl- 'left',šumēlum 'left side',Akkadian merged *ś with *š.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/sh
l_fricative_to_sh,ɬ,ʃ,Akkadian,East Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ʕaśr- 'ten',ešrum 'ten',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/sh
l_fricative_to_sh,ɬ,ʃ,Ugaritic,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *śimaʔl- 'left',šmảl 'left',Ugaritic likewise writes the reflex of *ś with š.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/sh
l_fricative_to_sh,ɬ,ʃ,Ugaritic,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *śapat- 'lip',𐎌𐎔𐎚 špt (šapatu) 'lip',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/sh
l_fricative_to_sh,ɬ,ʃ,Ugaritic,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *śaʕr- 'hair',𐎌𐎓𐎗𐎚 šʿrt (šaʿratu) 'wool',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/sh
l_fricative_to_sh,ɬ,ʃ,Ugaritic,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ʕaśar- 'ten',𐎓𐎌𐎗 ʿšr (ʿašru) 'ten',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/sh
l_fricative_to_sh,ɬ,ʃ,Mpade (Kotoko North),Central Chadic,false,Proto-Kotoko North *ɬɨm 'ear',Mpade ʃimu,"The Kotoko North group root keeps ɬ (ɬɨm 'ear', ɬa 'cow').",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/sh
l_fricative_to_sh,ɬ,ʃ,Mpade (Kotoko North),Central Chadic,false,Proto-Kotoko North *ɬa 'cow',Mpade ʃa,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative/sh
l_fricative_voiced_to_l,ɮ,l,"Proto-Bata to Bata Proper (Bata, Bachama, Gude, Jimi, Sharwa and others)",Central Chadic,false,Proto-Bata *ɮa 'cow' (< Proto-Central Chadic *ɬa),la,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative_voiced/l
l_fricative_voiced_to_l,ɮ,l,"Proto-Bata to Bata Proper (Bata, Bachama, Gude, Jimi, Sharwa and others)",Central Chadic,false,Proto-Bata *iɮɨ 'bone',ilɨ,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative_voiced/l
l_fricative_voiced_to_l,ɮ,l,"Proto-Bata to Bata Proper (Bata, Bachama, Gude, Jimi, Sharwa and others)",Central Chadic,false,Proto-Bata *ɮɨmiʸ 'ear',lɨmiʸ,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative_voiced/l
l_fricative_voiced_to_l,ɮ,l,"Proto-Bata to Bata Proper (Bata, Bachama, Gude, Jimi, Sharwa and others)",Central Chadic,false,Proto-Bata *ɮɨwɨʸ 'meat',lɨwɨʸ,Tsuvan keeps ɮ; the shared *ɮ → l defines the Bata Proper subgroup.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative_voiced/l
l_fricative_voiced_to_l_fricative,ɮ,ɬ,Khalkha Mongolian,Mongolic,true,ulaan /ʊɮɑːŋ/ 'red',[ʊɬɑːŋ],"Janhunen (2012: 30): /ɮ/ is basically voiced but tends to be devoiced, giving [ʊɮɑːŋ] ~ [ʊɬɑːŋ].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative_voiced/l_fricative
l_fricative_voiced_to_l_fricative,ɮ,ɬ,Khalkha Mongolian,Mongolic,true,gutal /gʊtɮ/ 'shoe',[ɢʊtɬ] ~ [ɢʊtɑ̆ɬ],Recorded by Ueta (2022); the final lateral after a voiceless stop is realized voiceless.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative_voiced/l_fricative
l_fricative_voiced_to_l_fricative,ɮ,ɬ,Khalkha Mongolian,Mongolic,true,buudal /bʊʊdɮ/ 'station',[bʊːdɬ] ~ [bʊːdɑ̆ɬ],"Recorded by Ueta (2022); voiceless [ɬ] even after a voiced stop, showing devoicing is not only assimilatory.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative_voiced/l_fricative
l_fricative_voiced_to_l_fricative,ɮ,ɬ,Khalkha Mongolian,Mongolic,true,lektor /ɮektɔr/ 'lecturer',[ɬektɔr],Word-initial realization as [ɬ] in Ueta's acoustic data.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative_voiced/l_fricative
l_fricative_voiced_to_th_vced,ɮ,ð,Gulf Arabic,Central Semitic,false,Classical Arabic ضلّ ḍalla [ɮˤalla] 'he went astray',ḏ̣al [ðˤal],"Homophonous with ظلّ ḏ̣al 'shade', since ḍād and ẓāʾ have merged as [ðˤ].",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative_voiced/th_vced
l_fricative_voiced_to_th_vced,ɮ,ð,Gulf Arabic,Central Semitic,false,Classical Arabic أَرْض ʔarḍ 'earth',ارض arḏ̣,,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative_voiced/th_vced
l_fricative_voiced_to_th_vced,ɮ,ð,Gulf Arabic,Central Semitic,false,Classical Arabic بَيْض bayḍ 'eggs',بيض bēḏ̣,,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_fricative_voiced/th_vced
l_palatal_to_j_glide,ʎ,j,Spanish (Yeísmo),Ibero-Romance,false,pollo /ˈpoʎo/ 'chicken',[ˈpo.jo],"The from-form is the conservative pronunciation with /ʎ/, kept in parts of Spain and the Andes; yeísmo merges it with /ʝ/ ~ [j].",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatal/j_glide
l_palatal_to_j_glide,ʎ,j,Spanish (Yeísmo),Ibero-Romance,false,caballo /kaˈbaʎo/ 'horse',[kaˈβ̞a.jo],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatal/j_glide
l_palatal_to_j_glide,ʎ,j,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Old French fille [ˈfiʎə] (< Latin fīlia),"fille [fij] 'girl, daughter'","The palatal lateral spelled -ill-/-il (also in 'œil' 'eye', 'travail' 'work') merged with /j/; the merger reached completion around the beginning of the 19th century.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatal/j_glide
l_palatal_to_j_glide,ʎ,j,French,Gallo-Romance,false,Old French paille (< Latin palea),paille /paj/ 'straw',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatal/j_glide
l_palatal_to_j_glide,ʎ,j,Hungarian,Ugric,false,hely 'place' (ly = [ʎ]),[hɛj],"The from-form is the conservative pronunciation, kept in northern dialects. In the standard language and eastern dialects ly lost its laterality and merged with j (the cluster lyj is pronounced [jː], e.g. 'folyjon' [fojːon] 'let it flow'); western dialects merged it with /l/.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatal/j_glide
l_palatal_to_j_glide,ʎ,j,Hungarian,Ugric,false,golyó 'ball',[ɡojoː],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatal/j_glide
l_palatal_to_j_glide,ʎ,j,Hungarian,Ugric,false,lyuk 'hole',[juk],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatal/j_glide
l_palatal_to_l,ʎ,l,Czech,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *kľučь 'key' (Old Czech kľúč),klíč [ˈkliːt͡ʃ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatal/l
l_palatal_to_l,ʎ,l,Czech,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *voľà 'will',vůle [ˈvuːlɛ],"Proto-Slavic *ľ [ʎ ~ lʲ] (from *lj) lost its palatal articulation in Czech, merging with plain /l/.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatal/l
l_palatal_to_l_palatalized,ʎ,lʲ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *voľa [ˈvoʎa] 'will',воля [ˈvolʲə],"Proto-Slavic *ľ merged with the palatalized lateral; cf. Serbo-Croatian vȍlja, which keeps [ʎ].",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatal/l_palatalized
l_palatal_to_l_palatalized,ʎ,lʲ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *zemľa 'earth',земля [zʲɪˈmlʲa],,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatal/l_palatalized
l_palatal_to_l_palatalized,ʎ,lʲ,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *voľa 'will',воля [ˈʋɔlʲɐ],Same East Slavic merger of *ľ with [lʲ].,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatal/l_palatalized
l_palatal_to_l_palatalized,ʎ,lʲ,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *zemľa 'earth',земля [zemˈlʲa],,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatal/l_palatalized
l_palatalized_to_j_glide,lʲ,j,Carpatho-Rusyn (Komlóska dialect),East Slavic,false,Old East Slavic хлѣбъ /ˈxlʲeːbʊ/ 'bread',chjib,Palatalized lateral after a consonant > j (Ukrainian хліб keeps the lateral).,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatalized/j_glide
l_palatalized_to_j_glide,lʲ,j,Carpatho-Rusyn (Komlóska dialect),East Slavic,false,Old East Slavic желѣзо /ʑɛˈlʲeːzɔ/ 'iron',zejizo,Intervocalic palatalized lateral > j (Ukrainian залізо).,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatalized/j_glide
l_palatalized_to_l,lʲ,l,Polish,West Slavic,false,Old Polish las /lʲas/ (< Proto-Slavic *lěsъ) 'forest',las /las/,"The soft lateral lost its palatalization; the old hard ł became [w], leaving l as the only lateral.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatalized/l
l_palatalized_to_l,lʲ,l,Polish,West Slavic,false,Old Polish lato (< Proto-Slavic *lěto) 'summer',lato /ˈla.tɔ/,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatalized/l
l_palatalized_to_l,lʲ,l,Czech,West Slavic,false,Old Czech soft l' in les (< *lěsъ) 'forest',les [lɛs],Soft and hard l merged into one middle l at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatalized/l
l_palatalized_to_l,lʲ,l,Czech,West Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *lipa 'linden' (Old Czech lípa, soft l')",lípa [ˈliːpa],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatalized/l
l_palatalized_to_l,lʲ,l,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *ležati 'to lie' (with *l palatalized before *e),лежати [ɫeˈʒate],"Ukrainian depalatalized consonants before /e/; compare Russian лежать with [lʲ]. Ukrainian plain /l/ is velarized [ɫ], filed under atlas l.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatalized/l
l_palatalized_to_l,lʲ,l,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *letěti 'to fly',летіти [ɫeˈtʲite],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatalized/l
l_palatalized_to_l_palatal,lʲ,ʎ,Scottish Gaelic,Goidelic,false,Old Irish lebor 'book',leabhar [ˈʎɔ.əɾ] 'book',"Irish has a palatalized alveolar lateral in the same word (Connacht [ˈl̠ʲauəɾˠ], Ulster [l̠ʲoːɾˠ]), while Scottish Gaelic realizes word-initial slender l as the palatal lateral [ʎ] in Lewis, Harris, Uist, Barra and Wester Ross; the Irish–Scottish correspondence points to a Scottish shift of the palatalized lateral to [ʎ].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatalized/l_palatal
l_palatalized_to_l_palatal,lʲ,ʎ,Scottish Gaelic,Goidelic,false,Old Irish léine 'shirt',lèine /ˈʎeːnə/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatalized/l_palatal
l_palatalized_to_l_palatal,lʲ,ʎ,Scottish Gaelic,Goidelic,false,"Old Irish lín 'flax, linen'","lìon /ʎĩə̃n/ 'flax, net'",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l_palatalized/l_palatal
l_to_d,l,d,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Malagasy,Barito,false,PMP *lima 'five',Malagasy dímy,Conditioned: *l becomes d before *i.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/d
l_to_d,l,d,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Malagasy,Barito,false,PMP *bəli 'buy',Malagasy vidy,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/d
l_to_d,l,d,"Proto-Oti-Volta to Core Eastern Oti-Volta (Nateni, Mbelime, Ditammari, Byali)",Eastern Oti-Volta,false,POV *lʊ̌r- 'fall',"Ditammari dō, Nateni dɔ̄dī, Mbelime dōdī","Forms in Eddyshaw's transcription: j = [ɟ], y = [j], ɩ ʋ = [ɪ ʊ], a tilde below a vowel marks nasalization, ' marks a glottalized vowel; POV = Proto-Oti-Volta; the final syllable of nouns is a noun-class suffix. Kusaal lìi, Mooré lʋ̀ɩ, Nawdm luur- keep l.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/d
l_to_d,l,d,"Proto-Oti-Volta to Core Eastern Oti-Volta (Nateni, Mbelime, Ditammari, Byali)",Eastern Oti-Volta,false,POV *lǒg-gʊ 'quiver',"Byali dwáɣī, Nateni dōkēdí, Mbelime dūōdè, Ditammari dīdōò",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/d
l_to_d,l,d,"Proto-Oti-Volta to Core Eastern Oti-Volta (Nateni, Mbelime, Ditammari, Byali)",Eastern Oti-Volta,false,POV *lém-fʊ́ 'tongue',"Nateni dēn̄fá, Mbelime dɛ̄ǹdè, Byali dyān̄fə̄",Gurma keeps l (Gulimancema lánbū).,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/d
l_to_d,l,d,Proto-Oti-Volta to Nõotre,Western Oti-Volta,false,POV *lʊ̌r- 'fall',Nõotre di,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/d
l_to_d,l,d,Proto-Oti-Volta to Nõotre,Western Oti-Volta,false,POV *lǒg-gʊ 'quiver',Nõotre doko,"Nõotre is the only Western Oti-Volta language with d for POV initial *l; its sisters keep l (Kusaal lɔ̀kɔ̄, Mooré lòkó).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/d
l_to_d_retroflex,l,ɖ,Sicilian,Italo-Dalmatian,false,Latin bellus 'pretty',beḍḍu /ˈbɛɖ.ɖu/ 'beautiful',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/d_retroflex
l_to_d_retroflex,l,ɖ,Sicilian,Italo-Dalmatian,false,Late Latin caballus 'horse',cavaḍḍu /kaˈvaɖɖu/ 'horse',The retroflex is usually long [ɖː] and is spelled ⟨ḍḍ⟩ or ⟨dd⟩; Sardinian cabaddu /kaˈbaɖɖu/ from the same Latin word shows the identical reflex.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/d_retroflex
l_to_empty,l,∅,English,Germanic,false,Middle English half,half /hɑːf/,/l/ was lost before /f/ after a back vowel in Early Modern English; the spelling keeps ⟨l⟩.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/empty
l_to_empty,l,∅,English,Germanic,false,Middle English folk,folk /fəʊk/,/l/ was lost before /k/; a spelling pronunciation /foʊlk/ also occurs in General American.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/empty
l_to_empty,l,∅,Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,Classical Tibetan ལྔ lnga 'five' [l-],/ŋa˥˥/,"The l- prefix, still written, is no longer pronounced in Lhasa.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/empty
l_to_empty,l,∅,Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,Classical Tibetan ལྟ lta 'to look' [l-],/ta˥˥/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/empty
l_to_empty,l,∅,Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,Classical Tibetan ལྕེ lce 'tongue' [l-],/t͡ɕe˥˥/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/empty
l_to_empty,l,∅,Sino-Korean (South Korean standard),Koreanic,false,리유 riyu 理由 'reason',이유 iyu,"Initial-sound rule: word-initial ㄹ is dropped before i/y; the surname 李 is I (Lee) in the South, Ri in the North",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/empty
l_to_empty,l,∅,Sino-Korean (South Korean standard),Koreanic,false,李 Middle Korean 리〯 Lǐ,이 I (surname),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/empty
l_to_empty,l,∅,Sino-Korean (South Korean standard),Koreanic,false,理 Middle Korean 리〯 lǐ,이 i 'principle',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/empty
l_to_empty,l,∅,Proto-Sabaki to Swahili,Bantu,false,*-ila (applicative),-ia,"Swahili loses *l between vowels; Pokomo keeps -ila, Mijikenda has -ira",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/empty
l_to_empty,l,∅,Proto-Sabaki to Swahili,Bantu,false,*-ula (conversive),-ua,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/empty
l_to_empty,l,∅,Proto-Sabaki to Swahili,Bantu,false,*caagula 'to choose',chagua,cf. Comorian tsaua,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/empty
l_to_empty,l,∅,Proto-Sabaki to Swahili,Bantu,false,*andala 'to prepare food',andaa,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/empty
l_to_empty,l,∅,Southern Tsakonian,Hellenic,false,earlier Greek λόγος [ˈloɣos] 'word',Southern Tsakonian όγο [ˈoɣo] (Northern λόγο [ˈloɣo]),Source forms as given in the Wikipedia Tsakonian article; Northern Tsakonian keeps the /l/.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/empty
l_to_empty,l,∅,Southern Tsakonian,Hellenic,false,earlier Greek λούζων [ˈluzɔːn] 'washing',Southern Tsakonian ούκχου [ˈukʰu] (Northern λούκχου [ˈlukʰu]),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/empty
l_to_empty,l,∅,Galician-Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin dolōrem 'pain',"Galician-Portuguese door [doˈoɾ], Portuguese and Galician dor",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/empty
l_to_empty,l,∅,Galician-Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin volāre 'to fly',"Old Galician-Portuguese voar (13th century), Portuguese and Galician voar",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/empty
l_to_empty,l,∅,Galician-Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin salīre 'to leap',"Old Galician-Portuguese sair, Portuguese sair, Galician saír 'to go out'",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/empty
l_to_empty,l,∅,Galician-Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin caelum 'sky',"Old Galician-Portuguese ceo, Galician ceo, Portuguese céu",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/empty
l_to_empty,l,∅,Galician-Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin malus 'bad',"Old Galician-Portuguese mao, Portuguese mau","Single intervocalic l was lost; geminate ll survived and later became single l. Spanish keeps the lateral (dolor, volar, salir, cielo, malo).",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/empty
l_to_j_glide,l,j,Proto-Algonquian to Plains Cree / East Cree / Naskapi,Algonquian,false,*kīla 'you',"Plains Cree kīya; East Cree, Naskapi čīy",Plains Cree is the 'y-dialect': PA *l > /j/ throughout,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/j_glide
l_to_j_glide,l,j,Proto-Algonquian to Plains Cree / East Cree / Naskapi,Algonquian,false,*elenyiwa 'person',Plains Cree iyiniw; Naskapi iyiyū,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/j_glide
l_to_j_glide,l,j,Zenaga,Zenaga,false,"Proto-Berber *a-ʔḱal 'earth, land'",aʔkäy,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/j_glide
l_to_j_glide,l,j,Zenaga,Zenaga,false,Proto-Berber *e-dekăl 'palm (of the hand)',ədīgiy,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/j_glide
l_to_j_glide,l,j,Zenaga,Zenaga,false,Proto-Berber *ălkəβ 'to despise',äykīh,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/j_glide
l_to_j_glide,l,j,Zenaga,Zenaga,false,Proto-Berber *a-lɣəm 'camel',äyiʔm,"Wiktionary's descendant forms show ⟨y⟩ [j] for singleton *l; the Wikipedia overview of Zenaga separately cites a change /l/ > /dj/. Tuareg keeps l in these words (ădekəl, alku, alǎṃ).",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/j_glide
l_to_j_glide,l,j,Italian,Italo-Romance,false,Latin plēnus 'full',pieno /ˈpjɛ.no/,Latin /l/ after a word-initial stop or /f/ became the glide [j].,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/j_glide
l_to_j_glide,l,j,Italian,Italo-Romance,false,Latin flōrem 'flower',fiore /ˈfjo.re/,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/j_glide
l_to_j_glide,l,j,Italian,Italo-Romance,false,Latin clāvem 'key',chiave /ˈkja.ve/,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/j_glide
l_to_l_fricative,l,ɬ,Welsh,Brythonic,false,"Proto-Celtic *lindos 'lake, liquid'",llyn [ɬɪn] 'lake',"Via Proto-Brythonic *llɨnn; word-initial *l- regularly became [ɬ]. Compare Irish leann 'ale', which keeps [l].",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_fricative
l_to_l_fricative,l,ɬ,Welsh,Brythonic,false,"Latin liber, librum 'book'",llyfr [ɬɪvr] 'book',Latin loans with initial l- also show the change (Middle Welsh llyuyr); compare Breton levr.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_fricative
l_to_l_fricative,l,ɬ,Greenlandic,Inuit,true,/illu/ 'house' (geminate /lː/),[iɬːu],Geminate /l/ is realized as a voiceless lateral fricative.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_fricative
l_to_l_fricative,l,ɬ,Greenlandic,Inuit,true,/kalaallisut/ 'Greenlandic language',[kalaːɬːisʉt],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_fricative
l_to_l_fricative_voiced,l,ɮ,Khalkha Mongolian,Mongolic,false,"Proto-Mongolic *kelen 'tongue, language'",хэл [xe̝ɮ],Chakhar Mongolian keeps the approximant: [xəl].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_fricative_voiced
l_to_l_fricative_voiced,l,ɮ,Khalkha Mongolian,Mongolic,false,Proto-Mongolic *dalai 'sea',далай [tä.ɮæː],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_fricative_voiced
l_to_l_fricative_voiced,l,ɮ,Khalkha Mongolian,Mongolic,false,Proto-Mongolic *tʃil 'year',жил /tʃiɮ/,Chakhar /tʃil/.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_fricative_voiced
l_to_l_fricative_voiced,l,ɮ,Yami (Tao),Batanic,true,/soli/ 'taro',[ʂuɮi],Allophonic rule [l] → [ɮ] / _[i].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_fricative_voiced
l_to_l_fricative_voiced,l,ɮ,Yami (Tao),Batanic,true,/lima/ 'hand; five',[ɮima],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_fricative_voiced
l_to_l_fricative_voiced,l,ɮ,Yami (Tao),Batanic,true,/talinga/ 'ear',[taɮiŋa],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_fricative_voiced
l_to_l_palatal,l,ʎ,Catalan,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin lūna [l] 'moon',lluna [ˈʎunə],Catalan palatalized every word-initial Latin l-.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_palatal
l_to_l_palatal,l,ʎ,Catalan,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin lingua 'tongue',"llengua 'tongue, language'",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_palatal
l_to_l_palatal,l,ʎ,Catalan,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin locus 'place',lloc [ˈʎɔk],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_palatal
l_to_l_palatal,l,ʎ,Serbo-Croatian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *volja 'will',volja [ʋôʎa],Proto-Slavic *lj became the palatal lateral spelled lj.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_palatal
l_to_l_palatal,l,ʎ,Serbo-Croatian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *kljaukjas 'key' (Proto-Slavic *kľučь),ključ /kʎûːt͡ʃ/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_palatal
l_to_l_palatal,l,ʎ,Greek,Hellenic,true,ήλιος /ˈi.li.os/ 'sun',[ˈi.ʎos],"/l/ is realized as [ʎ] before unstressed /i/ + vowel, with the /i/ absorbed.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_palatal
l_to_l_palatal,l,ʎ,Greek,Hellenic,true,μαλλί 'a hair' + plural -ιά (/l/ + nonsyllabic /i/),μαλλιά /maˈʎa/ 'hair',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_palatal
l_to_l_palatal,l,ʎ,North Slope Iñupiaq,Inuit,false,Proto-Eskimo *ila 'part',iḷa,"After a 'strong' i, l became palatal ḷ /ʎ/; Northwest Alaska Iñupiaq, Inuktitut and Greenlandic keep ila.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_palatal
l_to_l_palatal,l,ʎ,North Slope Iñupiaq,Inuit,false,Proto-Inuit *ailaq 'dampness',aiḷḷaq,A geminate is palatalized as a whole; Inuktitut has ailaq.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_palatal
l_to_l_palatalized,l,lʲ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *lěsъ 'forest',лес [ˈlʲes],Plain *l before the front vowel *ě became palatalized [lʲ]; the palatalization became phonemic once the front yer was lost.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_palatalized
l_to_l_palatalized,l,lʲ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *lěto 'year',лето [ˈlʲetə] 'summer',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_palatalized
l_to_l_palatalized,l,lʲ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *lice 'face',лицо [lʲɪˈt͡so],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_palatalized
l_to_l_palatalized,l,lʲ,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *lěsъ 'forest',ліс [lʲis],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_palatalized
l_to_l_palatalized,l,lʲ,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *lěto 'summer',літо [ˈlʲitɔ],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_palatalized
l_to_l_palatalized,l,lʲ,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *lěsъ 'forest',лес [lʲes],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_palatalized
l_to_l_palatalized,l,lʲ,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *lě̀to 'summer',лета [ˈlʲeta],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_palatalized
l_to_l_palatalized,l,lʲ,Irish,Goidelic,false,"Proto-Celtic *lindos 'lake, liquid' (Old Irish lind)",linn /lʲiːnʲ/ (Munster) 'pool',Initial l before the front vowel i became slender (palatalized) lʲ.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_palatalized
l_to_l_palatalized,l,lʲ,Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *ɸlikkā (Old Irish lecc),leac /l̠ʲak/ 'flagstone',Slender l before original *i; the front vowel was later lowered but the palatalization remains.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_palatalized
l_to_l_retroflex,l,ɭ,Marathi,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit फल phala 'fruit',फळ phaḷ /pʰəɭ/ 'fruit',Intervocalic single -l- of Old Indo-Aryan surfaces as the retroflex lateral ळ.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_retroflex
l_to_l_retroflex,l,ɭ,Marathi,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit काल kālá 'time',काळ /kaɭ̆/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_retroflex
l_to_l_retroflex,l,ɭ,Gujarati,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit फल phala 'fruit',"ફળ phaḷ /ˈpʰəɭ/ 'fruit, result'",The learned doublet ફલ phal keeps dental [l].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_retroflex
l_to_l_retroflex,l,ɭ,Gujarati,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit जल jalá 'water' (via Sauraseni Prakrit),જળ jaḷ,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_retroflex
l_to_l_retroflex,l,ɭ,Odia,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit फल phala 'fruit',ଫଳ phaḷa /pʰɔɭɔ/ 'fruit; result',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_retroflex
l_to_l_retroflex,l,ɭ,Odia,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit जल jala 'water',ଜଳ jaḷa,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/l_retroflex
l_to_n,l,n,Sino-Korean (South Korean standard),Koreanic,false,로인 roin 老人 'old person',노인 noin,Initial-sound rule: word-initial liquid ㄹ becomes n before vowels other than i/y,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/n
l_to_n,l,n,Sino-Korean (South Korean standard),Koreanic,false,락원 rakwŏn 樂園 'paradise',낙원 nagwŏn,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/n
l_to_n,l,n,Pali/Sanskrit loanwords in Thai,Tai-Kadai,false,Pali sīla 'precept',ศีล sǐːn,"Thai allows only nasal, glide or unreleased stop codas, so a final l is realized as n",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/n
l_to_n,l,n,Pali/Sanskrit loanwords in Thai,Tai-Kadai,false,Pali kāla 'time',กาล kaːn,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/n
l_to_n,l,n,Proto-Algonquian to Swampy Cree / Eastern Innu,Algonquian,false,*kīla 'you',Swampy Cree kīna; Eastern Innu čīn,The 'n-dialects' of the Cree-Innu continuum; Moose Cree and Western Innu keep l,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/n
l_to_n,l,n,Proto-Algonquian to Swampy Cree / Eastern Innu,Algonquian,false,*elenyiwa 'person',Swampy Cree ininiw; Eastern Innu innu,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/n
l_to_o,l,o,Serbo-Croatian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *pepelъ 'ash',pepeo /pêpeo/,Genitive pepela keeps the lateral before a vowel.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/o
l_to_o,l,o,Serbo-Croatian,South Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *posъlъ 'work, job'",posao /pǒsao/,Genitive posla.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/o
l_to_o,l,o,Serbo-Croatian,South Slavic,false,*radil 'worked' (past participle),radio,Coda /l/ fully vocalized to /o/; Kajkavian and Torlakian dialects did not undergo the change.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/o
l_to_o,l,o,Serbo-Croatian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *bělъ 'white',beo /bêo/ (Ekavian),Ijekavian dialectal bio; the name Beograd 'white city' contains the same form.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/o
l_to_o,l,o,"English (Bristol, London)",West Germanic,false,bottle /ˈbɒtl̩/ (syllabic /l/),Bristol /ˈbɒto/,"The from-form is the conservative pronunciation with /l/. In the Bristol accent syllabic /l/ is vocalized to /o/; by hypercorrection some words in final /o/ gained an /l/, as in the city name Bristow > Bristol.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/o
l_to_o,l,o,"English (Bristol, London)",West Germanic,false,girl /ɡɜːl/ (final /l/),London [ɡɛo],In London speech the vocalized /l/ varies [o ~ ʊ ~ ɯ] and also appears before a vowel (girl out [ɡɛo ˈæoʔ]); Estuary English bottle is [ˈbɒʔo].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/o
l_to_r,l,r,Proto-Polynesian to Māori / Tahitian / Rapa Nui,Polynesian,false,"*lima 'five, hand'","Māori, Tahitian, Rapa Nui rima","*l > tap [ɾ] in most Eastern Polynesian; cf. Hawaiian, Samoan lima",3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Proto-Polynesian to Māori / Tahitian / Rapa Nui,Polynesian,false,*fale 'house',Tahitian fare,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Proto-Algonquian to Atikamekw,Algonquian,false,*kīla 'you',kīr,Atikamekw is the 'r-dialect' of the Cree continuum,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Proto-Algonquian to Atikamekw,Algonquian,false,*elenyiwa 'person',iriniw,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Proto-Basque to Basque,Basque,false,*(h)ili 'town',hiri,Intervocalic *l > r; cf. Iberian ili-,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Proto-Basque to Basque,Basque,false,*angila 'eel',aingira,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Proto-Basque to Basque,Basque,false,*aiNala 'swallow',ainara,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Proto-Samoyedic to Enets,Samoyedic,false,*jalä 'sun',Forest Enets дери; Tundra Enets дере,Enets has r for Samoyedic *l,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Proto-Samoyedic to Enets,Samoyedic,false,*elä- 'to live',Forest Enets дириҫь; Tundra Enets ирэше,cf. Tundra Nenets илесь,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Proto-Chamic to Jarai,Chamic,false,*lima 'five',rơma,presyllable *l- > r-; cf. Rade êma,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Proto-Chamic to Jarai,Chamic,false,*laŋit 'sky',rơngĭt,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Proto-Chamic to Jarai,Chamic,false,*lanah 'egg yolk',rơnăh,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Proto-Chamic to Jarai,Chamic,false,*limpaːn 'centipede',rơpan,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Hadiyya,Highland East Cushitic,false,"Proto-Cushitic *malab- 'honey' (Somali, Afar malab; Sidamo malawo)",marabo 'honey',,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Hadiyya,Highland East Cushitic,false,"Proto-Cushitic *gʷilb-/*gulb- 'knee' (Afar gulub, Sidamo guluphpho)",gurubbo 'knee',"Hadiyya merged *l and *r: the merged liquid is l- word-initially, -ll- when geminate and -r- between vowels (Hudson 1989).",3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,"Proto-Higi to Bana, Kirya and Kamwe",Central Chadic,false,Proto-Higi *lɨgɨj 'bow',Bana rəgi,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,"Proto-Higi to Bana, Kirya and Kamwe",Central Chadic,false,Proto-Higi *kɨlipɨ 'fish',Kirya kɨripɨ,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,"Proto-Higi to Bana, Kirya and Kamwe",Central Chadic,false,Proto-Higi *lɨtwɨ 'hearth',Kamwe (Nkafa) rɨtwɨ,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,"Proto-Higi to Bana, Kirya and Kamwe",Central Chadic,false,Proto-Higi *ɣɨli 'to steal',Kamwe (Futu) ɣirɨ,"Gravina calls the change reasonably consistent in Kamwe, Kirya and Bana; with word-final *ɗ → r it groups these three apart from Psikye and Hya. The Higi *l itself continues Proto-Central Chadic *r.",3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Riffian (Tarifit),Zenati,false,Proto-Berber *a-lili 'oleander',ařiři,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Riffian (Tarifit),Zenati,false,Proto-Berber *a-ləwəs 'brother-in-law',ařwes,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Riffian (Tarifit),Zenati,false,Proto-Berber *a-lɣəm 'camel',ařɣem,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Riffian (Tarifit),Zenati,false,"Proto-Berber *a-ʔḱal 'earth, land'",cař,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Riffian (Tarifit),Zenati,false,"Proto-Berber *əddukkəl 'to walk together, accompany'",ddukeř,"Riffian ⟨ř⟩ is the reflex of singleton *l; in most Western and Central dialects it has merged with original r, and where the two stay apart ř is a trill [r] while original r is a tap. Kabyle and Mzab keep l (alwes, alili). Geminate *ll gives ǧ [dʒː] and *lt gives č [tʃ] instead; the easternmost dialects (Icebdanen, Iznasen) do not take part.",3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *gul- 'heart' (Old Georgian გული guli),"Laz, Mingrelian გური guri 'heart'","Zan turned *l into r in a large set of stems; in Mingrelian l also becomes r before consonants as a live rule. Other stems keep l (Proto-Kartvelian *ɣel- 'ravine' > Laz, Mingrelian ღალი ɣali; *twal- 'eye' > თოლი toli).",3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *asul- 'daughter' (Old Georgian ასული asuli),Laz ოსური osuri,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *tapl- 'honey' (Old Georgian თაფლი tapli),"Laz, Mingrelian თოფური topuri 'honey'",,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *txil- 'hazelnut' (Georgian თხილი txili),"Laz ნთხირი ntxiri, Mingrelian თხირი txiri 'hazelnut'",,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Georgian-Zan *isl- 'sedge' (Georgian ისლი isli),"Laz, Mingrelian ისირი isiri 'sedge'",,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Georgian-Zan *gwel- 'snake' (Old Georgian გუელი gweli),Mingrelian გვერი gveri 'snake',,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,"Latin sōl, sōlem 'sun'",soare /ˈso̯a.re/,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,"Latin sal, salem 'salt' (Vulgar Latin sale)",sare /ˈsa.re/,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin caelum 'sky',cer /t͡ʃer/,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,"Latin gula 'gullet, throat'",gură /ˈɡu.rə/ 'mouth',,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin mola 'millstone',moară /ˈmo̯a.rə/ 'mill',Intervocalic single l became r in Common Romanian.,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Aromanian,Eastern Romance,false,"Latin sōl, sōlem 'sun'",soari 'sun',,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Aromanian,Eastern Romance,false,"Latin sal, salem 'salt' (Vulgar Latin sale)",sari 'salt',,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r,l,r,Aromanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin gula 'gullet',gurã 'mouth',,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r
l_to_r_flap,l,ɾ,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Medieval Latin plagia 'shore',praia [ˈpɾajɐ] 'beach',Latin l after an onset stop became the tap ɾ.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r_flap
l_to_r_flap,l,ɾ,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin blandus 'soft',"brando 'mild, soft'",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r_flap
l_to_r_flap,l,ɾ,Andalusian Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,alma [ˈalma] 'soul',"[ˈarma] (coda rhotic, phonetically a tap)","Syllable-final /l/ becomes a rhotic (Huelva > Huerva), merging alma with arma.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r_flap
l_to_r_flap,l,ɾ,Andalusian Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,Huelva [ˈwel.β̞a] (place name),[ˈweɾ.β̞a],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r_flap
l_to_r_flap,l,ɾ,Basque,Basque,false,Latin caelum > Proto-Basque *zelu 'sky',zeru [s̻e.ɾu],Intervocalic *l became the tap in most dialects; Souletin keeps l.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r_flap
l_to_r_flap,l,ɾ,Basque,Basque,false,Latin angelus > Proto-Basque *angelu 'angel',aingeru,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r_flap
l_to_r_flap,l,ɾ,Korean,Koreanic,true,다리 dali 'leg' (ㄹ /l/),[ta̠ɾi],Allophonic: ㄹ is [ɾ] between vowels and [l] word-finally or before a consonant.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r_flap
l_to_r_flap,l,ɾ,Korean,Koreanic,true,노래 norae 'song',[no̞ɾɛ],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r_flap
l_to_r_flap,l,ɾ,Korean,Koreanic,true,머리 meori 'head',[mʌ̹ɾi],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r_flap
l_to_r_flap_retroflex,l,ɽ,Kanuri,Western Saharan,true,/báli/ 'tomorrow',[báɽi],"Synchronic allophony: Kanuri /l/ is realized as the retroflex flap [ɽ] before /i/ (/l/ → [ɽ] / _i). Cyffer argues the rule is older than Kanuri consonant weakening, since Kanuri loans in Ngizim, Bade and Karekare reflect it as r (Ngizim zōrí 'fool', Bade rītərîn 'Monday').",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r_flap_retroflex
l_to_r_flap_retroflex,l,ɽ,Kanuri,Western Saharan,true,/líwula/ 'needle',[ɽíwula],,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r_flap_retroflex
l_to_r_flap_retroflex,l,ɽ,Kanuri,Western Saharan,true,/balími/ 'weapon',[baɽími],,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r_flap_retroflex
l_to_r_flap_retroflex,l,ɽ,Kanuri,Western Saharan,true,/linzâm/ 'bridle',[ɽinzâm],"Before vowels other than /i/ the lateral stays [l]: lâdə 'Sunday', bígəla 'harvest season'.",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/r_flap_retroflex
l_to_th_vced,l,ð,Woods Cree,Algonquian,false,Proto-Algonquian *kīla 'you',kīða (kītha),"Compare Plains Cree kīya, Swampy Cree kīna, Moose Cree kīla.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/th_vced
l_to_th_vced,l,ð,Woods Cree,Algonquian,false,Proto-Algonquian *elenyiwa 'person',iðiniw (ithiniw) 'native person',,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/th_vced
l_to_u,l,u,Serbo-Croatian,South Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *vьlkъ, Old Serbian vlk [vl̩k] 'wolf'",vuk [vûːk],Serbian spellings before about 1400 show Vlk with syllabic l; the syllabic l then became the vowel u (also in the derivative stem Vuč-).,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/u
l_to_u,l,u,Serbo-Croatian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *dьlgъ 'long',dug [dȕg],Same development of syllabic l between consonants.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/u
l_to_v,l,v,Komi-Zyrian,Permic,false,Proto-Permic *vɔ̇l 'horse',Komi-Zyrian вӧв vöv,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/v
l_to_v,l,v,Komi-Zyrian,Permic,false,Proto-Permic *tul,Komi-Zyrian тув tuv 'nail',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/v
l_to_w,l,w,Polish,West Slavic,false,Middle Polish mały /ˈma.ɫɨ/ 'small',mały /ˈma.wɘ/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/w
l_to_w,l,w,Polish,West Slavic,false,Middle Polish biały /bjɒ.ɫɨ/ 'white',biały /ˈbja.wɘ/,"Almost all historical /ɫ/ (spelled ł) became /w/, even word-initially and between vowels; the same happened in Sorbian.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/w
l_to_w,l,w,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Old East Slavic вълкъ (Proto-Slavic *vьlkъ) 'wolf',вовк [wɔu̯k],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/w
l_to_w,l,w,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *stъlpъ 'pillar',стовп [stɔu̯p],"Coda /ɫ/ became [w], written ⟨в⟩; Belarusian shows the same change in воўк [vowk], written ⟨ў⟩.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/w
l_to_w,l,w,Brazilian Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,mal 'poorly' (coda /l/),"[ˈmaw], homophonous with mau 'bad'","Coda /l/ is vocalized to a back glide in most Brazilian dialects, while European Portuguese keeps a velarized [ɫ].",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/w
l_to_w,l,w,Brazilian Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,sol /ˈsɔl/ 'sun',[ˈsɔʊ̯],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/w
l_to_w,l,w,Brazilian Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,Brasil /bɾaˈzil/,[bɾaˈziʊ̯],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/l/w
m_palatalized_to_m,mʲ,m,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Old East Slavic семь /ˈsʲɛːmʲ/ 'seven',сем [sʲem],Belarusian spells and pronounces the final labial hard.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m_palatalized/m
m_palatalized_to_m,mʲ,m,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Old East Slavic осмь 'eight' (Proto-Slavic *osmь),восем [ˈvosʲem],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m_palatalized/m
m_palatalized_to_n_palatal,mʲ,ɲ,Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,Old Tibetan /*zmʲon.pa/ (written smyon pa) 'insane',Lhasa /ȵø̃˥˥.paˑ/,The palatalized labial onset (written my-) is pronounced as a palatal nasal in the modern Lhasa language.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m_palatalized/n_palatal
m_palatalized_to_n_palatal,mʲ,ɲ,Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,"Old Tibetan /*mʲoŋ/ (written myong) 'taste, experience'",Lhasa /ȵuŋ˩˨/,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m_palatalized/n_palatal
m_to_a_nas,m,ã,Hokkien,Min,false,"三 'three', Proto-Min *sɑmA","saⁿ /sã⁴⁴/ (vernacular, Xiamen)",The literary reading keeps the coda: sam /sam⁴⁴/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/a_nas
m_to_a_nas,m,ã,Hokkien,Min,false,"擔 'carry on the shoulder', Old Chinese *mə-tˤam (Zhengzhang *taːm)","taⁿ /tã⁴⁴/ (vernacular, Xiamen)",Literary reading tam /tam⁴⁴/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/a_nas
m_to_a_nas,m,ã,Hokkien,Min,false,"膽 'gall bladder, courage', Old Chinese *[t]ˤamʔ (Zhengzhang *taːmʔ)","táⁿ /tã⁵³/ (vernacular, Xiamen)",Literary reading tám /tam⁵³/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/a_nas
m_to_a_nas,m,ã,Teochew,Min,false,"三 'three', Proto-Min *sɑmA",saⁿ /sã³³/ (vernacular),Literary reading sam /sam³³/; Jieyang sã¹.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/a_nas
m_to_a_nas,m,ã,Teochew,Min,false,"膽 'gall bladder, courage', Old Chinese *[t]ˤamʔ (Zhengzhang *taːmʔ)",táⁿ /tã⁵²/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/a_nas
m_to_b,m,b,Modern Korean (Seoul Dialect),Koreanic,true,mul [m] (water),[bul] / [m͊ul],"Word-initial nasals in Korean are frequently denasalized, sounding like voiced stops to many listeners.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/b
m_to_b,m,b,Modern Korean (Seoul Dialect),Koreanic,true,meori (head),[bʌɾi],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/b
m_to_b,m,b,Southern Min (Hokkien),Min,false,"慢 'slow', Proto-Min *mənC","Xiamen ban⁶, POJ bān /ban²²/",Proto-Min *m denasalized to b before oral vowels in Southern Min; Jieyang keeps maŋ⁶ and Fuzhou maiŋ⁶.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/b
m_to_b,m,b,Southern Min (Hokkien),Min,false,"麥 'wheat', Proto-Min *m- (Old Chinese *m-rˤək, Zhengzhang *mrɯːɡ)",be̍h /beʔ⁴/ (Xiamen),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/b
m_to_b,m,b,Southern Min (Hokkien),Min,false,"米 'rice', Old Chinese *(C.)mˤ[e]jʔ (Zhengzhang *miːʔ)",bí /bi⁵³/ (Xiamen),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/b
m_to_b,m,b,Proto-Salish to Lushootseed,Salishan,false,*mus 'four',buus,"Puget Sound denasalization: *m > b, *n > d",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/b
m_to_b,m,b,Proto-Salish to Lushootseed,Salishan,false,*s-məqʼʷ-aʔ 'heron',sbəq̓ʷaʔ,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/b
m_to_b,m,b,Proto-Salish to Lushootseed,Salishan,false,*s-mɣaw 'large predatory canine/feline',sbiaw 'coyote',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/b
m_to_b,m,b,Samic (Western and Inari/Skolt),Samic,false,Proto-Samic *δāmpë 'reindeer shinbone',"Northern Sami dábba, Inari Sami tabbâ, Skolt Sami tabb",Denasalization of nasal + homorganic stop (*mp > bb); Kildin Sami (tɑ̄m̄ᵇp) and Ter Sami (та̄ммп) keep the nasal.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/b
m_to_b,m,b,Samic (Western and Inari/Skolt),Samic,false,Proto-Samic *čimpē,"Northern Sami čibbi, Lule Sami tjibbe, Skolt Sami čeʹbb",Kildin чӣммьп keeps the nasal.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/b
m_to_b,m,b,Samic (Western and Inari/Skolt),Samic,false,"Proto-Samic *ompë 'whole, closed' (< Proto-Germanic *umbi)","Lule Sami åbbå, South Sami åbbe, Inari Sami ubbâ",Kildin о̄ммп keeps the nasal; compare the Finnic cognate Finnish umpi.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/b
m_to_b,m,b,Texistepec Popoluca,Zoquean,false,Proto-Zoquean *mak(ta)s- 'four',Texistepec baksnaʔ,"Compare Sierra Popoluca maktas, Francisco León Zoque makskuy, Copainalá Zoque makškuʔ.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/b
m_to_b,m,b,Texistepec Popoluca,Zoquean,false,Proto-Zoquean *mos- 'five',Texistepec bosnaʔ,"Compare Sierra Popoluca mos, Copainalá mosaʔ.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/b
m_to_b,m,b,Texistepec Popoluca,Zoquean,false,Proto-Zoquean *mahk- 'ten',Texistepec baknaʔ,"Compare Francisco León majkay, Copainalá mahkaʔy.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/b
m_to_b,m,b,Somali,Lowland East Cushitic,false,"Proto-Somaloid *lámma 'two' (Maay lamé, Rendille lama)",laba /ˈlaba/ 'two',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/b
m_to_b,m,b,Somali,Lowland East Cushitic,false,Proto-Somaloid *tommán 'ten' (Rendille tomon),toban [to.ban] 'ten',The geminate nasal *mm denasalized to /b/; the Maay and Rendille cognates keep the nasal.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/b
m_to_empty,m,∅,Proto-Germanic to English,Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *munþaz 'mouth',Old English mūþ > mouth,Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law: a nasal was lost before a voiceless fricative with compensatory lengthening of the vowel.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/empty
m_to_empty,m,∅,Proto-Germanic to English,Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *fimf 'five',Old English fīf > five,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/empty
m_to_empty,m,∅,Northern Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *eanëm 'land',Northern Sami eana,Word-final Proto-Samic *m was lost in Northern Sami; Inari Sami eennâm and Skolt Sami jânnam keep it.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/empty
m_to_empty,m,∅,Northern Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *kietkëm 'cradle',Northern Sami gietkka,"Compare Inari Sami kietkâm, Skolt Sami ǩiõtkâm.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/empty
m_to_empty,m,∅,Northern Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *vuonēm,Northern Sami vuoni,"Compare Lule Sami vuonev, Skolt Sami vueʹn.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/empty
m_to_empty,m,∅,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Nias,Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands,false,PMP *inum 'drink',Nias inu,Nias lost all word-final consonants.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/empty
m_to_empty,m,∅,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Nias,Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands,false,PMP *ənəm 'six',Nias õnõ,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/empty
m_to_empty,m,∅,Uradhi (Angkamuthi),Northern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *mayi 'vegetable food',ayi 'vegetable food',"The Atampaya dialect keeps mayi; Mpalitjanh, Yinwum and Linngithigh also have ayi.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/empty
m_to_empty,m,∅,Uradhi (Angkamuthi),Northern Paman,false,"Proto-Paman *miña 'meat, animal'",inha 'meat; mullet',Atampaya minha keeps the nasal.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/empty
m_to_empty,m,∅,Uradhi (Angkamuthi),Northern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *muku(r) 'mother's older brother',ukurra 'mother's brother',Atampaya has the same form.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/empty
m_to_empty,m,∅,Mpalitjanh,Northern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *mara 'hand',arta 'hand',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/empty
m_to_empty,m,∅,Mpalitjanh,Northern Paman,false,"Proto-Paman *miña 'meat, animal'","inha 'meat, animal'",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/empty
m_to_m_palatalized,m,mʲ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *mě̀ra 'measure',мера [ˈmʲerə],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/m_palatalized
m_to_m_palatalized,m,mʲ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *męso 'meat',мясо [ˈmʲasə],Proto-Slavic consonants before front vowels became palatalized in East Slavic; the palatalized series is now phonemic in Russian.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/m_palatalized
m_to_m_palatalized,m,mʲ,Lithuanian,Baltic,true,medis,[²ˈmʲæːdʲɪs],'tree'; consonants are automatically palatalized before front vowels,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/m_palatalized
m_to_m_palatalized,m,mʲ,Lithuanian,Baltic,true,mėsa,/mʲeːˈsɐ/,'meat',5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/m_palatalized
m_to_m_palatalized,m,mʲ,Proto-Celtic to Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *mīns 'month',Old Irish mí /ˈmʲiː/,"Before a front vowel, Primitive Irish consonants became palatalized ('slender'); the resulting broad–slender opposition later became phonemic.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/m_palatalized
m_to_m_palatalized,m,mʲ,Proto-Celtic to Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *medu 'mead',Old Irish mid /ˈmʲiðʲ/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/m_palatalized
m_to_m_palatalized,m,mʲ,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *měra 'measure',мяра [ˈmʲa̟rɐ],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/m_palatalized
m_to_m_palatalized,m,mʲ,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *město 'place' (Old Church Slavonic мѣсто),място [ˈmʲa̟sto],"In Eastern (standard) Bulgarian stressed yat *ě became [ʲa] before a hard syllable, leaving the preceding consonant palatalized.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/m_palatalized
m_to_n,m,n,Latin to Spanish/Italian,Romance,false,quem (Latin),quién (Spanish),Monosyllabic final m shifted to n.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/n
m_to_n,m,n,Latin to Spanish/Italian,Romance,false,cum,con,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/n
m_to_n,m,n,Mandarin (coda -m),Sinitic,false,南 MC nom,nán [nan],Final -m merged with -n in Mandarin; Cantonese naam4 and Hokkien lâm keep -m.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/n
m_to_n,m,n,Mandarin (coda -m),Sinitic,false,心 MC sim,xīn [ɕin],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/n
m_to_n,m,n,Mandarin (coda -m),Sinitic,false,三 MC sam,sān [san],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/n
m_to_n,m,n,Proto-Chamic to Tsat,Chamic,false,*dalam 'inside',laːn⁴²,final *-m > -n; cf. Acehnese dalam,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/n
m_to_n,m,n,Proto-Chamic to Tsat,Chamic,false,*jarum 'needle',sun¹¹,cf. Jarai jrum,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/n
m_to_n_palatal,m,ɲ,Aromanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin mīlia 'thousands' (plural of mīlle),njilji (also njilje) 'thousand',Compare Daco-Romanian mie.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/n_palatal
m_to_n_palatal,m,ɲ,Aromanian,Eastern Romance,false,Vulgar Latin *miccus 'small',"njic 'small, little'",Compare Daco-Romanian mic.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/n_palatal
m_to_ng,m,ŋ,Latin,Italic,true,"com- (Proto-Italic *kom-, cf. cum 'with', compōnō) + claudō 'shut'","conclūdō [kɔŋˈkɫuː.doː] 'shut up, conclude'","The prefix com- surfaces with a velar nasal before c/g (written n), cf. also congregō 'gather together'; it keeps [m] before labials (compōnō, combūrō).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/ng
m_to_ng,m,ŋ,Latin,Italic,true,com- + gregō 'flock',congregō [ˈkɔŋ.ɡrɛ.ɡoː] 'gather together',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/ng
m_to_ng,m,ŋ,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,true,sam- 'together' + kalpa,"saṃkalpa /sɐŋ.kɐl.pɐ/ 'intention, resolve'","Final -m of a prefix or word before a stop becomes anusvāra or the homorganic nasal of the following stop's class, here velar [ŋ] (also written saṅkalpa).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/ng
m_to_ng,m,ŋ,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,true,sam- 'together' + गीत gīta 'sung',"संगीत saṃgīta /sɐŋ.ɡiː.tɐ/ 'song, music'",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/ng
m_to_ng,m,ŋ,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Makassarese,South Sulawesi,false,PMP *ənəm 'six',Makassarese annaŋ,Word-final nasals merge as -ŋ.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/ng
m_to_ng,m,ŋ,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Makassarese,South Sulawesi,false,PMP *inum 'drink',Makassarese inuŋ,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/ng
m_to_ng,m,ŋ,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Makassarese,South Sulawesi,false,PMP *daləm 'inside',Makassarese lalaŋ,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/ng
m_to_ng,m,ŋ,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Buginese,South Sulawesi,false,PMP *ənəm 'six',Buginese enneŋ,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/ng
m_to_ng,m,ŋ,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Buginese,South Sulawesi,false,PMP *inum 'drink',Buginese inuŋ,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/ng
m_to_p,m,p,English,Germanic,false,æmtig (Old English) [m],empty [mp],Epenthesis: A voiceless stop developed between the nasal and the following voiceless consonant.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/p
m_to_p,m,p,English,Germanic,false,Middle English glimsen,glimpse [ˈɡlɪm(p)s],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/p
m_to_p,m,p,Proto-Chamic to Roglai,Chamic,false,*dalam 'inside',dalap,final nasals harden to stops unless the word has an earlier nasal (cf. *ʔaŋin > angin),5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/p
m_to_p,m,p,Proto-Chamic to Roglai,Chamic,false,*jarum 'needle',jurup,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/p
m_to_p,m,p,Proto-Malayic to Urak Lawoi,Malayic,false,*hayam 'chicken',hayap,final *-m > -p; cf. Malay ayam,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/p
m_to_p,m,p,Proto-Malayic to Urak Lawoi,Malayic,false,*hitəm 'black',hitap,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/p
m_to_p,m,p,Proto-Malayic to Urak Lawoi,Malayic,false,*tajəm 'sharp',tajap,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/p
m_to_p,m,p,Proto-Malayic to Urak Lawoi,Malayic,false,*jarum 'needle',jarop,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/p
m_to_v,m,v,Hakka,Sinitic,false,武 MC mjuX [m],Meixian vu1 [ʋu],"Hakka labiodentalised mj- to v-; Cantonese mou5 keeps m, Mandarin wǔ has [w].",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/v
m_to_v,m,v,Hakka,Sinitic,false,文 MC mjun [m],Meixian vun2 /ʋun¹¹/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/v
m_to_v,m,v,Hungarian (word-internal),Uralic,false,*nime [m],"név ""name"" (Finnish nimi)",Finnish keeps m.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/v
m_to_v,m,v,Hungarian (word-internal),Uralic,false,*śüδäme,"szív ""heart""",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/v
m_to_v,m,v,Welsh,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *nemos 'sky',nef 'heaven',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/v
m_to_v,m,v,Welsh,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *samos 'summer',haf,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/v
m_to_v,m,v,Welsh,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *samalis 'likeness',hafal 'equal',"Intervocalic *m merged with lenited *b as Welsh ⟨f⟩ /v/; Proto-Brythonic is reconstructed with a nasalized bilabial fricative (*neβ̃, *haβ̃, *haβ̃al); Breton writes ⟨ñv⟩ (neñv, hañv).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/v
m_to_v,m,v,Proto-Iranian to Northern Kurdish,Northwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *Hnā́ma 'name',nav,Postvocalic *m became v; Balochi keeps m (nám).,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/v
m_to_v,m,v,Proto-Iranian to Northern Kurdish,Northwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *gáHma 'step',gav,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/v
m_to_v,m,v,Proto-Iranian to Northern Kurdish,Northwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *čášma 'eye',çav /t͡ʃˤɑːv/,"Through an earlier *čahm, with *š > h before the m changed.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/v
m_to_w,m,w,"Proto-Central Chadic to Proto-Mandara (Mandara, Glavda, Podoko)",Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *ɗɨjɨm 'water',"Proto-Mandara *jɨwɨ; Mandara (Wandala) yawe, Glavda iyuw, Podoko yəwa","Groups outside Mandara keep the nasal: Mafa, Mofu, Maroua, Sukur jam, Margi jimi, Lamang imi.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/w
m_to_w,m,w,"Proto-Central Chadic to Proto-Mandara (Mandara, Glavda, Podoko)",Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *kɨrɨm 'crocodile',Proto-Mandara *kɨrwɨʸ,Word-final *m → w is regular in Proto-Mandara.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/w
m_to_w,m,w,Proto-Mandara to Proto-Wandala-Dghwede,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Mandara *malɨ 'oil',*walɨ,"Compare Margi and Maroua mal, Mofu amal.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/w
m_to_w,m,w,Proto-Mandara to Proto-Wandala-Dghwede,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Mandara *majɨ 'hunger',*waja,Word-initial *m → w before a vowel; Podoko does not share this extension.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/m/w
n_palatal_to_j_glide,ɲ,j,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,"Latin calcāneum 'heel', with *[ɲ] from /nj/",călcâi,The Banat dialect keeps the nasal in călcâni.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/j_glide
n_palatal_to_j_glide,ɲ,j,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,"Latin cuneus 'wedge', with *[ɲ] from /nj/",cui /kuj/ 'nail',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/j_glide
n_palatal_to_j_glide,ɲ,j,"Common Turkic (Kipchak, Karluk, Oghuz)",Turkic,false,Proto-Turkic *kōń 'sheep' (Old Turkic koń),"Kazakh, Kyrgyz qoy / koy; Uzbek qoʻy; Turkish koyun",Old Turkic and Karakhanid koń / kōńug keep the palatal nasal. Orthographic y = [j].,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/j_glide
n_palatal_to_j_glide,ɲ,j,"Common Turkic (Kipchak, Karluk, Oghuz)",Turkic,false,Proto-Turkic *köń- 'to burn',"Kazakh küyüw, Uyghur köymek, Turkmen köýmek (verbal nouns / infinitives)","The same *ń > y outcome appears across the Kipchak, Karluk and Oghuz branches.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/j_glide
n_palatal_to_j_glide,ɲ,j,Brazilian Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,ninho /ˈniɲu/ 'nest',[ˈnĩj̃u] (also [ˈnʲĩj̃u ~ ˈɲĩj̃u]),"In Brazil and Angola nh is realized as a nasal palatal approximant [j̃], which nasalizes the preceding vowel.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/j_glide
n_palatal_to_j_glide,ɲ,j,Brazilian Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,vinho /ˈvi.ɲu/ 'wine',[ˈvĩ.j̃u],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/j_glide
n_palatal_to_j_glide,ɲ,j,Brazilian Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,banho /ˈbɐ.ɲu/ 'bath',[ˈbɐ̃.j̃u],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/j_glide
n_palatal_to_j_glide,ɲ,j,Proto-Timbíra (onsets) and Tapayúna (codas),Northern Jê,false,"Proto-Northern Jê *ñõto 'tongue' (Mẽbêngôkre ñõto, Apinajé ñõʔto)","Parkatêjê jõto; Canela, Gavião-Pyhcopji jõʔto",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/j_glide
n_palatal_to_j_glide,ɲ,j,Proto-Timbíra (onsets) and Tapayúna (codas),Northern Jê,false,"Proto-Northern Jê *ñĩpôk 'centre, middle' (Mẽbêngôkre ñipôk)",Parkatêjê jipôk,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/j_glide
n_palatal_to_j_glide,ɲ,j,Proto-Timbíra (onsets) and Tapayúna (codas),Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *mbeñ 'honey' (Kĩsêdjê mben),Tapayúna w̃ej,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/j_glide
n_palatal_to_j_glide,ɲ,j,Proto-Timbíra (onsets) and Tapayúna (codas),Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *ruñ 'to spill' (Kĩsêdjê run),Tapayúna ruj,"Proto-Timbíra changed onset *ñ to *j; Tapayúna changed coda *ñ to j. Forms in Nikulin's Macro-Jê alphabet: ñ = [ɲ], j = [j ~ ʒ], c = [tʃ ~ tɕ ~ ts ~ c], ĵ = [dʒ ~ ɟ], ə̂ = [ɘ ~ ɤ], y = [ɨ ~ ɯ], ê/ô = close-mid [e]/[o], ṭʰ = aspirated alveolar stop, mb/nd = post-oralized nasals; a final ’ marks a coda without echo vowel, X // Y gives phrase-medial // prepausal allomorphs.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/j_glide
n_palatal_to_j_glide,ɲ,j,Proto-Akuwẽ (Xavánte),Central Jê,false,Proto-Cerratense *pᵊmbuñ’ 'to see (nonfinite)',Proto-Akuwẽ *pibuj // *pibu; Xavánte pibuj // pibu,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/j_glide
n_palatal_to_j_glide,ɲ,j,Proto-Akuwẽ (Xavánte),Central Jê,false,Proto-Cerratense *mẽñ’ 'to throw.SG (nonfinite)',Proto-Akuwẽ *mẽj // *mẽ; Xavánte mẽj // mẽ,"Proto-Akuwẽ reflects coda *ñ as j phrase-medially and as zero before a pause. Forms in Nikulin's Macro-Jê alphabet: ñ = [ɲ], j = [j ~ ʒ], c = [tʃ ~ tɕ ~ ts ~ c], ĵ = [dʒ ~ ɟ], ə̂ = [ɘ ~ ɤ], y = [ɨ ~ ɯ], ê/ô = close-mid [e]/[o], ṭʰ = aspirated alveolar stop, mb/nd = post-oralized nasals; a final ’ marks a coda without echo vowel, X // Y gives phrase-medial // prepausal allomorphs.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/j_glide
n_palatal_to_j_glide,ɲ,j,Proto-Gbaya to Gbaya Biyanda,Gbaya,false,Proto-Gbaya *ɲín 'tooth',Gbaya Biyanda yínì,"Proto-Gbaya and daughter forms from Moñino's comparative lexicon as tabulated on Wikipedia; y = [j]. Gbaya Bodoe, Gbeya ɲín and Mbodomo ɲíní keep the palatal nasal.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/j_glide
n_palatal_to_j_glide,ɲ,j,Proto-Gbaya to Gbaya Biyanda,Gbaya,false,Proto-Gbaya *ɲɔŋ 'to eat',Gbaya Biyanda yɔŋ,"Gbaya Bodoe, Gbeya, Mbodomo and Bofi keep ɲɔŋ.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/j_glide
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,Finnic,Uralic,false,*ńale- [ɲ],"Finnish nuolla ""to lick"" (Hungarian nyal)","Finnic lost the palatal series: *ć, *δ́, *ń, *ś > *c, *δ, *n, *s.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,Finnic,Uralic,false,Proto-Uralic *ńële 'arrow',Finnish nuoli (Proto-Finnic *nooli),"Compare Northern Sami njuolla, Hungarian nyíl.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,"Proto-Jê to Southern Jê (Kaingang, Laklãnõ)",Southern Jê,false,Proto-Jê *ñĩT 'meat',"Proto-Southern Jê *nĩ; Kaingang nĩ, Laklãnõ nẽ",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,"Proto-Jê to Southern Jê (Kaingang, Laklãnõ)",Southern Jê,false,Proto-Jê *ñĩja 'nose',"Proto-Southern Jê *nĩjã; Kaingang nĩjẽ, Laklãnõ nẽjã",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,"Proto-Jê to Southern Jê (Kaingang, Laklãnõ)",Southern Jê,false,Proto-Jê *ñũ₁t 'sleep (nonfinite)',"Proto-Southern Jê *nũr; Kaingang nũr, Laklãnõ nũl",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,"Proto-Jê to Southern Jê (Kaingang, Laklãnõ)",Southern Jê,false,Proto-Jê *ñũ₁cto 'tongue',"Proto-Southern Jê *nũnã; Kaingang nũnẽ, Laklãnõ nũnã","Proto-Jê */j/ had the nasal allophone *ñ before nasal vowels; Proto-Southern Jê turned onset *ñ into *n, merging it with *n, while oral *j stayed *j. Forms in Nikulin's Macro-Jê alphabet: ñ = [ɲ], j = [j ~ ʒ], c = [tʃ ~ tɕ ~ ts ~ c], ĵ = [dʒ ~ ɟ], ə̂ = [ɘ ~ ɤ], y = [ɨ ~ ɯ], ê/ô = close-mid [e]/[o], ṭʰ = aspirated alveolar stop, mb/nd = post-oralized nasals; a final ’ marks a coda without echo vowel, X // Y gives phrase-medial // prepausal allomorphs.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,Timbíra and Kĩsêdjê (codas),Northern Jê,false,"Proto-Northern Jê *mbeñ 'honey' (Mẽbêngôkre meñ, Apinajé mbeñ)","Kĩsêdjê mben; Parkatêjê, Canela, Gavião-Pyhcopji pen",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,Timbíra and Kĩsêdjê (codas),Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *ruñ 'to spill',Kĩsêdjê run; Canela (-)run,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,Timbíra and Kĩsêdjê (codas),Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *rẽñ,Kĩsêdjê rẽn; Parkatêjê rẽn,"Coda *ñ became n independently in Proto-Timbíra and in Kĩsêdjê; Mẽbêngôkre and Apinajé keep ñ, and Tapayúna has j instead. Forms in Nikulin's Macro-Jê alphabet: ñ = [ɲ], j = [j ~ ʒ], c = [tʃ ~ tɕ ~ ts ~ c], ĵ = [dʒ ~ ɟ], ə̂ = [ɘ ~ ɤ], y = [ɨ ~ ɯ], ê/ô = close-mid [e]/[o], ṭʰ = aspirated alveolar stop, mb/nd = post-oralized nasals; a final ’ marks a coda without echo vowel, X // Y gives phrase-medial // prepausal allomorphs.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,Proto-Dravidian to Kannada,Tamil-Kannada,false,Proto-Dravidian *ñāl- 'field',Kannada ನೆಲ nela,Malayalam ഞാലം ñālaṁ keeps ñ.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,Proto-Dravidian to Kannada,Tamil-Kannada,false,"Proto-Dravidian *ñarampu 'nerve, sinew'",Kannada ನರ nara,Malayalam ഞരമ്പ് ñarampŭ keeps ñ.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,Proto-Dravidian to Kannada,Tamil-Kannada,false,Proto-Dravidian *ñamVl 'peacock',Kannada ನವಿಲು navilu,Malayalam ഞമലി ñamali keeps ñ.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,Proto-Dravidian to Kannada,Tamil-Kannada,false,Proto-Dravidian *ñām 'we (inclusive)',Old Kannada ನಾವ್ nāv,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,Proto-Dravidian to Telugu,South-Central Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *ñāl- 'field',Telugu నేల nēla,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,Proto-Dravidian to Telugu,South-Central Dravidian,false,"Proto-Dravidian *ñarampu 'nerve, sinew'",Telugu నరము naramu,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,Proto-Dravidian to Telugu,South-Central Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *ñamVl 'peacock',Telugu నెమలి nemali,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,Proto-Dravidian to Telugu,South-Central Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *ñāṯu 'to emit smell',Telugu నారు nāru,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,Proto-Dravidian to Tamil,Tamil-Malayalam,false,Proto-Dravidian *ñamkōl 'plough',Tamil நாஞ்சில் nāñcil beside ஞாஞ்சில் ñāñcil,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,Proto-Dravidian to Tamil,Tamil-Malayalam,false,"Proto-Dravidian *ñĀnṯu 'day, time'",Tamil நான்று nāṉṟu beside ஞான்று ñāṉṟu,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,Proto-Dravidian to Tamil,Tamil-Malayalam,false,"Proto-Dravidian *ñarampu 'nerve, sinew'",Tamil நரம்பு narampu,Malayalam ഞരമ്പ് ñarampŭ keeps ñ.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,Proto-Dravidian to Kurukh,Kurukh-Malto,false,Proto-Dravidian *ñāl- 'field',Kurukh नाल nāl,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,Proto-Dravidian to Kurukh,Kurukh-Malto,false,"Proto-Dravidian *ñarampu 'nerve, sinew'",Kurukh नरी narī,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_n,ɲ,n,Proto-Dravidian to Kurukh,Kurukh-Malto,false,Proto-Dravidian *ñām 'we (inclusive)',Kurukh नाम nām,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/n
n_palatal_to_ng,ɲ,ŋ,Hakka,Sinitic,false,人 MC nyin [ɲ],Meixian ngin2 [ŋin],"Middle Chinese ɲ merged with ŋ in Hakka; Mandarin rén, Cantonese jan4.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/ng
n_palatal_to_ng,ɲ,ŋ,Hakka,Sinitic,false,日 MC nyit,ngid5 [ŋit],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/ng
n_palatal_to_ng,ɲ,ŋ,Panará,Goyaz Jê,false,Proto-Cerratense *mbeñ’ 'honey',nə̃-mpẽŋ,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/ng
n_palatal_to_ng,ɲ,ŋ,Panará,Goyaz Jê,false,Proto-Cerratense *kwañ’ 'to dig (nonfinite)',kwə̃ŋ,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/ng
n_palatal_to_ng,ɲ,ŋ,Panará,Goyaz Jê,false,"Proto-Cerratense *ŋgwañ’ 'down, feather'",ĩŋkwə̃ŋ,"Panará merged the nasal codas *m, *n, *ñ as ŋ. Forms in Nikulin's Macro-Jê alphabet: ñ = [ɲ], j = [j ~ ʒ], c = [tʃ ~ tɕ ~ ts ~ c], ĵ = [dʒ ~ ɟ], ə̂ = [ɘ ~ ɤ], y = [ɨ ~ ɯ], ê/ô = close-mid [e]/[o], ṭʰ = aspirated alveolar stop, mb/nd = post-oralized nasals; a final ’ marks a coda without echo vowel, X // Y gives phrase-medial // prepausal allomorphs.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/ng
n_palatal_to_zh_retroflex,ɲ,ʐ,Mandarin (Standard Beijing),Sinitic,false,"日 MC nyit [ȵit̚] 'sun, day'",rì [ʐ̩˥˩ ~ ɻ̩˥˩],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/zh_retroflex
n_palatal_to_zh_retroflex,ɲ,ʐ,Mandarin (Standard Beijing),Sinitic,false,人 MC nyin [ȵin] 'person',rén [ʐən˧˥ ~ ɻən˧˥],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/zh_retroflex
n_palatal_to_zh_retroflex,ɲ,ʐ,Mandarin (Standard Beijing),Sinitic,false,熱 MC nyet [ȵiat̚] 'hot',rè [ʐɤ˥˩ ~ ɻɤ˥˩],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/zh_retroflex
n_palatal_to_zh_retroflex,ɲ,ʐ,Mandarin (Standard Beijing),Sinitic,false,肉 MC nyuwk [ȵuwk̚] 'meat',ròu [ʐoʊ̯˥˩ ~ ɻoʊ̯˥˩],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/zh_retroflex
n_palatal_to_zh_retroflex,ɲ,ʐ,Mandarin (Standard Beijing),Sinitic,false,"然 MC nyen [ȵian] 'so, thus'",rán [ʐan˧˥ ~ ɻan˧˥],Wiktionary transcribes the initial as [ɻ]; Wikipedia's Standard Chinese phonology gives the phoneme as /ʐ/ with [ɻ] as a free variant.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatal/zh_retroflex
n_palatalized_to_n,nʲ,n,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Old East Slavic небо /ˈnʲɛbɔ/ (11th c.) 'sky',небо [ˈnɛbɔ],"Old East Slavic softened /n/ before /e/ (9th c. /ˈnɛbɔ/ > 11th c. /ˈnʲɛbɔ/); Ukrainian hardened it again, whereas Russian keeps [ˈnʲebə].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatalized/n
n_palatalized_to_n,nʲ,n,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Old East Slavic нести /nʲɛˈstʲi/ (11th c.) 'to carry',нести [neˈstɪ],Russian keeps the soft nasal: [nʲɪˈsʲtʲi].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatalized/n
n_palatalized_to_n,nʲ,n,Czech,West Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *nebo 'sky', with early West Slavic n’ before e (cf. Polish niebo [ˈɲɛbɔ])",nebe [ˈnɛbɛ],"Per Wikipedia's History of the Czech language, consonants before e and ä were palatalized in early West Slavic and 'the depalatalization of consonants preceding e and ä took place later' in Czech; Polish keeps the softness.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatalized/n
n_palatalized_to_n,nʲ,n,Czech,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *nesti 'to carry' (cf. Polish nieść /ˈɲɛɕt͡ɕ/),nést [ˈnɛːst],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatalized/n
n_palatalized_to_n_palatal,nʲ,ɲ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *nebo 'sky' with soft [nʲ] before the front vowel (cf. Russian небо [ˈnʲebə]),niebo /ˈɲɛ.bɔ/,Polish soft n became the alveolo-palatal nasal spelled ń / ni.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatalized/n_palatal
n_palatalized_to_n_palatal,nʲ,ɲ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *dьnь 'day' (final soft n before the front jer),dzień /ˈd͡ʑɛɲ/,"After the loss of the final jer the palatal nasal stands word-finally, spelled ń.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatalized/n_palatal
n_palatalized_to_n_palatal,nʲ,ɲ,Slovak,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *nebo 'sky',nebo [ˈɲebɔ],"Slovak n before e is the palatal nasal ň [ɲ], unlike Czech nebe [ˈnɛbɛ].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatalized/n_palatal
n_palatalized_to_n_palatal,nʲ,ɲ,Slovak,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *dьnь 'day',deň [ˈɟeɲ],Word-final soft n surfaces as ň [ɲ].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatalized/n_palatal
n_palatalized_to_n_palatal,nʲ,ɲ,Czech,West Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *nitь 'thread', soft n before i",Old Czech /ˈɲit/ > nit [ˈɲɪt],"In the 13th–14th-century depalatalization, softened consonants either merged with hard ones or became palatal ď, ť, ň; n before i became ň.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatalized/n_palatal
n_palatalized_to_n_palatal,nʲ,ɲ,Czech,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *ničьso 'nothing',nic [ˈɲɪt͡s],Written ni but pronounced with palatal [ɲ].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatalized/n_palatal
n_palatalized_to_r_palatalized,nʲ,rʲ,Irish (Connacht and Ulster),Goidelic,false,"Old Irish gním; Munster gníomh /ɟnʲiːvˠ/ 'action, deed'","Connacht /ɟɾʲiːvˠ/, Ulster /ɟɾʲĩːw/","Slender nʲ after g becomes slender ɾʲ, with nasality left on the following vowel in Ulster.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatalized/r_palatalized
n_palatalized_to_r_palatalized,nʲ,rʲ,Irish (Connacht and Ulster),Goidelic,false,"Old Irish cnesta; Munster cneasta /ˈcnʲasˠt̪ˠə/ 'honest, decent'",Connacht and Ulster /ˈcɾʲasˠt̪ˠə/,The same rule after c.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatalized/r_palatalized
n_palatalized_to_r_palatalized,nʲ,rʲ,Irish (Connacht and Ulster),Goidelic,false,sneachta /ˈʃnʲaxt̪ˠə/ 'snow'; genitive after the article with t-prefix: an t + sneachta,an tsneachta /ə tʲɾʲaxt̪ˠə/ 'of the snow',"When t-prothesis puts a stop before slender n, the nasal is realized as ɾʲ (Donegal, Mayo and Connemara).",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatalized/r_palatalized
n_palatalized_to_r_palatalized,nʲ,rʲ,Scottish Gaelic,Goidelic,false,"Old Irish gním 'action, deed'","gnìomh /ɡ̥ɾʲĩə̃v/ (Harris, Skye), /ɡ̥ɾʲĩãv/ (Uist, Barra, Wester Ross)","Slender n after g became slender ɾʲ, with nasality kept on the vowel; Lewis has /ɡ̥ðĩə̃v/ instead.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatalized/r_palatalized
n_palatalized_to_r_palatalized,nʲ,rʲ,Scottish Gaelic,Goidelic,false,Old Irish cnes 'skin',cneas /kʰɾʲẽs̪/,The same rule after c; the following vowel is nasalized.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_palatalized/r_palatalized
n_retroflex_to_n,ɳ,n,Hindi,Central Indo-Aryan,false,Sauraseni Prakrit kaṇṇa (< Sanskrit karṇa),कान /kɑːn/ 'ear',Prakrit ṇṇ > Hindi n,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_retroflex/n
n_retroflex_to_n,ɳ,n,Hindi,Central Indo-Aryan,false,Sauraseni Prakrit soṇṇa (< Sanskrit sauvarṇa),सोना /soː.nɑː/ 'gold',Same development,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_retroflex/n
n_retroflex_to_n,ɳ,n,Hindi,Central Indo-Aryan,false,Apabhramsa pāṇiu (< Prakrit pāṇīa < Sanskrit pānīya),पानी /pɑː.niː/ 'water',Singleton ṇ > n; Old Hindi pā̃nī,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_retroflex/n
n_retroflex_to_n,ɳ,n,Bengali,Eastern Indo-Aryan,false,Prakrit kaṇṇa (< Sanskrit karṇa),কান /kan/ 'ear',Inherited word,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_retroflex/n
n_retroflex_to_n,ɳ,n,Bengali,Eastern Indo-Aryan,false,Magadhi Prakrit soaṇṇa/soṇṇa (< Sanskrit sauvarṇa),সোনা /ʃona/ 'gold',Inherited word,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_retroflex/n
n_retroflex_to_n,ɳ,n,Bengali,Eastern Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit गुण guṇa,"গুণ /ɡun/ 'quality, virtue'",Learned loanword; ⟨ণ⟩ is pronounced [n] outside clusters with retroflex stops,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_retroflex/n
n_retroflex_to_n,ɳ,n,Assamese,Eastern Indo-Aryan,false,Prakrit kaṇṇa (< Sanskrit karṇa),কাণ /kɑn/ 'ear',The spelling keeps ⟨ণ⟩ but the pronunciation is dental-alveolar,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_retroflex/n
n_retroflex_to_n,ɳ,n,Assamese,Eastern Indo-Aryan,false,Magadhi Prakrit *sovaṇṇa (< Sanskrit sauvarṇa),সোণ /xʊn/ 'gold',Same development,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_retroflex/n
n_to_d,n,d,Lushootseed,Salishan,false,Proto-Salish *kʼʷatʼan 'mouse',k̓ʷat̕ad 'mouse',Lushootseed has no phonemic nasals: Proto-Salish *n became d and *m became b; [n] survives only as a speech-style variant of /d/.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/d
n_to_d,n,d,Lushootseed,Salishan,false,Proto-Salish *məna 'child',"bədaʔ 'son, daughter, child'",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/d
n_to_d,n,d,Samic (Western and Inari/Skolt),Samic,false,"Proto-Samic *kientē 'meadow, field'","Northern Sami gieddi, Inari Sami kiedˈdi, Skolt Sami ǩeʹdd","Nasal + homorganic stop clusters denasalized to geminate stops (*nt > dd) everywhere except Akkala, Kildin and Ter Sami, which keep the nasal (Kildin кӣннт).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/d
n_to_d,n,d,Samic (Western and Inari/Skolt),Samic,false,"Proto-Samic *kontē 'catch, game'","Northern Sami goddi, Lule Sami gådde, Inari Sami kodde",Kildin коаннҍт and Ter коннҍтӭ keep the nasal.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/d
n_to_d,n,d,Samic (Western and Inari/Skolt),Samic,false,"Proto-Samic *lāntē 'stranger, farmer'","Northern Sami láddi, Inari Sami läddi, Skolt Sami lääʹdd",Kildin ла̄ннҍт keeps the nasal.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/d
n_to_d,n,d,Texistepec Popoluca,Zoquean,false,Proto-Mixe-Zoquean *nɨː 'water',Texistepec dəʔ,"The other Zoquean languages keep the nasal: Sierra Popoluca, Rayón Zoque and Chimalapa Zoque nɨʔ. Wichmann's dataset writes the high central vowel ɨ as ə.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/d
n_to_d,n,d,Texistepec Popoluca,Zoquean,false,"Sierra Popoluca (Soteapan) nas, Chiapas Zoque nas 'earth'",Texistepec das 'earth',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/d
n_to_d,n,d,Texistepec Popoluca,Zoquean,false,"Sierra Popoluca nəəyi, Chiapas Zoque nəy 'name'",Texistepec dəy 'name',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/d
n_to_d,n,d,Texistepec Popoluca,Zoquean,false,"Sierra Popoluca nəm, Chiapas Zoque nəm 'say'",Texistepec dəm 'say',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/d
n_to_d,n,d,Texistepec Popoluca,Zoquean,false,"Sierra Popoluca nəʔəpiñ, Chiapas Zoque nəʔpin 'blood'",Texistepec dəʔəpeñ 'blood',"Texistepec [d] and [b] are in complementary distribution with [n] and [m]: the oral stops occur in onsets and the nasals in codas (Reilly 2002, cited on Wikipedia), so final nasals stay, as in tum 'one' and kaan 'salt'.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/d
n_to_empty,n,∅,Old English,Germanic,false,*uns,us,Proto-Germanic nasal lost before fricatives (Ingvaeonic Nasal Spirant Law),5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/empty
n_to_empty,n,∅,Old English,Germanic,false,*gans,goos [goose],Nasal lost with compensatory lengthening of the vowel,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/empty
n_to_empty,n,∅,Khalkha Mongolian,Mongolic,false,stem-final *-n (Proto-Mongolic),∅ in nominative/citation forms,"Khalkha Mongolian exhibits variable loss of stem-final *-n in citation forms. Proto-Mongolic stems ending in *-n often surface without the nasal in the nominative, though it reappears before vowel-initial suffixes (e.g., possessive, accusative). This represents a morphophonological alternation between zero (Ø) in absolute final position and /n/ before suffixes.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/empty
n_to_empty,n,∅,Khalkha Mongolian,Mongolic,false,Khorchin *-n (stem-final nasal),∅ in Khalkha,"Comparative evidence from Khorchin Mongolian, which preserves more stem-final nasals, supports the reconstruction of *-n that was subsequently deleted in Khalkha.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/empty
n_to_empty,n,∅,Sino-Korean (South Korean standard),Koreanic,false,녀자 nyŏja 女子 'woman',여자 yŏja,Initial-sound rule (dueum beopchik): word-initial n is dropped before i/y; North Korean standard keeps nyŏja,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/empty
n_to_empty,n,∅,Sino-Korean (South Korean standard),Koreanic,false,년 nyŏn 年 'year' (word-initially),연 yŏn,Medially n is kept: 소년 sonyŏn 'boy',5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/empty
n_to_empty,n,∅,Proto-Basque to Basque,Basque,false,*ardano 'wine',ardo,Intervocalic *n is lost or becomes h,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/empty
n_to_empty,n,∅,Proto-Basque to Basque,Basque,false,*azenari 'fox',azeri,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/empty
n_to_empty,n,∅,Catalan,Occitano-Romance,false,Latin pānis 'bread' > Old Catalan pan,pa 'bread' (plural pans),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/empty
n_to_empty,n,∅,Catalan,Occitano-Romance,false,Latin vīnum 'wine' > Old Catalan vin,vi 'wine' (plural vins),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/empty
n_to_empty,n,∅,Catalan,Occitano-Romance,false,Latin manus 'hand' > Old Catalan man,mà 'hand',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/empty
n_to_empty,n,∅,Catalan,Occitano-Romance,false,"Latin canis, canem 'dog'",ca 'dog',"Word-final n, exposed by the loss of final vowels, was dropped; plurals keep it (pans, vins), whereas Languedocian and Northern Catalan lose it there too. Provençal keeps the final n.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/empty
