Frequently Asked Questions
COVID-19 and Water
Is the virus that causes COVID-19 found in feces (stool)?
The virus that causes COVID-19 has been found in the feces of some patients
diagnosed with COVID-19. However, it is unclear whether the virus found in
feces may be capable of causing COVID-19. There has not been any confirmed
report of the virus spreading from feces to a person. Scientists also do not
know how much risk there is that the virus could be spread from the feces of
an infected person to another person. However, they think this risk is low
based on data from previous outbreaks of diseases caused by related
coronaviruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle
East respiratory syndrome (MERS).


Frequently Asked Questions
How to Protect Yourself
Is contact lens disinfecting solution effective against COVID-19?

Hydrogen peroxide-based systems for cleaning, disinfecting, and storing contact lenses should be effective against the virus that causes COVID-19.
For other disinfection methods, such as multipurpose solution and ultrasonic cleaners, there is currently not enough scientific evidence to determine efficacy against the virus.

Always use solution to disinfect your contact lenses and case to kill germs that may be present.
Handle your lenses over a surface that has been cleaned and disinfected.

Find more information about how coronavirus
spreads
and how to protect
yourself.
Visit CDC’s contact lens
website for more information on
healthy contact lens wear and care.


Frequently Asked Questions
How to Protect Yourself
Am I at risk for COVID-19 from mail, packages, or products?
There is still a lot that is unknown about COVID-19 and how it spreads.
Coronaviruses are thought to be spread most often by respiratory droplets.
Although the virus can survive for a short period on some surfaces, it is
unlikely to be spread from domestic or international mail, products or
packaging. However, it may be possible that people can get COVID-19 by
touching a surface or object that has the virus on it and then touching their
own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes, but this is not thought to be the
main way the virus spreads.
Learn more about safe handling of deliveries and
mail.


Frequently Asked Questions
Children and Youth with Special Healthcare Needs
Is my child with an underlying medical condition or special healthcare need at higher risk for severe illness from COVID-19?
Children with complex, chronic medical conditions, including children with
physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional differences, can have
special healthcare needs. It’s not known yet whether all of these children are
at higher risk for severe illness from COVID-19.
Although most COVID-19 cases in children are not severe, serious illness that
needs to be treated at the hospital still happens. Some data on children
reported that the majority who needed hospitalization for COVID-19 had at
least one underlying medical condition. The most common underlying conditions
reported among children with COVID-19 include chronic lung disease (including
asthma), heart disease, and conditions that weaken the immune system. This
information suggests that children with these underlying medical conditions
may be at risk for more severe illness from COVID-19.
More data are needed to learn which underlying or complex medical conditions
may put children at increased risk. CDC is monitoring new information as it
becomes available and will provide updates as needed.
Learn more about caring for children with special health care needs during a
disaster
and people who are at higher risk for severe illness from
COVID-19.


Frequently Asked Questions
COVID-19 and Funerals
My family member died from COVID-19 while overseas. What are the requirements for returning the body to the United States?
CDC does not require an autopsy before the remains of a person who died
overseas are returned to the United States. Depending on the circumstances
surrounding the death, some countries may require an autopsy. Sources of
support to the family include the local consulate or embassy, travel insurance
provider, tour operator, faith-based and aid organizations, and the deceased’s
employer. There likely will need to be an official identification of the body
and official documents issued by the consular office.
CDC requirements for importing human remains depend upon if the body has been
embalmed, cremated, or if the person died from a quarantinable communicable
disease.
At this time, COVID-19 is a quarantinable communicable disease in the United
States and the remains must meet the standards for importation found in 42
Code of Federal Regulations Part 71.55 and may be cleared, released, and
authorized for entry into the United States only under the following
conditions:

The remains are cremated; OR
The remains are properly embalmed and placed in a hermetically sealed casket; OR
The remains are accompanied by a permit issued by the CDC Director. The CDC permit (if applicable) must accompany the human remains at all times during shipment.
Permits for the importation of the remains of a person known or suspected to have died from a quarantinable communicable disease may be obtained through the CDC Division of Global Migration and Quarantine by calling the CDC Emergency Operations Center at 770-488-7100 or emailing dgmqpolicyoffice@cdc.gov.

Please see CDC’s guidance
for additional information.


Frequently Asked Questions
In Case of an Outbreak in Your Community
Can CDC tell me or my employer when it is safe for me to go back to work/school after recovering from or being exposed to COVID-19?
CDC cannot address the policies of any business or organization. CDC shares
recommendations based on the best available science to help people make
decisions that improve their health and safety. Employers, schools, and
organizations may decide to visibly screen for symptoms or perform on-site
symptom checks.
If your employer, school, or organization requires you to present
documentation regarding COVID-19 before returning to work or school (for
example, proof of a negative COVID-19 lab test, if a test was performed,
contact your healthcare provider to ask if he or she would be able to provide
a form of documentation for you. Documentation of self-isolation and self-
quarantine may not be possible.
CDC has guidance for when and how people with COVID-19 can discontinue home
isolation: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/if-you-are-sick/steps-
when-sick.html.
CDC also has guidance for what people should do if they think they have been
exposed or feel sick: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-
getting-sick/social-distancing.html.
In all cases, follow the guidance of your healthcare provider and local
health department. Local decisions depend on local circumstances.


Frequently Asked Questions
In Case of an Outbreak in Your Community
Will businesses and schools close or stay closed in my community and for how long? Will there be a “stay at home” or “shelter in place” order in my community?
CDC makes recommendations, shares information, and provides guidance to help
slow down the spread of COVID-19 in the U.S. including guidance for schools
and businesses. CDC regularly shares information and provides assistance to
state, local, territorial, and tribal health authorities. These local
authorities are responsible for making decisions including “stay at home” or
“shelter in place.” What is included in these orders and how they are
implemented are also decided by local authorities. These decisions may also
depend on many factors such as how the virus is spreading in a certain
community.
Please contact your local health
department
to find out more.


Frequently Asked Questions
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Basics
How can people help stop stigma related to COVID-19?
People can fight stigma by providing social support in situations where you
notice this is occurring. Stigma affects the emotional or mental
health of stigmatized groups and the communities they live in. Stopping
stigma is important to making communities and community members resilient. See
resources on mental health and coping during
COVID-19.
Everyone can help stop stigma related to COVID-19 by knowing the
facts and
sharing them with others in your community.


Frequently Asked Questions
Higher Risk
What should people at higher risk of serious illness with COVID-19 do?
If you are at higher risk of getting very sick from COVID-19, you should:

Stock up on supplies
Take everyday precautions to keep space between yourself and others
When you go out in public, keep away from others who are sick
Limit close contact and wash your hands often
Avoid crowds, cruise travel, and non-essential travel

If there is an outbreak in your community, stay home as much as possible.
Watch for symptoms and emergency signs. If you get sick, stay home and call
your doctor. More information on how to prepare, what to do if you get sick,
and how communities and caregivers can support those at higher risk is
available on People at Risk for Serious Illness from
COVID-19.


Frequently Asked Questions
How COVID-19 Spreads
Can someone who has had COVID-19 spread the illness to others?
The virus that causes COVID-19 is spreading from person-to-
person. People are thought to be most contagious when they are
symptomatic (the sickest). That is why CDC recommends that these patients be
isolated either in the hospital or at home (depending on how sick they are)
until they are better and no longer pose a risk of infecting others. More
recently the virus has also been detected in asymptomatic persons.
How long someone is actively sick can vary so the decision on when to release
someone from isolation is made using a test-based or non-test-based strategy
(i.e. time since illness started and time since recovery) in consultation with
state and local public health officials. The decision involves considering the
specifics of each situation, including disease severity, illness signs and
symptoms, and the results of laboratory testing for that patient.
Learn more about CDC’s guidance on when to release someone from
isolation and discharge hospitalized patients with COVID-19.
For information on when someone who has been sick with COVID-19 is able to
stop home isolation see Interim Guidance for Discontinuation of In-Home
Isolation for Patients with
COVID-19.
Someone who has been released from isolation is not considered to pose a risk
of infection to others.


Frequently Asked Questions
COVID-19 and Funerals
Am I at risk if I touch someone who died of COVID-19 after they have passed away?
COVID-19 is a new disease and we are still learning how it spreads. The
virus that causes COVID-19 is thought to mainly spread from close contact
(i.e., within about 6 feet) with a person who is currently sick with COVID-19.
The virus likely spreads primarily through respiratory droplets produced when
an infected person coughs or sneezes, similar to how influenza and other
respiratory infections spread. These droplets can land in the mouths or noses
of people who are nearby or possibly be inhaled into the lungs. This type of
spread is not a concern after death.
It may be possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or
object that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or
possibly their eyes, but this is not thought to be the main way the virus
spreads.
People should consider not touching the body of someone who has died of
COVID-19. Older people and people of all ages with severe underlying health
conditions are at higher risk of developing serious COVID-19 illness. There
may be less of a chance of the virus spreading from certain types of touching,
such as holding the hand or hugging after the body has been prepared for
viewing. Other activities, such as kissing, washing, and shrouding should be
avoided before, during, and after the body has been prepared, if possible. If
washing the body or shrouding are important religious or cultural practices,
families are encouraged to work with their community’s cultural and religious
leaders and funeral home staff on how to reduce their exposure as much as
possible. At a minimum, people conducting these activities should wear
disposable gloves. If splashing of fluids is expected, additional personal
protective equipment (PPE) may be required (such as disposable gown,
faceshield or goggles and N-95 respirator).
Cleaning should be conducted in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions
for all cleaning and disinfection products (e.g., concentration, application
method and contact time). Products with EPA-approved emerging viral pathogens
claimspdf iconexternal iconexternal icon are expected to be
effective against COVID-19 based on data for harder to kill viruses. After
removal of PPE, perform hand hygiene by washing hands with soap and water for at least 20
seconds or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60%
alcohol if soap and water are not available. Soap and water should be used if
the hands are visibly soiled.


