---
license: mit
language:
  - en
pretty_name: "Database agent runs: 8,199 tool-calling runs across 40 language models"
size_categories:
  - 100K<n<1M
task_categories:
  - other
tags:
  - agents
  - tool-use
  - function-calling
  - benchmark
  - failure-analysis
  - sql
  - database
  - small-language-models
  - ollama
  - local-inference
  - arxiv:2609.21341
configs:
  - config_name: runs
    data_files: runs.jsonl
  - config_name: events
    data_files: events.jsonl
  - config_name: refusals
    data_files: refusals.jsonl
---

# LibreDB Agent Benchmark

**8,199 agent runs · 39 open-weight models served locally, plus one hosted model as a control · 6 task surfaces · 110,711 ledger events · 14,008 refused tool calls**

This is the complete measurement record behind the paper *What Stops a Small Language Model From
Driving a Database Agent*. It is not a scored summary: it is every event the server wrote while the
runs happened, released so that every number in the paper can be recomputed, and disagreed with,
without re-running anything.

The headline finding is that **capability is the smallest failure class**. Of 2,194 losses by a
named model, only 17.0% are runs that never engaged a tool. The other 83% did the work and lost it
at the interface.

## What was measured

LibreDB Studio ships an agent mode that performs read-only database work through a fixed tool
contract, with a server-side verifier that decides whether each run answered its objective. Six
**surfaces** were driven: five in agent mode (`investigation`, `query-optimization`,
`database-assessment`, `operations`, `data-analysis`) and one in `planning` mode. Each has its own
objective, tool set and verifier.

Every claim a report makes must cite an artifact the run actually produced: the correlation id of a
completed read, or the fingerprint of the schema snapshot it captured. Citations are checked against
the run's own ledger and refused if they do not resolve. This anti-hallucination rule is also a
major source of loss, and `refusals.jsonl` is where that shows.

Models were served locally through **Ollama 0.33.0** on an Apple M5 Max with 64 GB of unified
memory, against a fixed synthetic employee/department/salary SQLite schema. One hosted model
(`gemini-3.5-flash-lite`) is included as a control. **No real or customer database was connected at
any point.**

## Files

| File | Rows | One row is |
|---|---|---|
| `runs.jsonl` | 8,199 | one agent run: model, surface, verdict, shortfall, tool/refusal/guidance histograms, loss class |
| `events.jsonl` | 110,711 | one ledger event, with its offset from the start of its run |
| `refusals.jsonl` | 14,008 | one refused or declined tool call: tool, reason code, the validator's field paths |

`events.jsonl` is the evidence; `runs.jsonl` and the loss taxonomy are an *interpretation of* it.
That separation is deliberate: swap `classify()` in the exporter and the corpus reclassifies
without the data changing.

### `runs.jsonl` fields

| Field | Notes |
|---|---|
| `run_id` | joins to `events.jsonl` and `refusals.jsonl` |
| `worktree` | which checkout of the server the run executed against. **The code under test differed between them**, so do not pool across this field without saying so |
| `model`, `provider`, `tuning_origin` | `tuning_origin` is `bundled` when the model carried a measured profile |
| `mode`, `surface`, `verifier` | `surface` is derived from the verifier id |
| `status` | process outcome. **`succeeded` is not a pass**: a run that reported nothing also exits successfully |
| `outcome` | `answered` / `unanswered`: the verifier's judgement, and the only pass/fail label |
| `unmet` | what was missing (`no-report`, `no-answer`, `no-plan`, …) |
| `stop_reason` | `report-composed`, `model-stopped`, `model-timeout`, `turn-limit`, `deadline-exceeded` |
| `loss_class` | `transport` / `clock` / `verification` / `capability`, empty when answered |
| `tools`, `refusals`, `guidance` | histograms, e.g. `{"inspect_schema": 3}` |
| `order` | rank of this run within its worktree. **Load-bearing:** the protocol scores five *consecutive* passes, which cannot be recovered without it |
| `elapsed_ms`, `event_count`, `stopped_saying_chars` | |

Absolute timestamps are not published, since when this machine ran a sweep is not part of the
finding, but `order` preserves sequence, which is.

## The protocol, and how to score it

The unit is a **cell**: one model on one surface, five consecutive runs against a fixed objective.
Five consecutive passes locks the cell. A model is complete at **30/30**: six cells × five runs.
Scores are reported as the pair (`27/30`), never a percentage, because the denominator is what makes
two readings comparable.

```
python3 score.py runs.jsonl --mode row      # the protocol
python3 score.py runs.jsonl --mode pooled   # the naive reading, for comparison
```

`score.py` has three modes and **the gap between them is the most important thing in this
benchmark**:

- **`pooled`**: any five-in-a-row anywhere in a cell's history. The obvious implementation.
- **`session`**: the five passes must fall inside one contiguous sitting of that cell. Fixes
  pooling *within* a cell.
- **`row`** (default, and the protocol): all six cells must lock inside **one sitting of the
  model**. Fixes pooling *between* cells, which is where the error actually lives.