n_to_g,n,g,Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit agni 'fire',aggi,Sanskrit /gn/ became Pali geminate /gg/ by total progressive assimilation of the nasal to the preceding stop.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/g
n_to_g,n,g,Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit nagna 'naked',nagga,Same /gn/ > /gg/ assimilation.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/g
n_to_g,n,g,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit agni 'fire',Ashokan Prakrit agi /aggi/,The Ashokan inscriptions write the geminate with a single letter; Gandhari has agi.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/g
n_to_g,n,g,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit nagna 'naked',ṇagga,Also shows the Prakrit change of initial n to ṇ; the source of Hindi naṅgā and Romani nango.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/g
n_to_h,n,h,Proto-Basque to Basque,Basque,false,*anate 'duck',ahate,"Intervocalic *n > h (Michelena's lenition); Zuberoan retains the former nasality as a nasalized h, a surviving feature rather than an intermediate stage",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/h
n_to_h,n,h,Proto-Basque to Basque,Basque,false,*anari 'male sheep or goat',ahari,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/h
n_to_h,n,h,Proto-Basque to Basque,Basque,false,*bini 'tongue',mihi,Also with *b- > m- before a nasal,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/h
n_to_i_nas,n,ĩ,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Galician-Portuguese fin (< Latin finis),fim [ˈfĩ] 'end',The coda nasal consonant is lost and the vowel is phonemically nasal.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/i_nas
n_to_i_nas,n,ĩ,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Galician-Portuguese latin,"latim [lɐˈtĩ] (EP), [laˈt͡ʃĩ] (BP) 'Latin'",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/i_nas
n_to_l,n,l,Southern Min (Hokkien),Min,false,"南 'south', Proto-Min *nəmA",lâm /lam²⁴/ (Xiamen),Jieyang keeps nam² (Proto-Min sample table).,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/l
n_to_l,n,l,Southern Min (Hokkien),Min,false,"念 'read', Proto-Min *n- (Old Chinese *nˤim-s)",liām /liam²²/ (Xiamen),,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/l
n_to_l,n,l,Southern Min (Hokkien),Min,false,"難 'difficult', Old Chinese *nˤar",lân /lan²⁴/ (Xiamen),,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/l
n_to_l,n,l,Southern Min (Hokkien),Min,false,"內 'inside', Old Chinese *nˤ[u]p-s",lāi /lai²²/ (Xiamen),,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/l
n_to_m,n,m,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,invierno /inˈbjeɾno/ 'winter',[imˈbjeɾno],"Syllable-final nasals take the place of the following consonant, also across word boundaries.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/m
n_to_m,n,m,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,"envidia, with /n/ before /b/",[ẽmˈbi.ð̞ja] 'envy',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/m
n_to_m,n,m,Modern Greek,Hellenic,true,τον πατέρα /ton paˈtera/ 'the father (acc.)',[to(m)baˈtera],"/n/ assimilates in place to the following stop (which becomes voiced) or is deleted, depending on dialect and tempo.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/m
n_to_m,n,m,Modern Greek,Hellenic,true,δεν πειράζει /ðen piˈrazi/ 'it doesn't matter',[ðe(m)biˈrazi],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/m
n_to_m,n,m,English,West Germanic,true,input /ˈɪnpʊt/,/ˈɪmpʊt/,"Both pronunciations are listed for RP, General American and Australian English.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/m
n_to_m,n,m,English,West Germanic,true,inbox /ˈɪnbɒks/,/ˈɪmbɒks/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/m
n_to_n_palatal,n,ɲ,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin vīnea [nj] 'vineyard',viña [ˈbiɲa],Via Old Spanish vinna; the cluster nj became the palatal nasal ñ.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_palatal
n_to_n_palatal,n,ɲ,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,"Latin seniōrem, Vulgar Latin *senjor 'elder'","señor [seˈɲoɾ] 'lord, sir'",Via Old Spanish sennor.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_palatal
n_to_n_palatal,n,ɲ,Hungarian,Ugric,true,unja /unjɒ/ 's/he is bored with it',[uɲːɒ],"Full palatal assimilation of n before j is obligatory in standard Hungarian, giving a long palatal nasal.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_palatal
n_to_n_palatal,n,ɲ,Hungarian,Ugric,true,pinty 'finch' (/n/ before palatal /c/),[piɲc],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_palatal
n_to_n_palatal,n,ɲ,Japanese,Japonic,true,"/ni/, /nj/ (e.g. に ni)","[ɲi], [ɲ]","Allophonic: /n/ before /i/ or /j/ is lamino-alveolopalatal or prepalatal, transcribed broadly as [ɲ].",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_palatal
n_to_n_palatal,n,ɲ,Japanese,Japonic,true,/nja/,[ɲa],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_palatal
n_to_n_palatal,n,ɲ,Japanese,Japonic,true,日 /niti/ 'day',[ɲitɕi],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_palatal
n_to_n_palatal,n,ɲ,North Slope Iñupiaq,Inuit,false,Proto-Inuit *inuɣ 'person',iñuk,Alveolar n became palatal ñ /ɲ/ after a 'strong' i; Northwest Alaska Iñupiaq and the other Inuit varieties keep inuk.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_palatal
n_to_n_palatal,n,ɲ,North Slope Iñupiaq,Inuit,false,Proto-Inuit *iʀnəq 'son',iġñiq,Inuinnaqtun and Inuktitut keep irniq.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_palatal
n_to_n_palatalized,n,nʲ,Old East Slavic / Russian,East Slavic,false,небо /ˈnɛbɔ/ 'sky' (c. 9th century),/ˈnʲɛbɔ/ (c. 11th century); Russian небо [ˈnʲebə],Consonants were palatalized before front vowels in Old East Slavic.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_palatalized
n_to_n_palatalized,n,nʲ,Old East Slavic / Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *nesti 'to carry',Russian нести [nʲɪˈsʲtʲi],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_palatalized
n_to_n_palatalized,n,nʲ,Irish,Goidelic,false,"Old Irish nert, Proto-Celtic *nertom 'strength'",neart /nʲaɾˠt̪ˠ/,Consonants before original front vowels became slender (palatalized).,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_palatalized
n_to_n_palatalized,n,nʲ,Irish,Goidelic,false,Old Irish nem 'heaven' (Proto-Celtic *nemos),neamh /nʲavˠ/ (Munster),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_palatalized
n_to_n_palatalized,n,nʲ,Irish,Goidelic,false,Old Irish net 'nest' (Proto-Celtic *nizdos),nead /nʲad̪ˠ/ (Munster),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_palatalized
n_to_n_palatalized,n,nʲ,Lithuanian,East Baltic,true,nešti 'to carry' (n before e),/ˈnʲɛʃ.tʲɪ/,Lithuanian consonants are palatalized before front vowels.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_palatalized
n_to_n_palatalized,n,nʲ,Lithuanian,East Baltic,true,"niekas 'nothing, nobody'",[²ˈnʲiɛkɐs],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_palatalized
n_to_n_retroflex,n,ɳ,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,PIE *pl̥h₁nós 'full' (Latin plēnus),पूर्ण pūrṇa /puːɾ.ɳɐ/,The nasal following r is retroflex ṇ by the nati rule.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_retroflex
n_to_n_retroflex,n,ɳ,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hušnás 'hot',उष्ण uṣṇá /uʂ.ɳɐ́/,After retroflex ṣ the following nasal is retroflexed.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_retroflex
n_to_n_retroflex,n,ɳ,Punjabi (via Prakrit),Indo-Aryan,false,"Sanskrit पानीय pānīya 'water, drink'",Prakrit pāṇīa > Punjabi ਪਾਣੀ pāṇī /päː.ɳiː/,Intervocalic n became retroflex ṇ in Prakrit; Hindi pānī has dental n.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_retroflex
n_to_n_retroflex,n,ɳ,Punjabi (via Prakrit),Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit जानाति jānāti 'knows',Prakrit jāṇaï > Punjabi ਜਾਣਨਾ jāṇnā /d͡ʒäːɳ.näː/ 'to know',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_retroflex
n_to_n_retroflex,n,ɳ,Marathi (via Maharashtri Prakrit),Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit पानीय pānīya,Maharashtri Prakrit pāṇīa > Marathi पाणी pāṇī [pa.ɳiː] 'water',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_retroflex
n_to_n_retroflex,n,ɳ,Marathi (via Maharashtri Prakrit),Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit जानाति jānāti,Maharashtri Prakrit jāṇaï > Marathi जाणणे jāṇṇe /d͡zaɳ.ɳe/ 'to know',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_retroflex
n_to_n_retroflex,n,ɳ,Gujarati (via Prakrit),Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit पानीय pānīya,Prakrit pāṇīa > Gujarati પાણી pāṇī /ˈpɑ.ɳi/ 'water',Parsi Gujarati has dental pānī.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_retroflex
n_to_n_retroflex,n,ɳ,Gujarati (via Prakrit),Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit जानाति jānāti,Prakrit jāṇadi > Gujarati જાણવું jāṇvũ 'to know',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_retroflex
n_to_n_uvular,n,ɴ,Southern Quechua (Cusco),Quechua II-C,true,/ˈtɑnqɑ-j/ 'push!',[ˈtɑɴqɑ-j],"Rodríguez Champi (2006): a nasal assimilates to the place of a following obstruent, even across a word boundary.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_uvular
n_to_n_uvular,n,ɴ,Southern Quechua (Cusco),Quechua II-C,true,sunqu 'heart' (/n/ before /q/),[ˈs̠oɴqo],Listed for Peruvian Quechua as an allophone of /n/.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/n_uvular
n_to_ng,n,ŋ,English (Synchronic),Germanic,true,pancake [n],[ˈpæŋkeɪk],Regressive assimilation before the velar stop [k].,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/ng
n_to_ng,n,ŋ,English (Synchronic),Germanic,true,ten girls,[teŋ ɡɜːrlz],Assimilation across word boundaries in connected speech.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/ng
n_to_ng,n,ŋ,Spanish,Romance,true,blanco [n],[ˈblaŋko],Mandatory assimilation of /n/ before velar consonants.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/ng
n_to_ng,n,ŋ,Spanish,Romance,true,tengo /ˈtenɡo/ 'I have',[ˈt̪ẽŋ.ɡo],,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/ng
n_to_ng,n,ŋ,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Makassarese,South Sulawesi,false,PMP *bulan 'moon',Makassarese bulaŋ,Word-final nasals merge as -ŋ.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/ng
n_to_ng,n,ŋ,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Makassarese,South Sulawesi,false,PMP *taqun 'year',Makassarese tauŋ,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/ng
n_to_ng,n,ŋ,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Buginese,South Sulawesi,false,PMP *bulan 'moon',Buginese uleŋ,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/ng
n_to_ng,n,ŋ,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Buginese,South Sulawesi,false,PMP *taqun 'year',Buginese tauŋ,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/ng
n_to_ng,n,ŋ,Cuzco Quechua,Quechua II-C,true,/ˈmanka/ 'pot',[ˈmaŋka],"A coda nasal takes the place of articulation of a following obstruent, even across a word boundary.",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/ng
n_to_ng,n,ŋ,Cuzco Quechua,Quechua II-C,true,/ˈmaɾan/ 'batán (grinding stone)',[ˈmaɾaŋ],Word-final /n/ is velar.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/ng
n_to_ng,n,ŋ,Cuzco Quechua,Quechua II-C,true,/ˈkinɾaj/ 'side',[ˈkiŋɾaj],,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/ng
n_to_ng,n,ŋ,Proto-Daba to Mbudum (word-final),Central Chadic,false,Proto-Daba *ban 'to wash',Mbudum baŋ,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/ng
n_to_ng,n,ŋ,Proto-Daba to Mbudum (word-final),Central Chadic,false,Proto-Daba *van 'rain',Mbudum vaŋ,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/ng
n_to_ng,n,ŋ,Proto-Daba to Mbudum (word-final),Central Chadic,false,Proto-Daba *sɨn 'to know',Mbudum səŋ,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/ng
n_to_ng,n,ŋ,Proto-Central Chadic North to Proto-Lamang (word-final),Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic North *ɬɨɗɨnʸ 'tooth',Proto-Lamang ɬɨɗɨŋ,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/ng
n_to_ng,n,ŋ,Proto-Central Chadic North to Proto-Lamang (word-final),Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic North *ɮɨwɨn 'fear',Proto-Lamang ɮɨwɨŋ,"Words that had gained a final vowel before the change keep n, as in Proto-Lamang hɨkɨna 'three'.",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/ng
n_to_ng,n,ŋ,Proto-Mafa to Cuvok (word-final),Central Chadic,false,Proto-Mafa *madɨwan 'rat',Cuvok madwaŋ,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/ng
n_to_ng,n,ŋ,Proto-Mafa to Cuvok (word-final),Central Chadic,false,Proto-Mafa *zapan 'guinea fowl',Cuvok zapaŋ,"Gravina finds word-final *n → ŋ widely across Central Chadic, consistently in Mbudum, Cuvok, Mbazla and Proto-Lamang.",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/ng
n_to_r,n,r,Istro-Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin bonum [n],Istro-Romanian bur [r],Intervocalic /n/ shifted to /r/ in Istro-Romanian and some northern Daco-Romanian dialects. Standard Romanian retains bun.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r
n_to_r,n,r,Istro-Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin bene [n],Istro-Romanian bire [r],,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r
n_to_r,n,r,Istro-Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin fenestra [n],Romanian fereastră [r],"The /n/ in the Latin source shifted to /r/ in Romanian, though intermediate steps may have involved dissimilation.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r
n_to_r,n,r,Scottish Gaelic,Goidelic,false,Old Irish cnocc 'hill',cnoc /kʰɾɔ̃xk/,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r
n_to_r,n,r,Scottish Gaelic,Goidelic,false,Old Irish cnáim 'bone',"cnàimh /kʰɾɛ̃ːv/ (Southern Hebrides, Skye)",,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r
n_to_r,n,r,Scottish Gaelic,Goidelic,false,Old Irish cnú 'nut',cnò /kʰɾɔ̃ː/,"After /k/, /n/ became a rhotic and the following vowel was nasalized; spelling keeps ⟨cn⟩. Ulster and parts of Connacht Irish show the same change (cnoc /kɾˠɞk/).",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r
n_to_r,n,r,Proto-Central Chadic to Proto-Margi-Mandara-Mofu,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *sɨn 'to know',"Proto-Margi-Mandara-Mofu *sɨr; Mandara group sɨr, Mofu group sɨr","Word-final *n → r; Maroua, Kotoko North and Kotoko Centre keep sɨn.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r
n_to_r,n,r,Proto-Central Chadic to Proto-Margi-Mandara-Mofu,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *ɬɨɗɨnʸ 'tooth',"*ɬɨɗɨrʸ; Margi group ɬɨrʸ, Mandara group ɬɨrɨʸ, Mofu group ɬɨrʸ","Compare Maroua ɬɨnʸ, Kotoko Centre ɬɨni.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r
n_to_r,n,r,Proto-Central Chadic to Proto-Margi-Mandara-Mofu,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *ɣɨn 'head',*ɣɨr,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r
n_to_r,n,r,Proto-Central Chadic to Proto-Margi-Mandara-Mofu,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *hɨkin 'three',*hɨkir,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r
n_to_r,n,r,Mser (Kotoko Centre),Central Chadic,false,Proto-Kotoko Centre *kʷɨne 'urine',Mser kure,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r
n_to_r,n,r,Mser (Kotoko Centre),Central Chadic,false,Proto-Kotoko Centre *sɨwane 'dream',Mser sware,Gravina lists *n → r as a widespread Mser change.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r
n_to_r_flap,n,ɾ,Tosk Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *grunā,Tosk grurë 'wheat',Albanian single r is the tap [ɾ].,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r_flap
n_to_r_flap,n,ɾ,Tosk Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *wana,Tosk uri 'hunger',Gheg uni keeps n.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r_flap
n_to_r_flap,n,ɾ,Tosk Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *tsanidā,Tosk thëri 'nit',Gheg thëni keeps n.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r_flap
n_to_r_flap,n,ɾ,Tosk Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *alanā,Tosk llërë 'upper arm',Gheg llânë keeps n.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r_flap
n_to_r_flap,n,ɾ,Tosk Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *twana,Tosk tërë 'whole',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r_flap
n_to_r_flap,n,ɾ,Tosk Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *wainā- 'wine',Tosk verë [vɛɾə],Gheg keeps venë.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r_flap
n_to_r_flap,n,ɾ,Tosk Albanian,Albanian,false,Latin arēna 'sand',Tosk rërë,Gheg ranë; the rhotacism postdates Latin borrowing.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r_flap
n_to_r_flap,n,ɾ,Istro-Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin bonus 'good' (cf. Daco-Romanian bun),bur /bur/,Intervocalic n became r in words of Latin origin The source writes a broad phonemic /r/; the single intervocalic rhotic is filed under the tap ɾ.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r_flap
n_to_r_flap,n,ɾ,Istro-Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin bene 'well' (cf. Daco-Romanian bine),bire /bire/,Same change,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r_flap
n_to_r_flap,n,ɾ,Istro-Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,"Latin canis, canem 'dog' (cf. Daco-Romanian câine)",câre /kəre/,Same change,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r_flap
n_to_r_flap,n,ɾ,Irish,Goidelic,false,Old Irish cnocc 'hill',Ulster /kɾˠɞk/,/n/ after a stop becomes a tap in northern dialects; Munster keeps /kn̪ˠuk/.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r_flap
n_to_r_flap,n,ɾ,Irish,Goidelic,false,Old Irish mná 'women',Ulster /mˠɾˠãː/,"After /m/, with the following vowel nasalized; Munster keeps /mˠn̪ˠɑː/.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r_flap
n_to_r_flap,n,ɾ,Irish,Goidelic,false,Old Irish gnó 'business',Connacht /ɡɾˠoː/,After /ɡ/; Munster keeps /ɡn̪ˠoː/.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r_flap
n_to_r_flap,n,ɾ,Scottish Gaelic,Goidelic,false,Old Irish cnocc 'hill',cnoc /kʰɾɔ̃xk/,"The cluster /kn/ became /kɾ/, with nasalization moved onto the vowel",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r_flap
n_to_r_flap,n,ɾ,Scottish Gaelic,Goidelic,false,Old Irish cnáim 'bone',"cnàimh /kʰɾɛ̃ːv/ (Southern Hebrides, Skye)",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/r_flap
n_to_t,n,t,Proto-Chamic to Roglai,Chamic,false,*hujaːn 'rain',hujaːt,final nasal hardening; cf. Cham hajan,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/t
n_to_t,n,t,Proto-Chamic to Roglai,Chamic,false,*jalaːn 'road',jalàt,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/t
n_to_t,n,t,Proto-Chamic to Roglai,Chamic,false,*thun 'year',thut,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/t
n_to_t,n,t,Proto-Chamic to Roglai,Chamic,false,*tiyaːn 'belly',matiat,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/t
n_to_t,n,t,Proto-Malayic to Urak Lawoi,Malayic,false,*bulan 'moon',bulat,final *-n > -t; cf. Malay bulan,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/t
n_to_t,n,t,Proto-Malayic to Urak Lawoi,Malayic,false,*hujan 'rain',hujat,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/t
n_to_t,n,t,Proto-Malayic to Urak Lawoi,Malayic,false,*hutan 'forest',hutat,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/t
n_to_t,n,t,Proto-Malayic to Urak Lawoi,Malayic,false,*ikan 'fish',ikat,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/t
n_to_t,n,t,Proto-Malayic to Urak Lawoi,Malayic,false,*jalan 'road',jalat,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n/t
n_uvular_to_m,ɴ,m,Japanese (Tokyo),Japonic,true,新聞 shinbun /ɕiNbuN/ 'newspaper',[ɕĩmbɯ̟̃ɴ],/N/ before the bilabial stop /b/ surfaces as [m].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_uvular/m
n_uvular_to_m,ɴ,m,Japanese (Tokyo),Japonic,true,"散歩 sanpo /saNpo/ 'walk, stroll'",[sã̠mpo̞],/N/ before /p/ surfaces as [m].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_uvular/m
n_uvular_to_m,ɴ,m,Japanese (Tokyo),Japonic,true,三枚 sanmai /saNmai/ 'three sheets',[sammai],"/N/ before /m/ surfaces as [m], giving a geminate.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_uvular/m
n_uvular_to_n,ɴ,n,Japanese (Tokyo),Japonic,true,"本当 hontō /hoɴtoː/ 'truth, really'",[hõ̞nto̞ː],/ɴ/ before the alveolar stop /t/ surfaces as [n].,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_uvular/n
n_uvular_to_n,ɴ,n,Japanese (Tokyo),Japonic,true,案内 annai /aɴnai/ 'guidance',[ã̠nːa̠i],/ɴ/ before /n/ yields a long alveolar nasal.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_uvular/n
n_uvular_to_n,ɴ,n,Japanese (Tokyo),Japonic,true,三年 sannen /saɴneɴ/ 'three years',[sã̠nːẽ̞ɴ],The first /ɴ/ assimilates to the following /n/; the word-final one keeps its pre-pausal uvular realization.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_uvular/n
n_uvular_to_ng,ɴ,ŋ,Japanese (Tokyo),Japonic,true,銀行 ginkō /ɡiɴkoː/ 'bank',[ɡʲĩŋko̞ː],/ɴ/ before /k/ surfaces as [ŋ].,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_uvular/ng
n_uvular_to_ng,ɴ,ŋ,Japanese (Tokyo),Japonic,true,三回 sankai /saɴkai/ 'three times',[sã̠ŋka̠i],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_uvular/ng
n_uvular_to_ng,ɴ,ŋ,Japanese (Tokyo),Japonic,true,音楽 ongaku /oɴɡaku/ 'music',[õ̞ŋɡa̠kɯ̟],/ɴ/ before the voiced velar stop /ɡ/ surfaces as [ŋ].,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/n_uvular/ng
ng_to_empty,ŋ,∅,Hong Kong Cantonese,Sinitic,false,"我 ngo5 [ŋɔː˨˧] 'I, me'",o5 [ɔː˨˧],"The from-form is the conservative pronunciation. Onset /ŋ/ is lost in light-tone syllables in younger speakers' speech, merging with the zero onset; prescriptivists stigmatize it as 'lazy pronunciation' (懶音).",4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/empty
ng_to_empty,ŋ,∅,Hong Kong Cantonese,Sinitic,false,牛 ngau4 [ŋɐu4] 'cow',[ɐu4],,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/empty
ng_to_empty,ŋ,∅,Mandarin (Middle Chinese yí initial),Sinitic,false,我 MC ngaX [ŋ],wǒ [wɔ],The velar nasal initial of Middle Chinese is lost in Mandarin; Cantonese 我 ngo5 keeps it.,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/empty
ng_to_empty,ŋ,∅,Mandarin (Middle Chinese yí initial),Sinitic,false,餓 MC ngaH [ŋ],è [ɤ],,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/empty
ng_to_empty,ŋ,∅,Finnic (Finnish),Finnic,false,*jäŋe [ŋ],"jää ""ice""",Compensatory lengthening; *ŋ was lost except before k.,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/empty
ng_to_empty,ŋ,∅,Finnic (Finnish),Finnic,false,*joŋsi,"jousi ""bow""",,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/empty
ng_to_empty,ŋ,∅,Uradhi,Northern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *nga:ni 'what',ani 'what',"Initial *ŋ is lost in Northern Paman; Mpalitjanh, Yinwum, Linngithigh and Ngkoth also have ani. Kuuk Thaayorre nga:n keeps it.",4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/empty
ng_to_empty,ŋ,∅,Uradhi,Northern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *ngaci 'mother's father',athi 'mother's father',,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/empty
ng_to_empty,ŋ,∅,Uradhi,Northern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *ngacu- '1sg oblique',athu+ '1sg oblique',,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/empty
ng_to_empty,ŋ,∅,Eastern and Central Arrernte,Arandic,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *ngayu 'I',aye- 'I',Arandic lost initial consonants; Nhanda ngayi and Kalkatungu ngayi keep the nasal.,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/empty
ng_to_empty,ŋ,∅,Eastern and Central Arrernte,Arandic,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *ngaci 'mother's father',ace 'mother's father',,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/empty
ng_to_empty,ŋ,∅,Eastern and Central Arrernte,Arandic,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *ngulu 'forehead',"urle 'forehead, head'",Kaytetye erlwe 'forehead' shows the same loss.,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/empty
ng_to_empty,ŋ,∅,Arabana,Karnic,false,ngarayi 'yes' (19th-century wordlists),arayi 'yes' (1994),Initial /ŋ/ elision in Arabana continued into the 20th century.,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/empty
ng_to_empty,ŋ,∅,Arabana,Karnic,false,Ngarabana (older name of the language),Arabana,,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/empty
ng_to_empty,ŋ,∅,Proto-Tungusic to Nanai,Southern Tungusic,false,*ŋene- 'to go',Nanai энэури,"Ulch ӈэнэву (ŋēnewu), Evenki ӈэнэдемӣ keep ŋ.",4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/empty
ng_to_empty,ŋ,∅,Proto-Tungusic to Nanai,Southern Tungusic,false,*ŋindakun 'dog',Nanai инда,Orok ӈинда keeps ŋ; Manchu indahūn also lacks it.,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/empty
ng_to_empty,ŋ,∅,Proto-Tungusic to Nanai,Southern Tungusic,false,*ŋüi 'who',Nanai уй,Ulch has ӈуй alongside уй; Nanai keeps ŋ in ӈа̄ла 'hand' (*ŋāla).,4,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/empty
ng_to_g,ŋ,g,Southern Min (Hokkien),Min,false,"月 'moon', Proto-Min *ŋ- (Old Chinese *[ŋ]ʷat)","ge̍h /ɡeʔ⁴/ (Xiamen), goe̍h","Proto-Min *ŋ denasalized to g before oral vowels in Southern Min; Fuzhou, Jian'ou and Jianyang keep ŋ.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/g
ng_to_g,ŋ,g,Southern Min (Hokkien),Min,false,"銀 'silver', Proto-Min *ŋ- (Old Chinese *ŋrə[n])","gîn, gûn /ɡun²⁴/ (Xiamen)",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/g
ng_to_g,ŋ,g,Southern Min (Hokkien),Min,false,"鵝 'goose', Proto-Min *ŋ- (Old Chinese *ŋˤa[r])",gô /ɡo²⁴/ (Xiamen),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/g
ng_to_g,ŋ,g,Southern Min (Hokkien),Min,false,"牛 'ox', Old Chinese *[ŋ]ʷə (Zhengzhang *ŋʷɯ)",gû /ɡu²⁴/ (Xiamen),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/g
ng_to_g,ŋ,g,Hungarian,Uralic,false,*jäŋe [ŋ],"jég ""ice""",Finnish jää: ŋ lost with vowel lengthening.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/g
ng_to_g,ŋ,g,Hungarian,Uralic,false,*piŋe,"fog ""tooth""",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/g
ng_to_g,ŋ,g,Hungarian,Uralic,false,*wiŋe-,"vég ""end""",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/g
ng_to_g,ŋ,g,Samic (Western and Inari/Skolt),Samic,false,Proto-Samic *pāŋkē 'reindeer headstall',"Northern Sami bággi, Inari Sami päggi, Skolt Sami päʹǧǧ",Denasalization of *ŋk to a geminate stop; Kildin па̄ӈӈҍк keeps the velar nasal.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/g
ng_to_g,ŋ,g,Samic (Western and Inari/Skolt),Samic,false,Proto-Samic *juŋkē 'depression in terrain',"Northern Sami juggi, Inari Sami jugge, Skolt Sami juʹǧǧ",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/g
ng_to_g,ŋ,g,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Jurchenic,false,*ŋāla 'hand',Manchu gala,"Jurchen 哈剌; Evenki ӈа̄лэ, Nanai ӈа̄ла keep ŋ.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/g
ng_to_g,ŋ,g,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Jurchenic,false,*ŋēle- 'to fear',Manchu gelembi,Evenki ӈэ̄лэтчэмӣ keeps ŋ.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/g
ng_to_g,ŋ,g,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Jurchenic,false,*ŋene- 'to go',Manchu genembi,Evenki ӈэнэдемӣ keeps ŋ.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/g
ng_to_g,ŋ,g,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Jurchenic,false,*ŋalmakta 'mosquito',Manchu galman,Evenki ӈанмакта keeps ŋ.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/g
ng_to_g,ŋ,g,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Jurchenic,false,*ŋōlimi 'long',Manchu golmin,"Before *i Manchu has zero (indahūn 'dog' < *ŋindakun), and in *ŋō 'smell', *ŋāŋta 'fir', *ŋüi 'who' it has w (wa, wantaha, we).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/g
ng_to_glottal_stop,ŋ,ʔ,Tundra Nenets,Samoyedic,false,Proto-Samoyedic *aŋ 'mouth',няʼ (nyah),"Final *ŋ became a glottal stop; Forest Nenets няӈ, Nganasan ӈаӈ and Kamassian аӈ keep the nasal.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/glottal_stop
ng_to_glottal_stop,ŋ,ʔ,Tundra Nenets,Samoyedic,false,Proto-Samoyedic *kuŋ 'whither' (*ku- + lative *-ŋ),хуʼ (xuh),The old lative suffix *-ŋ surfaces as a glottal stop; Mator куӈа keeps the nasal.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/glottal_stop
ng_to_glottal_stop,ŋ,ʔ,Enets,Samoyedic,false,Proto-Samoyedic *aŋ 'mouth',"Forest Enets наʼ (naʔ), Tundra Enets эʼ (eʔ)",Same final *ŋ > ʔ as in Nenets.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/glottal_stop
ng_to_glottal_stop,ŋ,ʔ,Enets,Samoyedic,false,Proto-Samoyedic *kuŋ 'whither',Forest and Tundra Enets куʼ (kuʔ),Lative *-ŋ > ʔ.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/glottal_stop
ng_to_glottal_stop,ŋ,ʔ,Tahitian,Polynesian,false,Proto-Polynesian *taŋata 'person',taʻata [taʔata],"Medial *ŋ became the glottal stop ʻeta; cf. Māori and Tongan tangata, Samoan tagata with [ŋ].",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/glottal_stop
ng_to_glottal_stop,ŋ,ʔ,Tahitian,Polynesian,false,Proto-Polynesian *laŋi 'sky',raʻi [raʔi],"Same change; cf. Māori and Rarotongan rangi, Tongan langi.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/glottal_stop
ng_to_h,ŋ,h,Huastec,Mayan,false,"Proto-Mayan *q'iiŋ 'sun, day'","k'ih (spelled k'ij) 'time, season'","Kaufman lists Western Huastec k'ij 'tiempo, estación' under Proto-Mayan *q'iinh; Yucatec k'iin and Ch'ol k'in keep the nasal as n.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/h
ng_to_h,ŋ,h,Huastec,Mayan,false,Proto-Mayan *ʔooŋ 'avocado',ʔuh (spelled 7uj) 'avocado',"Compare Yucatec oon, Chontal on.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/h
ng_to_h,ŋ,h,Huastec,Mayan,false,Proto-Mayan *laajuuŋ 'ten',laajuh (spelled laajuj) 'ten',"Compare Yucatec lajun-, Tzotzil lajuneb'; Chuj lajunhe7 keeps the velar nasal.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/h
ng_to_h,ŋ,h,Parkatêjê,Northern Jê,false,"Proto-Northern Jê *ŋə̃ 'to pound, thresh'",hə̃,Only the plain nasal (before nasal vowels) is affected; the postoralized allophone became nk (*ŋgo 'wet' > (-n)ko). Krikatí shares the change.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/h
ng_to_h,ŋ,h,Parkatêjê,Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *kaŋə̃ 'snake',kahə̃,Canela keeps kaŋə̃.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/h
ng_to_h,ŋ,h,Parkatêjê,Northern Jê,false,"Proto-Northern Jê *kaŋõ 'to press, rub'",kahõ 'to complain',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/h
ng_to_j_glide,ŋ,j,Cantonese,Yue,false,"疑 'doubt', MC ngi",ji4 [jiː˨˩],Hakka keeps the nasal (ngì); Mandarin has zero initial (yí).,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/j_glide
ng_to_j_glide,ŋ,j,Cantonese,Yue,false,"言 'speech', MC ngjon",jin4,Hakka ngièn; Mandarin yán.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/j_glide
ng_to_j_glide,ŋ,j,Cantonese,Yue,false,"月 'moon', MC ngjwot",jyut6,Hakka ngie̍t; Mandarin yuè.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/j_glide
ng_to_m,ŋ,m,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin lignum 'wood',lemn 'wood',Latin ⟨gn⟩ stood for [ŋn]; in Romanian the velar nasal became bilabial before /n/.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/m
ng_to_m,ŋ,m,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin signum 'sign',"semn 'sign, mark'",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/m
ng_to_m,ŋ,m,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin cognātus 'kinsman',cumnat 'brother-in-law',Dalmatian comnut shows the same outcome.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/m
ng_to_m,ŋ,m,Aromanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin lignum 'wood',Aromanian lemnu,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/m
ng_to_m,ŋ,m,Aromanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin signum 'sign',Aromanian semnu,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/m
ng_to_m,ŋ,m,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,吳 ng4 [ŋ̍],m4 [m̩],The from-form is the conservative pronunciation. The syllabic velar nasal merged with syllabic /m/ among younger Hong Kong speakers; one of the 'lazy sounds' (懶音).,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/m
ng_to_m,ŋ,m,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,五 ng5 'five' [ŋ̍],m5 [m̩],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/m
ng_to_n,ŋ,n,English (Dialectal),West Germanic,true,running [ŋ],runnin' [n],"Unstressed morpheme-final -ing /ɪŋ/ is realized as [ɪn] or [ən] (spelled -in'); stereotyped in U-RP 'huntin', shootin' and fishin'' and common in casual registers across North American and British accents. Monosyllables such as sing and king are not affected.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n
ng_to_n,ŋ,n,English (Dialectal),West Germanic,true,something [ŋ],somethin' [n],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n
ng_to_n,ŋ,n,Hakka,Sinitic,false,平 MC bjaeng [-ŋ],Meixian pʰin [pʰin],Hakka velar codas tend to become dental after front vowels.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n
ng_to_n,ŋ,n,Hakka,Sinitic,false,明 MC mjaeng [-ŋ],Meixian /min¹¹/ (literary),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n
ng_to_n,ŋ,n,Southwestern Mandarin (Chengdu),Sinitic,false,京 MC kjaeng [-ŋ],jin1 [tɕin],"-en/-eng and -in/-ing merge in the Southwest, so 金 and 京 are homophones; Standard Mandarin jīng [tɕiŋ].",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n
ng_to_n,ŋ,n,Southwestern Mandarin (Chengdu),Sinitic,false,明 MC mjaeng [-ŋ],min2 /min²¹/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n
ng_to_n,ŋ,n,Proto-Polynesian to Hawaiian,Polynesian,false,*taŋata 'person',kanaka,"*ŋ merged with n in Hawaiian, alongside *t > k; cf. Māori tangata, Tahitian taʻata (*ŋ > ʔ)",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n
ng_to_n,ŋ,n,Proto-Polynesian to Hawaiian,Polynesian,false,"*taŋi 'to cry, sound'",kani,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n
ng_to_n,ŋ,n,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Malagasy,Barito,false,PMP *laŋit 'sky',Malagasy lánitra,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n
ng_to_n,ŋ,n,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Malagasy,Barito,false,PMP *taŋis 'weep',"Malagasy tany, t<om>any 'to weep'",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n
ng_to_n,ŋ,n,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Malagasy,Barito,false,PMP *tuqəlaŋ 'bone',Malagasy taolana,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n
ng_to_n,ŋ,n,Proto-Tungusic to Negidal and Evenki,Northern Tungusic,false,*ŋüi 'who',Negidal нӣ (nī),Evenki and Even ӈӣ keep ŋ.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n
ng_to_n,ŋ,n,Proto-Tungusic to Negidal and Evenki,Northern Tungusic,false,*ŋüikte 'root',"Negidal ниӈтэ (niŋte), Evenki ниӈтэ",Both languages also have ӈиӈтэ; Even ӈиӈтэ.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n
ng_to_n,ŋ,n,Proto-Tungusic to Negidal and Evenki,Northern Tungusic,false,*ŋindakun 'dog',Negidal ни̇нахи̇н,Negidal also has ӈи̇нахи̇н; Evenki ӈинакин.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n
ng_to_n,ŋ,n,"Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Southern Uto-Aztecan (Yaqui, Mayo, Huichol, O'odham, Tarahumara)",Southern Uto-Aztecan,false,"Proto-Uto-Aztecan *oŋa 'salt' (Stubbs: *omCa/*oNCa > *oŋa, then Southern Uto-Aztecan *ona)","Yaqui oóna, Mayo oona, Huichol ꞌúna, O'odham ʼon",Hopi öönga keeps the velar nasal.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n
ng_to_n,ŋ,n,"Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Southern Uto-Aztecan (Yaqui, Mayo, Huichol, O'odham, Tarahumara)",Southern Uto-Aztecan,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *kuŋa 'husband' (Voegelin et al.; Stubbs *kuNa),"Mayo cuuna, Huichol cḯna, O'odham kun, Tarahumara cuná",Hopi koongya keeps the velar nasal.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n
ng_to_n_palatal,ŋ,ɲ,Shanghainese,Wu,false,Middle Chinese 疑 ŋɨ (Baxter ngi) 'doubt',Shanghainese 6gni /n̠ʲi²³/,"Before a front vowel the Middle Chinese velar nasal initial became palatal. Hakka keeps ngì /ŋi¹¹/, and Mandarin lost it (yí /i³⁵/).",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n_palatal
ng_to_n_palatal,ŋ,ɲ,Shanghainese,Wu,false,"Middle Chinese 牛 ngjuw 'ox, cow'",Shanghainese 6gnieu /n̠ʲiɤ²³/,Before the palatal medial the velar nasal palatalized. Cantonese ngau4 /ŋɐu̯²¹/ keeps [ŋ].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n_palatal
ng_to_n_uvular,ŋ,ɴ,Kazakh,Kipchak,true,"даңқ /dɑŋq/ 'fame, glory'",[d̥ɑ̝ɴqʰ],Before /q/.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n_uvular
ng_to_n_uvular,ŋ,ɴ,Kazakh,Kipchak,true,"аңғар /ɑŋˈʁɑr/ 'valley, gorge'",[ɑ̝ɴɢɑ̝́r̥],"Before /ʁ/, which is realized as the stop [ɢ] after the nasal.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n_uvular
ng_to_n_uvular,ŋ,ɴ,Kazakh,Kipchak,true,Даңқымыз 'our glory',[d̪ɑ̝̃ɴqʰə̃ˈməz̪],From the sample sentence in the Wikipedia Kazakh language article.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n_uvular
ng_to_n_uvular,ŋ,ɴ,Mongolian (Khalkha),Mongolic,true,монгол /mɔŋ.ɢɔɮ/ 'Mongol',[ˈmɔ̙ɴ.ɢɞ̙̆ɮ],Before /ɢ/.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n_uvular
ng_to_n_uvular,ŋ,ɴ,Mongolian (Khalkha),Mongolic,true,шонхор /ʃɔŋxɔr/ 'falcon',[ʃɔ̙ɴχɞ̙r],"Before /x/, realized as uvular [χ] in back-vowel words.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/n_uvular
ng_to_w,ŋ,w,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Jurchenic,false,*ŋō 'smell',Manchu wa,Evenki and Even ӈо̄ keep ŋ.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/w
ng_to_w,ŋ,w,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Jurchenic,false,*ŋāŋta 'fir tree',Manchu wantaha,"Even ӈаӈта, Negidal ӈа̄ӈта (ŋāŋta) keep ŋ.",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/w
ng_to_w,ŋ,w,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Jurchenic,false,*ŋüi 'who',Manchu we,Evenki and Even ӈӣ keep ŋ; elsewhere Manchu has g- (gala 'hand' < *ŋāla).,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/w
ng_to_w,ŋ,w,"Proto-Tungusic to Nanai, Ulch and Orok",Southern Tungusic,false,*ŋāŋta 'fir tree',"Nanai ваӈта, Ulch ваӈта (waŋta), Orok ваӈта (waŋta)",Udege ӈаӈта (ŋaŋta) keeps ŋ.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/w
ng_to_w,ŋ,w,"Proto-Tungusic to Nanai, Ulch and Orok",Southern Tungusic,false,*ŋō 'smell',"Nanai ва̄нколи, Ulch ва̄коли (wākoli)",Orok ӈоси and Oroch ӈокки (ŋokki) keep ŋ.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/w
ng_to_w,ŋ,w,"Proto-Tungusic to Nanai, Ulch and Orok",Southern Tungusic,false,*ŋōlimi 'long',Ulch валми̇,Ulch also has волми̇ and ӈолми̇; Nanai ӈонэмэ and Orok ӈоними keep ŋ.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ng/w
o_nas_to_o,õ,o,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Galician-Portuguese bõa (< Latin bona),boa 'good (fem.)',Archaic and dialectal bõa keeps the nasal vowel.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o_nas/o
o_nas_to_o,õ,o,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Galician-Portuguese pessõa (< Latin persōna),pessoa 'person',,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o_nas/o
o_nas_to_ou,õ,ou,Polish,West Slavic,true,"są 'they are', with the older nasal monophthong ą (< Proto-Slavic *sǫtь)",są [sɔw̃] 'they are',"Before non-palatal fricatives (f, w, s, z, sz, ż, rz, ch) and word-finally ą is an oral vowel plus a nasalized glide [w̃]; before stops it splits into vowel + nasal consonant instead.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o_nas/ou
o_nas_to_ou,õ,ou,Polish,West Slavic,true,wąs 'moustache' (Old Polish nasal vowel),[ˈvɔw̃s],Wiktionary also lists the pronunciation [ˈvɔns].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o_nas/ou
o_nas_to_ou,õ,ou,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,bom /bõ/ 'good',[bõw̃],Word-final -om is listed as [õw̃] ~ [õ]; the diphthongal analysis is controversial.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o_nas/ou
o_nas_to_ou,õ,ou,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,som /sõ/ 'sound',[sõw̃],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o_nas/ou
o_nas_to_u,õ,u,Russian,East Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *rǫka 'hand, arm'",рука́ (ruká),Old East Slavic texts show both рѫка and рука; Ukrainian and Belarusian also have рука́.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o_nas/u
o_nas_to_u,õ,u,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *zǫbъ 'tooth',зуб (zub),Old East Slavic зѫбъ ~ зубъ; Ukrainian зуб.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o_nas/u
o_nas_to_u,õ,u,Czech,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *rǫka,ruka (Old Czech ruka),"Denasalization ǫ [õ] > u in Early West Slavic, dated to roughly the 10th century; Slovak also has ruka.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o_nas/u
o_nas_to_u,õ,u,Czech,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *zǫbъ,zub,"Contrast Polish ząb, which keeps a nasal vowel.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o_nas/u
o_nas_to_u,õ,u,Serbo-Croatian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *rǫka,rúka / ру́ка,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o_nas/u
o_nas_to_u,õ,u,Serbo-Croatian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *zǫbъ,zȗb / зу̑б,"Old Church Slavonic still writes the nasal: зѫбъ, рѫка.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o_nas/u
o_to_a,o,a,Proto-Indo-European to Albanian,Albanian,false,*nókʷts 'night',natë (Proto-Albanian *naktā),"PIE short *o merged with *a in Albanian, as in Germanic and Indo-Iranian; cf. Latin nox",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Proto-Indo-European to Albanian,Albanian,false,*gʰórdʰos 'enclosure',gardh 'fence' (Proto-Albanian *garẟ-),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Proto-Iroquoian to Proto-Northern-Iroquoian,Iroquoian,false,*-wohst 'to be good',*-wahstih,PI *o > Northern Iroquoian *a; Cherokee keeps o (ᎣᏍᏓ osda),5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Proto-Iroquoian to Proto-Northern-Iroquoian,Iroquoian,false,*koːhkaːʔ 'crow',*kahkaːʔ,cf. Cherokee ᎪᎦ koga,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Proto-Iroquoian to Proto-Northern-Iroquoian,Iroquoian,false,*-tsjoːɹ- 'tobacco',*-tsjaɹ-,cf. Cherokee ᏦᎳ tsola,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,"PIE *pótis 'master, lord'","Proto-Indo-Iranian *pátiš > Sanskrit पति páti 'lord, husband'","PIE *o > Indo-Iranian *a; cf. Ancient Greek pósis, Latin potis.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,PIE *h₂ówis 'sheep',Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háwiš > Sanskrit अवि ávi 'sheep',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Belarusian,East Slavic,true,"Proto-Slavic *vodà 'water', Old East Slavic вода",вада [vaˈda],Akanye: unstressed /o/ is pronounced and written as a.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Belarusian,East Slavic,true,"Proto-Slavic *gora 'mountain', Old East Slavic гора",гара́,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Belarusian,East Slavic,true,"Proto-Slavic *kozьlъ 'billy goat', Russian козёл",казёл,"Akanye: unstressed /o/ and /a/ merge as [a]; Belarusian spells the merger, so stressed о alternates with unstressed а.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Ignaciano (Mojeño),Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *siˈmoru 'peccary' (Trinitario ˈsmoru),Ignaciano siˈmaru,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Ignaciano (Mojeño),Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *haˈnore 'toucan' (Trinitario ˈhnore),Ignaciano haˈnare,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Ignaciano (Mojeño),Bolivia-Paraná,false,"Proto-Mojeño *-otse 'grandmother' (Trinitario -otse, Old Mojeño <nuoze>)",Ignaciano -atse,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Ignaciano (Mojeño),Bolivia-Paraná,false,"Proto-Mojeño *jóti 'night' (Trinitario joti, Terena jóti)",Ignaciano jati,"Proto-Mojeño *o and *a merged unconditionally as a in Ignaciano; the contrast is also kept in Terena (ûko 'cloud', móte 'mud').",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Balto-Slavic,Balto-Slavic,false,PIE *nókʷts 'night',Proto-Balto-Slavic *náktis (Proto-Slavic *noťь),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Balto-Slavic,Balto-Slavic,false,PIE *h₂ówis 'sheep',"Proto-Balto-Slavic *áwis (Proto-Slavic *ovьca, from *ovь + *-ьca)",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Balto-Slavic,Balto-Slavic,false,PIE *wóǵʰos 'cart',Proto-Balto-Slavic *waźas (Proto-Slavic *vozъ),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Balto-Slavic,Balto-Slavic,false,PIE *dom-u-s 'house',Proto-Balto-Slavic *damús (Proto-Slavic *domъ),PIE short *o merged with *a in Balto-Slavic; Slavic later rounded the short vowel back to *o.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *h₃ósdos 'branch',*astaz /ˈɑs.tɑz/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *oḱtṓw 'eight',*ahtōu /ˈɑx.tɔːu̯/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *gʰóstis 'stranger',*gastiz /ˈɣɑs.tiz/ 'guest',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *gʰórdʰos 'enclosure',*gardaz /ˈɣɑr.ðɑz/ 'yard',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *kóryos 'army',*harjaz /ˈxɑr.jɑz/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_a,o,a,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *nókʷts 'night',*nahts /ˈnɑxts/,Short PIE *o merged with *a in Proto-Germanic; Gothic 𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (nahts) continues the merged vowel.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/a
o_to_au,o,au,Swabian,Alemannic,false,Middle High German hôch 'high' (Standard German hoch [hoːx]),Swabian hau [haʊ̯],"Middle High German long ô is regularly [aʊ̯] in Swabian, merging with the reflexes of â and ou.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/au
o_to_au,o,au,Swabian,Alemannic,false,Middle High German schône 'already' (Standard German schon [ʃoːn]),Swabian schau [ʃaʊ̯],"The same development, with loss of the final nasal.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/au
o_to_au,o,au,Mecklenburgish (Mecklenburg-Western Pomeranian),Low German,false,"Middle Low German ô, as in Strelitz to 'to' (undiphthongized)",Schwerin and Western Pomeranian tau,"The Mecklenburg diphthongization of Middle Low German ô; it is attested in writing since 1734 (tausahmen 'together'). The diphthong is described as [ɔʊ] or [aʊ], a broadening of the general Low German [oʊ] reflex.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/au
o_to_au,o,au,Mecklenburgish (Mecklenburg-Western Pomeranian),Low German,false,"Proto-Germanic *bōks, Low German bok 'book'",bauk,Only ô from Proto-Germanic *ō diphthongizes; ô from Proto-Germanic *au stays o (oge 'eye'). Kauken 'cake' shows the same au.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/au
o_to_caret,o,ʌ,Russian,East Slavic,true,вода /voˈda/ 'water' (cf. stressed во́ды [ˈvodɨ]),[vʌˈda],Akanye: unstressed /o/ immediately before the stress merges with /a/; often transcribed [ɐ].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/caret
o_to_caret,o,ʌ,Russian,East Slavic,true,мороз /moˈroz/ 'frost',[mʌˈros],Pretonic /o/ unrounds; the stressed /o/ is kept.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/caret
o_to_caret,o,ʌ,Russian,East Slavic,true,народ /naˈrod/ 'people' and дрова /droˈva/ 'firewood',"[nʌˈrot], [drʌˈva]",Pretonic /a/ (народ) and /o/ (дрова) fall together as [ʌ].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/caret
o_to_e,o,e,Latin,Italic,false,Old Latin vortō 'I turn' (Plautus),Classical vertō,"Part of the 2nd-century BC change vo- > ve- before s, t and r plus consonant.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/e
o_to_e,o,e,Latin,Italic,false,Old Latin voster 'your (pl.)',Classical vester,The older vo- form survived in Vulgar Latin and underlies Spanish vuestro and Italian vostro.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/e
o_to_e,o,e,Latin,Italic,false,Old Latin vortex 'whirlpool',"vertex 'whirl, summit'",The two forms survived side by side as doublets.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/e
o_to_e,o,e,Latin,Italic,false,Proto-Italic *wors-o- 'sweep',Latin verrō,Same vo- > ve- before r plus consonant (rs > rr).,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/e
o_to_e,o,e,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *tśōr-,"ther 'to cut, slaughter'",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/e
o_to_e,o,e,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *trōtja,"tres 'to dissolve, melt'",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/e
o_to_e,o,e,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *bōr-,"ber 'bow, arch'",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/e
o_to_empty,o,∅,Latin to Spanish,Romance,false,calidus [o/u],caldo [∅],Syncope: loss of the unstressed medial vowel.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/empty
o_to_empty,o,∅,Latin to Spanish,Romance,false,tabula,tabla,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/empty
o_to_empty,o,∅,Baure,Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Baure *himo 'fish' (Joaquiniano himo),Baure him,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/empty
o_to_empty,o,∅,Baure,Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Baure *somo 'tapir' (Joaquiniano ʃoomo),Baure som,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/empty
o_to_empty,o,∅,Baure,Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Baure *kiko 'uncle' (Joaquiniano kiko),Baure kik,Apocope of the final vowel; Joaquiniano keeps it.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/empty
o_to_empty,o,∅,Trinitario (Mojeño),Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *-ímose 'mother-in-law' (Ignaciano -ímase),Trinitario -imse,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/empty
o_to_empty,o,∅,Trinitario (Mojeño),Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *-ímoʧuko 'father-in-law' (Ignaciano -ímaʧuka),Trinitario -imʧuko,Rhythmic syncope removed the vowel of the weak syllable.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/empty
o_to_o_nas,o,õ,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin bonus 'good',bom /ˈbõ/,Via Old Galician-Portuguese bõo; the nasal consonant was absorbed into the vowel.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/o_nas
o_to_o_nas,o,õ,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin sonus 'sound',som /ˈsõ/,Via Old Galician-Portuguese son.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/o_nas
o_to_o_nas,o,õ,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,bon 'good' (oral /o/ before /n/),[bõn],"Nasal vowels were allophones of oral vowels before a nasal consonant, which was still pronounced (Modern French [bɔ̃]).",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/o_nas
o_to_o_nas,o,õ,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,bone 'good (fem.)' (oral /o/ before /n/),[bõnə],Nasalization applied in open syllables too; Modern French bonne [bɔn] later denasalized.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/o_nas
o_to_o_nas,o,õ,Paraguayan Guaraní,Tupi-Guarani,true,/ro+ᵐbo+poˈrã/,[ɾ̃õmõpõˈɾ̃ã],"Nasality of the stressed syllable spreads leftward, nasalizing each /o/.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/o_nas
o_to_o_nas,o,õ,Paraguayan Guaraní,Tupi-Guarani,true,/ⁿdo+ɾoi+ⁿduˈpã+i/,[nõɾ̃õĩnũˈpãĩ],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/o_nas
o_to_oi,o,oi,Yiddish,West Germanic,false,Middle High German hōch 'high',Yiddish הויך /hɔɪχ/,"MHG long ō > Yiddish /ɔɪ/ (YIVO, Polish Yiddish); Lithuanian Yiddish [heɪχ].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/oi
o_to_oi,o,oi,Yiddish,West Germanic,false,Middle High German brōt 'bread',Yiddish ברויט /brɔɪt/,Same development; Netherlandic Yiddish has [brɔut].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/oi
o_to_oi,o,oi,Yiddish,West Germanic,false,Old High German scōno 'beautifully',Yiddish שוין /ʃɔɪn/ 'already',The same long ō gives /ɔɪ/; compare German schon.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/oi
o_to_oi,o,oi,Brazilian Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,arroz /aˈʁos/ 'rice',[aˈho(ɪ̯)s],Most Brazilian speakers diphthongize a stressed vowel in a final syllable before a sibilant coda (written s or z); the glide is optional.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/oi
o_to_oi,o,oi,Brazilian Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,pôs /ˈpos/ 'put (3sg preterite)',[ˈpo(ɪ̯)s],Same conditioned diphthongization; Rio de Janeiro [ˈpo(ɪ̯)ʃ].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/oi
o_to_open_o,o,ɔ,Javanese,Malayo-Polynesian,true,/kori/ 'gate',[kɔri],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/open_o
o_to_open_o,o,ɔ,Javanese,Malayo-Polynesian,true,"/sorot/ 'ray, light'",[sorɔt],"The closed final syllable has [ɔ]; compare loro [loro] 'two', with [o] in open syllables.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/open_o
o_to_ou,o,ou,Icelandic,North Germanic,false,Old Norse bók 'book',bók [ˈpouːk],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/ou
o_to_ou,o,ou,Icelandic,North Germanic,false,Old Norse sól 'sun',sól [ˈsouːl],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/ou
o_to_ou,o,ou,Icelandic,North Germanic,false,Old Norse fótr 'foot',fótur [ˈfouːtʏr],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/ou
o_to_ou,o,ou,Icelandic,North Germanic,false,Old Norse góðr 'good',góður [ˈkouːðʏr],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/ou
o_to_ou,o,ou,Icelandic,North Germanic,false,Old Norse blóð 'blood',blóð [ˈplouːð],"Old Norse long ó /oː/ became the diphthong /ou/ in Icelandic, still written ó; Swedish and Norwegian raised it to /uː/ instead (bok, sol).",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/ou
o_to_schwa,o,ə,Russian,East Slavic,true,о́блако /ˈoblako/ 'cloud',[ˈobləkə],Post-tonic /o/ (and /a/) reduce to short [ə].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/schwa
o_to_schwa,o,ə,Russian,East Slavic,true,до́бром /ˈdobrom/ 'kind' (prep.),[ˈdobrəm],Unstressed ending -ом with [ə].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/schwa
o_to_schwa,o,ə,Middle High German (from Old High German),High German,false,Old High German namo 'name',name /ˈnamə/,Unstressed vowels of Old High German were weakened to e in Middle High German (OHG taga > MHG tage 'days').,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/schwa
o_to_schwa,o,ə,Middle High German (from Old High German),High German,false,Old High German ohso 'ox',ohse /ˈoxs̠ə/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/schwa
o_to_schwa,o,ə,Middle High German (from Old High German),High German,false,Old High German affo 'ape',affe /ˈaf.fə/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/schwa
o_to_u,o,u,Middle English to Modern English,Germanic,false,boot [oː],boot [uː],Great Vowel Shift: The ME close-mid long vowel raised to become the modern high-back vowel.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Middle English to Modern English,Germanic,false,goose,goose,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Portuguese,Romance,true,livro [o] (book),[ˈlivɾu],Systematic raising of unstressed final o to u.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Portuguese,Romance,true,"gato 'cat', unstressed final o",/ˈɡa.tu/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Portuguese,Romance,true,"vinho 'wine', unstressed final o",[ˈvĩ.j̃u],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Polish (Historical),Slavic,false,góra [oː] (historical),[ˈɡura],Historical raising of the long close-mid back vowel; standard Polish orthography 'ó' represents this historical [oː].,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Polish (Historical),Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *rogъ 'horn',róg /ˈruk/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Proto-Japonic to Okinawan,Japonic,false,*kokoro 'heart',kukuru,Central Ryukyuan raises mid vowels: *o > u,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Proto-Japonic to Okinawan,Japonic,false,*nokogiri 'saw',nukujiri [nukudʑiɾi],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Paunaka,Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *kóhe 'moon' (Terena kohêe),Paunaka kuhe,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Paunaka,Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *jóti 'night' (Terena jóti),Paunaka juti,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Paunaka,Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *eseno 'woman' (Terena sêno),Paunaka esenu,"Paunaka u corresponds regularly to *o of Proto-Mojeño and Terena, while their *u corresponds to Paunaka ɨ (*úko > ɨku 'cloud').",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Proto-Ring to Babanki and Kom,Central Ring,false,Proto-Ring *ɣo 'hand',"Babanki kə̀-vú, Kom ā-wú","Reconstructions and forms in Faytak (2014), section on the Ring subgroup of Grassfields. Open-syllable *o was raised to u in the Central Ring languages Babanki and Kom, as part of a raising chain; Oku has ɔɔ (kə̄-wɔ̂ɔ) and Bum, Mmen keep o (ā-wô, ā-ɣó).",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Proto-Ring to Babanki and Kom,Central Ring,false,Proto-Ring *mo 'water',"Babanki mú, Kom ə̄-mû",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Proto-Ring to Babanki and Kom,Central Ring,false,Proto-Ring *lo 'to leave',"Babanki ə́-lù, Kom lù",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Proto-Ring to Babanki and Kom,Central Ring,false,Proto-Ring *so 'to stab',"Babanki sǔ, Kom sù",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Proto-Nahuan to Tetelcingo Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *kooloo- 'scorpion',Tetelcingo culutl,Tetelcingo turned vowel length into quality: long /oː/ became [u] while short /o/ stayed [o].,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Proto-Nahuan to Tetelcingo Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *koyoo- 'coyote',Tetelcingo coyutl,Only the long second vowel is raised; Classical Nahuatl has coyōtl.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Proto-Nahuan to Tetelcingo Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *ooȼ- 'pregnant woman',Tetelcingo utztli̱,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Proto-Nahuan to Tetelcingo Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *šoočɨ- 'flower',Tetelcingo xuchi̱tl,Classical Nahuatl xōchitl.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,"Proto-Ryukyuan to Southern Ryukyuan (Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni)",Southern Ryukyuan,false,*mono 'thing',"Miyako munu, Yaeyama munu, Yonaguni munu",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,"Proto-Ryukyuan to Southern Ryukyuan (Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni)",Southern Ryukyuan,false,*oto 'sound',"Miyako utu, Yaeyama utu, Yonaguni utu",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,"Proto-Ryukyuan to Southern Ryukyuan (Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni)",Southern Ryukyuan,false,*kono 'this',"Miyako kunu, Yaeyama kunu, Yonaguni kunu",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Proto-Japonic to Old Japanese,Japonic,false,*ota 'song',Old Japanese uta,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Proto-Japonic to Old Japanese,Japonic,false,*ori 'melon',Old Japanese uri,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Proto-Japonic to Old Japanese,Japonic,false,*omi 'sea',Old Japanese umi₁,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Proto-Japonic to Old Japanese,Japonic,false,*pota 'lid',"Old Japanese puta, Modern Japanese futa",Non-final *o was raised to u; Eastern Old Japanese otapapu 'to sing' keeps the mid vowel.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,"*népōts 'grandson, nephew'",*neɸūts,Long *ō became *ū in final syllables.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*h₂ébōl 'apple',*abūl,Old Irish ubull.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*swésōr 'sister',*swesūr,Old Irish siur.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*ḱwṓ 'dog',*kū,Old Irish cú.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*gʷréh₂wō 'quern',*brāwū,Old Irish brao.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Sicilian,Italo-Dalmatian,false,"Latin sōl, sōlem 'sun'",suli /ˈsuli/ 'sun',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Sicilian,Italo-Dalmatian,false,"Latin vōx, vōcem 'voice'",vuci /ˈvu.ʃi/ 'voice',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Swedish,North Germanic,false,Old Norse bók 'book' (Old Swedish bōk),bok /buːk/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Swedish,North Germanic,false,Old Norse sól 'sun' (Old Swedish sōl),sol /suːl/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Swedish,North Germanic,false,Old Norse góðr 'good' (Old Swedish gōþer),god /ɡuːd/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Swedish,North Germanic,false,Old Norse blóð 'blood' (Old Swedish bloþ),blod /bluːd/,"Long ō was raised to /uː/, still spelled o; Icelandic diphthongized it to [ou] instead (bók [ˈpouːk]).",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Norwegian Bokmål,North Germanic,false,Old Norse bók 'book',bok /buːk/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Norwegian Bokmål,North Germanic,false,Old Norse sól 'sun',sol /suːl/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_u,o,u,Norwegian Bokmål,North Germanic,false,Old Norse blóð 'blood',blod /bluː/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/u
o_to_uo,o,uo,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,"slóg 'host, army' (< *slougos)",slúag,ó breaks to úa before a consonant; both spellings occur in Old Irish,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/uo
o_to_uo,o,uo,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,*roudos 'red',rúad,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/uo
o_to_uo,o,uo,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,*autīto- 'singleness',úaithed,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/uo
o_to_uo,o,uo,Old High German,High German,false,*fōts 'foot' (Gothic fōtus),OHG fuoz,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/uo
o_to_uo,o,uo,Old High German,High German,false,*gōdaz 'good' (Gothic gōþs),OHG guot,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/uo
o_to_uo,o,uo,Old High German,High German,false,*brōþēr 'brother',OHG bruoder,"Monophthongized again in New High German (Fuß, gut, Bruder)",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/uo
o_to_uo,o,uo,Proto-Samic (from Proto-Uralic),Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *polwe 'knee',"Proto-Samic *puolvë > Northern Sami buolva, Inari Sami puolˈvâ",Reconstructed stage. Pre-Samic *o was lengthened to *ō and diphthongized to *uo before a second-syllable *ë; before *ā or *ō it was lowered instead and gave *oa (*wolka > *oalkē 'shoulder'). Finnish polvi.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/uo
o_to_uo,o,uo,Proto-Samic (from Proto-Uralic),Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *kośke 'rapids',"Proto-Samic *kuoškë > Northern Sami guoika, Inari Sami kuošˈkâ",Reconstructed stage; Finnish koski.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/uo
o_to_uo,o,uo,Proto-Samic (from Proto-Uralic),Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *soske- 'to bite',Proto-Samic *suoskë- > Northern Sami suoskat,Reconstructed stage.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/uo
o_to_uo,o,uo,Proto-Samic (from Proto-Uralic),Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *korpe 'land ravaged by forest fire',Proto-Samic *kuorpë > Lule Sami guorbba,Reconstructed stage.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/uo
o_to_uo,o,uo,Lithuanian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *ákmō 'stone',akmuo,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/uo
o_to_uo,o,uo,Lithuanian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *dṓˀtei 'to give',duoti,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/uo
o_to_uo,o,uo,Lithuanian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *ṓˀgāˀ 'berry',uoga,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/uo
o_to_uo,o,uo,Lithuanian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *nōˀgás 'naked',nuogas,"Long *ō diphthongized to uo, while long *ā narrowed to o.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/uo
o_to_uo,o,uo,Old Dutch,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *fōt 'foot',fuot,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/uo
o_to_uo,o,uo,Old Dutch,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *gōd 'good',guot,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/uo
o_to_uo,o,uo,Old Dutch,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *brōþer 'brother',bruother,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/uo
o_to_uo,o,uo,Old Dutch,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *bōk 'book',buoc,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/uo
o_to_uo,o,uo,Old Dutch,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *sōkijan 'to seek',suoken,"Old Dutch shared the diphthongization of ō with Old High German; Old Saxon keeps ō (fōt, gōd, brōthar).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/uo
o_to_w,o,w,"Spanish (Chicano, South Texas)",Ibero-Romance,true,lo habla /lo # abla/ 'speaks it',[lwala],"In casual speech, word-final mid /o/ glides to [w] before a following vowel that differs from it in backness or height.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/w
o_to_w,o,w,"Spanish (Chicano, South Texas)",Ibero-Romance,true,como Eva /komo # eba/ 'like Eva',[komwea],The same gliding of /o/ before /e/.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/w
o_to_w,o,w,"Spanish (Chicano, South Texas)",Ibero-Romance,true,tengo hipo /tengo # ipo/ 'I have the hiccups',[tewipo],/o/ glides before /i/.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/w
o_to_w,o,w,Vulgar Latin,Romance,false,Latin coāgulāre [ko.aː.ɡu.laː.re] 'to curdle',*quaglāre > Old Spanish quajar > Spanish cuajar /kwaˈxaɾ/,The hiatus o.a became the rising diphthong [wa] after syncope; the learned doublet coagular keeps the hiatus.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/w
o_to_w,o,w,Vulgar Latin,Romance,false,Latin coāgulum 'rennet',Late Latin quāglum > Italian quaglio (variant of caglio),Same gliding of o before a; the learned doublet coagulo keeps the hiatus.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/w
o_to_y,o,y,Scots,Germanic,false,gōs [oː],guse [yː],"In Scots and Northern English, long /o/ fronted to /y/ or /ø/ rather than raising to /u/ as in Southern English.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/y
o_to_y,o,y,Scots,Germanic,false,Old English mōna 'moon',muin,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/y
o_to_y,o,y,Wu Chinese (Shanghainese),Sinitic,false,豬 MC trjo,tsy (Wugniu),Mandarin zhū [ʈʂu]; Hokkien ti.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/y
o_to_y,o,y,Wu Chinese (Shanghainese),Sinitic,false,居 MC kjo,1jy /t͡ɕy⁵³/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/o/y
oi_to_ai,oi,ai,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *h₁óynos 'one',Proto-Germanic *ainaz > Gothic ains,Part of the Proto-Germanic merger of PIE *o and *a; the diphthong *oy fell together with *ay.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/oi/ai
oi_to_ai,oi,ai,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *wóyde 'knows' (perfect of *weyd- 'see'),Proto-Germanic *wait > Gothic wait 'I/he know(s)',The o-grade perfect diphthong surfaces as *ai in the Germanic preterite-present verb *witaną.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/oi/ai
oi_to_ai,oi,ai,Proto-Balto-Slavic,Balto-Slavic,false,PIE *h₁óynos 'one',Proto-Balto-Slavic *aiˀnas > Old Prussian ains 'one',"Balto-Slavic also merged PIE *o with *a, so *oy became *ai; Lithuanian vienas continues the same form with a prothetic v- and later ai > ie.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/oi/ai
oi_to_ai,oi,ai,Proto-Balto-Slavic,Balto-Slavic,false,"PIE *kʷoynéh₂ 'price, penalty'",Proto-Balto-Slavic *kainā́ˀ > Proto-Slavic *cěna 'price',Slavic later monophthongized *ai to *ě; Lithuanian kaina keeps the diphthong.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/oi/ai
oi_to_ai,oi,ai,Proto-Indo-Iranian,Indo-Iranian,false,PIE *óywos 'one',"Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háywas > Old Persian aivaʰ, Avestan aēuua","Indo-Iranian merged PIE *e, *o, *a as *a, so *oy fell together with *ay; Old Persian keeps the diphthong ai.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/oi/ai
oi_to_ai,oi,ai,Proto-Indo-Iranian,Indo-Iranian,false,PIE *h₁óy-kos 'one',Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas,"Continued in Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit eka, after the later monophthongization *ai > e).",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/oi/ai
oi_to_ei,oi,ei,Old Latin,Italic,false,o-stem nominative plural *campoi 'fields' (< PIE pronominal *-oi; cf. relic poploe 'peoples'),"campei; inscriptional virei 'men', foideratei 'allied' (Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus) > Classical virī, foederātī","In unstressed syllables *oi merged with ei, which then raised via ẹ̄ to ī.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/oi/ei
oi_to_ei,oi,ei,Old Latin,Italic,false,"o-stem dative/ablative plural campois, saxois","campeis, saxeis > Classical campīs, saxīs",The a-stem ending *-ais > -eis > -īs was remodelled on this o-stem ending.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/oi/ei
oi_to_open_o,oi,ɔ,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,Attic τῷ /tɔ̂ːi̯/ 'to the' (dative),"Hellenistic Greek τῷ with plain ω [ɔː], the iota no longer pronounced",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/oi/open_o
oi_to_open_o,oi,ɔ,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,Attic ἀνθρώπῳ /an.tʰrɔ̌ː.pɔːi̯/ 'to the man',Hellenistic Greek final ῳ pronounced as plain ω [ɔː],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/oi/open_o
oi_to_open_o,oi,ɔ,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,Attic ᾠδή /ɔːi̯.dɛ̌ː/ 'song',"Hellenistic Greek initial ᾠ pronounced as plain ω [ɔː], later written with iota subscript","The long diphthongs ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ lost their offglide from the classical period onwards. From about the 1st century BC they were no longer distinguished from ᾱ, η, ω, and medieval scribes wrote the silent iota as a subscript. Wiktionary's period transcriptions go from Attic /ɔːi̯/ straight to 1st-century CE /o/, after the later merger of ω with ο (ɔ → o).",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/oi/open_o
oi_to_open_o,oi,ɔ,Southern American English,West Germanic,false,boils /bɔɪlz/,"[bɔːlz], close to British or New York balls","The from-form is the conservative pronunciation. Part of the Back Upglide Shift: /ɔɪ/ loses its glide and becomes [ɔ], particularly before /l/.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/oi/open_o
oi_to_open_o,oi,ɔ,Southern American English,West Germanic,false,Cajun English Joy /dʒɔɪ/,[dʒɔː],"Cajun English shows glide weakening in all gliding vowels, including /ɔɪ/.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/oi/open_o
oi_to_y,oi,y,Koine Greek,Hellenic,false,"οι [oi̯] (Classical Attic), e.g. οἶκος 'house'","[y] (Koine), later [i] (Modern οίκος [ˈikos])","Egyptian Greek writes υ for οι and confuses the two from the early 1st century BC, showing that οι had merged with υ /y/; both later became /i/.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/oi/y
oi_to_y,oi,y,Koine Greek,Hellenic,false,Attic ποιήσας 'having done',"Koine [pyˈe̝sas], spelled πυήσας in a papyrus letter of 100 AD",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/oi/y
oi_to_y,oi,y,Koine Greek,Hellenic,false,Attic μοι 'to me',"Koine [my], spelled μυ in the same letter",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/oi/y
open_o_to_o,ɔ,o,Ancient Greek to Koine Greek,Hellenic,false,"Attic ὥρα /hɔ̌ː.raː/ 'season, hour' (5th c. BCE)","Koine /ˈo.ra/ (4th c. CE), Modern Greek ώρα /ˈo.ra/",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/o
open_o_to_o,ɔ,o,Ancient Greek to Koine Greek,Hellenic,false,Attic δῶρον /dɔ̂ː.ron/ 'gift',"Koine /ˈðo.ron/, Modern Greek δώρο /ˈðo.ɾo/",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/o
open_o_to_o,ɔ,o,Ancient Greek to Koine Greek,Hellenic,false,Attic ὦμος /ɔ̂ː.mos/ 'shoulder',"Koine /ˈo.mos/, Modern Greek ώμος /ˈo.mos/",Wiktionary's 1st-century CE Egyptian Koine pronunciation already has /ˈo.mos/; ω and ο are no longer distinguished.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/o
open_o_to_o,ɔ,o,Late Middle English to Early Modern English,West Germanic,false,Late Middle English boat /ɔː/ (1400),"/oː/ (1600), later /oʊ/",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/o
open_o_to_o,ɔ,o,Late Middle English to Early Modern English,West Germanic,false,"Late Middle English whole, old with /ɔː/",/oː/,Second phase of the Great Vowel Shift: after 1600 the open-mid vowels /ɛː ɔː/ were raised to close-mid /eː oː/.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/o
open_o_to_o,ɔ,o,Proto-Permic to Komi,Permic,false,Proto-Permic *bɔn 'bast',"Komi-Zyrian бон /ˈbon/, [ˈbo̞n]",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/o
open_o_to_o,ɔ,o,Proto-Permic to Komi,Permic,false,Proto-Permic *bɔrd 'wing',"Komi-Zyrian борд /ˈbord/, [ˈbo̞rd]",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/o
open_o_to_o,ɔ,o,Proto-Permic to Komi,Permic,false,Proto-Permic *dɔr 'edge',"Komi-Zyrian дор /ˈdor/, [ˈdo̞r]","Wiktionary gives Komi-Zyrian /o/ as a mid [o̞]; literary Komi has no open o. Udmurt has u in the same words (бун, бурд, дур).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/o
open_o_to_u,ɔ,u,Proto-Permic to Udmurt,Permic,false,Proto-Permic *bɔn 'bast',Udmurt бун (bun),Komi keeps o (бон).,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/u
open_o_to_u,ɔ,u,Proto-Permic to Udmurt,Permic,false,Proto-Permic *bɔrd 'wing',Udmurt бурд (burd),Komi борд.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/u
open_o_to_u,ɔ,u,Proto-Permic to Udmurt,Permic,false,Proto-Permic *dɔr 'edge',Udmurt дур (dur),Komi дор.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/u
open_o_to_ue,ɔ,ue,Latin to Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin bonus [ˈbɔ.nʊs] 'good',Spanish bueno /ˈbweno/ [ˈbwe.no],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/ue
open_o_to_ue,ɔ,ue,Latin to Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin porta [ˈpɔr.ta] 'gate',Spanish puerta /ˈpweɾta/ 'door',"Unlike Italian, Spanish diphthongizes stressed ŏ in closed syllables as well.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/ue
open_o_to_ue,ɔ,ue,Latin to Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin rota [ˈrɔ.ta] 'wheel',Spanish rueda /ˈrweda/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/ue
open_o_to_ue,ɔ,ue,Latin to Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin mola [ˈmɔ.ɫa] 'millstone',Spanish muela /ˈmwela/ 'molar',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/ue
open_o_to_ue,ɔ,ue,Latin to Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin focus [ˈfɔ.kʊs] 'hearth',Spanish fuego /ˈfweɡo/ 'fire',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/ue
open_o_to_ue,ɔ,ue,Asturian,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin porta,puerta [ˈpweɾta],"'Door', via Old Leonese puerta.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/ue
open_o_to_ue,ɔ,ue,Asturian,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin focus 'fire',fueu /ˈfweu̯/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/ue
open_o_to_ue,ɔ,ue,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin novem,nuef,'Nine'; later neuf with the diphthong monophthongized to [œ].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/ue
open_o_to_ue,ɔ,ue,Old French,Gallo-Romance,false,Latin bovem,buef,'Ox'; modern bœuf.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/ue
open_o_to_uo,ɔ,uo,Latin to Italian,Italo-Dalmatian,false,Latin bonus [ˈbɔ.nʊs] 'good',Italian buono /ˈbwɔ.no/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/uo
open_o_to_uo,ɔ,uo,Latin to Italian,Italo-Dalmatian,false,Latin focus [ˈfɔ.kʊs] 'hearth',Italian fuoco /ˈfwɔ.ko/ 'fire',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/uo
open_o_to_uo,ɔ,uo,Latin to Italian,Italo-Dalmatian,false,Latin novus [ˈnɔ.wʊs] 'new',Italian nuovo /ˈnwɔ.vo/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/uo
open_o_to_uo,ɔ,uo,Latin to Italian,Italo-Dalmatian,false,Latin rota [ˈrɔ.ta] 'wheel',Italian ruota /ˈrwɔ.ta/,"Diphthongization applies only in stressed open syllables; in closed syllables Latin ŏ stays [ɔ], as in porta [ˈpɔr.ta] > Italian porta /ˈpɔr.ta/.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/open_o/uo
ou_to_au,ou,au,German,West Germanic,false,Middle High German boum 'tree',Baum /baʊ̯m/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/au
ou_to_au,ou,au,German,West Germanic,false,Middle High German ouge 'eye',Auge /ˈaʊ̯ɡə/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/au
ou_to_au,ou,au,German,West Germanic,false,Middle High German koufen 'to buy',kaufen [ˈkaʊ̯fn̩],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/au
ou_to_au,ou,au,German,West Germanic,false,Middle High German gloube 'belief',Glaube /ˈɡlaʊ̯bə/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/au
ou_to_au,ou,au,Polder Dutch,West Germanic,false,vrouw [vrɔu] 'woman',vraauw [vraːu],The from-form is the standard pronunciation. Stroop: the original ou becomes noticeably wider and lower and sounds like aau.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/au
ou_to_au,ou,au,Polder Dutch,West Germanic,false,jou [jɔu] 'you',jaauw [jaːu],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/au
ou_to_au,ou,au,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *h₁rowdʰós 'red',*raudaz /ˈrɑu̯.ðɑz/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/au
ou_to_au,ou,au,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *dʰówtus,*dauþuz /ˈdɑu̯.θuz/ 'death',Part of the merger of PIE *o with *a: the diphthong *ow became *au (and *oy became *ai).,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/au
ou_to_o,ou,o,Brazilian Portuguese (vernacular),Romance,true,"sou /ˈsow/ ""I am""",[ˈso],/ow/ is typically monophthongized to [o] in vernacular varieties.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/o
ou_to_o,ou,o,Brazilian Portuguese (vernacular),Romance,true,pouco /ˈpow.ku/ 'little',[ˈpo.ku],,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/o
ou_to_o,ou,o,Brazilian Portuguese (vernacular),Romance,true,outro /ˈow.tɾu/ 'other',[ˈo.tɾu],,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/o
ou_to_o,ou,o,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,"Proto-Celtic *slougos 'host, army'",slóg,"Proto-Celtic *ou became ó; in the Old Irish period ó broke to úa (slúag), see o_to_uo.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/o
ou_to_o,ou,o,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *glouros 'voice',glór,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/o
ou_to_o,ou,o,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *trougiyā 'misery',trógae,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/o
ou_to_o,ou,o,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *trougokaros 'merciful',trócar,Brythonic has *ʉ instead (Middle Welsh trugar).,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/o
ou_to_oi,ou,oi,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Galician-Portuguese cousa (< Latin causa),coisa [ˈkoj.zɐ] 'thing',The oi form is now standard in both Portugal and Brazil; cousa is dated.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/oi
ou_to_oi,ou,oi,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Galician-Portuguese dous (< Latin duōs),"dois [ˈdojʃ] (Portugal), [ˈdoɪ̯s] (Brazil) 'two'",The oi form is standard; dous is dated.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/oi