Frequently Asked Questions
COVID-19 and Animals
Do I need to get my pet tested for COVID-19?
No. At this time, routine testing of animals for COVID-19 is not recommended.


Frequently Asked Questions
Symptoms & Testing
Can a person test negative and later test positive for COVID-19?
Using the CDC-developed viral test, a negative result means that the virus
that causes COVID-19 was not found in the person’s sample. In the early stages
of infection, it is possible the virus will not be detected.
For COVID-19, a negative test result for a sample collected while a person has
symptoms likely means that the COVID-19 virus is not causing their current
illness.


Frequently Asked Questions
COVID-19 and Animals
Can I take my dog to daycare or a groomer?
Until we know more about how this virus affects animals, CDC encourages pet
owners to treat pets as you would other human family members to protect them
from possible infection. This means limiting contact between pets and people
or animals outside the household as much as possible and avoiding places where
large numbers of animals and people gather.
Some areas are allowing groomers and boarding facilities such as dog daycares
to open. If you must take your pet to a groomer or boarding facility, follow
any protocols put into place at the facility, such as wearing a cloth face
covering
and maintaining at least 6 feet of space between yourself and others if
possible.
Limit pet items brought from home to the groomer or boarding facility, and
disinfect any objects that are taken into a facility and returned home (such
as leashes, bowls, and toys). Use an EPA-registered disinfectantexternal
icon to clean items and rinse thoroughly with clean water
afterwards. Do not wipe or bathe your pet with chemical disinfectants,
alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, or any other products not approved for animal use.
Do not put face coverings on pets, and do not take a sick pet to a groomer or
boarding facility. Signs of sickness in animals may include:

Fever
Coughing
Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
Lethargy
Sneezing
Nasal/ocular discharge
Vomiting
Diarrhea

If you think your pet is sick, call your veterinarian. Some veterinarians may
offer telemedicine consultations or other plans for seeing sick pets. Your
veterinarian can evaluate your pet and determine the next steps for your pet’s
treatment and care.
See more information on pets and COVID-19 and recommendations for how to help keep your pet safe.


Frequently Asked Questions
Children and Youth with Special Healthcare Needs
What if my child needs to go to the hospital?
If your child’s healthcare provider tells you to go to the hospital for any
health problem, including COVID-19:

Ask the healthcare provider to let the hospital know you are coming and to share the important information the hospital will need to know to care for your child.
Visiting policies may have changed due to COVID-19. If your child’s hospital policy does not allow an adult to stay with a child, ask your child’s healthcare provider for a statement explaining your child’s need for a familiar adult to be present.
Bring your care plans/emergency notebook with you along with paper and pen to write down questions you have during your time at the hospital.


Frequently Asked Questions
School Dismissals and Children
While school’s out, will kids have access to meals?
Check with your school on plans to continue meal services during the school
dismissal. Many schools are keeping school facilities open to allow families
to pick up meals or are providing grab-and-go meals at a central location.


Frequently Asked Questions
COVID-19 and Animals
How can I safely run my equestrian facility?
You should follow your state and/or local jurisdictional guidance regarding
continuing operations at your facility. There have not been any reports of
horses testing positive for the virus that causes COVID-19. Based on the
limited information available to date, the risk of animals spreading the virus
that causes COVID-19 to people is considered to be low. COVID-19 is primarily
spread from person to person, so steps should be taken to reduce the risks for
people visiting your facility.

Encourage employees and other visitors, including boarders, owners, farriers, veterinarians, and those taking lessons, not to enter the facility if they are sick. Employees should not return to work until the criteria to discontinue home isolation are met, after talking with their doctor. Implement sick leave policies that are flexible, nonpunitive, and consistent with public health guidance, allowing employees to stay home if they have symptoms of respiratory infection.
Consider conducting daily health checks (e.g., symptom and/or temperature screening) of employees and others visiting the facility before they enter the premises. People with a fever of 100.40(38.00C) or above or other signs of illness should not be admitted to the premises. If implementing health checks, conduct them safely and respectfully. See General Business FAQs for more information.
Employees or visitors who appear to have symptoms upon arrival or who become sick during their visit should immediately be separated from other employees and visitors and sent home.

Limit the number of people entering the facility. Consider staggering lesson and visiting times to limit the number of people in the facility and potential for person-to-person contact. If possible, you can also take steps to decrease high-traffic areas by limiting areas open to visitors/owners or staggering use of common areas like grooming or wash stalls and tack rooms.
Increase distance and limit duration of contact between employees and visitors in the facility. Whenever possible, people should maintain at least 6 feet of distance between each other at the facility, including instructors teaching lessons. Allow for social distancing and avoid large numbers of people within the facility, including in employee-only areas.
Visitors and employees should wear cloth face coverings to protect others especially where social distancing measures are difficult to maintain. Wearing a cloth face covering does NOT replace the need to practice social distancing.
Set up hand hygiene stations at the entrance and within the facility, so that employees and people entering can clean their hands before they enter. Employees should wash hands regularly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. An alcohol-based hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol can be used, but if hands are visibly dirty, they should be washed with soap and water before using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Examples of hand hygiene stations may be a hose and soap located at entrances to allow for handwashing before entry.
Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces such as grooming tools, halters, lead ropes, shared tack and equipment, and door handles/gates (including those to stall doors and pasture/turn out areas) on a routine basis. To disinfect, use products that meet EPA’s criteria for use against theexternal icon virus that causes COVID-19 and are appropriate for the surface, diluted household bleach solutions prepared according to the manufacturer’s label for disinfection, or alcohol solutions with at least 70% alcohol. Follow manufacturer’s directions for use, especially regarding product contact time and protections from chemical hazards posed by cleaners and disinfectants.
Follow local guidance on shelter in place and travel recommendations when traveling for showing, training, or trail riding.
If traveling to a new facility, limit contact between people, horses, tack, equipment, and other supplies from different facilities, and maintain a distance of at least 6 feet between horses and riders.
Follow state and local guidance on travel. People who are sick should not travel to other facilities.
People visiting other facilities should follow the same precautions as they would normally, including maintaining at least 6 feet of distance between each other, wearing a cloth face covering to protect others, and washing hands frequently with soap and water.

If other animals, such as barn cats, are present at the facility, be aware that a small number of pets have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after contact with people with COVID-19.

For more information, see Guidance on Preparing Workplaces for COVID-19pdf
iconexternal icon and
Interim Guidance for Businesses and Employers to Plan and Respond to
Coronavirus Disease 2019
(COVID-19)
.


Frequently Asked Questions
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Basics
Why do the number of cases for previous days increase?
Delays in reporting can cause the number of COVID-19 cases reported on
previous days to increase. (Sometimes this effect is described as “backfill.”)
State, local, and territorial health departments report the number of cases
that have been confirmed and share these data with CDC. Since it takes time to
conduct laboratory testing, cases from a previous day may be added to the
daily counts a few days late.


Frequently Asked Questions
Cleaning and Disinfection
Can sanitizing tunnels be used at building entrances or exits to prevent the spread of COVID-19?
CDC does not recommend the use of sanitizing tunnels. There is no evidence
that they are effective in reducing the spread of COVID-19. Chemicals used in
sanitizing tunnels could cause skin, eye, or respiratory irritation or damage.


Frequently Asked Questions
Preparing Your Home and Family for COVID-19
How can my family and I prepare for COVID-19?
Create a household plan of action to help protect your health and the health
of those you care about in the event of an outbreak of COVID-19 in your
community:

Talk with the people who need to be included in your plan, and discuss what to do if a COVID-19 outbreak occurs in your community.
Plan ways to care for those who might be at greater risk for serious complications, particularly older adults and those with severe chronic medical conditions like heart, lung or kidney disease.
Make sure they have access to several weeks of medications and supplies in case you need to stay home for prolonged periods of time.

Get to know your neighbors and find out if your neighborhood has a website or social media page to stay connected.
Create a list of local organizations that you and your household can contact in the event you need access to information, healthcare services, support, and resources.
Create an emergency contact list of family, friends, neighbors, carpool drivers, health care providers, teachers, employers, the local public health department, and other community resources.


Frequently Asked Questions
Cleaning and Disinfection
What is routine cleaning? How frequently should facilities be cleaned to reduce the potential spread of COVID-19?
Routine cleaning is the everyday cleaning practices that businesses and
communities normally use to maintain a healthy environment. Surfaces
frequently touched by multiple people, such as door handles, bathroom
surfaces, and handrails, should be cleaned with soap and water or another
detergent at least daily when facilities are in use. More frequent cleaning
and disinfection may be required based on level of use. For example, certain
surfaces and objects in public spaces, such as shopping carts and point of
sale keypads, should be cleaned and disinfected before each use. Cleaning
removes dirt and impurities, including germs, from surfaces. Cleaning alone
does not kill germs, but it reduces the number of germs on a surface.


Frequently Asked Questions
Children and Youth with Special Healthcare Needs
What if my child’s symptoms of their underlying medical condition or complex, chronic medical condition get worse?