Measured on this corpus, `pooled` and `session` both report `llama3.1:8b` and `cogito:8b` at 6/6 and
30/30. `row` reports 23/30 for both. Re-reading those two models by hand, six surfaces and one
sitting, returned 24/30 and 21/30. **The looser readings overstate by seven points**, and they do
it while every underlying cell genuinely is 5/5. Six cells locked on six different days is six
results, not one row, and a row is what a deployment gets.

If you publish a number from this dataset, publish the `row` number.

## Leaderboard (`--mode row`, models with ≥30 runs)

`*` marks a locked cell. `inv`/`que`/`dat`/`ope`/`dat`/`pla` are investigation, query-optimization,
database-assessment, operations, data-analysis, planning.

| Model | runs | inv | que | ass | ope | ana | pla | of 30 | cells |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| `qwen3:4b` | 73 | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | **30/30** | 6/6 |
| `qwen3.6:35b` | 137 | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | **30/30** | 6/6 |
| `qwen3.5:27b` | 30 | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | **30/30** | 6/6 |
| `qwen3-coder:30b` | 71 | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | **30/30** | 6/6 |
| `gpt-oss:20b` | 272 | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | **30/30** | 6/6 |
| `granite4.2:3b` | 131 | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 3/5 | 5/5* | 28/30 | 5/6 |
| `gemini-3.5-flash-lite` (hosted) | 90 | 5/5* | 3/5 | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 28/30 | 5/6 |
| `qwq:32b` | 50 | 5/5* | 4/5 | 4/5 | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 28/30 | 4/6 |
| `deepseek-r1:8b` | 383 | 5/5* | 2/5 | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 27/30 | 5/6 |
| `mistral-small3.2:24b` | 548 | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | - | 5/5* | 25/30 | 5/6 |
| `granite4:3b` | 85 | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 0/5 | 5/5* | 25/30 | 5/6 |
| `magistral:24b` | 49 | 3/5 | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 2/5 | 5/5* | 25/30 | 4/6 |
| `glm-4.7-flash` | 217 | 5/5* | 2/5 | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 3/5 | 25/30 | 4/6 |
| `mistral-nemo:12b` | 398 | 5/5* | 1/5 | 5/5* | 5/5* | 3/5 | 5/5* | 24/30 | 4/6 |
| `llama3.1:8b` | 629 | 5/5* | 2/5 | 5/5* | 5/5* | 1/5 | 5/5* | 23/30 | 4/6 |
| `granite4.1:3b` | 70 | 5/5* | 1/5 | 5/5* | 5/5* | 2/5 | 5/5* | 23/30 | 4/6 |
| `cogito:8b` | 551 | 5/5* | 4/5 | 0/5 | 4/5 | 5/5* | 5/5* | 23/30 | 3/6 |
| `ministral-3:3b` | 119 | 5/5* | 3/5 | 2/5 | 4/5 | 4/5 | 5/5* | 23/30 | 2/6 |
| `phi4-mini:3.8b` | 30 | 2/5 | 5/5* | 5/5* | 5/5* | 0/5 | 5/5* | 22/30 | 4/6 |
| `command-r7b:7b` | 115 | 5/5* | 3/5 | 0/5 | 5/5* | 2/5 | 5/5* | 20/30 | 3/6 |

Full output for all 31 qualifying models: run `score.py`, or see `leaderboard-row.txt`.

**This leaderboard is a property of the corpus, not of the product.** LibreDB Studio ships 35 models
verified at 30/30 under their own measured per-model settings; most of those verification sittings
predate the ledger fields this dataset needs, so they do not appear here at 6/6. Read this table as
"what these 8,199 runs support", which is the only thing a released dataset can honestly claim.

## The failure taxonomy

Each loss is classified by what the ledger shows the run did (`classify()` in `hf-export.py`).
The table below is **every model-attributed loss, all modes**, which is the paper's secondary
figure. The paper's headline table is agent mode only (2,100 losses: transport 36.2%, clock 25.8%,
verification 20.7%, capability 17.3%), because planning mode invokes no tool and so cannot produce
a transport loss. `anc/verify.py` checks both.

| Class | Definition | Count | Share |
|---|---|---|---|
| **transport** | invoked tools, did not run out of time, never got a deliverable through | 761 | **34.7%** |
| **clock** | `model-timeout`, `turn-limit`, or `deadline-exceeded` | 626 | 28.5% |
| **verification** | filed a report and was still `unanswered`: citations did not resolve | 434 | 19.8% |
| **capability** | invoked no tool at all | 373 | **17.0%** |

Pass rate by surface (named-model runs):

| Surface | n | answered | rate |
|---|---|---|---|
| `planning` | 560 | 466 | 83.2% |
| `investigation` | 550 | 389 | 70.7% |
| `operations` | 603 | 399 | 66.2% |
| `database-assessment` | 614 | 342 | 55.7% |
| `query-optimization` | 1,360 | 639 | 47.0% |
| `data-analysis` | 1,201 | 464 | 38.6% |

The ordering tracks how many schema-constrained artifacts a surface requires, not how hard its
question is. The two hardest both demand a second structured deliverable beyond the report.