ou_to_oi,ou,oi,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,ouro [ˈowɾu] 'gold' (< Latin aurum),oiro [ˈojɾu],"Alternative form; in mainland Portugal ou and oi alternate in word-initial and word-medial position, with oi most frequent in central Portugal.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/oi
ou_to_oi,ou,oi,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,touro 'bull' (< Latin taurus),toiro,"Alternative form, cited alongside ouro ~ oiro as a typical ou ~ oi pair.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/oi
ou_to_oi,ou,oi,Fala,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Galician-Portuguese ouro (< Latin aurum),oiru 'gold',,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/oi
ou_to_oi,ou,oi,Fala,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Galician-Portuguese touro (< Latin taurus),toiru 'bull',,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/oi
ou_to_oi,ou,oi,Fala,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Galician-Portuguese dous (< Latin duōs),dois 'two',Fala is the Galician-Portuguese variety of the Xálima valley in Extremadura; Wiktionary derives dois directly from Old Galician-Portuguese dous.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/oi
ou_to_schwa,ou,ə,English,West Germanic,false,fellow [ˈfɛloʊ],nonstandard feller [ˈfɛlə(ɹ)],"The from-form is the standard pronunciation. Reduction of final unstressed -ow to schwa and conflation with -er; attested in written dialect from the 19th century (Stephen Crane, 1899).",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/schwa
ou_to_schwa,ou,ə,English,West Germanic,false,window [ˈwɪndoʊ],nonstandard winder [ˈwɪndə(ɹ)],The same final -ow reduction; a pronunciation spelling attested since at least 1868.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/schwa
ou_to_schwa,ou,ə,English,West Germanic,false,yellow [ˈjɛloʊ],"nonstandard yeller [ˈjɛlə], [ˈjɛlɚ]",Pronunciation spelling recorded by Wiktionary with UK /ˈjɛlə/ and US /ˈjɛlɚ/.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/schwa
ou_to_schwa,ou,ə,English,West Germanic,false,hollow [ˈhɑloʊ] 'narrow valley',"holler (Southern US, Appalachia)",Dialectal form of hollow; the reduced final vowel conflated with -er.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/schwa
ou_to_u,ou,u,Old French to French,Gallo-Romance,false,Old French pousse with /ou/ '(he) pushes' (< Latin pulsat),pousse /pus/,Late Old French /ou/ became /u/ everywhere (c. 1250–1300).,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/u
ou_to_u,ou,u,Old French to French,Gallo-Romance,false,Old French chou with /ou/ 'cabbage' (< Latin caulis),chou /ʃu/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/u
ou_to_u,ou,u,Old French to French,Gallo-Romance,false,Old French fou with /ou/ 'crazy' (< Latin follem),fou /fu/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/u
ou_to_u,ou,u,Old French to French,Gallo-Romance,false,"Old French coup with /ou/ 'blow' (< Latin colaphum, *colpum)",coup /ku/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ou/u
p_aspirated_to_f,pʰ,f,Ancient Greek to Modern Greek,Hellenic,false,φίλος [pʰílos] 'friend',[ˈfilos],"Spirantization of the aspirates, completed during the Koine and Byzantine periods",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p_aspirated/f
p_aspirated_to_f,pʰ,f,Ancient Greek to Modern Greek,Hellenic,false,Attic φόβος /pʰó.bos/ 'fear' (5th c. BCE),Modern Greek φόβος /ˈfo.vos/,,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p_aspirated/f
p_aspirated_to_f,pʰ,f,Ancient Greek to Modern Greek,Hellenic,false,Attic φωνή /pʰɔː.nɛ̌ː/ 'voice' (5th c. BCE),Modern Greek φωνή /foˈni/,,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p_aspirated/f
p_aspirated_to_f,pʰ,f,Ancient Greek to Modern Greek,Hellenic,false,Attic φῶς /pʰɔ̂ːs/ 'light' (5th c. BCE),Modern Greek φως /ˈfos/,Wiktionary transcribes 4th-century Koine φ as [ɸ] and 10th-century Medieval Greek as [f].,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p_aspirated/f
p_aspirated_to_p,pʰ,p,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,*pʰé-pʰū-ka (reduplicated perfect of φύω 'grow'),"πέφυκα péphūka 'I have grown, I am by nature'",Grassmann's law: the reduplicating syllable loses aspiration before the aspirated root-initial φ.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p_aspirated/p
p_aspirated_to_p,pʰ,p,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,*pʰe-pʰílē-ka (perfect of φιλέω 'love'),πεφίληκα pephílēka 'I have loved',Same deaspiration of the reduplicant.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p_aspirated/p
p_aspirated_to_p,pʰ,p,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,PIE *bʰénǵʰus 'thick',παχύς pakhús (Proto-Hellenic *pəkʰús),Root-internal Grassmann's law: *bʰ became pʰ in Greek and then lost its aspiration before the aspirate χ of the next syllable; cognate Sanskrit bahú 'much'.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p_aspirated/p
p_aspirated_to_p,pʰ,p,Sinhala (Eḷu),Insular Indo-Aryan,false,Pali puppha 'flower' (Sanskrit puṣpa),Eḷu pupa,Unconditioned loss of aspiration (with degemination); Pali stands in for the Middle Indo-Aryan input. Aspirated letters survive in the Sinhala script only for Sanskrit and Pali loanwords.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p_aspirated/p
p_aspirated_to_p,pʰ,p,Sinhala (Eḷu),Insular Indo-Aryan,false,Pali pharusa 'harsh' (Sanskrit paruṣa),Eḷu parusa,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p_aspirated/p
p_aspirated_to_phi,pʰ,ɸ,Bengali,Eastern Indo-Aryan,true,ফুল /pʰul/ 'flower',[ɸul~ful],"Standard Bengali /pʰ/ is realized either as aspirated [pʰ] or, commonly, as the fricative [ɸ~f]; eastern dialects have the fricative throughout.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p_aspirated/phi
p_aspirated_to_phi,pʰ,ɸ,Bengali,Eastern Indo-Aryan,true,ফল /pʰɔl/ 'fruit',[ɸɔl],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p_aspirated/phi
p_aspirated_to_phi,pʰ,ɸ,Nepali,Northern Indo-Aryan,true,/sʌpʰa/ 'clean',[sʌɸa],"Non-geminate aspirated stops may become fricatives, with /pʰ/ realized as [ɸ].",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p_aspirated/phi
p_aspirated_to_phi,pʰ,ɸ,Nepali,Northern Indo-Aryan,true,/bapʰ/ 'vapour',[bäɸ],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p_aspirated/phi
p_aspirated_to_phi,pʰ,ɸ,Mezquital Otomi,Otomian,false,Proto-Otomi *phaoʔi 'help',fatsꞌi /ɸàt͡sʔi/,"The Otomi aspirate series (from earlier stop + h) became fricatives in most Western dialects; in Mezquital ⟨f⟩ is [ɸ], while *th is kept, as in *gošthi > gosthi 'door'.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p_aspirated/phi
p_aspirated_to_phi,pʰ,ɸ,Mezquital Otomi,Otomian,false,Proto-Otomi *šiphani 'skin',"xifri 'leather, skin'",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p_aspirated/phi
p_palatalized_to_t_palatal,pʲ,c,Romanian (Moldavian dialect),Eastern Romance,false,copil 'child',cochil [koˈkʲil],The from-form is the conservative pronunciation kept in Standard Romanian. Wikipedia transcribes the result as [koˈkʲil] and also records [kop̚ˈkʲil] with a residual labial closure.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p_palatalized/t_palatal
p_palatalized_to_t_palatal,pʲ,c,Romanian (Moldavian dialect),Eastern Romance,false,piper 'pepper',chiper,Dialect spelling with ch for the palatal stop.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p_palatalized/t_palatal
p_palatalized_to_t_palatal,pʲ,c,Romanian (Moldavian dialect),Eastern Romance,false,pitic 'dwarf',chitic,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p_palatalized/t_palatal
p_palatalized_to_t_palatal,pʲ,c,Romanian (Moldavian dialect),Eastern Romance,false,Petre (name),Chetre,The same change before the front vowel e.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p_palatalized/t_palatal
p_to_b,p,b,Latin to Spanish/French,Romance,false,lupus,lobo [b],Latin intervocalic [p] voices to [b] in Spanish.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Latin to Spanish/French,Romance,false,capra,cabra [b],Latin [p] before [r] voices to [b] in Spanish.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Latin to Spanish/French,Romance,false,sapere,savoir [v],"French historical voicing [p] > [b], then further lenition to [v].",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Malayalam,Dravidian,true,കോപം kōpam 'anger',[koːbɐm],"Non-geminate voiceless stops are voiced between vowels and after nasals, as in Tamil; geminate /pp/ stays voiceless.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Malayalam,Dravidian,true,"രൂപം rūpam 'form, shape'",[ɾuːbɐm],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Malayalam,Dravidian,true,ശാപം śāpam 'curse',[ʃaːbɐm],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Korean,Koreanic,true,바보 /papo/ 'fool',[ˈpa̠(ː)bo̞],Lax /p/ (ㅂ) is voiced [b] between voiced sounds and voiceless [p] word-initially.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Korean,Koreanic,true,부부 /pupu/ 'married couple',[pubu],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Korean,Koreanic,true,두부 /tupu/ 'tofu',[tubu],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Classical Armenian to Western Armenian,Armenian,false,պատ pat 'wall',[bad],"Western Armenian consonant shift: Classical voiceless unaspirated stops became voiced, while Classical voiced stops became aspirated; Eastern Armenian keeps [pat]",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Classical Armenian to Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Պետրոս Petros,Bedros,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Classical Armenian to Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian պանիր (panir) 'cheese',Western Armenian [bɑníɾ] (Eastern Armenian [pɑníɾ]),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Classical Armenian to Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian պատիւ (patiw) 'honour',Western Armenian պատիվ [bɑdív] (Eastern Armenian [pɑtív]),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Mayo / Tarahumara,Uto-Aztecan,false,*pa 'water',Mayo baaꞌa,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Mayo / Tarahumara,Uto-Aztecan,false,*pakaN 'reed',Mayo baaca; Tarahumara baká,Word-initial *p voiced in Taracahitic,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Old Persian to Middle Persian,Southwestern Iranian,false,Old Persian 𐎴𐎱𐎠 napā 'grandson',nab,Persian nave.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Old Persian to Middle Persian,Southwestern Iranian,false,Old Persian 𐎧𐏁𐎱 xšap- 'night',šab,Persian šab.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Old Persian to Middle Persian,Southwestern Iranian,false,Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹𐎠 ap- 'water',āb,Persian âb.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Proto-Iranian to Pashto,Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *kápah 'fish',کب kab,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Proto-Iranian to Pashto,Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *Hā́pākaH 'water',اوبه obë́,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Danish,North Germanic,false,Old Norse skip 'ship',skib /skiːb/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Danish,North Germanic,false,Old Norse tapa 'to lose' (Old Danish tapæ),tabe [ˈtˢæːb̥ə],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Danish,North Germanic,false,Old Norse kaupa 'to buy' (Old Danish køpæ),købe [ˈkʰøːb̥ə],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_b,p,b,Danish,North Germanic,false,Old Norse grípa 'to grab',gribe,"Postvocalic p became the lenis stop /b/, realized voiceless unaspirated [b̥] in contrast to aspirated /p/ [pʰ]; Swedish and Norwegian keep p (skepp, tappa, köpa).",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/b
p_to_beta,p,β,Fijian,Central Pacific,false,Proto-Oceanic *pat 'four',va,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/beta
p_to_beta,p,β,Fijian,Central Pacific,false,"Proto-Oceanic *pulan 'moon, month'",vula,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/beta
p_to_beta,p,β,Fijian,Central Pacific,false,Proto-Oceanic *paRi 'stingray',vai,"Fijian ⟨v⟩ is [β], as in vinaka [βi.na.ka] 'thank you'.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/beta
p_to_empty,p,∅,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,*pódm̥ 'foot' (acc.),otn,*p is lost entirely before *o (via *h); cf. Greek póda,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/empty
p_to_empty,p,∅,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *pōlo- 'young of an animal',"ուլ (ul) 'kid, young goat'",Wiktionary gives Proto-Armenian *fōl- as the intermediate; PIE *p is lost before *ō (Greek πῶλος keeps it).,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/empty
p_to_empty,p,∅,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Nahuatl,Uto-Aztecan,false,*pa 'water',Classical Nahuatl ātl (Proto-Nahuan *aa-tl),"Word-initial *p is lost in Nahuan; cf. Hopi paahu, Luiseño paala",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/empty
p_to_empty,p,∅,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Nahuatl,Uto-Aztecan,false,*pakaN 'reed',Classical Nahuatl ācatl (Proto-Nahuan *aaka-tl),cf. Hopi paaqavi,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/empty
p_to_empty,p,∅,Proto-Hmong-Mien to White Hmong (Hmong Daw),Hmong-Mien,false,*dup 'bean',taum,"Final stops are lost in Hmong. RPA spelling; the final letter marks tone, not a consonant",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/empty
p_to_empty,p,∅,Proto-Hmong-Mien to White Hmong (Hmong Daw),Hmong-Mien,false,*gju̯ɛp 'ten',kaum,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/empty
p_to_empty,p,∅,Proto-Hmong-Mien to White Hmong (Hmong Daw),Hmong-Mien,false,*hup 'to drink',haus,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/empty
p_to_empty,p,∅,Uradhi,Northern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *panga- 'dig',anga- 'dig',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/empty
p_to_empty,p,∅,Uradhi,Northern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *pi:mur 'father's sister',imurr- 'father's sister',"Mpalitjanh and Yinwum imu-, Linngithigh imo-. A few Uradhi words have w- instead (wilu 'hip' < *pilu, watha- 'bite' < *paca-).",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/empty
p_to_empty,p,∅,Uw-Oykangand,Southwestern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *paca- 'bite',"atha- 'bite, eat'",Uw-Olgol adha-; Kuuk Thaayorre path keeps the stop.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/empty
p_to_empty,p,∅,Uw-Oykangand,Southwestern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *pina 'ear',idn 'vagina',Uw-Olgol idna.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/empty
p_to_empty,p,∅,Uw-Oykangand,Southwestern Paman,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *pilya- 'lick',ilha- 'lick',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/empty
p_to_empty,p,∅,Eastern and Central Arrernte,Arandic,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *pa:nga- 'dig',"angerne- 'dig into, scrape'","Kaytetye ange- 'scrape, dig'.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/empty
p_to_empty,p,∅,Eastern and Central Arrernte,Arandic,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *pula 'they (dual)',al- 'they (dual)',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/empty
p_to_f,p,f,Arabic,Central Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *pataḥ- 'to open',فَتَحَ fataḥa 'to open',Contrast Hebrew pāṯaḥ and Akkadian petûm with p.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Arabic,Central Semitic,false,"Proto-Semitic *napš- 'soul, breath'",نَفْس nafs 'soul',,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Arabic,Central Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *kapp- 'palm of the hand',كَفّ kaff 'palm',,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Arabic,Central Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ʔanp- 'nose',أَنْف ʔanf 'nose',Arabic has /f/ for Proto-Semitic *p in all positions and no /p/ phoneme.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Ge'ez,Ethiopian Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *patal- 'to twist',"ፈተለ fätälä 'to spin, twist'",,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Ge'ez,Ethiopian Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *pataḥ- 'to open',"ፈተሐ fätäḥä 'to open, loosen'",,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Ge'ez,Ethiopian Semitic,false,"Proto-Semitic *napš- 'soul, breath'",ነፍስ näfs 'soul',,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Ge'ez,Ethiopian Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ʔanp- 'nose',አንፍ ʾänf 'nose',Ge'ez shares the shift of *p to f with Arabic and Modern South Arabian.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Iranian,Iranian,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra- 'forward',"Proto-Iranian *fra- (Avestan fra-, Old Persian fra-)","Before a consonant, Indo-Iranian *p became *f in Iranian; Sanskrit pra- keeps p. Before a vowel *p was kept (Avestan pantā 'path').",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Iranian,Iranian,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *pratamás 'first',"Proto-Iranian *fratamáh (Avestan fratəma, Old Persian fratama)",Sanskrit prathamá keeps p.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Mandarin (Middle Chinese labials),Sinitic,false,反 MC pjonX [p],fǎn [fan],Labiodental series arose from labials in certain environments in Middle Chinese.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Mandarin (Middle Chinese labials),Sinitic,false,夫 MC pju [p],fū [fu],,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Hungarian (word-initial),Uralic,false,*puxe [p],"fa ""tree"" (Finnish puu)",Finnish and Estonian keep p.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Hungarian (word-initial),Uralic,false,*päŋe,"fej ""head"" (Finnish pää)",,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Proto-Bantu to Swahili,Bantu,false,*mpítí 'hyena',fisi,"Spirantization before *i, with loss of the nasal prefix; cf. Zulu impisi",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Proto-Bantu to Swahili,Bantu,false,*mpígò 'kidney',figo,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Tungusic,false,*pemün 'lip',femen,Word-initial *p- > f- in Manchu,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Tungusic,false,*pergīlē 'under',fejile,cf. Evenki хэргӣлэ̄ hergīlē,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Tungusic,false,*palŋa 'palm of hand',falanggū,cf. Nanai пайӈа pajŋa,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Malagasy,Barito,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pitu 'seven',fito,PMP *p regularly became f in Malagasy.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Malagasy,Barito,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *puluq 'ten',folo,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Malagasy,Barito,false,"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *panas 'warm, hot'",fana,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Malagasy,Barito,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *putiq 'white',fotsy,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Nias,Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *putiq 'white',fusi,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Nias,Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *piliq 'to choose',fili,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Nias,Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pusəj 'navel',fusö,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pajay 'paddy, rice plant'",fa'i,Blust (2000) gives f as the regular Chamorro reflex of PMP *p.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paqit 'bitterness',fa'et,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pəRəq 'to wring out',fugo',,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Proto-Oti-Volta to Nawdm (initial),Yom-Nawdm,false,Proto-Oti-Volta *pěel- 'white',Nawdm fèèlgú,"Forms in Eddyshaw's transcription: POV *r = the approximant [ɹ], y = [j], j = [ɟ], ɩ ʋ = [ɪ ʊ], a tilde below a vowel marks nasalization; POV = Proto-Oti-Volta. Most Oti-Volta languages keep p (Mooré pɛ̀ɛlgá, Moba pīēnǹ).",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Proto-Oti-Volta to Nawdm (initial),Yom-Nawdm,false,Proto-Oti-Volta *pâr- 'swear',"Nawdm pf fɛ́ŕ, ipf fɔ́r̀",,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Proto-Oti-Volta to Nawdm (initial),Yom-Nawdm,false,"Proto-Oti-Volta *pó(g)-wá 'wife, woman'",Nawdm fɔ́gá,Eddyshaw: Nawdm turns POV initial *p to f regularly; its close relative Yom has p or f with no clear rule (pēr- 'white').,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Polynesian,Polynesian,false,POc *pale 'house',PPn *fale,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Polynesian,Polynesian,false,"POc *patu 'stone, rock'",PPn *fatu,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Polynesian,Polynesian,false,POc *pitu 'seven',PPn *fitu,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Polynesian,Polynesian,false,"POc *panas 'warm, hot'",PPn *fana,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Micronesian,Micronesian,false,POc *api 'fire',PMc *afi,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Micronesian,Micronesian,false,POc *pat 'four',PMc *faa-,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Micronesian,Micronesian,false,POc *panua 'inhabited area',PMc *fanua,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Micronesian,Micronesian,false,POc *papine 'woman',PMc *faifine,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *skip 'ship',skif,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *grīpan 'to grip',grīfan,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *slāpan 'to sleep',slāfan,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *opan 'open',offan,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *werpan 'to throw',wërfan,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *deup 'deep',tiof,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_f,p,f,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *hlaupan 'to run',hloufan,"High German consonant shift: after vowels and liquids *p became the fricative ff/f; word-initially, after nasals and in geminates it became the affricate pf instead. Old Saxon keeps p (skip, grīpan, slāpan).",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/f
p_to_glottal_stop,p,ʔ,Wu and Jin Chinese,Sinitic,false,十 MC dzyip [-p],Shanghainese seq (Wugniu),Final stops of Middle Chinese merged into a glottal stop in Wu and Jin; Cantonese keeps -p -t -k.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/glottal_stop
p_to_glottal_stop,p,ʔ,Wu and Jin Chinese,Sinitic,false,入 MC nyip [-p],Shanghainese 5zeq /zəʔ¹²/ (literary),,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/glottal_stop
p_to_glottal_stop,p,ʔ,Proto-Cariban to Pemongan / Panare,Cariban,false,*kapu 'sky',"Akawaio, Macushi, Panare ka'",Word-final syllable reduction with debuccalization,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/glottal_stop
p_to_glottal_stop,p,ʔ,Proto-Cariban to Pemongan / Panare,Cariban,false,*konopo 'rain',Macushi kono'; Panare kano',,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/glottal_stop
p_to_h,p,h,Kannada,Dravidian,false,"*paẓV- ""fruit"" [p]",ಹಣ್ಣು haṇṇu,Initial p- became h- in Kannada; Tamil பழம் paḻam and Telugu పండు paṇḍu keep p-.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Kannada,Dravidian,false,"Old Kannada pasu ""cow"" [p] (from Prakrit)",ಹಸು hasu,The same shift applies to a Prakrit loan; Tamil பசு pacu keeps p-.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Kannada,Dravidian,false,Old Kannada ಪೇನ್ pēn 'louse' (Proto-Dravidian *pēn),Kannada ಹೇನು hēnu,Tamil பேன் pēṉ and Telugu పేను pēnu keep p-.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Kannada,Dravidian,false,Old Kannada ಪೂ pū 'flower' (Proto-Dravidian *puH),Kannada ಹೂ hū,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Kannada,Dravidian,false,Old Kannada ಪೊಸ posa 'new' (Proto-Dravidian *pucV-),Kannada ಹೊಸ hosa,Tulu ಪೊಸ posa keeps p-.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Bantu to Kinyarwanda / Nyamwezi,Bantu,false,*-páa 'give',Kinyarwanda -ha,"Debuccalization of *p, widespread in Great Lakes Bantu; cf. Swahili -pa",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Bantu to Kinyarwanda / Nyamwezi,Bantu,false,*-kúpɪ́ 'short',Nyamwezi -guhɪ,"*p > h, with Dahl's law voicing the initial *k",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,*ph₂tḗr 'father',hayr,Initial *p > h before most vowels (via Proto-Armenian *hatir); cf. Latin pater,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *pónteh₁s 'path',հուն (hun) 'ford',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *pedóm 'step',"հետ (het) 'footstep, track'",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *péruti 'last year',հերու (heru) 'last year',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Cora / Huichol,Uto-Aztecan,false,*pa 'water',Cora hah; Huichol háa,Word-initial *p debuccalizes in Corachol,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Cora / Huichol,Uto-Aztecan,false,*pakaN 'reed',Huichol háca,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Tungusic to Evenki / Even,Tungusic,false,*palgan 'foot',"Evenki, Even халган halgan","Word-initial *p- > h- in Northern Tungusic; Nanai keeps палган palgan, and Udihe/Oroch go further to x-",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Tungusic to Evenki / Even,Tungusic,false,*pemün 'lip',Evenki хэмун hemun,cf. Nanai пэмун pemun,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Tungusic to Evenki / Even,Tungusic,false,*pokta 'road',Evenki хокто hokto,cf. Nanai покто pokto,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Cariban to Carijona / Hixkaryana / Kuikuro,Cariban,false,*pana 'ear',Carijona hana; Hixkaryana hana; Kuikuro hanga,"Lenition of *p; cf. Tiriyó, Carib pana",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Cariban to Carijona / Hixkaryana / Kuikuro,Cariban,false,*kapu 'sky',Carijona kahu; Kuikuro kahü; Hixkaryana kahe,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Cariban to Carijona / Hixkaryana / Kuikuro,Cariban,false,*konopo 'rain',Carijona konoho; Kuikuro kongoho,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Tetum,Central Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pitu 'seven',hitu,"Tetum regularly reflects PMP *p as h, while *b moved into the vacated slot as f.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Tetum,Central Malayo-Polynesian,false,"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pajay 'paddy, rice plant'",hare,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Tetum,Central Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *punti 'banana',hudi,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Tetum,Central Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pusəj 'navel',husar,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Kĩsêdjê and Tapayúna,Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *po 'bamboo; flat',Kĩsêdjê ho,"Proto-Tapajoara split *p: it became h before rounded vowels and *r, and hw elsewhere (*pa 'arm' > Kĩsêdjê hwa). Mẽbêngôkre and Apinajé keep po.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Kĩsêdjê and Tapayúna,Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *põ 'to rub',"Kĩsêdjê hõ, Tapayúna hõ",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Kĩsêdjê and Tapayúna,Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *kapõ 'to sweep',Tapayúna kahõ,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Kĩsêdjê and Tapayúna,Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *kaprə̂ 'empty',"Kĩsêdjê kahrə̂, Tapayúna kahrə̂",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Tucanoan to Western Tucanoan (Siona),Western Tucanoan,false,Proto-Tucanoan **pɨo- 'blowgun',Siona hɨowɨ (Proto-Western Tucanoan *hɨo),The final syllable -wɨ is a classifier; Eastern Tucanoan Kubeo pɨ̃oñɨ keeps p.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Tucanoan to Western Tucanoan (Siona),Western Tucanoan,false,Proto-Tucanoan **pãu 'hammock',Proto-Western Tucanoan *hãu,Proto-Eastern Tucanoan *pãu keeps p.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Tucanoan to Western Tucanoan (Siona),Western Tucanoan,false,Proto-Tucanoan **pɨʼe 'basket',Proto-Western Tucanoan *hɨʼe,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Tucanoan to Western Tucanoan (Siona),Western Tucanoan,false,Proto-Tucanoan **pamu 'armadillo',Proto-Western Tucanoan *hamu,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Tucanoan to Western Tucanoan (Siona),Western Tucanoan,false,Proto-Tucanoan **yãpi 'sweet potato',Proto-Western Tucanoan *yãhĩ,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Oceanic to Rotuman,Central Pacific,false,POc *paRi 'stingray',hai,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Oceanic to Rotuman,Central Pacific,false,POc *padran 'screw pine',hata,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Oceanic to Rotuman,Central Pacific,false,POc *polas 'spread out to dry',hola,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Oceanic to Rotuman,Central Pacific,false,POc *paʀu 'sea hibiscus',hau,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Oceanic to Motu,Central Papuan Tip,false,POc *panua 'inhabited area',hanua,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Oceanic to Motu,Central Papuan Tip,false,POc *papine 'woman',hahine,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Oceanic to Motu,Central Papuan Tip,false,POc *piRaq 'wild taro',hira,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Oceanic to Motu,Central Papuan Tip,false,POc *poli 'to barter',hoi,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Oceanic to Sa'a,Southeast Solomonic,false,POc *panua 'inhabited area',hanua,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Oceanic to Sa'a,Southeast Solomonic,false,POc *piliq 'to choose',hili,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Oceanic to Sa'a,Southeast Solomonic,false,POc *pudi 'banana',hudi,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Oceanic to Sa'a,Southeast Solomonic,false,POc *poñu 'sea turtle',honu,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Oceanic to Sa'a,Southeast Solomonic,false,POc *punuq 'to kill',hunu,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Ryukyuan to Yonaguni,Southern Ryukyuan,false,*pana 'flower',Yonaguni hana,Miyako and most Yaeyama varieties keep p (Hirara pana).,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Ryukyuan to Yonaguni,Southern Ryukyuan,false,*pama 'beach',Yonaguni hama,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Ryukyuan to Yonaguni,Southern Ryukyuan,false,*pane 'feather',Yonaguni hani,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_h,p,h,Proto-Ryukyuan to Yonaguni,Southern Ryukyuan,false,*paka 'grave',Yonaguni haga,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/h
p_to_k,p,k,Northern Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *vuoptë 'hair' (< Proto-Uralic *ëpte),Northern Sami vuokta,"Northern Sami alone turned *p into k before a stop or sibilant; compare Lule Sami vuoppta, Inari vuopˈtâ.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/k
p_to_k,p,k,Northern Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *kiptë 'sinker',Northern Sami gikta,"Compare Lule Sami gippta, Skolt ǩiptt.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/k
p_to_k,p,k,Northern Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *seaptē 'bait',Northern Sami seakti,"Compare Lule Sami sieppte, Inari septi.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/k
p_to_k,p,k,Northern Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *lëpsē 'dew',Northern Sami laksi,"Before a sibilant; compare Inari Sami lapse, South Sami lepsie.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/k
p_to_m,p,m,Korean,Koreanic,true,십만 sip-man 'hundred thousand',[ɕimman],Obligatory nasal assimilation of a coda stop before a nasal,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/m
p_to_m,p,m,Korean,Koreanic,true,밥물 pap-mul 'rice water',[pammul],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/m
p_to_m,p,m,Proto-Chamic to Rade,Chamic,false,*paday 'rice plant',mdiê,presyllable *p- > m-; cf. Jarai pơdai,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/m
p_to_m,p,m,Proto-Chamic to Rade,Chamic,false,*panah 'crossbow',mơnah,cf. Jarai pơnah,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/m
p_to_p_aspirated,p,pʰ,English,Germanic,true,/p/ syllable-initial,[pʰ],'pit' [pʰɪt] vs. 'spit' [spɪt]: the same phoneme /p/ is aspirated word-initially but unaspirated after /s/. Complementary allophones.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/p_aspirated
p_to_p_aspirated,p,pʰ,English,Germanic,true,pin /pɪn/,[ˈpʰɪn],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/p_aspirated
p_to_p_aspirated,p,pʰ,English,Germanic,true,pen /pɛn/,[ˈpʰɛn],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/p_aspirated
p_to_p_aspirated,p,pʰ,Proto-Bantu to Zulu / Xhosa,Bantu,false,*-páa 'give',-pha [pʰa],Nguni languages regularly aspirate Proto-Bantu voiceless stops,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/p_aspirated
p_to_p_aspirated,p,pʰ,Proto-Bantu to Zulu / Xhosa,Bantu,false,*-kúpɪ́ 'short',Zulu -fuphi,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/p_aspirated
p_to_p_aspirated,p,pʰ,Pre-Hlai to Proto-Hlai (Baoding Hlai),Hlai,false,Pre-Hlai *paːk 'high',Proto-Hlai *pʰaːk > Baoding Hlai peek /pʰeːk˥/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/p_aspirated
p_to_p_aspirated,p,pʰ,Pre-Hlai to Proto-Hlai (Baoding Hlai),Hlai,false,Pre-Hlai *piːk 'wing',Proto-Hlai *pʰiːk,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/p_aspirated
p_to_p_aspirated,p,pʰ,Pre-Hlai to Proto-Hlai (Baoding Hlai),Hlai,false,Pre-Hlai *paːʔ 'father',Proto-Hlai *pʰaːʔ,"Pre-Hlai and Proto-Hlai forms are Norquest's (2015) reconstructions as listed in the Wiktionary appendix; the same Initial Aspiration affected *p, *t and *k.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/p_aspirated
p_to_p_aspirated,p,pʰ,Proto-Pearic to Chong,Pearic,false,Proto-Pearic *pliː 'fruit',pʰliː,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/p_aspirated
p_to_p_aspirated,p,pʰ,Proto-Pearic to Chong,Pearic,false,Proto-Austroasiatic *puənʔ 'four',pʰoːˀn,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/p_aspirated
p_to_p_aspirated,p,pʰ,Proto-Pearic to Chong,Pearic,false,Proto-Austroasiatic *plɨːm 'land leech',pʰleːˀm ~ phlɛːˀm,Former *b devoiced without aspiration: Proto-Pearic *bluː 'thigh' > Chong plṳː.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/p_aspirated
p_to_p_palatalized,p,pʲ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *pętь 'five',пять [pʲætʲ],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/p_palatalized
p_to_p_palatalized,p,pʲ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *pěna 'foam',пена [ˈpʲenə],Proto-Slavic consonants before front vowels became palatalized in East Slavic; the palatalized series is now phonemic in Russian.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/p_palatalized
p_to_p_palatalized,p,pʲ,Lithuanian,Baltic,true,pienas,[ˈpʲiɛnɐs],'milk'; palatalized before the front diphthong ie,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/p_palatalized
p_to_p_palatalized,p,pʲ,Lithuanian,Baltic,true,pėda,[pʲeːˈdɐ],'foot',5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/p_palatalized
p_to_p_palatalized,p,pʲ,Irish,Goidelic,true,pósadh,/ˈpˠoːsˠə/,'marriage' (broad p),5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/p_palatalized
p_to_p_palatalized,p,pʲ,Irish,Goidelic,true,pian,/pʲiənˠ/,'pain' (slender p),5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/p_palatalized
p_to_p_palatalized,p,pʲ,Romanian,Eastern Romance,true,lupi /lup+i/ 'wolves' (singular lup /lup/),[ˈlupʲ],The plural ending /i/ palatalizes the final consonant and is deleted.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/p_palatalized
p_to_p_palatalized,p,pʲ,Romanian,Eastern Romance,true,rupi /rup+i/ 'you tear',[rupʲ],The second-person singular ending /i/ behaves the same way.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/p_palatalized
p_to_phi,p,ɸ,Japanese,Japonic,false,Old Japanese puta 'two',futa [ɸɯta] 'two' (futatsu),"Comparative Ryukyuan evidence and Ainu loans point to an earlier stop *p; word-initial p had become [ɸ] by Early Middle Japanese, rendered as f in 16th-century Portuguese works. Before u the [ɸ] survives in Modern Japanese; scholars disagree on whether the lenition had already happened within the Old Japanese period.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/phi
p_to_phi,p,ɸ,Japanese,Japonic,false,"Old Japanese pi₁to₂ 'one, person'",Early Middle Japanese [ɸito] > Modern hito [çito],Before other vowels the fricative later went on to [h] (palatal [ç] before i).,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/phi
p_to_phi,p,ɸ,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*ph₂tḗr 'father',*ɸatīr,Old Irish athair.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/phi
p_to_phi,p,ɸ,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*pl̥h₁nós 'full',*ɸlānos,"Old Irish lán, Middle Welsh llawn.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/phi
p_to_phi,p,ɸ,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*pl̥th₂enós 'broad',*ɸlitanos,"Old Irish lethan, Proto-Brythonic *llɨdan.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/phi
p_to_phi,p,ɸ,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,"*népōts 'grandson, nephew'",*neɸūts,Intervocalic *p took the same path; Old Welsh nei.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/phi
p_to_phi,p,ɸ,Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic,Celtic,false,*pléth₂os 'breadth',*ɸletos 'side',The fricative stage is reconstructed rather than attested: *ɸ was lost in all daughter languages (Old Irish leth).,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/phi
p_to_phi,p,ɸ,Venda,Bantu,false,Proto-Bantu *-páa 'give',-fha [ɸa] 'to give',"Venda fh is the voiceless bilabial fricative [ɸ], contrasting with labiodental f.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/phi
p_to_phi,p,ɸ,Venda,Bantu,false,Proto-Bantu class 16 prefix *pa- + *ncɪ́,"fhasi [ɸasi] 'down, below'",The locative class 16 prefix shows the same *p > ɸ reflex.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/phi
p_to_phi,p,ɸ,Térraba,Western Isthmic,false,Proto-Chibchan *pii-nda 'all',"ɸɪ́, ɸíɾkɔ 'every, all'",Térraba keeps p between vowels (*hapi ~ *apiʔ > pɪ́ 'to take out') and has ɸ elsewhere.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/phi
p_to_phi,p,ɸ,Térraba,Western Isthmic,false,Proto-Chibchan *pũʔ 'raptor',"ɸúŋ 'hawk, eagle'",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/phi
p_to_phi,p,ɸ,Proto-Ryukyuan to Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*pone 'bone',Okinawan funi,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/phi
p_to_phi,p,ɸ,Proto-Ryukyuan to Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*pukoro 'bag',Okinawan fukuru,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/phi
p_to_phi,p,ɸ,Proto-Ryukyuan to Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*pe 'fart',Okinawan fī,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/phi
p_to_phi,p,ɸ,Proto-Ryukyuan to Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*peru 'garlic',Shuri firu,"Okinawan ⟨f⟩ is the bilabial fricative /ɸ/, a phoneme distinct from /h/; unlike Japanese, Okinawan did not carry *p > ɸ through to h in these words. Yoron and Miyako keep p (pana 'flower').",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/phi
p_to_phi,p,ɸ,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *ph₂tḗr 'father',*fadēr /ˈɸɑ.ðɛːr/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/phi
p_to_phi,p,ɸ,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *péysks 'fish',*fiskaz /ˈɸis.kɑz/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/phi
p_to_phi,p,ɸ,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *pṓds 'foot',*fōts /ɸɔːts/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/phi
p_to_phi,p,ɸ,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *pénkʷe 'five',*fimf /ɸimɸ/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/phi
p_to_phi,p,ɸ,Proto-Germanic,Germanic,false,PIE *pl̥h₁nós 'full',*fullaz /ˈɸul.lɑz/,Grimm's law: PIE *p became the bilabial fricative *ɸ (written *f); it became labiodental [f] only in the daughter languages.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/phi
p_to_s,p,s,Latin to Italian,Italo-Romance,false,"Latin ipsum (ipse) 'himself, that'",Italian esso 'it',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/s
p_to_s,p,s,Latin to Italian,Italo-Romance,false,Latin capsa 'box',"Italian cassa 'case, box, crate'",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/s
p_to_s,p,s,Latin to Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin gypsum 'gypsum',Old Spanish yesso (modern yeso),The geminate ss from ps was later simplified to s.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/s
p_to_s,p,s,Latin to Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin ipsum,Spanish eso 'that',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/s
p_to_t,p,t,Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit sapta 'seven',Pali satta 'seven',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/t
p_to_t,p,t,Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit gupta 'guarded',Pali gutta 'guarded',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/t
p_to_t,p,t,Italian,Italo-Romance,false,Latin septem 'seven',sette /ˈsɛt.te/,Latin -pt- assimilated to geminate -tt-.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/t
p_to_t,p,t,Italian,Italo-Romance,false,Latin scrīptus 'written',scritto /ˈskrit.to/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/t
p_to_u,p,u,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin captīvus 'captive' (coda [p]),cautivo [kau̯ˈtiβo],"Semi-learned; the inherited outcome is the now-rare cativo, with assimilation of pt.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/u
p_to_u,p,u,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin baptīzāre 'to baptize',bautizar [bau̯tiˈθaɾ],Via older Spanish baptizar; the coda labial became the offglide of /au/.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/u
p_to_u,p,u,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin baptismus 'baptism',bautismo [bau̯ˈtismo],"Semi-learned, from older baptismo; the same root and outcome as bautizar.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/u
p_to_v,p,v,Latin to French,Romance,false,Latin sāpōnem 'soap',French savon,Intervocalic lenition of the labial stop; Old French already has savon.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/v
p_to_v,p,v,Latin to French,Romance,false,Latin capra 'goat',French chèvre (Old French chievre),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/v
p_to_v,p,v,Hungarian (word-internal),Uralic,false,*kepä [p],"kevés ""few""",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/v
p_to_v,p,v,Hungarian (word-internal),Uralic,false,*čupa,"sovány ""thin""",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/v
p_to_v,p,v,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tohono O'odham,Tepiman,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *pusi 'eye',O'odham vuhi 'eye',"O'odham ⟨v⟩ is the phoneme /v/, distinct from /w/; Northern Tepehuan has vúji.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/v
p_to_v,p,v,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tohono O'odham,Tepiman,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *pa~pakaN 'reed' (reduplicated),O'odham vapk,Northern Tepehuan vaapákai; Hopi paaqavi keeps *p.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/v
p_to_v,p,v,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,"Sanskrit कूप kūpa 'well, pit'",Prakrit 𑀓𑀽𑀯 kūva,"Continued in Hindi कुआँ kuā̃, Gujarati કૂવો kūvo, Nepali कुवा kuvā.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/v
p_to_v,p,v,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit पाप pāpa 'sin',Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀧𑀸𑀯 pāva,Maharashtri has 𑀧𑀸𑀬 pāya with further loss of the consonant.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/v
p_to_x,p,x,Proto-Tungusic to Udege and Oroch,Southern Tungusic,false,*palgan 'foot',"Udege, Oroch хага (xaga)",Nanai палган keeps p; Udege has distinct /x/ and /h/ phonemes.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/x
p_to_x,p,x,Proto-Tungusic to Udege and Oroch,Southern Tungusic,false,*pokta 'road',"Udege, Oroch хокто (xokto)",Nanai and Orok покто keep p.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/x
p_to_x,p,x,Proto-Tungusic to Udege and Oroch,Southern Tungusic,false,*palŋa 'palm of hand',"Udege хан’а (xańa), Oroch хаӈа (xaŋa)",Nanai пайӈа (pajŋa) keeps p.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/x
p_to_x,p,x,Proto-Tungusic to Udege and Oroch,Southern Tungusic,false,*pökti- 'to run',"Udege, Oroch хукти- (xukti-)",Nanai пукчӣни keeps p.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/x
p_to_x,p,x,Sakhalin Ainu,Ainu,false,"conservative Hokkaido Ainu cup [cúp] 'sun, moon, month' (retains the stop)","cuh 'sun, moon, month'","Hattori's dialect survey, reproduced on Wiktionary, gives cúp for Yakumo, Horobetsu, Saru, Obihiro and Asahikawa against Karafuto (Sakhalin) cuh.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/x
p_to_x,p,x,Sakhalin Ainu,Ainu,false,conservative Hokkaido Ainu cep [cép] 'fish' (retains the stop),ceh 'fish',Wiktionary lists cep as the Hokkaido and Kuril form and ceh as the Sakhalin form.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/p/x
phi_to_empty,ɸ,∅,Old Irish and Welsh,Celtic,false,Proto-Celtic *ɸlānos 'full' (< PIE *pl̥h₁nós),"Old Irish lán, Middle Welsh llawn",Word-initial *ɸ is lost in both Goidelic and Brittonic.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/phi/empty
phi_to_empty,ɸ,∅,Old Irish and Welsh,Celtic,false,Proto-Celtic *ɸatīr 'father' (< PIE *ph₂tḗr),"Old Irish athir, athair",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/phi/empty
phi_to_empty,ɸ,∅,Old Irish and Welsh,Celtic,false,Proto-Celtic *neɸūts 'nephew' (< PIE *h₂nép-ōt-),"Old Irish nïa, Old Welsh nei (Welsh nai)",Intervocalic loss.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/phi/empty
phi_to_empty,ɸ,∅,Old Irish and Welsh,Celtic,false,Proto-Celtic *ɸlitanos 'broad' (< PIE *pl̥th₂enós),"Old Irish lethan, Middle Welsh llydan",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/phi/empty
phi_to_empty,ɸ,∅,Gaulish,Celtic,false,Proto-Celtic *ɸlitanos 'broad',Litana (in the forest name Litana silva),Continental Celtic shows the same loss of initial *ɸ.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/phi/empty
phi_to_empty,ɸ,∅,Gaulish,Celtic,false,Proto-Celtic *ɸare- 'in front of' + *mori 'sea',Aremorica (Gaulish *Aremorika 'by the sea'),,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/phi/empty
phi_to_f,ɸ,f,Māori,Polynesian,false,whare /ˈɸare/ (< Proto-Polynesian *fale) 'house',[ˈfɐɾɛ],"Historically [ɸ] dominated for ⟨wh⟩; most modern speakers use [f], while Northern dialects keep [ɸ].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/phi/f
phi_to_f,ɸ,f,Māori,Polynesian,false,whenua /ˈɸenua/ (< Proto-Polynesian *fenua) 'land',[ˈfɛnʉɐ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/phi/f
phi_to_f,ɸ,f,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-Germanic *fadēr /ˈɸɑ.ðɛːr/ 'father',fæder /ˈfæ.der/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/phi/f
phi_to_f,ɸ,f,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-Germanic *fiskaz /ˈɸis.kɑz/ 'fish',fisċ /fiʃ/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/phi/f
phi_to_f,ɸ,f,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-Germanic *fōts /ɸɔːts/ 'foot',fōt /foːt/,The Proto-Germanic bilabial fricative became labiodental /f/ in all the daughter languages.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/phi/f
phi_to_h,ɸ,h,Japanese,Japonic,false,Old Japanese /pana/ > Middle Japanese /ɸana/,Modern Japanese /hana/ (花),'flower'; Ryukyuan Miyako still has /pana/,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/phi/h
phi_to_h,ɸ,h,Japanese,Japonic,false,Old Japanese /papa/ > /ɸaɸa/,Modern Japanese /haha/ (母),"'mother'; the attested chain is /papa/ > /ɸaɸa/ > /ɸawa/ > /ɸaɸa/ > /haha/ (Wiktionary, citing Nihon Kokugo Daijiten)",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/phi/h
phi_to_h,ɸ,h,Japanese,Japonic,false,Middle Japanese [ɸ] before /u/,retained: /hu/ = [ɸɯ],"The shift to [h] did not apply before /u/, so modern /h/ is still realized [ɸ] in that position",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/phi/h
phi_to_h,ɸ,h,Spanish (Old Castilian),Ibero-Romance,false,Latin facere 'to do' > Old Spanish fazer,"hacer (Old Castilian [h], now silent)","Reconstructed chain [f] > [ɸ] > [h] > ∅ (Penny); the [ɸ] stage is inferred, not directly attested",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/phi/h
phi_to_h,ɸ,h,Spanish (Old Castilian),Ibero-Romance,false,Latin filium 'son' > Old Spanish fijo,hijo,"Initial [h] from Latin f- survives in rural western dialects (e.g. Extremadura, western Andalusia).",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/phi/h
phi_to_w,ɸ,w,Early Middle Japanese,Japonic,false,kaɸa かは 'river',kawa,Intervocalic ɸ merged with w by the 11th century; the historical spelling かは survived until the 1946 kana reform.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/phi/w
phi_to_w,ɸ,w,Early Middle Japanese,Japonic,false,niɸa には 'garden' (Old Japanese nipa),niwa 庭,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/phi/w
phi_to_w,ɸ,w,Early Middle Japanese,Japonic,false,iɸa いは 'rock' (Old Japanese ipa),iwa 岩,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/phi/w
q_to_dz,q,dz,Najdi Arabic,Peninsular Arabic,false,/qidr/ > /gidir/,[dzidir],'pot',5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/dz
q_to_dz,q,dz,Najdi Arabic,Peninsular Arabic,false,/ʃarqi/ > /ʃargi/,[ʃardzi],'eastern',5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/dz
q_to_dz,q,dz,Najdi Arabic,Peninsular Arabic,false,/qiblah/ > /giblah/,[dziblah],'direction of prayer',5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/dz
q_to_dz,q,dz,Najdi Arabic,Peninsular Arabic,false,/rafiːq/ > /rafiːg/,[rifiːdz],"'companion, friend'",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/dz
q_to_dz,q,dz,Najdi Arabic,Peninsular Arabic,false,/ʕatiːq/ > /ʕatiːg/,[ʕatiːdz],"'ancient'; all forms from Mahzari (2023), Table 4",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/dz
q_to_dz,q,dz,Qaṣīmī Arabic (Najdi),Peninsular Arabic,false,/sˤidq/,/sˤidz/,'really' (lit. 'truth'); one of the words with [dz] in every token,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/dz
q_to_dz,q,dz,Qaṣīmī Arabic (Najdi),Peninsular Arabic,false,/qabl/,/dzbal/,'in front of'; a rare case of [dz] without an adjacent front vowel,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/dz
q_to_dz,q,dz,Qaṣīmī Arabic (Najdi),Peninsular Arabic,false,/firqah/,/firdz/,'group',5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/dz
q_to_dz,q,dz,Qaṣīmī Arabic (Najdi),Peninsular Arabic,false,/ʕirq/,/irdz/,"'vein'; Al-Rojaie (2010) finds older speakers use [dz] 94% of the time vs. 35% for younger speakers, who favor the regional standard [g]",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/dz
q_to_empty,q,∅,Malagasy,Barito,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qatay 'liver',aty,Initial *q lost; Malagasy final -y is orthographic [i].,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/empty
q_to_empty,q,∅,Malagasy,Barito,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *quzan 'rain',orana,Initial *q lost; Malagasy adds a final -a after a final consonant.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/empty
q_to_empty,q,∅,Tagalog,Greater Central Philippine,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qatay 'liver',atáy,"Tagalog vowel-initial words have a predictable [ʔ] onset, so the medial case is clearer.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/empty
q_to_empty,q,∅,Tagalog,Greater Central Philippine,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *quzan 'rain',ulán,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/empty
q_to_empty,q,∅,Tagalog,Greater Central Philippine,false,Proto-Austronesian *baqeRuh 'new',bágo,"Medial *q lost with no trace. Compare Cebuano bagʔú, which keeps a glottal stop.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/empty
q_to_empty,q,∅,Javanese,Western Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qatay 'liver',"ati 'heart, mind; core'","Compare Malay hati, which keeps *q as h.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/empty
q_to_empty,q,∅,Javanese,Western Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *quzan 'rain',udan,Old Javanese also udan; compare Malay hujan.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/empty
q_to_empty,q,∅,Javanese,Western Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Austronesian *qabu 'ash',awu,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/empty
q_to_empty,q,∅,Buginese,South Sulawesi,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qatay 'liver',ate,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/empty
q_to_empty,q,∅,Buginese,South Sulawesi,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qalejaw 'day',esso,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/empty
q_to_empty,q,∅,Fijian,Central Pacific,false,Proto-Oceanic *qupi 'yam',uvi,Initial *q lost with no glottal reflex; *p > v.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/empty
q_to_empty,q,∅,Fijian,Central Pacific,false,Proto-Oceanic *qate 'liver',ate (also yate),,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/empty
q_to_g,q,g,Gulf Arabic,Semitic,false,قهوة qahwa 'coffee',[ɡɑhwɑ],Historically /q/ became [ɡ]; [q] was later reintroduced in a few classicisms.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/g
q_to_g,q,g,Gulf Arabic,Semitic,false,قال qāl 'he said',[ɡaːl],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/g
q_to_g,q,g,Azerbaijani,Oghuz,false,Old Anatolian Turkish qara 'black' (Proto-Turkic *kara),qara [ɡɑˈɾɑ],Azerbaijani letter q stands for [ɡ] in this word; cognate Turkish kara keeps a voiceless stop.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/g
q_to_g,q,g,Azerbaijani,Oghuz,false,Old Anatolian Turkish قِزْ qız 'girl' (Proto-Turkic *kï̄ŕ),qız [ɡɯz],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/g
q_to_g,q,g,Azerbaijani,Oghuz,false,Old Anatolian Turkish قاپو qapu 'door',qapı [ɡɑˈpɯ],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/g
q_to_g_uvular,q,ɢ,Persian (Tehrani),Southwestern Iranian,false,Early New Persian ق [q] (in Arabic loans such as قلب qalb 'heart'),[ɢ] (merged with غ),"A completed phonemic merger: the voiced stop [ɢ] is the default realization, with [ɣ~ʁ] in unstressed intervocalic position. Many other Iranian dialects keep q and ɣ apart.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/g_uvular
q_to_g_uvular,q,ɢ,Persian (Tehrani),Southwestern Iranian,false,Early New Persian قوی [q] 'strong',Tehrani قوی‌تر [ɢæ(ː)viːtæ(ː)ɾ] 'stronger',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/g_uvular
q_to_g_uvular,q,ɢ,"Arabic (Sudanese, some Yemeni dialects)",Semitic,false,Standard Arabic قات qāt 'khat',Yemeni [ɢɑːt],Some Yemeni dialects realize qāf as the voiced uvular stop.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/g_uvular
q_to_g_uvular,q,ɢ,"Arabic (Sudanese, some Yemeni dialects)",Semitic,false,Standard Arabic بقرة baqara 'cow',Sudanese [bɑɢɑrɑ],"The literary pronunciation of qāf in Sudan is [ɢ] or [ɡ], even in loans from Modern Standard Arabic; the colloquial reflex is usually velar /ɡ/.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/g_uvular
q_to_g_uvular,q,ɢ,Huánuco (Huallaga) Quechua,Quechua I,false,Proto-Quechuan *qanʈʂis 'seven',ɢanʧis,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/g_uvular
q_to_g_uvular,q,ɢ,Huánuco (Huallaga) Quechua,Quechua I,false,Proto-Quechuan *isqun 'nine',isɢun,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/g_uvular
q_to_g_uvular,q,ɢ,Huánuco (Huallaga) Quechua,Quechua I,false,Proto-Quechuan *piʧqa 'five',piʧɢa,"In syllable coda the same phoneme is a fricative (*suqta > suχta 'six', *pusaq > pusaχ 'eight').",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/g_uvular
q_to_glottal_stop,q,ʔ,Egyptian Arabic (Cairo),Semitic,false,qalb (heart),[ʔalb],Standard /q/ is realized as [ʔ] in Cairene and other urban dialects.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/glottal_stop
q_to_glottal_stop,q,ʔ,Egyptian Arabic (Cairo),Semitic,false,qamar (moon),[ʔamar],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/glottal_stop
q_to_glottal_stop,q,ʔ,South Levantine Arabic (urban),Semitic,false,Classical Arabic قَلَم qalam 'pen',ʔalam [ˈʔa.lam] (Ramallah),Wiktionary's South Levantine entry gives Gaza ɡalam beside urban ʔalam.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/glottal_stop
q_to_glottal_stop,q,ʔ,South Levantine Arabic (urban),Semitic,false,Classical Arabic قَلْب qalb 'heart',ʔalb [ʔalb],Urban form as given in the Wiktionary South Levantine entry (Bedouin ɡalb).,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/glottal_stop
q_to_glottal_stop,q,ʔ,South Levantine Arabic (urban),Semitic,false,Classical Arabic قَمَر qamar 'moon',ʔamar [ˈʔɑ.mɑrˤ],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/glottal_stop
q_to_glottal_stop,q,ʔ,Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bunuq 'to kill',puno',"Blust (2000): PMP *q became the glottal stop (spelled ’) except word-initially, where it was lost.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/glottal_stop
q_to_glottal_stop,q,ʔ,Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *daRaq 'blood',håga',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/glottal_stop
q_to_glottal_stop,q,ʔ,Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *biRaq 'wild taro',piga',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/glottal_stop
q_to_glottal_stop,q,ʔ,Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bituqən 'star',puti'on,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/glottal_stop
q_to_glottal_stop,q,ʔ,Palauan,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *daRaq 'blood',rasech,Palauan ch is pronounced [ʔ].,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/glottal_stop
q_to_glottal_stop,q,ʔ,Palauan,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *biRaq 'wild taro',bisech,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/glottal_stop
q_to_glottal_stop,q,ʔ,Palauan,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baqəRu 'new',beches,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/glottal_stop
q_to_glottal_stop,q,ʔ,Palauan,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *mamaq 'to chew (betel)',mamach,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/glottal_stop
q_to_glottal_stop,q,ʔ,Huanca (Wanka) Quechua,Quechua I,false,Proto-Quechuan *piʧqa 'five',piʧʔa,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/glottal_stop
q_to_glottal_stop,q,ʔ,Huanca (Wanka) Quechua,Quechua I,false,Proto-Quechuan *suqta 'six',suʔta,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/glottal_stop
q_to_glottal_stop,q,ʔ,Huanca (Wanka) Quechua,Quechua I,false,Proto-Quechuan *qanʈʂis 'seven',ʔanʈʂis,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/glottal_stop
q_to_glottal_stop,q,ʔ,Huanca (Wanka) Quechua,Quechua I,false,qun 'he gives' (Cuzco [qoŋ]),Wanka [huŋ ~ ʔuŋ],"Wanka has no uvular phoneme; *q surfaces as a glottal stop, with [h] as a variant in this word.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/glottal_stop
q_to_glottal_stop,q,ʔ,Saisiyat,Northwest Formosan,false,PAn *bituqən 'star',bintoe'an,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/glottal_stop
q_to_glottal_stop,q,ʔ,Saisiyat,Northwest Formosan,false,PAn *buCuq 'testicles',bosoeʼ,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/glottal_stop
q_to_glottal_stop,q,ʔ,Saisiyat,Northwest Formosan,false,PAn *binəSiq 'seed set aside for the next planting',binSi',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/glottal_stop
q_to_glottal_stop,q,ʔ,Saisiyat,Northwest Formosan,false,PAn *daqiS 'forehead',raeʼiS,Saisiyat ⟨'⟩ and ⟨ʼ⟩ both write /ʔ/; Paiwan and Thao keep the uvular stop q.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/glottal_stop
q_to_h,q,h,Malay,Malayic,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qatay 'liver',hati 'liver; heart (seat of feelings)',"Proto-Malayic *hati continues PMP *qatay with initial *q > h; compare Tagalog and Cebuano atay, where *q was lost.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/h
q_to_h,q,h,Malay,Malayic,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *quzan 'rain',hujan 'rain',Proto-Malayic *hujan; the same *q > h correspondence recurs in initial position across the Malayic lexicon.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/h
q_to_h,q,h,Sundanese,Malayo-Sumbawan,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *quzan 'rain',hujan 'rain; to rain',"Sundanese shares the h reflex of *q with Malay, whereas neighbouring Javanese has udan and Balinese ujan without h.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/h
q_to_h,q,h,Sundanese,Malayo-Sumbawan,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qatay 'liver',haté (also ati),,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/h
q_to_h,q,h,Old Javanese,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qabu 'ash',hawu,Old Javanese kept PMP *q as h in many words; modern Javanese has udan (rain) < *quzan without h.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/h
q_to_h,q,h,Old Javanese,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(ma-)tuqah 'old',tuha,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/h
q_to_h,q,h,Old Javanese,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *Rumaq 'house',umah,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/h
q_to_h,q,h,Old Javanese,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buluq 'slender bamboo',wuluh,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/h
q_to_k,q,k,Yucatecan and Cholan-Tseltalan (Proto-Mayan),Mayan,false,Proto-Mayan *q,/k/,"Yucatecan (Yucatec Maya, Lacandon, Itza') and Cholan-Tseltalan languages completely merged Proto-Mayan uvular *q with velar *k. This is one of the shared innovations distinguishing these branches from the more conservative K'ichean-Mamean and some Q'anjob'alan languages, which retain the uvular /q/ phoneme to the present day.",3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/k
q_to_k,q,k,Yucatecan and Cholan-Tseltalan (Proto-Mayan),Mayan,false,Proto-Mayan *q' (ejective uvular),/k'/ (ejective velar),"The ejective counterpart *q' also merged with k', so both plain and ejective uvulars were fronted to velars. This systematic pairing confirms the change was a phonological merger rather than sporadic substitution.",3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/k
q_to_k,q,k,"Ecuadorian Kichwa (Imbabura, Salasaca, Tena)",Quechua II-B,false,Proto-Quechuan *isqun 'nine',iskun,"Southern Quechua keeps a uvular (Cuzco isqun, Ayacucho isχun).",3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/k
q_to_k,q,k,"Ecuadorian Kichwa (Imbabura, Salasaca, Tena)",Quechua II-B,false,Proto-Quechuan *suqta 'six',sukta,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/k
q_to_k,q,k,"Ecuadorian Kichwa (Imbabura, Salasaca, Tena)",Quechua II-B,false,Southern Quechua qiru [qero] 'wood' vs kiru 'tooth',Kichwa kiru 'tooth; wood',Kichwa does not distinguish Proto-Quechuan *k and *q; likewise killa means both 'moon' (Southern killa) and 'lazy' (Southern qilla [qeʎa]).,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/k
q_to_k,q,k,Proto-Fula-Sereer to Fula,Fula-Sereer,false,Proto-Fula-Sereer *cɛq 'necklace',Fula cakka,Root-final *q became a velar geminate in Fula; Sereer keeps the uvular (ceq).,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/k
q_to_k,q,k,Proto-Fula-Sereer to Fula,Fula-Sereer,false,Proto-Fula-Sereer *ɗaq 'glue (vb)',Fula ɗakkoo 'stick close to',Sereer daq.,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/k
q_to_k,q,k,Proto-Fula-Sereer to Fula,Fula-Sereer,false,Proto-Fula-Sereer *naq 'arm; handful',Fula nokka 'take by handfuls',Sereer naq.,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/k
q_to_k,q,k,Proto-Fula-Sereer to Fula,Fula-Sereer,false,Proto-Fula-Sereer *Ɂaq 'learn; teach',"Fula ekka 'try, practise'",Pozdniakov: the postvelar (uvular) consonants disappeared in Fula by merging with the velars in all positions; he counts 7 cases of Sereer -q ~ Fula -kk and none of Sereer -q ~ Fula -k.,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/k
q_to_k,q,k,Proto-Tai to Standard Zhuang,Northern Tai,false,*qawᴬ 'horn',gaeu /kau˨˦/,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/k
q_to_k,q,k,Proto-Tai to Standard Zhuang,Northern Tai,false,*qaːꟲ 'to kill',gaj /ka˥/,"Zhuang g is a plain [k]; Thai has kʰ (เขา, ฆ่า), and *χ gives Zhuang h (hing).",3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/k
q_to_k_aspirated,q,kʰ,Proto-Tai to Thai,Southwestern Tai,false,"*qaːtᴰ 'to stop, cease'",ขาด /kʰaːt̚˨˩/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/k_aspirated
q_to_k_aspirated,q,kʰ,Proto-Tai to Thai,Southwestern Tai,false,*qemᴬ 'needle',เข็ม /kʰem˩˩˦/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/k_aspirated
q_to_k_aspirated,q,kʰ,Proto-Tai to Thai,Southwestern Tai,false,*qawᴬ 'horn',เขา /kʰaw˩˩˦/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/k_aspirated
q_to_k_aspirated,q,kʰ,Proto-Tai to Lao,Southwestern Tai,false,*qemᴬ 'needle',ເຂັມ [kʰem˩(˧)],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/k_aspirated
q_to_k_aspirated,q,kʰ,Proto-Tai to Lao,Southwestern Tai,false,*qawᴬ 'horn',ເຂົາ [kʰaw˩(˧)],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/k_aspirated
q_to_k_aspirated,q,kʰ,Proto-Tai to Shan,Southwestern Tai,false,*qemᴬ 'needle',ၶဵမ် /kʰem˨˦/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/k_aspirated
q_to_k_aspirated,q,kʰ,Proto-Tai to Shan,Southwestern Tai,false,"*qaːtᴰ 'to stop, cease'",ၶၢတ်ႇ khàat,"Zhuang instead has plain k: gaeu 'horn', gaj 'kill'.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/k_aspirated
q_to_uvular_fricative,q,ʁ,Kazakh,Kipchak,true,бақ [bɑq] 'orchard',бағы [bɑʁ-ə] 'orchard-POSS.3',"Morpheme-final non-coronal stops are voiced and spirantized before a vowel-initial suffix. After a sonorant the stop stays voiceless, as in халқы 'nation-POSS.3' with [q].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/uvular_fricative
q_to_uvular_fricative,q,ʁ,Kazakh,Kipchak,true,ақ [ɑq] 'white',"ақ ешкі 'white goat', with [ʁ] for /q/",Spirantization can also apply across a word boundary in connected speech.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/uvular_fricative
q_to_uvular_fricative,q,ʁ,South Bolivian Quechua,Quechuan,true,nuqayku /nuqajku/,[ʁ] intervocalically in nuqayku '1pl exclusive',"Acoustic study of eight speakers: a voiced continuant, transcribed [ʁ], is the most common intervocalic realization of /q/. It is often closer to an approximant than a fricative.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/uvular_fricative
q_to_uvular_fricative,q,ʁ,South Bolivian Quechua,Quechuan,true,haqaypi /haqajpi/,[ʁ] intervocalically in haqaypi 'there',"Intervocalic token shown in Gallagher (2023), Figure 4.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/uvular_fricative
q_to_uvular_fricative,q,ʁ,Pacaraos and Ancash Quechua,Quechua I,false,Proto-Quechuan *qanʈʂis 'seven',Pacaraos ʁanʈʂis,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/uvular_fricative
q_to_uvular_fricative,q,ʁ,Pacaraos and Ancash Quechua,Quechua I,false,Proto-Quechuan *isqun 'nine',Pacaraos isʁun,"In Pacaraos the coda reflex is voiceless (*suqta > huχta, *pusaq > puwaχ).",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/uvular_fricative
q_to_uvular_fricative,q,ʁ,Pacaraos and Ancash Quechua,Quechua I,false,qun 'he gives' (Cuzco [qoŋ]),Ancash [qoŋ ~ χoŋ ~ ʁoŋ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/uvular_fricative
q_to_uvular_fricative,q,ʁ,Proto-Lezgic to Lezgian,Lezgic,false,*jiq: 'day',juġ,"Proto-Lezgic fortis *q: (*qː) is continued as the voiced uvular fricative /ʁ/ (Cyrillic гъ, transliterated ġ); Tabasaran jiġ 'day' shows the same reflex",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/uvular_fricative
q_to_uvular_fricative,q,ʁ,Proto-Lezgic to Lezgian,Lezgic,false,*wiraqː 'sun',raġ,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/uvular_fricative
q_to_uvular_fricative,q,ʁ,Proto-Lezgic to Aghul,Lezgic,false,*jiq: 'day',jağ,"Written with гъ, the same letter that spells /ʁ/ in Lezgian",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/uvular_fricative
q_to_uvular_fricative,q,ʁ,Proto-Lezgic to Aghul,Lezgic,false,*wiraqː 'sun',rağ,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/uvular_fricative
q_to_uvular_fricative,q,ʁ,Tunumiisut (East Greenlandic),Inuit,false,Proto-Inuit *aləqa 'elder sister (of a boy)',alara,"Single intervocalic q became the uvular fricative written r; West Greenlandic keeps q in aleq, aleqaq.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/uvular_fricative
q_to_uvular_fricative,q,ʁ,Tunumiisut (East Greenlandic),Inuit,false,Proto-Inuit *uqauciq 'speech',oraasiq,West Greenlandic has oqaaseq.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/uvular_fricative
q_to_x,q,x,Old Georgian to Georgian,Georgian,false,Old Georgian ჴელი qeli 'hand',Modern Georgian ხელი xeli 'hand',"Old Georgian uvular ჴ merged with velar ხ /x/ (phonetically ranging from velar to uvular depending on context). The atlas has no separate aspirated-uvular symbol, so the change is filed under q.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/x
q_to_x,q,x,Old Georgian to Georgian,Georgian,false,Old Georgian ჴმაჲ qmay 'voice',"Modern Georgian ხმა xma 'voice, sound; vote'","Inherited from Proto-Georgian-Zan *qam-, *qm-; Old Georgian ჴ is replaced by ხ in the modern spelling.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/x
q_to_x,q,x,Old Georgian to Georgian,Georgian,false,Old Georgian ჴარი qari 'ox' (Proto-Georgian-Zan *qar-),"Georgian ხარი xari 'ox, bull'",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/x
q_to_x,q,x,Old Georgian to Georgian,Georgian,false,Old Georgian მჴარი mqari 'shoulder' (Proto-Kartvelian *mqar-),Georgian მხარი mxari 'shoulder',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/x
q_to_x,q,x,Old Georgian to Georgian,Georgian,false,Old Georgian ჴევი qevi 'ravine' (Proto-Georgian-Zan *qew-),Georgian ხევი xevi 'ravine',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/x
q_to_x,q,x,Old Georgian to Georgian,Georgian,false,Old Georgian ვენაჴი venaqi 'vine' (Proto-Georgian-Zan *wenaq-),Georgian ვენახი venaxi 'vineyard',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/x
q_to_x,q,x,Old Georgian to Georgian,Georgian,false,"Old Georgian ჴორჴი qorqi 'larynx, throat' (Proto-Georgian-Zan *qorq-)",Georgian ხორხი xorxi 'larynx',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/x
q_to_x,q,x,Proto-Georgian-Zan to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Georgian-Zan *qar- 'ox' (Old Georgian ჴარი qari),"Laz, Mingrelian ხოჯი xoǯi 'ox'","The uvular stop became x in Zan, while Old Georgian kept ჴ q until its later merger with ხ x; the same word also shows Zan *a > o and *r > ǯ.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/x
q_to_x,q,x,Proto-Georgian-Zan to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Georgian-Zan *qe- 'hand' (Old Georgian ჴელი qeli),"Laz, Mingrelian ხე xe ('hand' in Mingrelian)",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/x
q_to_x,q,x,Proto-Georgian-Zan to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,"Proto-Georgian-Zan *qorq- 'throat, pharynx' (Old Georgian ჴორჴი qorqi)","Laz, Mingrelian ხურხი xurxi 'throat'",Both uvular stops of the root became x.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/x
q_to_x,q,x,Proto-Georgian-Zan to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Georgian-Zan *wenaq- 'vine' (Old Georgian ვენაჴი venaqi),"Laz, Mingrelian ბინეხი binexi",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/x
q_to_x,q,x,Proto-Georgian-Zan to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Georgian-Zan *diq- 'clay' (Old Georgian თიჴაჲ tiqay),"Laz, Mingrelian დიხა dixa",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/x
q_to_x,q,x,Proto-Georgian-Zan to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,"Proto-Kartvelian *mqar- 'shoulder' (Old Georgian მჴარი mqari, Svan მეჴა̈რ meqär)","Laz მხუჯი mxuǯi, Mingrelian ხუჯი xuǯi 'shoulder'",Svan keeps the uvular stop ჴ q.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/x
q_to_x,q,x,Azerbaijani,Oghuz,false,"Old Anatolian Turkish çoq 'much, many' (Proto-Turkic *čok, Turkish çok)",çox [t͡ʃox],"Coda q became the velar fricative, now written x.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/x
q_to_x,q,x,Azerbaijani,Oghuz,false,Proto-Turkic *yōk 'there is not' (Turkish yok),yox [jox] 'no',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/x
q_to_x,q,x,Azerbaijani,Oghuz,false,"ayaq 'foot' (Turkish ayak), written with q",[ɑˈjɑx],"Orthographic q is /g/ but is spirantized to [x] in codas; this [x] stays velar, while lexical /x/ is often uvular [χ] in colloquial speech.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/x
q_to_x_uvular,q,χ,Cuzco Quechua,Quechua II-C,true,/ˈʧaqʎa/ 'reed',[ˈʧaχʎa],"In Cuzco the uvular stop is spirantized only in the syllable coda, unlike Ayacucho where /q/ is [χ] in all positions; onset /q/ stays a stop (ˈqata 'blanket').",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/x_uvular
q_to_x_uvular,q,χ,Cuzco Quechua,Quechua II-C,true,yuraq 'white',[jʊɾɑχ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/q/x_uvular
r_approx_retroflex_to_d_retroflex,ɻ,ɖ,Telugu,South-Central Dravidian,false,Proto-South Dravidian *kōẓi 'chicken',కోడి kōḍi,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_approx_retroflex/d_retroflex
r_approx_retroflex_to_d_retroflex,ɻ,ɖ,Telugu,South-Central Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *kaẓutay 'donkey',గాడిద gāḍida,Tamil கழுதை kaḻutai keeps the approximant. Wiktionary writes Proto-Dravidian *ɻ as ẓ.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_approx_retroflex/d_retroflex
r_approx_retroflex_to_l_retroflex,ɻ,ɭ,Kannada,South Dravidian,false,"Old Kannada ಕೋೞಿ kōḻi 'chicken, hen' (Proto-South Dravidian *kōẓi)",ಕೋಳಿ kōḷi,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_approx_retroflex/l_retroflex
r_approx_retroflex_to_l_retroflex,ɻ,ɭ,Kannada,South Dravidian,false,Old Kannada ಪುೞು puḻu 'worm' (Proto-Dravidian *puẓu),ಹುಳು huḷu,Initial p > h is a separate Kannada change; Tamil புழு puḻu keeps the approximant.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_approx_retroflex/l_retroflex
r_approx_retroflex_to_l_retroflex,ɻ,ɭ,Kodava,South Dravidian,false,Proto-South Dravidian *kōẓi 'chicken',ಕೋಳಿ kōḷi 'fowl',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_approx_retroflex/l_retroflex
r_approx_retroflex_to_l_retroflex,ɻ,ɭ,Kodava,South Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *puẓu 'worm',ಪುಳು puḷu,Wiktionary writes Proto-Dravidian *ɻ as ẓ.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_approx_retroflex/l_retroflex
r_approx_retroflex_to_r,ɻ,r,Tulu,South Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *tāẓ 'palmyra',ತಾರಿ tāri,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_approx_retroflex/r
r_approx_retroflex_to_r,ɻ,r,Tulu,South Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *puẓu 'worm',ಪುರಿ puri; ಪುರು puru 'snail',,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_approx_retroflex/r
r_approx_retroflex_to_r,ɻ,r,Tulu,South Dravidian,false,Proto-South Dravidian *kōẓi 'chicken',ಕೋರಿ kōri,"Wiktionary lists ಕೋಳಿ kōḷi beside ಕೋರಿ kōri, reflecting the dialect split between ḷ and r. Wiktionary writes Proto-Dravidian *ɻ as ẓ.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_approx_retroflex/r
r_approx_retroflex_to_r_flap_retroflex,ɻ,ɽ,Konda,South-Central Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *puẓu 'worm' (South II *puẓ-uku),"piṛvu, piṛu",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_approx_retroflex/r_flap_retroflex
r_approx_retroflex_to_r_flap_retroflex,ɻ,ɽ,Konda,South-Central Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *tāẓ 'palmyra',ṭāṛ (maran),,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_approx_retroflex/r_flap_retroflex
r_approx_retroflex_to_r_flap_retroflex,ɻ,ɽ,Pengo,South-Central Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *puẓu 'worm',pṛī,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_approx_retroflex/r_flap_retroflex
r_approx_retroflex_to_r_flap_retroflex,ɻ,ɽ,Pengo,South-Central Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *tāẓ 'palmyra',tāṛ (mar),Pengo /ɽ/ is a distinct phoneme beside /ɾ/. Wiktionary writes Proto-Dravidian *ɻ as ẓ.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_approx_retroflex/r_flap_retroflex
r_approx_to_empty,ɹ,∅,"English (non-rhotic accents: RP, Cockney, AAVE)",Anglic,false,"Early Modern English car, with coda r (still [ɹ] in rhotic accents)","[kʰɑː] (RP, Cockney), [kɑ] (AAVE)","Non-rhotic accents lost the coda rhotic, leaving a long or lengthened vowel; before a vowel the r is still pronounced as linking r.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_approx/empty
r_approx_to_empty,ɹ,∅,"English (non-rhotic accents: RP, Cockney, AAVE)",Anglic,false,"Early Modern English hard, with coda r",[hɑːd],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_approx/empty
r_approx_to_l,ɹ,l,Cherokee,Iroquoian,false,Proto-Iroquoian *-tsiːɹ 'fire',ᎠᏥᎳ atsila,PI *ɹ > Cherokee l; Northern Iroquoian keeps *ɹ (*-tsiɹ-),5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_approx/l
r_approx_to_l,ɹ,l,Cherokee,Iroquoian,false,Proto-Iroquoian *taɹaːɹ 'woodpecker',ᏓᎳᎳ dalala,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_approx/l
r_approx_to_l,ɹ,l,Cherokee,Iroquoian,false,Proto-Iroquoian *-tsjoːɹ- 'tobacco',ᏦᎳ tsola,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_approx/l
r_approx_to_l,ɹ,l,Cherokee,Iroquoian,false,Proto-Iroquoian *kuːɹeh 'acorn',"ᎫᎴ gule, ᎬᎴ gvle",,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_approx/l
r_approx_to_l,ɹ,l,Cherokee,Iroquoian,false,Proto-Iroquoian *tiʔɹ 'skunk',ᏗᎵ dili,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_approx/l
r_approx_to_l,ɹ,l,Cherokee,Iroquoian,false,Proto-Iroquoian *tawiːhskaɹaʔ 'flint',ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ dawisgala,Northern Iroquoian keeps the rhotic (Proto-Northern-Iroquoian *tawihskaɹaʔ).,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_approx/l
r_flap_retroflex_to_r_flap,ɽ,ɾ,Bengali (Rarh),Eastern Indo-Aryan,true,বড় /bɔɽo/ 'big',/bɔɾo/ [ˈbɔɾoˑ],Wiktionary lists both pronunciations for Rarh; Dhaka has /bɔɹo/.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap_retroflex/r_flap
r_flap_retroflex_to_r_flap,ɽ,ɾ,Bengali (Rarh),Eastern Indo-Aryan,true,বাড়ি /baɽi/ 'house',/baɾi/ [ˈbaɾiˑ],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap_retroflex/r_flap
r_flap_retroflex_to_r_flap,ɽ,ɾ,Bengali (Rarh),Eastern Indo-Aryan,true,গাড়ি /ɡaɽi/ 'car',/ɡaɾi/ [ɡaɾiˑ],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap_retroflex/r_flap
r_flap_to_empty,ɾ,∅,Brazilian Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,falar /faˈlaɾ/,[faˈla],Word-final /ɾ/ in verb infinitives deletes categorically in casual speech across Brazil; documented deletion rates exceed 90% in informal registers,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/empty
r_flap_to_empty,ɾ,∅,Brazilian Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,comer /koˈmeɾ/,[koˈme],The rhotic coda of -er/-ar/-ir infinitive endings is systematically lost; the pattern is sociolinguistically stable and not stigmatized in informal contexts,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/empty