Call your child’s healthcare provider if you have any concerns about your child’s medical conditions. If you need emergency help, call 911.
Emergency departments have infection prevention plans to protect you and your child from getting COVID-19 if your child needs care for medical conditions not related to COVID-19. Do not delay getting emergency care for your child’s underlying condition or complex medical condition because you are afraid of getting exposed to COVID-19 when visiting the healthcare setting.


Frequently Asked Questions
Higher Risk
What does more severe illness mean?
Severity typically means how much impact the illness or condition has on your
body’s function. You should talk with your healthcare provider if you have a
question about your health or how your health condition is being managed.


Frequently Asked Questions
Higher Risk
Who is at higher risk for serious illness from COVID-19?
COVID-19 is a new disease and there is limited information regarding risk
factors for severe disease. Based on currently available information and
clinical expertise, older adults and people of any age who have serious
underlying medical conditions might be at higher risk for severe illness
from COVID-19.
Based on what we know now, those at high-risk for severe illness from COVID-19
are:

People aged 65 years and older
People who live in a nursing home or long-term care facility

People of all ages with underlying medical conditions, particularly if not
well controlled, including:

People with chronic lung disease or moderate to severe asthma
People who have serious heart conditions
People who are immunocompromised
Many conditions can cause a person to be immunocompromised, including cancer treatment, smoking, bone marrow or organ transplantation, immune deficiencies, poorly controlled HIV or AIDS, and prolonged use of corticosteroids and other immune weakening medications

People with severe obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥40)
People with diabetes
People with chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis
People with liver disease


Frequently Asked Questions
COVID-19 and Children
Should children wear masks?
CDC recommends that everyone 2 years and older wear a cloth face covering that
covers their nose and mouth when they are out in the community. Cloth face
coverings should NOT be put on babies or children younger than 2 because of
the danger of suffocation. Children younger than 2 years of age are listed as
an exception as well as anyone who has trouble breathing or is unconscious,
incapacitated, or otherwise unable to remove the face covering without
assistance.
Wearing cloth face coverings is a public health measure people should take to
reduce the spread of COVID-19 in addition to (not instead of) social
distancing, frequent hand cleaning ,and other everyday preventive actions. A
cloth face covering is not intended to protect the wearer but may prevent the
spread of virus from the wearer to others. This would be especially important
if someone is infected but does not have symptoms. Medical face masks and N95
respirators are still reserved for healthcare personnel and other first
responders, as recommended by current CDC guidance.


Frequently Asked Questions
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Basics
COVID-19 and Hypertension
Are people with high blood pressure (hypertension) at higher risk from
COVID-19?
At this time, we do not think that people with high blood pressure and no
other underlying health conditions are more likely than others to get severely
ill from COVID-19. Although many people who have gotten severely ill from
COVID-19 have high blood pressure, they are often older or have other medical
conditions like obesity, diabetes, and serious heart conditions that place
them at higher risk of severe illness from COVID-19.
If you have high blood pressure, it’s critically important that you keep your
blood pressure under control to lower your risk for heart disease and strokes.
Take your blood pressure medications as directed, keep a log of your blood
pressure every day if you are able to take your blood pressure at home, and
work with your healthcare team to make sure your blood pressure is well
controlled. Any changes to your medications should be made in consultation
with your healthcare team.
Should I continue to take my blood pressure medication?
Yes. Continue to take your blood pressure medications exactly as prescribed
and make lifestyle modifications agreed upon in your treatment plan. Continue
all your regular medications, including angiotensin-converting enzyme
inhibitors (ACE-Is) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), as prescribed by
your healthcare team. This is recommended by current clinical
guidelines from the American Heart Association, the Heart
Failure Society of America, and the American College of Cardiology


Frequently Asked Questions
COVID-19 and Animals
What about imported animals or animal products?
CDC does not have any evidence to suggest that imported animals or animal
products pose a risk for spreading COVID-19 in the United States. This is a
rapidly evolving situation and information will be updated as it becomes
available. CDC, the U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service (FWS) play distinct but complementary roles in regulating
the importation of live animals and animal products into the United States.

CDC regulates animals and animal products that pose a threat to human health,
USDA regulateexternal icon animals and animal products that pose a threat to agriculture; and
FWS regulatesexternal icon importation of endangered species and wildlife that can harm the health and welfare of humans, the interests of agriculture, horticulture, or forestry, and the welfare and survival of wildlife resources.


Frequently Asked Questions
How COVID-19 Spreads
Will warm weather stop the outbreak of COVID-19?
It is not yet known whether weather and temperature affect the spread of
COVID-19. Some other viruses, like those that cause the common cold and flu,
spread more during cold weather months but that does not mean it is impossible
to become sick with these viruses during other months. There is much more to
learn about the transmissibility, severity, and other features associated with
COVID-19 and investigations are ongoing.


Frequently Asked Questions
How to Protect Yourself
Is it okay for me to donate blood?
In healthcare settings across the United States, donated blood is a
lifesaving, essential part of caring for patients. The need for donated blood
is constant, and blood centers are open and in urgent need of donations. CDC
encourages people who are well to continue to donate blood if they are able,
even if they are practicing social distancing because of COVID-19. CDC is
supporting blood centers by providing recommendations that will keep donors
and staff safe. Examples of these recommendations include spacing donor chairs
6 feet apart, thoroughly adhering to environmental cleaning practices, and
encouraging donors to make donation appointments ahead of time.


Frequently Asked Questions
Children and Youth with Special Healthcare Needs
What can I do if my child has difficulties adjusting to new routines and following recommendations?
Helping children understand and follow recommendations, like social distancing
and wearing cloth face coverings, can be challenging if your child has intellectual
disabilities, sensory issues, or other special healthcare needs.

Keeping children at home and sheltering in place can lower stress created by social distancing and cloth face covering recommendations. Reach out to others for help in running essential errands.
Behavioral techniques can be used to address behavioral challenges and to develop new routines. These include social stories, video modeling, picture schedules, and visual cues. Try rewarding your child in small ways with his or her favorite non-food treat or activities to help switch routines and to follow recommendations.
Many of the organizations you turn to for information and support around your child’s complex, chronic medical condition may have information on their websites to help families address issues related to COVID-19.
Your child’s therapist(s) and/or teachers may also have resources to help successfully introduce new routines to your child.

Additional information on caring for children and on child development specific
conditions are available.


Frequently Asked Questions
COVID-19 and Animals
What precautions should be taken for animals that have recently been imported from outside the United States (for example, by shelters, rescues, or as personal pets)?
Imported animals will need to meet
CDC and USDAexternal iconexternal
icon
requirements for entering the United States. At this time, there is no
evidence that companion animals, including pets and service animals, can
spread the virus that causes COVID-19. As with any animal introduced to a new
environment, animals recently imported should be observed daily for signs of
illness. If an animal becomes ill, the animal should be examined by a
veterinarian. Call your local veterinary clinic before bringing the animal
into the clinic and let them know that the animal was recently imported from
another country.
This is a rapidly evolving situation and information will be updated as it
becomes available.


Frequently Asked Questions
COVID-19 and Animals
Can I walk my dog?
Walking a dog is important for both animal and human health and well-being.
Walk dogs on a leash, maintaining at least 6 feet (2 meters) from other people
and animals, do not gather in groups, and stay out of crowded places and avoid
mass gatherings. Do not go to dog parks or public places where a large number
of people and dogs gather. To help maintain social distancing, do not let
other people pet your dog when you are out for a walk.


Frequently Asked Questions about Biosafety and COVID-19
Specimen Packing and Shipping
Once packaging of the samples is complete should staff members decontaminate the work area?
Decontaminate work surfaces and equipment with appropriate disinfectants. Use
EPA-registered hospital disinfectants with label claims to be effective
against SARS-CoV-2external icon. Follow
manufacturer’s recommendations for use, such as dilution, contact time, and
safe handling.
For additional information, refer to the following:

Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Healthcare Settings
Interim Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines for Handling and Processing Specimens Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)


Frequently Asked Questions about Biosafety and COVID-19
Specimen Packing and Shipping
What information is required on the outer package for shipment of specimens with ice packs?
A: Ensure the outer package has been properly marked and labeled with the
following:

Hazard labeled with UN Identification Number already on label – UN 3373
Biological Substance, Category B
Shipper’s name, address, and phone number
Receiver’s name, address, and phone number
Name and phone number of a responsible person is optional if it is on the airway bill

For additional information, refer to the following:

Guidance on regulations for the transport of infectious substances 2019 – 2020pdf iconexternal icon

Dangerous Goods Documentationexternal icon

Click on “Infectious substances” and there is an option to download the packing instructions.

external iconexternal iconLabels for UN 3373

When using cold packpdf iconpdf icon – Include the name and telephone number of the person who will be available during normal business hours who knows the content of the shipment (can be someone at CDC). Place the label on one side of the box and cover the label completely with clear tape (do not tape just the edges of the label).

Schematic for packaging, UN 3373 Category Bpdf icon
pdf iconpdf icon


Frequently Asked Questions about Biosafety and COVID-19
Specimen Packing and Shipping
What information is required on the outer packages for shipment of specimens with dry ice?
Ensure the outer package has been properly marked and labeled with the
following:

Hazard labeled with UN Identification Number already on label – UN 3373
Biological Substance, Category B
Hazard Labeled with UN Identification Number- UN 1845
Dry Ice along with the net weight (kg) of the dry ice
Shipper’s name and address
Receiver’s name and address
Name and phone number of a responsible person.

For additional information, refer to the following:

Guidance on regulations for the transport of infectious substances 2019 – 2020pdf iconexternal icon
IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations Packaging Instruction 650

Packing Instructions 650 for UN 3373external icon

Click on “Infectious substances” and there is an option to download the packing instructions.