Refusals concentrate hard: `compose_report` accounts for 9,707 of 14,008, 69.3%, of which 6,243 are
`INVALID_TOOL_INPUT` and 3,464 `UNVERIFIABLE_EVIDENCE`. The one tool that turns completed work into
a delivered answer is where seven refusals in ten happen.

## Known limitations: read these before using the numbers

1. **Unbounded context is a memory confound, and this corpus contains it.** With no
   `OLLAMA_CONTEXT_LENGTH` set, Ollama admits each model at its full advertised window.
   `mistral-nemo:12b`, 7.1 GB on disk, was resident at **51 GB with a 262,144-token context** on a
   64 GB machine; free memory fell to 6%. Runs taken in that state are not measurements: one
   `granite4.2:3b` `planning` cell read 0/5 with all five runs hitting the 90-second turn limit
   having invoked no tool, and read 5/5 with the context capped at 32,768. **All figures here were
   taken before the cap**, so treat them as a lower bound with unknown per-model bias: models with
   larger advertised contexts were penalised more. Anyone benchmarking local models should check
   `ollama ps` and its CONTEXT column; note that `Ollama.app` reclaims port 11434 and `launchctl
   setenv` does not reach it, so a capped `ollama serve` can silently fail to bind while the
   uncapped server answers.
2. **Unequal sampling.** Runs per model range from 20 to 629 and were allocated by operational
   interest, not by design. This is not a randomised comparison. The taxonomy shares over 2,194
   losses are the more robust figure; per-model rates have very unequal confidence.
3. **3,248 runs carry no model.** They predate the `driver-resolved` ledger event. They are in
   `events.jsonl` and excluded from every per-model figure. Whole-corpus and attributed-only
   taxonomy shares agree within 2.7 points on every class.
4. **The `worktree` field is a code version.** Runs in different worktrees executed against
   different builds, including builds before and after five server-side fixes this work produced.
   Pooling across it silently mixes conditions.
5. **One machine, one schema, one agent implementation.** The surface ordering and the taxonomy are
   properties of *this* tool contract. A contract with fewer structured artifacts per surface should
   show a smaller transport class, a testable prediction, not a caveat.
6. **The 450 ms run deadline was never raised.** `deepseek-r1:8b`'s `query-optimization` cell passes
   at 443 s and 444 s and fails at the deadline. Raising it would likely close the cell; it is part
   of the shipped product configuration, and a model that only passes outside it has not been shown
   to work for a user.
7. **Models refused before the first turn are a distinct phenomenon.** `olmo-3:7b`, `phi4:14b`,
   `command-r:35b` and `falcon3:10b` are refused by the inference server with
   `HTTP 400 … does not support tools`; `qwen2:7b`'s capability probe disproves schema-valid tool
   arguments. Their `planning` cells still pass 5/5, since planning needs no tools. Scoring these as
   0/30 without distinguishing *refused at the transport* from *tried and failed* reports two
   different things in one number.

## Privacy

The ledger is server-authored. The export drops any field named like a credential, and the released
files were scanned for key patterns, bearer tokens, private-key blocks, filesystem paths and email
addresses. The only match is `johndoe@email.com`, a row in the synthetic sample database the agent
read during a run.

## Reproducing

`hf-export.py`, in this repository, builds all three files from the raw ledgers. The ledger format
is one framed JSON object per chunk file: byte 0 is a marker, the JSON begins at byte 1, and the
event is under `.event`.

## Citation

```bibtex
@misc{libredb2026dataset,
  title     = {Database agent runs: 8,199 tool-calling runs across 40 language models},
  author    = {Bozoğlan, Cevheri and Gündoğdu, Yusuf and Kaya, Abdullah and Şirin, Koray},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Hugging Face},
  doi       = {10.57967/hf/10485},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.57967/hf/10485}
}
```

The paper this dataset accompanies:

```bibtex
@misc{libredb2026paper,
  title         = {What Stops a Small Language Model From Driving a Database Agent},
  author        = {Bozoğlan, Cevheri and Gündoğdu, Yusuf and Kaya, Abdullah and Şirin, Koray},
  year          = {2026},
  eprint        = {2609.21341},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  primaryClass  = {cs.SE},
  url           = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.21341},
  note          = {Preprint. Every figure regenerates from this dataset with \texttt{verify.py}}
}
```