r_flap_to_empty,ɾ,∅,Brazilian Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,amor /aˈmoɾ/,[aˈmo],"Word-final /ɾ/ in nouns also deletes, though at lower rates than in infinitive verb forms; deletion is higher in Salvador (Bahia) than São Paulo",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/empty
r_flap_to_empty,ɾ,∅,Paunaka,Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *-pero 'pet' (Ignaciano -pera),Paunaka -peu,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/empty
r_flap_to_empty,ɾ,∅,Paunaka,Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *mári 'stone' (Terena marîpa),Paunaka mai,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/empty
r_flap_to_empty,ɾ,∅,Paunaka,Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *-hirumonepa 'rib',Paunaka -himunepa,Loss of *r is unconditioned in Paunaka; Proto-Mojeño keeps r and Terena keeps it only before *i.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/empty
r_flap_to_empty,ɾ,∅,Proto-Ryukyuan to Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*tori 'bird',Okinawan tui,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/empty
r_flap_to_empty,ɾ,∅,Proto-Ryukyuan to Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*ari 'ant',Shuri ai,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/empty
r_flap_to_empty,ɾ,∅,Proto-Ryukyuan to Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*kusori 'medicine',Okinawan kusui,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/empty
r_flap_to_empty,ɾ,∅,Proto-Ryukyuan to Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*tonari 'neighbor',Okinawan tunai,"*r was lost before *i (Japanese ri corresponds to Okinawan i), except in the sequence iri; Nakijin Kunigami /hak˭áí/ 'light' (Japanese akari) shows the same loss.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/empty
r_flap_to_empty,ɾ,∅,Riffian (Tarifit),Zenati,true,taddart 'house',taddaat,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/empty
r_flap_to_empty,ɾ,∅,Riffian (Tarifit),Zenati,true,ssird 'to wash',[sːɛað],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/empty
r_flap_to_empty,ɾ,∅,Riffian (Tarifit),Zenati,true,uyur 'to walk',[ʊjɔa],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/empty
r_flap_to_empty,ɾ,∅,Riffian (Tarifit),Zenati,true,tamɣaṛt 'woman',[θɑˤmɣɑˤθ],"Postvocalic /ɾ/ before a consonant or word-finally is vocalized: /iɾ/ → [ɛa], /uɾ/ → [ɔa], /aɾ/ → [a ~ æ] (taddart → taddaat, afiɣaṛ → fiɣạạ 'snake'); it stays before a vowel (tamara 'hard work'). The description still analyses these forms as phonemic /ɾ/. The easternmost dialects (Icebdanen, Iznasen) and the westernmost ones lack the change.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/empty
r_flap_to_glottal_stop,ɾ,ʔ,Japanese (Kagoshima / Satsugū dialect),Japonic,false,Standard Japanese 来る kuru [kɯɾɯ] 'to come',クッ [kuʔ],"In Kagoshima city and parts of Satsunan, the verb ending -ru undergoes the same reduction to /Q/ as final ki, ku, chi, tsu, bi, bu, so 'come' becomes homophonous with 'shoes', 'neck', 'mouth', 'nail' and 'comb'.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/glottal_stop
r_flap_to_glottal_stop,ɾ,ʔ,Japanese (Kagoshima / Satsugū dialect),Japonic,false,Standard Japanese 知りません shirimasen [ɕiɾimasen] 'I don't know',シッモサン [ʃiʔmosaɴ],"Word-medially the reduced syllable is also /Q/, which is realized as a glottal stop before a nasal.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/glottal_stop
r_flap_to_glottal_stop,ɾ,ʔ,Marquesan,Polynesian,false,Proto-Eastern Polynesian *rua 'two' (Proto-Polynesian *rua /ˈɾu.a/),South Marquesan ʻua [ʔua],Tahitian and Māori keep rua with the tap.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/glottal_stop
r_flap_to_glottal_stop,ɾ,ʔ,Marquesan,Polynesian,false,"Proto-Eastern Polynesian liquid in 'sky' (Proto-Polynesian *laŋi; Tahitian raʻi, Māori rangi)","North Marquesan ʻaki [ʔaki], South Marquesan ʻani [ʔani]","The liquid continues Proto-Polynesian *l, merged with *r in Nuclear Polynesian; Hawaiian has lani with [l].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/glottal_stop
r_flap_to_h,ɾ,h,Brazilian Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,porta /ˈpɔɾ.tɐ/ 'door' (coda rhotic),[ˈpɔh.tɐ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/h
r_flap_to_h,ɾ,h,Brazilian Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,amor /aˈmoɾ/ 'love' (coda rhotic),[aˈmoh],"In much of Brazil the coda rhotic is realized as [h], while European Portuguese keeps the tap [ɾ].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/h
r_flap_to_j_glide,ɾ,j,Dominican Spanish (Cibaeño),Ibero-Romance,true,correr [koˈreɾ] 'to run',correi [koˈrei̯],Syllable-final /ɾ/ is replaced by a front glide in the northern Cibao region. [i̯] = coda atlas j.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/j_glide
r_flap_to_j_glide,ɾ,j,Dominican Spanish (Cibaeño),Ibero-Romance,true,perdón [peɾˈðon] 'pardon',peidón [pei̯ˈðon],Word-internal coda /ɾ/ vocalized; final /l/ merges into the same glide in El Cibao and El Seibo.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/j_glide
r_flap_to_l,ɾ,l,Puerto Rican Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,"perdón [peɾˈðon] 'forgiveness', Puerto Rico","peldón, Puelto Rico",Syllable-final /ɾ/ not followed by a vowel often becomes [l].,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/l
r_flap_to_l,ɾ,l,Puerto Rican Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,verso [ˈbeɾso] 'verse',[ˈbelso],"Alternates with [ˈbeɾso], [ˈberso] and [ˈbeɹso].",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/l
r_flap_to_l,ɾ,l,Cuban Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,carne 'meat',[kalne],Final /r/ more frequently becomes [l] in eastern and central Cuba.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/l
r_flap_to_l,ɾ,l,Cuban Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,amor 'love',[amol],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/l
r_flap_to_l,ɾ,l,Dominican Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,correr 'to run',correl,Lateralization occurs in the east and in Santo Domingo; the Cibao instead has vocalization (correi).,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/l
r_flap_to_l,ɾ,l,Dominican Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,perdón 'forgiveness',peldón,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/l
r_flap_to_l,ɾ,l,Hawaiian,Polynesian,false,"Proto-Polynesian *rua 'two' (Māori, Tahitian rua)",lua,Proto-Eastern-Polynesian *r became l in Hawaiian.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/l
r_flap_to_l,ɾ,l,Hawaiian,Polynesian,false,Proto-Polynesian *riki 'small' (Māori riki),liʔi,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/l
r_flap_to_l,ɾ,l,Samoan,Polynesian,false,Proto-Polynesian *rua 'two',lua,*r merged with *l in the Samoic-Outlier languages; Tongan instead lost *r (ua).,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/l
r_flap_to_l,ɾ,l,Samoan,Polynesian,false,Proto-Polynesian *riki 'small',liʔi 'scattered in small fragments',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/l
r_flap_to_r,ɾ,r,Persian,Southwestern Iranian,true,روز 'day' (initial /ɾ/),[ruːz],The tap phoneme /ɾ/ has a trilled allophone at the start of a word; elsewhere the tap is usual.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/r
r_flap_to_r,ɾ,r,Persian,Southwestern Iranian,true,رنگ 'colour' (initial /ɾ/),[räŋɡ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/r
r_flap_to_r_approx,ɾ,ɹ,Persian,Southwestern Iranian,true,پارسی [pɒːɾˈsiː] 'Persian',"[pɒːɹˈsiː], beside [pɒːɾˈsiː]",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/r_approx
r_flap_to_r_approx,ɾ,ɹ,Persian,Southwestern Iranian,true,سقرلات [sæɣeɾˈlɒːt] 'scarlet',"[sæɣeɹˈlɒːt], beside [sæɣeɾˈlɒːt]","The approximant occurs before /t, d, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, l/; word-initially /ɾ/ is instead trilled [r].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/r_approx
r_flap_to_r_approx_retroflex,ɾ,ɻ,Brazilian Portuguese (Caipira),Ibero-Romance,true,"quarto 'room', coda /ɾ/ (São Paulo /ˈkwaɾ.tu/)",Caipira /ˈkwaɻ.tu/,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/r_approx_retroflex
r_flap_to_r_approx_retroflex,ɾ,ɻ,Brazilian Portuguese (Caipira),Ibero-Romance,true,"mar 'sea', coda /ɾ/ (São Paulo /ˈma(ɾ)/)",Caipira /ˈma(ɻ)/,Wikipedia gives the Caipira coda rhotic as [ɹ ~ ɻ]; Wiktionary transcribes it /ɻ/.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/r_approx_retroflex
r_flap_to_r_flap_retroflex,ɾ,ɽ,"Portuguese (some European, caipira and sertanejo speakers)",Ibero-Romance,true,"falar 'to speak', /ɾ/ (tap)",[fɐˈläɽ] (some European speakers),,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/r_flap_retroflex
r_flap_to_r_flap_retroflex,ɾ,ɽ,"Portuguese (some European, caipira and sertanejo speakers)",Ibero-Romance,true,"madeira 'wood', /ɾ/ (tap)",[mäˈd̪eɽə] (Brazilian caipira speakers),,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/r_flap_retroflex
r_flap_to_r_flap_retroflex,ɾ,ɽ,"Portuguese (some European, caipira and sertanejo speakers)",Ibero-Romance,true,"gargalhar 'to guffaw', /ɾ/ in coda",[ɡäɽɡäˈʎäɽ] (some sertanejo speakers),,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/r_flap_retroflex
r_flap_to_uvular_fricative,ɾ,ʁ,Brazilian Portuguese (Carioca),Ibero-Romance,true,verde 'green' (coda rhotic /ɾ/),Rio de Janeiro /ˈveʁ.d͡ʒi/,"European Portuguese keeps the coda tap (/ˈveɾ.dɨ/). In Rio the coda rhotic is realized as a velar, uvular or glottal fricative; voiced variants such as [ʁ] predominate (phonetically also [ɦ]).",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/uvular_fricative
r_flap_to_uvular_fricative,ɾ,ʁ,Brazilian Portuguese (Carioca),Ibero-Romance,true,carne 'meat' (coda rhotic /ɾ/),Rio de Janeiro /ˈkaʁ.ni/,"São Paulo keeps the tap, /ˈkaɾ.ni/.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/uvular_fricative
r_flap_to_x_uvular,ɾ,χ,Brazilian Portuguese (Rio de Janeiro),Ibero-Romance,true,porta /ˈpɔɾ.tɐ/ 'door' (coda rhotic),Rio de Janeiro [ˈpɔχ.tɐ],European Portuguese and São Paulo keep the tap.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/x_uvular
r_flap_to_x_uvular,ɾ,χ,Brazilian Portuguese (Rio de Janeiro),Ibero-Romance,true,carta /ˈkaɾ.tɐ/ 'letter' (coda rhotic),Rio de Janeiro [ˈkaχ.tɐ],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/x_uvular
r_flap_to_x_uvular,ɾ,χ,Brazilian Portuguese (Rio de Janeiro),Ibero-Romance,true,perto /ˈpɛɾ.tu/ 'near' (coda rhotic),Rio de Janeiro [ˈpɛχ.tu],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/x_uvular
r_flap_to_x_uvular,ɾ,χ,Brazilian Portuguese (Rio de Janeiro),Ibero-Romance,true,mar /ˈmaɾ/ 'sea' (coda rhotic),Rio de Janeiro [ˈmaχ],Word-final position; amor 'love' likewise has Portugal /ɐˈmoɾ/ but Rio [aˈmoχ].,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_flap/x_uvular
r_palatalized_to_r,rʲ,r,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,"Old East Slavic цьсарь (cĭsarĭ), final soft r",цар [t͡sar] 'tsar',"Final *rʲ hardened in Ukrainian, while Russian keeps царь with soft r; the Carpathian (Hutsul) dialects did not take part in this dispalatalization.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_palatalized/r
r_palatalized_to_r,rʲ,r,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *lěkařь 'physician',лікар [ˈlʲikɐr],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_palatalized/r
r_palatalized_to_r,rʲ,r,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,"Old East Slavic цьсарь (cĭsarĭ), final soft r",цар [t͡sar] 'tsar',Belarusian has no palatalized r at all; every inherited *rʲ became plain /r/.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_palatalized/r
r_palatalized_to_r,rʲ,r,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *lěkařь 'physician',лекар [ˈlʲekar],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_palatalized/r
r_palatalized_to_th_vced,rʲ,ð,"Scottish Gaelic (Lewis, Outer Hebrides)",Goidelic,false,aire /aɾʲə/ 'attention',[aðə],"The from-form is the standard pronunciation, kept in most other dialects. Slender r is often produced as a dental fricative in Lewis and in other Outer Hebridean dialects.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_palatalized/th_vced
r_palatalized_to_th_vced,rʲ,ð,"Scottish Gaelic (Lewis, Outer Hebrides)",Goidelic,false,air /ɛɾʲ/ 'on',[ɛð],"Word-final slender r, contrasting with broad r in car 'somewhat' /kʰaɾ/.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_palatalized/th_vced
r_palatalized_to_z,rʲ,z,"Common Turkic (Old Turkic, Turkish, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Uzbek)",Common Turkic,false,Proto-Turkic *jǖŕ 'hundred',"Old Turkic yüz, Turkish yüz, Kazakh жүз (jüz), Kyrgyz жүз, Tatar йөз (yöz), Uzbek yuz",Oghur reflex: Chuvash ҫӗр (śĕr).,2,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_palatalized/z
r_palatalized_to_z,rʲ,z,"Common Turkic (Old Turkic, Turkish, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Uzbek)",Common Turkic,false,Proto-Turkic *sekiŕ 'eight',Turkish sekiz,Oghur reflex: Chuvash саккӑр (sakkăr).,2,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_palatalized/z
r_palatalized_to_z,rʲ,z,"Common Turkic (Old Turkic, Turkish, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Uzbek)",Common Turkic,false,Proto-Turkic *tokuŕ 'nine',"Old Turkic toquz, Turkish dokuz, Kazakh тоғыз (toğyz), Kyrgyz тогуз, Tatar тугыз (tuğız), Uzbek toʻqqiz",Oghur reflex: Chuvash тӑххӑр (tăkhkhăr).,2,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_palatalized/z
r_palatalized_to_z,rʲ,z,"Common Turkic (Old Turkic, Turkish, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Uzbek)",Common Turkic,false,Proto-Turkic *otuŕ 'thirty',"Old Turkic otuz, Turkish otuz, Kazakh отыз (otyz), Kyrgyz отуз, Tatar утыз (utız)",Oghur reflex: Chuvash вӑтӑр (vătăr).,2,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_palatalized/z
r_palatalized_to_z,rʲ,z,"Common Turkic (Old Turkic, Turkish, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Uzbek)",Common Turkic,false,Proto-Turkic *biŕ 'we',"Old Turkic biz, Turkish biz",Oghur reflex: Chuvash эпир (epir).,2,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_palatalized/z
r_palatalized_to_zh_retroflex,rʲ,ʐ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *rěka 'river',rzeka /ˈʐɛ.ka/,"Soft *rʲ before the front vowel became [ʐ], spelled rz and pronounced like ż.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_palatalized/zh_retroflex
r_palatalized_to_zh_retroflex,rʲ,ʐ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *moře 'sea',morze /ˈmɔ.ʐɛ/,"Wiktionary gives Middle Polish /ˈmɔ.r̝ɛ/ for the 16th century and /ˈmɔ.ʐɛ/ for the 17th–18th centuries, showing the intermediate fricative trill.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_palatalized/zh_retroflex
r_palatalized_to_zh_retroflex,rʲ,ʐ,Kashubian,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *moře 'sea',mòrze [ʐ] 'sea',Wiktionary transcribes the conservative /ˈmwɛ.r̝ɛ/; most speakers realize rz as flat postalveolar [ʐ].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_palatalized/zh_retroflex
r_palatalized_to_zh_retroflex,rʲ,ʐ,Kashubian,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *rěka 'river',rzéka [ʐ] 'river',Wiktionary gives the conservative /ˈr̝e.ka/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r_palatalized/zh_retroflex
r_to_d,r,d,Proto-Oti-Volta to Core Eastern Oti-Volta,Eastern Oti-Volta,false,Proto-Oti-Volta *-roo-bɪ 'six',Mbelime dúò,"Forms in Eddyshaw's transcription: POV *r = the approximant [ɹ], y = [j], j = [ɟ], ɩ ʋ = [ɪ ʊ], a tilde below a vowel marks nasalization; POV = Proto-Oti-Volta. Compare Moba lúób̀, Mooré yòobé.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/d
r_to_d,r,d,Proto-Oti-Volta to Core Eastern Oti-Volta,Eastern Oti-Volta,false,Proto-Oti-Volta *-roo-rɪ 'seven',Mbelime dōōdɛ́,,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/d
r_to_d,r,d,Proto-Oti-Volta to Core Eastern Oti-Volta,Eastern Oti-Volta,false,Proto-Oti-Volta *-rɪ 'two',Nateni dɛ́ń; Ditammari dīání,,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/d
r_to_d,r,d,Proto-Oti-Volta to Core Eastern Oti-Volta,Eastern Oti-Volta,false,Proto-Oti-Volta *nôo-rɪ́ 'mouth',Nateni nùdī; Mbelime nùɔ̀dè,The suffix *-rɪ́ shows the same d; Waama keeps r (nɔɔre).,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/d
r_to_d,r,d,Proto-Oti-Volta to Core Eastern Oti-Volta,Eastern Oti-Volta,false,Proto-Oti-Volta *tʊ̌w-rɪ́ 'ear',Nateni tōōdí; Mbelime tōōdè,Mbelime yédē 'two' has y instead of d.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/d
r_to_empty,r,∅,Proto-Tupi-Guarani to Paraguayan Guaraní,Tupi-Guarani,false,*arakur 'rail (bird)',araku,Word-final consonant loss,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/empty
r_to_empty,r,∅,Proto-Tupi-Guarani to Paraguayan Guaraní,Tupi-Guarani,false,*eirar 'tayra',eira,cf. Old Tupi eîrara,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/empty
r_to_empty,r,∅,Proto-Chamic to Acehnese,Chamic,false,*ʔiar 'water',ië,word-final *-r is lost; cf. Rade êa,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/empty
r_to_empty,r,∅,Proto-Chamic to Acehnese,Chamic,false,*ʔughaːr 'ground',ukheuë,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/empty
r_to_empty,r,∅,Proto-Chamic to Acehnese,Chamic,false,*laʔur 'coconut',u,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/empty
r_to_empty,r,∅,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Javanese,Malayo-Polynesian,false,PMP *Ratus 'hundred',Javanese atus,PMP *R is the reconstructed uvular rhotic.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/empty
r_to_empty,r,∅,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Javanese,Malayo-Polynesian,false,PMP *Rumaq 'house',Javanese omah,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/empty
r_to_empty,r,∅,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Javanese,Malayo-Polynesian,false,PMP *bəRas 'husked rice',Javanese wos,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/empty
r_to_empty,r,∅,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Tetum,Timoric,false,PMP *Ratus 'hundred',Tetum atus,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/empty
r_to_empty,r,∅,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Tetum,Timoric,false,PMP *Rumaq 'house',Tetum uma,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/empty
r_to_empty,r,∅,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Tetum,Timoric,false,PMP *uRat 'vein' (PAn *huRaC),Tetum uat,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/empty
r_to_empty,r,∅,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Tetum,Timoric,false,PMP *ikuR 'tail',Tetum iku-n,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/empty
r_to_empty,r,∅,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Nias,Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands,false,PMP *Ratus 'hundred',Nias otu,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/empty
r_to_empty,r,∅,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Nias,Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands,false,PMP *uRat 'vein' (PAn *huRaC),Nias uo,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/empty
r_to_empty,r,∅,Paiwan,Paiwan,false,PAn *Rumaq 'house',umaq,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/empty
r_to_empty,r,∅,Paiwan,Paiwan,false,PAn *RuqaNay 'male',uqalay,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/empty
r_to_empty,r,∅,Paiwan,Paiwan,false,PAn *daRaq 'blood',djaq,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/empty
r_to_empty,r,∅,Paiwan,Paiwan,false,PAn *bəRay 'to give',vai,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/empty
r_to_empty,r,∅,Paiwan,Paiwan,false,PAn *duRi 'thorn',djui,Blust reconstructs *R as an alveolar trill; Paiwan lost it in all positions shown.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/empty
r_to_g,r,g,Proto-Philippine to Tagalog,Philippine,false,*bəRay 'to give',bigay,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/g
r_to_g,r,g,Proto-Philippine to Tagalog,Philippine,false,*haRdan 'ladder',hagdan,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/g
r_to_g,r,g,Proto-Philippine to Tagalog,Philippine,false,*layaR 'sail',layag,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/g
r_to_g,r,g,Proto-Philippine to Tagalog,Philippine,false,*niyuR 'coconut',niyog,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/g
r_to_g,r,g,Proto-Philippine to Cebuano,Philippine,false,*bəRay 'to give',bugay,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/g
r_to_g,r,g,Proto-Philippine to Cebuano,Philippine,false,*daRum 'needle',dagom,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/g
r_to_g,r,g,Proto-Philippine to Cebuano,Philippine,false,*layaR 'sail',layag,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/g
r_to_g,r,g,Proto-Philippine to Cebuano,Philippine,false,*niyuR 'coconut',niyog,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/g
r_to_g,r,g,Proto-Philippine to Ilocano,Philippine,false,*daRum 'needle',dagum,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/g
r_to_g,r,g,Proto-Philippine to Ilocano,Philippine,false,*haRdan 'ladder',agdan,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/g
r_to_g,r,g,Proto-Philippine to Ilocano,Philippine,false,*niyuR 'coconut',niog,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/g
r_to_g,r,g,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,PMP *Ratus 'hundred',Chamorro gatus,"PMP *R is the reconstructed uvular rhotic. Chamorro is not a Philippine language, so this is an independent *R > g change.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/g
r_to_g,r,g,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,PMP *Rumaq 'house',Chamorro gumaʔ,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/g
r_to_g,r,g,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,PMP *uRat 'vein' (PAn *huRaC),Chamorro gugat,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/g
r_to_g,r,g,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,PMP *daRaq 'blood',Chamorro hagaʔ,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/g
r_to_g,r,g,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,PMP *bəRas 'husked rice',Chamorro pugas 'uncooked rice',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/g
r_to_gamma,r,ɣ,Proto-Pakanic,Pakanic,false,Pre-Pakanic *riʔ 'root',Proto-Pakanic *ɣiʔ,Compare Proto-Vietic *k-riɛs.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/gamma
r_to_gamma,r,ɣ,Proto-Pakanic,Pakanic,false,Pre-Pakanic *raŋ 'pillar',Proto-Pakanic *ɣaŋ,,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/gamma
r_to_gamma,r,ɣ,Proto-Pakanic,Pakanic,false,Pre-Pakanic *rək 'strength',Proto-Pakanic *ɣək,Compare Old Chinese *k.rək.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/gamma
r_to_gamma,r,ɣ,Proto-Pakanic,Pakanic,false,Pre-Pakanic *roʔ 'tall',Proto-Pakanic *ɣoʔ,,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/gamma
r_to_gamma,r,ɣ,Hu,Angkuic,false,Proto-Palaungic *rim 'village',Hu ɣim⁵⁵,"Compare U rip⁵⁵, which keeps the trill.",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/gamma
r_to_gamma,r,ɣ,Hu,Angkuic,false,Proto-Palaungic *ruus 'turtle',Hu pu³¹ɣut⁵⁵,Compare Alva ruih³¹.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/gamma
r_to_glottal_stop,r,ʔ,Egyptian (Late Egyptian to Coptic),Egyptian,false,Egyptian ḥr 'face' (Demotic ḥr),"Sahidic ϩⲟ ho, Classical Coptic /hoʔ/","The coda r of the stressed syllable became a glottal stop, which Classical Coptic reconstructions keep as /ʔ/.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/glottal_stop
r_to_glottal_stop,r,ʔ,Egyptian (Late Egyptian to Coptic),Egyptian,false,Old Egyptian ḥr /ħaɾ/ 'upon',"later Egyptian /ħaʔ/, Coptic ϩⲁ- (ha-)","The r survives before suffix pronouns, as in Sahidic ϩⲁⲣⲟ⸗.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/glottal_stop
r_to_glottal_stop,r,ʔ,Egyptian (Late Egyptian to Coptic),Egyptian,false,Old Egyptian ẖr /çuɾ/ 'under',"later Egyptian /çuʔ/, Sahidic ϩⲁ-, Bohairic ϧⲁ-",Pronominal forms such as Bohairic ϧⲁⲣⲟ⸗ keep the r.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/glottal_stop
r_to_h,r,h,Brazilian Portuguese,Romance,false,rato [r] 'rat',[ˈhatu],The from-form is the conservative alveolar trill of the strong R (word-initial and written rr). It has become a glottal or uvular fricative in most of Brazil.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/h
r_to_h,r,h,Brazilian Portuguese,Romance,false,carro [r] 'car',[ˈkahu],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/h
r_to_h,r,h,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Balinese,Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa,false,PMP *bəRas 'husked rice',Balinese bahas,PMP *R is the reconstructed uvular rhotic; in casual speech this h is often dropped (baas).,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/h
r_to_h,r,h,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Balinese,Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa,false,PMP *Rumaq 'house',Balinese humah,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/h
r_to_h,r,h,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Balinese,Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa,false,PMP *Ratus 'hundred',Balinese hatus (in compounds),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/h
r_to_h,r,h,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Balinese,Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa,false,PMP *ikuR 'tail',Balinese ikuh,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/h
r_to_h,r,h,Proto-Tai to Lao,Southwestern Tai,false,*roːkᴰ 'squirrel',ຮອກ [hɔːk̚˥˨],Thai keeps r: กระรอก.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/h
r_to_h,r,h,Proto-Tai to Lao,Southwestern Tai,false,*rwɤːjꟲ 'bad',ຮ້າຍ (Thai ร้าย),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/h
r_to_h,r,h,Proto-Tai to Lao,Southwestern Tai,false,*C̬.rwɯəᴬ 'boat' (Proto-Southwestern Tai *rɯəᴬ⁴),ເຮືອ [hɯːə̯˧˥],Thai keeps r: เรือ.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/h
r_to_i,r,i,Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit ऋषि (ṛṣi) [r̩ʂi] 'sage',"isi 'sage, seer'",The syllabic rhotic ṛ became i; ṣ also became s.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/i
r_to_i,r,i,Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit शृङ्ग (śṛ́ṅga) 'horn',siṅga 'horn',ṛ > i after a palatal; ś also became s.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/i
r_to_j_affricate,r,dʒ,Mingrelian,Zan,false,"Proto-Kartvelian *pur- 'cow' (Georgian puri, Svan pür)",puǯi 'cow',,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/j_affricate
r_to_j_affricate,r,dʒ,Mingrelian,Zan,false,Proto-Georgian-Zan *ɣor- 'swine' (Georgian ɣori),ɣeǯi 'pig',The vowel also shows the Zan umlaut *o > e.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/j_affricate
r_to_j_affricate,r,dʒ,Mingrelian,Zan,false,Proto-Georgian-Zan *q̇ur- 'ear' (Old Georgian q̇uri),ʕuǯ- 'ear',"Contrast ʕura 'deaf' < *q̇ura, where no *i followed and r was kept (Thorsø 2023, §3.1.0.3).",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/j_affricate
r_to_j_affricate,r,dʒ,Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *pur- 'cow' (Georgian puri),puci [ˈpud͡ʒi] 'cow',The Laz Latin letter c stands for [d͡ʒ]; Ghvant puji has the fricative ž [ʒ] instead.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/j_affricate
r_to_j_affricate,r,dʒ,Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Georgian-Zan *ɣor- 'swine' (Georgian ɣori),ğeci [ˈɣed͡ʒi] 'pig',Vizha dialect; a variant ğeji has the fricative ž [ʒ].,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/j_affricate
r_to_j_affricate,r,dʒ,Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Georgian-Zan *(m)ć̣er- (Georgian mc̣eri 'insect'),mč̣aǯ- 'fly',"Megrelian has č̣anǯ- with an inserted n (Thorsø 2023, §3.1.0.4).",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/j_affricate
r_to_j_glide,r,j,Yucatec Maya,Mayan,false,Proto-Mayan *raʔʃ 'green',Yucatec jaʔʃ,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/j_glide
r_to_j_glide,r,j,Yucatec Maya,Mayan,false,Proto-Mayan *kar 'fish',Yucatec kaj,"Proto-Mayan *r became [j] in Yucatec, Huastecan and the western languages (Chujean–Qʼanjobʼalan, Cholan); Kʼicheʼ keeps r (raʃ, kar) and Ixil has tʃ (tʃaʔʃ, tʃaj).",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/j_glide
r_to_j_glide,r,j,Burmese,Lolo-Burmese,false,Old Burmese ရိယ် riy 'water',ရေ /jè/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/j_glide
r_to_j_glide,r,j,Burmese,Lolo-Burmese,false,Old Burmese ရိုဝ်း ruiw 'bone',ရိုး /jó/,Old Burmese r is pronounced /j/ in Modern Standard Burmese; Rakhine keeps the distinction.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/j_glide
r_to_j_glide,r,j,Proto-Philippine to Ivatan,Philippine,false,*baqRu 'new',vayo,Ivatan is a y-language for PPh *R,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/j_glide
r_to_j_glide,r,j,Proto-Philippine to Ivatan,Philippine,false,*daRum 'needle',rayem,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/j_glide
r_to_j_glide,r,j,Proto-Philippine to Ivatan,Philippine,false,*niyuR 'coconut',nyuy,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/j_glide
r_to_j_glide,r,j,Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan to Koryak,Chukotko-Kamchatkan,false,*qora 'reindeer',qojaŋa,cf. Chukchi qoraŋə,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/j_glide
r_to_j_glide,r,j,Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan to Koryak,Chukotko-Kamchatkan,false,*rəʀæv 'whale',jaʔav,cf. Chukchi rʔew,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/j_glide
r_to_j_glide,r,j,Proto-Oti-Volta to Kusaal and Mooré (initial),Western Oti-Volta,false,Proto-Oti-Volta *-rɪ 'two',Kusaal àyí'i; Mooré -yìibú,"Forms in Eddyshaw's transcription: POV *r = the approximant [ɹ], y = [j], j = [ɟ], ɩ ʋ = [ɪ ʊ], a tilde below a vowel marks nasalization; POV = Proto-Oti-Volta.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/j_glide
r_to_j_glide,r,j,Proto-Oti-Volta to Kusaal and Mooré (initial),Western Oti-Volta,false,Proto-Oti-Volta *rêl- 'winnow',Kusaal yɛ̄lɩgɛ́; Mooré yélgè,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/j_glide
r_to_j_glide,r,j,Proto-Oti-Volta to Kusaal and Mooré (initial),Western Oti-Volta,false,Proto-Oti-Volta *-roo-bɪ 'six',Kusaal àyúobʋ̀; Mooré yòobé,"Buli (yuebi 'six') and Waama share the y reflex; Gurma and Yom have l, Core Eastern Oti-Volta d, and Nawdm keeps r.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/j_glide
r_to_k,r,k,Tedim,Kuki-Chin,false,Proto-Kuki-Chin *paar 'flower',pa:k² (Proto-Northern Chin *paak),Hakha Lai keeps pâar.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/k
r_to_k,r,k,Tedim,Kuki-Chin,false,Proto-Kuki-Chin *ʔaar 'fowl',ʔa:k²,Hakha Lai keeps ʔâar.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/k
r_to_k,r,k,Tedim,Kuki-Chin,false,Proto-Kuki-Chin *thar 'new',thak¹,Hakha Lai thâr; Thado Kuki thâʔ shows the later -k > -ʔ step.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/k
r_to_k,r,k,Tedim,Kuki-Chin,false,Proto-Kuki-Chin *baar 'eat with the palm of the hand',ba:k² (Proto-Northern Chin *baak),Hakha Lai keeps bâar.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/k
r_to_l,r,l,Thai (colloquial Bangkok),Tai-Kadai,false,รัก rák 'love',[lák],"The from-form is the standard pronunciation, kept in careful speech; everyday Bangkok speech regularly replaces /r/ with [l].",3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l
r_to_l,r,l,Thai (colloquial Bangkok),Tai-Kadai,false,เร็ว rew 'fast',[lew],,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l
r_to_l,r,l,Proto-Central Chadic to Proto-Central Chadic North,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *ra 'to dig',"Proto-North *la; Margi, Mandara, Mofu, Lamang, Higi groups la","South sub-branch groups keep ra (Bata, Daba, Tera).",3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l
r_to_l,r,l,Proto-Central Chadic to Proto-Central Chadic North,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *mar 'oil',"Proto-North *mal; Margi, Maroua, Musgum mal",Compare Mafa and Tera mar.,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l
r_to_l,r,l,Proto-Central Chadic to Proto-Central Chadic North,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *kɨrɨpʸ 'fish',"Proto-North *kɨlɨpʸ; Margi group kɨlfiʸ, Higi group kɨlipɨ",,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l
r_to_l,r,l,Proto-Central Chadic to Proto-Central Chadic North,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *tira 'moon',Proto-North *tila,Proto-Central Chadic had no *l; every North l continues *r.,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l
r_to_l,r,l,Proto-Central Chadic to Proto-Daba,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *pɨra 'to untie',Proto-Daba pɨl,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l
r_to_l,r,l,Proto-Central Chadic to Proto-Daba,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *kɨr 'to steal',Proto-Daba hɨl,An independent *r → l in the South sub-branch; the neighbouring Bata group keeps hɨr.,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l
r_to_l,r,l,"Proto-Oti-Volta to Northern Gurma (Gulimancema, Moba)",Gurma,false,Proto-Oti-Volta *-rɪ 'two',Gulimancema -lé; Moba -lé,"Forms in Eddyshaw's transcription: POV *r = the approximant [ɹ], y = [j], j = [ɟ], ɩ ʋ = [ɪ ʊ], a tilde below a vowel marks nasalization; POV = Proto-Oti-Volta. Western Oti-Volta has y (Mooré -yìibú); Nawdm alone keeps r (-réɦ).",3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l
r_to_l,r,l,"Proto-Oti-Volta to Northern Gurma (Gulimancema, Moba)",Gurma,false,Proto-Oti-Volta *-roo-bɪ 'six',Gulimancema lūōbī; Moba lúób̀,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l
r_to_l,r,l,"Proto-Oti-Volta to Northern Gurma (Gulimancema, Moba)",Gurma,false,Proto-Oti-Volta *rèw- 'close (a door)',Gulimancema lūoní; Moba lōōń,"Yom has the same initial *r → l (Yom lewe 'close', -lɛ 'two').",3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l
r_to_l,r,l,Proto-Oti-Volta to Dagbani (class suffix *-rɪ́),Western Oti-Volta,false,Proto-Oti-Volta *nôo-rɪ́ 'mouth',Dagbani noli,"Forms in Eddyshaw's transcription: POV *r = the approximant [ɹ], y = [j], j = [ɟ], ɩ ʋ = [ɪ ʊ], a tilde below a vowel marks nasalization; POV = Proto-Oti-Volta. The r of the EGG-gender singular suffix survived into Proto-Western Oti-Volta; Dagbani merged it with l, while Kusaal nɔ̄ɔrɛ́ and Mampruli noori keep r.",3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l
r_to_l,r,l,Proto-Oti-Volta to Dagbani (class suffix *-rɪ́),Western Oti-Volta,false,Proto-Oti-Volta *tʊ̌w-rɪ́ 'ear',Dagbani tibili,"Compare Kusaal tʋ̀bʋrɛ̄, Mampruli tubri; in major-conjugation verbs Dagbani has r (kpari 'lock', Kusaal kpàrɛ̀).",3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l
r_to_l,r,l,Proto-Saharan to Kanuri,Western Saharan,false,Proto-Saharan *tiram 'tongue',Kanuri tə́lam,"Proto-Saharan reconstructions are Cyffer's (2020, Oxford Handbook of African Languages) as tabulated on Wikipedia. Teda-Daza tirmẽ́su and Beria tàmsī do not show l here.",3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l
r_to_l,r,l,Proto-Saharan to Kanuri,Western Saharan,false,Proto-Saharan *kur 'leaf',Kanuri kálú,Teda-Daza kólú has the same l; *kurum 'knee' keeps r in Kanuri ngurumngurum.,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l
r_to_l,r,l,Bunun,Bunun,false,PAn *Rabiqi 'evening',labian,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l
r_to_l,r,l,Bunun,Bunun,false,PAn *baNaR 'thorny vine (Smilax)',banal,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l
r_to_l,r,l,Bunun,Bunun,false,PAn *duRi 'thorn',duli,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l
r_to_l,r,l,Bunun,Bunun,false,PAn *(ma-)wiRi 'left',vili,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l
r_to_l,r,l,Bunun,Bunun,false,PAn *busuR 'bow',busul,Blust reconstructs *R as an alveolar trill; Bunun has l for it in all positions shown.,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l
r_to_l_fricative,r,ɬ,Thao,Western Plains,false,PAn *RaməC 'root',lhamic,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l_fricative
r_to_l_fricative,r,ɬ,Thao,Western Plains,false,PAn *busuR 'bow',futulh,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l_fricative
r_to_l_fricative,r,ɬ,Thao,Western Plains,false,"PAn *baRah 'ember, glowing coal'",falha,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l_fricative
r_to_l_fricative,r,ɬ,Thao,Western Plains,false,PAn *baqəRuh 'new',faqlhu,Thao ⟨lh⟩ is /ɬ/; the Formosan-languages reflex table writes this proto-phoneme *ɣ and gives Thao ɬ.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/l_fricative
r_to_m,r,m,Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,"Sanskrit kárman 'deed, action'",Pali kamma,Middle Indo-Aryan cluster simplification: r assimilates to the following m.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/m
r_to_m,r,m,Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,"Sanskrit dhárma 'law, duty'",Pali dhamma [d̪ʱɐm.mɐ],Same rm > mm assimilation.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/m
r_to_n,r,n,Old Chinese,Sinitic,false,山 *s-ŋrar 'mountain' (Baxter–Sagart),Middle Chinese srean,Baxter and Sagart argue that final *-r became *-n in western Old Chinese dialects (and *-j in eastern ones); Zhengzhang reconstructs *sreːn.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/n
r_to_n,r,n,Old Chinese,Sinitic,false,難 *nˤar 'difficult' (Baxter–Sagart),Middle Chinese nan,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/n
r_to_n,r,n,Old Chinese,Sinitic,false,單 *Cə.tˤar 'single' (Baxter–Sagart),Middle Chinese tan,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/n
r_to_r_approx,r,ɹ,Costa Rican Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,"ropa 'clothing', with the trill phoneme /r/",[ˈɹopa],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/r_approx
r_to_r_approx,r,ɹ,Costa Rican Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,"carro 'car', with the trill phoneme /r/",[ˈkaɹo],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/r_approx
r_to_r_approx,r,ɹ,Costa Rican Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,"chorro 'spurt', with the trill phoneme /r/",[ˈt͡ʃɔɹo],"Rural speech also assibilates the trill; the sequence /tɾ/ becomes [tɹ̝̥], as in cuatro.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/r_approx
r_to_r_flap,r,ɾ,Greek (Ancient > Modern),Hellenic,false,Ancient Greek ῥῆμα /r̥ɛ̂ː.ma/ with ρ = trill,Modern Greek ρήμα /ˈɾi.ma/ 'verb',"Ancient rho was an alveolar trill; the only Modern Greek rhotic is prototypically an alveolar tap, with a trill surviving mainly in clusters.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/r_flap
r_to_r_flap,r,ɾ,Greek (Ancient > Modern),Hellenic,false,Ancient Greek χείρ 'hand' (trilled ρ),Modern Greek χέρι /ˈçe.ɾi/,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/r_flap
r_to_r_flap,r,ɾ,Polish,West Slavic,true,raj /rai̯/ 'paradise' (traditionally trill /r/),[ɾai̯],"Recent studies find /r/ realized as a tap in about 95% of intervocalic and 80–90% of postconsonantal tokens, almost never as a trill.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/r_flap
r_to_r_flap,r,ɾ,Polish,West Slavic,true,autor /ˈau̯tɔr/ 'author',[ˈau̯tɔɾ],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/r_flap
r_to_r_palatalized,r,rʲ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *rěka 'river',река [rʲɪˈka],"The trill before the front vowel *ě became palatalized [rʲ], which now contrasts with plain /r/ (рад [rat] vs ряд [rʲat]).",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/r_palatalized
r_to_r_palatalized,r,rʲ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *rędъ 'row',ряд [rʲat],"Palatalized before the front nasal vowel *ę, which later became [a].",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/r_palatalized
r_to_r_palatalized,r,rʲ,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *rędъ 'row',ряд [rʲad],Same palatalization before *ę; Ukrainian keeps the final voiced [d].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/r_palatalized
r_to_r_palatalized,r,rʲ,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *rěpa 'turnip',ріпа [ˈrʲipɐ],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/r_palatalized
r_to_r_palatalized,r,rʲ,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *rěpa 'turnip',ряпа [ˈrʲa̟pɐ],Before the yat reflex [ʲa] the trill surfaces as palatalized [rʲ]; some analyses treat it as /r/ + /j/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/r_palatalized
r_to_r_palatalized,r,rʲ,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *rědъkъ 'rare',рядък [ˈrʲa̟dɐk],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/r_palatalized
r_to_r_palatalized,r,rʲ,Lithuanian,Baltic,false,"Proto-Balto-Slavic *retas 'sparse, rare'",retas [ˈrʲæːtɐs],"Consonants, including the apical trill, are palatalized before front vowels.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/r_palatalized
r_to_r_palatalized,r,rʲ,Lithuanian,Baltic,false,"/r/ before a back vowel, marked by orthographic i",noriu [ˈnôːrʲʊ] 'I want',"Palatalized [rʲ] also occurs before back vowels, where the spelling marks it with a silent i.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/r_palatalized
r_to_sh_retroflex,r,ʂ,Copala Triqui,Mixtecan,false,Proto-Trique *rumii 'ball',ʂmii,"The vowel was lost between *r and a following *t, *k, *kw, *m, *n or *l (rmii), and *r then became ʂ; Chicahuaxtla has rumi.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/sh_retroflex
r_to_sh_retroflex,r,ʂ,Copala Triqui,Mixtecan,false,Proto-Trique *runee 'bean',ʂnee,Chicahuaxtla rune.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/sh_retroflex
r_to_t,r,t,Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit पुत्र (putrá) 'son',putta 'son',"Progressive assimilation of r to the preceding t in the cluster -tr-, giving a geminate.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/t
r_to_t,r,t,Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,"Sanskrit सूत्र (sū́tra) 'thread, rule'","sutta 'thread, string; sutra (discourse)'","Same assimilation of -tr- to -tt-, with the long vowel shortened before the geminate.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/t
r_to_t,r,t,Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit मित्र (mitrá) 'friend',mitta 'friend',Same -tr- > -tt-.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/t
r_to_t,r,t,Maharashtri Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit पुत्र (putrá) 'son',𑀧𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (putta) 'son',Also in Shauraseni Prakrit.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/t
r_to_t,r,t,Maharashtri Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit रात्रि (rā́tri) 'night',𑀭𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀺 (ratti) 'night',Long vowel shortened before the new geminate; the variant rāi reflects a different syllabification with simple t.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/t
r_to_th_vced,r,ð,Jèrriais,Gallo-Romance,false,Old French baril 'barrel',bathi,Intervocalic r > ð.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/th_vced
r_to_th_vced,r,ð,Jèrriais,Gallo-Romance,false,Old French mesurer 'to measure',m'suther,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/th_vced
r_to_th_vced,r,ð,Jèrriais,Gallo-Romance,false,Old French orellier 'pillow',ouothilyi,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/th_vced
r_to_th_vced,r,ð,Jèrriais,Gallo-Romance,false,Old French mere 'mother',méthe,Final position after a vowel.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/th_vced
r_to_th_vced,r,ð,Woods Cree,Algonquian,false,"Proto-Algonquian *elenyiwa 'native person' (Bloomfield's *l, Goddard's *r)",ithiniw [iðiniw],"Plains Cree iyiniw, Swampy Cree ininiw, Moose Cree ililiw. Rocky (Missinipi) Cree historical r has also become ð, merging that dialect with Woods Cree.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/th_vced
r_to_th_vced,r,ð,Woods Cree,Algonquian,false,"Proto-Algonquian *kīla 'you' (Bloomfield's *l, Goddard's *r)",kītha [kiːða],"Plains Cree kīya, Swampy Cree kīna, Moose Cree kīla.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/th_vced
r_to_u,r,u,Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,"Sanskrit ṛtu [r̩tu] 'appointed time, season'",utu 'season',u by agreement with the u of the following syllable.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/u
r_to_u,r,u,Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit ṛjú 'straight',"uju 'straight, right'",u by agreement with the following u.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/u
r_to_u,r,u,Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit ṛṣabha 'bull',usabha 'bull',The following syllable begins with the labial b.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/u
r_to_u,r,u,Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit pṛcchati 'asks',pucchati 'to ask',u after the labial p.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/u
r_to_u,r,u,Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,"Sanskrit vṛddha 'old, grown'","vuḍḍha 'old, aged; venerable'",u after the labial v; compare spṛṣṭa 'touched' > phuṭṭha.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/u
r_to_u,r,u,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit ṛjú 'straight',Maharastri Prakrit ujju,"u before a following u, with consonant gemination.",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/u
r_to_u,r,u,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit ṛtu 'season',Prakrit uu,u before a following u; intervocalic t lost.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/u
r_to_u,r,u,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit pṛthivī 'earth',"Maharastri Prakrit puhavī, Sauraseni Prakrit puḍhavī",u after the labial p; Pali instead has paṭhavī.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/u
r_to_u,r,u,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit pṛcchati 'asks',Prakrit pucchaï,"u after the labial p, as in Pali.",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/u
r_to_u,r,u,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit vṛddha 'old',Ashokan Prakrit vudha,u after v in the Ashokan inscriptions.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/u
r_to_u,r,u,Kalasha,Dardic,false,Sanskrit pṛccháti 'asks',phúčik 'to ask',u after the labial p.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/u
r_to_u,r,u,Kalasha,Dardic,false,Sanskrit ṛjú 'straight',"úǰak 'upright, true'",u before a following u.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/u
r_to_uvular_fricative,r,ʁ,French,Gallo-Romance,false,"Latin rubeus > Old French roge/rouge, with an alveolar trill (still described by Molière in 1670)",rouge /ʁuʒ/ 'red',Louisiana French keeps /ruʒ/ [ɾuʒ].,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/uvular_fricative
r_to_uvular_fricative,r,ʁ,French,Gallo-Romance,false,"Old French rose (< Latin rosa), with alveolar r",rose /ʁoz/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/uvular_fricative
r_to_uvular_fricative,r,ʁ,European Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Vulgar Latin rattus 'rat' (alveolar trill),rato /ˈʁa.tu/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/uvular_fricative
r_to_uvular_fricative,r,ʁ,European Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin rosa 'rose' (alveolar trill),rosa /ˈʁɔ.zɐ/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/uvular_fricative
r_to_w,r,w,mThachu (Melung Tibetic),Tibetic,false,Literary Tibetan ri 'mountain',wə˞,The initial r is replaced by /w/ and the rhotic feature surfaces on the vowel.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/w
r_to_w,r,w,mThachu (Melung Tibetic),Tibetic,false,Literary Tibetan rus 'bone',wə˞ː,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/w
r_to_w,r,w,mThachu (Melung Tibetic),Tibetic,false,Literary Tibetan rogs 'friend',wo˞,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/w
r_to_z,r,z,Polish (Historical),Slavic,false,rjeka [rʲ] (Old Slavic),rzeka [ʐ],"Historical palatalized r regularly shifted to a voiced postalveolar fricative, written as 'rz'.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/z
r_to_z,r,z,Polish (Historical),Slavic,false,mar- (Latin),morze [ʐ] (sea),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/z
r_to_z,r,z,Vietnamese (Hanoi),Austroasiatic,false,Proto-Vietic *-raw 'vegetable',"rau, Hanoi [zaw˧˧]","Northern Vietnamese merged r with d and gi as [z]; Huế has [ʐaw˧˧] and Saigon [ɹa(ː)w˧˧], keeping a retroflex or rhotic.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/z
r_to_z,r,z,Vietnamese (Hanoi),Austroasiatic,false,Proto-Vietic *rɔːc 'intestine',"ruột, Hanoi [zuət̚˧˨ʔ]",Saigon [ɹuək̚˨˩˨].,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/z
r_to_z,r,z,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Malagasy,Barito,false,PMP *Ratus 'hundred',Malagasy zato,PMP *R is the reconstructed uvular rhotic.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/z
r_to_z,r,z,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Malagasy,Barito,false,PMP *uRat 'vein' (PAn *huRaC),"Malagasy ózatra 'sinew; vein, artery'",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/z
r_to_zh_retroflex,r,ʐ,Bolivian Highland Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,rico /ˈriko/ 'rich',/r/ realized [ʐ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/zh_retroflex
r_to_zh_retroflex,r,ʐ,Bolivian Highland Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,burro /ˈburo/ 'donkey',/r/ realized [ʐ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/zh_retroflex
r_to_zh_retroflex,r,ʐ,Chicahuaxtla Triqui,Mixtecan,true,"word-initial /r/ (older trill [r], e.g. [roː⁴] 'bull')",[ʐumiː³] 'ball',"Word-initial <r> was formerly described as a trill [r], but it is more commonly pronounced with frication, as voiced [ʐ] or voiceless [ʂ]; only some speakers keep the trill. Elliott et al. (2016) therefore analyse the phoneme as /ʐ/.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/zh_retroflex
r_to_zh_retroflex,r,ʐ,Chicahuaxtla Triqui,Mixtecan,true,word-initial /r/,[ʐa³t͡ʂũː⁵³] 'bread',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/r/zh_retroflex
s_palatalized_to_s,sʲ,s,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Old East Slavic село /sʲɛˈloː/ (11th c.) 'village',село [seˈɫɔ],"Old East Slavic softened /s/ before /e/ (9th c. /sɛˈloː/ > 11th c. /sʲɛˈloː/); Ukrainian hardened it again, whereas Russian keeps [sʲɪˈɫo].",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s_palatalized/s
s_palatalized_to_s,sʲ,s,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Old East Slavic сестра /sʲɛˈstra/ 'sister',сестра [seˈstra],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s_palatalized/s
s_palatalized_to_sh,sʲ,ʃ,Irish,Goidelic,false,Old Irish snechtae /sʲ/ 'snow',sneachta /ˈʃnʲaxt̪ˠə/,The slender fricative of the palatalized series is postalveolar [ʃ] in Modern Irish.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s_palatalized/sh
s_palatalized_to_sh,sʲ,ʃ,Irish,Goidelic,false,Old Irish síd /sʲ/ 'fairy mound',sí /ʃiː/,Slender s before a front vowel became [ʃ].,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s_palatalized/sh
s_palatalized_to_sh,sʲ,ʃ,Scottish Gaelic,Goidelic,false,Old Irish snechtae /sʲ/ 'snow',sneachda /ʃɲɛxkə/ (Uist),"Islay and Colonsay keep /sɲɛxk/, while Lewis, Harris, Uist and Barra have [ʃ].",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s_palatalized/sh
s_palatalized_to_sh,sʲ,ʃ,Scottish Gaelic,Goidelic,false,Old Irish síd /sʲ/,sìth /ˈʃiː/ 'fairy',Slender s is so palatalized that it has become postalveolar.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s_palatalized/sh
s_palatalized_to_sh_palatal,sʲ,ɕ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *sě̑no 'hay',siano /ˈɕa.nɔ/,Soft s before the front vowel *ě developed into the alveolo-palatal fricative.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s_palatalized/sh_palatal
s_palatalized_to_sh_palatal,sʲ,ɕ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *sìla 'strength',siła /ˈɕi.wa/,Soft s before *i gives ś.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s_palatalized/sh_palatal
s_palatalized_to_sh_palatal,sʲ,ɕ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *vь̀sь 'village',wieś /ˈvjɛɕ/,"Word-final soft s before a front jer gives ś (Old Polish wieś, first attested in 1249).",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s_palatalized/sh_palatal
s_palatalized_to_z_palatalized,sʲ,zʲ,Russian,East Slavic,true,/ˈprosʲbə/ просьба 'request' (cf. проси́ть 'to ask'),[ˈprozʲbə],Soft /sʲ/ voices before the voiced stop [b] and keeps its palatalization.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s_palatalized/z_palatalized
s_palatalized_to_z_palatalized,sʲ,zʲ,Russian,East Slavic,true,/kɐsʲˈba/ косьба 'mowing' (cf. коси́ть 'to mow'),[kɐzʲˈba],Same regressive voicing before the suffix -ьба.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s_palatalized/z_palatalized
s_to_d_palatal,s,ɟ,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *serpena,gjarpër 'snake',Gheg gjarpën.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/d_palatal
s_to_d_palatal,s,ɟ,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *serba,"gjerb 'to sip, slurp'",,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/d_palatal
s_to_d_palatal,s,ɟ,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *sana,gjë 'thing',Gheg gjâ.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/d_palatal
s_to_d_palatal,s,ɟ,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *sūša,gjysh 'grandfather',,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/d_palatal
s_to_d_palatal,s,ɟ,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *surma,"gjurmë 'footprint, track'",,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/d_palatal
s_to_empty,s,∅,French,Romance,false,hostel (Old French),hôtel [∅],Loss of s before a consonant.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/empty
s_to_empty,s,∅,French,Romance,false,feste,fête,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/empty
s_to_empty,s,∅,Hungarian (word-initial),Uralic,false,*sëne [s],"ín ""sinew""",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/empty
s_to_empty,s,∅,Hungarian (word-initial),Uralic,false,*süle,"öl ""bosom""",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/empty
s_to_empty,s,∅,Written Tibetan to Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,ལུས lus 'body',[lyː],"Final -s is lost, leaving vowel fronting and lengthening",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/empty
s_to_empty,s,∅,Written Tibetan to Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,ཆོས chos 'dharma',/t͡ɕʰøː˥˨/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/empty
s_to_empty,s,∅,Written Tibetan to Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,ནས nas 'barley',/nɛː˩˧˨/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/empty
s_to_empty,s,∅,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Nias,Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands,false,PMP *taləs 'taro',Nias talõ,Nias lost all word-final consonants.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/empty
s_to_empty,s,∅,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Nias,Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands,false,PMP *Ratus 'hundred',Nias otu,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/empty
s_to_empty,s,∅,Puyuma,Puyuma,false,PAn *Sapuy 'fire',apuy,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/empty
s_to_empty,s,∅,Puyuma,Puyuma,false,PAn *Siwa 'nine',iwa,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/empty
s_to_empty,s,∅,Puyuma,Puyuma,false,PAn *Səpat 'four',pat,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/empty
s_to_empty,s,∅,Puyuma,Puyuma,false,PAn *SakuC 'to transport through repeated trips',akutr,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/empty
s_to_empty,s,∅,Puyuma,Puyuma,false,PAn *Suaji 'younger sibling',wadi,"Blust reconstructs *S as [s]; Paiwan keeps s (sapuy 'fire', sepatj 'four').",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/empty
s_to_empty,s,∅,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *seh₂l- 'salt',աղ (ał) 'salt',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/empty
s_to_empty,s,∅,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,"PIE *semh₂- 'summer, year'",ամ (am) 'year',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/empty
s_to_empty,s,∅,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,"PIE *semh₂- 'summer, year'",ամառն (amaṙn) 'summer',Same root as ամ; Wiktionary derives it from pre-Armenian *sm̥h₂er-m̥.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/empty
s_to_glottal_stop,s,ʔ,Puerto Rican Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,las alas /las ˈalas/ 'the wings',la[ʔ] alas,"Word-final /s/ before a vowel, the context where the glottal variant was first described (Mohamed & Muntendam 2020)",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/glottal_stop
s_to_glottal_stop,s,ʔ,Puerto Rican Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,los tacos /los ˈtakos/,lo[ʔ] tacos,"Pre-consonantal glottal realization of /s/, reported more recently (Valentín-Márquez 2022; Mohamed & Muntendam 2020)",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/glottal_stop
s_to_glottal_stop,s,ʔ,Puerto Rican Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,les hablo español,le[ʔ] hablo español,"A spectrogram from a Puerto Rican speaker in Lancaster, Pennsylvania shows the glottal closure before hablo (Valentín-Márquez 2022, Figure 4)",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/glottal_stop
s_to_glottal_stop,s,ʔ,Mizo (Lushai),Kuki-Chin,true,Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kV-ni-s 'two',"Proto-Kuki-Chin *(h)niʔ > Mizo hnih [-ʔ], pahnih 'two'",The final *-s became the glottal stop; Mizo final ⟨h⟩ spells [ʔ],4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/glottal_stop
s_to_glottal_stop,s,ʔ,Mizo (Lushai),Kuki-Chin,true,Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ni-s 'seven',"Proto-Kuki-Chin *sa-riʔ > Mizo sarih [-ʔ], pasarih 'seven'",Same development of the final *-s,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/glottal_stop
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Iranian,Iranian,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *saptá 'seven',Proto-Iranian *haptá,"Iranian debuccalized *s to *h except after *k, *n, *p, *t or before *t; continued as Middle Persian haft, Balochi hapt, Northern Kurdish heft.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Iranian,Iranian,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *saȷ́ʰásram 'thousand',Proto-Iranian *hajáhram,"Both *s became *h; continued as Balochi hazár, Northern Kurdish hezar, Parthian hazār.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Indo-Iranian to Proto-Iranian,Iranian,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *smáwčati 'releases',Proto-Iranian *hmáwčati,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Celtic to Welsh,Brythonic,false,*senos 'old',hen,Regular initial *s- > h- before vowels in Brythonic; cf. Irish sean,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Celtic to Welsh,Brythonic,false,*salanos 'salt',halen,cf. Irish salann,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Celtic to Welsh,Brythonic,false,*sīros 'long',hir,cf. Irish síor,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Polynesian to Hawaiian / Māori,Polynesian,false,*sina 'grey-haired',"Hawaiian, Māori hina",Eastern Polynesian *s > h; Samoan keeps sina,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Polynesian to Hawaiian / Māori,Polynesian,false,"*sala 'wrong, error'","Hawaiian hala, Māori hara",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Polynesian to Hawaiian / Māori,Polynesian,false,*sau,"Hawaiian, Māori hau",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Indo-European to Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,*septḿ̥ 'seven',heptá (ἑπτά),Initial prevocalic *s debuccalized to h (spiritus asper); cf. Latin septem,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Indo-European to Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,*seh₂l- 'salt',háls (ἅλς),cf. Latin sāl,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,"Huaylas, Huánuco and Pacaraos Quechua",Quechua I,false,Proto-Quechuan *suk 'one',huk,"Huaylas, Huánuco and Pacaraos all have huk; Huanca has both huk and suk.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,"Huaylas, Huánuco and Pacaraos Quechua",Quechua I,false,Proto-Quechuan *suqta 'six',"Huaylas huqta, Pacaraos huχta",Huánuco suχta and Huanca suʔta keep the sibilant in this word.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Oti-Volta to Nawdm,Yom-Nawdm,false,POV *sôƴm-gá 'hare',Nawdm hɔ́mgá,"Forms in Eddyshaw's transcription: j = [ɟ], y = [j], ɩ ʋ = [ɪ ʊ], a tilde below a vowel marks nasalization, ' marks a glottalized vowel; POV = Proto-Oti-Volta; the final syllable of nouns is a noun-class suffix. Kusaal sú'oŋā and Mooré sóaambà keep s.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Oti-Volta to Nawdm,Yom-Nawdm,false,POV *sṵ́r-fʊ́ 'navel',Nawdm hírgá,Yom keeps s (sə̄rɣà).,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Oti-Volta to Nawdm,Yom-Nawdm,false,POV *sḛ́r- 'sew',Nawdm hɔr-,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Oti-Volta to Nateni,Eastern Oti-Volta,false,POV *sṵ́r-fʊ́ 'navel',Nateni hṵ́fā,Mbelime keeps s (sūdìfɛ̀); Ditammari also has h (háá 'dance').,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Oti-Volta to Nateni,Eastern Oti-Volta,false,POV *sôƴm-gá 'hare',Nateni hòǹhī (pl),"Eddyshaw: POV *s > h or zero in Gurma, Nawdm and Ditammari/Nateni, s elsewhere.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Buduma (Kotoko Island),Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *sɨn 'to know',Buduma hən (hɨn),Kotoko North and Kotoko Centre keep sɨn.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Buduma (Kotoko Island),Central Chadic,false,Proto-North Kotoko-Musgum *sɨm 'to eat' (< Proto-Central Chadic *zɨm),Buduma hɨm,Kotoko North sɨm.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Buduma (Kotoko Island),Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *sa 'to drink',"Buduma hi, realized [xi]",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Old Khmer to Central Khmer,Khmeric,false,Old Khmer ម្វស៑ mvas 'mosquito',មូស /muːh/,Syllable-final /s/ debuccalized to /h/ during Middle Khmer and is /h/ in all modern varieties; the spelling keeps ⟨ស⟩.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Old Khmer to Central Khmer,Khmeric,false,Old Khmer ញស៑ ñas 'to hatch',ញាស់ /ɲŏəh/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Old Khmer to Central Khmer,Khmeric,false,Old Khmer វស៑ vas 'snake',ពស់ /pŭəh/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Bahnaric to Bahnar and Halang,Bahnaric,false,*ɓəs 'snake',"Bahnar 'bih, Halang bèh","Sidwell's Proto-Bahnaric; West Bahnaric Brao and Jru' bih also show -h, while South Bahnaric keeps -s (Koho bös).",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Bahnaric to Bahnar and Halang,Bahnaric,false,*kpaːs 'cotton',"Bahnar kơpaih, Halang kơpaih",South Bahnaric Chrau paːs and Tariang paːs keep the sibilant.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Tungusic to Even,Northern Tungusic,false,*sele 'iron',Even хэл,"Evenki dialects have сэлэ, хэлэ and шэлэ; Negidal, Nanai, Udege сэлэ and Manchu sele keep s. Even ⟨х⟩ and ⟨һ⟩ write /h/; Even has no /x/.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Tungusic to Even,Northern Tungusic,false,*sā- 'to know',Even ха̄дай,"Evenki са̄мӣ, Manchu sambi keep s.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Tungusic to Even,Northern Tungusic,false,*saŋār 'hole',Even хаӈа̄р,"Evenki саӈа̄р, Nanai саӈар keep s.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Tungusic to Even,Northern Tungusic,false,*segep 'sable',Even хэгэп,Evenki сэгэп keeps s.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Tungusic to Even,Northern Tungusic,false,*süe 'you (pl.)',Even ху,"Evenki су, Manchu suwe keep s.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tohono O'odham,Tepiman,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *sikuN 'navel',O'odham hik 'navel',"Southeastern Tepehuan has jik, while Northern Tepehuan íkui has lost the consonant.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tohono O'odham,Tepiman,false,"Proto-Uto-Aztecan *suLa 'heart, inner part, seed'",O'odham huḍ,Tarahumara sulá and Mayo suula keep *s.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tohono O'odham,Tepiman,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *pusi 'eye',O'odham vuhi 'eye',Intervocalic *s also gives h; compare Tarahumara busí and Hopi poosi.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*sara 'moon',һара hara,Khalkha keeps s: сар sar.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*solaŋga 'rainbow',һолонго holongo,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*sormusun 'eyelash',hormohon,Both *s become h.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*hüsün 'hair',үһэн ühen,Medial *s also gives h; before *i Buryat has ш instead (*sidün > шүдэ).,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*časun 'snow',саһа(н) saha(n),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Katuic to Kuy,Katuic,false,Proto-Katuic *ʔuus 'fire',ʔuːh,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Katuic to Kuy,Katuic,false,Proto-Katuic *kpaas 'cotton',(k)paːh,"Word-final position; Bru has -jh in the same words (ũih, capaih).",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Palaungic to Plang,Palaungic,false,Proto-Palaungic *suk 'hair',"La Gang hɤ́k, Man Noi hɯ́k",Riang huk¹ and P'uman hʉkˉ also have h.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Palaungic to Plang,Palaungic,false,Proto-Palaungic *muːs 'nose',"La Gang mɯ̀h, Man Noi mɤ̤́h",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Celtic to Breton,Brythonic,false,*senos 'old',hen,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Celtic to Breton,Brythonic,false,*sīros 'long',hir,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Celtic to Breton,Brythonic,false,*samalis 'similitude',hañval,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Celtic to Cornish,Brythonic,false,*senos 'old',hen,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Celtic to Cornish,Brythonic,false,*sīros 'long',hir,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Celtic to Cornish,Brythonic,false,*samalis 'similitude',haval,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *sénos 'old',հին (hin) 'old',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *semen-,հիմն (himn) 'foundation',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Sinhala,Insular Indo-Aryan,false,Prakrit 𑀲𑀢𑁆𑀢 satta 'seven' (Sanskrit sapta),හත hata,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Sinhala,Insular Indo-Aryan,false,Prakrit 𑀪𑀸𑀲𑀸 bhāsā 'language' (Sanskrit bhāṣā),"බහ baha 'word, saying'",The doublet බස basa 'language' keeps s.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Dhivehi,Insular Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit सप्त sapta 'seven',ހަތް /hət/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Dhivehi,Insular Indo-Aryan,false,"Sanskrit सोम soma 'moon, Monday'",ހޯމަ /hoː.ma/ 'Monday',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Dhivehi,Insular Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit सहस्र sahasra 'thousand' (Prakrit 𑀲𑀳𑀲𑁆𑀲 sahassa),ހާސް /həːs̺/,Initial s became h while the later s survived in coda.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_h,s,h,Dhivehi,Insular Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit khasa 'itch',kah 'itch',Sinhala kas keeps final s.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/h
s_to_j_glide,s,j,Italian,Italo-Romance,false,Latin nōs 'we',noi /ˈnoj/,The final sibilant of the monosyllable was vocalized to a palatal off-glide.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/j_glide
s_to_j_glide,s,j,Italian,Italo-Romance,false,Latin post (Vulgar Latin *pos) 'after',poi /ˈpɔj/ 'then',Same vocalization of final -s; compare Latin magis > mai beside ma.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/j_glide
s_to_j_glide,s,j,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin nōs 'we',noi /noj/,"Inherited, compare Aromanian noi.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/j_glide
s_to_j_glide,s,j,Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin trēs 'three',trei /ˈtrej/,Romanian has the glide where Italian tre lost the final sibilant.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/j_glide
s_to_j_glide,s,j,Proto-Kotoko North to Malgbe,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Kotoko North *saware 'dream',Malgbe jaware,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/j_glide
s_to_j_glide,s,j,Proto-Kotoko North to Malgbe,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Kotoko North *sɨre 'string',Malgbe jire,"Gravina lists *s → j as a regular Malgbe change, earlier than Malgbe *ts → s, which therefore did not merge with j.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/j_glide
s_to_l_fricative,s,ɬ,Taishanese,Yue,false,三 Middle Chinese sam 'three',/ɬam³³/ (Cantonese saam1),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/l_fricative
s_to_l_fricative,s,ɬ,Taishanese,Yue,false,心 Middle Chinese sim 'heart',/ɬim³³/ (Cantonese sam1),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/l_fricative
s_to_l_fricative,s,ɬ,Yangjiang Yue,Yue,false,三 Middle Chinese sam 'three',/ɬam³³/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/l_fricative
s_to_l_fricative,s,ɬ,Yangjiang Yue,Yue,false,心 Middle Chinese sim 'heart',/ɬɐm³³/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/l_fricative
s_to_l_fricative,s,ɬ,Nanning Pinghua,Pinghua,false,三 Middle Chinese sam 'three',/ɬam⁵³/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/l_fricative
s_to_l_fricative,s,ɬ,Nanning Pinghua,Pinghua,false,心 Middle Chinese sim 'heart',/ɬəm⁵³/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/l_fricative
s_to_l_fricative,s,ɬ,Puxian Min (Putian),Min,false,"三 'three', Proto-Min *sɑmA","/ɬɒ⁵³³/ (vernacular), /ɬaŋ⁵³³/ (literary)",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/l_fricative
s_to_l_fricative,s,ɬ,Puxian Min (Putian),Min,false,"山 'mountain', Proto-Min *sɑnA",/ɬua⁵³³/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/l_fricative
s_to_l_fricative,s,ɬ,Puxian Min (Putian),Min,false,"心 'heart', Old Chinese *səm",/ɬiŋ⁵³³/,Puxian Min developed [ɬ] independently of Yue; Youyang has [θ] instead (θiŋ⁵⁴⁴).,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/l_fricative
s_to_l_fricative,s,ɬ,Guatuso (Maléku),Votic,false,Proto-Chibchan *siʔ 'moon',/ɬixi/ 'moon',Proto-Chibchan *s is ɬ in all positions in Guatuso; Rama and Bribri keep s.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/l_fricative
s_to_l_fricative,s,ɬ,Guatuso (Maléku),Votic,false,"Proto-Chibchan *sih 'meat, flesh'",/ɬiki/ 'flesh',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/l_fricative
s_to_l_fricative,s,ɬ,Guatuso (Maléku),Votic,false,Proto-Chibchan *suʔ 'to peel',"/ɬuːki/ 'to peel, skin'",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/l_fricative
s_to_l_fricative,s,ɬ,Guatuso (Maléku),Votic,false,"Proto-Chibchan *sanda 'wound, trace'",ɬoːlo 'trace',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/l_fricative
s_to_l_fricative,s,ɬ,Proto-Tai to Tày,Central Tai,false,*saːm 'three',slam [ɬaːm˧˥],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/l_fricative
s_to_l_fricative,s,ɬ,Proto-Tai to Tày,Central Tai,false,*siːᴮ 'four',slí [ɬi˧˥],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/l_fricative
s_to_l_fricative,s,ɬ,Proto-Tai to Tày,Central Tai,false,*soːŋᴬ 'two',sloong [ɬɔŋ˧˥],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/l_fricative
s_to_l_fricative,s,ɬ,Proto-Tai to Tày,Central Tai,false,*swɯːnᴬ 'garden',sluôn [ɬuən˧˥],"Tày ⟨sl⟩ is [ɬ] in one dialect and [θ] in another (Wiktionary [θaːm˦], [θi˦]); Nùng writes the same words slám, slỉ.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/l_fricative
s_to_s_palatalized,s,sʲ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *sěmę 'seed',семя [ˈsʲemʲə],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/s_palatalized
s_to_s_palatalized,s,sʲ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *sedmь 'seven',семь [sʲemʲ],Proto-Slavic consonants before front vowels became palatalized in East Slavic; the palatalized series is now phonemic in Russian.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/s_palatalized
s_to_s_palatalized,s,sʲ,Lithuanian,Baltic,true,sėdėti,[sʲeː¹ˈdʲeːtʲɪ],'to sit'; automatic palatalization before a front vowel,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/s_palatalized
s_to_s_palatalized,s,sʲ,Lithuanian,Baltic,true,sesuo,[sʲɛ²ˈsuɔ],'sister',5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/s_palatalized
s_to_s_palatalized,s,sʲ,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *sěra 'sulphur',сяра [ˈsʲa̟rɐ],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/s_palatalized
s_to_s_palatalized,s,sʲ,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *sěnь 'shade' (via obsolete сян),сянка [ˈsʲa̟ŋkɐ] 'shadow',"Stressed yat *ě became [ʲa] before a hard syllable in Eastern Bulgarian, leaving the preceding consonant palatalized.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/s_palatalized
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Proto-Indo-European to Albanian,Albanian,false,*septḿ̥-t- 'seven',shtatë,Initial *s became sh [ʃ] (via Proto-Albanian *śe(p)tá-tā); cf. Latin septem,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Proto-Indo-European to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *strinja (PIE *sterh₃- 'to spread'),"shtrij 'to spread, lay out'",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Proto-Muskogean to Choctaw and Chickasaw,Western Muskogean,false,Proto-Muskogean *hisi [s] 'hair',Choctaw and Chickasaw hishi [ʃ],"Historical merger of *s with *š as /ʃ/ west of the Mobile–Black Warrior line, not an allophonic rule. Proto-Muskogean is a reconstructed stage. Compare Alabama and Koasati hissi, Creek esse.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Proto-Muskogean to Choctaw and Chickasaw,Western Muskogean,false,Proto-Muskogean *sakačiCo 'crayfish',Choctaw and Chickasaw shakchi,"Compare Alabama and Koasati sakcho, Creek sakco.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Proto-Muskogean to Choctaw and Chickasaw,Western Muskogean,false,"Proto-Muskogean *sokča 'bag, sack'",Choctaw and Chickasaw shokcha,"Compare Alabama and Koasati sokcha, Creek sukcv.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Proto-Muskogean to Choctaw and Chickasaw,Western Muskogean,false,Proto-Muskogean *isko 'to drink',Choctaw ishko,"Compare Alabama isko, Creek esketv. The vacated /s/ slot was refilled by the parallel change of *¢ [ts] to s in the same languages.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Jurchenic,false,*sian 'ear',Manchu šan,"Jurchen 尚; Nanai сиан, Evenki се̄н keep s.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Jurchenic,false,*sïgūn 'sun',Manchu šun,Jurchen 受温; Evenki сигӯн keeps s.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Jurchenic,false,*saŋńan 'smoke',Manchu šanggiyan,"Evenki саӈнян keeps s. Manchu keeps s in si 'you', sele 'iron' and sambi 'to know'.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Thao,Western Plains,false,PAn *Səpat 'four',shpaat,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Thao,Western Plains,false,PAn *NiSawa 'breath',shnaw,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Thao,Western Plains,false,PAn *bukəS 'hair',fukish,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Thao,Western Plains,false,PAn *bunuS 'machete',funush,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Thao,Western Plains,false,PAn *(ma-)tuqaS 'old',tuqash,Blust reconstructs *S as [s]; Thao ⟨sh⟩ is /ʃ/.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Proto-Nahuan,Nahuan,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *sikuN-ta 'navel',"Proto-Nahuan *šiik-, Classical Nahuatl xīctli",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Proto-Nahuan,Nahuan,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *pusi-ta 'eye',"Proto-Nahuan *iiš- 'face', Classical Nahuatl īxtli",Initial *p was lost in Nahuan.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Proto-Nahuan,Nahuan,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *kapsi-ta 'thigh',"Proto-Nahuan *ɨkši- 'foot', Classical Nahuatl icxitl",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Proto-Nahuan,Nahuan,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *nasi-ta,"Proto-Nahuan *nəš- 'ash', Classical Nahuatl nextli","*s became *š next to *i; elsewhere it stays s, as in *sïppa-ta > *sə- 'ice', Classical cetl.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*sidün 'tooth',шүдэ shüde,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*sïra 'yellow',шара shara,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Proto-Mongolic to Buryat,Central Mongolic,false,*sirexe 'table',шэрээ sheree,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Proto-Mongolic to Khalkha Mongolian,Central Mongolic,false,*sidün 'tooth',шүд shüd,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Proto-Mongolic to Khalkha Mongolian,Central Mongolic,false,*sïra 'yellow',шар shar,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Proto-Mongolic to Khalkha Mongolian,Central Mongolic,false,*sirexe 'table',ширээ shiree,Before other vowels s stays: *sara > сар.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *sākska,shoh 'to see',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *skala,shkal 'to tread',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *skunta,shkund 'to shake',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Bengali,Eastern Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit सप्त saptá 'seven' (Magadhi Prakrit 𑀲𑀢𑁆𑀢 satta),সাত /ʃat̪/,Wiktionary gives Magadhi 𑀲𑀢𑁆𑀢 ~ 𑀰𑀢𑁆𑀢 and Middle Bengali śat.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Bengali,Eastern Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit सर्प sarpa 'snake',সাপ /ʃap/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh,s,ʃ,Bengali,Eastern Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit सौवर्ण sauvarṇa 'golden' (Magadhi Prakrit 𑀲𑁄𑀅𑀡𑁆𑀡 soaṇṇa),সোনা /ʃona/ 'gold',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh
s_to_sh_palatal,s,ɕ,Japanese,Japonic,true,/sio/,塩 shio [ɕi.o] 'salt',/s/ is realized as [ɕ] before /i/.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh_palatal
s_to_sh_palatal,s,ɕ,Japanese,Japonic,true,/sita/,下 shita [ɕita] 'below',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh_palatal
s_to_sh_palatal,s,ɕ,Mandarin,Sinitic,false,西 MC sej 'west',xī [ɕi],Middle Chinese *s- before high front vowels merged with palatalized velars as [ɕ].,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh_palatal
s_to_sh_palatal,s,ɕ,Mandarin,Sinitic,false,心 MC sim 'heart',xīn [ɕin],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh_palatal
s_to_sh_palatal,s,ɕ,Polish,Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *sě̑no 'hay',siano [ˈɕa.nɔ],Proto-Slavic *s before a front vowel became the soft sibilant ś [ɕ].,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh_palatal
s_to_sh_palatal,s,ɕ,Polish,Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *sestra 'sister',siostra /ˈɕɔs.tra/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh_palatal
s_to_sh_retroflex,s,ʂ,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,prati- + sthā- 'stand',"pratiṣṭhā́ [ʂ] 'standing, foundation'",Root-initial s becomes ṣ after the i of the prefix (Whitney §185a); the following t becomes ṭ,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh_retroflex
s_to_sh_retroflex,s,ʂ,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,ni- + sikta 'poured',níṣikta [ʂ] 'poured in',Same rule after the prefix ni- (Whitney §185a),5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh_retroflex
s_to_sh_retroflex,s,ʂ,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,pādas ṭalati,pādaṣ ṭalati [ʂ],Final s becomes ṣ before an initial lingual stop ṭ in external sandhi (Whitney §170c),5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh_retroflex