Labels for UN 3373
When using dry icepdf iconpdf icon – Include the name and telephone number of the person who will be available during normal business hours who knows the content of the shipment (can be someone at CDC). Place the label on one side of the box and cover the label completely with clear tape (do not tape just the edges of the label).

Schematic for packaging, UN 3373 Category Bpdf icon


Frequently Asked Questions about Biosafety and COVID-19
Specimen Packing and Shipping
Do people packing patient specimens, isolates or cultures for transport need to be trained and competent?
For transporting patient specimens, cultures or isolates, personnel must be
trained in the proper safety, packing, and shipping regulations for Division
6.2, UN 3373 Biological Substance, Category B in accordance with the current
edition of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods
Regulations (DGR)external
icon. Personnel
should be trained in a manner that corresponds to their function-specific
responsibilities.
For additional information, refer to the following:

Guidance on regulations for the transport of infectious substances 2019 – 2020pdf iconexternal icon


Frequently Asked Questions about Biosafety and COVID-19
Specimen Handling
Are certified Class II biological safety cabinets (BSCs) required to process suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 specimens? Should laboratory staff put procedures in place to minimize personnel exposure if there is no certified Class II BSC?
For procedures with a high likelihood to generate aerosols or droplets, use
either a certified Class II Type A1 or A2 BSC or additional precautions to
provide a barrier between the specimen and personnel. Examples of these
additional precautions include personal protective equipment (PPE), such as a
surgical mask or face shield, or other physical barriers, like a splash
shield; centrifuge safety cups; and sealed centrifuge rotors to reduce the
risk of exposure to laboratory personnel.
For additional information, refer to the following:

CDC 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panelexternal icon
Interim Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines for Handling and Processing Specimens Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Laboratory biosafety guidance related to the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)pdf iconexternal icon


Frequently Asked Questions about Biosafety and COVID-19
Specimen Handling
What procedures can generate aerosols and droplets?
Many routine laboratory procedures can potentially generate aerosols and
droplets that are often undetectable. The following laboratory procedures have
been associated with the generation of infectious aerosols and droplets:
centrifugation, pipetting, vortexing, mixing, shaking, sonicating, removing
caps, decanting liquids, preparing smears, flaming slides, aliquoting and
loading specimens, loading syringes, manipulating needles, syringes or sharps,
aspirating and transferring blood and body fluids, subculturing blood culture
bottles, spilling specimens, and cleaning up spills.
For additional information, refer to the following:

Guidelines for Safe Work Practices in Human and Animal Medical Diagnostic Laboratoriespdf iconpdf icon
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 5th Ed.
Laboratory biosafety guidance related to the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)pdf iconexternal icon


Frequently Asked Questions about Biosafety and COVID-19
Specimen Handling
How should specimens be stored?
Store specimens at 2-8oC for up to 72 hours after collection. If a delay
occurs in extraction, store specimens at -70oC or lower. Store extracted
nucleic acid samples at -70oC or lower.
For additional information, refer to the following:

Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Healthcare Settings
CDC 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panelexternal icon


Frequently Asked Questions about Biosafety and COVID-19
Specimen Packing and Shipping
Is a shipper’s declaration required? What documentation is required for shipment? What if specimens are shipped on dry ice?
A shipper’s declaration is not required for UN 3373 Biological Substances,
Category B shipped samples. If an Air Waybill is used, the “Nature and
Quantity of Goods” box should show “UN 3373 Biological Substance, Category B”
along with the number of packages. If specimens are shipped on dry ice,
include UN 1845, Dry Ice, 9, along with the net weight of the dry ice. See
IATA PI 650 for additional information.
For additional information, refer to the following:

Guidance on regulations for the transport of infectious substances 2019 – 2020pdf iconexternal iconpdf iconexternal icon
IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations Packaging Instruction 650pdf iconexternal iconpdf iconexternal icon


Frequently Asked Questions about Biosafety and COVID-19
Specimen Handling
What disinfectant should personnel use to decontaminate work surfaces?
Decontaminate work surfaces and equipment with appropriate disinfectants. Use
EPA-registered hospital disinfectants with label claims to be effective
against SARS-CoV-2external icon. Follow
manufacturer’s recommendations for use, such as dilution, contact time, and
safe handling.


Frequently Asked Questions about Biosafety and COVID-19
Specimen Packing and Shipping
Is a Responsible Person required on the shipping paperwork?
Yes, a Responsible Person should be listed on the air waybill or Shipper’s
Declaration (if applicable).
For additional information, refer to the following:

Guidance on regulations for the transport of infectious substances 2019 – 2020pdf iconexternal iconpdf iconexternal icon
IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations Packaging Instruction 650pdf iconexternal iconpdf iconpdf iconexternal iconexternal iconpdf iconexternal icon


Frequently Asked Questions about Biosafety and COVID-19
Specimen Packing and Shipping
What information is required on an overpack if used for specimen shipment?
The overpack should be marked in accordance with the packing instructions
required for the outer package:

Hazard labeled with UN Identification Number already on the label – UN 3373
Biological Substance, Category B
Shipper’s name, address, and phone number
Receiver’s name, address, and phone number
Package Orientation Label
Marked with the word “Overpack”
Name and phone number of a responsible person is optional if it is on the airway bill

For additional information, refer to the following:
• IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations Packaging Instruction 650pdf iconexternal
iconpdf iconexternal
icon
• Interim Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines for Handling and Processing
Specimens Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019
(COVID-19)


Frequently Asked Questions about Biosafety and COVID-19
Specimen Handling
How should laboratory personnel remove biohazardous waste from the laboratory or testing area for decontamination and disposal?
Handle laboratory waste from testing suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patient
specimens as all other biohazardous waste in the laboratory. Currently, there
is no evidence to suggest that this laboratory waste needs additional
packaging or disinfection procedures.
For additional information, refer to the following:

Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) (5th edition)


Frequently Asked Questions about Biosafety and COVID-19
Specimen Packing and Shipping
What specific packaging should personnel use when shipping suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patient specimens, isolates or cultures?
Pack and ship suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patient specimens, cultures or
isolates as UN 3373 Biological Substance, Category B, in accordance with the
current edition of the International Air Transport Association (IATA)
Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR)external
icon:

A leakproof primary container.
A leakproof, watertight secondary packaging with absorbent material.
A rigid outer packaging to protect the specimens during shipment.

For additional information, refer to the following:

IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations Packaging Instruction 650pdf iconexternal icon
Interim Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines for Handling and Processing Specimens Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Laboratory biosafety guidance related to the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)pdf iconexternal icon


Frequently Asked Questions about Biosafety and COVID-19
Specimen Handling
If laboratory personnel collect blood or respiratory specimens directly from suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients, what PPE should they wear?
If laboratory personnel have direct contact with suspected or confirmed
COVID-19 patients, they should follow recommended PPE for health care
providers while in the presence of these patients.
For additional information, refer to:

Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Healthcare Settings
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1030 Bloodborne Pathogens Standardexternal icoexternal icon


Frequently Asked Questions about Biosafety and COVID-19
Specimen Handling
How should the laboratory perform a risk assessment to identify and mitigate risks?
All laboratories should perform a site-specific and activity-specific risk
assessment to identify and mitigate risks and determine if enhanced biosafety
precautions are warranted based on situational needs, such as high testing
volumes, and the likelihood to generate infectious droplets and aerosols. Risk
assessments and mitigation measures are dependent on the procedures performed,
identification of the hazards involved in the process and/or procedures, the
competency level of the personnel who perform the procedures, the laboratory
equipment and facility, and the resources available.
The risk assessment should identify all potential scenarios of a particular
activity that could produce a negative outcome. The risk assessment should
prioritize those potential negative outcomes, or risks, based on an evaluation
of the likelihood and consequences of each of those identified risks. The risk
assessment should determine the most appropriate control measures, and how the
system will measure the effectiveness of those control measures.
For additional information, refer to the following:

Laboratory biosafety guidance related to the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)pdf iconexternal icon
Risk Assessment Best Practicespdf iconexternal icon
World Health Organization Laboratory Biosafety Manual, 3rdpdf iconexternal icon


Frequently Asked Questions about Biosafety and COVID-19
Specimen Handling
How should point-of-care testing (POCT) be conducted outside a traditional laboratory?
For viral testing of specimens conducted outside of a traditional clinical
laboratory, such as rapid respiratory testing, use Standard Precautions to
provide a barrier between the specimen and personnel during specimen
manipulation.
For additional information, refer to:

Interim Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines for Handling and Processing Specimens Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)


Frequently Asked Questions about Biosafety and COVID-19
Specimen Handling
What are Standard Precautions?
Standard Precautions are based on the principle that all blood, body fluids,
secretions, nonintact skin, mucous membranes, and excretions (except sweat)
may contain transmissible infectious agents. Standard Precautions include hand
hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as laboratory
coats or gowns, gloves, and eye protection.
For additional information, refer to the following:

2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settingspdf iconpdf icon
CDC Isolation Precautions


Frequently Asked Questions about Biosafety and COVID-19
Specimen Packing and Shipping
At what temperature should specimens be shipped?
Specimens should be shipped at 2-8oC with ice packs. If the specimen is
frozen, ship overnight on dry ice. The primary receptacle and the secondary
packaging should maintain their integrity at the temperature of the
refrigerant used as well as the temperatures and the pressures which could
result if refrigeration were lost. Packages containing dry ice should be
designed and constructed so as to prevent the buildup of pressure and to allow
the release of gas that could rupture the packaging.
For additional information, refer to the following:

CDC 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panelexternal icon
Interim Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines for Handling and Processing Specimens Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)


Frequently Asked Questions about Biosafety and COVID-19
Specimen Handling
What are infectious aerosols and droplets?
Aerosols and droplets containing particles that are <100 μm in diameter
are not visible to the naked eye. Laboratory workers may not be aware that
such particles can be generated during many laboratory procedures and that
these particles could be inhaled or could cross-contaminate work surfaces,
materials, and equipment.
Infectious aerosols are small liquid or solid particles suspended in the
air that contain infectious agents. They can disperse throughout the
laboratory and remain infective over time and distance. These particles are of
a size that may be inhaled into the lower respiratory tract (<5 μm in
diameter). Examples of organisms transmitted by aerosols include spores of
Aspergillus spp., Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rubeola virus (measles), and
varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox).
Droplets traditionally are defined as larger infectious particles (>5 μm
in diameter) that rapidly fall out of the air, contaminating gloves, the
immediate work area, and the mucous membranes of the persons performing the
procedure.
Examples of infectious agents that are transmitted via the droplet route
include Bordetella pertussis, influenza viruses, adenovirus, Mycoplasma
pneumoniae, SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), group A streptococcus, and
Neisseria meningitidis.
For additional information, refer to the following:

WHO Laboratory Biosafety Manual, 3rdpdf iconexternal icon
2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settingspdf iconpdf icon
CDC Isolation Precautions


Frequently Asked Questions about Biosafety and COVID-19
Specimen Handling
What is the recommended biosafety level for handling suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patient specimens?
Routine viral testing of patient specimens, such as the following activities,
can be handled in a BSL-2 laboratory using Standard Precautions:
• Using automated instruments and analyzers
• Staining and microscopic analysis of fixed smears
• Examination of bacterial cultures
• Pathologic examination and processing of formalin-fixed or otherwise
inactivated tissues
• Molecular analysis of extracted nucleic acid preparations
• Final packaging of specimens for transport to diagnostic laboratories for
additional testing. Specimens should already be in a sealed, decontaminated
primary container
• Using inactivated specimens, such as specimens in nucleic acid extraction
buffer
• Electron microscopic studies with glutaraldehyde-fixed grids
For additional information, refer to the following:

CDC 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panelexternal icon
Interim Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines for Handling and Processing Specimens Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1030 Bloodborne Pathogens Standardexternal icon


Frequently Asked Questions about Biosafety and COVID-19
Specimen Handling
How should personnel transport suspected or confirmed SARS CoV-2 specimens within a facility?
Personnel should adhere to standard procedures associated with other
respiratory pathogens, such as seasonal influenza and other human
coronaviruses, when they transport specimens within a facility. Personnel
should perform site- and activity-specific risk assessments to determine if
enhanced biosafety precautions are warranted based on situational needs.
For additional information, refer to the following:

Interim Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines for Handling and Processing Specimens Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Laboratory biosafety guidance related to the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV).pdfpdf iconexternal icon


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For Public Health Laboratories: Ordering Supplies
What supplies are being distributed by IRR for COVID-19 testing?
The expanded catalog of COVID-19 diagnostic supplies includes:

Extraction kits , to isolate the viral genetic material (RNA)

Test kits , to determine the presence of SARS-CoV-2
Click here for more information about CDC’s test
kits

DISCONTINUED: Sample collection kits , to swab via the nasopharynx, suggest nose, and/or throat (See below to learn more about the process for ordering swabs.)


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For Clinical Laboratories: Ordering Supplies
How do I obtain reagents for the CDC EUA real-time RT-PCR assay for SARS-CoV-2?
Clinical laboratories can purchase reagents for the CDC EUA real-time RT-PCR
primers and probes from Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT) or Biosearch
Technologies. CDC has posted a list of approved reagents and acceptable lots
on the CDC COVID-19 website .
Clinical laboratories also can purchase commercially developed viral tests
with an EUA from the manufacturer.


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For All Laboratories: Serology
Should I test for IgG, IgM, or total immunoglobulin?
The decision to test for IgG, IgM, or total immunoglobulin, which could also
include IgA, depends on the purpose for testing. Testing for total
immunoglobulin may increase sensitivity for identifying people who have been
recently infected. Testing for IgG may be a better marker of durable immunity
to SARS-CoV-2. However, we need additional data on the maturation of the
immune response to SARS-CoV-2 to make evidence-based recommendations for all
testing scenarios. Scientists from CDC and elsewhere are investigating how
SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses develop over time.


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For Public Health Laboratories: Ordering Supplies
What Is CDC's International Reagent Resource (IRR)?
The International Reagent Resourceexternal
icon (IRR) was established by
CDC more than 10 years ago. It provides registered users with reagents, tools,
and information for studying and detecting influenza virus and other
pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. IRR is primarily a resource used for
procuring pathogen test components and assembling, qualifying, and
distributing these kits for use in CDC-directed public health activities. This
resource supports detection and characterization of pathogens, which will aid
in informing interventions. By centralizing these functions within IRR, access
to and use of these materials in the scientific and public health community is
monitored and quality control of the reagents is assured.
To support health departments during the COVID-19 pandemic, IRR has expanded
to provide more products needed for viral testing, including numerous
commercially produced Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) assays. IRR is managed
under a CDC contract by American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For Clinical Laboratories: Ordering Supplies
Can I register my lab or hospital with IRR?
CDC limits IRR registration and SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic reagent distribution to
U.S. state and local public health laboratories validated to perform SARS-
CoV-2 viral testing. During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, CDC will defer the
decision to authorize new laboratories to the corresponding state public
health laboratory.


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For All Laboratories: Accessing Laboratory Testing
How do clinicians get access to SARS-CoV-2 viral testing?

Clinicians can access laboratory tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, through clinical laboratories performing tests authorized or intended to be authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). Clinicians should consult with the laboratories that routinely perform their diagnostic services to see how best to access SARS-CoV-2 testing.
Clinicians also can access viral testing through their state public health departments. The Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL)external icon provides a list of available public health laboratory testing locations.
For a list of COVID-19 EUAs, see FDA’s COVID-19 Emergency Use Authorizations for Medical Devicesexternal icon.


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For All Laboratories: Accessing Laboratory Testing
When FDA authorizes emergency use for a SARS-CoV-2 point-of-care test, can that test be used in CLIA certificate-of-waiver facilities?
When the FDA grants an EUA for a point-of-care test, that test is deemed to be
CLIA-waived. For the duration of the national emergency declaration for
COVID-19, such tests can be performed in any CLIA-certified patient care
setting with a certificate of waiver.


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For All Laboratories: Accessing Laboratory Testing
Can a pooling strategy be used to expand nucleic acid testing for SARS-CoV-2?
In areas with low COVID-19 prevalence, a two-stage specimen pooling approach
can help preserve testing reagents and resources. In the first stage, several
patients’ specimens are combined before extraction, and then tested all at
once. If the test comes back negative, then all of those patients can be
cleared with one test. If the test comes back positive, then all of those
specimens need to be extracted and re-tested individually.
The lower the prevalence of the disease, the larger the optimal pool size can
be. A recent studyexternal
icon from the
Nebraska Public Health Laboratory found that polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
tests for SARS-CoV-2 reliably return a positive result when one positive
sample is mixed with four negatives. Researchers in Germany and Israel have
had similar results.
A pooling strategy is not efficient when the prevalence of COVID-19 is
high. People with symptoms and people who have been exposed to someone with a
confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection should still be tested individually.
Before using a pooling strategy, the laboratory must have the proper
regulatory approvals. If the manufacturer’s guidelines and the emergency use
authorization (EUA) for that SARS-CoV-2 test do not stipulate pooling,
laboratories that use authorized nucleic acid devices can still bridge to
alternative components, including extraction methods, PCR instruments,
software versions, etc., under Section IV. A. 4. of FDA’s Policy for COVID-19
Tests During the Public Health Emergencyexternal
icon. These component changes can be achieved through evaluation
and verification of the performance of the component with the test, without a
new EUA or an amendment to the original EUA. Additional detail and suggested
studies are discussed in FDA’s policy. The process used for such changes must
also comply with Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments
(CLIA) guidelines.


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For All Laboratories: Accessing Laboratory Testing
What is the CLIA test complexity categorization of SARS-CoV-2 tests that do not have an EUA?
Tests for SARS-CoV-2 that are offered prior to or without an EUA have not been
reviewed by FDA, are not FDA-authorized, and have not received a CLIA
categorizationexternal icon. Thus, those tests are
considered high complexity by default until they receive an EUA or other FDA
review that indicates they may be performed as moderate complexity or waived
tests. For more information, visit FDA COVID-19 Resourcesexternal
icon, and navigate to the section titled “General
FAQs.”