s_to_sh_retroflex,s,ʂ,Russian,East Slavic,true,с- + шить /s-ʂɨtʲ/ 'to sew together',сшить [ʂːɨtʲ],Prefix-final /s/ assimilates to the following /ʂ/; careful speech keeps [sʂɨtʲ],5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh_retroflex
s_to_sh_retroflex,s,ʂ,Russian,East Slavic,true,бес- + шумный /bʲes-ʂumnɨj/ 'noiseless',бесшумный [bʲɪˈʂːumnɨj],Prefix-final /s/ assimilates to the following /ʂ/,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/sh_retroflex
s_to_t,s,t,Thai,Southwestern Tai,false,Pali/Sanskrit rasa 'taste',รส /rot̚˦˥/,A final sibilant surfaces as unreleased [t̚]; the Lao cognate is ລົດ.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/t
s_to_t,s,t,Thai,Southwestern Tai,false,English gas,แก๊ส /kɛːt̚˦˥/,The coda s of the English loanword is pronounced [t̚]; a spelling pronunciation /kɛːs˦˥/ also exists.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/t
s_to_t,s,t,Korean,Koreanic,false,Middle Korean 옷 wós 'clothes' (1446),옷 [o̞t̚],"Coda s merged with t; [s] returns before a vowel-initial suffix, as in 옷이 [osi].",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/t
s_to_t,s,t,Korean,Koreanic,false,Middle Korean 맛 mas 'taste' (1447),맛 [ma̠t̚],Same coda neutralization of s to unreleased [t̚].,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/t
s_to_t,s,t,"Core Chatino (Tataltepec, Western Highland)",Zapotecan,false,Proto-Chatino *sejeʔ 'salt',"Core Chatino *tejeʔ > Tataltepec tejeꞌ, Western Highland tejeꞌ²³","Teojomulco Chatino, outside Core Chatino, keeps s: sée 'salt'.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/t
s_to_t,s,t,"Core Chatino (Tataltepec, Western Highland)",Zapotecan,false,Proto-Chatino *kesa 'tobacco',"Core Chatino *keta > Tataltepec catyá, Western Highland kata⁴ 'cigar, cigarette'",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/t
s_to_t,s,t,"Core Chatino (Tataltepec, Western Highland)",Zapotecan,false,Proto-Chatino *kwesǫ 'bee',"Core Chatino *kwetǫ > Tataltepec cuityu̱, Western Highland kwitun⁴³",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/t
s_to_t,s,t,"Core Chatino (Tataltepec, Western Highland)",Zapotecan,false,Proto-Chatino *si-lù 'big',"Core Chatino *ti-lù > Tataltepec tlyu, Western Highland tlyu²³",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/t
s_to_t,s,t,Proto-Oceanic to Sa'a,Southeast Solomonic,false,POc *kaso 'rafter',ato,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/t
s_to_t,s,t,Proto-Oceanic to Sa'a,Southeast Solomonic,false,"POc *salaq 'wrong, in error'",tala,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/t
s_to_t,s,t,Proto-Oceanic to Sa'a,Southeast Solomonic,false,"POc *saqat 'bad, evil'",ta'a,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/t
s_to_t,s,t,Proto-Oceanic to Sa'a,Southeast Solomonic,false,POc *qusan 'rain',ute,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/t
s_to_t,s,t,Proto-Oceanic to Sa'a,Southeast Solomonic,false,POc *masawaŋ 'open sea',matawa,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/t
s_to_th_vced,s,ð,Fijian,Central Pacific,false,"Proto-Oceanic *masakit 'sick, painful'",macake,Fijian ⟨c⟩ = [ð].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/th_vced
s_to_th_vced,s,ð,Fijian,Central Pacific,false,Proto-Oceanic *pasu- 'eyebrow',vacu,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/th_vced
s_to_th_vced,s,ð,Fijian,Central Pacific,false,"Proto-Oceanic *asa(q) 'to grate, sharpen by rubbing'",yaca,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/th_vced
s_to_th_vced,s,ð,Fijian,Central Pacific,false,Proto-Oceanic *puso- 'navel',vico,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/th_vced
s_to_th_vced,s,ð,Tezoatlán Mixtec,Mixtecan,false,Proto-Mixtec *isa 'day after tomorrow',idá,"Mixtec ⟨d⟩ = [ð]; compare San Juan Colorado isá, Yosondúa isa.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/th_vced
s_to_th_vced,s,ð,Tezoatlán Mixtec,Mixtecan,false,Proto-Mixtec *kɨ̀sɨ́ 'clay pot',ki̱di,"Compare Yosondúa kɨsɨ, Magdalena Peñasco kisi.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/th_vced
s_to_th_vced,s,ð,Tezoatlán Mixtec,Mixtecan,false,Proto-Mixtec *kasaʔ 'sister's husband',"ka̱dá 'son-in-law, sister's husband'","Compare San Miguel el Grande cāsá, Yosondúa kasa.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/th_vced
s_to_th_vless,s,θ,Written Burmese to Modern Burmese,Lolo-Burmese,false,သုံး sumḥ 'three',[θóʊɴ],Old Burmese s became the dental fricative [θ] (often [t̪͡θ]); the old affricate series took over [s],4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/th_vless
s_to_th_vless,s,θ,Written Burmese to Modern Burmese,Lolo-Burmese,false,သား sāḥ 'son',[θá],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/th_vless
s_to_th_vless,s,θ,Proto-Siouan to Stoney / Ioway-Otoe,Siouan,false,*isá·pE 'black',Stoney thaba,cf. Lakota sápa,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/th_vless
s_to_th_vless,s,θ,Proto-Siouan to Stoney / Ioway-Otoe,Siouan,false,*(i-)sį́·te 'tail',Ioway-Otoe thíⁿje,cf. Lakota siŋté,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/th_vless
s_to_th_vless,s,θ,Proto-Karen to S'gaw Karen (Kayin State),Karenic,false,*səmᴬ 'three',သၢ /θə³³/,Luangthongkum's (2019) Proto-Karen; Chiang Rai S'gaw keeps /s/ (/sə³³/).,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/th_vless
s_to_th_vless,s,θ,Proto-Karen to S'gaw Karen (Kayin State),Karenic,false,*sejᴬ 'to die',သံ /θi³³/,Chiang Rai S'gaw /si³³/.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/th_vless
s_to_th_vless,s,θ,Proto-Karen to Eastern Pwo,Karenic,false,*səmᴬ 'three',သိုင့် [θɘ̃˥˩],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/th_vless
s_to_th_vless,s,θ,Proto-Karen to Eastern Pwo,Karenic,false,*sejᴬ 'to die',သီ့ [θi˥˩],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/th_vless
s_to_th_vless,s,θ,Proto-Tai to Standard Zhuang,Northern Tai,false,*saːm 'three',sam /θaːm˨˦/,Wiktionary also lists dialectal [ɬaːm].,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/th_vless
s_to_th_vless,s,θ,Proto-Tai to Standard Zhuang,Northern Tai,false,*siːᴮ 'four',seiq /θei˧˥/,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/th_vless
s_to_th_vless,s,θ,Proto-Tai to Standard Zhuang,Northern Tai,false,*soːŋᴬ 'two',song /θoːŋ˨˦/,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/th_vless
s_to_th_vless,s,θ,Proto-Tai to Standard Zhuang,Northern Tai,false,*swɯːnᴬ 'garden',suen /θuːn˨˦/,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/th_vless
s_to_th_vless,s,θ,Proto-Tai to Standard Zhuang,Northern Tai,false,*sɤmꟲ 'sour',soemj /θom˥/,"Southwestern Tai keeps s (Thai สาม, สี่, สอง, สวน, ส้ม).",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/th_vless
s_to_ts,s,ts,Neapolitan,Italo-Romance,true,Latin persōna 'person',perzona /perˈt͡sonɐ/,"Post-/r/ s became the affricate, spelled ⟨z⟩.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/ts
s_to_ts,s,ts,Neapolitan,Italo-Romance,true,"Latin pēnsāre 'to weigh, think'",penzare 'to think',Post-/n/ s became the affricate ⟨z⟩ = /ts/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/ts
s_to_ts,s,ts,Goizueta Basque,Basque,true,Spanish ensalada 'salad',entsálada,After a nasal or liquid the fricative/affricate contrast is neutralized in favour of the affricate.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/ts
s_to_ts,s,ts,Goizueta Basque,Basque,true,Spanish ansia 'anxiety',ántsi,Affrication after /n/ in a borrowing.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/ts
s_to_ts,s,ts,Goizueta Basque,Basque,true,Spanish verso 'verse',bèrtso 'poem',Same affrication after /r/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/ts
s_to_ts,s,ts,Goizueta Basque,Basque,true,esán + zun 's/he said',[(e)s̺ánts̻un],Synchronic alternation: an auxiliary beginning with a fricative is affricated after /n/ and /l/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/ts
s_to_x,s,x,Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,*mous- [s] (PIE),muxa [x] (Russian),"RUKI Rule: Alveolar s after r, u, k, i retracted to a velar fricative.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/x
s_to_x,s,x,Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,*wers-,verx [x],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/x
s_to_x,s,x,Sanskrit to Assamese,Indo-Aryan,false,saptan 'seven',xat [xat],"Assamese turned all three Old Indo-Aryan sibilants into the velar fricative /x/; cf. Hindi, Bengali sāt",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/x
s_to_x,s,x,Sanskrit to Assamese,Indo-Aryan,false,"অসম, spelled with s",Axom [ɔxɔm] 'Assam',The script keeps the etymological s; the pronunciation is always [x],5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/x
s_to_z,s,z,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin casa [ˈka.sa] 'hut',casa /ˈka.zɐ/ 'house',Intervocalic voicing of single /s/ in Western Romance.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/z
s_to_z,s,z,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin rosa,rosa /ˈʁɔ.zɐ/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/z
s_to_z,s,z,Old English,West Germanic,true,hūsian /ˈxuːsiɑn/ 'to house',[ˈhuːziɑn],The fricatives /f θ s/ had voiced allophones [v ð z] between voiced sounds after a stressed syllable; s spelled both [s] and [z].,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/z
s_to_z,s,z,Old English,West Germanic,true,rīsan /ˈriː.sɑn/ 'to rise',[ˈriː.zɑn],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/z
s_to_z,s,z,Old English,West Germanic,true,ċēosan /ˈt͡ʃe͜oː.sɑn/ 'to choose',[ˈt͡ʃe͜oː.zɑn],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/z
s_to_z,s,z,Russian,East Slavic,true,с- /s/ before voiced obstruent,"сбор [zbor] 'collection, gathering'",Regressive voicing assimilation: a voiceless obstruent becomes voiced before a voiced obstruent.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/z
s_to_z,s,z,Russian,East Slavic,true,с- /s/ + делать 'do',"сделать [ˈzʲdʲeɫətʲ] 'to make, do (pf.)'",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/z
s_to_z,s,z,Chicahuaxtla Triqui,Mixtecan,true,Proto-Trique *sikaʔ 'hard',zikaʔa,"All fricatives became voiced in non-final syllables; Copala (skaʔ) and Itunyoso (sikaʔ) keep s. In final syllables fricatives are usually voiced in both Chicahuaxtla and Copala, as in *rasũũ 'thing' > razũ, Copala razũũ.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/z
s_to_z,s,z,Chicahuaxtla Triqui,Mixtecan,true,Proto-Trique *sigəʔ 'mud',zigəʔə,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/s/z
schwa_to_a,ə,a,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Makassarese,South Sulawesi,false,PMP *ənəm 'six',Makassarese annaŋ,The consonant after a former schwa is geminated.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/a
schwa_to_a,ə,a,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Makassarese,South Sulawesi,false,PMP *əpat 'four',Makassarese appaʔ,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/a
schwa_to_a,ə,a,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Makassarese,South Sulawesi,false,PMP *təlu 'three',Makassarese tallu,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/a
schwa_to_a,ə,a,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Makassarese,South Sulawesi,false,PMP *bəli 'buy',Makassarese balli '(purchase) price',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/a
schwa_to_a,ə,a,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Bikol,Philippine,false,PMP *ənəm 'six',Bikol anóm,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/a
schwa_to_a,ə,a,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Bikol,Philippine,false,PMP *əpat 'four',Bikol apát,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/a
schwa_to_a,ə,a,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Bikol,Philippine,false,PMP *bəRas 'husked rice',Bikol bagás,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/a
schwa_to_a,ə,a,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Bikol,Philippine,false,PMP *bəsuR 'satiated',Bikol basóg,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/a
schwa_to_e,ə,e,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Malagasy,Barito,false,PMP *ənəm 'six',Malagasy énina,Both schwas become e; the final -a is the Malagasy paragogic vowel after a former final consonant.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/e
schwa_to_e,ə,e,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Malagasy,Barito,false,PMP *əpat 'four',Malagasy éfatra,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/e
schwa_to_e,ə,e,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Malagasy,Barito,false,PMP *təlu 'three',Malagasy télo,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/e
schwa_to_e,ə,e,Itunyoso Triqui,Mixtecan,false,Proto-Trique *yəh 'stone',yeh,"In Itunyoso *ə became e, while *ɨ became i; Chicahuaxtla keeps yəh.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/e
schwa_to_e,ə,e,Itunyoso Triqui,Mixtecan,false,Proto-Trique *sigəʔ 'mud',sikeʔ,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/e
schwa_to_e,ə,e,Proto-Nahuan to Classical Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *tə- 'stone' (absolutive *tə-tl),Classical Nahuatl tetl,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/e
schwa_to_e,ə,e,Proto-Nahuan to Classical Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *əs- 'blood',Classical Nahuatl eztli,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/e
schwa_to_e,ə,e,Proto-Nahuan to Classical Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *nəš- 'ash',Classical Nahuatl nextli,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/e
schwa_to_e,ə,e,Proto-Nahuan to Classical Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *mətla- 'metate',Classical Nahuatl metlatl,Pipil metat also has e; Isthmus Nahuatl mitlatl has i instead.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/e
schwa_to_empty,ə,∅,English,West Germanic,false,Middle English name /ˈnaːm(ə)/ 'name',/ˈnaːm/ (Modern English /neɪm/),Final unstressed -e /ə/ was lost in late Middle English; the vowel change to /eɪ/ is the separate Great Vowel Shift.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/empty
schwa_to_empty,ə,∅,English,West Germanic,false,Middle English tyme /ˈtiːm(ə)/ 'time',/tiːm/ (Modern English /taɪm/),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/empty
schwa_to_empty,ə,∅,French,Gallo-Romance,true,petit /pə.ti/ 'small',/p.ti/,Deletion of e muet (schwa) in the initial syllable; often written p'tit in familiar speech.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/empty
schwa_to_empty,ə,∅,French,Gallo-Romance,true,fenêtre /fə.nɛtʁ/ 'window',/fnɛtʁ/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/empty
schwa_to_empty,ə,∅,French,Gallo-Romance,true,cheval /ʃə.val/ 'horse',/ʃval/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/empty
schwa_to_empty,ə,∅,Hindi,Indo-Aryan,false,"रचना, Sanskrit racanā",Hindi rachnā /rətʃnɑː/,The inherent schwa is deleted medially and word-finally; likewise नमकीन is pronounced namkīn.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/empty
schwa_to_empty,ə,∅,Hindi,Indo-Aryan,false,"वेद, Sanskrit veda",Hindi vēd,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/empty
schwa_to_eps,ə,ɛ,Hindustani (Delhi),Indo-Aryan,true,शहर /ʃə.ɦəɾ/ 'city',[ʃɛ.ɦɛɾ],Conditioned allophone of /ə/ in the sequence /əɦə/; not every speaker has it.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/eps
schwa_to_eps,ə,ɛ,Hindustani (Delhi),Indo-Aryan,true,कहना /kəɦ.nɑː/ 'to say',[kɛɦ.nɑː],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/eps
schwa_to_eps,ə,ɛ,Santali,Kherwarian,false,Proto-Munda *məˀt 'eye',mɛ̃ˀt,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/eps
schwa_to_eps,ə,ɛ,Santali,Kherwarian,false,Proto-Munda *gəˀt 'to cut',gɛˀt,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/eps
schwa_to_eps,ə,ɛ,Santali,Kherwarian,false,Proto-Munda *bvrəl 'raw',bɛrɛl,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/eps
schwa_to_eps,ə,ɛ,Santali,Kherwarian,false,Proto-Munda *sᵊŋəl 'fuel',sɛŋgɛl,"Rau writes the Santali vowel e̱; Mundari and Korku have e in the same sets, while Kharia, Juang, Gutob and Remo have o.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/eps
schwa_to_i,ə,i,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Tagalog,Philippine,false,PMP *bəRas 'husked rice',Tagalog bigás,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/i
schwa_to_i,ə,i,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Tagalog,Philippine,false,PMP *bəli 'buy',Tagalog bilí,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/i
schwa_to_i,ə,i,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Tagalog,Philippine,false,PMP *dəŋəR 'hear',Tagalog diŋíg 'audible',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/i
schwa_to_i,ə,i,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Tagalog,Philippine,false,"PMP *daləm 'inside, deep'",Tagalog lálim (ka-lálim-an 'depth'),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/i
schwa_to_i,ə,i,Copala Triqui,Mixtecan,false,Proto-Trique *yəh 'stone',yih,Copala merged both central vowels *ə and *ɨ into i; yih is the only Copala word with the sequence yi. Chicahuaxtla keeps yəh.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/i
schwa_to_i,ə,i,Copala Triqui,Mixtecan,false,Proto-Trique *sigəʔ 'mud',sigiʔ,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/i
schwa_to_i,ə,i,Iñupiaq and Inuinnaqtun (from Proto-Inuit),Inuit,false,Proto-Inuit *əməq 'water',Iñupiaq imiq; Inuinnaqtun imiq,"Greenlandic and Tunumiisut imeq have the same /i/, written e before q.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/i
schwa_to_i,ə,i,Iñupiaq and Inuinnaqtun (from Proto-Inuit),Inuit,false,Proto-Inuit *iʀnəq 'son',Inuinnaqtun irniq; Iñupiaq iġñiq,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/i
schwa_to_i,ə,i,Iñupiaq and Inuinnaqtun (from Proto-Inuit),Inuit,false,Proto-Inuit *aʀvəq 'whale',Inuinnaqtun arviq; Iñupiaq agviq,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/i
schwa_to_ie,ə,ie,Lovono (Vano),Temotu,false,Proto-Vanikoro *uvə 'yam' (< Proto-Oceanic *qupi),Lovono upie 'yam',Cognates are Teanu uo and Tanema uva 'greater yam (Dioscorea alata)',2,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/ie
schwa_to_ie,ə,ie,Lovono (Vano),Temotu,false,Proto-Vanikoro *nubə,Lovono nunumie,"Equivalent of Teanu iunubo 'portion of food, food parcel' and Tanema nuba; the Lovono form also shows a nasal m for the prenasalized stop",2,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/ie
schwa_to_o,ə,o,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Toba Batak,Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands,false,PMP *ənəm 'six',Toba Batak onom,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/o
schwa_to_o,ə,o,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Toba Batak,Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands,false,PMP *əpat 'four',Toba Batak opat,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/o
schwa_to_o,ə,o,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Toba Batak,Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands,false,PMP *bəRas 'husked rice',Toba Batak boras (boras ni laŋit 'hail'),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/o
schwa_to_o,ə,o,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Toba Batak,Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands,false,PMP *bəsuR 'satiated',Toba Batak bosur,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/o
schwa_to_o,ə,o,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Tetum,Timoric,false,PMP *təlu 'three',Tetum tolu,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/o
schwa_to_o,ə,o,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Tetum,Timoric,false,PMP *bəRas 'husked rice',Tetum fos,Also shows *b > f and loss of *R.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/o
schwa_to_o,ə,o,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Tetum,Timoric,false,PMP *bəsuR 'satiated',Tetum bosu,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/o
schwa_to_o,ə,o,Kharia,Kharia–Juang,false,Proto-Munda *məˀt 'eye',moˀɖ,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/o
schwa_to_o,ə,o,Kharia,Kharia–Juang,false,Proto-Munda *tvməˀt 'mouth',tomoˀɖ,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/o
schwa_to_o,ə,o,Kharia,Kharia–Juang,false,Proto-Munda *bvrəl 'raw',borol,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/o
schwa_to_o,ə,o,Kharia,Kharia–Juang,false,Proto-Munda *sᵊŋəl 'fuel',soŋgol,Juang shows the same o reflex; Santali has ɛ in these sets.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/o
schwa_to_o,ə,o,Gutob,Gutob–Remo,false,Proto-Munda *məˀt 'eye',moʔ,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/o
schwa_to_o,ə,o,Gutob,Gutob–Remo,false,Proto-Munda *tvməˀt 'mouth',tumoʔ,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/o
schwa_to_o,ə,o,Gutob,Gutob–Remo,false,Proto-Munda *bvrəl 'raw',burol,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/o
schwa_to_o,ə,o,Gutob,Gutob–Remo,false,Proto-Munda *sᵊŋəl 'fuel',suŋol,Remo has o in the same sets.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/o
schwa_to_u,ə,u,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Cebuano,Philippine,false,PMP *ənəm 'six',Cebuano unúm,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/u
schwa_to_u,ə,u,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Cebuano,Philippine,false,PMP *əpat 'four',Cebuano upát,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/u
schwa_to_u,ə,u,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Cebuano,Philippine,false,PMP *təlu 'three',Cebuano tulú,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/u
schwa_to_u,ə,u,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Cebuano,Philippine,false,PMP *bəRas 'husked rice',Cebuano bugás,Also shows the Philippine *R > g reflex.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/u
schwa_to_u,ə,u,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,PMP *təlu 'three',Chamorro tulu,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/u
schwa_to_u,ə,u,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,PMP *ənəm 'six',Chamorro gunum,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/u
schwa_to_u,ə,u,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,PMP *təbuh 'sugarcane',Chamorro tupu,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/u
schwa_to_u,ə,u,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,PMP *dəŋəR 'hear',Chamorro huŋok,Only the first-syllable schwa shows u here; the final-syllable vowel is o.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/schwa/u
sh_palatal_to_s,ɕ,s,Hungarian,Uralic,false,*śilmä [ɕ],"szem ""eye"" [sɛm]",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_palatal/s
sh_palatal_to_s,ɕ,s,Hungarian,Uralic,false,*śuwe,"száj ""mouth""",Cf. Finnish suu.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_palatal/s
sh_palatal_to_s,ɕ,s,Finnic (Finnish),Uralic,false,*śilmä,"silmä ""eye""","Proto-Finnic: *ś, *ć, *δ́, *ń > *s, *c, *δ, *n.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_palatal/s
sh_palatal_to_s,ɕ,s,Finnic (Finnish),Uralic,false,Proto-Uralic *śüdäme,sydän 'heart' (Proto-Finnic *südän),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_palatal/s
sh_palatal_to_s,ɕ,s,Sanskrit to Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,śata 'hundred',sata,"Pali and most Prakrits merge the three sibilants ś, ṣ, s into s",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_palatal/s
sh_palatal_to_s,ɕ,s,Sanskrit to Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,daśa 'ten',dasa,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_palatal/s
sh_palatal_to_s,ɕ,s,Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *déśimt 'ten',"Proto-Slavic *desętь (OCS десѧть, Russian де́сять)",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_palatal/s
sh_palatal_to_s,ɕ,s,Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *aśís 'axle',"Proto-Slavic *osь (OCS ось, Russian ось)",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_palatal/s
sh_palatal_to_s,ɕ,s,Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,"Proto-Balto-Slavic *śímtan, dialectal *śumtan 'hundred'","Proto-Slavic *sъto (OCS съто, Russian сто)","In Slavic *ś merged with plain s, while the ruki *š stayed distinct (later *x before back vowels).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_palatal/s
sh_palatal_to_sh,ɕ,ʃ,Lithuanian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *śimta- 'hundred',šimtas,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_palatal/sh
sh_palatal_to_sh,ɕ,ʃ,Lithuanian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *śḗr 'heart',širdis,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_palatal/sh
sh_palatal_to_sh,ɕ,ʃ,Lithuanian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *éśwāˀ 'mare',ašva,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_palatal/sh
sh_palatal_to_sh,ɕ,ʃ,Lithuanian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *déśimt 'ten',dešimt,The satem sibilant *ś (from PIE *ḱ) merged with *š in Lithuanian; Slavic merged it with s instead.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_palatal/sh
sh_palatal_to_sh_retroflex,ɕ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 書 /ɕɨʌ/ (Baxter syo) 'book',shū [ʂu⁵⁵],The 書 initial [ɕ] became retroflex [ʂ].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_palatal/sh_retroflex
sh_palatal_to_sh_retroflex,ɕ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 深 /ɕiɪm/ (Baxter syim) 'deep',shēn [ʂən⁵⁵],Same change before a different rhyme.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_palatal/sh_retroflex
sh_palatal_to_sh_retroflex,ɕ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 手 /ɕɨuX/ (Baxter syuwX) 'hand',shǒu [ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_palatal/sh_retroflex
sh_palatal_to_sh_retroflex,ɕ,ʂ,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,viś- 'enter' + -ta,viṣṭá [ʂʈ] 'entered',Final ś becomes ṣ before t or th in internal combination (Whitney §218),5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_palatal/sh_retroflex
sh_palatal_to_sh_retroflex,ɕ,ʂ,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,vaś- 'wish' + -ti,váṣṭi [ʂʈ] 'wishes',Same rule before the 3rd singular ending -ti,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_palatal/sh_retroflex
sh_palatal_to_sh_retroflex,ɕ,ʂ,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,diś- 'point' + -tu,dídeṣṭu [ʂʈ],Reduplicated imperative form of diś cited by Whitney (§218),5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_palatal/sh_retroflex
sh_palatal_to_zh_palatal,ɕ,ʑ,Polish,West Slavic,true,"prosić 'to ask', stem proś- [prɔɕ] + -ba",prośba /ˈprɔʑ.ba/ 'request',,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_palatal/zh_palatal
sh_palatal_to_zh_palatal,ɕ,ʑ,Polish,West Slavic,true,"kosić 'to mow', stem koś- [kɔɕ] + -ba",kośba /ˈkɔʑ.ba/ 'mowing',,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_palatal/zh_palatal
sh_retroflex_to_h,ʂ,h,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit पाषाण pāṣāṇa 'stone',"Prakrit पाहाण pāhāṇa, पाहण pāhaṇa","A variant pāsāṇa, with the regular s reflex, also exists.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/h
sh_retroflex_to_h,ʂ,h,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit उष्ण uṣṇa 'hot',"Prakrit 𑀉𑀡𑁆𑀳 uṇha (Sauraseni, Maharastri)","ṣ before a nasal becomes h, which moves after the nasal; modern descendants include Hindi unāh and Marathi ūn.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/h
sh_retroflex_to_h,ʂ,h,Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,"Sanskrit तृष्णा tṛṣṇā 'thirst, craving'",taṇhā,ṣṇ > ṇh: the sibilant becomes h and moves after the nasal.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/h
sh_retroflex_to_h,ʂ,h,Pali,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit उष्णीष uṣṇīṣa 'turban',uṇhīsa,"The ṣ before the nasal becomes h. The final ṣ, with no nasal after it, gives the regular Pali reflex s.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/h
sh_retroflex_to_h,ʂ,h,Poyanáwa,Panoan,false,Proto-Panoan *ʂao 'bone',haw,Oliveira (2014) gives h as the Poyanáwa reflex of *ʂ; most Panoan languages keep ʂ (Shipibo-Konibo ʂao).,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/h
sh_retroflex_to_h,ʂ,h,Poyanáwa,Panoan,false,Proto-Panoan *ʂɨtɨ- 'to smell',hɨta,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/h
sh_retroflex_to_h,ʂ,h,Poyanáwa,Panoan,false,Proto-Panoan *hoʂo 'white',uhu,Shipibo-Konibo hoʂo.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/h
sh_retroflex_to_h,ʂ,h,Poyanáwa,Panoan,false,Proto-Panoan *hɨʂɨ 'seed',ɨhɨ,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/h
sh_retroflex_to_h,ʂ,h,Poyanáwa,Panoan,false,Proto-Panoan *kʷɨʂa 'lips',kɨha 'mouth',Shipibo-Konibo kɨʂá.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/h
sh_retroflex_to_s,ʂ,s,Sanskrit to Pali / Hindi,Indo-Aryan,false,"varṣa 'rain, year'","Pali vassa, Hindi baras","Retroflex ṣ merges with s, and the cluster assimilates",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/s
sh_retroflex_to_s,ʂ,s,Sanskrit to Pali / Hindi,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit दोष doṣa 'fault',Pali dosa,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/s
sh_retroflex_to_s,ʂ,s,Sanskrit to Pali / Hindi,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit भाषा bhāṣā 'language',"Pali bhāsā, Prakrit 𑀪𑀸𑀲𑀸 bhāsā",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/s
sh_retroflex_to_s,ʂ,s,Vietnamese (Hanoi),Austroasiatic,false,"sáu 'six', conservative [ʂ] (written s; Quảng Nam [ʂaː˦˥])",Hanoi [saw],"The from-forms give the conservative retroflex [ʂ], spelled s and kept in central and southern speech; northern Vietnamese merged it with x [s].",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/s
sh_retroflex_to_s,ʂ,s,Vietnamese (Hanoi),Austroasiatic,false,"sông 'river', conservative [ʂ] (Huế [ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧])",Hanoi [səwŋ͡m˧˧],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/s
sh_retroflex_to_s,ʂ,s,Vietnamese (Hanoi),Austroasiatic,false,"sữa 'milk', conservative [ʂ] (Saigon [ʂɨə˨˩˦])",Hanoi [sɨə˦ˀ˥],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/s
sh_retroflex_to_s,ʂ,s,Polish (Mazurzenie Dialects),West Slavic,false,sześć [ʂɛɕt͡ɕ] 'six' (standard),[sɛɕt͡ɕ],Example pair from the Wikipedia Mazuration table.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/s
sh_retroflex_to_s,ʂ,s,Polish (Mazurzenie Dialects),West Slavic,false,szyty [ʂɨtɨ] 'sewn' (standard),[sɨtɨ],Homophonous with syty [sɨtɨ] 'full' in mazurating speech.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/s
sh_retroflex_to_s,ʂ,s,Polish (Mazurzenie Dialects),West Slavic,false,szukać [ˈʂu.kat͡ɕ] 'to seek' (standard),sukać [ˈsu.kat͡ɕ] (Western Kraków),Wiktionary lists sukać as a Western Kraków dialect form.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/s
sh_retroflex_to_s,ʂ,s,Proto-Kartvelian to Old Georgian,Karto-Zan,false,"Proto-Kartvelian *as₁- 'hundred' (Laz, Mingrelian ოში oši)",Old Georgian ასი asi,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/s
sh_retroflex_to_s,ʂ,s,Proto-Kartvelian to Old Georgian,Karto-Zan,false,"Proto-Kartvelian *-is₁ (genitive; Mingrelian, Svan -იშ -iš)","Old Georgian, Georgian -ის -is",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/s
sh_retroflex_to_s,ʂ,s,Proto-Kartvelian to Old Georgian,Karto-Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *s₁wel- 'whey' (Svan შუ̂ელ šûel),Old Georgian სუელი sueli,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/s
sh_retroflex_to_s,ʂ,s,Proto-Kartvelian to Old Georgian,Karto-Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *s₁iʒ₁e- 'son-in-law',Old Georgian სიძჱ siʒē,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/s
sh_retroflex_to_s,ʂ,s,Proto-Kartvelian to Old Georgian,Karto-Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *kwis₁l- 'brother-in-law' (Mingrelian ქვიშილი kvišili),Georgian ქვისლი kvisli,"Georgian merged the subscript-1 sibilant with plain *s, while Zan and Svan have š. Wiktionary's subscript-1 series (*s₁, *z₁, *c₁, *ʒ₁) is the Gamkrelidze-Machavariani 'hissing-hushing' series, given in the Wikipedia Proto-Kartvelian consonant table (after Gamkrelidze 1966 and Fähnrich 2002) as retroflex [ʂ ʐ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ].",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/s
sh_retroflex_to_sh,ʂ,ʃ,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *as₁- 'hundred' (Old Georgian ასი asi),"Laz, Mingrelian ოში oši",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/sh
sh_retroflex_to_sh,ʂ,ʃ,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *-is₁ (genitive; Old Georgian -ის -is),"Mingrelian -იშ -iš, Laz -შ -š",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/sh
sh_retroflex_to_sh,ʂ,ʃ,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *kwis₁l- 'brother-in-law' (Georgian ქვისლი kvisli),Mingrelian ქვიშილი kvišili,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/sh
sh_retroflex_to_sh,ʂ,ʃ,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,"Proto-Kartvelian *s₁ib- 'string, cord'",Laz შიბი šibi,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/sh
sh_retroflex_to_sh,ʂ,ʃ,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Georgian-Zan *s₁owel- 'wet' (Old Georgian სუელი sueli),"Laz შუვი šuvi, Mingrelian შუ šu","Georgian has s in the same roots. Wiktionary's subscript-1 series (*s₁, *z₁, *c₁, *ʒ₁) is the Gamkrelidze-Machavariani 'hissing-hushing' series, given in the Wikipedia Proto-Kartvelian consonant table (after Gamkrelidze 1966 and Fähnrich 2002) as retroflex [ʂ ʐ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/sh
sh_retroflex_to_sh,ʂ,ʃ,Proto-Kartvelian to Svan,Svan,false,"Proto-Kartvelian *s₁ib- 'string, cord'",Svan შიბ šib,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/sh
sh_retroflex_to_sh,ʂ,ʃ,Proto-Kartvelian to Svan,Svan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *s₁wel- 'whey' (Old Georgian სუელი sueli),Svan შუ̂ელ šûel,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/sh
sh_retroflex_to_sh,ʂ,ʃ,Proto-Kartvelian to Svan,Svan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *-is₁ (genitive),Svan -იშ -iš,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/sh
sh_retroflex_to_sh,ʂ,ʃ,Proto-Kartvelian to Svan,Svan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *s₁us₁xam- 'early' (Georgian სისხამი sisxami),Svan შუშხუ̂ა̈მ šušxûäm,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/sh
sh_retroflex_to_sh,ʂ,ʃ,Proto-Kartvelian to Svan,Svan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *kwis₁l- 'brother-in-law',Svan მექუ̂შე̄ლ mekûšēl,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/sh
sh_retroflex_to_t_retroflex,ʂ,ʈ,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,prāvṛṣ- [ʂ] 'rainy season',prāvṛṭ [ʈ],Whitney's example of word-final ṣ becoming ṭ.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/t_retroflex
sh_retroflex_to_t_retroflex,ʂ,ʈ,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,dviṣ- 'hater',dviṭsú [ʈ] (locative plural),"Before -su, stem-final ṣ becomes the retroflex stop (Whitney §226b); before bh it becomes ḍ (dviḍbhís)",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/t_retroflex
sh_retroflex_to_x,ʂ,x,Pashto (Northeastern dialects),Iranian,false,"پښتو 'Pashto', conservative [ʂ] /pəʂˈt̪o/ (kept in Kandahar)","/pʊxˈt̪o/ (Yusufzai, Peshawar)","Kandahar keeps the original retroflex [ʂ], so the from-forms show the conservative pronunciation; in the medieval consonant shift the northeastern dialects changed it to [x] and the central ones to [ç].",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/x
sh_retroflex_to_x,ʂ,x,Pashto (Northeastern dialects),Iranian,false,"پښه 'foot', conservative [ʂ] /pʂa/ (kept in Kandahar)",/pxa/ (northeastern),,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/x
sh_retroflex_to_x,ʂ,x,Pashto (Northeastern dialects),Iranian,false,"ښځه 'woman', conservative [ʂ] /ʂəˈd͡za/ (kept in Kandahar)",/xəˈd͡za/ (northeastern),,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/x
sh_retroflex_to_x,ʂ,x,Proto-Slavic (Ruki Law),Slavic,false,ruki *š (Proto-Balto-Slavic *saušás 'dry'),Proto-Slavic *sȗxъ 'dry',"After *r, *u, *k, *i PIE *s became a retracted sibilant, which became retroflex in pre-Slavic and was then retracted to the velar fricative *x; Sanskrit kept ष [ʂ].",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/x
sh_retroflex_to_x,ʂ,x,Proto-Slavic (Ruki Law),Slavic,false,ruki *š (Proto-Balto-Slavic *paršás 'dust'),Proto-Slavic *pȏrxъ 'dust',Cf. Sanskrit पृषत् pṛ́ṣat with retained [ʂ].,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/x
sh_retroflex_to_x,ʂ,x,Amawaka,Panoan,false,Proto-Panoan *ʂao 'bone',xaó,Oliveira (2014) gives x as the Amawaka reflex of *ʂ in all positions; Shipibo-Konibo keeps ʂao.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/x
sh_retroflex_to_x,ʂ,x,Amawaka,Panoan,false,Proto-Panoan *ʂɨta 'tooth',xɨtá,Shipibo-Konibo ʂɨta.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/x
sh_retroflex_to_x,ʂ,x,Amawaka,Panoan,false,Proto-Panoan *ʔoʂa- 'to sleep',ʔoxaʔí 'to sleep' (Hyde 1980),Shipibo-Konibo ʔoʂa-.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/x
sh_retroflex_to_x,ʂ,x,Amawaka,Panoan,false,Proto-Panoan *ʔoʂɨ 'moon',ʔóxɨ,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/x
sh_retroflex_to_zh_retroflex,ʂ,ʐ,Russian,East Slavic,true,лишь /lʲiʂ/ 'only' + бы,лишь бы [ˈlʲiʐ‿bɨ] 'if only',ш assimilates in voicing to the following б across the clitic boundary,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/zh_retroflex
sh_retroflex_to_zh_retroflex,ʂ,ʐ,Russian,East Slavic,true,Ашгабат /aʂɡabat/ 'Ashgabat',[ɐʐɡɐˈbat],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/zh_retroflex
sh_retroflex_to_zh_retroflex,ʂ,ʐ,Russian,East Slavic,true,Кашгар /kaʂɡar/ 'Kashgar',[kɐʐˈɡar],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh_retroflex/zh_retroflex
sh_to_ch,ʃ,tʃ,"Creek, Hitchiti-Mikasuki, Koasati, Alabama",Eastern Muskogean,false,Proto-Muskogean *šoksiCi [ʃ] 'squash',"Creek cvse 'pumpkin', Mikasuki čoksi, Alabama and Koasati choksi","East of the Mobile–Black Warrior line *š merged with the affricate *c (ts~ch) (Haas 1941, summarized by Hopkins); compare Choctaw shokshi, Chickasaw shokshiꞌ.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/ch
sh_to_ch,ʃ,tʃ,"Creek, Hitchiti-Mikasuki, Koasati, Alabama",Eastern Muskogean,false,Proto-Muskogean *šalontakiCa 'cricket',"Hitchiti čolootki, Koasati cholotka, Creek culotkv",Compare Choctaw shʋlontʋki. Creek also has variants cvlotkv and Florida Seminole sulotkv.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/ch
sh_to_ch,ʃ,tʃ,"Creek, Hitchiti-Mikasuki, Koasati, Alabama",Eastern Muskogean,false,Proto-Muskogean *šonkkʷani 'ant',"Alabama chokboni, Koasati chokbani","Compare Choctaw shonkani. The merger has exceptions: Alabama salakla, Koasati saalakla and Creek sasakwv 'goose' (< *šalaklaka) keep s, as does Alabama sokaffi 'to peel off' (< *šokaxʷVli).",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/ch
sh_to_ch,ʃ,tʃ,Itunyoso Triqui,Mixtecan,false,Proto-Trique *ʃukuu 'animal',tʃuku,"A few words keep ʃ, such as *ʃi(h) 'big' > ʃi; Copala has ʃkuu and Chicahuaxtla ʒuku.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/ch
sh_to_ch,ʃ,tʃ,Itunyoso Triqui,Mixtecan,false,Proto-Trique *ʃutah 'deer',tʃutah,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/ch
sh_to_ch,ʃ,tʃ,Itunyoso Triqui,Mixtecan,false,Proto-Trique *ʃiluu 'cat',tʃilu,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/ch
sh_to_h,ʃ,h,Finnish,Finnic,false,Proto-Uralic *šiŋere 'mouse',hiiri 'mouse' (Proto-Finnic *hiiri),Finnic *š > h came after South Estonian had split off; compare Hungarian egér.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/h
sh_to_h,ʃ,h,Finnish,Finnic,false,Proto-Finno-Permic *šappa 'sour',hapan 'sour' (Proto-Finnic *hap'oin),"Compare Erzya чапамо, Meadow Mari шопо.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/h
sh_to_j_glide,ʃ,j,"Western Samic (Northern, Lule, Pite, Ume, Southern)",Samic,false,Proto-Samic *kuoškë 'rapids' (< Proto-Uralic *kośke),"Northern Sami guoika, Lule Sami guojkka, South Sami goejhke","In West Samic *š became j before a stop; East Samic keeps the sibilant (Inari kuošˈkâ, Skolt kuõškk).",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/j_glide
sh_to_j_glide,ʃ,j,"Western Samic (Northern, Lule, Pite, Ume, Southern)",Samic,false,Proto-Samic *koškē 'dry',"Northern Sami goikat, Lule Sami gåjkkåt","Compare Inari Sami kuškâđ, Skolt Sami kååʹšǩes with retained š.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/j_glide
sh_to_j_glide,ʃ,j,"Western Samic (Northern, Lule, Pite, Ume, Southern)",Samic,false,Proto-Samic *muštētēk 'to remember' (< Proto-Finnic *muistadak),"Northern Sami muitit, Lule Sami mujttet, South Sami mujhtedh","Compare Inari Sami mušteđ, Skolt Sami muʹštted.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/j_glide
sh_to_s,ʃ,s,Latvian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *śímta 'hundred' (Lithuanian šimtas),simts,The palatal sibilant became Lithuanian š but Latvian s,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/s
sh_to_s,ʃ,s,Latvian,East Baltic,false,cf. Lithuanian šuõ 'dog',suns,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/s
sh_to_s,ʃ,s,Proto-Samic,Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *iša 'skin',"Proto-Samic *ësē > Northern Sami assi 'scalp', Skolt Sami ââʹss","Reconstructed stage: Proto-Uralic *š merged with *s in Proto-Samic, whereas Finnic turned it into h (Finnish iho 'skin').",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/s
sh_to_s,ʃ,s,Proto-Samic,Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *pišä 'holy',"Proto-Samic *pësē > Northern Sami bassi, Lule Sami basse",Reconstructed stage; contrast Finnish pyhä 'holy' with h from the same *š.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/s
sh_to_s,ʃ,s,Proto-Samic,Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *puše- 'to blow',"Proto-Samic *posōtēk > Northern Sami bossut, Inari Sami possoođ",Reconstructed stage; contrast Proto-Finnic *puhudak (Finnish puhua) with h.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/s
sh_to_sh_retroflex,ʃ,ʂ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Old Polish szyć /ʃʲit͡ɕʲ/ 'to sew',Polish szyć /ʂɨt͡ɕ/,< Proto-Slavic *šiti.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/sh_retroflex
sh_to_sh_retroflex,ʃ,ʂ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Old Polish szyja /ʃʲija/ 'neck',Polish szyja /ˈʂɨ.ja/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/sh_retroflex
sh_to_sh_retroflex,ʃ,ʂ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *šiti 'to sew' (soft š),шить [ˈʂɨtʲ],Russian ш is one of the formerly soft consonants now pronounced hard.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/sh_retroflex
sh_to_sh_retroflex,ʃ,ʂ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *šija 'neck' (soft š),шея [ˈʂɛjə],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/sh_retroflex
sh_to_sh_retroflex,ʃ,ʂ,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *šiti 'to sew' (soft š),шыць [ʂɨt͡sʲ],The spelling ⟨ы⟩ reflects the hardened retroflex.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/sh_retroflex
sh_to_sh_retroflex,ʃ,ʂ,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *šija 'neck' (soft š),шыя [ˈʂɨja],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/sh_retroflex
sh_to_x,ʃ,x,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Spanish xabón /ʃaˈbon/ 'soap',jabón /xaˈbon/,Prepalatal /ʃ/ was moved back to velar /x/ and lost its sibilance; the spelling changed from ⟨x⟩ to ⟨j⟩.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/x
sh_to_x,ʃ,x,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Spanish dixo /ˈdi.ʃo/ 'he said' (< Latin dīxit),dijo /ˈdixo/,,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/x
sh_to_zh,ʃ,ʒ,Hungarian,Ugric,true,has /hɒʃ/ 'stomach' + -ba 'into',hasba [ˈhɒʒbɒ] 'into the stomach',"Regressive voicing assimilation: all obstruents in a cluster take the voicing of the last one, also across word boundaries (cf. the reverse rúzstól [ˈruːʃtoːl] 'from lipstick').",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/zh
sh_to_zh,ʃ,ʒ,Hungarian,Ugric,true,kis /kiʃ/ 'small' + baba 'baby',kisbaba [ˈkiʒbɒbɒ] 'little baby',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/zh
sh_to_zh,ʃ,ʒ,Hungarian,Ugric,true,vas /vɒʃ/ 'iron' + gyár 'factory',vasgyár [ˈvɒʒɟaːr] 'ironworks',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/zh
sh_to_zh,ʃ,ʒ,European Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,"coda sibilant [ʃ] (as before voiceless consonants, e.g. festa [ˈfɛʃtɐ] 'party')",mesmo /ˈmeʒ.mu/ 'same',The postalveolar coda sibilant of European (and Carioca) Portuguese is voiced to [ʒ] before a voiced consonant; Brazilian varieties outside Rio have alveolar /ˈmez.mu/.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/zh
sh_to_zh,ʃ,ʒ,European Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,coda sibilant [ʃ] before /b/,Lisboa /lɨʒˈbo.ɐ/ 'Lisbon',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/zh
sh_to_zh,ʃ,ʒ,European Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,true,word-final [ʃ] of bons (pausal [bõʃ]),bons dias [bõʒ ˈdiɐʃ] 'good days',Across a word boundary the final sibilant becomes voiced before a word beginning with a voiced consonant.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/sh/zh
t_aspirated_to_ch,tʰ,tʃ,English (North American),West Germanic,true,tree /tʰriː/,[tʃɹiː],Onset /tr/ affricates through coarticulation with the postalveolar approximant; heterosyllabic /t.r/ (rat-race) does not.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/ch
t_aspirated_to_ch,tʰ,tʃ,English (North American),West Germanic,true,truck /tʰrʌk/,[tʃɹʌk],The same onset affrication; children's spellings such as 'chruck' reflect it.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/ch
t_aspirated_to_ch_palatal_aspirated,tʰ,tɕʰ,Korean,Koreanic,false,"Middle Korean 고티〮다〮 kwòthítá 'to straighten, to fix' (1447)",고치다 gochida [ko̞t͡ɕʰida̠],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/ch_palatal_aspirated
t_aspirated_to_ch_palatal_aspirated,tʰ,tɕʰ,Korean,Koreanic,false,"Middle Korean 톄〮 thyéy, Sino-Korean reading of 體 'body'",체 che [t͡ɕʰe̞],Here the trigger is the palatal glide /j/; Early Modern Korean and the Pyongan and Yukjin dialects keep 톄 or 테.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/ch_palatal_aspirated
t_aspirated_to_h,tʰ,h,Jianyang (Northern Min),Min,false,"天 'sky', Proto-Min *tʰ-",Jianyang h-,"Xiamen, Fuzhou, Jian'ou and Shaowu keep tʰ (Proto-Min correspondence table).",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/h
t_aspirated_to_h,tʰ,h,Jianyang (Northern Min),Min,false,"鐵 'iron', Proto-Min *tʰ-",Jianyang h-,The same correspondence holds for 炭 'charcoal' and 腿 'leg'.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/h
t_aspirated_to_h,tʰ,h,Taishanese,Yue,false,"天 'sky', Middle Chinese tʰ- (Cantonese tin1)",hen1,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/h
t_aspirated_to_h,tʰ,h,Taishanese,Yue,false,"偷 'to steal', Middle Chinese tʰ- (Cantonese tau1)",heu1 (hau33),,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/h
t_aspirated_to_h,tʰ,h,Taishanese,Yue,false,"鐵 'iron', Middle Chinese tʰ- (Cantonese tit3)",het1,"Also 湯 'soup' hong1, 他 'he' ha1, 太 'too' hai1; Cantonese aspirated stops regularly correspond to Siyi /h/.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/h
t_aspirated_to_h_voiced,tʰ,ɦ,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,"Sanskrit नाथ nātha 'lord, protector'",Prakrit 𑀡𑀸𑀳 ṇāha,Sauraseni has 𑀡𑀸𑀥 ṇādha with voicing instead.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/h_voiced
t_aspirated_to_h_voiced,tʰ,ɦ,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit रथ ratha 'chariot',Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀭𑀳 raha,Continued in Old Gujarati रह raha.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/h_voiced
t_aspirated_to_h_voiced,tʰ,ɦ,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit kathanam /kɐt̪ʰɐn̪ɐm/ 'saying',Prakrit kahaṇaṃ /kɐɦɐnɐ̃/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/h_voiced
t_aspirated_to_t,tʰ,t,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,*tʰi-tʰē-mi 'I put',τίθημι títhēmi,Grassmann's law: the reduplicating syllable loses aspiration before the aspirated root.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/t
t_aspirated_to_t,tʰ,t,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,*tʰrikʰ-es 'hairs',τρίχες tríkhes,"The root keeps its initial aspirate in the nominative θρίξ thríx, where the final aspirate is lost before s.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/t
t_aspirated_to_t,tʰ,t,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,*tʰapʰ-os 'grave',τάφος táphos,"Compare θάπτειν tháptein 'to bury', where the second aspirate is lost before the t-suffix.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/t
t_aspirated_to_t,tʰ,t,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,*tʰakʰ-ús 'fast',ταχύς takhús,"Compare the comparative θάσσων thássōn 'faster', which keeps the initial aspirate.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/t
t_aspirated_to_th_vless,tʰ,θ,Greek,Hellenic,false,θεός /tʰe.ós/ 'god' (5th c. BCE Attic),/θeˈos/ (4th c. CE Koine),Aspirated stops φ θ χ became fricatives in the Koine period.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/th_vless
t_aspirated_to_th_vless,tʰ,θ,Greek,Hellenic,false,θυγάτηρ /tʰu.ɡá.tɛːr/ 'daughter' (5th c. BCE Attic),Modern Greek θυγατέρα /θi.ɣaˈte.ra/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/th_vless
t_aspirated_to_th_vless,tʰ,θ,Greek,Hellenic,false,θάνατος /tʰá.na.tos/ 'death' (5th c. BCE Attic),"/ˈθa.na.tos/ (4th c. CE Koine), Modern Greek θάνατος /ˈθa.na.tos/",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/th_vless
t_aspirated_to_th_vless,tʰ,θ,Greek,Hellenic,false,θάλασσα /tʰá.las.sa/ 'sea' (5th c. BCE Attic),"/ˈθa.las.sa/ (4th c. CE Koine), Modern Greek θάλασσα [ˈθalasa]",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/th_vless
t_aspirated_to_th_vless,tʰ,θ,Avestan,Iranian,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *HrátʰHas 'chariot' (Sanskrit रथ rátha),raθa,Proto-Indo-Iranian *pʰ *tʰ *kʰ became *f *θ *x in most Iranian languages.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/th_vless
t_aspirated_to_th_vless,tʰ,θ,Avestan,Iranian,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *gaHtʰás 'song' (Sanskrit गाथा gāthā),"gāθā 'verse, Gatha'",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/th_vless
t_aspirated_to_ts,tʰ,ts,Old High German,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *tehun 'ten',Old High German zehan /ˈt͡sɛ.han/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/ts
t_aspirated_to_ts,tʰ,ts,Old High German,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *tungā 'tongue',Old High German zunga,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/ts
t_aspirated_to_ts,tʰ,ts,Danish,North Germanic,true,tid /tið/ 'time',[ˈtˢiðˀ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/ts
t_aspirated_to_ts,tʰ,ts,Danish,North Germanic,true,tak /tak/ 'thanks',[ˈtsʰɑ̈k],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/ts
t_aspirated_to_x,tʰ,x,Guangze,Min,false,"腿 'leg', Proto-Min *th-",xuoi,"Proto-Min *th is kept as tʰ in Xiamen, Fuzhou, Jian'ou and Shaowu.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/x
t_aspirated_to_x,tʰ,x,Guangze,Min,false,"鐵 'iron', Proto-Min *th-",xie,,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/x
t_aspirated_to_x,tʰ,x,Guangze,Min,false,"天 'sky', Proto-Min *th-",xien,Also 套 xau.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/x
t_aspirated_to_x,tʰ,x,Wenchang (Hainanese),Min,false,"腿 'leg', Proto-Min *th-",Wenchang xui,透 initial read x; 曉 words such as 毀 'destroy' have h (hui).,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/x
t_aspirated_to_x,tʰ,x,Wenchang (Hainanese),Min,false,"套 'cover, sheath', Old Chinese *tʰaːws (Zhengzhang)",Wenchang xau,Chang's comparative table transcribes the same Wenchang words with h.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_aspirated/x
t_palatal_to_ch,c,tʃ,Modern Greek (southern dialects),Hellenic,false,"και 'and', standard [ce] (conservative pronunciation with [c] before e)",[tʃe],The from-form is the conservative pronunciation kept in Standard Modern Greek; the southern dialects push the palatal stop on to an affricate.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/ch
t_palatal_to_ch,c,tʃ,Modern Greek (southern dialects),Hellenic,false,"Κυριακή /kiriaˈki/ 'Sunday', with [c] before i in Standard Modern Greek",[tʃirjaˈtʃi],Area of palatalisation of /k/ to [tʃ]; the Cycladic tsitakism area has [tsirjaˈtsi] instead.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/ch
t_palatal_to_ch_palatal,c,tɕ,Thai,Southwestern Tai,false,Proto-Tai *cɯːtᴰ 'insipid',จืด /t͡ɕɯːt̚˨˩/,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/ch_palatal
t_palatal_to_ch_palatal,c,tɕ,Thai,Southwestern Tai,false,Proto-Tai *capᴰ 'to grasp; to perch',จับ /t͡ɕap̚˨˩/,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/ch_palatal
t_palatal_to_ch_palatal,c,tɕ,Thai,Southwestern Tai,false,Proto-Tai *cepᴰ 'to hurt',เจ็บ /t͡ɕep̚˨˩/,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/ch_palatal
t_palatal_to_ch_palatal,c,tɕ,Vietnamese (Hanoi),Vietic,false,Proto-Vietic *ʔa-cɔːʔ 'dog',"chó Hanoi [t͡ɕɔ˧˦], Saigon [cɔ˦˥]",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/ch_palatal
t_palatal_to_ch_palatal,c,tɕ,Vietnamese (Hanoi),Vietic,false,Proto-Vietic *ciːnʔ 'nine',"chín Hanoi [t͡ɕin˧˦], Saigon [cɨn˦˥]","Hanoi pronounces both ch and tr as [tɕ], while Saigon keeps ch as the palatal stop [c].",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/ch_palatal
t_palatal_to_empty,c,∅,Eastern and Central Arrernte,Arandic,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *calañ 'tongue',aleñe 'tongue; way of speaking',Kaytetye aleñe 'tongue' shows the same loss; Nhanda thalañu keeps the stop.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/empty
t_palatal_to_empty,c,∅,Eastern and Central Arrernte,Arandic,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *ci:rni 'stick',"arne 'tree, bush; stick'",Western Arrernte irne 'tree; stick'.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/empty
t_palatal_to_empty,c,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Tamil and Malayalam,Tamil-Malayalam,false,Proto-Dravidian *cāṯu 'six',"Old Tamil āṟu, Tamil ஆறு āṟu, Malayalam ആറ് āṟŭ",Gondi సారుంగ్ sāruṅg and Kui saj keep the initial consonant as s.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/empty
t_palatal_to_empty,c,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Tamil and Malayalam,Tamil-Malayalam,false,Proto-Dravidian *cup 'salt',"Tamil உப்பு uppu, Malayalam ഉപ്പ് uppŭ",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/empty
t_palatal_to_empty,c,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Tamil and Malayalam,Tamil-Malayalam,false,Proto-Dravidian *ciy- 'to give',"Tamil ஈ ī, Malayalam ഈവ് īvŭ",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/empty
t_palatal_to_empty,c,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Tamil and Malayalam,Tamil-Malayalam,false,Proto-Dravidian *cīntu 'date palm',"Tamil ஈந்து īntu, Malayalam ഈന്ത് īntŭ",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/empty
t_palatal_to_empty,c,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Tamil and Malayalam,Tamil-Malayalam,false,"Proto-Dravidian *cir- 'black, dark'","Tamil இருள் iruḷ, Malayalam ഇരുൾ iruḷ","Initial c stays in other words, e.g. *cāl 'furrow' > Tamil சால் cāl, *caH- 'to die' > Tamil சா cā.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/empty
t_palatal_to_empty,c,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Kannada,Tamil-Kannada,false,Proto-Dravidian *ciy- 'to give',Kannada ಈ ī,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/empty
t_palatal_to_empty,c,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Kannada,Tamil-Kannada,false,Proto-Dravidian *cēr 'ox plough',Kannada ಏರು ēru,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/empty
t_palatal_to_empty,c,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Kannada,Tamil-Kannada,false,Proto-Dravidian *cup 'salt',Kannada ಉಪ್ಪು uppu,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/empty
t_palatal_to_empty,c,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Kannada,Tamil-Kannada,false,"Proto-Dravidian *cir- 'black, dark'",Kannada ಇರುಳು iruḷu,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/empty
t_palatal_to_empty,c,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Kannada,Tamil-Kannada,false,Proto-Dravidian *cay 'five',Kannada ಐದು aidu,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/empty
t_palatal_to_empty,c,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Telugu,South-Central Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *cēr 'ox plough',Telugu ఏరు ēru,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/empty
t_palatal_to_empty,c,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Telugu,South-Central Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *cup 'salt',Telugu ఉప్పు uppu,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/empty
t_palatal_to_empty,c,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Telugu,South-Central Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *cīntu 'date palm',Telugu ఈత īta,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/empty
t_palatal_to_empty,c,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Telugu,South-Central Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *ceyt- 'porcupine',Telugu ఏదు ēdu,Telugu keeps c in *caH- 'to die' > చావు cāvu and *cāl 'furrow' > చాలు cālu.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/empty
t_palatal_to_empty,c,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Tulu,South Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *cāṯu 'six',Tulu ಆಜಿ āji,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/empty
t_palatal_to_empty,c,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Tulu,South Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *cup 'salt',Tulu ಉಪ್ಪು uppu,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/empty
t_palatal_to_empty,c,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Tulu,South Dravidian,false,"Proto-Dravidian *cir- 'black, dark'",Tulu ಇರ್ಳು irḷu,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/empty
t_palatal_to_empty,c,∅,Proto-Dravidian to Tulu,South Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *cay 'five',Tulu ಅಯಿನ್ ayinŭ,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/empty
t_palatal_to_glottal_stop,c,ʔ,Mẽbêngôkre,Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *cy 'seed',ʔy,"Forms in Nikulin's Macro-Jê alphabet: c = voiceless palatal stop or coronal affricate, ĵ = its voiced counterpart, ñ = [ɲ], y = [ɨ ~ ɯ], ə̂ = [ɘ ~ ɤ], ô/ê = close-mid vowels.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/glottal_stop
t_palatal_to_glottal_stop,c,ʔ,Mẽbêngôkre,Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *ci 'bone',ʔi,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/glottal_stop
t_palatal_to_glottal_stop,c,ʔ,Mẽbêngôkre,Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *côk 'to paint',ʔôk,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/glottal_stop
t_palatal_to_glottal_stop,c,ʔ,Mẽbêngôkre,Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *cêc 'to lie',ʔêc,"In other words the reflex is zero, as in kaô from *kacô 'to suck'.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/glottal_stop
t_palatal_to_glottal_stop,c,ʔ,Apinajé,Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *cy 'seed',ʔy,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/glottal_stop
t_palatal_to_glottal_stop,c,ʔ,Apinajé,Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *ci 'bone',ʔi,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/glottal_stop
t_palatal_to_glottal_stop,c,ʔ,Apinajé,Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *cô 'to eat something soft',ʔô,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/glottal_stop
t_palatal_to_glottal_stop,c,ʔ,Apinajé,Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *kucõ 'to wash (hard objects)',kuʔõ,Here the glottal stop survives between vowels; Parkatêjê has kuhõ.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/glottal_stop
t_palatal_to_h,c,h,"Proto-Northern Jê to Timbira (Parkatêjê, Canela, Pykobjê)",Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *cy 'seed',"Parkatêjê hy, Canela (-ʔ)hy","Forms in Nikulin's Macro-Jê alphabet: c = voiceless palatal stop or coronal affricate, ĵ = its voiced counterpart, ñ = [ɲ], y = [ɨ ~ ɯ], ə̂ = [ɘ ~ ɤ], ô/ê = close-mid vowels.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/h
t_palatal_to_h,c,h,"Proto-Northern Jê to Timbira (Parkatêjê, Canela, Pykobjê)",Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *ci 'bone',"Parkatêjê hi, Canela (-ʔ)hi",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/h
t_palatal_to_h,c,h,"Proto-Northern Jê to Timbira (Parkatêjê, Canela, Pykobjê)",Northern Jê,false,"Proto-Northern Jê *cô 'leaf, hair'","Parkatêjê hô, Canela hô, Pykobjê (-ʔ)hu",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/h
t_palatal_to_h,c,h,"Proto-Northern Jê to Timbira (Parkatêjê, Canela, Pykobjê)",Northern Jê,false,"Proto-Northern Jê *cək 'large bird, hawk'","Parkatêjê hək, Canela hək, Pykobjê hək",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/h
t_palatal_to_h,c,h,"Proto-Northern Jê to Timbira (Parkatêjê, Canela, Pykobjê)",Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *jacê /jaˈce/ 'nest',"Canela jahê, Pykobjê jaahi","Wiktionary lists Apinajé and Mẽbêngôkre jaê, without the consonant.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/h
t_palatal_to_h,c,h,"Proto-Northern Jê to Timbira (Parkatêjê, Canela, Pykobjê)",Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *kacû /kaˈcuwa/ 'mortar',"Canela (Ramkokamekrá) cahuw, Pykobjê cahohw",Practical orthography: c = [k]. Tapayúna katuwa and Apinajé kaur show the other branches' reflexes.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/h
t_palatal_to_l_fricative,c,ɬ,Zulu,Nguni,false,Proto-Bantu *ìjícò 'eye',ihlo [îːɬo] (pl. amehlo),,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/l_fricative
t_palatal_to_l_fricative,c,ɬ,Zulu,Nguni,false,Proto-Bantu *-càmba 'wash',"hlamba 'wash (body parts), swim'",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/l_fricative
t_palatal_to_l_fricative,c,ɬ,Swazi,Nguni,false,Proto-Bantu *ìjícò 'eye',lihlo 'eye' (pl. emehlo),,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/l_fricative
t_palatal_to_l_fricative,c,ɬ,Swazi,Nguni,false,Proto-Bantu *-cèka 'laugh',-hleka,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/l_fricative
t_palatal_to_l_fricative,c,ɬ,Swazi,Nguni,false,Proto-Bantu *-càngana 'meet',-hlangana,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/l_fricative
t_palatal_to_l_fricative,c,ɬ,Northern Ndebele,Nguni,false,Proto-Bantu *ìjícò 'eye',ilihlo 'eye' (pl. amehlo),,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/l_fricative
t_palatal_to_l_fricative,c,ɬ,Northern Ndebele,Nguni,false,Proto-Bantu *ìpácà,iphahla,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/l_fricative
t_palatal_to_l_fricative,c,ɬ,Sotho,Sotho-Tswana,false,Proto-Bantu *ìjícò 'eye',leihlo 'eye' (pl. mahlo),Sesotho hl is [ɬ]; the closely related Tswana form leitlho has the lateral affricate [tɬʰ] instead.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/l_fricative
t_palatal_to_l_fricative,c,ɬ,Sotho,Sotho-Tswana,false,Proto-Bantu *-càmba 'wash',-hlapa,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/l_fricative
t_palatal_to_l_fricative,c,ɬ,Sotho,Sotho-Tswana,false,Proto-Bantu *-cànja 'vomit',-hlatsa,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/l_fricative
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Bahnaric to Bahnar,Bahnaric,false,*caː 'to eat',sa,Halang keeps cha,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Bahnaric to Bahnar,Bahnaric,false,*ceːm 'bird',sem,cf. Halang chìm,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Bahnaric to Bahnar,Bahnaric,false,*ciː 'head louse',si,cf. Halang chi,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Bahnaric to Bahnar,Bahnaric,false,*caw 'grandchild',"sŏu, sâu",North Bahnaric Halang keeps chau.,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Bahnaric to Koho,Bahnaric,false,*caː 'to eat',sa,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Bahnaric to Koho,Bahnaric,false,*ceːm 'bird',sim,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Bahnaric to Koho,Bahnaric,false,*ciː 'head louse',sai,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Bahnaric to Koho,Bahnaric,false,*caw 'grandchild',sau,Sidwell reconstructs South Bahnaric *saw.,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Panará,Goyaz Jê,false,Proto-Cerrado Jê *cym 'seed' (Proto-Northern Jê *cy),sy,"Panará devoiced and merged *c and *ĵ as s, directly from the Proto-Goyaz Jê palatal stop. Forms in Nikulin's Macro-Jê alphabet: c = voiceless palatal stop or coronal affricate, ĵ = its voiced counterpart, ñ = [ɲ], y = [ɨ ~ ɯ], ə̂ = [ɘ ~ ɤ], ô/ê = close-mid vowels.",4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Panará,Goyaz Jê,false,Proto-Cerrado Jê *ci 'bone',si,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Panará,Goyaz Jê,false,"Proto-Cerrado Jê *cək 'large bird, hawk'",sə,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Panará,Goyaz Jê,false,Proto-Cerrado Jê *pijacô 'to suckle',pisasôw,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Panará,Goyaz Jê,false,Proto-Cerrado Jê *jacê 'nest',s-asê,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Oti-Volta to Kusaal and Mooré,Western Oti-Volta,false,"POV *câ̰an-wá 'stranger, guest'","Kusaal sāaná, Mooré sá̰anà","Forms in Eddyshaw's transcription: j = [ɟ], y = [j], ɩ ʋ = [ɪ ʊ], a tilde below a vowel marks nasalization, ' marks a glottalized vowel; POV = Proto-Oti-Volta; the final syllable of nouns is a noun-class suffix. Nõotre (cà̰aná) and Buli (nícháanoā) keep the palatal stop.",4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Oti-Volta to Kusaal and Mooré,Western Oti-Volta,false,POV *càd-wá 'husband',"Kusaal sɩ̄dā, Mooré sɩ́da","Nõotre cètɔ́, Buli chōroā keep the stop.",4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Oti-Volta to Kusaal and Mooré,Western Oti-Volta,false,POV *câ̰as- 'comb (vb)',"Kusaal sāaⁿsɛ́, Mooré sá̰asè","Eddyshaw: apart from Nõotre, all Western Oti-Volta languages changed *c to s; Nawdm (sááná 'stranger', sídá 'husband') shares the change.",4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Dravidian to Gondi and Kui,Gondi-Kui,false,Proto-Dravidian *caH- 'to die',"Gondi సయానా sayānā, Kui ସା୕ୱା sāwa",,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Dravidian to Gondi and Kui,Gondi-Kui,false,Proto-Dravidian *ciy- 'to give',"Gondi సీఆనా sīānā, Kui ସୀଵା sīva",,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Dravidian to Gondi and Kui,Gondi-Kui,false,Proto-Dravidian *cukkV 'star',"Gondi సుక్కుమ్ sukkum, Kui ସୁକା suka",Tamil சுக்கை cukkai and Telugu చుక్క cukka keep c.,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Dravidian to Gondi and Kui,Gondi-Kui,false,Proto-Dravidian *cīntu 'date palm',"Gondi సింది sindi, Kui ସୀତା sīta",Tamil ஈந்து īntu has lost the consonant.,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Dravidian to Gondi and Kui,Gondi-Kui,false,Proto-Dravidian *cēr 'ox plough',"Gondi సేర్ sēr, Kui sēru","Other Gondi dialects have హేర్ hēr and ఏర్ ēr, and Kui also has hāja 'six' beside saj.",4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Dravidian to Kannada and Tulu,South Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *caH- 'to die',"Kannada ಸಾವು sāvu, Tulu ಸಾವು sāvu",Tamil சாவு cāvu and Telugu చావు cāvu keep c.,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Dravidian to Kannada and Tulu,South Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *cāl 'ploughed furrow',"Kannada ಸಾಲು sālu, Tulu ಸಾಲ್ sālŭ",Tamil சால் cāl and Telugu చాలు cālu keep c.,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Khmuic to Khmu,Khmuic,false,Proto-Khmuic *ceʔ 'head louse',seʔ,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Khmuic to Khmu,Khmuic,false,Proto-Khmuic *ciːm 'bird',siːm,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Khmuic to Khmu,Khmuic,false,Proto-Khmuic *ci(ə)n 'cooked',sin,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Khmuic to Khmu,Khmuic,false,Proto-Khmuic *cɔʔ 'dog',sɔʔ,"Khsing-Mul keeps c: ceːm 'bird', cɔː 'dog'.",4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Khmuic to Khmu,Khmuic,false,Proto-Khmuic *cŋi/eʔ 'day',sŋiʔ,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Khmuic to T'in,Khmuic,false,Proto-Khmuic *ciːm 'bird',seːm,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Khmuic to T'in,Khmuic,false,Proto-Khmuic *ci(ə)n 'cooked',siːn,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Palaungic to Riang,Palaungic,false,Proto-Palaungic *ciːʔ 'head louse',siʔ¹,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Palaungic to Riang,Palaungic,false,Proto-Palaungic *ciːm 'bird',sim¹,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Palaungic to Riang,Palaungic,false,Proto-Palaungic *ciːn 'cooked',si(ː)n¹,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Palaungic to Riang,Palaungic,false,Proto-Palaungic *cɔːʔ 'dog',soʔ¹,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Palaungic to Plang (La Gang),Palaungic,false,Proto-Palaungic *ciːm 'bird',sɪ́m,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Palaungic to Plang (La Gang),Palaungic,false,Proto-Palaungic *ciːn 'cooked',sɪ́n,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Palaungic to Plang (La Gang),Palaungic,false,Proto-Palaungic *cɔːʔ 'dog',sóʔ,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Palaungic to Lamet,Palaungic,false,Proto-Palaungic *ciːm 'bird',siːm,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Palaungic to Lamet,Palaungic,false,Proto-Palaungic *cɔːʔ 'dog',sɑʔ,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Palaungic to Lawa,Palaungic,false,Proto-Palaungic *ciːʔ 'head louse',səiʔ,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Palaungic to Lawa,Palaungic,false,Proto-Palaungic *cɔːʔ 'dog',sɔʔ,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Palaungic to Lawa,Palaungic,false,Proto-Palaungic *cuːʔ 'grandchild',sɑuʔ ~ soʔ,,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Austroasiatic to Proto-Khasian and Khasi,Khasic,false,Proto-Austroasiatic *ciːm 'bird',"Proto-Khasian *sim, Khasi sim",,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Austroasiatic to Proto-Khasian and Khasi,Khasic,false,Proto-Austroasiatic *ciʔ 'head louse',"Proto-Khasian *ksiː, Khasi ksi",,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Austroasiatic to Proto-Khasian and Khasi,Khasic,false,Proto-Austroasiatic *cɔʔ 'dog',"Proto-Khasian *ksəw, Khasi ksew",,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_s,c,s,Proto-Austroasiatic to Proto-Khasian and Khasi,Khasic,false,Proto-Austroasiatic *cuʔ 'grandchild',"Proto-Khasian *-sǝəw, Khasi ksiew",,4,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/s
t_palatal_to_t,c,t,Egyptian,Egyptian,false,ṯn 'you (pl.)' (dependent pronoun),"tn, Late Egyptian twn",Wiktionary lists the alternative writings tn and Late Egyptian twn.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/t
t_palatal_to_t,c,t,Egyptian,Egyptian,false,ṯw 'you (m.sg.)' (dependent pronoun),"tw, tj",In Late Egyptian the t-forms became the normal spellings and the pronoun became common gender.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/t
t_palatal_to_t,c,t,Egyptian,Egyptian,false,"ṯꜣw /ˈcuʀwuw/ 'wind, breath' (Old Egyptian)","Middle Egyptian /ˈtuʀwuw/, Sahidic Coptic ⲧⲏⲩ (tēu), Bohairic ⲑⲏⲟⲩ (thēou)",The Coptic reflexes show a dental stop where Old Egyptian had the palatal; the homographic verb ṯꜣw 'to steal' instead developed an affricate (Coptic ϫⲓⲟⲩⲉ).,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/t
t_palatal_to_t,c,t,Egyptian,Egyptian,false,nṯr /ˈnaːcaɾ/ 'god' (Old Egyptian),"Middle Egyptian /ˈnaːtaʔ/, Sahidic Coptic ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (noute)",The palatal had become a dental stop by Middle Egyptian; Bohairic ⲛⲟⲩϯ (nouti) likewise has t.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/t
t_palatal_to_t,c,t,"Proto-Tapajoara (Kĩsêdjê, Tapayúna)",Northern Jê,false,"Proto-Northern Jê *kəc 'axe, knife' (Mẽbêngôkre, Apinajé kəc)","Kĩsêdjê, Tapayúna kʰət",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/t
t_palatal_to_t,c,t,"Proto-Tapajoara (Kĩsêdjê, Tapayúna)",Northern Jê,false,"Proto-Northern Jê *tə̂c 'strong, hard' (Mẽbêngôkre, Apinajé tə̂c)","Kĩsêdjê, Tapayúna ṭʰə̂t",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/t
t_palatal_to_t,c,t,"Proto-Tapajoara (Kĩsêdjê, Tapayúna)",Northern Jê,false,"Proto-Northern Jê *ñĩpêc 'to make' (Mẽbêngôkre, Apinajé ñipêc)","Kĩsêdjê, Tapayúna ñĩhwêt","Proto-Tapajoara changed coda *c to *t; Timbíra has j in the same words (Parkatêjê kəj 'axe'). Forms in Nikulin's Macro-Jê alphabet: ñ = [ɲ], j = [j ~ ʒ], c = [tʃ ~ tɕ ~ ts ~ c], ĵ = [dʒ ~ ɟ], ə̂ = [ɘ ~ ɤ], y = [ɨ ~ ɯ], ê/ô = close-mid [e]/[o], ṭʰ = aspirated alveolar stop, mb/nd = post-oralized nasals; a final ’ marks a coda without echo vowel, X // Y gives phrase-medial // prepausal allomorphs.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/t
t_palatal_to_th_vless,c,θ,Proto-Jê to Proto-Southern Jê,Southern Jê,false,Proto-Jê *cyP 'to weave',"Proto-Southern Jê *θy (Kaingang ɸy, Laklãnõ ðy)","Forms in Nikulin's Macro-Jê alphabet: c = voiceless palatal stop or coronal affricate, ĵ = its voiced counterpart, ñ = [ɲ], y = [ɨ ~ ɯ], ə̂ = [ɘ ~ ɤ], ô/ê = close-mid vowels.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/th_vless
t_palatal_to_th_vless,c,θ,Proto-Jê to Proto-Southern Jê,Southern Jê,false,Proto-Jê *cym 'seed',"Proto-Southern Jê *θy, verbalized *θy-n (Kaingang ɸy, Laklãnõ ðy)",,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/th_vless
t_palatal_to_th_vless,c,θ,Proto-Jê to Proto-Southern Jê,Southern Jê,false,Proto-Jê *cu₁ 'vagina',"Proto-Southern Jê *θu (Kaingang ɸu, Laklãnõ ðu)",,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/th_vless
t_palatal_to_th_vless,c,θ,Proto-Jê to Proto-Southern Jê,Southern Jê,false,Proto-Jê *pijacə̂₁P 'to suckle',"Proto-Southern Jê *peθə (Laklãnõ peðo, Kaingang paɸa)",Nikulin notes that the Kaingang vowel is irregular here; the consonant correspondence is regular.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/th_vless
t_palatal_to_ts,c,ts,Modern Greek (Cycladic and Old Athenian dialects),Hellenic,false,"Κυριακή /kiriaˈki/ 'Sunday' (conservative pronunciation with [c] before i, kept in Standard Modern Greek)",[tsirjaˈtsi],Tsitakism: the palatal allophone [c] of /k/ before front vowels is fronted to [ts] and merges with original /ts/; the feature was also shared by Old Athenian.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/ts
t_palatal_to_ts,c,ts,Modern Greek (Cycladic and Old Athenian dialects),Hellenic,false,"δεκανίκι 'crutch' (conservative pronunciation, kept in Standard Modern Greek, κ = [c] before ι)",Megara δοκανίτσι [ðokanítsi],"Tsitakism in the Megara dialect (Old Athenian group); the change of the first vowel is unrelated. In Megara /k/ before front vowels also yields [tʃ] (τσερί [tʃerí] 'candle'), which is the more frequent outcome there.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/ts
t_palatal_to_ts,c,ts,Modern Greek (Cycladic and Old Athenian dialects),Hellenic,false,"βερυκοκιά [verikocá] 'apricot tree' (conservative pronunciation, kept in Standard Modern Greek)",Megara βερυκοτσέα [verikotséa],Megara also keeps the hiatus -έα where the standard language has synizesis -ιά.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatal/ts
t_palatalized_to_ch,tʲ,tʃ,Manx,Goidelic,false,Old Irish tengae /ˈt̠ʲeŋ.ɡe/ 'tongue',çhengey /ˈtʃenʲə/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ch
t_palatalized_to_ch,tʲ,tʃ,Manx,Goidelic,false,Old Irish tigernae 'lord' (slender t-),çhiarn /tʃaːrn/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ch
t_palatalized_to_ch,tʲ,tʃ,Manx,Goidelic,false,Old Irish tír /ˈt̠ʲiːɾ/ 'land',"çheer 'land, country'",The spelling ⟨çh⟩ marks /tʃ/.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ch
t_palatalized_to_ch,tʲ,tʃ,Scottish Gaelic,Goidelic,false,Old Irish tengae /ˈt̠ʲeŋ.ɡe/ 'tongue',"teanga /ˈtʃʰɛŋɡə/ (Uist, Lochaber), /ˈtʃʰɛŋə/ (Skye)","Lewis, Harris and Wester Ross keep unaffricated /tʲʰ/ (/ˈtʲʰɛ̃ɣə/), so the change is dialectal.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ch
t_palatalized_to_ch,tʲ,tʃ,Scottish Gaelic,Goidelic,false,Old Irish teine 'fire',"teine /ˈtʃʰɛɲə/ (South Uist, South Argyll)",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ch
t_palatalized_to_ch,tʲ,tʃ,Upper Sorbian,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *tě̑lo 'body' (t palatalized before ě),ćěło /ˈt͡ʃɪwɔ/,"Soft t before a front vowel gave Upper Sorbian ć, pronounced [tʃ] (also infinitives in -ć, e.g. łhać /ˈfat͡ʃ/ 'to lie'). Whether an alveolo-palatal [tɕ] stage intervened is not shown in the sources.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ch
t_palatalized_to_ch,tʲ,tʃ,Upper Sorbian,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *lъgàti 'to lie' (infinitive -ti),łhać /ˈfat͡ʃ/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ch
t_palatalized_to_ch,tʲ,tʃ,Old East Slavic,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *svěťa 'candle',свѣча (Russian свеча́),"Church Slavonic свѣща, with the South Slavic reflex, was borrowed alongside it.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ch
t_palatalized_to_ch,tʲ,tʃ,Old East Slavic,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *noťь 'night',ночь,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ch
t_palatalized_to_ch,tʲ,tʃ,Old East Slavic,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *peťь 'oven',печь,The palatal stops *ť and *ď merged with the existing č and ž.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ch
t_palatalized_to_ch_palatal,tʲ,tɕ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *tixъ 'quiet' (soft t before *i; cf. Russian ти́хий),cicho /ˈt͡ɕi.xɔ/ 'quietly' (adjective cichy),,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ch_palatal
t_palatalized_to_ch_palatal,tʲ,tɕ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *tělo 'body' (soft t before *ě),ciało /ˈt͡ɕa.wɔ/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ch_palatal
t_palatalized_to_ch_palatal,tʲ,tɕ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *teplъ 'warm' (soft t before *e; cf. Russian тёплый),ciepły /ˈt͡ɕɛ.pwɘ/,Old Polish ciepły is given as /t͡ɕʲɛpɫiː/.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ch_palatal
t_palatalized_to_ch_palatal,tʲ,tɕ,Serbo-Croatian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *svěťa 'candle',"svijéća, svéća",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ch_palatal
t_palatalized_to_ch_palatal,tʲ,tɕ,Serbo-Croatian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *noťь 'night',nȏć,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ch_palatal
t_palatalized_to_ch_palatal,tʲ,tɕ,Serbo-Croatian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *peťь 'oven',pȇć,ć is the alveolo-palatal affricate /tɕ/; Kajkavian has peč with č instead.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ch_palatal
t_palatalized_to_t,tʲ,t,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *kostь 'bone' (cf. Russian кость [kostʲ]),кост [kɔst],Final /tʲ/ arising before the front jer lost its palatalization.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/t
t_palatalized_to_t,tʲ,t,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *pętь 'five' (OCS пѧть),пет [pɛt],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/t
t_palatalized_to_t,tʲ,t,Serbo-Croatian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *kostь 'bone',kȏst / ко̑ст,"Hard final t, as throughout South Slavic.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/t
t_palatalized_to_t,tʲ,t,Serbo-Croatian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *pętь 'five',pet /pêːt/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/t
t_palatalized_to_t,tʲ,t,Czech,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *kostь 'bone',kost [kost],"Czech hardened the final consonant, contrasting with Polish kość [kɔɕt͡ɕ], which kept it soft.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/t
t_palatalized_to_t,tʲ,t,Czech,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *pętь 'five' (Old Czech pět),pět [ˈpjɛt],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/t
t_palatalized_to_t_palatal,tʲ,c,Czech,West Slavic,false,Old Czech soft t’ in tělo 'body' (Proto-Slavic *tělo),tělo [ˈcɛlo],"Palatalized t’ became the palatal stop ť [c], spelled t before ě and i.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/t_palatal
t_palatalized_to_t_palatal,tʲ,c,Czech,West Slavic,false,Old Czech tichý 'quiet' (Proto-Slavic *tixъ),tichý [ˈcɪxiː],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/t_palatal
t_palatalized_to_t_palatal,tʲ,c,Slovak,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *tělo 'body',telo [ˈcɛɫɔ],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/t_palatal
t_palatalized_to_t_palatal,tʲ,c,Slovak,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *teplъ 'warm',teplý [ˈcepliː],Czech has hard t here: teplý [ˈtɛpliː].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/t_palatal
t_palatalized_to_ts,tʲ,ts,Czech,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *svěťa 'candle',svíce (Old Czech sviecě),"Compare Russian свеча svečá and Serbo-Croatian svijéća, which show the other reflexes of *ť.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ts
t_palatalized_to_ts,tʲ,ts,Czech,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *noťь 'night',noc,"Compare Russian ночь nočʹ, Serbo-Croatian nȏć, Bulgarian нощ nošt.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ts
t_palatalized_to_ts,tʲ,ts,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *svěťa 'candle',świeca,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ts
t_palatalized_to_ts,tʲ,ts,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *noťь 'night',noc,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ts
t_palatalized_to_ts,tʲ,ts,Slovak,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *svěťa 'candle',svieca,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ts
t_palatalized_to_ts,tʲ,ts,Slovak,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *noťь 'night',noc,"Upper Sorbian (swěca, nóc) and Lower Sorbian (swěca, noc) show the same reflex.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ts
t_palatalized_to_ts,tʲ,ts,Upper Sorbian,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *svěťa 'candle',swěca,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ts
t_palatalized_to_ts,tʲ,ts,Upper Sorbian,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *noťь 'night',nóc,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ts
t_palatalized_to_ts,tʲ,ts,Upper Sorbian,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *peťь 'oven',pěc,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ts
t_palatalized_to_ts,tʲ,ts,Lower Sorbian,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *svěťa 'candle',swěca,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ts
t_palatalized_to_ts,tʲ,ts,Lower Sorbian,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *noťь 'night',noc,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ts
t_palatalized_to_ts,tʲ,ts,Lower Sorbian,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *peťь 'oven',pjac,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_palatalized/ts
t_retroflex_aspirated_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,ʈʰ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 抽 trhjuw 'pull out',chōu [ʈʂʰoʊ],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex_aspirated/ch_retroflex_aspirated
t_retroflex_aspirated_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,ʈʰ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 超 trhjew 'surpass',chāo [ʈʂʰɑʊ],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex_aspirated/ch_retroflex_aspirated
t_retroflex_aspirated_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,ʈʰ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 丑 trhjuwX 'ugly',chǒu [ʈʂʰoʊ],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex_aspirated/ch_retroflex_aspirated
t_retroflex_aspirated_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,ʈʰ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 恥 trhiX 'shame',chǐ [ʈʂʰɻ̩],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex_aspirated/ch_retroflex_aspirated
t_retroflex_aspirated_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,ʈʰ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 暢 trhjangH 'unimpeded',chàng [ʈʂʰɑŋ],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex_aspirated/ch_retroflex_aspirated
t_retroflex_aspirated_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,ʈʰ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 寵 trhjowngX 'favor',chǒng [ʈʂʰʊŋ],,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex_aspirated/ch_retroflex_aspirated
t_retroflex_aspirated_to_t_aspirated,ʈʰ,tʰ,Assamese,Eastern Indo-Aryan,false,Early Assamese ঠাৱ ṭhāw (< Sanskrit स्थाय sthāya 'station'),ঠাই /tʰɑi/ 'place',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex_aspirated/t_aspirated
t_retroflex_aspirated_to_t_aspirated,ʈʰ,tʰ,Assamese,Eastern Indo-Aryan,false,Prakrit 𑀧𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀞 piṭṭha 'back' (Sanskrit pṛṣṭha),পিঠি /pi.tʰi/ 'back',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex_aspirated/t_aspirated
t_retroflex_aspirated_to_t_aspirated,ʈʰ,tʰ,Assamese,Eastern Indo-Aryan,false,Prakrit 𑀓𑀝𑁆𑀞 kaṭṭha 'wood' (Sanskrit kāṣṭha),কাঠ /kɑtʰ/ 'wood',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex_aspirated/t_aspirated
t_retroflex_aspirated_to_t_retroflex,ʈʰ,ʈ,Sinhala,Insular Indo-Aryan,false,Prakrit aṭṭha 'eight',අට (aṭa),Through Apabhramsa aṭṭha; the aspiration was lost and the geminate shortened.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex_aspirated/t_retroflex
t_retroflex_aspirated_to_t_retroflex,ʈʰ,ʈ,Sinhala,Insular Indo-Aryan,false,Prakrit piṭṭha 'back',පිට (piṭa) /pi.ʈa/,"Cognate with Hindi पीठ /piːʈʰ/, which keeps the aspiration.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex_aspirated/t_retroflex
t_retroflex_to_ch_retroflex,ʈ,ʈʂ,Standard Chinese (from Middle Chinese),Sinitic,false,知 MC /ʈiᴇ/ (Baxter trje) 'know',zhī /ʈ͡ʂɻ̩⁵⁵/,Middle Chinese retroflex stops merged into retroflex affricates in Mandarin.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex/ch_retroflex
t_retroflex_to_ch_retroflex,ʈ,ʈʂ,Standard Chinese (from Middle Chinese),Sinitic,false,竹 MC /ʈɨuk̚/ (Baxter trjuwk) 'bamboo',zhú /ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex/ch_retroflex
t_retroflex_to_ch_retroflex,ʈ,ʈʂ,Standard Chinese (from Middle Chinese),Sinitic,false,中 MC /ʈɨuŋ/ (Baxter trjuwng) 'middle',zhōng /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/,"Wiktionary also gives [ʈ͡ʂ] for Beijing, Harbin, Jinan, Zhengzhou, Nanjing and Kunming.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex/ch_retroflex
t_retroflex_to_ch_retroflex,ʈ,ʈʂ,"Xiang (Changsha, old-style)",Sinitic,false,知 MC /ʈiᴇ/ 'know',/ʈ͡ʂɻ̩³³/,New-style Changsha has /t͡sɹ̩³³/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex/ch_retroflex
t_retroflex_to_ch_retroflex,ʈ,ʈʂ,"Xiang (Changsha, old-style)",Sinitic,false,張 MC /ʈɨɐŋ/ (Baxter trjang) 'stretch; surname Zhang',/ʈ͡ʂan³³/,New-style Changsha has /t͡san³³/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex/ch_retroflex
t_retroflex_to_d_retroflex,ʈ,ɖ,Tamil,Dravidian,true,பாடு pāṭu /pɑːʈu/ 'to sing',[pɑːɖɯ],A single intervocalic ʈ is voiced to [ɖ] (or flapped [ɽ]); the geminate in பாட்டு pāṭṭu [pɑːʈːɯ] 'song' stays voiceless.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex/d_retroflex
t_retroflex_to_d_retroflex,ʈ,ɖ,Tamil,Dravidian,true,வீடு /ʋiːʈu/ 'house',[ʋɨːɖɪ̈],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex/d_retroflex
t_retroflex_to_d_retroflex,ʈ,ɖ,Prakrit (Middle Indo-Aryan),Indo-Aryan,false,"Sanskrit कटुक káṭuka 'pungent, bitter'",Prakrit 𑀓𑀟𑀼𑀅 kaḍua,"Continued in Gujarati kaḍvũ, Marathi kaḍū and Hindi kaṛvā.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex/d_retroflex
t_retroflex_to_d_retroflex,ʈ,ɖ,Prakrit (Middle Indo-Aryan),Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit घोटक ghoṭaka 'horse',Prakrit 𑀖𑁄𑀟𑀬 ghoḍaya,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex/d_retroflex
t_retroflex_to_r_flap_retroflex,ʈ,ɽ,Yele (Yélî Dnye),Yele,true,/ʈ/ in kââdî 'sun',[kɑːɽɯ],Listed as an allophone of /ʈ/ between vowels.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex/r_flap_retroflex
t_retroflex_to_r_flap_retroflex,ʈ,ɽ,Yele (Yélî Dnye),Yele,true,pyodo /ˈpʲɔʈɔ/,[ˈpʲɔɽɔ],From the phonemic vs. phonetic transcription of the sample text in Wikipedia's Yele article.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex/r_flap_retroflex
t_retroflex_to_t,ʈ,t,Telugu and Kannada (Apical Displacement),Dravidian,false,"Proto-Dravidian *ṭ (retroflex stop, postvocalic position)",Telugu and Kannada /t/ or [ɖ] → [d] (prevocalic),"Major apical displacement: retroflex stops shifted from postvocalic to prevocalic position, often deretroflexing to alveolar [t] or voiced [d]. Proto-Dravidian *uẓ-u 'plow' → Telugu ḍu-kki; *car-a-cu → Telugu trācu.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex/t
t_retroflex_to_t,ʈ,t,Telugu and Kannada (Apical Displacement),Dravidian,false,"Proto-Dravidian */ṭ/, Kannada historical /ʈ/",Modern Kannada /t/ (in merged system),"Kannada merged the three-way coronal distinction into two-way dental-retroflex, with many retroflex stops dentalizing to [t].",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex/t
t_retroflex_to_t,ʈ,t,Proto-Kra to Buyang and Laha,Kra,false,*m-ʈaᴬ 'eye',"Buyang (Langjia) ma⁰ ta⁵⁴, Laha (Noong Lay) ta³","Ostapirat's (2000) Proto-Kra retroflex stop; Miyake (2021) instead reconstructs disyllabic *mata for this etymon, so the retroflex series itself is contested.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex/t
t_retroflex_to_t,ʈ,t,Proto-Kra to Buyang and Laha,Kra,false,*C-ʈuᴬ 'head louse',"Buyang (Langjia) qa⁰ tu⁵⁴, En (Nung Ven) tu⁵⁴",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex/t
t_retroflex_to_t,ʈ,t,Proto-Kra to Buyang and Laha,Kra,false,*ʈəmᴬ 'egg',"Buyang (Ecun) tam²⁴, Laha (Noong Lay) tam⁴²",A'ou Gelao instead shows spirantized reflexes (Hongfeng ɕaŋ⁴²).,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t_retroflex/t
t_to_ch,t,tʃ,Proto-Siouan to Hoocąk (Winnebago),Siouan,false,*(i-)sį́·te 'tail',šįįc,Hoocąk c = /tʃ/; final vowel lost after affrication,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch
t_to_ch,t,tʃ,Proto-Siouan to Hoocąk (Winnebago),Siouan,false,*(wa-)hpé·te 'fire',peec,cf. Lakota pȟéta,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch
t_to_ch,t,tʃ,Proto-Mixtec to Mixtec varieties,Mixtecan,false,*kàtìʔ 'cotton',Alcozauca kachí; Yosondúa kachi,Palatalization before *i; Chayuco and San Juan Colorado have the intermediate catyi,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch
t_to_ch,t,tʃ,Proto-Mixtec to Mixtec varieties,Mixtecan,false,*tatiʔ 'wind',Alcozauca ta̱chí; Yosondúa tachi,Chayuco tatyi keeps the intermediate stage,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch
t_to_ch,t,tʃ,Proto-Mixtec to Mixtec varieties,Mixtecan,false,*tuti 'tendon',Yosondúa tuchi; San Miguel el Grande tūchi,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch
t_to_ch,t,tʃ,Proto-Mixtec to Mixtec varieties,Mixtecan,false,*kʷeti 'sin',Yosondúa kuachi,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch
t_to_ch,t,tʃ,Proto-Malayic to Urak Lawoi,Malayic,false,*barat 'west',barac,final *-t > -c; cf. Malay barat,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch
t_to_ch,t,tʃ,Proto-Malayic to Urak Lawoi,Malayic,false,*bərat 'heavy',brac,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch
t_to_ch,t,tʃ,Proto-Malayic to Urak Lawoi,Malayic,false,*pulut 'glutinous rice',puloc,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch
t_to_ch,t,tʃ,Proto-Malayic to Urak Lawoi,Malayic,false,*pərut 'belly',proc,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch
t_to_ch,t,tʃ,Mbyá Guaraní,Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tiŋ 'white',xiĩ /t͡ʃiˈĩ/,Mbyá ⟨x⟩ is /t͡ʃ/ (Wiktionary IPA for xiĩ); Paraguayan Guaraní keeps t (morotĩ).,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch
t_to_ch,t,tʃ,Mbyá Guaraní,Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *akuti 'agouti',akuxi,Old Tupi and Paraguayan Guaraní akuti keep t.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch
t_to_ch,t,tʃ,Mbyá Guaraní,Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *aβati 'maize',avaxi,Cf. Paraguayan Guaraní avati.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch
t_to_ch,t,tʃ,Mbyá Guaraní,Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kʷati 'coati',kuaxi,Cf. Paraguayan Guaraní kuati.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch
t_to_ch,t,tʃ,Mbyá Guaraní,Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tĩ 'nose',xĩ,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch
t_to_ch,t,tʃ,Mbyá Guaraní,Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *atiam 'sneeze',axiã,Cf. Paraguayan Guaraní atiã.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch
t_to_ch,t,tʃ,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tohono O'odham,Tepiman,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *katï 'sit',O'odham ka꞉c /kaːtʃ/ 'be lying down; live somewhere',"The affricate arose before the central vowel *ï, later lost; Northern Tepehuan kaátɨ keeps t before ɨ.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch
t_to_ch,t,tʃ,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tohono O'odham,Tepiman,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *tïʼni 'mouth',Southeastern Tepehuan chiñ,Northern Tepehuan tɨ́ñi keeps t; O'odham ⟨c⟩ and Tepehuan ⟨ch⟩ write /tʃ/.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch
t_to_ch_palatal,t,tɕ,Japanese,Japonic,false,Proto-Japonic *ti 'blood' (Old Japanese ti),血 chi [tɕi],/t/ before /i/ became the alveolo-palatal affricate.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch_palatal
t_to_ch_palatal,t,tɕ,Japanese,Japonic,false,Old Japanese titi 'father',父 chichi [tɕitɕi],Both /t/ before /i/ became [tɕ]; 千 'thousand' likewise went from Old Japanese ti to chi /tɕi/.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch_palatal
t_to_ch_palatal,t,tɕ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *tělo 'body',ciało /ˈtɕa.wɔ/,*t before a front vowel became ć [tɕ] (Old Polish /tɕʲaɫɔ/).,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch_palatal
t_to_ch_palatal,t,tɕ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *teplъ 'warm',ciepły /ˈtɕɛ.pwɘ/,*t before *e became ć [tɕ] (Old Polish /tɕʲɛpɫiː/).,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch_palatal
t_to_ch_palatal,t,tɕ,Korean,Koreanic,false,"Middle Korean 디다 ti-ta 'to fall, to drop'",지다 jida /tɕida/,Middle Korean /t/ before /i/ became the affricate ㅈ /tɕ/.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch_palatal
t_to_ch_palatal,t,tɕ,Korean,Koreanic,false,Middle Korean 디〯나다〮 tǐnà-tá 'to pass',지나다 jinada,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch_palatal
t_to_ch_palatal,t,tɕ,Korean,Koreanic,false,Middle Korean 딕ᄒᆞ다〮 tìkhò-tá 'to guard',지키다 jikida,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ch_palatal
t_to_d,t,d,Latin to Spanish/French,Romance,false,vita [t],vida [d/ð],Latin intervocalic [t] voices to [d] in Spanish.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Latin to Spanish/French,Romance,false,catena,cadena [d],Latin [t] voices to [d] in Spanish.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Latin to Spanish/French,Romance,false,rota,roue [ø],"French historical voicing [t] > [d], then further lenition and elision.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Korean,Koreanic,true,바다 /pata/ 'sea',[pa̠da̠],Lax /t/ (ㄷ) is voiced [d] between voiced sounds and voiceless [t] word-initially.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Korean,Koreanic,true,어디 /ʌti/ 'where',[ʌ̹di],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Korean,Koreanic,true,구두 /kutu/ 'dress shoes',[kudu],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Oghuz Turkic,Turkic,false,"Old Turkic toquz ""9"" [t]",Turkish dokuz,Initial t- voiced in Oghuz; Kazakh and Uzbek keep t-.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Oghuz Turkic,Turkic,false,"Old Turkic tiz ""knee""",Turkish diz,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Proto-Zapotec to Isthmus Zapotec,Oto-Manguean,false,*seteʔ 'salt',zidi,lenis *t is voiced; cf. Valley Zapotec zedəꞌ,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Proto-Zapotec to Isthmus Zapotec,Oto-Manguean,false,*yoʔo tawoʔ 'temple',yuꞌduꞌ,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Palauan,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *mata 'eye',mad,"PMP *t became Palauan d, which is often realized as the fricative [ð].",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Palauan,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tian 'belly',diyl,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Palauan,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taləs 'taro',dait,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Palauan,Malayo-Polynesian,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *təbuh 'sugar cane',deb,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Chicahuaxtla Triqui,Mixtecan,false,Proto-Trique *takãã 'hill',dakã,All stops became voiced in non-final syllables; Copala takãã and Itunyoso takã keep t.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Chicahuaxtla Triqui,Mixtecan,false,Proto-Trique *taʔaa 'to grab',daʔa,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Chicahuaxtla Triqui,Mixtecan,false,Proto-Trique *tuku 'to play',duku,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Somali,Lowland East Cushitic,false,"Proto-Somaloid *mataħ 'head' (Rendille matah', Oromo mataa)",madax /ˈmɑ̄dɑ́ħ/ 'head',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Somali,Lowland East Cushitic,false,"Proto-Somaloid *ʔati 'you (sg.)' (Rendille ati, Oromo ati)",adiga /ʔɑ̀ˈdɪ́ɡɑ̀/ 'you (sg.)',Sasse's correspondences give Somali /t/ word-initially and /d/ between vowels for Proto-East Cushitic *t.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Proto-Brythonic,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *rotos 'wheel',*rrod (Welsh rhod),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Proto-Brythonic,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *bitus 'world',*bɨd (Old Welsh bid),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Proto-Brythonic,Brythonic,false,"Proto-Celtic *toutā 'people, tribe'",*tʉd,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Proto-Brythonic,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *wātis 'seer',*gwọd (Welsh gwawd),"Brythonic lenition voiced intervocalic voiceless stops; Old Irish has [θ] instead (roth, bith, túath, fáith).",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Old Persian to Middle Persian,Southwestern Iranian,false,Old Persian 𐎱𐎡𐎫𐎠 pitā 'father',pidar,Postvocalic voiceless stops became voiced in Middle Persian; Persian pedar.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Old Persian to Middle Persian,Southwestern Iranian,false,Old Persian 𐎲𐎼𐎠𐎫𐎠 brātā 'brother',"brād, brādar",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Old Persian to Middle Persian,Southwestern Iranian,false,Old Persian 𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎫 šiyāta 'happy',šād,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Proto-Iranian to Parthian,Northwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *bráHtā 'brother',brād,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Proto-Iranian to Parthian,Northwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *cwaytáh 'white',ispēd,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian տուն (tun) 'house',Western Armenian [dun] (Eastern Armenian [tun]),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian տարի (tari) 'year',Western Armenian [dɑɾí] (Eastern Armenian [tɑɾí]),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_d,t,d,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian տեղ (teł) 'place',Western Armenian [deʁ] (Eastern Armenian [teʁ]),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/d
t_to_empty,t,∅,English,Germanic,false,Middle English Cristemasse,Christmas /ˈkɹɪsməs/,Loss of /t/ between /s/ and a following consonant or syllabic sonorant.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/empty
t_to_empty,t,∅,English,Germanic,false,Middle English castel,castle /ˈkɑːsəl/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/empty
t_to_empty,t,∅,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit गत gatá 'gone',Prakrit 𑀕𑀅 gaa,Intervocalic stops were lost; Wiktionary also lists the hiatus-filling variant 𑀕𑀬 gaya.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/empty
t_to_empty,t,∅,Prakrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Ashokan Prakrit 𑀫𑀢 mata 'dead',Prakrit 𑀫𑀅 maa,Sauraseni has the voiced form 𑀫𑀼𑀤 muda instead.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/empty
t_to_empty,t,∅,Proto-Hmong-Mien to White Hmong (Hmong Daw),Hmong-Mien,false,*jat 'eight',yim,"RPA spelling; the final letter marks tone, not a consonant",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/empty
t_to_empty,t,∅,Proto-Hmong-Mien to White Hmong (Hmong Daw),Hmong-Mien,false,*mbrat 'spicy',ntsim,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/empty
t_to_f,t,f,Proto-Oceanic to Rotuman,Central Pacific,false,POc *kutu 'louse',ʻufu,,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/f
t_to_f,t,f,Proto-Oceanic to Rotuman,Central Pacific,false,POc *qutan 'bushland',ufa,,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/f
t_to_f,t,f,Proto-Oceanic to Rotuman,Central Pacific,false,POc *qatule 'bigeye scad',afule,,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/f
t_to_f,t,f,Proto-Oceanic to Rotuman,Central Pacific,false,"POc *qoti 'finished, used up'",ofi,,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/f
t_to_f,t,f,Proto-Oceanic to Rotuman,Central Pacific,false,POc *putun 'Barringtonia asiatica',hufu,POc *p became h in the same word.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/f
t_to_glottal_stop,t,ʔ,Cockney English,Germanic,true,butter [ˈbʌtə],[ˈbʌʔə],Classic intervocalic glottalization of /t/.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/glottal_stop
t_to_glottal_stop,t,ʔ,Cockney English,Germanic,true,bottle /ˈbɒtəl/,[ˈbɔ.ʔɫʷ],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/glottal_stop
t_to_glottal_stop,t,ʔ,American English,Germanic,true,button /ˈbʌt.ən/,[ˈbʌʔ.n̩],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/glottal_stop
t_to_glottal_stop,t,ʔ,American English,Germanic,true,kitten /ˈkɪtən̩/,[kʰɪʔn̩],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/glottal_stop
t_to_glottal_stop,t,ʔ,Wu and Jin Chinese,Sinitic,false,八 MC peat [-t],Shanghainese paʔ [paʔ],Final stops of Middle Chinese merged into a glottal stop in Wu and Jin; Cantonese keeps -p -t -k.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/glottal_stop
t_to_glottal_stop,t,ʔ,Wu and Jin Chinese,Sinitic,false,七 MC tshit 'seven',Shanghainese [t͡ɕʰiɪʔ⁵⁵],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/glottal_stop
t_to_glottal_stop,t,ʔ,Wu and Jin Chinese,Sinitic,false,一 MC ʔjit 'one',Shanghainese [iɪʔ⁵⁵],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/glottal_stop
t_to_glottal_stop,t,ʔ,Proto-Cariban to Pemongan,Cariban,false,*ikutupô 'lake',"Akawaio, Pemon iku'pö; Macushi iku'pî",Pre-consonantal *t > ʔ after syncope; cf. Tiriyó ikutupë,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/glottal_stop
t_to_glottal_stop,t,ʔ,Proto-Cariban to Pemongan,Cariban,false,*pitupô 'skin',Akawaio pi'pï; Macushi pi'pî,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/glottal_stop
t_to_glottal_stop,t,ʔ,Proto-Cariban to Pemongan,Cariban,false,*jôtɨpô 'bone',Macushi ye'pî; Pemon ye'pö,cf. Tiriyó jetïpë,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/glottal_stop
t_to_glottal_stop,t,ʔ,Makassarese,South Sulawesi,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *laŋit 'sky',langi',Final PMP *t merged with *k as the glottal stop in Makassarese.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/glottal_stop
t_to_glottal_stop,t,ʔ,Makassarese,South Sulawesi,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pukət 'dragnet',puka',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/glottal_stop
t_to_glottal_stop,t,ʔ,Makassarese,South Sulawesi,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paqit 'bitterness',pai',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/glottal_stop
t_to_h,t,h,Liverpool English (Scouse),West Germanic,true,"it /ɪt/, lot /lɒt/","[ɪh], [lɒh]","Pre-pausal /t/ is debuccalized to [h] in Liverpool English, mainly in a small set of high-frequency function words.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/h
t_to_h,t,h,Liverpool English (Scouse),West Germanic,true,"that /ðat/, what /wɒt/","[d̪ah], [wɒh]",The constraints on pre-pausal [h] have stayed stable in Liverpool across generations.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/h
t_to_j_affricate,t,dʒ,Proto-Siouan to Kansa / Ioway-Otoe,Siouan,false,*(i-)sį́·te 'tail',Kansa sį́ǰe; Ioway-Otoe síⁿje,Kansa ǰ = /dʒ/,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/j_affricate
t_to_j_affricate,t,dʒ,Proto-Siouan to Kansa / Ioway-Otoe,Siouan,false,*(wa-)hpé·te 'fire',Kansa ppéǰe; Ioway-Otoe péje,cf. Quapaw ppétte,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/j_affricate
t_to_j_glide,t,j,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *ph₂tḗr 'father',հայր (hayr) 'father',Wiktionary gives Proto-Armenian *hatir > *hayir.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/j_glide
t_to_j_glide,t,j,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *méh₂tēr 'mother',մայր (mayr) 'mother',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/j_glide
t_to_j_glide,t,j,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *bʰréh₂tēr 'brother',եղբայր (ełbayr) 'brother',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/j_glide
t_to_k,t,k,Hawaiian,Polynesian,false,*tapu [t] (Proto-Polynesian),kapu [k] (taboo),Hawaiian systematically shifted all historical [t] sounds to [k].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/k
t_to_k,t,k,Hawaiian,Polynesian,false,*tanata,kanaka,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/k
t_to_k,t,k,Proto-Chamic to Cham,Chamic,false,*hulat 'worm',Eastern Cham halak,word-final *-t > -k; cf. Acehnese ulat,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/k
t_to_k,t,k,Proto-Chamic to Cham,Chamic,false,*laŋit 'sky',Eastern Cham langik,cf. Acehnese langèt,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/k
t_to_k,t,k,Proto-Chamic to Cham,Chamic,false,*paːt 'four',Eastern Cham pak,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/k
t_to_k,t,k,Proto-Chamic to Cham,Chamic,false,*phit 'bitter',Eastern Cham phik,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/k
t_to_k,t,k,Proto-Chamic to Cham,Chamic,false,*palaːt 'palm of hand',Western Cham palak,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/k
t_to_n,t,n,Korean,Koreanic,true,낱말 nat-mal 'word' (coda [t̚] before [m]),[ˈna(ː)nmaɭ],"Obligatory regressive nasalization: the coronal coda, neutralized to [t̚], becomes [n] before a nasal.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/n
t_to_n,t,n,Korean,Koreanic,true,끝나다 kkeut-nada 'to end' (coda [t̚] before [n]),[k͈ɯnnada],The neutralized coronal coda becomes [n] before the nasal [n].,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/n
t_to_n,t,n,Latin,Italic,false,Proto-Italic *petnā 'feather',penna,The cluster *tn assimilated to nn; the dialectal variant pinna shows the same assimilation.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/n
t_to_n,t,n,Latin,Italic,false,Proto-Italic *atnos 'year',annus,*tn > nn; cf. Gothic aþn- and Oscan akno-.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/n
t_to_n,t,n,Kuna (Guna),Eastern Isthmic,false,"Proto-Chibchan *taB(a) 'earth, floor, mud'","nappa 'earth, land, ground'","Pache follows Constenla in deriving Kuna n from Proto-Chibchan *t; Kuna p and k stay unchanged (apa 'body', kapa 'to sleep').",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/n
t_to_n,t,n,Kuna (Guna),Eastern Isthmic,false,Proto-Chibchan *takamb- ~ *tambak- 'snake',nakpe 'snake',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/n
t_to_n,t,n,Kuna (Guna),Eastern Isthmic,false,Proto-Chibchan *taukaʔ 'calabash',"noka 'calabash, drinking vessel'",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/n
t_to_n,t,n,Kuna (Guna),Eastern Isthmic,false,Proto-Chibchan *taʔ 'rattle',naa 'gourd rattle',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/n
t_to_r,t,r,Hausa,Chadic,false,*fátkée 'itinerant trader' (cf. pl. fátàakée),fářkée,Klingenheben's law (coronal rule): a syllable-final coronal stop becomes a rolled r,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/r
t_to_r,t,r,Hausa,Chadic,false,'yáatásà 'his daughter','yářsà,In the clipped form the t becomes syllable-final,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/r
t_to_r,t,r,"Proto-Saharan to Kanuri, Teda-Daza",Western Saharan,false,Proto-Saharan *tu 'to see',"Kanuri rú, Teda-Daza ru","Proto-Saharan reconstructions are Cyffer's (2020, Oxford Handbook of African Languages) as tabulated on Wikipedia. The homophonous demonstrative *tu 'that' keeps t (Kanuri túdu, Teda-Daza te̥ye), so the change is not general in initial position.",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/r
t_to_r,t,r,"Proto-Saharan to Kanuri, Teda-Daza",Western Saharan,false,Proto-Saharan *kut 'big',"Kanuri kúra, Teda-Daza kɔra",Final *t surfaces as r before an added vowel; Beria ʊ́gʊ́rī also has r.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/r
t_to_r_flap,t,ɾ,American English,Germanic,true,butter,[bʌɾɚ],Phonemically /bʌtɚ/ but phonetically realized with flap,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/r_flap
t_to_r_flap,t,ɾ,American English,Germanic,true,latter,[læɾɚ],Homophonous with ladder in many North American dialects,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/r_flap
t_to_r_flap,t,ɾ,American English,Germanic,true,water /t/,[ˈwɔːɾəɹ],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/r_flap
t_to_r_flap,t,ɾ,American English,Germanic,true,better /t/,[ˈbɛɾəɹ],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/r_flap
t_to_r_flap,t,ɾ,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tarahumara (Rarámuri),Tarahumaran,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *tïʼni 'mouth',Tarahumara riní,Tarahumara /ɾ/; the related Huichol téni and Mayo teeni keep t.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/r_flap
t_to_r_flap,t,ɾ,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tarahumara (Rarámuri),Tarahumaran,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *tapputi-ci 'flea' (diminutive),Tarahumara ripuchí,"Guarijío tehpucí, from the same formation, keeps t.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/r_flap
t_to_s,t,s,Proto-Bantu to Swahili,Bantu,false,*ìtíkʊ̀ 'day',siku,Bantu spirantization: *t > s before the first-degree high vowel *i,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/s
t_to_s,t,s,Proto-Bantu to Swahili,Bantu,false,*bʊ̀tíkʊ̀ 'night',usiku,,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/s
t_to_s,t,s,Proto-Bantu to Swahili,Bantu,false,*mpítí 'hyena',fisi,Both stops spirantize; cf. Zulu impisi,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/s
t_to_s,t,s,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *etan 'to eat',ëȥȥan,,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/s
t_to_s,t,s,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *watar 'water',waȥȥar,,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/s
t_to_s,t,s,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *witan 'to know',wiȥȥan,,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/s
t_to_s,t,s,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *bītan 'to bite',bīȥan,,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/s
t_to_s,t,s,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *fōt 'foot',fuoȥ,,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/s
t_to_s,t,s,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *hwīt 'white',wīȥ,"After vowels *t became a voiceless sibilant fricative (written ȥȥ, ȥ or zz), distinct from inherited s until the two merged from the 13th century (German essen). Old Saxon keeps t (etan, watar, fōt).",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/s
t_to_t_aspirated,t,tʰ,English,Germanic,true,/t/ syllable-initial,[tʰ],'tip' [tʰɪp] vs. 'stick' [stɪk]: word-initial /t/ is aspirated; post-/s/ /t/ is unaspirated. Both are allophones of the single phoneme /t/.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_aspirated
t_to_t_aspirated,t,tʰ,English,Germanic,true,top /tɒp/,[tʰɒp],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_aspirated
t_to_t_aspirated,t,tʰ,English,Germanic,true,ten /tɛn/,[tʰɛn],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_aspirated
t_to_t_aspirated,t,tʰ,Proto-Bantu to Zulu / Xhosa,Bantu,false,*-tátʊ̀ 'three',-thathu [tʰatʰu],Nguni aspiration of Proto-Bantu *t; cf. Swahili -tatu,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_aspirated
t_to_t_aspirated,t,tʰ,Proto-Bantu to Zulu / Xhosa,Bantu,false,*màtáì 'saliva',"Zulu, Xhosa amathe",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_aspirated
t_to_t_aspirated,t,tʰ,Proto-Bantu to Zulu / Xhosa,Bantu,false,*mʊ̀tɪ́ 'tree',"Zulu umuthi, Xhosa umthi",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_aspirated
t_to_t_aspirated,t,tʰ,Proto-Bantu to Zulu / Xhosa,Bantu,false,*-téta 'to speak',"Zulu, Xhosa -thetha",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_aspirated
t_to_t_aspirated,t,tʰ,Pre-Hlai to Proto-Hlai (Baoding Hlai),Hlai,false,Pre-Hlai *tuː 'seven',Proto-Hlai *tʰuː > Baoding Hlai tou /tʰou˥˧/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_aspirated
t_to_t_aspirated,t,tʰ,Pre-Hlai to Proto-Hlai (Baoding Hlai),Hlai,false,"Pre-Hlai *tun 'speech, language'",Proto-Hlai *tʰun > Baoding Hlai tun /tʰun˥˧/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_aspirated
t_to_t_aspirated,t,tʰ,Pre-Hlai to Proto-Hlai (Baoding Hlai),Hlai,false,Pre-Hlai *tiːp 'chopsticks',Proto-Hlai *tʰiːp > Baoding Hlai tiep /tʰiːp˥/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_aspirated
t_to_t_aspirated,t,tʰ,Pre-Hlai to Proto-Hlai (Baoding Hlai),Hlai,false,Pre-Hlai *tɯːʔ 'short',Proto-Hlai *tʰɯːʔ,"Pre-Hlai and Proto-Hlai forms are Norquest's (2015) reconstructions as listed in the Wiktionary appendix; Initial Aspiration turned Pre-Hlai plain voiceless stops into aspirates, and the aspirate is kept in Standard Hlai.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_aspirated
t_to_t_aspirated,t,tʰ,Proto-Pearic to Chong,Pearic,false,Proto-Pearic *taːɲ 'to weave',tʰaːɲ,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_aspirated
t_to_t_aspirated,t,tʰ,Proto-Pearic to Chong,Pearic,false,Proto-Pearic *tmoːˀ 'stone',tʰmoːˀ,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_aspirated
t_to_t_aspirated,t,tʰ,Proto-Pearic to Chong,Pearic,false,Proto-Austroasiatic *toʔ 'hot',tʰuːˀ,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_aspirated
t_to_t_aspirated,t,tʰ,Proto-Pearic to Chong,Pearic,false,Proto-Austroasiatic *tɔːtʔ 'wart',Chong of Chantaburi katʰoːt,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_aspirated
t_to_t_aspirated,t,tʰ,Proto-Austroasiatic to Proto-Khasian and Khasi,Khasic,false,Proto-Austroasiatic *taːɲ 'to weave',"Proto-Khasian *tʰaaɲ, Khasi thaiñ",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_aspirated
t_to_t_aspirated,t,tʰ,Proto-Austroasiatic to Proto-Khasian and Khasi,Khasic,false,Proto-Austroasiatic *tlan 'python',"Proto-Khasian *tʰlən, Khasi thlen",Khasi ⟨th⟩ is the aspirated stop [tʰ].,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_aspirated
t_to_t_palatal,t,c,Czech,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *tixъ 'quiet',tichý [ˈcɪxiː],"Inherited *t before *i became palatal ť, written ⟨t⟩ before ⟨i⟩.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_palatal
t_to_t_palatal,t,c,Czech,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *tělo 'body',tělo [ˈcɛlo],Before *ě the same palatal ť arose; Old Czech is reconstructed as /ˈci̯ɛɫo/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_palatal
t_to_t_palatal,t,c,Slovak,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *děti 'children',deti [ˈɟeci],Final *ti became [ci]; the initial *d shows the parallel change to [ɟ].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_palatal
t_to_t_palatal,t,c,Slovak,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *platiti 'to pay',platiť [ˈplacic],Both the medial and the final *t became palatal before *i.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_palatal
t_to_t_palatal,t,c,Paiwan,Paiwan,false,PAn *təlu 'three',tjelu,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_palatal
t_to_t_palatal,t,c,Paiwan,Paiwan,false,PAn *tənun 'to weave (cloth)',tjenun,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_palatal
t_to_t_palatal,t,c,Paiwan,Paiwan,false,PAn *təbuS 'sugarcane',tjevus,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_palatal
t_to_t_palatal,t,c,Paiwan,Paiwan,false,PAn *pitu 'seven',pitju,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_palatal
t_to_t_palatal,t,c,Paiwan,Paiwan,false,PAn *Səpat 'four',sepatj,Paiwan ⟨tj⟩ is the voiceless palatal stop /c/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_palatal
t_to_t_palatalized,t,tʲ,Russian,East Slavic,true,брат,/brat/,brother,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_palatalized
t_to_t_palatalized,t,tʲ,Russian,East Slavic,true,братья,/ˈbratʲjə/,brothers,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_palatalized
t_to_t_palatalized,t,tʲ,Lithuanian,Baltic,true,tėvas,[ˈtʲeːʋɐs],'father',5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_palatalized
t_to_t_palatalized,t,tʲ,Lithuanian,Baltic,true,tiltas,[¹ˈtʲɪltɐs],'bridge',5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_palatalized
t_to_t_palatalized,t,tʲ,Proto-Celtic to Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *tegos 'house',Old Irish tech /ˈt̠ʲex/,"Before a front vowel, Primitive Irish consonants became palatalized ('slender'); the resulting broad–slender opposition later became phonemic.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_palatalized
t_to_t_palatalized,t,tʲ,Proto-Celtic to Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *tīros 'land',Old Irish tír /ˈt̠ʲiːɾʲ/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_palatalized
t_to_t_palatalized,t,tʲ,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *tělo 'body',тяло [ˈtʲa̟ɫo],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_palatalized
t_to_t_palatalized,t,tʲ,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,Old Church Slavonic летѣти 'to fly',летя [lɛˈtʲa̟],"In Eastern (standard) Bulgarian stressed yat *ě became [ʲa] before a hard syllable, leaving the preceding consonant palatalized.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_palatalized
t_to_t_retroflex,t,ʈ,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *Haštā́ 'eight',aṣṭā́ / aṣṭá [ɐʂʈaː],The *t retroflexed after the preceding retroflex sibilant; Avestan ašta keeps t.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_retroflex
t_to_t_retroflex,t,ʈ,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hištás 'desired',iṣṭá,Avestan išta keeps t.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_retroflex
t_to_t_retroflex,t,ʈ,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *dr̥štás 'seen',dṛṣṭá,Past participle of dṛś 'see' with the suffix -ta.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_retroflex
t_to_t_retroflex,t,ʈ,Sanskrit,Indo-Aryan,false,Proto-Indo-Iranian *naštás 'lost',naṣṭá,Avestan našta keeps t.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/t_retroflex
t_to_th_vless,t,θ,PIE to Proto-Germanic (Grimm's Law),Germanic,false,PIE *treyes (three),"Proto-Germanic *þrīz → English three, Gothic þreis","Grimm's Law (First Germanic Consonant Shift, c. 500–200 BCE): PIE voiceless stops *p *t *k shifted to fricatives *f *θ *x in Proto-Germanic. The *t → *θ arm is the most visible, preserved as ⟨th⟩ [θ] in Gothic and Old English. Latin tres vs. English three exemplifies the change.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/th_vless
t_to_th_vless,t,θ,PIE to Proto-Germanic (Grimm's Law),Germanic,false,PIE *h₁dónt- (tooth),"Proto-Germanic *tanþuz → English tooth, Gothic tunþus","The coda *t → *θ is visible in Gothic ⟨þ⟩ and in the English spelling ⟨th⟩. Compare Latin dens (genitive dentis), which preserves the original stop.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/th_vless
t_to_th_vless,t,θ,PIE to Proto-Germanic (Grimm's Law),Germanic,false,PIE *túh₂ 'you (sg.)',Proto-Germanic *þū /θuː/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/th_vless
t_to_th_vless,t,θ,PIE to Proto-Germanic (Grimm's Law),Germanic,false,PIE *tewtéh₂ 'people',Proto-Germanic *þeudō /ˈθeu̯.ðɔː/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/th_vless
t_to_th_vless,t,θ,PIE to Proto-Germanic (Grimm's Law),Germanic,false,PIE *bʰréh₂tēr 'brother',Proto-Germanic *brōþēr /ˈbrɔː.θɛːr/,Medial *t gave *þ where the accent preceded it; after an unstressed syllable Verner's law gave *ð instead (*fadēr).,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/th_vless
t_to_th_vless,t,θ,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *ɸatīr 'father',athair,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/th_vless
t_to_th_vless,t,θ,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *brātīr 'brother',bráthair,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/th_vless
t_to_th_vless,t,θ,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,"Proto-Celtic *toutā 'people, tribe'",túath,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/th_vless
t_to_th_vless,t,θ,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *rotos 'wheel',roth,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/th_vless
t_to_th_vless,t,θ,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *bitus 'world',bith,"Intervocalic *t became a voiceless dental fricative; Old Irish writes non-initial ⟨th⟩ for [θ] (áth /aːθ/ 'ford'), contrasting with Brythonic voicing to *d (*rrod, *bɨd).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/th_vless
t_to_tl,t,tɬ,Classical Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *taka-ta,"tlācatl /tɬaːkatɬ/ 'man, person'",Via Proto-Nahuan *tlaaka-tl; both the initial *t and the absolutive suffix *-ta show *t > tɬ before *a.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/tl
t_to_tl,t,tɬ,Classical Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *maʼta-ta,"metlatl 'metate, grinding stone'",Via Proto-Nahuan *mətla-tl; medial *t before *a > tɬ.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/tl
t_to_tl,t,tɬ,Classical Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *tahi-ta,tletl 'fire',"Via Proto-Nahuan *tai(h)-tl; the conditioning *a was later changed, but tɬ remains. Compare non-Nahuan cognates with plain t: Yaqui taji, Cora taíj, Huichol tái.",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/tl
t_to_tl,t,tɬ,Classical Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *taha 'burn',tlatla 'to burn',Via Proto-Nahuan *tlatla; initial *t before *a > tɬ.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/tl
t_to_tl,t,tɬ,Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *taka-ta,"tlacatl 'man, person'","Via Proto-Nahuan *tlaaka-tl, as in Classical Nahuatl; both *t before *a became tɬ.",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/tl
t_to_tl,t,tɬ,Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *kwittaC-ta,cuitlatl 'excrement',Via Proto-Nahuan *kʷitla-tl; medial *t before *a > tɬ.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/tl
t_to_ts,t,ts,Japanese,Japonic,true,/tuki/ 月 tsuki 'moon',[t͡sɨ̥kʲi],Native /t/ is realized as the affricate [t͡s] before /u/.,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ts
t_to_ts,t,ts,Japanese,Japonic,true,/natu/ 夏 natsu 'summer',[na̠t͡sɨ],,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ts
t_to_ts,t,ts,Malagasy,Barito,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *putiq 'white',fotsy,PMP *t became the affricate ts before *i (word-final -y is the spelling of i).,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ts
t_to_ts,t,ts,Malagasy,Barito,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *punti 'banana',fontsy,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ts
t_to_ts,t,ts,Malagasy,Barito,false,"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zaqat 'bad, evil'",ratsy,"Final *-t with the Malagasy paragogic vowel -i yields -tsy; contrast -tra after other vowels, as in lanitra < *laŋit.",3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ts
t_to_ts,t,ts,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *tungā 'tongue',zunga,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ts
t_to_ts,t,ts,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *tanþ 'tooth',zand,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ts
t_to_ts,t,ts,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *tehun 'ten',zehan,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ts
t_to_ts,t,ts,Old High German,High German,false,"Proto-West Germanic *talljan 'to count, tell'",zellen,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ts
t_to_ts,t,ts,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *tīdi 'time',zīt,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ts
t_to_ts,t,ts,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *hertā 'heart',hërza,,3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ts
t_to_ts,t,ts,Old High German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *salt 'salt',salz,"High German consonant shift: *t became the affricate z [ts] word-initially, after l, r, n and in geminates (*sittjan > sitzen); after vowels it became the fricative ȥȥ instead. Old Saxon keeps t (tunga, tand, tehan).",3,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/ts
t_to_x,t,x,Sakhalin Ainu,Ainu,false,"set 'bed, nest', coda t (kept in Hokkaido Ainu, Ishikari word list)",seh 'bed',"Hokkaido Ainu keeps the conservative coda stop, so the from-forms show the older pronunciation; the Sakhalin form is from the Karafuto word list.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/x
t_to_x,t,x,Sakhalin Ainu,Ainu,false,"kut 'belt, sash', coda t (kept in Hokkaido Ainu, Ishikari word list)",kuh 'belt',Wiktionary links the two as dialect synonyms.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/x
t_to_z,t,z,Hungarian,Ugric,false,Proto-Uralic *kota 'house',ház 'house',"Finnish kota 'hut', Khanty xot 'house'.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/z
t_to_z,t,z,Hungarian,Ugric,false,Proto-Uralic *mete 'honey',méz 'honey',"Finnish mesi, stem mete-.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/z
t_to_z,t,z,Hungarian,Ugric,false,Proto-Uralic *käte 'hand',kéz 'hand',"Finnish käsi, stem käte-.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/t/z
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,"English dialects (New York City, Sheffield, Inland North)",West Germanic,false,the [ðə],[də],Th-stopping; the from is the conservative pronunciation with [ð] that these dialects inherited. Sheffield speech is nicknamed 'dee-dar' for initial /ð/ > /d/.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,"English dialects (New York City, Sheffield, Inland North)",West Germanic,false,than [ðæn],"[dæn], homophonous with Dan",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,Swedish,North Germanic,false,Old Norse góðr /ˈɡoːðr̩/ 'good' (Old Swedish goþer),god /ɡuːd/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,Swedish,North Germanic,false,Old Norse blóð 'blood' (Old Swedish bloþ),blod /bluːd/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,Swedish,North Germanic,false,Old Norse dáð 'deed' (Old Swedish dāþ),dåd /doːd/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,Egyptian Arabic,Central Semitic,false,Classical Arabic ذَهَب ḏahab [ðahab] 'gold',دهب /dahab/,Inherited /ð/ regularly became /d/.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,Egyptian Arabic,Central Semitic,false,Classical Arabic ذَكَر ḏakar 'male',دكر dákar 'male',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,Maltese,Central Semitic,false,Arabic ذَنَب ḏanab 'tail',denb 'tail',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,Maltese,Central Semitic,false,"Arabic ذَقَن ḏaqan 'chin, beard'",daqna 'beard',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,Classical Syriac,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ḏaḳan- 'beard',ܕܻ݁ܩܢܳܐ diqnā 'beard',Jewish Aramaic has דִּקְנָא diqnā.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,Classical Syriac,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ḏikar- 'male',ܕܷ݁ܟܪܳܐ deḵrā 'male; ram',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,Classical Syriac,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ḏanab- 'tail',ܕܾ݁ܘܢܒ݁ܐ dunḇā 'tail',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,Classical Syriac,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ḏiʔb- 'wolf',ܕ݁ܶܐܒܳܐ deʾḇā 'wolf',"Aramaic merged *ḏ with d; Hebrew has z (zāqān, zāḵār).",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,Ugaritic,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ḏaḳan- 'beard',𐎄𐎖𐎐 dqn (daqanu) 'beard; chin',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,Ugaritic,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ḏikar- 'male',𐎄𐎋𐎗 dkr (dakaru) 'male; ram',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,Ugaritic,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ʔuḏn- 'ear',𐎜𐎄𐎐 ʾudn (ʾudnu) 'ear',"Ugaritic spelling also keeps a separate ḏ letter in other words (𐎏𐎐𐎁 ḏanabu 'tail'), so the merger with d was incomplete in the attested texts.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,Soqotri,Modern South Arabian,false,Proto-Semitic *ḏanab- 'tail',dínob,Mehri keeps the interdental in ḏənūb.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,Soqotri,Modern South Arabian,false,Proto-Semitic *ḏaḳan- 'beard',díḳehon 'beard',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,Soqotri,Modern South Arabian,false,Proto-Semitic *ʔuḏn- 'ear',ʾídihen 'ear',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,Proto-West Germanic,West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *fadēr /ˈɸɑ.ðɛːr/ 'father',*fader (Old English fæder /ˈfæ.der/),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,Proto-West Germanic,West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *raudaz /ˈrɑu̯.ðɑz/ 'red',*raud (Old English rēad /ræ͜ɑːd/),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,Proto-West Germanic,West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *gōdaz /ˈɣɔː.ðɑz/ 'good',*gōd (Old English gōd /ɡoːd/),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_d,ð,d,Proto-West Germanic,West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *midjaz /ˈmið.jɑz/ 'middle',"*midi (Old English midd, Old Saxon middi)","West Germanic fortition turned the fricative [ð] into the stop [d] in all positions, while [β] and [ɣ] were kept; Old Norse keeps ð (faðir, rauðr, góðr).",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/d
th_vced_to_empty,ð,∅,Spanish,Romance,true,hablado [aˈβ̞la.ð̞o] 'spoken',hablao [aˈβlao],Elision of intervocalic [ð] is most advanced in the -ado participle ending; widespread in Peninsular and many American varieties.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/empty
th_vced_to_empty,ð,∅,Spanish,Romance,true,pescado /pesˈkado/ 'fish',[pexˈkao] (Madrid),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/empty
th_vced_to_empty,ð,∅,Old French,Romance,false,"Latin medietātem, 7th c. [mei̯ˈtieð]",moitié [mei̯ˈtie] (12th c.) 'half',Gallo-Romance [ð] from intervocalic Latin t/d was lost around 1100.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/empty
th_vced_to_empty,ð,∅,Old French,Romance,false,"Latin monēta, [moˈnei̯ðə]","moneie, monoie 'money'",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/empty
th_vced_to_empty,ð,∅,Norwegian,North Germanic,false,Old Norse góðr 'good',god /ɡuː/,"The spelling keeps d, but Old Norse ð is silent.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/empty
th_vced_to_empty,ð,∅,Norwegian,North Germanic,false,Old Norse rauðr 'red',rød /ɾøː/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/empty
th_vced_to_empty,ð,∅,Norwegian,North Germanic,false,Old Norse blóð 'blood',blod /bluː/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/empty
th_vced_to_empty,ð,∅,Faroese,North Germanic,false,Old Norse maðr 'man',maður /ˈmɛaːvʊɹ/,"ð is silent; a hiatus glide [v] or [j] fills the gap before /ʊ, ɪ/.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/empty
th_vced_to_empty,ð,∅,Faroese,North Germanic,false,laðin,[ˈlɛaːjɪn] '(of boats) full',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/empty
th_vced_to_gamma,ð,ɣ,Scottish Gaelic,Goidelic,false,"Old Irish mod /ˈmoð/ 'manner, work'","modh /mɔɣ/ 'manner, mode'","Non-initial Old Irish d was the fricative [ð]; the broad fricative is now velar, spelled dh like gh.",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/gamma
th_vced_to_gamma,ð,ɣ,Scottish Gaelic,Goidelic,false,"Old Irish clad /ˈklað/ 'ditch, trench'",cladh /kʰl̪ˠɤɣ/ 'churchyard',Irish cladh /klˠai/ has instead vocalized the fricative.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/gamma
th_vced_to_j_glide,ð,j,Middle Vietnamese to Saigon Vietnamese,Vietic,false,Middle Vietnamese da [ð] 'skin',Saigon [ja˧],"Southern Vietnamese merged d, gi and v into [j]; Hanoi has [za˧].",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/j_glide
th_vced_to_j_glide,ð,j,Middle Vietnamese to Saigon Vietnamese,Vietic,false,Middle Vietnamese dao [ð] 'knife',Saigon [jaːw˧˧],,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/j_glide
th_vced_to_j_glide,ð,j,Middle Vietnamese to Saigon Vietnamese,Vietic,false,Middle Vietnamese dày [ð] 'thick',Saigon [ja(ː)j˨˩],,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/j_glide
th_vced_to_n,ð,n,English,Anglo-Frisian,true,in the /ɪn ðə/,[ɪn̪ n̪ə],Connected-speech assimilation after /n/; the alveolar nasal becomes dental and /ð/ becomes a dental nasal.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/n
th_vced_to_n,ð,n,English,Anglo-Frisian,true,join the army /ˈdʒɔɪn ði ˈɑːmi/,[ˈdʒɔɪn̪ n̪i ˈɑːmi],Same assimilation; the resulting long [n̪n̪] can be the only cue distinguishing 'run the mile' [ˈɹʌn̪ n̪ə ˈmaɪl] from 'run a mile' [ˈɹʌn ə ˈmaɪl].,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/n
th_vced_to_r,ð,r,Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan to Chukchi,Chukotkan,false,*ðəlɣə 'finger',rəlɣəlɣən,"PCK *ð: Chukchi r, Koryak j, Alutor t",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/r
th_vced_to_r,ð,r,Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan to Chukchi,Chukotkan,false,*eðɣə- 'bright',erɣəlʔən,,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/r
th_vced_to_r_flap,ð,ɾ,Finnish (South Ostrobothnian),Finnic,false,Old Finnish *ð in tahdon 'I want',taharon,Word-internally r stands where the standard language has d. The r is the direct spoken reflex of old ð; standard d is a spelling pronunciation.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/r_flap
th_vced_to_r_flap,ð,ɾ,Finnish (South Ostrobothnian),Finnic,false,Old Finnish *ð in uuden 'new (genitive)',uuren,From the dialect sentence 'Mä taharon uuren puukoon lahajaks' ('I want a new knife as a present').,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/r_flap
th_vced_to_r_flap,ð,ɾ,Finnish (Tavastian),Finnic,false,Old Finnish *ð in padan 'pot (genitive)',paran,The r reflex is widespread in Tavastian; the older Tavastian l reflex gives palan.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/r_flap
th_vced_to_r_flap,ð,ɾ,Finnish (Tavastian),Finnic,false,Old Finnish *ð in lehden 'leaf (genitive)',lehren,Beside l-dialect lehlen. Mustanoja & O'Dell (2007) found that intervocalic r in such positions is a single tap about 90% of the time.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/r_flap
th_vced_to_t,ð,t,Finnish,Finnic,false,"Proto-Uralic *kuδa- 'to weave, spin'",Proto-Finnic *kutodak > Finnish kutoa,Erzya and Moksha кодамс (kodams) and Proto-Samic *koδētēk keep a voiced reflex.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/t
th_vced_to_t,ð,t,Finnish,Finnic,false,"Proto-Uralic *paδɜ 'dam, weir'",Proto-Finnic *pato > Finnish pato 'dam',Compare Proto-Samic *puoδō and Hungarian fal 'wall'.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/t
th_vced_to_t,ð,t,Finnish,Finnic,false,Proto-Uralic *piδe 'tall',Proto-Finnic *pitkä > Finnish pitkä 'long',Derived with a suffix; Hungarian fel 'up' is the cognate.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/t
th_vced_to_t,ð,t,Alutor,Chukotko-Kamchatkan,false,Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan *ðəlɣə 'finger',тылгылӈын təlɣəlŋən,Compare Chukchi рылгылгын rəlɣəlɣən with r.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/t
th_vced_to_t,ð,t,Alutor,Chukotko-Kamchatkan,false,Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan *eðɣə- 'bright',этгыэтг etɣəetɣ 'light',Compare Chukchi эргылъын erɣəlʔən.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/t
th_vced_to_t,ð,t,Alutor,Chukotko-Kamchatkan,false,Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan *kəð 'you',гытты ɣəttə,Compare Itelmen кәзза kəzza.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/t
th_vced_to_th_vless,ð,θ,Gothic,East Germanic,false,*beudaz; genitive biudis [ð] 'table',"biuþs [θ] nominative, biuþ accusative","Post-vocalic /d/ was the fricative [ð] before voiced sounds and was devoiced to [θ], spelled ⟨þ⟩, at the end of a word or before /s/; the plural biudōs keeps ⟨d⟩.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/th_vless
th_vced_to_th_vless,ð,θ,Gothic,East Germanic,false,baudana [ð] 'deaf' (accusative masculine),bauþs [bɔːθs] (nominative masculine),"Same alternation in the adjective, from Proto-Germanic *bauþaz, *baudaz.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/th_vless
th_vced_to_th_vless,ð,θ,Icelandic,North Germanic,true,"baðið 'the bath', final /ð/",[ˈpaːðɪθ],Voiced consonants are devoiced word-finally before a pause; the medial /ð/ stays voiced.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/th_vless
th_vced_to_th_vless,ð,θ,Icelandic,North Germanic,true,"maðkur 'worm', /ð/ before /k/",[ˈmaθkʏr̥],In Southern accents /ð/ is devoiced next to a following aspirated stop.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/th_vless
th_vced_to_th_vless,ð,θ,Spanish (North-Central Peninsular),Ibero-Romance,true,ciudad [θi̯uˈðað] 'city',[θi̯uˈðaθ],"Word-final /d/, realized as [ð] in most varieties, becomes voiceless [θ] in parts of Spain; Hualde and Eager (2016) found voiceless fricatives in all phrasal contexts in conversational Castilian, more often before a pause than before a vowel.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/th_vless
th_vced_to_th_vless,ð,θ,Spanish (North-Central Peninsular),Ibero-Romance,true,Madrid [maˈðɾið],[maˈðɾiθ],The colloquial pronunciation of the city's name in the Madrid area.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/th_vless
th_vced_to_v,ð,v,Cockney English,West Germanic,false,brothers [ˈbrʌðəz],[ˈbrɐvəz],"Medial and final /ð/ is fronted to [v]; the from is the conservative pronunciation with [ð] that Cockney inherited. Word-initial /ð/ in the, that rarely becomes [v].",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/v
th_vced_to_v,ð,v,Cockney English,West Germanic,false,"father, further (medial /ð/)","[ˈfɑːvə], furver",The band name The Bruvvers spells the same fronting.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/v
th_vced_to_v,ð,v,African American Vernacular English,West Germanic,false,smooth (final /ð/),[smuv],The from is the conservative pronunciation with [ð].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/v
th_vced_to_v,ð,v,African American Vernacular English,West Germanic,false,rather (medial /ð/),[ˈɹævə(ɹ)],Non-initial /ð/ is fronted to [v]; word-initial /ð/ is [ð] or stopped [d] instead.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/v
th_vced_to_v,ð,v,Siirt Arabic,Mesopotamian Arabic,false,Classical Arabic ḏahab 'gold',vahab,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/v
th_vced_to_v,ð,v,Siirt Arabic,Mesopotamian Arabic,false,"Classical Arabic ḏiʔb 'wolf', ḏubbāna 'fly', kaḏaba 'he lied'","vīb, vəbbāne, kəveb","All interdentals of the Siirt dialect became labiodentals: *θ > f (fa'lab 'fox'), *ð > v, emphatic *ðˤ > emphatic vˤ.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/v
th_vced_to_w,ð,w,Old Catalan,Occitano-Romance,false,Latin pedem 'foot' > early Romance *[ˈpɛð],peu [ˈpɛw],"Word-final [ð], left final by loss of the Latin final vowel, vocalized to [w]; the change is cited by Recasens for this word.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/w
th_vced_to_w,ð,w,Old Catalan,Occitano-Romance,false,Latin nīdum 'nest' > *[ˈnið],niu [ˈniw],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/w
th_vced_to_w,ð,w,Old Catalan,Occitano-Romance,false,Latin crēdit 'he believes' > *[ˈkɾɛð],creu [ˈkɾɛw],"Not to be confused with creu 'cross' < crucem, whose [w] comes from the affricate /dz/.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/w
th_vced_to_w,ð,w,Catalan,Occitano-Romance,false,Latin cadere 'to fall' > *[ˈkaðre] (after syncope),caure [ˈkawɾə],"Before a consonant created by syncope, [ð] vocalized as it did word-finally.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/w
th_vced_to_w,ð,w,Catalan,Occitano-Romance,false,Latin crēdere 'to believe' > *[ˈkɾeðre],creure,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/w
th_vced_to_w,ð,w,Catalan,Occitano-Romance,false,Latin rīdēre 'to laugh' > *[ˈriðre],riure [ˈriwɾə],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/w
th_vced_to_z,ð,z,Biblical Hebrew,Canaanite,false,Proto-Semitic *ḏaḳan- 'beard',זָקָן zāqān 'beard',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/z
th_vced_to_z,ð,z,Biblical Hebrew,Canaanite,false,Proto-Semitic *ḏikar- 'male',זָכָר zāḵār 'male',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/z
th_vced_to_z,ð,z,Biblical Hebrew,Canaanite,false,Proto-Semitic *ḏanab- 'tail',זָנָב zānāḇ 'tail',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/z
th_vced_to_z,ð,z,Biblical Hebrew,Canaanite,false,Proto-Semitic *ḏiʔb- 'wolf',זְאֵב zǝʾēḇ 'wolf',"Arabic keeps the interdental in ḏaqan, ḏakar, ḏanab, ḏiʔb.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/z
th_vced_to_z,ð,z,Akkadian,East Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ḏaḳan- 'beard',ziqnum 'beard',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/z
th_vced_to_z,ð,z,Akkadian,East Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ḏikar- 'male',zikarum 'male',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/z
th_vced_to_z,ð,z,Akkadian,East Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ḏanab- 'tail',zibbatum 'tail',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/z
th_vced_to_z,ð,z,Akkadian,East Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ḏiʔb- 'wolf',zībum,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/z
th_vced_to_z,ð,z,Akkadian,East Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ʔuḏn- 'ear',uznum 'ear',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/z
th_vced_to_z,ð,z,Ge'ez,Ethiopian Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ḏanab- 'tail',ዘነብ zänäb 'tail',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/z
th_vced_to_z,ð,z,Ge'ez,Ethiopian Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ḏiʔb- 'wolf',ዝእብ zəʾb 'hyena',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/z
th_vced_to_z,ð,z,Ge'ez,Ethiopian Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ʔuḏn- 'ear',እዝን ʾəzn 'ear',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/z
th_vced_to_z,ð,z,Middle Vietnamese to Hanoi Vietnamese,Austroasiatic,false,da [ða] 'skin' (17th c.),Hanoi [za],"The letter d, a dental fricative [ð] in Alexandre de Rhodes' 1651 dictionary, became [z] in the North",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/z
th_vced_to_z,ð,z,Middle Vietnamese to Hanoi Vietnamese,Austroasiatic,false,dao [ð] 'knife',Hanoi [zaːw˧˧],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/z
th_vced_to_z,ð,z,Middle Vietnamese to Hanoi Vietnamese,Austroasiatic,false,dày [ð] 'thick',Hanoi [zaj˨˩],,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vced/z
th_vless_to_d,θ,d,German,High German,false,Proto-Germanic *þrīz 'three',"OHG drī, German drei",,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/d
th_vless_to_d,θ,d,German,High German,false,*þū 'you (sg.)',du,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/d
th_vless_to_d,θ,d,German,High German,false,*þunnuz 'thin',dünn,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/d
th_vless_to_d,θ,d,German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *þorp 'village',Old High German dorf,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/d
th_vless_to_d,θ,d,German,High German,false,Proto-West Germanic *þak 'roof',"Old High German dah, German Dach",,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/d
th_vless_to_d,θ,d,Dutch,West Germanic,false,Old Dutch thrie 'three',drie,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/d
th_vless_to_d,θ,d,Dutch,West Germanic,false,*þunnuz 'thin',dun,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/d
th_vless_to_d,θ,d,Low German,West Germanic,false,Old Saxon thrīe 'three',"Middle Low German drê, Low German dree",,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/d
th_vless_to_d,θ,d,Low German,West Germanic,false,*þunnuz 'thin',Middle Low German dünne,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/d
th_vless_to_d,θ,d,Swedish,North Germanic,false,Old Swedish þū 'you (sg.)',du,"Only in unstressed function words; stressed words have t, as in Old Swedish þrīr > tre.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/d
th_vless_to_d,θ,d,Swedish,North Germanic,false,"Old Swedish þæt 'that, it'",det /dɛː/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/d
th_vless_to_empty,θ,∅,English,West Germanic,true,months /mʌnθs/,[mʌns],Informal reduction of the coda cluster /nθs/; the alternative [mʌnts] replaces θ with t instead.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/empty
th_vless_to_empty,θ,∅,English,West Germanic,true,sixth /sɪksθ/,[sɪks],Common reduced form before a following consonant.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/empty
th_vless_to_f,θ,f,Cockney English,West Germanic,false,thin [θɪn],"[fɪn], homophonous with fin","Classic London th-fronting, recorded for 'low English' of London as early as 1787; the from is the conservative pronunciation with [θ] that Cockney inherited.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/f
th_vless_to_f,θ,f,Cockney English,West Germanic,false,three /θɹiː/,pronounced like free,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/f
th_vless_to_f,θ,f,Pre-Proto-Italic to Proto-Italic,Italic,false,*θūmos 'smoke' (< PIE *dʰuh₂mós),*fūmos > Latin fūmus,"The *θ that PIE *dʰ gave word-initially became f; compare Greek θῡμός, which keeps the dental.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/f
th_vless_to_f,θ,f,Pre-Proto-Italic to Proto-Italic,Italic,false,*θakjō 'to make' (< PIE *dʰh₁k-),"*fakjō > Latin faciō, Oscan fakiíad",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/f
th_vless_to_h,θ,h,Old Irish to Irish,Goidelic,false,Old Irish athair 'father' (⟨th⟩ = [θ]),"Irish athair /ˈɑhəɾʲ/ (Munster), /ˈahəɾʲ/ (Mayo)",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/h
th_vless_to_h,θ,h,Old Irish to Irish,Goidelic,false,Old Irish máthir 'mother',Irish máthair /ˈmˠɑːhəɾʲ/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/h
th_vless_to_h,θ,h,Old Irish to Irish,Goidelic,false,Old Irish bráthair 'brother',Irish bráthair /ˈbˠɾˠɑːhəɾʲ/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/h
th_vless_to_h,θ,h,Old Irish to Irish,Goidelic,false,Old Irish roth 'wheel',Irish roth /ɾˠɞh/,"Scottish Gaelic shows the same [h]: athair /ˈahəð/, bith /b̥ih/.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/h
th_vless_to_h,θ,h,South Sami and Ume Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *δëmē 'glue' (word-initial *δ = [θ]),South Sami hipmie,"In South and Ume Sami, word-initial Proto-Samic *θ debuccalized to h, whereas the other Samic languages harden it to t (Northern Sami dapmi).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/h
th_vless_to_h,θ,h,South Sami and Ume Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *δāmpë 'shinbone of a reindeer's foreleg',"South Sami haabpe, Ume Sami hábˈba",Compare Northern Sami dábba with a stop.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/h
th_vless_to_h,θ,h,South Sami and Ume Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *δāpδē,Ume Sami hábđđie,"Compare Lule Sami dábdde, Inari Sami täbđi.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/h
th_vless_to_phi,θ,ɸ,Kaingang,Southern Jê,false,Proto-Southern Jê *θy 'to weave',Kaingang ɸy,Laklãnõ has ðy for the same word.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/phi
th_vless_to_phi,θ,ɸ,Kaingang,Southern Jê,false,Proto-Southern Jê *θu 'vagina',Kaingang ɸu,Laklãnõ ðu.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/phi
th_vless_to_phi,θ,ɸ,Kaingang,Southern Jê,false,Proto-Southern Jê *θe-n 'to spin',Kaingang ɸe-n,Laklãnõ ðe-n.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/phi
th_vless_to_phi,θ,ɸ,Kaingang,Southern Jê,false,"Proto-Southern Jê *-θĩ 'bundle, loincloth, skirt'",Kaingang -ɸĩ,Laklãnõ -ðẽ.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/phi
th_vless_to_s,θ,s,Ge'ez,Ethiopian Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ṯabar- 'to break',ሰበረ säbärä 'to break',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/s
th_vless_to_s,θ,s,Ge'ez,Ethiopian Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ṯawr- 'bull',ሶር sor 'ox',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/s
th_vless_to_s,θ,s,Ge'ez,Ethiopian Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ṯamāniy- 'eight',ሰማንቱ sämantu 'eight',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/s
th_vless_to_s,θ,s,Ge'ez,Ethiopian Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ṯūm- 'garlic',ሱም sum 'garlic',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/s
th_vless_to_s,θ,s,Ge'ez,Ethiopian Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ṯḳl 'to weigh',"ሰቀለ säḳälä 'to suspend, to weigh'",Ge'ez merged *ṯ with s; Amharic säbbärä and Tigrinya ሰበረ continue the same reflex.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/s
th_vless_to_s,θ,s,Old Persian to Middle Persian,Southwestern Iranian,false,Old Persian 𐎰𐎼𐎭 θarda 'year',sāl,Persian sâl.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/s
th_vless_to_s,θ,s,Old Persian to Middle Persian,Southwestern Iranian,false,Old Persian 𐎠𐎰𐎥 aθaⁿga 'stone',sang,Persian sang.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/s
th_vless_to_sh,θ,ʃ,Biblical Hebrew,Canaanite,false,Proto-Semitic *θalāθ- 'three',Biblical Hebrew šālōš (שָׁלֹשׁ),"Regular merger of *θ with *š in Canaanite (Phoenician šlš too); Arabic keeps [θ] in ثلاث, and Akkadian has šalāšum.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/sh
th_vless_to_sh,θ,ʃ,Biblical Hebrew,Canaanite,false,Proto-Semitic *ṯalg- 'snow',שֶׁלֶג šéleḡ 'snow',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/sh
th_vless_to_sh,θ,ʃ,Biblical Hebrew,Canaanite,false,Proto-Semitic *ṯawr- 'bull',שׁוֹר šôr 'ox',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/sh
th_vless_to_sh,θ,ʃ,Biblical Hebrew,Canaanite,false,Proto-Semitic *ṯabar- 'to break',שָׁבַר šāḇar 'to break',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/sh
th_vless_to_sh,θ,ʃ,Biblical Hebrew,Canaanite,false,Proto-Semitic *ṯūm- 'garlic',שׁוּם šûm 'garlic',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/sh
th_vless_to_sh,θ,ʃ,Akkadian,East Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ṯalāṯ- 'three',šalāšum 'three',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/sh
th_vless_to_sh,θ,ʃ,Akkadian,East Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ṯalg- 'snow',šalgum 'snow',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/sh
th_vless_to_sh,θ,ʃ,Akkadian,East Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ṯawr- 'bull',šūrum 'bull',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/sh
th_vless_to_sh,θ,ʃ,Akkadian,East Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ṯabar- 'to break',šebērum 'to break',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/sh
th_vless_to_sh,θ,ʃ,Akkadian,East Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ʔaṯar- 'place',ašrum 'place',Akkadian merged *ṯ with *š in all positions; Old Babylonian š is interpreted as [ʃ].,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/sh
th_vless_to_sh,θ,ʃ,Upper Tiyare (North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic),Northwest Semitic,false,bɛθa (< *bayθa) 'house',bɛša,"After /ɛ/ from the contracted diphthong *ay (Talay 2008, as cited by Khan 2023).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/sh
th_vless_to_sh,θ,ʃ,Upper Tiyare (North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic),Northwest Semitic,false,mliθa 'full',mliša,"In the feminine ending *-iθa of final-weak roots; both environments involve a high vowel, or historically one.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/sh
th_vless_to_sh,θ,ʃ,Upper Tiyare (North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic),Northwest Semitic,false,xṭiθa 'sin',xṭiša,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/sh
th_vless_to_t,θ,t,Aramaic,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ṯalg- 'snow',"Jewish Aramaic תַּלְגָּא talgā, Syriac ܬܱ݁ܠܓܳܐ talgā 'snow'",Contrast Hebrew šéleḡ and Arabic ṯalj.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/t
th_vless_to_t,θ,t,Aramaic,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ṯawr- 'bull',תַּוְרָא tawrā 'ox',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/t
th_vless_to_t,θ,t,Aramaic,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ṯūm- 'garlic',Classical Syriac ܬܘܽܡܳܐ tūmā 'garlic',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/t
th_vless_to_t,θ,t,Aramaic,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ṯabar- 'to break',Syriac ܬܒܰܪ təḇar 'to break',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/t
th_vless_to_t,θ,t,Aramaic,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *θalāθ- (three),Aramaic tlāθ,"Aramaic shifted the interdental fricative to the dental stop [t]; the final ṯ of tlāṯ is the later post-vocalic spirant allophone of t, not a retained *θ.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/t
th_vless_to_t,θ,t,Egyptian Arabic,Central Semitic,false,Classical Arabic ثَلَاثَة ṯalāṯa 'three',تلاتة talāta,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/t
th_vless_to_t,θ,t,Egyptian Arabic,Central Semitic,false,Classical Arabic اِثْنَيْن iṯnayn 'two',اتنين itnēn [ɪtˈneːn],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/t
th_vless_to_t,θ,t,Egyptian Arabic,Central Semitic,false,Classical Arabic ثَمَانِيَة ṯamāniya 'eight',تمانية tamanya /tæˈmæn.jæ/,Inherited vocabulary has t for *θ; Levantine Arabic shows the same in تلاتة tlāte.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/t
th_vless_to_t,θ,t,Maltese,Central Semitic,false,Arabic ثَلَاثَة ṯalāṯa 'three',tlieta /ˈtlɪː.ta/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/t
th_vless_to_t,θ,t,Maltese,Central Semitic,false,Arabic ثَمَانِيَة ṯamāniya 'eight',tmienja /ˈtmɪːn.ja/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/t
th_vless_to_t,θ,t,Maltese,Central Semitic,false,Arabic اِثْنَيْن iṯnayn 'two',tnejn /tnɛjn/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/t
th_vless_to_t,θ,t,Soqotri,Modern South Arabian,false,Proto-Semitic *ṯabar- 'to break',tóbir,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/t
th_vless_to_t,θ,t,Soqotri,Modern South Arabian,false,Proto-Semitic *ḥamṯ- 'belly',ḥánt 'venter',Mehri keeps the interdental in ḥamṯ.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/t
th_vless_to_t,θ,t,Soqotri,Modern South Arabian,false,Proto-Semitic *ṯin- 'two',tri / trɔ 'two',"Soqotri lost the interdentals θ, ð, θʼ, merging them with t, d, tˤ; Shehri has θroh and Mehri θərō.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/t
th_vless_to_t,θ,t,"Samic (Northern, Inari, Skolt)",Samic,false,Proto-Samic *δëmē 'glue' (word-initial *δ = [θ]),"Northern Sami dapmi, Lule Sami dabme, Inari Sami taṃe",Proto-Samic *δ was voiceless [θ] word-initially; it hardened to a stop in all Samic languages except South and Ume Sami (Northern Sami d is a voiceless unaspirated stop).,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/t
th_vless_to_t,θ,t,"Samic (Northern, Inari, Skolt)",Samic,false,Proto-Samic *δāmpë 'shinbone of a reindeer's foreleg',"Northern Sami dábba, Inari Sami tabbâ, Skolt Sami tabb",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/t
th_vless_to_t,θ,t,"Samic (Northern, Inari, Skolt)",Samic,false,Proto-Samic *δuomë (< Proto-Uralic *ďëme),"Northern Sami duopma, Inari Sami tuoṃâ, Skolt Sami tuõmm",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/t
th_vless_to_th_vced,θ,ð,Proto-Germanic (Verner's law),Germanic,false,*faþḗr (< PIE *ph₂tḗr),*fadēr (d = [ð]) 'father',"The fricative was voiced because the accent fell after it; compare *brōþēr 'brother' with root accent, which kept *θ.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/th_vced
th_vless_to_th_vced,θ,ð,Proto-Germanic (Verner's law),Germanic,false,Grimm-expected *mōþēr (< suffix-stressed PIE *meh₂tḗr),*mōdēr (d = [ð]) 'mother',"Accent on the following syllable triggered voicing, as in *fadēr.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/th_vced
th_vless_to_th_vced,θ,ð,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *brōþēr,bróðir 'brother',Medial *θ became [ð]; compare Gothic broþar and Old English brōþor.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/th_vced
th_vless_to_th_vced,θ,ð,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *erþō,jǫrð [jɒrð] 'earth',Final *θ became [ð]; compare Gothic airþa and Old English eorþe.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/th_vced
th_vless_to_th_vced,θ,ð,Middle English,West Germanic,false,Old English þū [θuː],thou [ðuː],"Initial /θ/ of frequent unstressed function words became /ð/ in early Middle English, creating pairs such as thigh : thy.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/th_vced
th_vless_to_th_vced,θ,ð,Middle English,West Germanic,false,Old English þē [θeː],the [ðe],The same voicing affected other unstressed function words beginning with þ.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/th_vced
th_vless_to_th_vced,θ,ð,Castilian Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,jazmín /xaθˈmin/ 'jasmine',"[xaθ̬ˈmin], strict IPA [xaðˈmin]",/θ/ is voiced before a voiced consonant; voiced and voiceless realizations alternate freely.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/th_vced
th_vless_to_th_vced,θ,ð,Castilian Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,Feliz Navidad /feˈliθ nabiˈdad/,[feˈliθ̬ naβiˈðað],The voicing applies across a word boundary before /n/.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/th_vced
th_vless_to_th_vced,θ,ð,Laklãnõ (Xokleng),Southern Jê,false,Proto-Southern Jê *θy 'to weave',ðy,Kaingang has ɸy. After a nasal the fricative did not voice (*ŋ.θ > k.θ).,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/th_vced
th_vless_to_th_vced,θ,ð,Laklãnõ (Xokleng),Southern Jê,false,Proto-Southern Jê *θu 'vagina',ðu,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/th_vced