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For All Laboratories: Accessing Laboratory Testing
Under what circumstances should laboratories use either a SARS-CoV-2 viral or serology (antibody) test that has received EUA from FDA?
FDA has authorized EUAs for both viral and antibody tests for COVID-19. Viral
(nucleic acid and antigen) tests are used to diagnose the presence of SARS-
CoV-2 infections. In contrast, antibody tests can detect IgG, IgA, and IgM
antibodies from an immune response to SARS-CoV-2.
Whenever possible, laboratories should rely on viral tests to diagnose the
presence of SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, a negative result from viral
testing does not rule out COVID-19.
Most of the PCR-based tests that use two or more targets are likely to have
high specificity (few false positives). However, there is some variation in
the stated sensitivity of the different assays, and sensitivity is highly
dependent on the stage of the disease. For this reason, negative results
should always be interpreted in the context of the exposure history and
symptoms of the patient.
Results from antibody testing should not be used to diagnose or exclude SARS-
CoV-2 infections or to inform infection status. Negative results from antibody
testing do not rule out SARS-CoV-2 infections, particularly for those
individuals who have been exposed to the virus and are still within the
estimated incubation period. Until the performance characteristics of antibody
tests have been evaluated, it is possible that positive results from such
testing may be due to past or present infections with a coronavirus other than
SARS-CoV-2.
If a laboratory initially uses antibody testing for diagnostic purposes,
follow-up testing using a viral test should be performed.
Read: Important Information on the Use of Serological (Antibody) Tests for
COVID-19: FDA Letter to Healthcare Providersexternal
icon
More: FDA EUA Authorized Serology Test Performanceexternal
icon


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For All Laboratories: Test Developers
Where do test developers get the genomic RNA needed to validate test performance for FDA?

Currently, genomic RNA material can be used for validation purposes in biosafety level 2 laboratories (BSL-2). Genomic RNA material is available through BEI Resourcesexternal icon. Registrationexternal icon with BEI Resources is required to request SARS-CoV-2 materials. BEI Resources is prioritizing and fast-tracking all SARS-CoV-2 registrations with a 12- to 72-hour turnaround time for all SARS-CoV-2-related registrations. Please contact BEI Resources at contact@beiresources.org or 1-800 359-7370 for questions.
Developers are required to sign a material transfer agreement prior to the release of materials.
All BEI Resources reagents are provided worldwide. There is no cost for the reagents themselves. However, shipping and handling charges may apply.
Commercial sources also may have this material.
For Public Health Laboratories: If a kit to detect the virus (SAR-CoV-2) is needed, contact the International Reagent Resource external icon


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For All Laboratories: Serology
Does CDC accept specimens for antibody testing?
CDC is currently performing antibody surveys to understand how COVID-19 has
spread in the U.S. population. CDC is not using its antibody tests for
diagnostic purposes, and thus is not accepting antibody test requests intended
for COVID-19 patient diagnosis.


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For All Laboratories: Accessing Laboratory Testing
Can laboratories use specimen collection devices other than those listed in the manufacturer’s instructions or EUA (e.g., swabs) for SARS-CoV-2 testing?
According to FDA, when one entity establishes equivalent performance between
parallel testing of the same specimens with the new and original components
(including viral transport media [VTM]), and FDA’s review of the validation
data indicates that it could be applicable to modifications of other tests
with an authorized EUA, FDA will post this information on its website so that
other laboratories can refer to the validation for their testing. Then, other
laboratories do not need to conduct their own bridging study for the same
modification. For additional information regarding FDA’s policy for
modification, see FDA’s frequently asked questionsexternal
icon website.


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For All Laboratories: Accessing Laboratory Testing
My facility would like to begin SARS-CoV-2 testing. Do we need a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) certificate? Can my facility be granted a waiver from the CLIA certification requirements so that I can begin testing immediately?
Before conducting SARS-CoV-2 viral testing, a laboratory must be CLIA-
certified and meet applicable regulatory requirements. The Centers for
Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) does not have the authority to grant
waivers of exceptions that are not established in a statute or regulation. For
additional information, please refer to the FAQs on the CMS website: CMS
Coronavirus Informationexternal icon.


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For All Laboratories: Accessing Laboratory Testing
Where do laboratories get access to reagents and materials to perform viral testing for SARS-CoV-2?
Public health laboratories can access collection materials for SARS-CoV-2
testing, including swabs and transport media, through the International
Reagent Resource (IRR)external
icon. The IRR
supports state and local public health laboratories, as well as other
qualified laboratories participating in public health surveillance and
studies, by providing reagents, tools, and information for studying SARS-CoV-2
and other pathogens.
Through IRR, CDC also provides the reagents that public health laboratories
use to detect SARS-CoV-2 virus in respiratory specimens. One test for SARS-
CoV-2 detection is a CDC-developed real-time reverse transcription polymerase
chain reaction (RT-PCR) test that received an EUA from FDA on February 4,
2020, to detect the virus in upper and lower respiratory specimens. IRR also
provides several additional commercially produced assays that have received an
EUA from FDA to detect SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in respiratory samples.
Clinical and commercial laboratories conducting SARS-CoV-2 viral testing
can acquire test reagents from commercial reagent manufacturers that have
received EUA from FDA. Genomic RNA material for validation purposes can be
obtained from BEI Resources as indicated below.


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For All Laboratories: Accessing Laboratory Testing
How do I apply for a CLIA certificate so that my testing facility can perform SARS-CoV-2 testing?
The federal CLIA program contracts with states to carry out certain oversight
and recording functions of the CLIA program. The state in which the laboratory
is located processes applications for CLIA certificates. After the laboratory
has identified a qualified and certified laboratory directorexternal
icon and has
provided all required information on the CMS-116 application, a CLIA number
will be assigned and the laboratory can begin testing if applicable CLIA
requirements have been met. For additional information, please refer to the
FAQs on the CMS website: CMS Coronavirus Informationexternal
icon.


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For All Laboratories: Test Developers
What is NIH's BEI Resources Repository?
BEI Resources Repositoryexternal
icon was established by the National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseasesexternal
icon at the National Institutes of Health to
provide reagents, tools, and information for studying Category A, B, and
Cexternal icon priority pathogens, emerging infectious diseaseexternal
icon agents, non-pathogenic microbes, and other microbiological
materials of relevance to the research community including diagnostic
developers. Centralizing these functions within BEI Resources facilitates
access to these materials by the scientific community and ensures quality
control of the reagents.


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For All Laboratories: Serology
Will CDC submit its antibody test for an EUA?
Not at this time. CDC is using its antibody test as part of a multi-agency
study to evaluate current commercially marketed antibody tests for specificity
and sensitivity and to help determine how results from antibody tests could
support policymaking. CDC will share information publicly on the recommended
use of antibody testing as soon as enough data becomes available.


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For Public Health Laboratories: Ordering Supplies
Where can I find a complete product list of items for SARS-CoV-2 testing?
A comprehensive list of all viral testing supplies available through IRR is
provided on the IRR websiteexternal
icon. New
reagents may be added to the IRR catalog as the emergency response progresses.


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For All Laboratories: Accessing Laboratory Testing
I can’t find viral transport media (VTM) for SARS-CoV-2 testing. What are my options?
Public health laboratories can order VTM through IRR, as noted above.
Clinical testing laboratories should acquire VTM from commercial
sources.
Public health and clinical laboratories can also create their own VTM if they
are unable to order it. In response to VTM shortages, CDC has posted a
standard operating procedurepdf icon to create VTM for laboratories. Saline is also an
acceptable transport media for some COVID-19 viral assays, including the CDC
EUA. Check the Instructions for Use with the EUA Assayexternal
icon to see which transport
media is acceptable.


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For All Laboratories: Test Developers
My facility created a laboratory-developed test (LDT) to detect SARS-CoV-2. We need to have the first five positive and negative specimens confirmed. Can we send these specimens to CDC?
Laboratories using an LDT to detect SARS-CoV-2 should confer with their state
public health laboratory for assistance. If the state public health laboratory
cannot assist, contact respvirus@cdc.gov.


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For All Laboratories: Accessing Laboratory Testing
Are pathologists able to sign out cases remotely during the COVID-19 public health emergency?
CMS has indicated that it will allow laboratories to use temporary testing
sites for remote review and reporting of laboratory data, slides, and images
if specific criteria are met. Please refer to this CMS Memorandumexternal
icon for additional information.


Frequently Asked Questions about Laboratory Testing and COVID-19
For Public Health Laboratories: Ordering Supplies
What is the new process for swab ordering?
Starting April 30, 2020, FEMA is assuming responsibility for the production
and distribution of LR-1, Flock Swabs. States can reach out to their federal
testing contact. The federal government will work with states who are on pace
to exceed their testing goals for the month to meet increased testing demand.
Learn more hereexternal
icon.


Frequently Asked Questions: Funeral and Burial Services for American Indians and Alaska Natives
COVID-19 and Funerals
What resources are available for burial of American Indian/Alaska Native veterans?
Spouses and families of American Indian/Alaska Native Veterans may be eligible
for burial assistance. Burial benefits can include opening and closing of the
grave, perpetual care, a government headstone or marker, a burial flag, and a
Presidential Certificate—at no cost to the family. Some veterans may also be
eligible to receive money to help cover the cost (burial allowances).
The National Cemetery Administration oversees burial benefits. This office is
under the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Veterans Benefits
Administration. The VA can be contacted at the following phone numbers:

For burial, survivors’ pension, or other benefits: 1-877-294-6380
For the status of VA headstones and markers: 1-800-697-6947
For obtaining bereavement counseling: 1-202-461-6530
For telecommunications devices for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing services, dial 711.
Additional informationexternal icon
VA Survivors and Burial Benefits kitpdf iconexternal icon


Frequently Asked Questions: Funeral and Burial Services for American Indians and Alaska Natives
Higher Risk
Who is most at risk for severe illness from COVID-19?
COVID-19 can cause mild to severe illness. This can result in someone being
admitted to the hospital and even an intensive care unit. It can even cause
death. People who are infected often have symptoms of illness. People 65 and
older and people of any age who have serious underlying medical
conditions might be at higher risk for severe illness from COVID-19. This
includes people with serious heart conditions, severe obesity, diabetes,
chronic kidney disease (or undergoing dialysis), liver disease, chronic lung
disease or moderate to severe asthma, or people who have a weakened immune
system (immunocompromised). Everyone can take actions, such as social
distancing, to help slow the spread.


Frequently Asked Questions: Funeral and Burial Services for American Indians and Alaska Natives
COVID-19 and Funerals
Am I at risk if I go to a family gathering, traditional event, ceremony, or funeral for someone who died of COVID-19?
There is currently no known risk associated with being in the same room at a
funeral or visitation service with the body of someone who died of COVID-19.
Anyone who is sick should stay home. These actions help prevent people from
getting sick and help stop the spread of the virus.
Also, tribal leaders can help. While each tribe has its own traditions
regarding death rituals and funerals (including family feeds, giveaways, and
commemorative gatherings), it is important for leaders to determine ways for
immediate family members to take part while making sure that

Vulnerable populations are protected.
Everyone practices frequent hand washing (hand hygiene) and social distancing (keep 6 feet of space or greater between people).
Gatherings are limited to 10 or fewer people.

CDC recommends wearing cloth face coverings in public settings where social
distancing is difficult to maintain (for example, at grocery stores and
pharmacies). This is especially important in communities where COVID-19 is
spreading. So, if you do go to a funeral or gathering, use a cloth face
covering. But also try to keep about 6 feet from others who are present. You
can find more information about using a cloth face
covering.
Do not place cloth face coverings on young children under age 2. Also, don’t
place a face covering on anyone who has trouble breathing or who is
unconscious or unable to remove the mask without assistance.


Frequently Asked Questions: Funeral and Burial Services for American Indians and Alaska Natives
COVID-19 and Funerals
How do you protect yourself after body preparation?
After the body has been prepared for viewing and burial, clean surfaces using
EPA-approved products in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions for all
cleaning and disinfection products (such as concentration, application method,
and contact time).

Products with EPA-approved emerging viral pathogens claimspdf iconexternal icon are expected to be effective against the virus that causes COVID-19 based on data for harder to kill viruses.
After removal of PPE, perform hand hygiene by washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.

Information on cleaning and sanitizing can be found on the CDC website:

For facilitites
For households


Frequently Asked Questions: Funeral and Burial Services for American Indians and Alaska Natives
COVID-19 and Funerals
Are there any special requirements for burying or cremating people who die from COVID-19?
People who died from COVID-19 can be buried or cremated. But check for any
additional tribal, state, local, or territorial requirements that may dictate
the handling and disposition of the body of individuals who have passed from
certain infectious diseases.


Frequently Asked Questions: Funeral and Burial Services for American Indians and Alaska Natives
COVID-19 and Funerals
How can communities plan for an increase in the number of deaths?
Tribes have asked for guidance to help them plan for increased death from
COVID-19. While an increase in deaths may be a very difficult topic to discuss
and plan for, tribal leaders have resources to help:

Resources for emergency preparedness.
CDC Interim Guidance for Administrators and Leaders of Community- and Faith-Based Organizations to Plan, Prepare, and Respond to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Tribal leaders can also do the following:

Postpone large events, including celebrations such as funerals, weddings, baptisms, and holiday gatherings.
Limit gatherings to a small number (less than 10) of family and friends and ensure social distancing and hand washing.


Frequently Asked Questions: Funeral and Burial Services for American Indians and Alaska Natives
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Basics
What is COVID-19?
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new disease, and we are still
learning about how it spreads and the severity of illness it causes. The
virus that causes COVID-19 is believed to spread person-to-person between
people who are in close contact (being within about 6 feet) with one another.
Some people without symptoms may be able to spread the virus.
The virus likely spreads primarily through saliva or mucus droplets produced
when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. This is somewhat like how
the flu (influenza) and other infections such as the common cold spread.
These droplets can land in the mouths or noses of people who are nearby or
possibly be breathed in. Droplets can remain on surfaces such as countertops
and doorknobs for hours to days.


Frequently Asked Questions: Funeral and Burial Services for American Indians and Alaska Natives
COVID-19 and Funerals
How do you transport the body of a person who has died from COVID-19?
Follow these steps if you are involved in transporting the body of someone who
died from COVID-19:

If the body of a tribal member needs to be moved, wear disposable gloves and contain the body in a body bag, an impermeable shroud, or another impermeable covering that does not allow body fluids to leak from the enclosure. The virus that causes COVID-19 is not thought to be carried by blood (bloodborne), but leaked fluids could cause exposure to pathogens.
If a body bag is used to contain the body, disinfect the outside of the bag with an EPA-approved disinfectant for emerging viral pathogensexternal icon. Be sure to follow the manufacturer’s instructions for cleaning and disinfection products including concentration, application method, and contact time.
Following transport of the body, carefully remove your gloves and immediately wash your hands with soap and water for 20 seconds. If soap and water are not available, use a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.


Frequently Asked Questions: Funeral and Burial Services for American Indians and Alaska Natives
COVID-19 and Funerals
What are the most important things to remember about COVID-19 and AI/AN funeral services or other gatherings?
For Tribal Leaders :

Educate your community about who is at higher risk of getting very sick, such as Tribal Elders and those with diabetes and serious heart or lung conditions.
Limit the number of people at a gathering to 10 or fewer.
Clean and disinfect where these activities are held.
Provide plenty of handwashing sinks with soap and water or ensure there is hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol for all.

For Attendees:

Avoid close contact with people who are sick.
Stay home and do not engage in burial and funeral practices if you are sick.
Practice social distancing by putting at least 6 feet of distance between yourself and other people.

More information on large gatherings and
events.


Frequently Asked Questions: Funeral and Burial Services for American Indians and Alaska Natives
COVID-19 and Funerals
Am I at risk if I touch someone who died of COVID-19 after they have passed away?
You should avoid touching the body of someone who has died of COVID-19, before
the body is prepared for viewing.
Though we are still learning more about how COVID-19 spreads, it may be
possible that you could get COVID-19 by touching the body of someone who has
died of COVID-19. After the body has been prepared for viewing there may
be less of a chance of the virus spreading from certain types of touching,
such as holding the hand or hugging. But you should avoid other activities,
such as kissing, washing, and shrouding before and during body preparation.
After any contact with the body, be sure to wash your hands with soap and
water for at least 20 seconds. If soap and water are not readily available,
use a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.


Frequently Asked Questions: Funeral and Burial Services for American Indians and Alaska Natives
COVID-19 and Funerals
How can I protect myself when preparing the body of someone who died of COVID-19?
If washing the body, shrouding, or other important religious or cultural
practices are observed in a specific tribal community, families are encouraged
to consider this guidance and work with their cultural and religious leaders
and funeral home staff on how to reduce their exposure as much as possible.
If you participate in these activities, wear disposable gloves (nitrile,
latex, or rubber). And you may need additional equipment (called personal
protective equipment, or PPE). For example, you may need the following:

Disposable, waterproof isolation gown
Face shield or goggles
Facemask

Following preparation of the body remove PPE and throw away. Immediately wash
your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. If soap and water are
not available, use a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.
Shower after completing body preparation activities. If you did not wear any
personal protective equipment while preparing the body, wash your clothes in
the warmest setting possible and dry them completely.
For more information see CDC resources on Cleaning and Disinfecting Your
Facility
or Cleaning and Disinfecting Your
Home.


General Business Frequently Asked Questions
Suspected or Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in the Workplace
What should I do if an employee is suspected or confirmed to have COVID-19?
In most cases, you do not need to shut down your facility. But do close off
any areas used for prolonged periods of time by the sick person:

Wait 24 hours before cleaning and disinfecting to minimize potential for other employees being exposed to respiratory droplets. If waiting 24 hours is not feasible, wait as long as possible.
During this waiting period, open outside doors and windows to increase air circulation in these areas.

Follow the CDC cleaning and disinfection
recommendations:

Clean dirty surfaces with soap and water before disinfecting them.
To disinfect surfaces, use products that meet EPA criteria for use against SARS-Cov-2external iconexternal icon, the virus that causes COVID-19, and are appropriate for the surface.
Always wear gloves and gowns appropriate for the chemicals being used when you are cleaning and disinfecting.
You may need to wear additional personal protective equipment (PPE) depending on the setting and disinfectant product you are using.

In addition to cleaning and disinfecting, employers should determine which
employees may have been exposed to the virus and need to take additional
precautions:

Most workplaces should follow the Public Health Recommendations for Community-Related Exposure.
Critical infrastructure workplaces should follow the guidance Implementing Safety Practices for Critical Infrastructure Workers Who May Have Had Exposure to a Person with Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19.

Sick employees should follow CDC-recommended
steps. Employees
should not return to work until they have met the criteria to discontinue
home isolation
and have consulted with a healthcare provider and state or local health
department.
If an employee is confirmed to have COVID-19, employers should inform fellow
employees of their possible exposure to COVID-19 in the workplace but maintain
confidentiality as required by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).


General Business Frequently Asked Questions
Critical Infrastructure
Is other specific CDC guidance available for critical infrastructure workplaces?
CDC has guidance for first responders and law
enforcement as well
as a series of fact
sheets for specific critical infrastructure worker groups. Unless
otherwise specified, the CDC interim guidance for businesses and
employers
applies to critical infrastructure workplaces as well.