th_vless_to_th_vced,θ,ð,Laklãnõ (Xokleng),Southern Jê,false,Proto-Southern Jê *θe-n 'to spin',ðe-n,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/th_vced
th_vless_to_th_vced,θ,ð,Laklãnõ (Xokleng),Southern Jê,false,Proto-Southern Jê *θ-ə 'bitter',ðo,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/th_vced
th_vless_to_x,θ,x,Christian Gerbish (North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic),Northwest Semitic,false,*qəθra 'knot',qəxṛa,Only next to emphatic /ṛ/; elsewhere *θ becomes /h/ in this dialect (bɛha < *bayθa 'house').,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/x
th_vless_to_x,θ,x,Christian Gerbish (North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic),Northwest Semitic,false,*qθərre 'he knotted',qxəṛṛe,Khan cites one parallel in Jewish Barzani: nxaṛa < *nθara 'to fall off (leaves)'.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/x
th_vless_to_x,θ,x,Christian Gerbish (North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic),Northwest Semitic,false,*baθra 'behind',baxṛa,"Khan suggests an intermediate emphatic sibilant (*θ > *ṣ > x), since *θ gives /ṣ/ in other emphatic words of the same dialect (ʾaṣṛa < *ʾaθra 'country').",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/th_vless/x
tl_to_l,tɬ,l,Michoacán Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *tlaakatl 'man' (Central Nahuatl tlacatl),lacal,Both the initial and the final (absolutive) /tɬ/ appear as /l/; Michoacán Nahuatl has no /tɬ/ phoneme.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/tl/l
tl_to_l,tɬ,l,Michoacán Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Classical Nahuatl tlaxcalli 'tortilla',laxcali,"Compare Morelos Nahuatl tlaxkale and Tetelcingo Nahuatl tlaxcali̱, which keep tl.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/tl/l
tl_to_l,tɬ,l,Michoacán Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *šoočɨ-tl 'flower' (Classical xochitl),xuchil,The absolutive suffix -tl surfaces as -l.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/tl/l
tl_to_l,tɬ,l,Michoacán Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *ȼapo-tl 'sapote',tzapol,Same treatment of the absolutive -tl.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/tl/l
tl_to_l,tɬ,l,Mexican Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Classical Nahuatl cempōhualxōchitl 'marigold',cempasúchil,"Word-final [tɬ] adapted as [l]; more often Spanish gave -te (elotl > elote, petatl > petate).",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/tl/l
tl_to_l,tɬ,l,Mexican Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Classical Nahuatl xōchitl 'flower',"xóchil, súchil (poetic, dialectal)",Same adaptation of final -tl.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/tl/l
tl_to_t,tɬ,t,Pipil,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *mətla- 'metate',metat,Classical Nahuatl keeps metlatl.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/tl/t
tl_to_t,tɬ,t,Pipil,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *pətla- 'mat',petat,Compare Classical Nahuatl petlatl.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/tl/t
tl_to_t,tɬ,t,Pipil,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *tlaaka- 'man',tacat,Word-initial tl; compare Classical Nahuatl tlācatl.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/tl/t
tl_to_t,tɬ,t,Pipil,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *kooloo- + absolutive *-tl 'scorpion',kulut,Absolutive -tl > -t; compare Classical Nahuatl cōlōtl.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/tl/t
tl_to_t,tɬ,t,Pipil,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *masaa- + absolutive *-tl 'deer',masāt,Compare Classical Nahuatl mazātl.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/tl/t
tl_to_t,tɬ,t,Highland Puebla Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *aaka- + absolutive *-tl 'reed',a̱cat,Compare Classical Nahuatl ācatl.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/tl/t
tl_to_t,tɬ,t,Highland Puebla Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *aama- + absolutive *-tl 'paper',a̱mat,Compare Classical Nahuatl āmatl.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/tl/t
tl_to_t,tɬ,t,Highland Puebla Nahuatl,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *mətla- 'metate',metat,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/tl/t
tl_to_t,tɬ,t,Pochutec,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *kooloo- + absolutive *-tl 'scorpion',culuʹt,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/tl/t
tl_to_t,tɬ,t,Pochutec,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *masaa- + absolutive *-tl 'deer',meçaʹt,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/tl/t
tl_to_t,tɬ,t,Pochutec,Nahuan,false,Proto-Nahuan *aama- + absolutive *-tl 'paper',ameʹt,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/tl/t
ts_aspirated_to_ch_palatal_aspirated,tsʰ,tɕʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 親 tshin 'kin',qīn [tɕʰin],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts_aspirated/ch_palatal_aspirated
ts_aspirated_to_ch_palatal_aspirated,tsʰ,tɕʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 清 tshjeng 'clear',qīng [tɕʰiŋ],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts_aspirated/ch_palatal_aspirated
ts_aspirated_to_ch_palatal_aspirated,tsʰ,tɕʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 七 tshit 'seven',qī [tɕʰi⁵⁵],Cantonese cat1 [tsʰɐt̚⁵] keeps the dental affricate.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts_aspirated/ch_palatal_aspirated
ts_aspirated_to_ch_palatal_aspirated,tsʰ,tɕʰ,Shanghainese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 七 tshit 'seven',[tɕʰiɪʔ⁵⁵],Wu shares the palatalization of dental sibilants before front vowels.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts_aspirated/ch_palatal_aspirated
ts_aspirated_to_ch_palatal_aspirated,tsʰ,tɕʰ,Shanghainese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 千 tshen 'thousand',[t͡ɕʰi⁵³],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts_aspirated/ch_palatal_aspirated
ts_aspirated_to_ch_palatal_aspirated,tsʰ,tɕʰ,Korean (Seoul),Koreanic,false,Middle Korean 七 chílq/chíl 'seven' (ch = apical [tsʰ]),칠 [tɕʰiɭ],"Middle Korean affricates were apical, as in modern northwestern dialects; Pyongyang speech still pronounces ㅊ as [tsʰ].",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts_aspirated/ch_palatal_aspirated
ts_aspirated_to_ch_palatal_aspirated,tsʰ,tɕʰ,Korean (Seoul),Koreanic,false,Middle Korean 千 쳔 chyèn 'thousand',천 cheon,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts_aspirated/ch_palatal_aspirated
ts_to_ch,ts,tʃ,Proto-Yeniseian to Yugh,Yeniseian,false,*cewç 'stone',чы’с čɨˀs,cf. Ket тыʼсь tɨˀsʲ,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/ch
ts_to_ch,ts,tʃ,Proto-Yeniseian to Yugh,Yeniseian,false,*cijga 'swan',чик čīk,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/ch
ts_to_ch,ts,tʃ,"Proto-Muskogean to Eastern Muskogean (Alabama, Koasati, Creek, Mikasuki)",Eastern Muskogean,false,Proto-Muskogean *¢inCtiCo [ts] 'snake',"Alabama and Koasati chinto, Creek cetto [tʃittoː], Mikasuki činti [tʃ]","Follows Booker's reconstruction of *¢ [ts]; Haas reconstructed *c for this set, under which the eastern affricate would be the retention (Martin 2001). Western Choctaw sinti shows the opposite outcome *¢ > s.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/ch
ts_to_ch,ts,tʃ,"Proto-Muskogean to Eastern Muskogean (Alabama, Koasati, Creek, Mikasuki)",Eastern Muskogean,false,Proto-Muskogean *no¢i 'to sleep',"Alabama and Koasati nochi, Creek nucetv [notʃita]",Compare Choctaw and Chickasaw nosi.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/ch
ts_to_ch,ts,tʃ,"Proto-Muskogean to Eastern Muskogean (Alabama, Koasati, Creek, Mikasuki)",Eastern Muskogean,false,Proto-Muskogean *¢aCki 'to overtake',"Alabama and Koasati chakki, Creek cakketv","Compare Choctaw and Chickasaw sakki. Before a consonant Alabama and Koasati show s instead (*ko¢tini 'wise' > kostini, *i¢katini 'small' > iskani), while Mikasuki keeps ičkani.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/ch
ts_to_ch,ts,tʃ,Sayula Popoluca,Mixean,false,Proto-Mixe-Zoquean *ȼiku [tsiku] 'white-nosed coati' (Proto-Mixean *ȼik),Sayula chic [tʃik],"Other Mixean languages keep ts: Coatlán Mixe tzic, Totontepec tsic, Isthmus Mixe tsik; Zoquean Copainalá tzicu. Clark's Sayula orthography writes /tʃ/ as ch and /ts/ as ts, which are separate phonemes.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/ch
ts_to_ch,ts,tʃ,Sayula Popoluca,Mixean,false,Proto-Mixean *mehʦ.k 'two',Sayula mečk,Totontepec mehʦk and Tlahuitoltepec mahʦk keep the alveolar affricate; Oluta has mesko.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/ch
ts_to_ch,ts,tʃ,Tataltepec and Western Highland Chatino,Zapotecan,false,Proto-Chatino *ìtzáʔ 'word',"Tataltepec chaꞌ, Western Highland chaꞌ²³","*tz [ts] became ch before *a; before front vowels it stays ts, as in *lutzeʔ 'tongue' > ltseꞌ and *katzi 'be yellow' > Western Highland katsi²³.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/ch
ts_to_ch,ts,tʃ,Tataltepec and Western Highland Chatino,Zapotecan,false,Proto-Chatino *kìtzą̀ʔ 'hair',"Tataltepec quicha̱ꞌ, Western Highland kichanꞌ²",,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/ch
ts_to_ch,ts,tʃ,Tataltepec and Western Highland Chatino,Zapotecan,false,Proto-Chatino *witza 'day after tomorrow',"Tataltepec bcha, Western Highland wcha²³",,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/ch
ts_to_ch,ts,tʃ,Guaymí (Ngäbere),Eastern Isthmic,false,Proto-Chibchan *mbiʦi ~ *mbisi 'hummingbird',miʧi 'hummingbird',Bribri keeps ʦ.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/ch
ts_to_ch,ts,tʃ,Guaymí (Ngäbere),Eastern Isthmic,false,"Proto-Chibchan *ʦii 'night, dark'",/ʧẽ/ 'black',,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/ch
ts_to_ch,ts,tʃ,Guatuso (Maléku),Votic,false,"Proto-Chibchan *ʦa 'hair, head'","ʧaː ~ ʧa 'head, upper part'",,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/ch
ts_to_ch,ts,tʃ,Guatuso (Maléku),Votic,false,Proto-Chibchan *huʦi ~ *huiʦ 'urine',uˈʧu 'to urinate',,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/ch
ts_to_ch,ts,tʃ,Guatuso (Maléku),Votic,false,Proto-Chibchan *aʦa-kanda 'chicken',ʧakara 'chicken',,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/ch
ts_to_ch_palatal,ts,tɕ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 精 tsjeng 'essence',jīng [tɕiŋ⁵⁵],Cantonese zing1 [tsɪŋ⁵⁵] keeps the dental affricate.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/ch_palatal
ts_to_ch_palatal,ts,tɕ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 津 tsin 'ford',jīn [tɕin],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/ch_palatal
ts_to_ch_palatal,ts,tɕ,Shanghainese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 精 tsjeng 'essence',[tɕin⁵³],"The same outcome is listed for Hangzhou, Ningbo and Shaoxing Wu.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/ch_palatal
ts_to_ch_palatal,ts,tɕ,Shanghainese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 酒 tsjuwX 'wine',[t͡ɕiɤ³⁴],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/ch_palatal
ts_to_ch_palatal,ts,tɕ,Korean (Seoul),Koreanic,false,Middle Korean 精 cyeng (c = apical [ts]),정 [tɕʌŋ],"Middle Korean ㅈ was apical; Seoul ㅈ is [tɕ], while Pyongyang speech typically keeps [ts].",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/ch_palatal
ts_to_ch_palatal,ts,tɕ,Korean (Seoul),Koreanic,false,Middle Korean 집 cìp 'house',집 jip,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/ch_palatal
ts_to_ch_palatal,ts,tɕ,Korean (Seoul),Koreanic,false,Middle Korean 지다 ci-ta 'to carry',지다 jida,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/ch_palatal
ts_to_dz,ts,dz,Old Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,"Vulgar Latin vēcīnus, intervocalic palatalized c > *[ts]",vezino /βeˈd͡z̪ino/ 'neighbour',The /dz/ later became [ð] and then [θ] (modern vecino).,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/dz
ts_to_dz,ts,dz,Old Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,"Latin dīcere, intervocalic palatalized c > *[ts]",dezir /deˈd͡z̪iɾ/ 'to say',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/dz
ts_to_dz,ts,dz,Old Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,"Latin facere, intervocalic palatalized c > *[ts]",fazer /haˈd͡z̪eɾ/ 'to do',Modern Spanish hacer.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/dz
ts_to_dz,ts,dz,Old Galician-Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,"Latin dīcere, intervocalic palatalized c > *[ts]",dizer /diˈd͡zeɾ/ 'to say',The voiced affricate later deaffricated to modern Portuguese [z].,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/dz
ts_to_dz,ts,dz,Old Galician-Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,"Latin facere, intervocalic palatalized c > *[ts]",fazer /faˈd͡zeɾ/ 'to do',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/dz
ts_to_dz,ts,dz,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian ծով (cov) 'sea',Western Armenian [d͡zov] (Eastern Armenian [t͡sov]),,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/dz
ts_to_dz,ts,dz,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian ծառ (caṙ) 'tree',Western Armenian [d͡zɑɾ] (Eastern Armenian [t͡sɑr]),,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/dz
ts_to_dz,ts,dz,Western Armenian,Armenian,false,Classical Armenian ծուխ (cux) 'smoke',Western Armenian [d͡zuχ] (Eastern Armenian [t͡suχ]),,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/dz
ts_to_h,ts,h,Guarani (Old and Paraguayan),Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kwetse 'yesterday' (Old Tupi kwese),kwehe (Paraguayan Guarani kuehe),"In Mbya, the *h from *ts is lost word-medially (kwee); Old Tupi has /s/.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/h
ts_to_h,ts,h,Guarani (Old and Paraguayan),Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kwaratsɨ 'sun' (Old Tupi kwarasɨ),kwarahi (Paraguayan Guarani kuarahy),In the Guarani subgroup only *ts gave /h/; *tʃ stayed a sibilant (*jatʃɨ 'moon' > jasy).,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/h
ts_to_h,ts,h,Tocantins Asurini,Tupi-Guarani,false,Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kwetse 'yesterday',sekwehe,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/h
ts_to_h,ts,h,Tocantins Asurini,Tupi-Guarani,false,"Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kwaratsɨ 'sun', *-potsɨj 'heavy'","kwarahi, -pohoj","Tocantins Asurini belongs to the Tenetehara subgroup, where *ts and *tʃ merged as /h/ (*jatʃɨ 'moon' > sahi) independently of the Guarani change.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/h
ts_to_j_glide,ts,j,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Hopi,Northern Uto-Aztecan,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *mïcaC-wït 'moon' (augmentative),Hopi muuyaw 'moon',"Hopi ⟨y⟩ is /j/; Mayo meecha, Huichol métsa and Classical Nahuatl mētztli keep the affricate.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/j_glide
ts_to_j_glide,ts,j,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Hopi,Northern Uto-Aztecan,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *ʼïca 'to plant',Hopi uuya 'to plant',"Yaqui ʼéeča, Tarahumara ichá keep an affricate.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/j_glide
ts_to_j_glide,ts,j,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tübatulabal,Northern Uto-Aztecan,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *kicu-ta 'fish' (absolutive),Tübatulabal kuyu·l,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/j_glide
ts_to_j_glide,ts,j,Proto-Uto-Aztecan to Tübatulabal,Northern Uto-Aztecan,false,Proto-Uto-Aztecan *mïcaC-ta 'moon' (absolutive),Tübatulabal mɨ·yal 'month',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/j_glide
ts_to_s,ts,s,Proto-Muskogean to Choctaw and Chickasaw,Western Muskogean,false,Proto-Muskogean *¢inCtiCo [ts] 'snake',"Choctaw sinti, Chickasaw sinti' [s]","Proto-Muskogean is a reconstructed stage. Eastern cognates keep an affricate: Alabama and Koasati chinto, Creek cetto [tʃittoː], Mikasuki činti.",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Proto-Muskogean to Choctaw and Chickasaw,Western Muskogean,false,Proto-Muskogean *no¢i 'to sleep',Choctaw and Chickasaw nosi,"Compare Alabama and Koasati nochi, Creek nucetv [notʃita].",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Proto-Muskogean to Choctaw and Chickasaw,Western Muskogean,false,Proto-Muskogean *¢aCki 'to overtake',Choctaw and Chickasaw sakki,"Compare Alabama and Koasati chakki, Creek cakketv.",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Proto-Muskogean to Choctaw and Chickasaw,Western Muskogean,false,"Proto-Muskogean *nak¢iCi 'rib, side'","Choctaw naksi, Chickasaw naksi'",Compare Alabama and Koasati nakchi. This is one of the isoglosses Haas (1941) used to separate Western Muskogean (Choctaw-Chickasaw) from the eastern languages; the proto-segment is written *c by Haas and *¢ [ts] by Booker.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Paunaka,Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *-otse 'grandmother',Paunaka -use,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Paunaka,Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *tsima-pa 'ashes',Paunaka sima-pa,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Paunaka,Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *titsi- 'red',Paunaka tisi,Paunaka has no ts at all; *ts and *s merged as s in every context.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Terena,Bolivia-Paraná,false,Early Terena <tséno> 'Frau' (Baldus 1937),Terena sêno 'woman',,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Terena,Bolivia-Paraná,false,Early Terena <tsiini> 'Jaguar' (Schmidt 1903),Terena sîni 'jaguar',"The change is documented between early 20th-century records and modern Terena, independently of Paunaka.",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Proto-Central Chadic to Sukur,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *vats 'to blow',Sukur vus,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Proto-Central Chadic to Sukur,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *pitsɨ 'sun',Sukur pis,"The Bata and Lamang groups instead have *ts → t (Proto-Bata fitɨ, Proto-Lamang fiti 'sun').",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,"Proto-Central Chadic North to Proto-Kotoko Centre (Lagwan, Mser)",Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic North *hʷɨtsɨnʸ 'nose',Proto-Kotoko Centre hɨsɨni,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,"Proto-Central Chadic North to Proto-Kotoko Centre (Lagwan, Mser)",Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic North *tsɨwi 'to cry',Proto-Kotoko Centre sɨwe,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Proto-Kotoko North to Maltam and Mpade,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Kotoko North *tsɨhɨn 'nose',Maltam sɨn,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Proto-Kotoko North to Maltam and Mpade,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Kotoko North *tsɨmtsɨm 'navel',Maltam sɨmsɨm,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Proto-Kotoko North to Maltam and Mpade,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Kotoko North *tsafan 'guinea fowl',Mpade safan; Malgbe safan,"Gravina treats the change as independent in Maltam, Mpade and Malgbe; in Malgbe it followed *s → j.",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Saisiyat,Northwest Formosan,false,PAn *Cawa 'to laugh',sawa,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Saisiyat,Northwest Formosan,false,PAn *Cumay 'Formosan black bear',somay,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Saisiyat,Northwest Formosan,false,PAn *CuməS 'clothes louse',somaeh,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Saisiyat,Northwest Formosan,false,PAn *CuNuh 'to roast food over fire',soloeh,Saisiyat ⟨s⟩ is realized [s] or [θ]; Blust reconstructs *C as the affricate [ts].,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Proto-Iranian to Parthian,Northwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *dáca 'ten',das,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Proto-Iranian to Parthian,Northwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *pácu 'livestock',pas 'sheep',,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Proto-Iranian to Parthian,Northwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *carHdáh 'year',"sarδ, sār",,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Proto-Iranian to Sogdian,Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *dáca 'ten',δəs(a),,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Proto-Iranian to Sogdian,Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *pácu 'livestock',pas,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Proto-Iranian to Sogdian,Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *carHdáh 'year',seʳδ,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Proto-Iranian to Balochi,Northwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *pácu 'livestock',پس pas,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Proto-Iranian to Balochi,Northwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *carHdáh 'year',سال sál,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Proto-Iranian to Pashto,Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *dáca 'ten',لس las,Initial *d also became l.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_s,ts,s,Proto-Iranian to Pashto,Eastern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *pácu 'livestock',پسه pəsə́,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/s
ts_to_t,ts,t,Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian,Malayo-Polynesian,false,PAn *maCa 'eye',"PMP *mata (Tagalog matá, Indonesian mata, Javanese mata, Samoan matā)","Compare Formosan Paiwan matsa, Thao maca, Proto-Rukai maca, which keep the affricate or sibilant.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t
ts_to_t,ts,t,Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian,Malayo-Polynesian,false,PAn *Caliŋa 'ear',"PMP *taliŋa (Tagalog taʔíŋa, Malay teliŋa, Fijian daliŋa)",Paiwan keeps tsaliŋa.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t
ts_to_t,ts,t,Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian,Malayo-Polynesian,false,"PAn *Cau 'person, human being'",PMP *tau (Tagalog táʔo),Thao keeps caw.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t
ts_to_t,ts,t,Amis,East Formosan,false,PAn *maCa 'eye',mata,"Amis shows t for *C, unlike Paiwan matsa and Thao maca.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t
ts_to_t,ts,t,Amis,East Formosan,false,PAn *Cau 'person',tao,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t
ts_to_t,ts,t,Wolaytta,North Omotic,false,"Gamo mitsa, Gofa mitsa 'tree'",mitta 'tree',,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t
ts_to_t,ts,t,Wolaytta,North Omotic,false,"Gamo hatse, Dawro hatsa 'water' (Proto-Omotic *haats')",hatta 'water',,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t
ts_to_t,ts,t,Wolaytta,North Omotic,false,"Gamo haytsa, Gofa haytsa 'ear'",haytta 'ear',"Wolaytta has geminate /tt/ where neighbouring Ometo varieties have /ts/, in mitta, hatta, haytta, suutta 'blood' and mek'etta 'bone' (Blažek 2008 word list).",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t
ts_to_t,ts,t,Proto-Central Chadic to Proto-Lamang,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *mɨts 'to die',Proto-Lamang mɨta,"Compare Daba mɨts, Mafa mɨtsa, Maroua muts.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t
ts_to_t,ts,t,Proto-Central Chadic to Proto-Lamang,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *tsɨvɨɗʸ 'path',Proto-Lamang tɨvɨj,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t
ts_to_t,ts,t,Proto-Central Chadic to Proto-Lamang,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *pitsɨ 'sun',Proto-Lamang fiti; Hdi fitik (with a frozen suffix -k),,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t
ts_to_t,ts,t,Gidar,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *tsɨvɨɗʸ 'path',Gidar tɨvaʸ,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t
ts_to_t,ts,t,Gidar,Central Chadic,false,Proto-Central Chadic *mɨts 'to die',Gidar ɨmta,"Gravina finds *ts → t independently in the Bata, Lamang, Mofu, Musgum and Gidar groups.",3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t
ts_to_t,ts,t,Bunun,Bunun,false,PAn *Caŋis 'to cry',tangis,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t
ts_to_t,ts,t,Bunun,Bunun,false,PAn *Caliŋa 'ear',tainga,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t
ts_to_t,ts,t,Bunun,Bunun,false,PAn *CuNuh 'to roast food over fire',tunu,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t
ts_to_t,ts,t,Bunun,Bunun,false,PAn *buCa 'mote in the eye',buta,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t
ts_to_t,ts,t,Kavalan,East Formosan,false,PAn *Capa 'to smoke fish or meat',tapa,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t
ts_to_t,ts,t,Kavalan,East Formosan,false,PAn *Cawa 'to laugh',tawa,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t
ts_to_t,ts,t,Kavalan,East Formosan,false,PAn *Cumay 'Formosan black bear',tumay,,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t
ts_to_t,ts,t,Kavalan,East Formosan,false,PAn *CuməS 'clothes louse',tumes,Kavalan merged *C with *t.,3,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t
ts_to_t_retroflex,ts,ʈ,Puyuma,Puyuma,false,PAn *Caŋis 'to cry',"ʈangis, maʈangis",,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t_retroflex
ts_to_t_retroflex,ts,ʈ,Puyuma,Puyuma,false,PAn *CaluN 'fallow land',tralun,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t_retroflex
ts_to_t_retroflex,ts,ʈ,Puyuma,Puyuma,false,PAn *Capa 'to smoke fish or meat',trapa,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t_retroflex
ts_to_t_retroflex,ts,ʈ,Puyuma,Puyuma,false,PAn *Cumay 'Formosan black bear',trumay,Wiktionary also lists a variant cumay.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t_retroflex
ts_to_t_retroflex,ts,ʈ,Puyuma,Puyuma,false,PAn *buCuq 'testicles',butru,Puyuma ⟨tr⟩ is the voiceless retroflex stop /ʈ/; Wiktionary spells some forms with ʈ directly.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/t_retroflex
ts_to_th_vless,ts,θ,Thao,Western Plains,false,PAn *Cau 'person',thau,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/th_vless
ts_to_th_vless,ts,θ,Thao,Western Plains,false,PAn *balalaCuk 'woodpecker',barathu,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/th_vless
ts_to_th_vless,ts,θ,Thao,Western Plains,false,PAn *Cumay 'Formosan black bear',cumay,"Thao /θ/ is written ⟨th⟩ in the practical orthography and ⟨c⟩ in Blust's dictionary, so cumay is [θumaj].",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/th_vless
ts_to_th_vless,ts,θ,Thao,Western Plains,false,PAn *Caŋis 'to cry',canit,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/th_vless
ts_to_th_vless,ts,θ,Proto-Iranian to Old Persian,Southwestern Iranian,false,"Proto-Iranian *carHdáh 'autumn, year'",𐎰𐎼𐎭 θarda 'year',Old Persian has θ where Avestan and most other Iranian languages have s; Middle Persian continues θarda as sāl.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/th_vless
ts_to_th_vless,ts,θ,Proto-Iranian to Old Persian,Southwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *cánhati 'declares',𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 θātiy 'says',From earlier Old Persian *θahatiy.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/th_vless
ts_to_th_vless,ts,θ,Proto-Iranian to Old Persian,Southwestern Iranian,false,Proto-Iranian *Hacangáh 'stone',𐎠𐎰𐎥 aθaⁿga 'stone',Middle Persian continues it as sang.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/th_vless
ts_to_th_vless,ts,θ,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *tsàna,thanë 'cranberry shrub',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/th_vless
ts_to_th_vless,ts,θ,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *tsurja,"thur 'to plait, weave'",,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/th_vless
ts_to_th_vless,ts,θ,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *tsatja,thes 'sack',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/th_vless
ts_to_th_vless,ts,θ,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *tsā(i)nja,thyej 'to break',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ts/th_vless
u_nas_to_u,ũ,u,Lithuanian,East Baltic,false,dangų 'sky (acc.)' with nasal [ũ],dangų with long oral [uː],"The from gives the older nasal pronunciation, lost in the late 17th and early 18th centuries; the ogonek now marks only length.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u_nas/u
u_nas_to_u,ũ,u,Lithuanian,East Baltic,false,mūsų 'our' (historically nasal ų),[¹ˈmuːsuː],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u_nas/u
u_to_au,u,au,English,West Germanic,false,"Middle English hous [huːs] 'house', mous [muːs] 'mouse'","house [haʊs], mouse [maʊs]","Great Vowel Shift (c. 1400–1700). ME /uː/ went through [ʊu]/[əu] to modern [aʊ]. Northern English and Scots, where ME /uː/ survived, did not undergo it.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/au
u_to_au,u,au,English,West Germanic,false,"Old English ūt [uːt] 'out', brūn [bruːn] 'brown' (Middle English out, broun)","out [aʊt], brown [braʊn]",Scots keeps the monophthong in oot 'out'.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/au
u_to_au,u,au,German,West Germanic,false,"Middle High German hût [huːt] 'skin', hûs [huːs] 'house'","Haut [haʊt], Haus [haʊs]","New High German diphthongization of MHG ī, ū, iu to ei, au, eu (snîden > schneiden, liute > Leute). It started in Upper Bavarian in the 12th century and spread north and west. Alemannic (except Swabian) and Ripuarian keep [uː].",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/au
u_to_au,u,au,German,West Germanic,false,"Middle High German mûs [muːs] 'mouse', brûn [bruːn] 'brown'","Maus [maʊs], braun [braʊn]",Same diphthongization as hûs > Haus.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/au
u_to_empty,u,∅,Old English,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *handu 'hand' (< Proto-Germanic *handuz),hand,The unstressed final *-u was lost after a heavy syllable.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/empty
u_to_empty,u,∅,Old English,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *felþu 'field',feld,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/empty
u_to_empty,u,∅,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *handuz 'hand',hǫnd,"The final *-uz was lost, leaving u-umlaut of the root vowel.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/empty
u_to_empty,u,∅,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *sunuz 'son',sonr,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/empty
u_to_empty,u,∅,Vulgar Latin,Italic,false,oculus 'eye',oclus,"Syncope of the unstressed post-tonic u, condemned in the Appendix Probi ('oculus non oclus'); cf. Italian occhio.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/empty
u_to_empty,u,∅,Vulgar Latin,Italic,false,masculus 'male',masclus,Appendix Probi 'masculus non masclus'; cf. Italian maschio.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/empty
u_to_empty,u,∅,Kuuk Thaayorre,Southwestern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *mulu 'tail',mul 'tail',Word-final vowels of the proto-forms are lost.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/empty
u_to_empty,u,∅,Kuuk Thaayorre,Southwestern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *manu 'neck',"man 'neck, throat'",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/empty
u_to_empty,u,∅,Trinitario (Mojeño),Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *kaˈhokure 'river' (Ignaciano kaˈhakure),Trinitario ˈkhokre,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/empty
u_to_empty,u,∅,Trinitario (Mojeño),Bolivia-Paraná,false,Proto-Mojeño *kuˈrikere 'peanut' (Ignaciano kuˈrikere),Trinitario ˈkriçre,In four-syllable words the vowels of the first and third syllables were lost: the weak member of the iambic foot and the unfooted syllable.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/empty
u_to_i,u,i,Latin,Italic,false,Old Latin lubet 'it pleases' (< Proto-Italic *luβēt),Classical Latin libet,"Regular change of /u/ to /i/ next to /l/ and a labial consonant; compare clupeus > clipeus 'shield', lubīdō > libīdō 'desire'.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/i
u_to_i,u,i,Latin,Italic,false,"Old Latin optumus 'best', maxumus 'greatest'","Classical Latin optimus, maximus",Medial short u before a labial was replaced by i in the classical spelling; the u forms survive as Old Latin and archaizing variants.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/i
u_to_i,u,i,"Southern Yiddish (Poylish, Galitsyaner)",West Germanic,false,Middle High German sunne 'sun',Poylish זון [zɪn],Northern (Litvish) and YIVO Yiddish keep the inherited vowel as [zʊn]; Southern Yiddish fronted short u to i.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/i
u_to_i,u,i,"Southern Yiddish (Poylish, Galitsyaner)",West Germanic,false,Middle High German hunt 'dog',Poylish הונט [hɪnt],Litvish and YIVO [hʊnt].,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/i
u_to_i,u,i,Proto-Ryukyuan to Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*suba 'lip',Okinawan siba [sìbà],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/i
u_to_i,u,i,Proto-Ryukyuan to Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*sukama 'morning',Okinawan sikama [sìkàmà],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/i
u_to_i,u,i,Proto-Ryukyuan to Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*kazu 'number',Okinawan kazi,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/i
u_to_i,u,i,Proto-Ryukyuan to Okinawan,Northern Ryukyuan,false,*uzura 'quail',Okinawan ujira,"Okinawan fronted *u to i after the alveolars t, d, s, z; elsewhere u stays (*kusori > kusui).",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/i
u_to_i,u,i,Proto-Brythonic,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *kū 'dog',*ki /ˈkiː/,"Welsh ci, Breton ki.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/i
u_to_i,u,i,Proto-Brythonic,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *glūnos 'knee',*glin,"Welsh, Breton and Cornish glin; Old Irish keeps glún.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/i
u_to_i,u,i,Proto-Brythonic,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *rūnā 'mystery',Welsh rhin,Old Irish rún keeps the back vowel.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/i
u_to_o,u,o,Bashkir,Kipchak,false,Proto-Turkic *kum 'sand',ҡом,"Volga Kipchak lowered Proto-Turkic *u to o; Turkmen keeps u (gum, guş, gul).",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Bashkir,Kipchak,false,Proto-Turkic *kuš 'bird',ҡош,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Bashkir,Kipchak,false,"Proto-Turkic *kul 'slave, servant'",ҡол,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Tatar,Kipchak,false,Proto-Turkic *kum 'sand',ком (qom),"Volga Kipchak lowered Proto-Turkic *u to o; Turkmen keeps u (gum, guş, gul).",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Tatar,Kipchak,false,Proto-Turkic *kuš 'bird',кош,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Tatar,Kipchak,false,"Proto-Turkic *kul 'slave, servant'",кол,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Moroccan Arabic (Marrakesh and related dialects),Afro-Asiatic,false,/u/ near emphatic consonant,[o] or [ɔ],"High back vowel lowers to mid-back position due to emphasis spreading from adjacent emphatic consonants (tˤ, dˤ, sˤ, zˤ, qˤ)",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Moroccan Arabic (Marrakesh and related dialects),Afro-Asiatic,false,حوض (huḍ) 'pool',[ħoðˤ],Emphasis spreading from emphatic ḍ causes lowering of preceding /u/ in Moroccan varieties,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Proto-Iroquoian to Proto-Northern-Iroquoian,Iroquoian,false,*-kuwa- 'big',*-kowa-,"PI *u lowers to *o in Northern Iroquoian, after PI *o had become *a",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Proto-Iroquoian to Proto-Northern-Iroquoian,Iroquoian,false,*kuːɹeh 'acorn',*ˈkoːɹeh,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Proto-Iroquoian to Proto-Northern-Iroquoian,Iroquoian,false,*-khjuːhs- 'elbow',*-khjohs-,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Proto-Samic (from Proto-Uralic),Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *kulke- 'to flow',Proto-Samic *kolkë- > Northern Sami golgat,Reconstructed stage. Pre-Samic *u was lowered to *ʊ and then became *o in the vowel shift; Finnish kulke- 'to go'.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Proto-Samic (from Proto-Uralic),Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *luke- 'to count',Proto-Samic *lokë- > Northern Sami lohkat,Reconstructed stage; Finnish luke- 'to read'.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Proto-Samic (from Proto-Uralic),Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *kuse- 'to cough',Proto-Samic *kosë- > Northern Sami gossat,Reconstructed stage.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Proto-Samic (from Proto-Uralic),Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *muďa 'mud',Proto-Samic *moδē > Northern Sami mođđi,Reconstructed stage; Finnish muta.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Greenlandic,Inuit,true,/illuqarpuq/ '(s)he has a house',illoqarpoq [iɬːoqɑpːɔq],/u/ is realized as [o] or [ɔ] before uvulars and is spelled o there; compare /illu/ 'house' [iɬːu].,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Greenlandic,Inuit,true,"/uiqarpuq/ '(s)he has a husband', final /-puq/",ueqarpoq [ueqɑpːɔq],The /u/ of final /-puq/ is lowered to [ɔ] before q.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Proto-West Germanic,West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *hurną 'horn',*horn (Old English horn /xorn/),,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Proto-West Germanic,West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *kurną 'grain',*korn (Old English corn /korn/),,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Proto-West Germanic,West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *upanaz 'open',*opan (Old English open /ˈo.pen/),,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Proto-West Germanic,West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *wurdą 'word',*word (Old English word /word/),,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Proto-West Germanic,West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *þurpą 'village',*þorp,"a-mutation: short *u was lowered to o before a non-high vowel (*a, *ō) in the next syllable unless a nasal cluster or *i/*j intervened (*hundaz > hund).",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *hurną 'horn',horn,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *kurną 'grain',korn,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *upanaz 'open',opinn,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_o,u,o,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *wurdą 'word',orð,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/o
u_to_schwa,u,ə,Old English to Middle English,West Germanic,false,Old English sunu 'son',Middle English sone /ˈsun(ə)/,"Unstressed final -u was reduced to /ə/, written e; it was later lost (modern son).",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/schwa
u_to_schwa,u,ə,Old English to Middle English,West Germanic,false,Old English wicu 'week',Middle English weeke (Late Middle English /weːk/),The stressed vowel was also lengthened and lowered by open-syllable lengthening.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/schwa
u_to_u_nas,u,ũ,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin ūnum 'one',Old Galician-Portuguese ũu > Portuguese um [ũ],"The vowel took on nasality from the following n, which was then lost.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/u_nas
u_to_u_nas,u,ũ,Portuguese,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin commūnem 'common',Portuguese comum [kuˈmũ] (Brazil [koˈmũ]),Final -um is pronounced as a nasal vowel with no consonantal nasal; the same outcome appears in atum [ɐˈtũ] 'tuna'.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/u_nas
u_to_u_nas,u,ũ,Hindi,Indo-Aryan,false,"Sauraseni Prakrit uṭṭa, Old Hindi ऊट ūṭ 'camel' (< Sanskrit uṣṭra)",Hindi ऊँट ū̃ṭ [ũːʈ],Spontaneous nasalization with no etymological nasal; Wiktionary gives Old Hindi ऊट before the nasalized ऊंट.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/u_nas
u_to_u_nas,u,ũ,Hindi,Indo-Aryan,false,Prakrit ucca 'high' (< Sanskrit ucca),Hindi ऊँचा ū̃cā,"Spontaneous nasalization; compare Punjabi ਉੱਚ ucc without nasality, while Bengali উঁচু ũcu shows the same nasal vowel.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/u_nas
u_to_u_nas,u,ũ,Old Lithuanian,Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *sjúnsti 'to send',"Lithuanian siųsti, with ų originally [ũ]","The tautosyllabic n was lost before s and its nasality passed to the vowel, written ų. Modern Lithuanian later denasalized ų to [uː] ([ˈsʲuːsʲtʲɪ]).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/u_nas
u_to_u_nas,u,ũ,Old Lithuanian,Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic genitive plural *-um,Lithuanian -ų (e.g. vilkų 'of wolves'),"Word-final *-um gave the nasal vowel ų, later denasalized to [uː].",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/u_nas
u_to_upsilon,u,ʊ,Middle English to Modern English,West Germanic,false,Middle English pullen /ˈpulən/ 'to pull',pull /pʊl/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/upsilon
u_to_upsilon,u,ʊ,Middle English to Modern English,West Germanic,false,Middle English wolf /wulf/,wolf /wʊlf/,Roger Lass dates the laxing of short /u/ to /ʊ/ to the 17th century; other scholars date it earlier. Where /ʊ/ was not protected by a neighbouring labial or a following /l ʃ tʃ/ it later unrounded to /ʌ/ (FOOT–STRUT split).,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/upsilon
u_to_upsilon,u,ʊ,Middle English to Modern English,West Germanic,false,Early Modern English good /uː/ (< Middle English /oː/),good /ɡʊd/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/upsilon
u_to_upsilon,u,ʊ,Middle English to Modern English,West Germanic,false,Early Modern English foot /uː/ (< Middle English /oː/),foot /fʊt/,A later shortening of /uː/ to /ʊ/ in a handful of words; earlier-shortened blood and flood went on to /ʌ/.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/upsilon
u_to_upsilon,u,ʊ,Javanese,Malayo-Polynesian,true,/muŋ/ 'only',[mʊŋ],Compare kuru [kuru] 'thin' with open syllables.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/upsilon
u_to_upsilon,u,ʊ,Javanese,Malayo-Polynesian,true,/sawuŋ/ 'cock' (Old Javanese sawuṅ),/sa.wʊŋ/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/upsilon
u_to_upsilon,u,ʊ,Javanese,Malayo-Polynesian,true,/patut/ 'proper' (Old Javanese patūt),/pa.t̪ʊt̪̚/,"Western Javanese keeps [u] and Eastern Javanese has [ɔ] in closed final syllables. This follows the six-vowel analysis of Javanese, in which [ʊ] is an allophone of /u/; Wiktionary writes it inside phonemic slashes.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/upsilon
u_to_v,u,v,Proto-Ring to Kom,Central Ring,false,Proto-Ring *gu 'hen',Kom ə̄-ŋgv̄,"Forms in Faytak (2014): v in the Kom forms is the syllabic fricative [v̩], and the diacritic over it is tone. Neighbouring Babanki has ʉ (m̀-bvʉ́) and Bum keeps u (ā-ŋgʷû).",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/v
u_to_v,u,v,Proto-Ring to Kom,Central Ring,false,Proto-Ring *su 'fish',Kom ə̄-ʃv̂,,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/v
u_to_v,u,v,Proto-Ring to Kom,Central Ring,false,Proto-Ring *yu 'to rest',Kom ʒv̀-tə̀,Bum keeps yù-tì.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/v
u_to_v,u,v,Proto-Ring to Kom,Central Ring,false,Proto-Ring *ɲu 'to drink',Kom ɲv̄,Bum ɲū.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/v
u_to_v,u,v,Proto-Ring to Kom,Central Ring,false,Proto-Ring *fu 'leaf',Kom ī-fv̂,"Bum ī-fû, Oku ī-fúu.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/v
u_to_y,u,y,French (Historical),Romance,false,lūna (Latin),lune [lyn],Latin long /u:/ underwent spontaneous fronting to /y/ in the development of French.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/y
u_to_y,u,y,French (Historical),Romance,false,Latin mūrus 'wall',mur /myʁ/,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/y
u_to_y,u,y,French (Historical),Romance,false,Latin dūrus 'hard',dur /dyʁ/,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/y
u_to_y,u,y,Written Tibetan to Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,"ཡུལ yul 'country, place'",[jyː],"Vowel fronting (umlaut) before lost dental or alveolar finals (-d, -n, -l, -s)",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/y
u_to_y,u,y,Written Tibetan to Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,ལུས lus 'body',[lyː],,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/y
u_to_y,u,y,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *drūna,"dry 'lock, bolt'",,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/y
u_to_y,u,y,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *stūlā-,shtyllë 'pillar',,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/y
u_to_y,u,y,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *srūmā,"rrymë 'stream, current'",,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/y
u_to_y,u,y,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *sūša,gjysh 'grandfather',,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/y
u_to_y,u,y,Attic-Ionic Greek,Attic-Ionic,false,Proto-Hellenic *lúkos 'wolf',Attic λύκος /lý.kos/,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/y
u_to_y,u,y,Attic-Ionic Greek,Attic-Ionic,false,Proto-Hellenic *mū́s 'mouse',Attic μῦς /mŷːs/,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/y
u_to_y,u,y,Attic-Ionic Greek,Attic-Ionic,false,Proto-Hellenic *kʰrūsós 'gold',Attic χρυσός /kʰryː.sós/,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/y
u_to_y,u,y,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *fullijan 'to fill',fyllan /ˈfyl.lɑn/,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/y
u_to_y,u,y,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *kuni 'kin',cynn /kynn/,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/y
u_to_y,u,y,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *kuning 'king',cyning /ˈky.ninɡ/,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/y
u_to_y,u,y,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *wurmi 'worm',wyrm /wyrm/,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/y
u_to_y,u,y,Old English,Anglo-Frisian,false,Proto-West Germanic *þunnī 'thin',þynne /ˈθyn.ne/,"i-umlaut fronted *u to y before i, ī or j in the next syllable; Old Saxon keeps u (fullian, kunni, kuning, wurm, thunni).",3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/y
u_to_y,u,y,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *fullijaną 'to fill',fylla,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/y
u_to_y,u,y,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *kunją 'kin',kyn,,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/y
u_to_y,u,y,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *durz 'door',dyrr,i-umlaut fronted *u to y.,3,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/u/y
ue_to_e,ue,e,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Spanish fruente (< Latin frontem),"frente 'forehead, front'",Wiktionary: frente is inherited from Old Spanish fruente; the [we] from stressed Latin ŏ lost its glide after fr-.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ue/e
ue_to_e,ue,e,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Spanish flueco (< Latin floccus),"fleco 'fringe, tassel'",Wiktionary: from older flueco; same reduction of [we] to [e] after fl-.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ue/e
ue_to_e,ue,e,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,"Old Spanish culuebra (< Vulgar Latin *colobra, Latin colubra)",culebra 'snake',Wiktionary: inherited from Old Spanish culuebra; [we] reduced to [e] after bl.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ue/e
ui_to_ai,ui,ai,Early Modern English,West Germanic,false,join with late Middle English /ʊɪ/,"/əɪ/~/aɪ/, rhyming with line",Shown by rhymes such as 'join–line' in Pope and 'Mind–join'd' in Congreve; jine survives as a pronunciation spelling.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ui/ai
ui_to_ai,ui,ai,Early Modern English,West Germanic,false,toils with /ʊɪ/,rhyming with smiles,Rhyme in Dryden.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ui/ai
ui_to_i,ui,i,Proto-Ryukyuan,Ryukyuan,false,"Proto-Japonic *tukui 'moon, month'","Proto-Ryukyuan *tuki (Okinawan tsichi, Yoron chiki)",Proto-Japonic *ui regularly gives Proto-Ryukyuan *i.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ui/i
ui_to_i,ui,i,Proto-Ryukyuan,Ryukyuan,false,Proto-Japonic *kamui 'god',"Proto-Ryukyuan *kami (Okinawan kami, Tokunoshima kamī)",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ui/i
ui_to_i,ui,i,Old Japanese,Japonic,false,Proto-Japonic *tukui 'moon',"tuki₂ (bound form tuku-, as in tukuyo 'moonlit night'); Modern Japanese tsuki","Pre-Old Japanese *ui became the vowel i₂, which merged with i by Early Middle Japanese; the bound form preserves the original u.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ui/i
ui_to_i,ui,i,Old Japanese,Japonic,false,Proto-Japonic *kamui 'god',kami₂ (bound form kamu-); Modern Japanese kami,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ui/i
ui_to_oi,ui,oi,Tagalog,Central Philippine,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *babuy 'pig',"baboy /ˈbaboj/ [ˈbaː.boɪ̯] 'pig, pork'","Inherited via Proto-Philippine *babuy; the same -oy appears in Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray-Waray, Central Bikol and Aklanon baboy.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ui/oi
ui_to_oi,ui,oi,Tagalog,Central Philippine,false,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hapuy 'fire',apoy /ʔaˈpoj/ 'fire',"Same final *-uy > -oy; Wiktionary notes the word may be a loan from a neighbouring Philippine language, but the lowering itself is regular in the area.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ui/oi
ui_to_oi,ui,oi,Tagalog,Central Philippine,false,Proto-Philippine *laŋúy 'swim' (< PMP *naŋuy),langoy /laˈŋoj/ [lɐˈŋoɪ̯],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ui/oi
ui_to_oi,ui,oi,Cebuano,Central Philippine,false,Proto-Philippine *babuy 'pig',baboy /ˈbaboj/ [ˈbaː.boi̯],First attested in Pigafetta's record of Magellan's voyage (1519–1522).,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ui/oi
ui_to_oi,ui,oi,Cebuano,Central Philippine,false,Proto-Philippine *laŋúy 'swim' (< PMP *naŋuy),langoy /laˈŋoj/ [l̪aˈŋoi̯],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/ui/oi
uo_to_u,uo,u,German,West Germanic,false,Middle High German guote [uə] 'good',gute [uː],"Early New High German monophthongization (from the 11th century in central German) turned ie, uo, üe into [iː], [uː], [yː]; Bavarian and Alemannic kept the diphthongs.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uo/u
uo_to_u,uo,u,German,West Germanic,false,Middle High German bruoder 'brother',Bruder [ˈbruːdɐ],Alemannic still has a diphthong (Brüeder).,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uo/u
uo_to_u,uo,u,German,West Germanic,false,Middle High German vuoȥ 'foot',Fuß [fuːs],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uo/u
uo_to_u,uo,u,Czech,West Slavic,false,Old Czech kuoň (< kóň) 'horse',kůň [kuːɲ],"Old Czech long ó diphthongized to uo, which then monophthongized to [uː]; the letter ů (u with a small o above) preserves the diphthong spelling. Genitive koně keeps short o.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uo/u
uo_to_u,uo,u,Czech,West Slavic,false,Old Czech dóm > duom 'house',dům [duːm],Genitive domu.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uo/u
uo_to_u,uo,u,Kildin Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *kuolē 'fish',"кӯлль, with ӯ [uː]","Kildin shows ū [uː] for Proto-Samic *uo in these words, while other Samic languages keep a diphthong (Northern Sami guolli).",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uo/u
uo_to_u,uo,u,Kildin Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *kuoktē 'two',кӯһт,Same change; compare Northern Sami guokte.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uo/u
uo_to_u,uo,u,Kildin Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *kuorkë 'crane',кӯррк,Same change; compare Northern Sami guorga.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uo/u
uo_to_u,uo,u,Kildin Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *luoktë 'bay',лӯххт,Same change; compare Northern Sami luokta.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uo/u
uo_to_ue,uo,ue,Old French,Romance,false,early Old French cuor 'heart' (< Latin cor),Old French cuer,"The diphthong uo from stressed open-syllable Latin ŏ shifted to ue, later monophthongizing to /ø, œ/ (Modern French cœur).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uo/ue
uo_to_ue,uo,ue,Old French,Romance,false,early Old French [vuoɫt] 'wants' (< Latin *volet),"Old French [vueɫt], later veut",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uo/ue
uo_to_ue,uo,ue,South Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *kuolē 'fish',guelie [ʉe],"Umlaut: Proto-Samic *uo became ue before a second-syllable *ē, but oe before *ë (*puolvë > boelve 'knee') and ua before *ā. South Sami ue is a fronted /ʉe/.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uo/ue
uo_to_ue,uo,ue,South Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *puolē- 'to burn',bueledh,Same umlaut before *ē.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uo/ue
uo_to_ue,uo,ue,South Sami,Samic,false,"Proto-Samic *tuokē 'back, rear'",duekie,Same umlaut before *ē.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uo/ue
uo_to_ue,uo,ue,Skolt Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *kuolē 'fish',kueʹll,Before Proto-Samic *ē (lost by apocope) *uo became ue in a palatalized stress group; before *ë it gives uõ [uɘ] (*puolvë > puõlvv 'knee').,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uo/ue
uo_to_ue,uo,ue,Skolt Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *puolē- 'to burn',pueʹlled,Same umlaut before *ē.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uo/ue
uo_to_ue,uo,ue,Skolt Sami,Samic,false,Proto-Samic *kuontē- 'to carry',kueʹdˈded,Same umlaut before *ē.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uo/ue
upsilon_to_caret,ʊ,ʌ,Early Modern English,West Germanic,false,"Early Modern English cut, lax [ʊ] (< Middle English /u/)",cut /kʌt/,Unrounded and lowered in the STRUT lexical set; Wells (1982) reconstructs a transitional unrounded [ɤ] between the two stages.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/upsilon/caret
upsilon_to_caret,ʊ,ʌ,Early Modern English,West Germanic,false,"Early Modern English dull, lax [ʊ]",dull /dʌl/,Northern England keeps /dʊl/.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/upsilon/caret
upsilon_to_caret,ʊ,ʌ,Early Modern English,West Germanic,false,"Early Modern English fun, lax [ʊ]",fun /fʌn/,"Words with a preceding labial (put, pull, full) kept the rounded vowel, splitting the phoneme into FOOT /ʊ/ and STRUT /ʌ/; Northern England keeps /fʊn/.",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/upsilon/caret
upsilon_to_o,ʊ,o,Latin to Italian,Italo-Dalmatian,false,Latin bucca [ˈbʊk.ka] 'cheek',bocca /ˈbok.ka/ 'mouth',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/upsilon/o
upsilon_to_o,ʊ,o,Latin to Italian,Italo-Dalmatian,false,Latin furnus [ˈfʊr.nʊs] 'oven',forno /ˈfor.no/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/upsilon/o
upsilon_to_o,ʊ,o,Latin to Italian,Italo-Dalmatian,false,Latin gula [ˈɡʊ.ɫa] 'throat',gola /ˈɡo.la/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/upsilon/o
upsilon_to_o,ʊ,o,Latin to Italian,Italo-Dalmatian,false,Latin musca [ˈmʊs.ka] 'fly',mosca /ˈmos.ka/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/upsilon/o
upsilon_to_o,ʊ,o,Latin to Italian,Italo-Dalmatian,false,"Latin crux [ˈkrʊks], acc. crucem 'cross'",croce /ˈkro.t͡ʃe/,"The result is close /o/, distinct from the open /ɔ/ of Latin ŏ and au (oro /ˈɔ.ro/).",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/upsilon/o
upsilon_to_o,ʊ,o,Latin to Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin bucca [ˈbʊk.ka] 'cheek',boca /ˈboka/ 'mouth',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/upsilon/o
upsilon_to_o,ʊ,o,Latin to Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Latin musca [ˈmʊs.ka] 'fly',mosca /ˈmoska/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/upsilon/o
upsilon_to_u,ʊ,u,Swahili,Bantu,false,Proto-Bantu *kʊ́mɪ̀ 'ten',kumi,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/upsilon/u
upsilon_to_u,ʊ,u,Swahili,Bantu,false,Proto-Bantu *-tátʊ̀ 'three',-tatu,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/upsilon/u
upsilon_to_u,ʊ,u,Swahili,Bantu,false,Proto-Bantu *bàntʊ̀ 'people',watu,Proto-Bantu *ɪ likewise became i (kumi).,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/upsilon/u
upsilon_to_u,ʊ,u,Zulu,Bantu,false,Proto-Bantu *kʊ́mɪ̀ 'ten',ishumi,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/upsilon/u
upsilon_to_u,ʊ,u,Zulu,Bantu,false,Proto-Bantu *-tátʊ̀ 'three',-thathu,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/upsilon/u
upsilon_to_u,ʊ,u,Latin to Sardinian,Romance,false,Latin crux [ˈkrʊks] 'cross',cruche /ˈkruke/,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/upsilon/u
upsilon_to_u,ʊ,u,Latin to Sardinian,Romance,false,Latin furnus [ˈfʊr.nʊs] 'oven',furru /ˈfurru/ (also forru),,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/upsilon/u
upsilon_to_u,ʊ,u,Latin to Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin bucca [ˈbʊk.ka] 'cheek',bucă /ˈbu.kə/,,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/upsilon/u
upsilon_to_u,ʊ,u,Latin to Romanian,Eastern Romance,false,Latin gula [ˈɡʊ.ɫa] 'throat',gură /ˈɡu.rə/ 'mouth',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/upsilon/u
uvular_fricative_to_a,ʁ,a,German,West Germanic,true,"Oper /ˈoːpər/, final unstressed /ər/ (onset /r/ is [ʁ])",Oper [ˈoːpɐ] 'opera',Word-final unstressed /ər/ is realized as syllabic [ɐ].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uvular_fricative/a
uvular_fricative_to_a,ʁ,a,German,West Germanic,true,wir /viːr/,[viːɐ̯] 'we',"After stressed vowels coda /r/ becomes non-syllabic [ɐ̯], forming centering diphthongs, as in mehr [meːɐ̯] 'more' and Tor [toːɐ̯] 'gate'.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uvular_fricative/a
uvular_fricative_to_a,ʁ,a,Danish,North Germanic,true,"stærkeste, coda /r/ (syllable-initial /r/ is [ʁ], as in brød [ˈpʁœ̝ðˀ])",[ˈstɛɐ̯kəstə] 'strongest',Syllable-final /r/ is realized as [ɐ̯].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uvular_fricative/a
uvular_fricative_to_a,ʁ,a,Danish,North Germanic,true,"nordisk, coda /r/",[ˈnoɐ̯ɾisk] 'Nordic',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uvular_fricative/a
uvular_fricative_to_a,ʁ,a,Luxembourgish,West Germanic,true,"Wanderer, final /r/ (older speakers [ʀ ~ ʁ])",[ˈvɑndəʀɐ] 'wanderer',"Younger speakers vocalize word-final /r/ to [ɐ], as in German and Danish.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uvular_fricative/a
uvular_fricative_to_a,ʁ,a,Luxembourgish,West Germanic,true,"wier, coda /r/ after a long vowel",[viːɐ̯] 'would be',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uvular_fricative/a
uvular_fricative_to_ain,ʁ,ʕ,Hebrew,Northwest Semitic,false,"/ʁazza/ 'Gaza' (Septuagint Γάζα, Arabic غزة Ġazzah [ˈɣazza])",עַזָּה ʿAzzā,The Greek gamma preserves the pre-merger uvular; Tiberian Hebrew writes and pronounces the word with ayin.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uvular_fricative/ain
uvular_fricative_to_ain,ʁ,ʕ,Hebrew,Northwest Semitic,false,Biblical Hebrew /ʁumurˈraː/ 'Gomorrah' (Septuagint Γόμορρα),/ʕumurˈraː/ עֲמֹרָה ʿĂmōrā,"Same merger of ghayin with ayin, complete by the Tiberian period.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uvular_fricative/ain
uvular_fricative_to_ain,ʁ,ʕ,Hebrew,Northwest Semitic,false,earlier Biblical Hebrew /ʁarb/ 'evening' (cf. Arabic غَرْب ġarb 'west'),"later /ʕarb/, Tiberian [ˈʕɛːʀ̟ɛv] עֶרֶב",,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uvular_fricative/ain
uvular_fricative_to_ain,ʁ,ʕ,Aramaic,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ḡurayb- 'raven' (Arabic غُرَاب ġurāb),עורבא /ʕurbɑʔ/; Classical Syriac ܥܘܪܒܐ [ʕurvɑ],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uvular_fricative/ain
uvular_fricative_to_ain,ʁ,ʕ,Aramaic,Northwest Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *ṣaḡir- 'small' (Arabic صَغِير ṣaġīr),זְעוֹרָא zəʿōrā; Assyrian Neo-Aramaic ܙܥܘܪܐ [zəʕoːrɑː],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uvular_fricative/ain
uvular_fricative_to_empty,ʁ,∅,French,Gallo-Romance,true,quatre /katʁ/ 'four',[kat],Colloquial pronunciation before a consonant (quatre jours); word-final post-obstruent /ʁ/ deleted.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uvular_fricative/empty
uvular_fricative_to_empty,ʁ,∅,French,Gallo-Romance,true,notre /nɔtʁ/ 'our',[nɔt],Informal pronunciation before a consonant; votre 'your' likewise becomes [vɔt].,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uvular_fricative/empty
uvular_fricative_to_empty,ʁ,∅,French,Gallo-Romance,true,cidre /sidʁ/ 'cider',[sid],Variable deletion of post-obstruent /ʁ/ recorded in interview corpora from Nancy and Rennes.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uvular_fricative/empty
uvular_fricative_to_empty,ʁ,∅,French,Gallo-Romance,true,ministre /ministʁ/ 'minister',"[minist], reduced as far as [mis]",Casual Parisian speech; the liquid of the word-final cluster is absent in most tokens of such nouns.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uvular_fricative/empty
uvular_fricative_to_empty,ʁ,∅,Proto-Inuit and Inuit varieties,Inuit,false,Proto-Eskimo *aʀiłaʀ- 'to be damp',Proto-Inuit *ailaʀ- > Inuktitut ailaq,Alutiiq aʀillaq 'steam' keeps the uvular.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uvular_fricative/empty
uvular_fricative_to_empty,ʁ,∅,Proto-Inuit and Inuit varieties,Inuit,false,Proto-Eskimo *nuliʀ(aʀ) 'wife',"Proto-Inuit *nuliaq > Iñupiaq, Inuktitut, Greenlandic nuliaq",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uvular_fricative/empty
uvular_fricative_to_empty,ʁ,∅,Proto-Inuit and Inuit varieties,Inuit,false,Proto-Inuit *taʀu 'human being' (shamanic),Inuinnaqtun tauq; Netsilik and Iglulik tau,Yup'ik and Central Siberian Yupik taru keep the uvular.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/uvular_fricative/empty
v_to_b,v,b,"Catalan (Northern, Central, Northwestern)",Occitano-Romance,false,"viure 'to live', conservative [v] (kept in Balearic [ˈviw.ɾə], Valencian [ˈviw.ɾe])",Central [ˈbiw.ɾə],"The from is the conservative pronunciation with [v]; /v/ merged with /b/, and [b] alternates with approximant [β] after vowels.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/b
v_to_b,v,b,"Catalan (Northern, Central, Northwestern)",Occitano-Romance,false,"vaca 'cow', conservative [v] (kept in Balearic [ˈva.kə])",Central [ˈba.kə],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/b
v_to_b,v,b,"Catalan (Northern, Central, Northwestern)",Occitano-Romance,false,"vi 'wine', conservative [v] (kept in Balearic and Valencian [ˈvi])",Central [ˈbi],,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/b
v_to_b,v,b,Bengali,Eastern Indo-Aryan,false,Prakrit vahū (Sanskrit vadhū) 'bride',বউ /bou̯/ 'wife',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/b
v_to_b,v,b,Bengali,Eastern Indo-Aryan,false,Sanskrit *वातत्रास vātatrāsa 'stormy wind',বাতাস bātās 'wind',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/b
v_to_b,v,b,Hindi,Central Indo-Aryan,false,Prakrit vīsa (Sanskrit viṃśati) 'twenty',बीस /biːs/,"Inherited (tadbhava) words show b, while learned Sanskrit loans keep [ʋ].",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/b
v_to_b,v,b,Hindi,Central Indo-Aryan,false,Sauraseni Prakrit vahū (Sanskrit vadhū),बहू /bə.ɦuː/ 'daughter-in-law',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/b
v_to_b,v,b,Romani,Romani,false,Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀯𑀸𑀮 vāla 'hair' (Sanskrit vāla),bal 'a hair',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/b
v_to_b,v,b,Romani,Romani,false,Prakrit 𑀯𑀭𑀺𑀲 varisa 'year' (Sanskrit varṣá),berś 'year',,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/b
v_to_f,v,f,German,Germanic,true,aktiv [v] (underlying),[f],Word-final devoicing of [v] to [f] in German.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/f
v_to_f,v,f,German,Germanic,true,Motiv,[motiːf],Final [v] in loanwords is regularly devoiced.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/f
v_to_f,v,f,Polish / Russian,Slavic,true,staw [stav] (Polish),[staf],Final-obstruent devoicing: 'staw' (pond) is pronounced with [f].,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/f
v_to_f,v,f,Polish / Russian,Slavic,true,ostrov [ostrəv] (Russian),[ostrəf],Final-obstruent devoicing in Russian (island).,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/f
v_to_f,v,f,Proto-Central Chadic North to Proto-North Kotoko-Musgum,Central Chadic,false,*vɨnʸ 'hut',"*fɨn; Kotoko North fɨn, Musgum funɨj","Compare Margi vi, Maroua vɨnʸ, Lamang ivɨŋ.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/f
v_to_f,v,f,Proto-Central Chadic North to Proto-North Kotoko-Musgum,Central Chadic,false,*dzavɨn 'guinea fowl',*dzafɨn; Kotoko North tsafan,"Compare Mofu dzavɨr, Higi zivɨn.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/f
v_to_f,v,f,Proto-Central Chadic North to Proto-North Kotoko-Musgum,Central Chadic,false,*vɨnah 'to vomit',*fɨnah; Musgum fɨnaʸ,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/f
v_to_f,v,f,Proto-Central Chadic North to Proto-North Kotoko-Musgum,Central Chadic,false,*wɨvɨn 'grinding stone',*wɨfɨn,Gravina pairs *v → f with *z → s as the defining changes of the North Kotoko-Musgum major group.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/f
v_to_f,v,f,"Proto-Oti-Volta to Northern Gurma (Gulimancema, Moba)",Gurma,false,Proto-Oti-Volta *vʊ̂- 'live',Gulimancema fò; Moba fò,"Forms in Eddyshaw's transcription: POV *r = the approximant [ɹ], y = [j], j = [ɟ], ɩ ʋ = [ɪ ʊ], a tilde below a vowel marks nasalization; POV = Proto-Oti-Volta. Western Oti-Volta keeps v (Kusaal vʋ̄yá, Mooré vʋ́ɩ).",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/f
v_to_f,v,f,"Proto-Oti-Volta to Northern Gurma (Gulimancema, Moba)",Gurma,false,Proto-Oti-Volta *vâ̰a-gʊ 'leaf',Gulimancema fàagū; Moba fààɔ̀g̀,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/f
v_to_f,v,f,"Proto-Oti-Volta to Northern Gurma (Gulimancema, Moba)",Gurma,false,Proto-Oti-Volta *vôog-bʊ 'red kapok tree',Gulimancema fùobū; Moba fùòg̀,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/f
v_to_f,v,f,Proto-Oti-Volta to Eastern Oti-Volta,Eastern Oti-Volta,false,Proto-Oti-Volta *vʊ̂- 'live',Byali fṵ̄ṵ̄; Mbelime fòò; Nateni fòù; Waama fɔ,"Forms in Eddyshaw's transcription: POV *r = the approximant [ɹ], y = [j], j = [ɟ], ɩ ʋ = [ɪ ʊ], a tilde below a vowel marks nasalization; POV = Proto-Oti-Volta.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/f
v_to_f,v,f,Proto-Oti-Volta to Eastern Oti-Volta,Eastern Oti-Volta,false,Proto-Oti-Volta *vôog-bʊ 'red kapok tree',Byali fwāhə̄kə̄; Mbelime fɔ̀ɔ̀bù; Waama fɔkibu,Eddyshaw: in Gurma and EOV *v > f; POV had no non-initial *v.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/f
v_to_h_voiced,v,ɦ,Brazilian Portuguese (Central Northeastern),Ibero-Romance,true,vamo? [ˈvɐ̃mʊ] 'let's go?',[ˈɦɐ̃mʊ̥] ~ [ˈɦɐ̃m],"Colloquial speech; the change is restricted to verb forms beginning with v of ir, vir and ver.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/h_voiced
v_to_h_voiced,v,ɦ,Brazilian Portuguese (Central Northeastern),Ibero-Romance,true,tu vem? 'are you coming?',[ˈtu ˈɦẽj̃],,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/h_voiced
v_to_h_voiced,v,ɦ,Brazilian Portuguese (Central Northeastern),Ibero-Romance,true,vai te embora! '(you) go away!',[ˈɦaj ˈtĩˈbɔ(ː)ɾɐ],,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/h_voiced
v_to_m,v,m,Swedish,North Germanic,false,Old Norse hǫfn 'harbour' (from Proto-Germanic *habnō),hamn /hamn/,Old Swedish spellings hamn ~ hampn show the nasal outcome; Danish keeps havn.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/m
v_to_m,v,m,Swedish,North Germanic,false,Old Norse jafn 'even',jämn,"Old Swedish iæmpn; compare Danish jævn, Icelandic jafn.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/m
v_to_m,v,m,Swedish,North Germanic,false,"Old Norse efni 'matter, subject'",ämne,Old Swedish æfni with the fricative still written; the modern form has mn.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/m
v_to_m,v,m,Norwegian Nynorsk,North Germanic,false,Old Norse hǫfn 'harbour',hamn /hɑmn/,Bokmål has havn with the fricative kept.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/m
v_to_m,v,m,Norwegian Nynorsk,North Germanic,false,Old Norse stafn 'stem (of a ship)',stamn,Same assimilation of the labial fricative before n.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/m
v_to_m,v,m,Norwegian Nynorsk,North Germanic,false,Old Norse jafn 'even',jamn,Compare Bokmål jevn.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/m
v_to_u,v,u,Slovene,South Slavic,true,vsi /ʋsi/ 'all (pl.)',[uˈsî],Syllable-initial /ʋ/ before a consonant becomes a full vowel [u] for some speakers; others keep it consonantal by labializing the next consonant ([ˈʷsî]).,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/u
v_to_u,v,u,Slovene,South Slavic,true,preposition v /ʋ/ 'in' (standing alone),[úː],Within a sentence the preposition is pronounced [u̯]; cited in isolation it is a full long vowel.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/u
v_to_u,v,u,Middle English,West Germanic,false,Old English hafoc [ˈhɑvok] 'hawk',Middle English hauk (also havek) 'hawk',"After the unstressed vowel was lost, the intervocalic voiced fricative [v] vocalized to [u], giving the diphthong au of Modern English hawk.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/u
v_to_u,v,u,Middle English,West Germanic,false,Old English nafugār 'nave drill',Middle English nauger,The same vocalization of [v] before a consonant after syncope; nauger was later rebracketed as an auger.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/u
v_to_w,v,w,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *pravьda (Russian правда [ˈpravdə]),праўда [ˈprawda] 'truth',In the syllable coda /v/ is pronounced [w] or [u̯] and spelled ⟨ў⟩.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/w
v_to_w,v,w,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *ovьca (Russian овца [ɐfˈt͡sa]),аўца [awˈt͡sa] 'sheep',The glide replaces the coda labiodental before a consonant.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/w
v_to_w,v,w,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *lava (Russian лавка [ˈlafkə]),лаўка [ˈlawka] 'bench',"Where Russian devoices coda /v/ to [f], Belarusian has [w].",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/w
v_to_w,v,w,Southern Russian dialects,East Slavic,false,Standard Russian правда [ˈpravdə],праўда 'truth',"The western and central groups of the Southern dialects have bilabial [w] (written ў in dialect transcription) in place of /v/; mapped in the Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language (1986), map 56.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/w
v_to_w,v,w,Southern Russian dialects,East Slavic,false,"Standard Russian домов, столов","домоў, столоў 'of houses, of tables'",Word-final /v/ in the genitive plural ending is a glide rather than devoiced [f].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/w
v_to_w,v,w,Southern Russian dialects,East Slavic,false,Standard Russian завтра [ˈzaftrə],за́ўтря 'tomorrow',Dialect form recorded alongside за́фтря and за́йтря.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/w
v_to_w,v,w,Ukrainian,East Slavic,true,ви́вчити /ʋ/ in the coda 'to have learnt',[ˈʋɪu̯t͡ʃɪtɪ],In syllable codas /ʋ/ is most commonly realized as non-syllabic [u̯] (also transcribed [w]). Ukrainian /ʋ/ is filed as atlas v; [u̯] = atlas w.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/w
v_to_w,v,w,Ukrainian,East Slavic,true,втоми́вся /ʋ/ word-initially before a consonant,[u̯tɔˈmɪu̯sʲa],Word-initial /ʋ/ before a consonant is likewise non-syllabic [u̯] and alternates with syllabic /u/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/w
v_to_zh_palatal,v,ʑ,Romanian (northern Moldavian subdialect),Eastern Romance,false,vis 'dream',źis [ʑis],"The from is the conservative pronunciation with [v], kept in standard Romanian. Recorded in the north-eastern Republic of Moldova, where f, v and ĉ give ś, ź and ś (fier > śer, nuci > nuś).",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/zh_palatal
v_to_zh_palatal,v,ʑ,Romanian (northern Moldavian subdialect),Eastern Romance,false,vin 'wine',zin,Recorded in Vicovu de Jos (Suceava); speakers say zin is used more often than vin.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/zh_palatal
v_to_zh_palatal,v,ʑ,Romanian (northern Moldavian subdialect),Eastern Romance,false,"vițel, vițîcă 'calf'","zițăl, zițîcă",Recorded in Vicovu de Jos and Mănăstirea Humorului; speakers report using the z forms more often than vițel.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/zh_palatal
v_to_zh_palatal,v,ʑ,Romanian (northern Moldavian subdialect),Eastern Romance,false,viespe 'wasp',zéspi,"Typical of the northern half of Moldavia; south of the Bacău–Vaslui–Huși line, v gives the older glide stage y instead.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/zh_palatal
v_to_zh_palatal,v,ʑ,Romanian (Maramureș subdialect),Eastern Romance,false,"vin 'wine', viță 'vine'","zin, ziţắ","The from is the conservative pronunciation with [v], kept in standard Romanian. Found in most of Maramureș; the z that comes from v has a palatal timbre, distinct from primary z.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/zh_palatal
v_to_zh_palatal,v,ʑ,Romanian (Maramureș subdialect),Eastern Romance,false,vierme 'worm',"zérme, ziérme",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/v/zh_palatal
w_to_b,w,b,Persian (Middle to New Persian),Iranian,false,Middle Persian wād 'wind',bād,"Initial w- > b-, one of the changes visible in New Persian by the 10th century.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,Persian (Middle to New Persian),Iranian,false,Middle Persian wahār (whʾl) 'spring',bahār,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,Kannada and Tulu,South Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *wāy 'mouth' (Tamil வாய் vāy),"Old Kannada ಬಾಯ್ bāy, Tulu ಬಾಯಿ bāyi",Initial *w- > b- in Kannada and Tulu.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,Kannada and Tulu,South Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *waH-/*waH-r 'to come' (Tamil வா vā),"Kannada ಬಾ bā, ಬರು baru",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,Kannada and Tulu,South Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *weḷ 'white' (Tamil வெள் veḷ),Kannada ಬೆಳು beḷu; ಬಿಳಿ biḷi 'white' in Kannada and Tulu,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,Proto-Yukaghir to Kolyma Yukaghir,Yukaghir,false,Proto-Yukaghir *lewe: 'earth' (Tundra Yukaghir лэвэйнбурэбэ),Kolyma Yukaghir лэбиэ lebie,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,Proto-Yukaghir to Kolyma Yukaghir,Yukaghir,false,Proto-Yukaghir *čowinə 'projectile',Kolyma Yukaghir чобинэ čobine 'spear',Intervocalic *w appears as b in Kolyma Yukaghir; reconstructions follow Nikolaeva (2006).,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,Proto-Dravidian to Brahui,North Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *wāy 'mouth',Brahui با bā,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,Proto-Dravidian to Brahui,North Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *waHr 'to come',Brahui بننگ banning,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,Proto-Dravidian to Brahui,North Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *wal 'strong',Brahui بلن balun,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,Proto-Dravidian to Brahui,North Dravidian,false,Proto-Dravidian *wil 'bow',Brahui بِل bil,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,Proto-Dravidian to Brahui,North Dravidian,false,"Proto-Dravidian *wec- 'to roast, heat'",Brahui بِسِنْگ bisiṅg,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,Proto-Dravidian to Kurukh and Malto,Kurukh-Malto,false,Proto-Dravidian *wāy 'mouth',Kurukh बई baī,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,Proto-Dravidian to Kurukh and Malto,Kurukh-Malto,false,Proto-Dravidian *weruku 'cat',"Kurukh बेरख़ा berxā, Kumarbhag Paharia berge",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,Proto-Dravidian to Kurukh and Malto,Kurukh-Malto,false,Proto-Dravidian *wetV- 'to search',"Kurukh बेद्दना beddanā, Sawriya Paharia bede",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,Proto-Dravidian to Kurukh and Malto,Kurukh-Malto,false,"Proto-Dravidian *wec- 'to roast, heat'",Sawriya Paharia beru,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,"Proto-Ryukyuan to Southern Ryukyuan (Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni)",Southern Ryukyuan,false,*wata 'belly',"Miyako (Hirara) bata, Yaeyama (Hateruma) bata, Yonaguni bata",Northern Ryukyuan keeps w (Shuri Okinawan wata); Ishigaki and Kohama Yaeyama have bada.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,"Proto-Ryukyuan to Southern Ryukyuan (Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni)",Southern Ryukyuan,false,*wara 'straw',"Miyako bara, Yaeyama bara, Yonaguni bara",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,"Proto-Ryukyuan to Southern Ryukyuan (Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni)",Southern Ryukyuan,false,*waka 'young',"Miyako baka, Yaeyama bagasan, Yonaguni bagan",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,"Proto-Ryukyuan to Southern Ryukyuan (Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni)",Southern Ryukyuan,false,*wasi 'eagle',"Miyako basï, Yaeyama basï",Initial *w became b in all Southern Ryukyuan languages; the minority view of Vovin (2010) instead treats this b as a retention of Proto-Japonic *b.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,Proto-Georgian-Zan to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Georgian-Zan *wenaq- 'vine' (Old Georgian ვენაჴი venaqi),"Laz, Mingrelian ბინეხი binexi","Old Georgian keeps the labial approximant, written ვ or უ; Zan hardened it to b in initial and in final position.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,Proto-Georgian-Zan to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *wac₁- 'billy goat' (Old Georgian ვაცი vaci),"Laz ბოჩი boči 'billy goat, ram'",Mingrelian ოჩი oči lost the initial consonant instead.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,Proto-Georgian-Zan to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Georgian-Zan *ḳraw- 'lamb' (Old Georgian კრავი ḳravi),Mingrelian კირიბი ḳiribi 'lamb',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,Proto-Georgian-Zan to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Georgian-Zan *qew- 'ravine' (Old Georgian ჴევი qevi),Mingrelian ხაბო xabo 'ravine',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_b,w,b,Proto-Georgian-Zan to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,"Proto-Georgian-Zan *ṭq̇aw- 'hide, skin' (Old Georgian ტყავი ṭq̇avi)","Laz ტკები ṭkebi, Mingrelian ტყები ṭq̇ebi 'hide'",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/b
w_to_beta,w,β,Koine Greek,Hellenic,false,1st-century CE Egyptian Koine αὐλή /awˈle̝/ 'courtyard' (Attic /au̯.lɛ̌ː/),"4th-century CE Koine /aˈβli/, Medieval /aˈvli/",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/beta