General Business Frequently Asked Questions
Critical Infrastructure
Should I allow critical infrastructure employees to work if they have been exposed but are not showing symptoms of COVID-19?
Functioning critical infrastructure is imperative during the response to the
COVID-19 emergency, for both public health and safety as well as community
well-being. When continuous remote work is not possible, critical
infrastructure businesses should use strategies to reduce the likelihood of
spreading the disease. This includes, but is not necessarily limited to,
separating staff by off-setting shift hours or days and implementing social
distancing. These steps can preserve and protect the workforce and allow
operations to continue.
To ensure continuity of operations of essential functions, CDC advises that
critical infrastructure workers may be permitted to continue work following
potential exposure to COVID-19, provided they remain asymptomatic and
additional precautions are implemented to protect them and the community.
Critical infrastructure businesses have an obligation to limit, to the extent
possible, the reintegration of in-person workers who have experienced an
exposure to COVID-19 but remain symptom-free in ways that best protect the
health of the worker, their co-workers, and the general public.
An analysis of core job tasks and workforce availability at worksites can
allow the employer to match core activities to other equally skilled and
available in-person workers who have not been exposed to the virus. Critical
infrastructure workers who have been exposed but remain symptom-free and must
return to in-person work should adhere to the following practices before and
during their work shift:

Pre-screen for symptoms
Monitor regularly for symptoms
Wear a face mask
Practice social distancing
Clean and disinfect workspaces

Sick employees should be sent home and should not return to the workplace
until they have met the criteria to discontinue home
isolation.
See Implementing Safety Practices for Critical Infrastructure Workers Who May
Have Had Exposure to a Person with Suspected or Confirmed
COVID-19 for more information.


General Business Frequently Asked Questions
Reducing the Spread of COVID-19 in Workplaces
How can I help protect employees who may be at higher risk for severe illness?
Have conversations with employees if they express concerns. Some people may be
at higher risk of severe illness. This includes older
adults (65
years and older) and people of any age with serious underlying medical
conditions. By using strategies that help prevent the spread of COVID-19 in
the workplace, you will help protect all employees, including those at higher
risk. These strategies include:

Implementing telework and other social distancing practices
Actively encouraging employees to stay home when sick
Promoting handwashing
Providing supplies and appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) for cleaning and disinfecting workspaces

In workplaces where it’s not possible to eliminate face-to-face contact (such
as retail), consider assigning higher risk employees work tasks that allow
them to maintain a 6-foot distance from others, if feasible.
Employers should not require employees to provide a note from their healthcare
provider when they are sick and instead allow them to inform their supervisors
or employee health services when they have conditions that put them at higher
risk for diseases.


General Business Frequently Asked Questions
Cleaning and Disinfection in the Workplace
How can I safely use cleaning chemicals?
Follow safe work practices when using cleaning chemicalspdf iconpdf
icon:

Always wear gloves appropriate for the chemicals being used when you are cleaning and disinfecting. Additional personal protective equipment (PPE) may be needed based on the setting and product you are using.
Never mix household bleach with ammonia or any other cleaner.
Make sure that employees know which cleaning chemicals must be diluted and how to correctly dilute the cleaners they are using.
Employers must ensure workers are trained on the hazards of the cleaning chemicals used in the workplace in accordance with OSHA’s Hazard Communication standard (29 CFR 1910.1200external iconexternal icon).
Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for all cleaning and disinfection products for concentration, application method, and contact time.


General Business Frequently Asked Questions
Reducing the Spread of COVID-19 in Workplaces
How often should my employees wash their hands while at work?
CDC recommends employees protect themselves from respiratory illness with
everyday preventive actions, including good hand hygiene. Employees should wash hands often with soap and water
for at least 20 seconds, or use a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60%
alcohol if soap and water are not readily available, especially during key
times when persons are likely to be infected by or spread germs:

After blowing one’s nose, coughing, or sneezing
Before, during, and after preparing food
After using the toilet
After touching garbage
Before and after the work shift
Before and after work breaks
After touching objects that have been handled by customers


General Business Frequently Asked Questions
Cleaning and Disinfection in the Workplace
How do I clean and disinfect machinery or equipment?
Current evidence, though still preliminary, suggests that SARS-CoV-2, the
virus that causes COVID-19, may remain viable for hours to days on surfaces
made from a variety of materials. It may be possible that a person can get
COVID-19 by touching a surface or object that has the virus on it and then
touching their own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes, but this is not
thought to be the main way the virus spreads.
If the machinery or equipment in question are not accessible to employees or
have not been in contact with someone infected with COVID-19, they will not
present an exposure hazard.
If machinery or equipment are thought to be contaminated and can be cleaned,
follow the CDC cleaning and disinfection
recommendations. First clean dirty surfaces with soap and water. Second,
disinfect surfaces using products that meet EPA’s criteria for use against
SARS-Cov-2external iconexternal icon and are appropriate
for the surface.
If machinery or equipment are thought to be contaminated and cannot be
cleaned, they can be isolated. Isolate papers or any soft (porous) surfaces
for a minimum of 24 hours before handling. After 24 hours, remove soft
materials from the area and clean the hard (non-porous) surfaces per the
cleaning and disinfection recommendations. Isolate hard (non-porous) surfaces
that cannot be cleaned and
disinfected for a minimum of 7 days before handling.


General Business Frequently Asked Questions
Healthy Business Operations
Should I cancel my meetings and conferences?
Carefully consider whether travel is necessary, and use videoconferencing or
teleconferencing when possible for work-related meetings and gatherings.
Employers should consider canceling, adjusting, or postponing large work-
related meetings or gatherings that can only occur in-person. Follow CDC
guidance for events and mass
gatherings.
When videoconferencing or teleconferencing is not possible, hold meetings in
open, well-ventilated spaces, and space chairs at least 6 feet apart.
Encourage staff and attendees to stay home if sick.


General Business Frequently Asked Questions
Healthy Business Operations
I don’t provide paid sick leave to my employees. What should I do?
Employers that do not currently offer sick leave to some or all of their
employees may want to draft non-punitive “emergency sick leave” policies.
Ensure that sick leave policies are flexible and consistent with public health
guidance and that employees are aware of and understand these policies.


General Business Frequently Asked Questions
Cleaning and Disinfection in the Workplace
If I shut down my facility as a result of a COVID-19 case or outbreak, what is the recommended way to clean and disinfect, and what is the appropriate timeframe to resume operations?

Follow CDC guidance for cleaning and disinfection.
Wait 24 hours before cleaning and disinfecting to minimize potential for exposure to respiratory droplets. If 24 hours is not feasible, wait as long as possible.
Open outside doors and windows to increase air circulation in the area.

Cleaning staff should clean and disinfect all areas including offices,
bathrooms, and common areas, focusing especially on frequently touched
surfaces.

Clean dirty surfaces with soap and water prior to disinfection.
Next, disinfect surfaces using products that meet EPA’s criteria for use against SARS-Cov-2external iconexternal icon, the virus that causes COVID-19, and that are appropriate for the surface.
Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for all cleaning and disinfection products for concentration, application method, contact time, and required PPE.

Operations can resume as soon as the cleaning and disinfection are completed.


General Business Frequently Asked Questions
Suspected or Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in the Workplace
If employees have been exposed but are not showing symptoms, should I allow them to work?
Employees may have been exposed if they are a “close contact” of someone who
infected, which is defined as being within approximately 6 feet (2 meters) of
a person with COVID-19 for a prolonged period of time:

Potentially exposed employees who have symptoms of COVID-19 should self-isolate and follow CDC recommended steps.
Potentially exposed employees who do not have symptoms should remain at home or in a comparable setting and practice social distancing for 14 days.

All other employees should self-monitor for symptoms such as fever, cough, or
shortness of breath. If they develop symptoms, they should notify their
supervisor and stay home.
See Public Health Recommendations for Community-Related
Exposure for
more information.
To ensure continuity of operations of essential functions, CDC advises that
critical infrastructure workersexternal iconexternal
icon may be permitted to continue work following potential exposure to
COVID-19, provided they remain symptom-free and additional precautions are
taken to protect them and the community.

Critical infrastructure businesses have an obligation to limit, to the extent possible, the reintegration of in-person workers who have been exposed to COVID-19 but remain symptom-free in ways that best protect the health of the worker, their co-workers, and the general public.
An analysis of core job tasks and workforce availability at worksites can allow the employer to match core activities to other equally skilled and available in-person workers who have not been exposed.
A critical infrastructure worker who is symptom-free and returns to work should wear a face mask at all times while in the workplace for 14 days after last exposure. Employers can issue facemasks or can approve employees’ supplied cloth face coverings in the event of shortages.

See Implementing Safety Practices for Critical Infrastructure Workers Who May
Have Had Exposure to a Person with Suspected or Confirmed
COVID-19 for more information.


General Business Frequently Asked Questions
Suspected or Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in the Workplace
What does “acute” respiratory illness mean?
“Acute” respiratory illness is an infection of the upper or lower respiratory
tract that may interfere with normal breathing, such as COVID-19. “Acute”
means of recent onset. A respiratory illness that is acute, that is, of recent
onset (for example, for a few days), and is used to distinguish from chronic
respiratory illnesses like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD).


General Business Frequently Asked Questions
Suspected or Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in the Workplace
What should I do if an employee comes to work with COVID-19 symptoms (fever, cough, or shortness of breath)?
Employees who have symptoms when they arrive at work or become sick during the
day should immediately be separated from other employees, customers, and
visitors and sent home. Employees who develop symptoms outside of work should
notify their supervisor and stay home.
Sick employees should follow CDC-recommended
steps. Employees
should not return to work until they have met the criteria to discontinue
home isolation
and have consulted with a healthcare provider and state or local health
department.
Employers should not require sick employees to provide a COVID-19 test result
or healthcare provider’s note to validate their illness, qualify for sick
leave, or return to work. Healthcare provider offices and medical facilities
may be extremely busy and not able to provide such documentation in a timely
manner.