w_to_beta,w,β,Koine Greek,Hellenic,false,1st-century CE Egyptian Koine ταῦρος /ˈtaw.ros/ 'bull' (Attic /tâu̯.ros/),"4th-century CE Koine /ˈta.βros/, Medieval /ˈta.vros/",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/beta
w_to_beta,w,β,Koine Greek,Hellenic,false,1st-century CE Egyptian Koine αὔριον /ˈaw.ri.on/ 'tomorrow' (Attic /ǎu̯.ri.on/),"4th-century CE Koine /ˈa.βri.on/, Medieval /ˈa.vri.on/",Before voiceless consonants the same glide became [ɸ]: αὐτός /aʍˈtos/ > Koine /aɸˈtos/. Forms are Wiktionary's period pronunciations of Greek.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/beta
w_to_empty,w,∅,English,West Germanic,false,Old English wrītan 'to write',write /ɹaɪt/,Initial w was lost before r in Early Modern English.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_empty,w,∅,English,West Germanic,false,Old English sweord 'sword',sword /sɔːd/,w lost after s in this word.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_empty,w,∅,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,ϝοῖκος woîkos 'house' (Proto-Hellenic *wóikos),οἶκος oîkos,Digamma [w] was lost in Attic-Ionic and most other dialects.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_empty,w,∅,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,Proto-Hellenic *wérgon 'work' (Doric ϝέργον),ἔργον érgon /ér.ɡon/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_empty,w,∅,Ancient Greek,Hellenic,false,Proto-Hellenic *wétos 'year' (ϝέτος),ἔτος étos /é.tos/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_empty,w,∅,Japanese,Japonic,false,"Old Japanese ゐる wiru 'to be, exist'",いる iru,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_empty,w,∅,Japanese,Japonic,false,Old Japanese こゑ kowe 'voice',こえ koe,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_empty,w,∅,Japanese,Japonic,false,Old Japanese をとこ wotoko 'man',おとこ otoko,/w/ survives only before a; を is still written for the particle o.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_empty,w,∅,Uradhi,Northern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *wanta- 'put',"anta- 'put, leave it'",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_empty,w,∅,Uradhi,Northern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *wa:ri 'who',"a:rri 'who' (Atampaya, Angkamuthi)",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_empty,w,∅,Mpalitjanh,Northern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *wi:ya 'another',iya 'another',Yinwum and Ngkoth also have iya.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_empty,w,∅,Mpalitjanh,Northern Paman,false,Proto-Paman *wa:ri 'who',arri- 'who',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_empty,w,∅,Uw-Oykangand,Southwestern Paman,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *wangarr 'ghost',agngar 'ghost; sky',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_empty,w,∅,Uw-Oykangand,Southwestern Paman,false,Proto-Pama-Nyungan *wanci 'sickness',adn.j 'sickness',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_empty,w,∅,Proto-Yukaghir to Kolyma Yukaghir,Yukaghir,false,Proto-Yukaghir *wonor 'tongue' (Tundra Yukaghir ванар),Kolyma Yukaghir онор onor,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_empty,w,∅,Proto-Yukaghir to Kolyma Yukaghir,Yukaghir,false,Proto-Yukaghir *wont-l 'Yukaghir person' (Tundra Yukaghir вадул),Kolyma Yukaghir одул odul,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_empty,w,∅,Proto-Yukaghir to Kolyma Yukaghir,Yukaghir,false,Proto-Yukaghir *waŋ- 'eye' (Tundra Yukaghir ваҥчидьаайэ),Kolyma Yukaghir аҥдьэ aŋdʼe,Word-initial *w is lost in Kolyma Yukaghir and kept in Tundra Yukaghir; reconstructions follow Nikolaeva (2006).,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_empty,w,∅,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *wulfaz 'wolf',ulfr,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_empty,w,∅,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *wurdą 'word',orð,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_empty,w,∅,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *wullō 'wool',ull,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_empty,w,∅,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *wurmiz 'worm',ormr,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_empty,w,∅,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *wōpijaną 'to cry out',ǿpa,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_empty,w,∅,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *wunskaz 'wish',ósk,"Word-initial *w- was lost before rounded vowels (u, o, ō); it stayed before other vowels (vatn, vegr) and in Gothic and West Germanic (𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐍃 wulfs, Old English wulf).",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/empty
w_to_f,w,f,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *wiros 'man' (Primitive Irish *viras),"fer; Irish and Scottish Gaelic fear, Manx fer",Brythonic has gw- from the same etymon: Welsh gŵr.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/f
w_to_f,w,f,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *wīros 'true',"fír; Irish fíor, Scottish Gaelic fìor, Manx feer",Welsh gwir.,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/f
w_to_f,w,f,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Proto-Celtic *windos 'white' (Primitive Irish VENDOGNI),"find; Irish and Scottish Gaelic fionn, Manx fynn","Welsh gwyn, Breton gwenn.",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/f
w_to_f,w,f,Old Irish,Goidelic,false,Latin vīnum [ˈwiːnum] 'wine' (Proto-Celtic *wīnom),"fín; Irish fíon, Scottish Gaelic fìon",,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/f
w_to_g,w,g,Proto-Celtic to Welsh,Brythonic,false,*wīros 'true',gwir,Initial *w- fortified to gw- in Brythonic; Goidelic instead has f- (Old Irish fír),5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/g
w_to_g,w,g,Proto-Celtic to Welsh,Brythonic,false,*wlatis 'country',gwlad,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/g
w_to_g,w,g,Proto-Celtic to Welsh,Brythonic,false,Latin vīnum,gwin 'wine',Early Latin loanword undergoing the same change,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/g
w_to_g,w,g,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,*wek(ʷ)speros 'evening',gišer 'night',Initial *w- fortified to g- (via Proto-Armenian *geyšero-); cf. Latin vesper,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/g
w_to_g,w,g,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *wérǵom 'work',"գործ (gorc) 'work, deed'",,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/g
w_to_g,w,g,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,"PIE *wóyde 'has seen, knows'",գիտեմ (gitem) 'I know',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/g
w_to_g,w,g,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *wósn̥ 'price',գին (gin) 'price',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/g
w_to_g,w,g,Proto-Indo-European to Classical Armenian,Armenian,false,PIE *wésr̥ 'spring',գարուն (garun) 'spring',,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/g
w_to_g,w,g,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,PMP *walu 'eight',Chamorro gwalu,The glide is fortified to a labialized velar [ɡʷ].,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/g
w_to_g,w,g,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Chamorro,Malayo-Polynesian,false,PMP *siwa 'nine',Chamorro sigwa,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/g
w_to_j_glide,w,j,Hebrew and Aramaic (Northwest Semitic),Semitic,false,Proto-Semitic *walad- 'to give birth' (Arabic walada),"Hebrew yālaḏ, Aramaic yəlaḏ, Classical Syriac yəlaḏ","Word-initial *w- became *y- in Northwest Semitic, while Arabic preserves w-.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/j_glide
w_to_j_glide,w,j,Hebrew and Aramaic (Northwest Semitic),Semitic,false,"Proto-Semitic *warḫ- 'moon, month'","Hebrew יָרֵחַ yārēaḥ, Palestinian Aramaic yraḥ",,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/j_glide
w_to_j_glide,w,j,Modern West Frisian (eastern dialects),Anglo-Frisian,false,muorre [mwo-] 'wall',[mjor],"The from is the conservative pronunciation, a rising diphthong from New Frisian Breaking; the [j] onset occurs only after labial consonants.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/j_glide
w_to_j_glide,w,j,Modern West Frisian (eastern dialects),Anglo-Frisian,false,boartsje [bwa-] 'to play',[bjatsj],Spread rapidly in the eastern Frisian-speaking area during the 20th century (mûljearring).,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/j_glide
w_to_m,w,m,Proto-Mixtec to Mixtec varieties,Mixtecan,false,*káʔwį́ 'burn',Alcozauca kaꞌmi; San Juan Colorado cahmi,*w > m before a nasalized vowel,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/m
w_to_m,w,m,Proto-Mixtec to Mixtec varieties,Mixtecan,false,*kɨ̀wį̀ʔ 'four',Alcozauca ku̱mí; Chayuco cumi,"cf. *kɨ̀wɨ̀ʔ 'day' > Alcozauca ki̱ví, oral vowel",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/m
w_to_p,w,p,Proto-Dravidian to Toda,Toda-Kota,false,Proto-Dravidian *wāy 'mouth',Toda போய் po·y,Kota வாய் vāy and Tamil வாய் vāy keep the glide as v.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/p
w_to_p,w,p,Proto-Dravidian to Toda,Toda-Kota,false,Proto-Dravidian *waHr 'to come',Toda po·r-,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/p
w_to_p,w,p,Proto-Dravidian to Toda,Toda-Kota,false,Proto-Dravidian *wēr 'root',Toda pö·r,Old Kannada ಬೇರ್ bēr has b-.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/p
w_to_p,w,p,Proto-Dravidian to Toda,Toda-Kota,false,Proto-Dravidian *weruku 'cat',Toda peṣk,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/p
w_to_p,w,p,Proto-Dravidian to Toda,Toda-Kota,false,Proto-Dravidian *wīẓ- 'to fall',Toda pïḍ-,Kota has vig- with v.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/p
w_to_u,w,u,Old English,West Germanic,false,Proto-West Germanic *balw- (Proto-Germanic *balwą 'evil'),"Old English bealu 'harm, evil'",Word-final *w after a consonant vocalized to -u; the glide survives before a vowel in the genitive bealwes and dative bealwe.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/u
w_to_u,w,u,Old English,West Germanic,false,"Proto-Germanic *melwą 'meal, flour'",melu,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/u
w_to_u,w,u,Old English,West Germanic,false,"Proto-Germanic *sarwą 'armour, device'",searu,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/u
w_to_v,w,v,German,Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *watōr,Wasser /ˈvasər/,Original [w] fortified to [v] by the Middle High German period.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
w_to_v,w,v,German,Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *wulfaz 'wolf',Wolf /vɔlf/,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
w_to_v,w,v,Latin to Italian/French,Romance,false,Latin venīre [w] 'to come',"Italian venire, French venir [v]",Classical Latin [w] became a bilabial fricative [β] and eventually a labiodental fricative [v] in most Romance varieties.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
w_to_v,w,v,Latin to Italian/French,Romance,false,Latin vīnum [w] 'wine',Italian vino [v],,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
w_to_v,w,v,Hungarian,Uralic,false,*wolka [w],"váll ""shoulder""",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
w_to_v,w,v,Hungarian,Uralic,false,*wiŋe-,"vég ""end""",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
w_to_v,w,v,Proto-Polynesian to Tongan / Samoan / Tahitian,Polynesian,false,*waka 'canoe',"Tongan, Niuean, Rapa Nui vaka; Samoan, Tahitian vaʻa",*w surfaces as labiodental [v] in most Polynesian languages; Hawaiian waʻa and Māori waka keep [w],5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
w_to_v,w,v,Proto-Polynesian to Tongan / Samoan / Tahitian,Polynesian,false,*walu 'eight',"Tongan, Samoan valu",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
w_to_v,w,v,Proto-Polynesian to Tongan / Samoan / Tahitian,Polynesian,false,*wai 'water',Tongan vai,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
w_to_v,w,v,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Malagasy,Barito,false,PMP *walu 'eight',Malagasy valo (faha-valo 'eighth'),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
w_to_v,w,v,Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Malagasy,Barito,false,PMP *siwa 'nine',Malagasy sivy,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
w_to_v,w,v,Apinajé,Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *kuwêñ 'small bird',kuvêñ,Apinajé replaced the glides *w and *j with fricatives in stressed syllables. Mẽbêngôkre has kwêñ.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
w_to_v,w,v,Apinajé,Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *ĵwa 'tooth',cva,Canela cwa.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
w_to_v,w,v,Apinajé,Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *kaĵwa 'salt',kacva,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
w_to_v,w,v,Apinajé,Northern Jê,false,Proto-Northern Jê *ĵwə̂r 'to bathe (nonfinite)',cvə̂r,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
w_to_v,w,v,Laklãnõ (Xokleng),Southern Jê,false,"Proto-Jê *wẽ(C) 'to show, speak' (Proto-Southern Jê *wĩ)",vẽ,Kaingang keeps the glide (wĩ).,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
w_to_v,w,v,Laklãnõ (Xokleng),Southern Jê,false,Proto-Jê *wa(C) 'to walk' (Proto-Southern Jê *wã),vã,Kaingang wẽ.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
w_to_v,w,v,Modern Armenian (Eastern and Western),Armenian,false,"Classical Armenian հաւ (haw) 'bird, hen'",Modern Armenian հավ [hɑv] (Eastern and Western),,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
w_to_v,w,v,Modern Armenian (Eastern and Western),Armenian,false,Classical Armenian կաւ (kaw) 'clay',"Eastern Armenian կավ [kɑv], Western Armenian [ɡɑv]",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
w_to_v,w,v,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *wesi,vesh 'ear',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
w_to_v,w,v,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *wedza,vjedh 'to steal',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
w_to_v,w,v,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *wala,vel 'to overeat',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
w_to_v,w,v,Proto-Albanian to Albanian,Albanian,false,Proto-Albanian *walnā,valë 'wave',,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/w/v
x_to_empty,x,∅,Old English to Modern English,Germanic,false,niht [x],night [∅],Total loss of the velar fricative.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/empty
x_to_empty,x,∅,Old English to Modern English,Germanic,false,lēoht,light,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/empty
x_to_empty,x,∅,Finnic (Finnish),Uralic,false,*tuxli [x],"tuuli ""wind""",Reconstructed as *towle in Wiktionary: the *x/*w analysis of the cluster is disputed.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/empty
x_to_empty,x,∅,Finnic (Finnish),Uralic,false,*mëxi,"maa ""land""",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/empty
x_to_empty,x,∅,Finnic (Finnish),Uralic,false,*mixe- [x],"myydä ""to sell""","Proto-Uralic *x between vowels was lost, leaving a long vowel (Wiktionary reconstructs *mixe- ""to give"").",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/empty
x_to_empty,x,∅,"Proto-Tungusic to Evenki, Even and Negidal",Northern Tungusic,false,*xedün 'wind',"Evenki эдын, Even эдэ̇н, Negidal эдин (ədin)","Nanai хэдун, Ulch and Orok хэду keep the velar fricative.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/empty
x_to_empty,x,∅,"Proto-Tungusic to Evenki, Even and Negidal",Northern Tungusic,false,*xoldan 'side',"Evenki олдон, Even олда̄н, Negidal олдо̄н (oldōn)","Nanai, Ulch and Orok холдон keep x.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/empty
x_to_empty,x,∅,"Proto-Tungusic to Evenki, Even and Negidal",Northern Tungusic,false,*xulukī 'squirrel',"Evenki улукӣ, Negidal улукӣ","Nanai хулу, Ulch ху̇лу̇ (xụlụ) keep x.",5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/empty
x_to_empty,x,∅,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Jurchenic,false,*xedün 'wind',Manchu edun,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/empty
x_to_empty,x,∅,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Jurchenic,false,*xorin 'twenty',Manchu orin,Nanai хорин keeps x.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/empty
x_to_empty,x,∅,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Jurchenic,false,*xabdansa 'leaf',Manchu abdaha,Nanai and Ulch хабдата (xabdata) keep x.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/empty
x_to_empty,x,∅,Proto-Tungusic to Manchu,Jurchenic,false,*xulukī 'squirrel',Manchu ulhu,,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/empty
x_to_empty,x,∅,Proto-Tungusic to Udege and Oroch,Southern Tungusic,false,*xedün 'wind',"Udege эди, Oroch эди",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/empty
x_to_empty,x,∅,Proto-Tungusic to Udege and Oroch,Southern Tungusic,false,*xoldan 'side',"Udege, Oroch огдон (ogdo(n))",,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/empty
x_to_empty,x,∅,Proto-Tungusic to Udege and Oroch,Southern Tungusic,false,*xabdansa 'leaf',"Udege абдиа (abdia), Oroch абдаса (abdasa)",Oroch keeps x in хосикта (xosikta) 'claw' and хуюн 'nine'.,5,5,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/empty
x_to_f,x,f,English,West Germanic,false,"Middle English tough, toȝ [x] (Old English tōh)",tough /tʌf/,,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/f
x_to_f,x,f,English,West Germanic,false,Middle English ynogh [x] (Old English ġenōg),enough /ɪˈnʌf/,,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/f
x_to_f,x,f,English,West Germanic,false,"Middle English laughen, laghen [x] (Old English hliehhan)",laugh /lɑːf/,,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/f
x_to_h,x,h,Old English,West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *hundaz /ˈxun.dɑz/ 'dog',Old English hund [h],Germanic word-initial /x/ and /xʷ/ were reduced to /h/ and /hʷ/; Gothic and Old Norse show the same initial h.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/h
x_to_h,x,h,Old English,West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *hurną /ˈxur.nɑ̃/ 'horn',Old English horn [h],Word-initial reflex; medial and final /x/ stayed velar in Old English (as in niht 'night').,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/h
x_to_h,x,h,Andalusian and Caribbean Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,ojo [ˈoxo] 'eye',[ˈoho],"The from is the standard (Castilian) pronunciation with [x]. /x/ is pronounced [h] in western Andalusia, Extremadura, the Canaries, the Caribbean, Central America, Venezuela and coastal Colombia and Ecuador; eastern Andalusia keeps [x].",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/h
x_to_h,x,h,Andalusian and Caribbean Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,gente [ˈxente] 'people',[ˈhente],"The same realization before front vowels, where /x/ is spelled ⟨g⟩.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/h
x_to_h,x,h,Turkish,Oghuz,false,Old Anatolian Turkish ḫaber [x] 'news' (< Arabic ḵabar),haber [hɑˈbæɾ],The velar fricative of Old Anatolian Turkish merged with /h/ in modern Standard Turkish.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/h
x_to_h,x,h,Turkish,Oghuz,false,Classical Persian xwāja 'master',hoca [hoˈd͡ʒɑ] 'teacher',Inherited through Ottoman Turkish with initial [h].,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/h
x_to_h,x,h,Swahili,Bantu,false,Arabic خَبَر ḵabar [x] 'news',habari [h] 'news',"Loanword adaptation; the standard orthography deliberately dropped the earlier ⟨kh⟩ spelling, though some speakers keep [x].",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/h
x_to_h,x,h,Swahili,Bantu,false,Arabic خَطَر ḵaṭar [x] 'danger',hatari [h] 'danger',Same substitution of [h] for the Arabic velar fricative.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/h
x_to_h,x,h,Bozo (Kelenga),Soninke-Bozo,false,Proto-Soninke-Bozo *xɔ̀líŋ 'bird',Kelenga hɔ̀nɔ̀ⁿ,"Tigemaxo xɔ̄nīⁿ keeps x. Pozdniakov & Vydrin (2026): the velar fricatives are reflected as x- in Soninke, Tieyaxo and Tigemaxo, and as h- in Bozo Kelenga.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/h
x_to_h,x,h,Bozo (Kelenga),Soninke-Bozo,false,"Tigemaxo xáy 'moon, month' (x retained)",Kelenga háyò,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/h
x_to_h,x,h,Bozo (Kelenga),Soninke-Bozo,false,Tigemaxo xɔ́ɔ́ⁿ 'bone' (x retained),Kelenga húɔ́ⁿ,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/h
x_to_h,x,h,Proto-Yuman to Mojave,River Yuman,false,Proto-Yuman *x-wak 'two',Mojave havík,Mojave has /h/ but no velar fricative; Tiipai xewak and Cocopah xwak keep x.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/h
x_to_h,x,h,Proto-Yuman to Mojave,River Yuman,false,Proto-Yuman *x-muk 'three',Mojave hamók,"Tiipai xemuk, Cocopah xmuk keep x.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/h
x_to_h,x,h,Proto-Yuman to Mojave,River Yuman,false,Proto-Yuman *-xa(ʔ) 'water',Mojave 'aha,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/h
x_to_h,x,h,Proto-Yuman to Ipai,Delta–California Yuman,false,Proto-Yuman *x-wak 'two',Ipai hewuk,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/h
x_to_h,x,h,Proto-Yuman to Ipai,Delta–California Yuman,false,Proto-Yuman *x-muk 'three',Ipai hemuk,The neighbouring Tiipai (Jamul) has xemuk.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/h
x_to_h,x,h,Proto-Yuman to Ipai,Delta–California Yuman,false,Proto-Yuman *-xa(ʔ) 'water',Ipai 'ehaa,Tiipai xa.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/h
x_to_h,x,h,Proto-Tai to Standard Zhuang,Northern Tai,false,*xaːwᴬ 'white',hau /haːu˨˦/,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/h
x_to_h,x,h,Proto-Tai to Standard Zhuang,Northern Tai,false,*xiəwᴬ 'green',heu /heːu˨˦/,"Southwestern Tai has kʰ instead (Thai ขาว, เขียว).",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/h
x_to_j_glide,x,j,Welsh,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *sextam 'seven',"saith /sai̯θ/ (Middle Welsh seith, < Proto-Brythonic *seiθ)","The *x of *-xt- vocalized to the offglide, while *t spirantized to θ. Compare Old Irish secht, which keeps [x].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/j_glide
x_to_j_glide,x,j,Welsh,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *oxtū 'eight',"wyth /ʊi̯θ/ (South), /uːɨ̯θ/ (North) (< Proto-Brythonic *üiθ)",Same development after a back vowel; Cornish cognate eth.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/j_glide
x_to_j_glide,x,j,Welsh,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *noxtos 'naked',"noeth /nɔi̯θ/ (South), /noːɨ̯θ/ (North) (< Proto-Brythonic *noɨθ)","Compare Old Irish nocht 'naked', with the fricative preserved.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/j_glide
x_to_j_glide,x,j,Breton,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *sextam 'seven',"seizh (Old Breton seith, Middle Breton seiz, < Proto-Brythonic *seiθ)",The glide is retained in the spelling ei; the following θ later became zh.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/j_glide
x_to_j_glide,x,j,Breton,Brythonic,false,Proto-Celtic *oxtū 'eight',"eizh (Old Breton eith, Middle Breton eiz, < Proto-Brythonic *üiθ)",Compare Welsh wyth and Old Irish ocht.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/j_glide
x_to_k,x,k,Proto-Samic,Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *suxe- 'to row',"Proto-Samic *sukëtēk > Northern Sami suhkat, Skolt Sami suukkâd",Reconstructed stage: the Proto-Uralic velar spirant *x became the stop *k before a vowel; Finnic instead lost it with compensatory lengthening.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/k
x_to_k,x,k,Proto-Samic,Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *jëxe- 'to drink',"Proto-Samic *jukëtēk > Northern Sami juhkat, Inari Sami juuḥâđ","Reconstructed stage; contrast Proto-Finnic *joodak (Finnish juoda), where *x was lost.",4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/k
x_to_k,x,k,Proto-Samic,Samic,false,Proto-Uralic *toxe- 'to bring',"Proto-Samic *tuokëtēk 'to sell' > South Sami doekedh, Ume Sami duahkat",Reconstructed stage; contrast Proto-Finnic *toodak (Finnish tuoda 'to bring').,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/k
x_to_k,x,k,Proto-Samic,Samic,false,"Proto-Uralic *wixe- 'to take, bring'","Proto-Samic *vikëtēk > Skolt Sami viikkâd, Kildin Sami выгкэ",Reconstructed stage; contrast Proto-Finnic *veedäk (Finnish viedä).,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/k
x_to_k,x,k,"Mandinka, Maninka, Bambara",Manding,false,Proto-Manding *xɔ̀nɔ 'bird',"Mandinka kùnù, Maninka Kita kònò, Bambara kɔ̀nɔ",Xasonka keeps the fricative: xónò. Pozdniakov & Vydrin (2026): the velar fricatives are reflected as k- in Manding except in Xasonka.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/k
x_to_k,x,k,"Mandinka, Maninka, Bambara",Manding,false,Proto-Manding *xólo 'bone',"Mandinka kúlù, Maninka-Mori kólo, Bambara kólo",Xasonka xúlu.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/k
x_to_k,x,k,"Mandinka, Maninka, Bambara",Manding,false,"Proto-Manding *xáɗV 'moon, month'","Mandinka kári, Maninka Kita káru, Bambara kálo",Xasonka xáru.,4,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/k
x_to_k_aspirated,x,kʰ,Thai,Southwestern Tai,false,Sukhothai ฃาย (ฃ = velar fricative) 'to sell',ขาย /kʰaːj˩˩˦/,"The Ram Khamhaeng inscription writes eleven words with ฃ; later inscriptions confuse ฃ and ข, and all such words are now spelled with ข [kʰ]. Li (1977) reconstructs the series as Proto-Tai *x; Pittayaporn (2009) reconstructs uvular *q, so the value of ฃ before the merger is debated.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/k_aspirated
x_to_k_aspirated,x,kʰ,Thai,Southwestern Tai,false,Sukhothai ฃวา 'right (side)',ขวา /kʰwaː˩˩˦/,Obsolete spelling with ฃ replaced by ข.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/k_aspirated
x_to_k_aspirated,x,kʰ,Proto-Tai to Lao,Southwestern Tai,false,*xaːwᴬ 'white',ຂາວ [kʰaːw˩(˧)],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/k_aspirated
x_to_k_aspirated,x,kʰ,Proto-Tai to Lao,Southwestern Tai,false,*xiəwᴬ 'green',ຂຽວ [kʰiːə̯w˩(˧)],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/k_aspirated
x_to_k_aspirated,x,kʰ,Proto-Tai to Shan,Southwestern Tai,false,*xaːwᴬ 'white',ၶၢဝ် /kʰaːw˨˦/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/k_aspirated
x_to_k_aspirated,x,kʰ,Proto-Tai to Shan,Southwestern Tai,false,*xiəwᴬ 'green',ၶဵဝ် /kʰew˨˦/,"Thai has the same outcome: ขาว /kʰaːw˩˩˦/, เขียว /kʰia̯w˩˩˦/.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/k_aspirated
x_to_q,x,q,Kazakh,Kipchak,false,Arabic خَزِينَة xazīna 'treasury',"қазына qazına 'treasure, treasury'","cf. Uzbek xazina, Azerbaijani xəzinə, which keep the fricative.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/q
x_to_q,x,q,Kazakh,Kipchak,false,Classical Persian خواجه xwāja 'master',"қожа qoja 'hodja, master'",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/q
x_to_q,x,q,Kazakh,Kipchak,false,халық /χɑ.ləq/ 'people' (< Persian xalq),nativized [qɑ.ɫəq],"Standard Kazakh has reintroduced the fricative in this loan, but the nativized pronunciation with initial [q] persists.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/q
x_to_q,x,q,Kyrgyz,Kipchak,false,Classical Persian xalq (< Arabic ḵalq) 'people',калк /qɑlq/ 'population',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/q
x_to_q,x,q,Kyrgyz,Kipchak,false,Arabic خَبَر xabar 'news',кабар /qaˈβar/ 'news',Kazakh хабар and Uzbek xabar keep the fricative.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/q
x_to_q,x,q,Shor,Siberian Turkic,false,Arabic خَبَر xabar 'news',қабар qabar 'news',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/q
x_to_q,x,q,Shor,Siberian Turkic,false,Classical Persian xalq 'people',қалық qalïq 'people',Listed among the cognates of Kazakh халық and Kyrgyz калк.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/q
x_to_s,x,s,Old Church Slavonic,South Slavic,false,"доухъ (duxŭ) 'spirit, breath'","доуси (dusi) nom. pl., доусѣ (dusě) loc. sg.","Second palatalization: *x before *i and *ě from earlier *oi and *ai gives s, producing a regular x ~ s alternation within the o-stem paradigm.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/s
x_to_s,x,s,Old Church Slavonic,South Slavic,false,"Early Proto-Slavic *vьxь 'all' (cf. Old Novgorodian вьхе, without palatalization)",вьсь (vĭsĭ) 'all',"Progressive palatalization: *x after the front vowel *ь became a sibilant, which surfaces as s in Old Church Slavonic.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/s
x_to_s,x,s,"Proto-Tungusic to Nanai, Ulch and Orok",Southern Tungusic,false,*xïlaga 'flower',"Nanai силакта, Ulch сила (sila), Orok си́лла",Evenki илага and Manchu ilha lose the fricative instead.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/s
x_to_s,x,s,"Proto-Tungusic to Nanai, Ulch and Orok",Southern Tungusic,false,"*ximügse 'fat, oil'","Nanai симуксэ (simukse), Ulch симсэ (simse)","Evenki имӯксэ, Manchu imenggi.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/s
x_to_s,x,s,"Proto-Tungusic to Nanai, Ulch and Orok",Southern Tungusic,false,*xigdipǖn 'comb',"Nanai сигдипун, Orok сигдипун","Evenki игдывӯн, Manchu ijifun.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/s
x_to_s,x,s,"Proto-Tungusic to Nanai, Ulch and Orok",Southern Tungusic,false,*xïŋakta 'body hair',"Nanai сиӈакта, Ulch синякта (sińakta)","The shift applies before *i and *ï; before other vowels these languages keep x (Nanai хэдун 'wind' < *xedün, холдон 'side' < *xoldan).",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/s
x_to_sh,x,ʃ,Proto-Slavic (First Palatalization),Slavic,false,Germanic *helm- 'helmet' > Proto-Slavic *xelmъ,"*šelmъ > Old Church Slavonic шлѣмъ šlěmŭ, Russian шлем",*x became *š before the front vowel *e.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/sh
x_to_sh,x,ʃ,Proto-Slavic (First Palatalization),Slavic,false,earlier *slyxěti 'to hear' (cf. Russian слух 'hearing'),"*slyšati, Russian слышать","*x became *š before the front vowel *ě, which then became *a after the new palatal.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/sh
x_to_sh,x,ʃ,Proto-Slavic (First Palatalization),Slavic,false,*grěxъ 'sin' + *-iti,"*grěšiti 'to err, sin', Russian грешить",Root-final *x became *š before the front vowel *i.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/sh
x_to_sh,x,ʃ,Proto-Slavic (First Palatalization),Slavic,false,*duxъ 'spirit' + *-ja,"*duša 'soul', Russian душа",*x became *š before *j.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/sh
x_to_sh_palatal,x,ɕ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,曉 initial *x- before front vowels,[ɕ],"Over the last few centuries the velar initials palatalized before [i] and [y], merging with the dental sibilants into the [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] series spelled ⟨j q x⟩ in Pinyin. The same 曉 initial stays [x] before back vowels: 海 hǎi /xaɪ̯²¹⁴/ 'sea' versus 希 xī /ɕi⁵⁵/ 'hope'.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/sh_palatal
x_to_sh_palatal,x,ɕ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,香 MC xjang 'fragrant',xiāng /ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/sh_palatal
x_to_sh_palatal,x,ɕ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,喜 MC xiX 'happy',xǐ /ɕi²¹⁴/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/sh_palatal
x_to_sh_palatal,x,ɕ,Jin (Taiyuan),Sinitic,false,希 (MC 曉 initial) 'hope',/ɕi¹¹/,Taiyuan keeps [x] before non-front vowels (海 /xai⁵³/ 'sea') but has [ɕ] before /i/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/sh_palatal
x_to_sh_palatal,x,ɕ,Jin (Taiyuan),Sinitic,false,香 (MC xjang) 'fragrant',/ɕiɒ̃¹¹/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/sh_palatal
x_to_sh_palatal,x,ɕ,Jin (Taiyuan),Sinitic,false,喜 (MC xiX) 'happy',/ɕi⁵³/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/sh_palatal
x_to_sh_palatal,x,ɕ,Xiang (Changsha),Sinitic,false,希 (MC 曉 initial) 'hope',/ɕi³³/,Changsha likewise contrasts 海 /xai̯⁴¹/ 'sea' with palatalized 希 /ɕi³³/.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/sh_palatal
x_to_sh_palatal,x,ɕ,Xiang (Changsha),Sinitic,false,香 (MC xjang) 'fragrant',/ɕi̯æn³³/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/sh_palatal
x_to_sh_palatal,x,ɕ,Xiang (Changsha),Sinitic,false,喜 (MC xiX) 'happy',/ɕi⁴¹/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/sh_palatal
x_to_x_uvular,x,χ,Standard German,West Germanic,true,Bach /bax/ 'brook',[baχ],"The ach-Laut is uvular [χ] after /a, aː/ but velar [x] after /uː, oː/ (Buch [buːx] 'book').",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/x_uvular
x_to_x_uvular,x,χ,Standard German,West Germanic,true,Dach /dax/ 'roof',[däχ],,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/x_uvular
x_to_x_uvular,x,χ,Castilian Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,junio /ˈxunjo/ 'June',[ˈχunjo],"Martínez-Celdrán et al. (2003) describe /x/ as velar, but say it can be pronounced uvular before a back vowel and the semivowel [w].",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/x_uvular
x_to_x_uvular,x,χ,Castilian Spanish,Ibero-Romance,true,"enjuto /enˈxuto/ 'dry, thin'",[eɴˈχuto],The preceding nasal assimilates to the uvular fricative.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x/x_uvular
x_uvular_to_h,χ,h,Proto-Fula-Sereer to Fula,Fula-Sereer,false,Proto-Fula-Sereer *xande 'today',Fula hannde(n),Sereer keeps the postvelar fricative (xande).,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x_uvular/h
x_uvular_to_h,χ,h,Proto-Fula-Sereer to Fula,Fula-Sereer,false,Proto-Fula-Sereer *xeeɲ 'liver',Fula heeɲere,Sereer xeeɲ.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x_uvular/h
x_uvular_to_h,χ,h,Proto-Fula-Sereer to Fula,Fula-Sereer,false,Proto-Fula-Sereer *xoox 'head',Fula hoore,Sereer xoox.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x_uvular/h
x_uvular_to_h,χ,h,Proto-Fula-Sereer to Fula,Fula-Sereer,false,Proto-Fula-Sereer *xas 'new',Fula hes,Sereer xas. Pozdniakov counts 32 roots with Sereer x ~ Fula h: the postvelar fricative merged with the velar series' h in Fula.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x_uvular/h
x_uvular_to_h,χ,h,Proto-Tai to Standard Zhuang,Northern Tai,false,*χiːŋᴬ 'ginger',hing /hiŋ˨˦/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x_uvular/h
x_uvular_to_h,χ,h,Proto-Tai to Standard Zhuang,Northern Tai,false,*χɯnꟲ 'to ascend',hwnj /hɯn˥/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x_uvular/h
x_uvular_to_h,χ,h,Proto-Tai to Standard Zhuang,Northern Tai,false,*χeːwꟲ 'fang',heuj /heːu˥/,"Southwestern Tai has kʰ (Thai ขิง, ขึ้น, เขี้ยว); *q instead gives Zhuang k (gaeu 'horn').",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x_uvular/h
x_uvular_to_k_aspirated,χ,kʰ,Proto-Tai to Thai,Southwestern Tai,false,*χalᴬ 'to crow',ขัน /kʰan˩˩˦/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x_uvular/k_aspirated
x_uvular_to_k_aspirated,χ,kʰ,Proto-Tai to Thai,Southwestern Tai,false,*χaːmꟲ 'to cross',ข้าม /kʰaːm˥˩/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x_uvular/k_aspirated
x_uvular_to_k_aspirated,χ,kʰ,Proto-Tai to Thai,Southwestern Tai,false,*χiːŋᴬ 'ginger',ขิง /kʰiŋ˩˩˦/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x_uvular/k_aspirated
x_uvular_to_k_aspirated,χ,kʰ,Proto-Tai to Thai,Southwestern Tai,false,*χɯnꟲ 'to ascend',ขึ้น /kʰɯn˥˩/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x_uvular/k_aspirated
x_uvular_to_k_aspirated,χ,kʰ,Proto-Tai to Lao,Southwestern Tai,false,*χiːŋᴬ 'ginger',ຂີງ [kʰiːŋ˩(˧)],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x_uvular/k_aspirated
x_uvular_to_k_aspirated,χ,kʰ,Proto-Tai to Lao,Southwestern Tai,false,*χaːmꟲ 'to cross',ຂ້າມ khām,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x_uvular/k_aspirated
x_uvular_to_k_aspirated,χ,kʰ,Proto-Tai to Shan,Southwestern Tai,false,*χiːŋᴬ 'ginger',ၶိင် /kʰiŋ˨˦/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x_uvular/k_aspirated
x_uvular_to_k_aspirated,χ,kʰ,Proto-Tai to Shan,Southwestern Tai,false,*χaːmꟲ 'to cross',ၶၢမ်ႈ,"Zhuang has h in the same words: hing, hwnj.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/x_uvular/k_aspirated
y_to_e,y,e,Old English (Kentish),Anglo-Frisian,false,fȳr [fyːr] 'fire',Middle Kentish ver [veːr],The long vowel ȳ > ē. Initial voicing f- > v- is a separate south-eastern feature.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/y/e
y_to_e,y,e,Old English (Kentish),Anglo-Frisian,false,fyllan [y] 'to fill',"Middle English felle, fellen, velle","Short y > e. This is the south-eastern type, against Midland and Northern fillen.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/y/e
y_to_e,y,e,Old English (Kentish),Anglo-Frisian,false,cyning [y] 'king',late Kentish cening,Listed as a late Kentish alternative form of Old English cyning.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/y/e
y_to_e,y,e,Old English (Kentish),Anglo-Frisian,false,brycg [y] 'bridge',Middle English bregge,"The Kentish, East Anglian and East Saxon form, against Southern and West Midland brugge and Midland brigge.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/y/e
y_to_eps,y,ɛ,English (Kentish-derived forms),West Germanic,false,Old English myriġe [y] 'pleasant',merry /ˈmɛri/,Kentish form; the Anglian /ɪ/ development did not survive in this word.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/y/eps
y_to_eps,y,ɛ,English (Kentish-derived forms),West Germanic,false,"Old English cnyllan [y] 'to strike, knock'",knell /nɛl/,"ME knyllen sat alongside the Kentish e-form, which became the standard.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/y/eps
y_to_eps,y,ɛ,English (Kentish-derived forms),West Germanic,false,Old English lyft [y] 'weak',left /lɛft/,"ME had luft, lift and left; the Kentish left won out.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/y/eps
y_to_eps,y,ɛ,English (Kentish-derived forms),West Germanic,false,Old English byrġan [y] 'to bury',bury /ˈbɛri/,West Saxon spelling with ⟨u⟩ but Kentish pronunciation with /ɛ/.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/y/eps
y_to_eps,y,ɛ,English (Kentish-derived forms),West Germanic,false,"Old English dynt [y] 'blow, strike'",dent /dɛnt/,Kentish e-form; the Anglian i-form survives in the doublet dint.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/y/eps
y_to_i,y,i,English,West Germanic,false,Old English mȳs [yː] 'mice',Middle English mys [iː] (Modern mice),The front rounded vowels of Old English (from i-mutation) unrounded in most of Middle English.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/y/i
y_to_i,y,i,English,West Germanic,false,"Old English cynn [y] 'kind, race'","Middle English kyn, Modern kin [ɪ]",Short y likewise unrounded.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/y/i
y_to_i,y,i,Greek,Hellenic,false,"ψυχή, 4th–10th c. CE /psyˈçi/ 'soul'",15th c. and Modern Greek /psiˈçi/,"Upsilon, originally /y/, merged with iota /i/.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/y/i
y_to_i,y,i,Greek,Hellenic,false,λύκος /ˈly.kos/ 'wolf' (4th–10th c. CE),Modern Greek /ˈlikos/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/y/i
y_to_i,y,i,Greek,Hellenic,false,ξύλον /ˈksy.lon/ 'wood' (4th–10th c. CE),Modern Greek ξύλο /ˈksilo/,Old Athenian kept a back vowel: ξούλο /ˈksulo/.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/y/i
y_to_i,y,i,Greek,Hellenic,false,"μῦς /ˈmys/ 'mouse, muscle' (4th c. CE)",/ˈmis/ (15th c.),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/y/i
y_to_u,y,u,"Middle English (Southwest, West Midlands)",West Germanic,false,"Old English sċyttan 'to bolt, shut'",shut,Old English /y/ > Middle English /u/; modern /ʌ/ by the later FOOT–STRUT split.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/y/u
y_to_u,y,u,"Middle English (Southwest, West Midlands)",West Germanic,false,Old English cyċġel 'large stick',cudgel,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/y/u
y_to_u,y,u,"Middle English (Southwest, West Midlands)",West Germanic,false,"Old English myċel 'big, much'",much,The variant miċel shows the competing unrounding y > i.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/y/u
y_to_u,y,u,Uzbek,Karluk,false,Chagatai اوچ üč 'three' (< Proto-Turkic *üč; cf. Turkish üç),uch /ʔʊt͡ʃ/,Standard Uzbek has six vowels with no front rounded series; Kipchak and Oghuz Uzbek dialects keep vowel harmony.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/y/u
y_to_u,y,u,Uzbek,Karluk,false,"Chagatai کون kün 'sun, day' (< Proto-Turkic *kün; cf. Turkish gün)",kun /kun/,,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/y/u
y_to_u,y,u,Uzbek,Karluk,false,Chagatai یوز yüz 'hundred' (< Proto-Turkic *yǖŕ; cf. Turkish yüz),yuz 'hundred',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/y/u
y_to_u,y,u,Uzbek,Karluk,false,Proto-Turkic *tǖĺ 'dream' (cf. Turkish düş),tush 'dream',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/y/u
z_palatalized_to_s_palatalized,zʲ,sʲ,Russian,East Slavic,true,/knʲazʲ/ князь 'prince',[knʲæsʲ],The genitive кня́зя keeps voiced [zʲ] before the vowel.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z_palatalized/s_palatalized
z_palatalized_to_s_palatalized,zʲ,sʲ,Russian,East Slavic,true,"/ɡrʲazʲ/ грязь 'mud, dirt'",[ɡrʲæsʲ],Voiced [zʲ] alternates with final [sʲ]: genitive гря́зи.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z_palatalized/s_palatalized
z_palatalized_to_z,zʲ,z,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,Old East Slavic зеленꙑи 'green' (cf. Russian зелёный [zʲɪˈlʲɵnɨj]),зелений [zeˈɫɛnei̯],Hardening of the fricative before original *e; the following [ɫ] is hardened as well.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z_palatalized/z
z_palatalized_to_z,zʲ,z,Ukrainian,East Slavic,false,"Old East Slavic землꙗ 'earth, land' (cf. Russian земля [zʲɪˈmlʲa])",земля [zemˈlʲa],"Same depalatalization before *e, whereas Russian keeps the soft [zʲ].",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z_palatalized/z
z_palatalized_to_z,zʲ,z,Czech,West Slavic,false,Old Czech zelený 'green' (z’ before e),zelený [ˈzɛlɛniː],"Old Czech soft z’ merged with hard z in the main historical depalatalization, completed in the 14th century.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z_palatalized/z
z_palatalized_to_z,zʲ,z,Czech,West Slavic,false,"Old Czech země 'earth, land' (z’ before e)",země [ˈzɛmɲɛ],Depalatalization of consonants before e preceded the 14th-century merger of the remaining soft consonants.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z_palatalized/z
z_to_d,z,d,Southern American English,West Germanic,false,isn't [ˈɪzn̩t],idn't /ɪdnt/,The from is the standard pronunciation with [z]. Anticipation of the following nasal closure turns the sibilant into a stop; heard from speakers on all social levels in the South and South Midland.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/d
z_to_d,z,d,Southern American English,West Germanic,false,wasn't [ˈwʌzn̩t],wadn't /wʌdn̩t/,Same conditioning: /z/ before syllabic /n/.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/d
z_to_d,z,d,Southern American English,West Germanic,false,business [ˈbɪznɪs],bidness /ˈbɪd.nɪs/,/z/ before unstressed /n/.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/d
z_to_d,z,d,Somali,Lowland East Cushitic,false,Proto-Somaloid *báz 'lake',bad /ˈbɑ́d/ 'sea',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/d
z_to_d,z,d,Somali,Lowland East Cushitic,false,Proto-Somaloid *wéznè (Proto-Cushitic *wazn- 'heart'),wadne /ˈwɑ́dnɛ̀/ 'heart',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/d
z_to_d,z,d,Somali,Lowland East Cushitic,false,Proto-Somaloid *geiz 'tree',geed /ˈɡêːd/ 'tree',"Sasse's correspondences give *z > d in Saho–Afar, Somali and Oromo; Rendille has a glide instead (bey, weyna, geey), while Arbore and northern Saho keep /z/.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/d
z_to_dz,z,dz,Japanese (Standard),Japonic,true,/zeNbu/ 全部 'all' (utterance-initial /z/),[d͡zẽ̞mbɯ̟],"After a pause /z/ is most often the affricate [dz]; between vowels it is usually fricative, as in 風 /kaze/ [ka̠ze̞] 'wind'.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/dz
z_to_dz,z,dz,Japanese (Standard),Japonic,true,/zaQsi/ 雑誌 'magazine',[d͡za̠ɕːi],"Maekawa's corpus study found affricate realizations most frequent after a pause, after /N/ and after /Q/, and fricative realizations increasing with speech rate.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/dz
z_to_empty,z,∅,French,Romance,false,asinu (Latin),âne [∅],Historical loss of the medial sibilant.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/empty
z_to_empty,z,∅,French,Romance,false,isla,île,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/empty
z_to_empty,z,∅,Middle Korean to Modern Korean,Koreanic,false,"ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ mʌzʌm 'heart, mind'",마음 maŭm,Middle Korean ㅿ /z/ (a lenition product of *s) disappeared by the 16th century; some southeastern dialects keep s,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/empty
z_to_empty,z,∅,Middle Korean to Modern Korean,Koreanic,false,ᄀᆞᅀᆞᆶ kʌzʌl 'autumn',가을 kaŭl,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/empty
z_to_h,z,h,Tahaggart (Tamahaq),Tuareg,false,"Proto-Berber *a-maziɣ 'Berber, freeman'",amahăɣ,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/h
z_to_h,z,h,Tahaggart (Tamahaq),Tuareg,false,Proto-Berber *e-ɣăzăr 'valley',eɣahar,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/h
z_to_h,z,h,Tahaggart (Tamahaq),Tuareg,false,"Proto-Berber *ta-mazir-t 'former encampment, land'",tămahart,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/h
z_to_h,z,h,Tahaggart (Tamahaq),Tuareg,false,Proto-Berber *ăzyəḍ 'to have scabies',əhyəḍ,"Sister dialects give the parallel reflexes š (Tamasheq ămašǝɣ, eɣăšăr) and z (Tawellemmet eɣăzăr); Tahaggart h also continues Proto-Berber *h and *β (éhŏḍ 'night' from *eβăḍ).",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/h
z_to_j_glide,z,j,Rendille,Lowland East Cushitic,false,Proto-Somaloid *wéznè 'heart' (Somali wadne),weyna 'heart',,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/j_glide
z_to_j_glide,z,j,Rendille,Lowland East Cushitic,false,Proto-Somaloid *geiz 'tree' (Somali geed),geey 'tree',,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/j_glide
z_to_j_glide,z,j,Rendille,Lowland East Cushitic,false,Proto-Somaloid *báz 'lake' (Somali bad 'sea'),bey 'lake',,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/j_glide
z_to_j_glide,z,j,Rendille,Lowland East Cushitic,false,Proto-Somaloid *sízzàħ 'three' (Somali saddex),seyyah' 'three',"Sasse's correspondence table lists Rendille /j/ for Proto-East Cushitic *z against /d/ in Somali, Saho–Afar and Oromo.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/j_glide
z_to_j_glide,z,j,"Proto-Oti-Volta to Core Eastern Oti-Volta (Nateni, Mbelime, Byali)",Eastern Oti-Volta,false,POV *zû-rɪ́ 'head',"Nateni yūūdí, Mbelime yūùdè, Byali ywōī","Forms in Eddyshaw's transcription: j = [ɟ], y = [j], ɩ ʋ = [ɪ ʊ], a tilde below a vowel marks nasalization, ' marks a glottalized vowel; POV = Proto-Oti-Volta; the final syllable of nouns is a noun-class suffix. Western Oti-Volta keeps z (Kusaal zūgɔ́, Mooré zúgù).",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/j_glide
z_to_j_glide,z,j,"Proto-Oti-Volta to Core Eastern Oti-Volta (Nateni, Mbelime, Byali)",Eastern Oti-Volta,false,POV *zô-mʊ̀ 'flour',"Byali yūúm, Nateni yòmū, Mbelime yùòmū",,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/j_glide
z_to_j_glide,z,j,"Proto-Oti-Volta to Core Eastern Oti-Volta (Nateni, Mbelime, Byali)",Eastern Oti-Volta,false,POV *zôb-gʊ 'human head hair',"Nateni yùkū, Mbelime yūùhṵ̀, Byali ywōhṵ̄","Eddyshaw: POV *z becomes y in Core Eastern Oti-Volta and j in Nawdm; Gurma has y before rounded vowels (Gulimancema yòmā 'flour', yùlī 'head') and s elsewhere.",3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/j_glide
z_to_j_palatal,z,dʑ,Japanese,Japonic,true,/ɡozjuː/ 'fifty',[ɡodʑɯː ~ ɡoʑɯː],Palatalized /zj/ surfaces as [dʑ] varying with [ʑ].,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/j_palatal
z_to_j_palatal,z,dʑ,Japanese,Japonic,true,"/mozi/ 'letter, character'",[modʑi ~ moʑi],/z/ before /i/ is palatalized and realized as [dʑ ~ ʑ].,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/j_palatal
z_to_j_palatal,z,dʑ,Japanese,Japonic,true,/tiziN/ 'acquaintance',[tɕidʑiɴ ~ tɕiʑiɴ],Intervocalic /zi/ shows the same [dʑ ~ ʑ] variation.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/j_palatal
z_to_r,z,r,Old English / Old High German (vs. Gothic),West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *maizô 'more' (Gothic maiza),"Old English māra, Old High German mēro",Proto-Germanic *z (from *s by Verner's law) became Proto-West Germanic *ʀ (*maiʀō) and then r; Gothic keeps z.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/r
z_to_r,z,r,Old English / Old High German (vs. Gothic),West Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *huzdą 'hidden treasure' (Gothic huzd),"Old English hord, Old High German hort",Via Proto-West Germanic *hoʀd; the alternation also survives in English was/were and German verlieren/verloren.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/r
z_to_r,z,r,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *maizô 'more',Old Norse meiri,Runic inscriptions show the intermediate ʀ; North Germanic merged it with r later than West Germanic.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/r
z_to_r,z,r,Old Norse,North Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *dagaz 'day' (Gothic dags),Old Norse dagr,Word-final *-z > Proto-Norse *-ʀ (*dagaʀ) > -r.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/r
z_to_r,z,r,Latin,Italic,false,Old Latin flōsem 'flower' (acc.),Classical Latin flōrem (gen. flōris; nom. flōs keeps s),Intervocalic *s was voiced to [z] and then became r in the 4th century BC; word-final s did not change.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/r
z_to_r,z,r,Latin,Italic,false,"Old Latin foedesum, plusima, meliosem","Classical Latin foederum, plurima, meliorem",Varro (De lingua Latina VII.26) records that in many words the ancients said s where later speakers said r.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/r
z_to_r,z,r,Chuvash,Turkic,false,"Old Turkic toquz, Turkish dokuz 'nine'",Chuvash тӑххӑр (tăhhăr),"Oghur (Bulgar) Turkic r corresponds to Common Turkic z. On the rhotacism account Common Turkic z is original; the competing account reconstructs Proto-Turkic *ŕ, with Common Turkic z as the innovation.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/r
z_to_r,z,r,Chuvash,Turkic,false,Common Turkic küz 'autumn' (Proto-Turkic *kǖrᶻ; Turkmen güýz),Chuvash кӗр,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/r
z_to_r,z,r,Chuvash,Turkic,false,Common Turkic semiz 'fat' (Proto-Turkic *sämirᶻ; Turkmen semiz),Chuvash самӑр,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/r
z_to_s,z,s,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 寺 ziH (邪 initial) 'temple',Mandarin sì 'temple',"The voiced initial z- devoiced to s-. The departing-tone syllable joins the Mandarin falling tone, as all departing-tone syllables do.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/s
z_to_s,z,s,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,"Middle Chinese 俗 zjowk (邪 initial, entering tone) 'custom, vulgar'","Mandarin sú 'custom, vulgar'","The voiced initial z- devoiced to s-, and the syllable now carries the yang-register rising tone (yangping).",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/s
z_to_s,z,s,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 隨 zjwe (邪 initial) 'follow',Mandarin suí 'follow',"The voiced initial z- devoiced to s-, and the level-tone syllable carries the yang-register rising tone (yangping).",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/s
z_to_s,z,s,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Spanish casa [ˈkaz̺a] 'house',Modern Spanish casa [ˈkasa] 'house',In the 16th century the three voiced sibilants lost their voicing and merged with the voiceless ones; the apico-alveolar /z̺/ became /s̺/. Portuguese casa [ˈkazɐ] keeps the older voiced sibilant.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/s
z_to_s,z,s,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Spanish cosa [ˈkoz̺a] 'thing' (single intervocalic s),Modern Spanish cosa [ˈkosa] 'thing',Same 16th-century devoicing of intervocalic /z̺/; Portuguese coisa keeps [z].,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/s
z_to_s,z,s,Russian,East Slavic,true,глаз /ɡlaz/ 'eye' (cf. gen. sg. глаза [ɡlɐˈza]),[ɡlas],"Word-final devoicing of /z/ to [s]; a positional neutralization, so the voiced variant surfaces before vowels.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/s
z_to_s,z,s,Russian,East Slavic,true,воз /voz/ 'cart' (cf. gen. sg. воза),[vos],Word-final devoicing of /z/ to [s].,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/s
z_to_s,z,s,Proto-Central Chadic North to Proto-North Kotoko-Musgum,Central Chadic,false,*zɨm 'to eat',*sɨm; Kotoko North sɨm,Kotoko Centre keeps zɨm.,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/s
z_to_s,z,s,Proto-Central Chadic North to Proto-North Kotoko-Musgum,Central Chadic,false,*zi 'body',*si,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/s
z_to_s,z,s,Proto-Margi-Mandara-Mofu to Proto-Margi,Central Chadic,false,*zɨm 'to eat',Proto-Margi sim,"Compare Mandara zɨwa, Mofu zɨm.",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/s
z_to_s,z,s,Proto-Margi-Mandara-Mofu to Proto-Margi,Central Chadic,false,*kʷɨzɨrʸ 'grass',Proto-Margi kʷɨsar,,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/s
z_to_s,z,s,Gothic,East Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *dagaz 'day',𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 (dags),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/s
z_to_s,z,s,Gothic,East Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *fiskaz 'fish',𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (fisks),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/s
z_to_s,z,s,Gothic,East Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *stainaz 'stone',𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (stains),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/s
z_to_s,z,s,Gothic,East Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *wulfaz 'wolf',𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐍃 (wulfs),,5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/s
z_to_s,z,s,Gothic,East Germanic,false,Proto-Germanic *gastiz 'guest',𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍃 (gasts),"Word-final *z was devoiced to s in Gothic, while North and West Germanic turned it into r or lost it (Old Norse dagr, fiskr).",5,4,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/s
z_to_sh,z,ʃ,Hungarian,Ugric,true,"köz 'interval, common' + -ség (/z/ + /ʃ/)","község [ˈkøʃːeːɡ] 'village, community'",z + s [ʃ] gives a geminate [ʃː]; the assimilation is regressive and obligatory within the word.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/sh
z_to_sh,z,ʃ,Hungarian,Ugric,true,ház 'house' + sor 'row' (/z/ + /ʃ/),házsor [ˈhaːʃːor] 'row of houses',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/sh
z_to_sh,z,ʃ,Bulgarian,South Slavic,true,раз- + ширя (/z/ + /ʃ/),разширя [rɐʃʃiˈrʲɤ] 'to widen',The prefix-final /z/ assimilates in place and voicing to the following /ʃ/.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/sh
z_to_sh,z,ʃ,Bulgarian,South Slavic,true,без- + шум 'noise' (/z/ + /ʃ/),безшумен [bɛʃˈʃumɛn] 'noiseless',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/sh
z_to_sh,z,ʃ,Ukrainian,East Slavic,true,з- + шити 'to sew' (/z/ + /ʃ/),зшити [ˈʃːɪte] 'to sew together',"Word-initial prefix з- merges with following ш into a geminate [ʃː]; inside the word роз-/без- before ш only shift place, to [ʒʃ] (розшук [ˈrɔʒʃʊk]).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/sh
z_to_sh,z,ʃ,Ukrainian,East Slavic,true,з- + шивати (/z/ + /ʃ/),зшивати [ʃːeˈʋate] 'to sew together (impf.)',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/sh
z_to_sh,z,ʃ,Tamasheq (Mali Tuareg),Tuareg,false,"Proto-Berber *a-maziɣ 'Berber, freeman'",ămašǝɣ,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/sh
z_to_sh,z,ʃ,Tamasheq (Mali Tuareg),Tuareg,false,Proto-Berber *e-ɣăzăr 'valley',eɣăšăr (beside eɣăzăr),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/sh
z_to_sh,z,ʃ,Tamasheq (Mali Tuareg),Tuareg,false,Proto-Berber *ta-mazir-t 'former encampment',amăšer (beside amǝžir),,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/sh
z_to_sh,z,ʃ,Tamasheq (Mali Tuareg),Tuareg,false,Proto-Berber *a-zănkəḍ 'dorcas gazelle',ašǝnkăḍ (beside ažǝnkăḍ),"Proto-Berber *z is š [ʃ] in Tamasheq, h in Tahaggart and z in Tawellemmet and Tayart, which is reflected in the dialect names Tamasheq, Tamahaq and Tamajaq.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/sh
z_to_th_vced,z,ð,Bashkir,Kipchak,false,Common Turkic *qïz 'girl' (Tatar qız),ҡыҙ [qɯ̞ð],"Bashkir has [ð] where Turkic generally has z, outside word-initial position (also оҙон 'long', Turkish uzun); Bashkir likewise turned s into [θ].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/th_vced
z_to_th_vced,z,ð,Bashkir,Kipchak,false,Common Turkic *tuz 'salt' (Tatar тоз),тоҙ [tʊ̞ð],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/th_vced
z_to_th_vced,z,ð,Bashkir,Kipchak,false,Common Turkic *küz 'autumn' (Tatar көз),көҙ [kʏ̞ð],,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/th_vced
z_to_th_vced,z,ð,Turkmen,Oghuz,false,Common Turkic *qïz 'girl' (Turkish kız),gyz /ˈɣɯːð/,"Unlike the other Oghuz languages, Turkmen realizes Common Turkic /z/ and /s/ as the dental fricatives [ð] and [θ], and has no /z/ or /s/ phonemes.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/th_vced
z_to_th_vced,z,ð,Turkmen,Oghuz,false,Common Turkic *tuz 'salt' (Turkish tuz),duz /ˈduːð/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/th_vced
z_to_th_vced,z,ð,Turkmen,Oghuz,false,Old Turkic köz 'eye' (Turkish göz),göz /ˈɡœð/,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/th_vced
z_to_z_palatalized,z,zʲ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *zima 'winter',зима [zʲɪˈma],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/z_palatalized
z_to_z_palatalized,z,zʲ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *zemľa 'earth',земля [zʲɪˈmlʲa],Proto-Slavic consonants before front vowels became palatalized in East Slavic; the palatalized series is now phonemic in Russian.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/z_palatalized
z_to_z_palatalized,z,zʲ,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *zěpati 'to gape',зяпам [ˈzʲa̟pɐm] 'I gape',,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/z_palatalized
z_to_z_palatalized,z,zʲ,Bulgarian,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *zěvàti 'to yawn' (with prefix про-),прозявам [proˈzʲa̟vɐm] 'I yawn',"Stressed yat *ě became [ʲa] before a hard syllable in Eastern Bulgarian, leaving the preceding consonant palatalized.",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/z_palatalized
z_to_zh,z,ʒ,Tayart (Aïr Tamajaq),Tuareg,false,"Proto-Berber *a-maziɣ 'Berber, freeman'",ămažǝɣ,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/zh
z_to_zh,z,ʒ,Tayart (Aïr Tamajaq),Tuareg,false,Proto-Berber *ta-mazir-t 'former encampment',emǝžir,"Wikipedia describes Tayart and Tawellemmet as keeping *z as z but turning it into ž [ʒ] before the front vowel *i, hence the name Tamajaq; elsewhere z stays (Tawellemmet eɣăzăr 'valley'). Both dialects also palatalize dentals before /i/ and /j/.",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/zh
z_to_zh_palatal,z,ʑ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *zima 'winter' (Old Polish zima),zima /ˈʑi.ma/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/zh_palatal
z_to_zh_palatal,z,ʑ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *zelenъ 'green',zielony /ʑɛˈlɔ.nɘ/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/zh_palatal
z_to_zh_palatal,z,ʑ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *zь̀rno 'grain' (Old Polish ziarno),ziarno /ˈʑar.nɔ/,Proto-Slavic *z before a front vowel or front jer became the soft fricative ź [ʑ]; the voiceless counterpart *s gave ś [ɕ].,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/zh_palatal
z_to_zh_palatal,z,ʑ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *zemľà 'earth',ziemia /ˈʑɛ.mja/,Old Polish ziemia is given as /ʑɛːmʲa/.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/zh_palatal
z_to_zh_palatal,z,ʑ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *zěvati 'to yawn' (cf. Russian зева́ть),ziewać /ˈʑɛ.vat͡ɕ/,,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/zh_palatal
z_to_zh_palatal,z,ʑ,Japanese,Japonic,true,"/mozi/ 文字 'letter, character'",[modʑi ~ moʑi],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/zh_palatal
z_to_zh_palatal,z,ʑ,Japanese,Japonic,true,/ɡozjuː/ 五十 'fifty',[ɡodʑɯː ~ ɡoʑɯː],"The fricative [ʑ] and the affricate [dʑ] are variants of the same sound; the affricate is favoured after a pause, after /N/ and after /Q/ (see z_to_j_palatal).",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/z/zh_palatal
zh_palatal_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,ʑ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 船 zywen 'boat',chuán [ʈʂʰwan],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/ch_retroflex_aspirated
zh_palatal_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,ʑ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 乘 zying 'ride',chéng [ʈʂʰɤŋ],The departing-tone reading zyingH 'vehicle' became shèng with [ʂ].,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/ch_retroflex_aspirated
zh_palatal_to_ch_retroflex_aspirated,ʑ,ʈʂʰ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 脣 zywin 'lip',chún [ʈʂʰwən],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/ch_retroflex_aspirated
zh_palatal_to_s,ʑ,s,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 船 /ʑiuᴇn/ 'boat',syun4 /syːn²¹/,,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/s
zh_palatal_to_s,ʑ,s,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,"Middle Chinese 神 /ʑiɪn/ 'god, spirit'",san4 /sɐn²¹/,,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/s
zh_palatal_to_s,ʑ,s,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 蛇 /ʑia/ 'snake',se4 /sɛː²¹/,,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/s
zh_palatal_to_s,ʑ,s,Cantonese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 順 /ʑiuɪnH/ 'obedient',seon6 /sɵn²²/,,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/s
zh_palatal_to_sh_palatal,ʑ,ɕ,Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,Written Tibetan བཞི bzhi 'four' [bʑi],/ɕi˩˨/,Prefix b- lost; voicing of zh transferred to low tone.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/sh_palatal
zh_palatal_to_sh_palatal,ʑ,ɕ,Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,Written Tibetan ཞིང zhing 'field' [ʑiŋ],/ɕiŋ˩˨/,Low-tone voiceless reflex of voiced zh-.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/sh_palatal
zh_palatal_to_sh_palatal,ʑ,ɕ,Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,Written Tibetan ཞབས zhabs 'foot (honorific)' [ʑaps],/ɕap̚˩˨/,Low-tone voiceless reflex of voiced zh-.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/sh_palatal
zh_palatal_to_sh_palatal,ʑ,ɕ,Lhasa Tibetan,Tibetic,false,Written Tibetan ཞོ zho 'yogurt' [ʑo],/ɕo˩˨/,Low-tone voiceless reflex of voiced zh-.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/sh_palatal
zh_palatal_to_sh_palatal,ʑ,ɕ,Polish,West Slavic,true,"gałąź 'branch' with stem-final ź [ʑ] (cf. gen. sg. gałęzi, where it precedes a vowel)",/ˈɡa.wɔɲɕ/ (nom. sg.),"Word-final devoicing of ź [ʑ] to [ɕ]; a positional neutralization, so the voiced variant survives before vowels.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/sh_palatal
zh_palatal_to_sh_palatal,ʑ,ɕ,Polish,West Slavic,true,maź 'grease' with stem-final ź [ʑ] (cf. gen. sg. mazi),/ˈmaɕ/ (nom. sg.),Word-final devoicing of ź [ʑ] to [ɕ].,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/sh_palatal
zh_palatal_to_sh_retroflex,ʑ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 神 zyin 'spirit',shén [ʂən],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/sh_retroflex
zh_palatal_to_sh_retroflex,ʑ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,"Middle Chinese 實 zyit 'solid, real'",shí [ʂɻ̩],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/sh_retroflex
zh_palatal_to_sh_retroflex,ʑ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 食 zyik 'eat',shí [ʂɻ̩],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/sh_retroflex
zh_palatal_to_sh_retroflex,ʑ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 乘 zyingH 'vehicle',shèng [ʂɤŋ],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/sh_retroflex
zh_palatal_to_sh_retroflex,ʑ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 舌 zyet 'tongue',shé [ʂɤ],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/sh_retroflex
zh_palatal_to_sh_retroflex,ʑ,ʂ,Mandarin Chinese,Sinitic,false,Middle Chinese 述 zywit 'narrate',shù [ʂu],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/sh_retroflex
zh_palatal_to_z,ʑ,z,Kashubian,Lechitic,false,"Lechitic *ʑ (Polish zima /ˈʑi.ma/), from Proto-Slavic *zima",zëma /ˈzɜ.ma/ 'winter',Cited by Wikipedia as a Kashubization example; the following short i became ë.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/z
zh_palatal_to_z,ʑ,z,Kashubian,Lechitic,false,"Lechitic *ʑ (Polish ziemia /ˈʑɛ.mja/), from Proto-Slavic *zemľà",zemia /ˈzɛ.mja/ 'earth',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/z
zh_palatal_to_z,ʑ,z,Kashubian,Lechitic,false,"Lechitic *ʑ (Polish ziarno /ˈʑar.nɔ/), from Proto-Slavic *zь̀rno",zôrno /ˈzɞr.nɔ/ 'grain',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/z
zh_palatal_to_z,ʑ,z,Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *źírˀnan 'grain',"Proto-Slavic *zьrno (OCS зрьно, Russian зерно́)",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/z
zh_palatal_to_z,ʑ,z,Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *źnōˀtei 'to know',Proto-Slavic *znati (OCS знати),,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/z
zh_palatal_to_z,ʑ,z,Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *źénˀtas 'son-in-law',"Proto-Slavic *zętь (OCS зѧть, Russian зять)",,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/z
zh_palatal_to_z,ʑ,z,Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic,Slavic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *waźas 'cart',Proto-Slavic *vozъ (OCS возъ),,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/z
zh_palatal_to_z,ʑ,z,Latvian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *źeimā́ˀ 'winter' (Lithuanian žiemà),ziema,Voiced counterpart of the š > s merger,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/z
zh_palatal_to_z,ʑ,z,Latvian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *źémijāˀ 'earth' (Lithuanian žẽmė),zeme,,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/z
zh_palatal_to_zh,ʑ,ʒ,Lithuanian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *źināˀtei 'to know',žinoti,,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/zh
zh_palatal_to_zh,ʑ,ʒ,Lithuanian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *źeimā́ˀ 'winter',žiema,,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/zh
zh_palatal_to_zh,ʑ,ʒ,Lithuanian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *źírˀnan 'grain',žirnis 'pea' (via Proto-Baltic *žírˀnjas),,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/zh
zh_palatal_to_zh,ʑ,ʒ,Lithuanian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *źénˀtas 'son-in-law',žentas,,5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/zh
zh_palatal_to_zh,ʑ,ʒ,Lithuanian,East Baltic,false,Proto-Balto-Slavic *źansís 'goose',žąsis,"The Slavic cognates have z (*zьrno, *zętь); Lithuanian ž is [ʒ].",5,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/zh
zh_palatal_to_zh_retroflex,ʑ,ʐ,Russian,East Slavic,false,дрожжи [ˈdroʑːɪ] 'yeast',[ˈdroʐːɨ],Both pronunciations are current; the hard [ʐː] replaces the conservative Moscow soft [ʑː].,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/zh_retroflex
zh_palatal_to_zh_retroflex,ʑ,ʐ,Russian,East Slavic,false,вожжи [ˈvoʑːɪ] 'reins',[ˈvoʐːɨ],Same replacement of soft [ʑː] by hard [ʐː] in the plural of вожжа.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/zh_retroflex
zh_palatal_to_zh_retroflex,ʑ,ʐ,Russian,East Slavic,false,позже [ˈpoʑːe] 'later',[ˈpoʐːɨ],Comparative of поздно; the hard variant follows the general loss of soft [ʑː].,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/zh_retroflex
zh_palatal_to_zh_retroflex,ʑ,ʐ,Russian,East Slavic,false,"езжу [ˈjeʑːʊ] 'I ride, I go (by vehicle)'",[ˈjeʐːʊ],"First-person singular of ездить, with the same soft ~ hard variation.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/zh_retroflex
zh_palatal_to_zh_retroflex,ʑ,ʐ,Russian,East Slavic,false,можжевельник [məʑːɪˈvʲelʲnʲɪk] 'juniper',[məʐːɨˈvʲelʲnʲɪk],Both pronunciations are listed; the hard variant is the current norm.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/zh_retroflex
zh_palatal_to_zh_retroflex,ʑ,ʐ,Russian,East Slavic,false,визжать [vʲɪˈʑːætʲ] 'to squeal',[vʲɪˈʐːatʲ],Loss of the soft [ʑː] also removes the fronting of the following stressed vowel.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/zh_retroflex
zh_palatal_to_zh_retroflex,ʑ,ʐ,Russian,East Slavic,false,заезжать [zə(j)ɪˈʑːætʲ] 'to drop in',[zə(j)ɪˈʐːatʲ],Spelled zzh; the conservative soft pronunciation is replaced by the modern hard one.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_palatal/zh_retroflex
zh_retroflex_to_empty,ʐ,∅,Sanskrit (Vedic),Indo-Aryan,false,Proto-Indo-Aryan *niẓḍás (< PII *niždás < PIE *nisdós),"Sanskrit नीड nīḍá 'nest, resting place'","*ẓ is lost before the retroflexed stop ḍ, and the vowel is lengthened in compensation; compare Latin nīdus, English nest.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/empty
zh_retroflex_to_empty,ʐ,∅,Sanskrit (Vedic),Indo-Aryan,false,Proto-Indo-Aryan *miẓḍʰám (< PII *miždʰám < PIE *misdʰóm),"Sanskrit मीढ mīḍhá 'prize, reward'","*ẓ is lost before the retroflexed aspirate ḍh with compensatory lengthening of i; compare Avestan mižda, Greek misthós 'wage'.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/empty
zh_retroflex_to_empty,ʐ,∅,Sanskrit (Vedic),Indo-Aryan,false,Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hmiẓḍʰás (< PII *Hmiždʰás < PIE *h₃miǵʰtós),Sanskrit मीढ mīḍhá 'urinated',Same development as mīḍhá 'prize': *ẓ is lost before ḍh and the preceding i is lengthened.,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/empty
zh_retroflex_to_empty,ʐ,∅,Sanskrit (Vedic),Indo-Aryan,false,Proto-Indo-Aryan *swáẓḍaśa 'six + ten',Sanskrit षोडश ṣóḍaśa [ʂɐ́u̯ɖɐɕɐ] 'sixteen',"Compound of *swáṭṣ 'six' and *dáśa 'ten' with *ẓ lost before ḍ; the outcome vowel is Vedic au, Classical o, not a plain long a.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/empty
zh_retroflex_to_g,ʐ,g,Pashto (Northeastern dialects),Iranian,false,"شپږ 'six', conservative [ʐ] /ʃpaʐ/ (kept in southwestern Kandahar)",northeastern /ʃpaɡ/,"Kandahar keeps the original [ʐ], so the from-forms show the conservative pronunciation. Southeastern /ʃpaʒ/, Chaki Wardak /ʃpeʝ/.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/g
zh_retroflex_to_g,ʐ,g,Pashto (Northeastern dialects),Iranian,false,"غوږ 'ear', conservative [ʐ] /ɣwaʐ/ (kept in Kandahar)",Northern /ɣwaɡ/,"South Eastern /ɣwaʒ/, Central /ɣwaʝ/.",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/g
zh_retroflex_to_g,ʐ,g,Pashto (Northeastern dialects),Iranian,false,"لږ 'little, few', conservative [ʐ] /ləʐ/ (kept in Kandahar)","Kabul, Peshawar /ləɡ/",,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/g
zh_retroflex_to_g,ʐ,g,Pashto (Northeastern dialects),Iranian,false,"کېږي 3rd sg. present continuous of 'to do', conservative [ʐ] [ˈkeʐi] (kept in southwestern Pashto)",[ˈkegi],,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/g
zh_retroflex_to_g,ʐ,g,Pashto (Northeastern dialects),Iranian,false,"ايږ 'bear', conservative ẓ̌ yiẓ̌ (kept in Kandahar)","Kabul, Peshawar yig",,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/g
zh_retroflex_to_g,ʐ,g,Pashto (Northeastern dialects),Iranian,false,"مېږی 'ant', conservative ẓ̌ meẓ̌ay (kept in Kandahar)","Kabul megay, Peshawar megē",,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/g
zh_retroflex_to_sh_retroflex,ʐ,ʂ,Polish,West Slavic,true,lekarza /lɛˈka.ʐa/ 'physician (gen. sg.)',lekarz /ˈlɛ.kaʂ/ 'physician',Word-final rz is devoiced.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/sh_retroflex
zh_retroflex_to_sh_retroflex,ʐ,ʂ,Polish,West Slavic,true,rz (Middle Polish /r̝/ > /ʐ/),"przy /ˈpʂɘ/ 'at, by'","After a voiceless stop, rz is devoiced by progressive assimilation.",5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/sh_retroflex
zh_retroflex_to_sh_retroflex,ʐ,ʂ,Russian,East Slavic,true,му́жа (múža) 'husband (gen. sg.)',муж [muʂ] 'husband',Word-final ж is devoiced.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/sh_retroflex
zh_retroflex_to_sh_retroflex,ʐ,ʂ,Russian,East Slavic,true,ножа́ (nožá) 'knife (gen. sg.)',нож [noʂ] 'knife',Word-final ж is devoiced.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/sh_retroflex
zh_retroflex_to_sh_retroflex,ʐ,ʂ,Belarusian,East Slavic,true,нажа́ (nažá) 'knife (gen. sg.)',нож [noʂ] 'knife',Belarusian also devoices word-final ж.,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/sh_retroflex
zh_retroflex_to_sh_retroflex,ʐ,ʂ,Belarusian,East Slavic,true,мужа (muža) 'husband (gen. sg.)',муж [muʂ] 'husband',,5,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/sh_retroflex
zh_retroflex_to_z,ʐ,z,Polish (Mazurzenie Dialects),West Slavic,false,żona [ʐɔna] 'wife',[zɔna],The from is the standard Polish pronunciation; mazurating dialects merge the postalveolar/retroflex sibilants with the dentals.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/z
zh_retroflex_to_z,ʐ,z,Polish (Mazurzenie Dialects),West Slavic,false,"jeżdżę [jɛʐd͡ʐɛ] 'I drive, I ride'",[jɛzd͡zɛ],Both ż [ʐ] and dż are fronted in the same word.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/z
zh_retroflex_to_z,ʐ,z,Polish (Mazurzenie Dialects),West Slavic,false,może [mɔʐɛ] 'maybe',[mɔzɛ],Intervocalic ż is also fronted.,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/z
zh_retroflex_to_z,ʐ,z,Proto-Kartvelian to Georgian,Karto-Zan,false,"Proto-Kartvelian *mz₁e- 'sun' (Mingrelian ბჟა bža, Svan მიჟ miž)",Old Georgian მზჱ mzē,,3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/z
zh_retroflex_to_z,ʐ,z,Proto-Kartvelian to Georgian,Karto-Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *z₁waw- 'avalanche' (Svan ჟა̈ჰ žäh),Georgian ზვავი zvavi,"Georgian z continues the subscript-1 fricative, which Zan and Svan reflect as ž. Wiktionary's subscript-1 series (*s₁, *z₁, *c₁, *ʒ₁) is the Gamkrelidze-Machavariani 'hissing-hushing' series, given in the Wikipedia Proto-Kartvelian consonant table (after Gamkrelidze 1966 and Fähnrich 2002) as retroflex [ʂ ʐ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ].",3,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/z
zh_retroflex_to_zh,ʐ,ʒ,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *mz₁e- 'sun' (Old Georgian მზჱ mzē),"Mingrelian ბჟა bža, Laz ბჟაჩხა bžačxa",,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/zh
zh_retroflex_to_zh,ʐ,ʒ,Proto-Kartvelian to Mingrelian and Laz,Zan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *q̇wiz₁- 'liver',Mingrelian ყვიჟი q̇viži,"ž is the Kartvelological transcription of [ʒ]. Wiktionary's subscript-1 series (*s₁, *z₁, *c₁, *ʒ₁) is the Gamkrelidze-Machavariani 'hissing-hushing' series, given in the Wikipedia Proto-Kartvelian consonant table (after Gamkrelidze 1966 and Fähnrich 2002) as retroflex [ʂ ʐ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ].",4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/zh
zh_retroflex_to_zh,ʐ,ʒ,Proto-Kartvelian to Svan,Svan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *mz₁e- 'sun',Svan მიჟ miž,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/zh
zh_retroflex_to_zh,ʐ,ʒ,Proto-Kartvelian to Svan,Svan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *q̇wiz₁- 'liver',Svan ყუ̂იჟე q̇ûiže,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/zh
zh_retroflex_to_zh,ʐ,ʒ,Proto-Kartvelian to Svan,Svan,false,Proto-Kartvelian *z₁waw- 'avalanche' (Georgian ზვავი zvavi),Svan ჟა̈ჰ žäh,,4,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh_retroflex/zh
zh_to_r_flap,ʒ,ɾ,Slovene,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *možeši 'you can' (2sg. present of *moťi) [ʒ],moreš,Intervocalic ž > r; also in most Croatian dialects.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh/r_flap
zh_to_r_flap,ʒ,ɾ,Slovene,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *kъto + *že,"kdor 'who, that (relative)'",,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh/r_flap
zh_to_r_flap,ʒ,ɾ,Slovene,South Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *jь že (neuter form),ker 'because',First attested in the 16th century; the initial k- is analogical.,3,1,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh/r_flap
zh_to_sh,ʒ,ʃ,Bulgarian,South Slavic,true,нож /noʒ/ 'knife' (< Proto-Slavic *nožь),[nɔʃ],Final-obstruent devoicing of /ʒ/.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh/sh
zh_to_sh,ʒ,ʃ,Bulgarian,South Slavic,true,мъж /mɤʒ/ 'man',[mɤʃ],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh/sh
zh_to_sh,ʒ,ʃ,Macedonian,South Slavic,true,нож /noʒ/ 'knife',[nɔʃ],Final-obstruent devoicing.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh/sh
zh_to_sh,ʒ,ʃ,Macedonian,South Slavic,true,"маж /maʒ/ 'man', plural мажи [ˈmaʒi]",[maʃ],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh/sh
zh_to_sh,ʒ,ʃ,Czech,West Slavic,true,muž /muʒ/ 'man',[muʃ],Final-obstruent devoicing.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh/sh
zh_to_sh,ʒ,ʃ,Czech,West Slavic,true,nůž /nuːʒ/ 'knife',[nuːʃ],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh/sh
zh_to_sh,ʒ,ʃ,Slovak,West Slavic,true,nôž /nu̯ɔʒ/ 'knife',[nu̯ɔʃ],Final-obstruent devoicing.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh/sh
zh_to_sh,ʒ,ʃ,Slovak,West Slavic,true,muž /muʒ/ 'man',[muʃ],,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh/sh
zh_to_sh,ʒ,ʃ,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Spanish mugier /muˈʒeɾ/ 'woman',"/muˈʃeɾ/ (16th c.), later mujer /muˈxeɾ/",Voiced sibilants devoiced in the 16th century; /ʒ/ merged with /ʃ/.,5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh/sh
zh_to_sh,ʒ,ʃ,Spanish,Ibero-Romance,false,Old Spanish ojo /ˈoʒo/ 'eye',"/ˈoʃo/ (16th c.), later ojo /ˈoxo/","Judaeo-Spanish, which left Spain before the devoicing, keeps [ˈɔʒɔ].",5,3,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh/sh
zh_to_zh_retroflex,ʒ,ʐ,Russian,East Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *žena [ʒ] 'woman, wife'",жена [ʐɨˈna] 'wife',Russian /ʐ/ was formerly soft and is now always hard in native words; following и is pronounced [ɨ].,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh/zh_retroflex
zh_to_zh_retroflex,ʒ,ʐ,Russian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *žukъ [ʒ] 'beetle',жук [ʐuk] 'beetle',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh/zh_retroflex
zh_to_zh_retroflex,ʒ,ʐ,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,"Proto-Slavic *žito [ʒ] 'grain, rye'",жыта [ˈʐɨta] 'rye',All Belarusian postalveolars are hard retroflex consonants; the spelling ⟨жы⟩ reflects the hardening.,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh/zh_retroflex
zh_to_zh_retroflex,ʒ,ʐ,Belarusian,East Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *žena [ʒ],жонка [ˈʐonka] 'wife',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh/zh_retroflex
zh_to_zh_retroflex,ʒ,ʐ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *žena [ʒ],żona /ˈʐɔna/ 'wife',"Polish ż/rz is a retroflex [ʐ], contrasting with alveolo-palatal ź [ʑ].",4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh/zh_retroflex
zh_to_zh_retroflex,ʒ,ʐ,Polish,West Slavic,false,Proto-Slavic *žaba [ʒ] 'frog',żaba /ˈʐaba/ 'frog',,4,2,https://echodrift.lipu.dev/transform/zh/zh_retroflex